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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Filippo_Foresti	Giacomo Filippo Foresti	["1 Works","2 Notes"]	Giacomo Filippo Foresti, called Philippe de Bergamo A T-O World Map by Jacobus, P. (1503). Novissime hystoriarum omnium repercussiones. Venetiis: Albertinus di Lissona. Giacomo Filippo Foresti da Bergamo (1434–1520) was an Augustinian friar, known as the author of several significant early printed works. He was a chronicler and Biblical scholar. Supplementum chronicarum, 1491 His Supplementum chronicarum (first printed at Venice, 1483) was a supplement to the usual universal chronicle; it ran to numerous subsequent editions. Though it mixes mythological figures, treated euhemeristically as historical ones, on an equal footing with Christian cultural heroes, with additional chapters on the Sibyls and the Trojan War, amongst other things, it was thought to contain Giovanni da Carignano's lost work on papal contacts at Avignon in 1306 with Ethiopian visitors. Recent research has both drawn attention to the Legenda Aurea and the letter of Prester John as possible sources for Foresti's narration of the episode, casting doubt on the veracity of an Ethiopian embassy to Europe at this date, as well as a section in the Cronica Universalis of Galvano Fiamma, indicating conversely that this section of Foresti's account is entirely and directly based, to exclusion of other sources, on the cartographic treatise of Giovanni da Carignano. His De claris mulieribus updated the work of Boccaccio of the same title. It was dedicated to Beatrice of Aragon. This book, as well as the Supplementum, influenced many subsequent publications. He also wrote a well-known confessional. Works Confessionale seu interrogatorium, 1520 Supplementum chronicarum, Bernardino Benali, Venice 1483 De plurimis claris selectisque mulieribus, Lorenzo de Rubeis, Ferrara 1497 Confessionale seu interrogatorium (in Italian). Venice: Alessandro Bindoni. 1520. Notes ^ Also known as: Giacomo Filipo Foresti, Giacomo Filippo da Bergamo, Jacobus Filippus Foresti, Jacobus Philippus Foresti (da Bergamo), Jacopo Filippo Foresta, Jacobus Philippus de Bergamo, Jacobus Philippus Bergomensis, Iacobus Philippus Bergomensis, Forestus Bergomensis, Jacopo da Bergamo, Jacopo Filippo Foresti da Bergamo, Jacopo de Foresti, Jacob Philip of Bergamo. ^ "Incunabula Leaves from Italy \| Incunabula - Dawn of Western Printing". Archived from the original on 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2007-01-26. ^ Page Archived 2006-09-27 at the Wayback Machine; in Latin, translated into Italian as Supplemento delle Croniche in 1491 . ^ Noted by Jean Seznec, The Survival of the Pagan Gods, (B.F. Sessions, tr.) 1995:21. ^ See Encounters ^ See Krebs, Verena (2019). Re-examining Foresti’s Supplementum Chronicarum and the “Ethiopian” embassy to Europe of 1306. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 82/3, 493-515. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X19000697 ^ See Chiesa, Paolo (2018). Galvano Fiamma e Giovanni da Carignano. Una nuova fonte sull’ambasceria etiopica a Clemente V e sulla spedizione oceanica dei fratelli Vivaldi. Itineraria, 17 (2018), 63–107; Bausi, Alessandro and Paolo Chiesa (2019). The Ystoria Ethyopie in the Cronica Universalis of Galvaneus de la Flamma (d. c.1345). Aethiopica, 22, 7–57. https://doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.22.0.1491 ^ Page; On famous women; later under other titles De claris selectisque plurimis mulieribus, De memorabilibus et claris mulieribus aliquot diversorum scriptorum opera. ^ Archived 2018-10-19 at the Wayback Machine; Queen of Hungary as wife to Matthias Corvinus, see de:Beatrix von Aragón. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Croatia Netherlands 2 Poland Portugal Vatican People Italian People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bergomensis_T-O_World_Map_1503_Cornell_CUL_PJM_1003_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Augustinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"chronicler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicler"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foresti_-_Supplementum_chronicarum,_lanno_dela_nostra_salute_1491_adi_8_de_Octobrio_-_2013552.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"universal chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_chronicle"},{"link_name":"euhemeristically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euhemerism"},{"link_name":"Sibyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyl"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Giovanni da Carignano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Carignano"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Legenda Aurea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legenda_Aurea"},{"link_name":"Prester John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prester_John"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Galvano Fiamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvano_Fiamma"},{"link_name":"Giovanni da Carignano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Carignano"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Boccaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio"},{"link_name":"same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_mulieribus_claris"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"confessional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessional"}],"text":"A T-O World Map by Jacobus, P. (1503). Novissime hystoriarum omnium repercussiones. Venetiis: Albertinus di Lissona.Giacomo Filippo Foresti da Bergamo[1] (1434–1520) was an Augustinian friar,[2] known as the author of several significant early printed works. He was a chronicler and Biblical scholar.Supplementum chronicarum, 1491His Supplementum chronicarum (first printed at Venice, 1483)[3] was a supplement to the usual universal chronicle; it ran to numerous subsequent editions. Though it mixes mythological figures, treated euhemeristically as historical ones, on an equal footing with Christian cultural heroes, with additional chapters on the Sibyls and the Trojan War,[4] amongst other things, it was thought to contain Giovanni da Carignano's lost work on papal contacts at Avignon in 1306 with Ethiopian visitors.[5] Recent research has both drawn attention to the Legenda Aurea and the letter of Prester John as possible sources for Foresti's narration of the episode, casting doubt on the veracity of an Ethiopian embassy to Europe at this date,[6] as well as a section in the Cronica Universalis of Galvano Fiamma, indicating conversely that this section of Foresti's account is entirely and directly based, to exclusion of other sources, on the cartographic treatise of Giovanni da Carignano.[7]His De claris mulieribus[8] updated the work of Boccaccio of the same title. It was dedicated to Beatrice of Aragon.[9] This book, as well as the Supplementum, influenced many subsequent publications.He also wrote a well-known confessional.","title":"Giacomo Filippo Foresti"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foresti,_Giacomo_Filippo_%E2%80%93_Confessionale_seu_interrogatorium,_1520_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13697055.jpg"},{"link_name":"Confessionale seu interrogatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=13697055"}],"text":"Confessionale seu interrogatorium, 1520Supplementum chronicarum, Bernardino Benali, Venice 1483\nDe plurimis claris selectisque mulieribus, Lorenzo de Rubeis, Ferrara 1497\nConfessionale seu interrogatorium (in Italian). 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People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giacomo-filippo-foresti_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11909729X.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1527036"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69t42t0"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/033572186"}],"text":"^ Also known as: Giacomo Filipo Foresti, Giacomo Filippo da Bergamo, Jacobus Filippus Foresti, Jacobus Philippus Foresti (da Bergamo), Jacopo Filippo Foresta, Jacobus Philippus de Bergamo, Jacobus Philippus Bergomensis, Iacobus Philippus Bergomensis, Forestus Bergomensis, Jacopo da Bergamo, Jacopo Filippo Foresti da Bergamo, Jacopo de Foresti, Jacob Philip of Bergamo.\n\n^ \"Incunabula Leaves from Italy \| Incunabula - Dawn of Western Printing\". Archived from the original on 2013-03-07. Retrieved 2007-01-26.\n\n^ Page Archived 2006-09-27 at the Wayback Machine; in Latin, translated into Italian as Supplemento delle Croniche in 1491 [1].\n\n^ Noted by Jean Seznec, The Survival of the Pagan Gods, (B.F. Sessions, tr.) 1995:21.\n\n^ See Encounters\n\n^ See Krebs, Verena (2019). Re-examining Foresti’s Supplementum Chronicarum and the “Ethiopian” embassy to Europe of 1306. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 82/3, 493-515. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X19000697 \n\n^ See Chiesa, Paolo (2018). Galvano Fiamma e Giovanni da Carignano. Una nuova fonte sull’ambasceria etiopica a Clemente V e sulla spedizione oceanica dei fratelli Vivaldi. Itineraria, 17 (2018), 63–107; Bausi, Alessandro and Paolo Chiesa (2019). The Ystoria Ethyopie in the Cronica Universalis of Galvaneus de la Flamma (d. c.1345). Aethiopica, 22, 7–57. https://doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.22.0.1491\n\n^ Page[permanent dead link]; On famous women; later under other titles De claris selectisque plurimis mulieribus, De memorabilibus et claris mulieribus aliquot diversorum scriptorum opera.\n\n^ [2] Archived 2018-10-19 at the Wayback Machine; Queen of Hungary as wife to Matthias Corvinus, see de:Beatrix von Aragón.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nNorway\nChile\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nCroatia\nNetherlands\n2\nPoland\nPortugal\nVatican\nPeople\nItalian People\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Giacomo Filippo Foresti, called Philippe de Bergamo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jacopo_Filippo_%28Jacques-Philippe%29_Foresti_%281434-1520%29_dit_%22Philippe_de_Bergame%22.png/220px-Jacopo_Filippo_%28Jacques-Philippe%29_Foresti_%281434-1520%29_dit_%22Philippe_de_Bergame%22.png"},{"image_text":"A T-O World Map by Jacobus, P. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre_(horse)	Lyre (horse)	["1 Career","2 Pedigree","3 References"]	Australian-bred Thoroughbred racehorse LyreSireLonhroGrandsireOctagonalDamEratoDamsireStreet CrySexFillyFoaled25 September 2016CountryAustraliaColourBrownBreederGodolphinOwnerGodolphinTrainerAnthony FreedmanRecord25: 3-7-2EarningsA$1,783,015Major winsBlue Diamond Prelude Fillies (G2)(2019)Blue Diamond Stakes (G1)(2019)Last updated on 3 March 2020 Lyre (foaled 25 September 2016) is a Thoroughbred racehorse trained and bred in Australia. She has won a Group One race, and over a million dollars. Career A Godolphin-owned and -bred horse, Lyre was one of six yearlings that was placed with Anthony Freedman rather than the usual stable of James Cummings, and the first of them to race. Lyre made her debut at Caulfield on New Years Day 2019, finishing 5th. On 20 January, she had her first win in a maiden at Sale. Freedman Racing Manager Brad Taylor said, "She took a while to warm up there but was really good through the line. When she hit the front she still wanted to wobble around about so there’s still plenty of prep to come." Jumping at $26 in the Blue Diamond Prelude Fillies, she won by a long neck. Freedman said, "She’s improving all the time. The win at Sale had merit as she just didn’t know how to put them away she’s gone on with it and then she went to the farm and put a lot of weight on... we’ve always had a fair opinion of her." A fortnight later, she "stormed home" to win $900,000 in the Group 1 Blue Diamond Stakes. Freedman said, "She's a quality filly. She was unlucky in her first run, arguably she could be unbeaten. She's kept coming and coming and improving. They ran fairly good time, and she was the strongest." Running third in the Golden Slipper Stakes to $30 Kiamachi, Lyre was part of a trifecta for the Godolphin stable, coming from 12th with 400 metres to run. Spelling until the 2019/20 racing year, Lyre returned in the Group 3 Quezette Stakes on 27 August, finishing a "credible" fourth. She was scratched from the Danehill Stakes when the stable said she "didn't scope up to scratch", but a week later came second behind William Thomas at Caulfield. She contested a further two group races in this campaign, failing to place. After a four-month spell, Lyre returned in the Group 2 Light Fingers Stakes, finishing second in a Godolphin trifecta. She then finished fourth in the Surround Stakes on 29 February 2020. Pedigree Pedigree of Lyre (AUS) 2016 SireLonhro (AUS)1998 Octagonal (NZ)1992 Zabeel Sir Tristram Lady Giselle Eight Carat Pieces of Eight Klairessa Shadea (NZ)1998 Straight Strike Mr. Prospector Bend Not Concia First Consul My Tricia DamErato (AUS)2010 Street Cry (IRE)1998 Machiavellian Mr. Prospector Coup de Folie Helen Street Troy Waterway Mnemosyne (AUS)2002 Encosta De Lago Fairy King Shoal Creek My Juliet Canny Lad Perfect Draw References ^ Paul Barbieri. "Anthony Freedman's Lyre claims $1.5m Blue Diamond Stakes". racing.com. ^ Kate Watts. "Lyre impresses breaking maiden at Sale". racing.com. ^ Michael Manley. "Anthony Freedman sweeps Blue Diamond Preludes with I Am Immortal and Lyre". news.com.au. ^ Michael Lynch. "Lyre lands Blue Diamond for Freedman". Sydney Morning Herald. ^ Brendan Cormick. "Golden Slipper: Kiamichi bolts home, from Microphone, Lyre, Loving Gaby". The Australian. ^ Lucy Henderson. "Quezette Stakes 2019 Results: Exhilarates Wins For Godolphin". HorseRacing.com.au. ^ Luke Sheehan. "Lyre scratched from Group Two Danehill Stakes". punters. ^ Chris Roots. "Flit leads home Godolphin trifecta in Light Fingers". Sydney Morning Herald. ^ "Lyre Horse Profile". pedigreequery.com. Retrieved 28 September 2022.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thoroughbred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoroughbred"},{"link_name":"Group One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_One"}],"text":"Lyre (foaled 25 September 2016) is a Thoroughbred racehorse trained and bred in Australia. She has won a Group One race, and over a million dollars.","title":"Lyre (horse)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Godolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godolphin_(racing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulfield_Racecourse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Blue Diamond Prelude Fillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Diamond_Prelude_Fillies"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Blue Diamond Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Diamond_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Golden Slipper Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Slipper_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Quezette Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezette_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Danehill Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danehill_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Light Fingers Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Fingers_Stakes"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Surround Stakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surround_Stakes"}],"text":"A Godolphin-owned and -bred horse, Lyre was one of six yearlings that was placed with Anthony Freedman rather than the usual stable of James Cummings, and the first of them to race.[1]Lyre made her debut at Caulfield on New Years Day 2019, finishing 5th. On 20 January, she had her first win in a maiden at Sale. Freedman Racing Manager Brad Taylor said, \"She took a while to warm up there but was really good through the line. When she hit the front she still wanted to wobble around about so there’s still plenty of prep to come.\"[2]Jumping at $26 in the Blue Diamond Prelude Fillies, she won by a long neck. Freedman said, \"She’s improving all the time. The win at Sale had merit as she just didn’t know how to put them away she’s gone on with it and then she went to the farm and put a lot of weight on... we’ve always had a fair opinion of her.\"[3] A fortnight later, she \"stormed home\" to win $900,000 in the Group 1 Blue Diamond Stakes. Freedman said, \"She's a quality filly. She was unlucky in her first run, arguably she could be unbeaten. She's kept coming and coming and improving. They ran fairly good time, and she was the strongest.\"[4]Running third in the Golden Slipper Stakes to $30 Kiamachi, Lyre was part of a trifecta for the Godolphin stable, coming from 12th with 400 metres to run.[5]Spelling until the 2019/20 racing year, Lyre returned in the Group 3 Quezette Stakes on 27 August, finishing a \"credible\" fourth.[6] She was scratched from the Danehill Stakes when the stable said she \"didn't scope up to scratch\",[7] but a week later came second behind William Thomas at Caulfield. She contested a further two group races in this campaign, failing to place.After a four-month spell, Lyre returned in the Group 2 Light Fingers Stakes, finishing second in a Godolphin trifecta.[8] She then finished fourth in the Surround Stakes on 29 February 2020.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pedigree"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Paul Barbieri. \"Anthony Freedman's Lyre claims $1.5m Blue Diamond Stakes\". racing.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.punters.com.au/news/lyre-claims-1.5m-blue-diamond-stakes_177555/","url_text":"\"Anthony Freedman's Lyre claims $1.5m Blue Diamond Stakes\""}]},{"reference":"Kate Watts. \"Lyre impresses breaking maiden at Sale\". racing.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racing.com/news/2019-01-20/news-lyre-impresses-breaking-maiden-at-sale","url_text":"\"Lyre impresses breaking maiden at Sale\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Manley. \"Anthony Freedman sweeps Blue Diamond Preludes with I Am Immortal and Lyre\". news.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news.com.au/sport/superracing/anthony-freedman-sweeps-blue-diamond-preludes-with-i-am-immortal-and-lyre/news-story/14836a500e8263569d4f0525f3c4d2f8","url_text":"\"Anthony Freedman sweeps Blue Diamond Preludes with I Am Immortal and Lyre\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Lynch. \"Lyre lands Blue Diamond for Freedman\". Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/racing/lyre-lands-blue-diamond-for-freedman-20190223-p50ztu.html","url_text":"\"Lyre lands Blue Diamond for Freedman\""}]},{"reference":"Brendan Cormick. \"Golden Slipper: Kiamichi bolts home, from Microphone, Lyre, Loving Gaby\". The Australian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/horse-racing/golden-slipper-kiamichi-bolts-home-from-microphone-lyre-loving-gaby/news-story/716104a7ac93adabee696a38eabc05b5","url_text":"\"Golden Slipper: Kiamichi bolts home, from Microphone, Lyre, Loving Gaby\""}]},{"reference":"Lucy Henderson. \"Quezette Stakes 2019 Results: Exhilarates Wins For Godolphin\". HorseRacing.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horseracing.com.au/quezette-stakes-2019-results-exhilarates-wins-godolphin/","url_text":"\"Quezette Stakes 2019 Results: Exhilarates Wins For Godolphin\""}]},{"reference":"Luke Sheehan. \"Lyre scratched from Group Two Danehill Stakes\". punters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.punters.com.au/news/lyre-scratched-from-danehill_183575/","url_text":"\"Lyre scratched from Group Two Danehill Stakes\""}]},{"reference":"Chris Roots. \"Flit leads home Godolphin trifecta in Light Fingers\". Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/racing/flit-leads-home-godolphin-trifecta-in-light-fingers-20200215-p54151.html","url_text":"\"Flit leads home Godolphin trifecta in Light Fingers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lyre Horse Profile\". pedigreequery.com. Retrieved 28 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pedigreequery.com/lyre11","url_text":"\"Lyre Horse Profile\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.punters.com.au/news/lyre-claims-1.5m-blue-diamond-stakes_177555/","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Freedman's Lyre claims $1.5m Blue Diamond Stakes\""},{"Link":"https://www.racing.com/news/2019-01-20/news-lyre-impresses-breaking-maiden-at-sale","external_links_name":"\"Lyre impresses breaking maiden at Sale\""},{"Link":"https://www.news.com.au/sport/superracing/anthony-freedman-sweeps-blue-diamond-preludes-with-i-am-immortal-and-lyre/news-story/14836a500e8263569d4f0525f3c4d2f8","external_links_name":"\"Anthony Freedman sweeps Blue Diamond Preludes with I Am Immortal and Lyre\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/racing/lyre-lands-blue-diamond-for-freedman-20190223-p50ztu.html","external_links_name":"\"Lyre lands Blue Diamond for Freedman\""},{"Link":"https://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/horse-racing/golden-slipper-kiamichi-bolts-home-from-microphone-lyre-loving-gaby/news-story/716104a7ac93adabee696a38eabc05b5","external_links_name":"\"Golden Slipper: Kiamichi bolts home, from Microphone, Lyre, Loving Gaby\""},{"Link":"http://www.horseracing.com.au/quezette-stakes-2019-results-exhilarates-wins-godolphin/","external_links_name":"\"Quezette Stakes 2019 Results: Exhilarates Wins For Godolphin\""},{"Link":"https://www.punters.com.au/news/lyre-scratched-from-danehill_183575/","external_links_name":"\"Lyre scratched from Group Two Danehill Stakes\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/sport/racing/flit-leads-home-godolphin-trifecta-in-light-fingers-20200215-p54151.html","external_links_name":"\"Flit leads home Godolphin trifecta in Light Fingers\""},{"Link":"https://www.pedigreequery.com/lyre11","external_links_name":"\"Lyre Horse Profile\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochmeister	Grand Master of the Teutonic Order	["1 Coat of arms","2 Before the Reformation","2.1 Leaders of the early Brotherhood, 1190–1198","2.2 Grand Masters of the Order, 1198–1525","3 After the Reformation","3.1 Hoch- und Deutschmeister, 1527–1929","3.2 1929–present","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]	Leader of the Teutonic Order, a medieval sect of Roman Catholicism "Hochmeister" redirects here. For the Czech footballer, see Radek Hochmeister. For the Wehrmacht Infantry division, see 44th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht). Grand Master of the Teutonic OrderHochmeister des Deutschen OrdensCoat of arms of a Grand MasterIncumbentFrank Bayardsince 22 August 2018Reports toHoly SeeSeat Acre (1190–1291) Venice (1291–1309) Marienburg (1309–1466) Königsberg (1466–1525) Mergentheim (1525–1809) Vienna (1809–present) Term lengthsix yearsFormation1198First holderHeinrich Walpot von Bassenheim Part of a series on theHierarchy of theCatholic ChurchSaint Peter Ecclesiastical titles (order of precedence) Pope Cardinal Cardinal Vicar Crown Prince Protector Moderator of the curia Chaplain of His Holiness Papal legate Papal majordomo Apostolic nuncio Apostolic delegate Apostolic Syndic Apostolic visitor Vicar apostolic Apostolic exarch Apostolic prefect Assistant to the papal throne Eparch Metropolitan Patriarch Catholicos Bishop Archbishop Bishop emeritus Diocesan bishop Major archbishop Primate Suffragan bishop Titular bishop Coadjutor bishop Auxiliary bishop Prelate Provost Pontiff Territorial prelate Territorial abbot Liturgical titles Acolyte Consecrator Lector Subdeacon Administrative and pastoral titles Auditor Brother Chancellor Chaplain Military chaplain Military ordinary Coarb Confessor Consultor Curate Deacon Archdeacon Defender of the bond Definitor Devil's advocate Diocesan administrator Ecclesiastical judge Exorcist Laity Lay abbot Abthain Commendatory Lay cardinal Minister Major orders Minor orders Missionary Monsignor Officialis Ostiarius Pastor Assistant pastor Palatinus Personal prelate Preacher Prefect Presbyter Elder Priest Principal Protonotary apostolic Reverend Saint Servant of God Blessed Venerable Seminarian Vicar Judicial vicar Vicar general Vicar forane Sub-dean Consecrated and professed titles Abbess Abbot Consecrated virgin Corrector Custos Friar Dean Grand master Hermit Master of novices Monk Novice Nun Postulant Oblate Prior Provincial superior Rector Religious Superior general Additional titles Almoner Altar server Archimandrite Archpriest Archdeacon Canon Captain General of the Church Chorbishop Coarb Commissary Apostolic Datarius Gonfalonier of the Church Honorary Prelate Minor canon Notarius Ostiarius Peritus Postulator Prebendary Precentor Prince-bishop Prince-abbot Prince-primate Prince-provost Promotor Fidei Protopriest Protodeacon Protosyncellus Regionarius Sacristan Organization titles Grand master Knights Hospitaller Order of the Holy Sepulchre Teutonic Knights Inquisitor Grand Inquisitor Preceptor Catholic Church portalvte The grand master of the Teutonic Order (German: Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens; Latin: Magister generalis Ordo Teutonicus) is the supreme head of the Teutonic Order. It is equivalent to the grand master of other military orders and the superior general in non-military Roman Catholic religious orders. Hochmeister, literally "high master", is only used in reference to the Teutonic Order, as Großmeister ("grand master") is used in German to refer to the leaders of other orders of knighthood. An early version of the full title in Latin was Magister Hospitalis Sanctae Mariae Alemannorum Hierosolymitani. Since 1216, the full title Magister Hospitalis Domus Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum Hierosolymitani ("Master of the Hospital House of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Germans of Jerusalem") was used. The offices of Hochmeister and Deutschmeister (Magister Germaniae) were united in 1525. The title of Magister Germaniae had been introduced in 1219 as the head of the bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1381 also those in Italy, raised to the rank of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1494, but merged with the office of grand master under Walter von Cronberg in 1525, from which time the head of the order had the title of Hoch- und Deutschmeister. From 1466 to 1525, the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order were vassals and princes of the Polish Crown. Coat of arms The coat of arms representing the grand master (Deutschmeisterwappen) is shown with a golden cross fleury or cross potent superimposed on the black cross, with the imperial eagle as a central inescutcheon. The golden cross potent overlaid on the black cross becomes widely used by the 14th century, developing into a golden cross fleury by the 15th century. A legendary account attributes the introduction of the cross potent to John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, who granted the master of the order this cross as a variation of the Jerusalem cross, while the fleur-de-lis was supposedly granted on 20 August 1250 by Louis IX of France. While this legendary account cannot be traced back further than the early modern period (Christoph Hartknoch, 1684) there is some evidence that the design does indeed date to the mid 13th century. Before the Reformation Hermann von Salza, fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, in a Baroque-era portrait Coats of arms of the 29 grand masters (until 1470, Heinrich Reuß von Plauen) in the St. Gallen armorial (Cod. sang. 1084) Grand Master Siegfried von Feuchtwangen enters Marienburg with his knights on 14 September 1309, representing the move of the order's main seat to Prussia (1825 history painting) Historic seal of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. This seal was in use for more than 200 years, from the 13th century until it was replaced by Frederick, Duke of Saxony in 1498. Compared to other medieval governments, transfer of power within the Teutonic Knights was run efficiently. Upon the death of a grand master, the vice master called a capitulum composed of the leading officers of the order. The general chapter would select a twelve-person electoral college composed of seven knights, four sergeants, and one priest. Once a majority-candidate for grand master was chosen, the minority electors would concede to support unanimity. These elections usually provided a succeeding grand master within three months. Candidates for the position of grand master had experience as senior administrators for the order and were usually chosen on merit, not lineage. This changed only after the order had entered a steady decline, with the selection of Frederick of Saxony and Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, members of the powerful Wettin and House of Hohenzollern dynasties. When the Teutonic Knights were originally based in Acre in Outremer, the grand masters spent much of their time at the papal and imperial courts. The grand masters were most powerful after the order's 13th century conquest of Prussia during the Northern Crusades and the creation of the militarized State of the Teutonic Order, which lasted until 1525 (from 1466 to 1525 as part of the Kingdom of Poland as a fief). After the order's capital moved from Venice to Malbork (Marienburg) in 1309, the grand master's power was at its height. He had ultimate control over Prussia, which gave him command over the Prussian commanders. When the general chapter would meet in Elbląg (Elbing), he was able to use this influence to ratify administrative measures he proposed. The grand master also served as the castellan of Marienburg and was aided by the order's treasurer. He was also a member of the Hanseatic League, allowing him to receive some of the league's custom dues. Excavations in the church of Kwidzyn (Marienwerder) performed in 2007 yielded the skeletal remains of three Grand Masters of the late medieval period, Werner von Orseln (1324–1330), Ludolf König von Wattzau (1342–1445) and Heinrich von Plauen (1410–1413). The church had been known as the burial place of the bishops of Pomesania, but the discovery of the grand masters' burials was unexpected. The bodies had been buried in gold-painted wooden coffins draped in silk robes. Since the 1466 Second Peace of Toruń, the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order were vassals of the Kingdom of Poland, and every Grand Master of the Teutonic Order was obliged to swear an oath of allegiance to the reigning Polish king within six months of taking office. The Grand Masters were also princes and counselors of the Polish kings and the Kingdom of Poland. The State of the Teutonic Order was a part of Poland as a fief. Leaders of the early Brotherhood, 1190–1198 The Teutonic Order as a hospice brotherhood in Outremer: Name Reign Born Death Notes Sibrand 1190 1157 1191 Konrad 1190–1192 Gerhard 1192 Heinrich 1193/1194 Prior Ulrich 1195–1196 Heinrich 1196 preceptor Grand Masters of the Order, 1198–1525 The Teutonic Order as a spiritual military order had a total of 37 grand masters between 1198 and 1525. Several armorials of the 15th and early 16th century depict the coat of arms of the grand masters. These include the Chronica by Ulrich Richenthal, an armorial of St. Gallen kept in Nuremberg, an armorial of southwest Germany kept in Leipzig and the Miltenberg armorial. Conspicuously absent from these lists are three grand masters, Gerhards von Malberg (1241–1244) and his successors Heinrich von Hohenlohe (1244–1249) and Gunther von Wüllersleben (1250–1252), so that pre-modern historiographical tradition has a list of 34 grand masters for the time before 1525 (as opposed to 37 in modern accounts). # Mod Name Reign Born Death Notes 1 1 Heinrich Walpot von Bassenheim 1198–sometime before 1208 24 Sep 1200 2 2 Otto von Kerpen Documented for 1208 1208 3 3 Heinrich von Tunna 1208–1209 1209 4 4 Hermann von Salza 1209–1239 c. 1165 20 March 1239 As a friend and councillor of emperor Frederick II, Hermann achieved the recognition of the order as of equal status with the older military orders of the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar by Pope Honorius III. In 1237, he also oversaw the incorporation of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword into the Teutonic order. 5 5 Konrad von Thüringen 1239–1240 c. 1206 24 July 1240 - 6 Gerhard von Malberg 1240–1244 c. 1200 After 1245 7 Heinrich von Hohenlohe 1244–1249 c. 1200 15 July 1249 8 Gunther von Wüllersleben 1249–1252 3 or 4 May 1252 6 9 Poppo von Osterna 1252–1256 6 Nov 1266 or 1267 The pretender Wilhelm von Urenbach (1253–1256) was chosen in opposition to Poppo von Osterna). 7 10 Anno von Sangershausen 1256–1273 8 July 1273 8 11 Hartmann von Heldrungen 1273–1282 19 Aug 1282 9 12 Burchard von Schwanden 1282 or 1283–1290 1310 Burchard von Schwanden's first year in office is given as 1282 on the Teutonic Order's German site and 1283 on the Austrian site. 10 13 Konrad von Feuchtwangen 1290–1297 Before 1230 4 July 1296 After the fall of Acre, Konrad moved the Order's headquarters to Venice. 11 14 Gottfried von Hohenlohe 1297–1303 1265 19 Oct 1310 12 15 Siegfried von Feuchtwangen 1303–1311 1311 Of the same family as his predecessor Konrad von Feuchtwangen. Siegfried moved the order's headquarters to Prussia in 1309. 13 16 Karl von Trier 1311–1324 1265 11 Feb 1324 14 17 Werner von Orseln 1324–1330 c. 1280 18 Nov 1330 15 18 Luther von Braunschweig 1331–1335 c. 1275 18 April 1335 Also spelled Lothar 16 19 Dietrich von Altenburg 1335–1341 Oct 1341 17 20 Ludolf König von Wattzau 1342–1345 Between 1280 and 1290 1348 or later 18 21 Heinrich Dusemer 1345–1351 c. 1280 1353 19 22 Winrich von Kniprode 1351–1382 1310 1382 20 23 Konrad Zöllner von Rotenstein 1382–1390 c. 1325 20 Aug 1390 21 24 Konrad von Wallenrode 1391–1393 c. 1330s 23 July 1393 22 25 Konrad von Jungingen 1393–1407 c. 1355 30 March 1407 23 26 Ulrich von Jungingen 1407–1410 24 27 Heinrich von Plauen 1410–1413 1360 15 July 1410 25 28 Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg 1414–1422 c. 1370 1429 26 29 Paul von Rusdorf 1422–1441 c. 1385 1441 27 30 Konrad von Erlichshausen 1441–1449 1390 or 1395 1449 28 31 Ludwig von Erlichshausen 1449 or 1450–1467 c. 1410 4 April 1467 Ludwig von Erlichshausen's first year in office is given as 1449 on the Teutonic Order's German site and 1450 on the Austrian site. 29 32 Heinrich Reuß von Plauen 1467–1470 c. 1400 2 Jan 1470 30 33 Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg 1470–1477 1415 1477 31 34 Martin Truchseß von Wetzhausen 1477–1489 1435 3 Jan 1489 32 35 Johann von Tiefen 1489–1497 25 Aug 1497 33 36 Frederick, Duke of Saxony 1497–1510 26 Oct 1473 14 Dec 1510 34 37 Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1510–1525 17 May 1490 20 March 1568 After the Reformation The last Hochmeister, Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, converted to Lutheranism and, with the consent of his overlord and uncle, King Sigismund I of Poland, turned the State of the Teutonic Order into the secular Duchy of Prussia per the Treaty of Kraków, which was sealed by the Prussian Homage in Kraków in 1525. The commanderies in the autonomous Livonian Terra Mariana likewise were lost by 1561, as that region also became Protestant. However, the Order retained its bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire (Germany and Italy), which had been administered by the Deutschmeister since 1219. As the Order was now limited to its possessions in the German kingdom, incumbent Deutschmeister Walter von Cronberg was also appointed Hochmeister by Emperor Charles V in 1527. The administrative seat was moved to Mergentheim Castle in Franconia. The Hoch- und Deutschmeister was ranked as one of the ecclesiastical Princes of the Holy Roman Empire until 1806; when Mergentheim fell to the newly established Kingdom of Württemberg, their residence was relocated to the Deutschordenshaus in Vienna. The dual title lasted until in 1923, when the last secular Grand Master, Archduke Eugen of Austria, resigned from office. A Franconian Teutschmeister regiment of the Imperial Army was formed under Count Palatine Francis Louis of Neuburg in 1696; organized as 4th Infantry Regiment in 1769 and deployed at Vienna, it was known as the Lower Austrian Hoch- und Deutschmeister regiment from 1814. Chiefly known for its popular military band, the regiment's tradition was adopted by the Wehrmacht 44th Infantry Division in 1938 and today is maintained by the 1st Jäger Battalion of the Austrian Armed Forces. Hoch- und Deutschmeister, 1527–1929 Name Reign Born Death Notes Walter von Cronberg 1527–1543 1477 or 1479 4 April 1543 Wolfgang Schutzbar 1543–1566 c. 1483 11 Feb 1566 Georg Hund von Wenkheim 1566–1572 c. 1520 17 June 1572 Heinrich von Bobenhausen 1572–1590 c. 1514 21 March 1595 Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria 1590–1618 12 Oct 1558 2 Nov 1618 Charles of Austria, Bishop of Wroclaw 1619–1624 7 Aug 1590 28 Dec 1624 Johann Eustach von Westernach 1625–1627 16 Dec 1545 25 Oct 1627 Johann Kaspar von Stadion 1627–1641 21 Dec 1567 21 Nov 1641 Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria 1641–1662 5 Jan 1614 20 Nov 1662 Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria 1662–1664 7 Aug 1649 27 Jan 1664 Johann Caspar von Ampringen 1664–1684 19 Jan 1619 9 Sep 1684 Ludwig Anton von Pfalz-Neuburg 1685–1694 1660 1694 Francis Louis of Palatinate-Neuburg 1694–1732 18 July 1664 6 April 1732 Prince Clemens August of Bavaria 1732–1761 17 Aug 1700 6 Feb 1761 Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine 1761–1780 12 Dec 1712 4 July 1780 Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria 1780–1801 8 Dec 1756 26 July 1801 Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen 1801–1804 5 Sep 1771 30 April 1847 Archduke Anton Victor of Austria 1804–1835 31 Aug 1779 2 April 1835 Office becomes hereditary to the Imperial House of Austria Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este 1835–1863 14 July 1782 1 June 1863 Archduke Wilhelm Franz of Austria 1863–1894 21 April 1827 29 April 1894 Archduke Eugen of Austria 1894–1923 21 May 1863 30 Dec 1954 End of hereditary status Norbert Klein 1923–1929 25 Oct 1866 10 March 1933 Bishop of Brno from 1916 until 1926 1929–present Time of the Teutonic Order as a clerical Roman Catholic religious order Name Reign Born Death Notes Norbert Klein 1929–1933 25 Oct 1866 10 March 1933 Bishop of Brno from 1916 until 1926 Paul Heider 1933–1936 Robert Schälzky 1936–1948 Marian Tumler 1948–1970 Ildefons Pauler 1970–1988 Arnold Wieland 1988–2000 Bruno Platter 2000–2018 Frank Bayard 2018–present 11 Oct 1971 See also Grand master (order) Grand Master of the Order of Saint Lazarus Grand masters and lieutenancies of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller List of grand masters of the Knights Templar Mergentheim (History), a former residence Notes ^ In Latin: (Sigillum Magistri Generalis Hospitalis Sancte Marie Theutonicorum Ier(oso)l(o)m(i)tan(i). ^ Probably identical with Heinrich Walpot, the first Grand Master (see below) References ^ "Bernhard Peter (2011)". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-02-28. ^ a b Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish and Latin). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. pp. 96–97, 103, 214–215, 221. ^ Helmut Nickel, "Über das Hochmeisterwappen des Deutschen Ordens im Heiligen Lande", Der Herold 4/1990, 97–108 (mgh-bibliothek.de). Marie-Luise Heckmann, "Überlegungen zu einem heraldischen Repertorium an Hand der Hochmeisterwappen des Deutschen Ordens" in: Matthias Thumser, Janusz Tandecki, Dieter Heckmann (eds.) Edition deutschsprachiger Quellen aus dem Ostseeraum (14.-16. Jahrhundert), Publikationen des Deutsch-Polnischen Gesprächskreises für Quellenedition. Publikacje Niemiecko-Polskiej Grupy Dyskusyjnej do Spraw Edycij Zrodel 1, 2001, 315–346 (online edition). "Die zeitgenössische Überlieferung verdeutlicht für dieses Wappen hingegen einen anderen Werdegang. Der Modelstein eines Schildmachers, der unter Hermann von Salza zwischen 1229 und 1266 auf der Starkenburg (Montfort) im Heiligen Land tätig war, und ein rekonstruiertes Deckengemälde in der Burgkapelle derselben Festung erlaubten der Forschung den Schluss, dass sich die Hochmeister schon im 13. Jahrhundert eines eigenen Wappens bedient hätten. Es zeigte ein auf das schwarze Ordenskreuz aufgelegtes goldenes Lilienkreuz mit dem bekannten Adlerschildchen. Die Wappensiegel des Elbinger Komturs von 1310 bzw. 1319, ein heute in Innsbruck aufbewahrter Vortrageschild des Hochmeisters Karl von Trier von etwa 1320 und das schlecht erhaltene Sekretsiegel desselben Hochmeisters von 1323 sind ebenfalls jeweils mit aufgelegtem goldenem Lilienkreuz ausgestattet." ^ Friedrich August Vossberg, Geschichte der preussischen Münzen und Siegel von frühester Zeit bis zum Ende der Herrschaft des Deutschen Ordens, 1843, p. 191. ^ Christiansen, 203 ^ a b Christiansen, 204 ^ Christiansen, 78 ^ a b c Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215 ^ Christiansen, p. 205 ^ Bartosz Gondek, Dorota Karaś, "Mistrzowie pochowani w jedwabiach", Gazeta Wyborcza, 2008-12-16. Segnung der Hochmeister-Krypta im Dom zu Kwidzyn/Marienwerder, deutscher-orden.at, 7 August 2010. ^ a b c Kurt Forstreuter (1969). "Heinrich Walpot". In Fritz Wagner (ed.). Neue Deutsche Biographie. Vol. 8. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 377 . Die Identität H.s mit dem Bruder Heinrich, der 1193 und 1194 als Prior, 1196 als „Preceptor" des Deutschen Hospitals in Akkon genannt wird, ist wahrscheinlich. Er empfängt als solcher Schenkungen für das Hospital und darf, da man über die Amtsbezeichnungen in diesem Hospital in jener Frühzeit sonst fast nichts weiß, wohl als Oberhaupt des Hospitals gelten. Als das Deutsche Hospital in Akkon am 5.3.1198 durch die Führer des deutschen Kreuzzugsheeres, das Heinrich VI. vorausgeeilt war, in einen Ritterorden verwandelt wurde, war es nur natürlich, daß man H. als ersten Hochmeister ausersah. Der Orden wurde 1199 von Papst Innozenz III. bestätigt. Über die Dauer seiner Amtszeit ist nichts Sicheres bekannt. Sein Nachfolger Otto von Kerpen amtierte im September 1208 ^ Ulrich von Richental, Chronik des Constanzer Concils 1414 bis 1418, ed. Michael Richard Buck (1882, ND 1962), p. 184. ^ Nürnberg, Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Graphische Sammlung Hz 603b, Kapsel 1384 a ^ Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek, Ms. 03 (formerly 2121), fol. 131v [1473/74, Schild der Herren von Erlichshausen) ^ L'armorial Miltenberg, un armorial de la fin du XVe siècle, ed. Jean-Claude Loutsch, Schweizer Archiv für Heraldik 103 (1989) S. 95–165 (fol. 44r). ^ Marie-Luise Heckmann, "Überlegungen zu einem heraldischen Repertorium an Hand der Hochmeisterwappen des Deutschen Ordens" in: Matthias Thumser, Janusz Tandecki, Dieter Heckmann (eds.) Edition deutschsprachiger Quellen aus dem Ostseeraum (14.–16. Jahrhundert), Publikationen des Deutsch-Polnischen Gesprächskreises für Quellenedition. Publikacje Niemiecko-Polskiej Grupy Dyskusyjnej do Spraw Edycij Zrodel 1, 2001, 315–346 (online edition). "Die vorwissenschaftliche Tradition kennt also für die Zeit bis 1525 statt 37 Hochmeistern nur 34 Träger des höchsten Ordensamtes" fn. 68: "Dieselbe Tradition spiegeln folgende Hochmeisterlisten ohne Wappen: Berlin, GStA XX. HA OF 275, fol. 66r-68v, bes. fol. 66r; ebd., OBA 29095, fol. Iv-2r , 2v-3r 5r-7r , 7v-8r , v-14r . Schrift und Inhalt weisen mit einer Ausnahme auf das 16. Jahrhundert als Entstehungszeitraum für diese Stücke, die erst im Nachhinein durch Bleistiftpaginierung zusammengefügt wurden." ^ Klaus Militzer. Poppo von Osterna (Osternohe) 1252–1256. In: Arnold, Udo (Ed.), Die Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens 1190–1994 (1998), p. 27. ^ Andrzej Nowakowski (1994). Arms and armour in the medieval Teutonic Order's state in Prussia. Volume 2 of Studies on the history of ancient and medieval art of warfare. Łódź: Oficyna Naukowa MS. ISBN 978-8385874010. p. 33.Hans Koeppen (1969). Heinrich Dusemer (in German). Neue Deutsche Biographie, volume 8. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. ISBN 3428001893. p. 378. Arnold, Udo (ed.), Die Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens 1190-1994. Quellen und Studien zur Geschichte des Deutschen Ordens 40 = Veröffentlichungen der Internationalen Historischen Kommission zur Erforschung des Deutschen Ordens 6. Marburg, 1998. Borchert Friedrich, "Die Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens in Preußen." In: Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung, 6 October 2001. Christiansen, Erik (1997). The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. p. 287. ISBN 0-14-026653-4. Urban, William, The Teutonic Knights: A Military History. Greenhill Books. London, 2003. ISBN 1-85367-535-0. External links Deutscher-Orden.de. "Die Hochmeister" (in German). Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-03-31. vteOrders, decorations, and medals of the Holy SeeOrdersof the Holy See Supreme Order of Christ Order of the Golden Spur Order of Pope Pius IX Order of St. Gregory the Great Order of St. Sylvester Ordersunder protectionof the Holy See(with distinctions) Order of the Holy Sepulchre Palm of Jerusalem Pilgrim Shell Cross of Merit Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order pro Merito Melitensi Medal of the Order pro Merito Melitensi Other distinctions Golden Rose Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice Benemerenti medal Jerusalem Pilgrim's Cross Defunct/dormantdistinctions(selection) Order of Saint John of the Lateran Order of Saint Cecilia (1870) Order of the Moor (1870) Order of Saint Sylvester and the Militia Aurata (1905) Advocates of Saint Peter (1909) Blessed sword and hat (1823) Pro Petri Sede (1860) Fidei et Virtuti (1867) Lauretan Cross (c. 1980s) Papal Lateran Cross (1977) See also Papal household Papal nobility Black nobility Pontifical academies Swiss Guard Other Catholic orders of chivaly Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radek Hochmeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radek_Hochmeister"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"44th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Teutonic Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_Order"},{"link_name":"grand master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_master_(order)"},{"link_name":"military orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)"},{"link_name":"superior general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_general"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic religious orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Alemannorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanni"},{"link_name":"Teutonicorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutons"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Polish Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kg1-2"}],"text":"\"Hochmeister\" redirects here. For the Czech footballer, see Radek Hochmeister. For the Wehrmacht Infantry division, see 44th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht).The grand master of the Teutonic Order (German: Hochmeister des Deutschen Ordens; Latin: Magister generalis Ordo Teutonicus) is the supreme head of the Teutonic Order. It is equivalent to the grand master of other military orders and the superior general in non-military Roman Catholic religious orders. Hochmeister, literally \"high master\", is only used in reference to the Teutonic Order, as Großmeister (\"grand master\") is used in German to refer to the leaders of other orders of knighthood.An early version of the full title in Latin was Magister Hospitalis Sanctae Mariae Alemannorum Hierosolymitani. Since 1216, the full title Magister Hospitalis Domus Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum Hierosolymitani (\"Master of the Hospital House of the Blessed Virgin Mary of the Germans of Jerusalem\") was used.The offices of Hochmeister and Deutschmeister (Magister Germaniae) were united in 1525. The title of Magister Germaniae had been introduced in 1219 as the head of the bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire, from 1381 also those in Italy, raised to the rank of a prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1494, but merged with the office of grand master under Walter von Cronberg in 1525, from which time the head of the order had the title of Hoch- und Deutschmeister.[1] From 1466 to 1525, the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order were vassals and princes of the Polish Crown.[2]","title":"Grand Master of the Teutonic Order"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cross fleury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_fleury"},{"link_name":"cross potent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_potent"},{"link_name":"imperial eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsadler"},{"link_name":"John of Brienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Brienne"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_cross"},{"link_name":"fleur-de-lis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleur-de-lis"},{"link_name":"Louis IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The coat of arms representing the grand master (Deutschmeisterwappen) is shown with a golden cross fleury or cross potent superimposed on the black cross, with the imperial eagle as a central inescutcheon.\nThe golden cross potent overlaid on the black cross becomes widely used by the 14th century, developing into a golden cross fleury by the 15th century.\nA legendary account attributes the introduction of the cross potent to John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, who granted the master of the order this cross as a variation of the Jerusalem cross, while the fleur-de-lis was supposedly granted on 20 August 1250 by Louis IX of France. While this legendary account cannot be traced back further than the early modern period (Christoph Hartknoch, 1684) there is some evidence that the design does indeed date to the mid 13th century.[3]","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann_von_Salza_Painting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hermann von Salza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Salza"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wappenbuch_R%C3%B6sch_csg-1084_047.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Reuß von Plauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Reu%C3%9F_von_Plauen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kolbe_1825_Siegfried_von_Feuchtwangen_enters_Malbork_castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Siegfried von Feuchtwangen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_von_Feuchtwangen"},{"link_name":"Marienburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbork_Castle"},{"link_name":"history painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_painting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siegel_Grossmeister_Deutschritterorden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frederick, Duke of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Frederick_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"capitulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_(religion)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C204-7"},{"link_name":"Frederick of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Frederick_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Duke_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Wettin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wettin"},{"link_name":"House of Hohenzollern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern"},{"link_name":"Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre,_Israel"},{"link_name":"Outremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outremer"},{"link_name":"papal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia_(region)"},{"link_name":"Northern Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Crusades"},{"link_name":"State of the Teutonic Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order"},{"link_name":"fief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kg2-9"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Malbork (Marienburg)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malbork_Castle"},{"link_name":"general chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Elbląg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C204-7"},{"link_name":"castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer"},{"link_name":"Hanseatic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kwidzyn (Marienwerder)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwidzyn"},{"link_name":"Werner von Orseln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Orseln"},{"link_name":"Ludolf König von Wattzau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludolf_K%C3%B6nig_von_Wattzau"},{"link_name":"Heinrich von Plauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_von_Plauen"},{"link_name":"bishops of Pomesania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Pomesania"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Second Peace of Toruń","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Toru%C5%84"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kg2-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kg1-2"},{"link_name":"fief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fief"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kg2-9"}],"text":"Hermann von Salza, fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, in a Baroque-era portraitCoats of arms of the 29 grand masters (until 1470, Heinrich Reuß von Plauen) in the St. Gallen armorial (Cod. sang. 1084)Grand Master Siegfried von Feuchtwangen enters Marienburg with his knights on 14 September 1309, representing the move of the order's main seat to Prussia (1825 history painting)Historic seal of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. This seal was in use for more than 200 years, from the 13th century until it was replaced by Frederick, Duke of Saxony in 1498.[a]Compared to other medieval governments, transfer of power within the Teutonic Knights was run efficiently. Upon the death of a grand master, the vice master called a capitulum composed of the leading officers of the order. The general chapter would select a twelve-person electoral college composed of seven knights, four sergeants, and one priest. Once a majority-candidate for grand master was chosen, the minority electors would concede to support unanimity. These elections usually provided a succeeding grand master within three months.[5]Candidates for the position of grand master had experience as senior administrators for the order and were usually chosen on merit, not lineage.[6] This changed only after the order had entered a steady decline, with the selection of Frederick of Saxony and Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, members of the powerful Wettin and House of Hohenzollern dynasties.When the Teutonic Knights were originally based in Acre in Outremer, the grand masters spent much of their time at the papal and imperial courts.[7] The grand masters were most powerful after the order's 13th century conquest of Prussia during the Northern Crusades and the creation of the militarized State of the Teutonic Order, which lasted until 1525 (from 1466 to 1525 as part of the Kingdom of Poland as a fief).[8] After the order's capital moved from Venice to Malbork (Marienburg) in 1309, the grand master's power was at its height. He had ultimate control over Prussia, which gave him command over the Prussian commanders. When the general chapter would meet in Elbląg (Elbing), he was able to use this influence to ratify administrative measures he proposed.[6] The grand master also served as the castellan of Marienburg and was aided by the order's treasurer. He was also a member of the Hanseatic League, allowing him to receive some of the league's custom dues.[9]Excavations in the church of Kwidzyn (Marienwerder) performed in 2007 yielded the skeletal remains of three Grand Masters of the late medieval period, Werner von Orseln (1324–1330), Ludolf König von Wattzau (1342–1445) and Heinrich von Plauen (1410–1413). The church had been known as the burial place of the bishops of Pomesania, but the discovery of the grand masters' burials was unexpected. The bodies had been buried in gold-painted wooden coffins draped in silk robes.[10]Since the 1466 Second Peace of Toruń, the Grand Masters of the Teutonic Order were vassals of the Kingdom of Poland, and every Grand Master of the Teutonic Order was obliged to swear an oath of allegiance to the reigning Polish king within six months of taking office.[8] The Grand Masters were also princes and counselors of the Polish kings and the Kingdom of Poland.[2] The State of the Teutonic Order was a part of Poland as a fief.[8]","title":"Before the Reformation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hospice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliative_care"},{"link_name":"Outremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states"}],"sub_title":"Leaders of the early Brotherhood, 1190–1198","text":"The Teutonic Order as a hospice brotherhood in Outremer:","title":"Before the Reformation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_order_(society)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Gunther von Wüllersleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunther_von_W%C3%BCllersleben"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Grand Masters of the Order, 1198–1525","text":"The Teutonic Order as a spiritual military order had a total of 37 grand masters between 1198 and 1525.Several armorials of the 15th and early 16th century depict the coat of arms of the grand masters. These include the Chronica by Ulrich Richenthal,[12] an armorial of St. Gallen kept in Nuremberg,[13] an armorial of southwest Germany kept in Leipzig[14] and the Miltenberg armorial.[15] Conspicuously absent from these lists are three grand masters, Gerhards von Malberg (1241–1244) and his successors Heinrich von Hohenlohe (1244–1249) and Gunther von Wüllersleben (1250–1252), so that pre-modern historiographical tradition has a list of 34 grand masters for the time before 1525 (as opposed to 37 in modern accounts).[16]","title":"Before the Reformation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lutheranism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism"},{"link_name":"Sigismund I of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_I_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Prussian Homage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Homage"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Terra Mariana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Mariana"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Walter von Cronberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_von_Cronberg"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Mergentheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergentheim"},{"link_name":"Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconian_Circle"},{"link_name":"Princes of the Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Archduke Eugen of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Eugen_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Teutschmeister regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=4th_Infantry_Regiment_%22Hoch-_und_Deutschmeister%22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/k.u.k._Infanterieregiment_%E2%80%9EHoch-_und_Deutschmeister%E2%80%9C_Nr._4"},{"link_name":"Imperial Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Army_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Count Palatine Francis Louis of Neuburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Palatine_Francis_Louis_of_Neuburg"},{"link_name":"Lower Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Austria"},{"link_name":"military band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_band"},{"link_name":"44th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"1st Jäger Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_J%C3%A4ger_Battalion_%22Hoch-_und_Deutschmeister%22&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4gerbataillon_Wien_1_%E2%80%9EHoch-_und_Deutschmeister%E2%80%9C"},{"link_name":"Austrian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Armed_Forces"}],"text":"The last Hochmeister, Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach, converted to Lutheranism and, with the consent of his overlord and uncle, King Sigismund I of Poland, turned the State of the Teutonic Order into the secular Duchy of Prussia per the Treaty of Kraków, which was sealed by the Prussian Homage in Kraków in 1525. The commanderies in the autonomous Livonian Terra Mariana likewise were lost by 1561, as that region also became Protestant. However, the Order retained its bailiwicks in the Holy Roman Empire (Germany and Italy), which had been administered by the Deutschmeister since 1219.As the Order was now limited to its possessions in the German kingdom, incumbent Deutschmeister Walter von Cronberg was also appointed Hochmeister by Emperor Charles V in 1527. The administrative seat was moved to Mergentheim Castle in Franconia. The Hoch- und Deutschmeister was ranked as one of the ecclesiastical Princes of the Holy Roman Empire until 1806; when Mergentheim fell to the newly established Kingdom of Württemberg, their residence was relocated to the Deutschordenshaus in Vienna. The dual title lasted until in 1923, when the last secular Grand Master, Archduke Eugen of Austria, resigned from office.A Franconian Teutschmeister regiment [de] of the Imperial Army was formed under Count Palatine Francis Louis of Neuburg in 1696; organized as 4th Infantry Regiment in 1769 and deployed at Vienna, it was known as the Lower Austrian Hoch- und Deutschmeister regiment from 1814. Chiefly known for its popular military band, the regiment's tradition was adopted by the Wehrmacht 44th Infantry Division in 1938 and today is maintained by the 1st Jäger Battalion [de] of the Austrian Armed Forces.","title":"After the Reformation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Hoch- und Deutschmeister, 1527–1929","title":"After the Reformation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic religious order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)"}],"sub_title":"1929–present","text":"Time of the Teutonic Order as a clerical Roman Catholic religious order","title":"After the Reformation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NDB-12"}],"text":"^ In Latin: (Sigillum Magistri Generalis Hospitalis Sancte Marie Theutonicorum Ier(oso)l(o)m(i)tan(i). [4]\n\n^ Probably identical with Heinrich Walpot, the first Grand Master (see below)[11]","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Hermann von Salza, fourth Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, in a Baroque-era portrait","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hermann_von_Salza_Painting.jpg/200px-Hermann_von_Salza_Painting.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coats of arms of the 29 grand masters (until 1470, Heinrich Reuß von Plauen) in the St. Gallen armorial (Cod. sang. 1084)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Wappenbuch_R%C3%B6sch_csg-1084_047.jpg/200px-Wappenbuch_R%C3%B6sch_csg-1084_047.jpg"},{"image_text":"Grand Master Siegfried von Feuchtwangen enters Marienburg with his knights on 14 September 1309, representing the move of the order's main seat to Prussia (1825 history painting)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Kolbe_1825_Siegfried_von_Feuchtwangen_enters_Malbork_castle.jpg/200px-Kolbe_1825_Siegfried_von_Feuchtwangen_enters_Malbork_castle.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historic seal of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. This seal was in use for more than 200 years, from the 13th century until it was replaced by Frederick, Duke of Saxony in 1498.[a]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Siegel_Grossmeister_Deutschritterorden.jpg/200px-Siegel_Grossmeister_Deutschritterorden.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Grand master (order)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_master_(order)"},{"title":"Grand Master of the Order of Saint Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Master_of_the_Order_of_Saint_Lazarus"},{"title":"Grand masters and lieutenancies of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_masters_and_lieutenancies_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"title":"List of grand masters of the Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Hospitaller"},{"title":"List of grand masters of the Knights Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grand_masters_of_the_Knights_Templar"},{"title":"Mergentheim (History)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergentheim#History"}]	[{"reference":"\"Bernhard Peter (2011)\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2015-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220548/http://www.dr-bernhard-peter.de/Heraldik/Galerien2/galerie1533.htm","url_text":"\"Bernhard Peter (2011)\""},{"url":"http://www.dr-bernhard-peter.de/Heraldik/Galerien2/galerie1533.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish and Latin). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. pp. 96–97, 103, 214–215, 221.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84","url_text":"Poznań"}]},{"reference":"Kurt Forstreuter (1969). \"Heinrich Walpot\". In Fritz Wagner [in German] (ed.). Neue Deutsche Biographie. Vol. 8. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. p. 377 [online edition]. Die Identität H.s mit dem Bruder Heinrich, der 1193 und 1194 als Prior, 1196 als „Preceptor\" des Deutschen Hospitals in Akkon genannt wird, ist wahrscheinlich. Er empfängt als solcher Schenkungen für das Hospital und darf, da man über die Amtsbezeichnungen in diesem Hospital in jener Frühzeit sonst fast nichts weiß, wohl als Oberhaupt des Hospitals gelten. Als das Deutsche Hospital in Akkon am 5.3.1198 durch die Führer des deutschen Kreuzzugsheeres, das Heinrich VI. vorausgeeilt war, in einen Ritterorden verwandelt wurde, war es nur natürlich, daß man H. als ersten Hochmeister ausersah. Der Orden wurde 1199 von Papst Innozenz III. bestätigt. [...] Über die Dauer seiner Amtszeit ist nichts Sicheres bekannt. Sein Nachfolger Otto von Kerpen amtierte im September 1208 [...]","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn137318847.html","url_text":"\"Heinrich Walpot\""},{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Wagner_(Historiker)","url_text":"Fritz Wagner"}]},{"reference":"Christiansen, Erik (1997). The Northern Crusades. London: Penguin Books. p. 287. ISBN 0-14-026653-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287","url_text":"The Northern Crusades"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287","url_text":"287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026653-4","url_text":"0-14-026653-4"}]},{"reference":"Deutscher-Orden.de. \"Die Hochmeister\" (in German). Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070205232836/http://www.deutscher-orden.de/_pages/_orden_allgemein/geschichte/hochmeister.html","url_text":"\"Die Hochmeister\""},{"url":"http://www.deutscher-orden.de/_pages/_orden_allgemein/geschichte/hochmeister.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923220548/http://www.dr-bernhard-peter.de/Heraldik/Galerien2/galerie1533.htm","external_links_name":"\"Bernhard Peter (2011)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dr-bernhard-peter.de/Heraldik/Galerien2/galerie1533.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mgh-bibliothek.de/dokumente/b/b038670.pdf","external_links_name":"mgh-bibliothek.de"},{"Link":"http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/germanica/Chronologie/14Jh/GoldeneBulle/Wappen.htm","external_links_name":"online edition"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JyAPAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA112","external_links_name":"p. 191"},{"Link":"http://wyborcza.pl/1,75476,6067274,Mistrzowie_pochowani_w_jedwabiach.html","external_links_name":"Gazeta Wyborcza"},{"Link":"http://www.deutscher-orden.at/content/site/home/article/185.html","external_links_name":"Segnung der Hochmeister-Krypta im Dom zu Kwidzyn/Marienwerder, deutscher-orden.at, 7 August 2010"},{"Link":"http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/ppn137318847.html","external_links_name":"\"Heinrich Walpot\""},{"Link":"http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/germanica/Chronologie/14Jh/GoldeneBulle/Wappen.htm","external_links_name":"online edition"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ThshAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Arms and armour in the medieval Teutonic Order's state in Prussia"},{"Link":"http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz29152.html","external_links_name":"Heinrich Dusemer"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287","external_links_name":"The Northern Crusades"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287","external_links_name":"287"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070205232836/http://www.deutscher-orden.de/_pages/_orden_allgemein/geschichte/hochmeister.html","external_links_name":"\"Die Hochmeister\""},{"Link":"http://www.deutscher-orden.de/_pages/_orden_allgemein/geschichte/hochmeister.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4149301-1","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamanlal_Doongaji	Chamanlal Doongaji	["1 References"]	Chamanlal Doongaji was an Indian businessman, film producer and distributor known for producing the first-ever talking film in Kannada, Sati Sulochana. He founded a film distribution company named South India Movietone in 1932. He was from a Marwari family and was based in Bangalore. References ^ "First film to talk in Kannada". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 31 December 2004. Archived from the original on 10 April 2005. ^ Khajane, Muralidhara (25 February 2012). "Philatelic show to mark 78th anniversary of 'Sati Sulochana'". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 September 2018. ^ "Wealth of material found on first Kannada talkie - Deccan Herald \| DailyHunt". DailyHunt. Retrieved 3 September 2018. ^ "A revolutionary filmmaker". The Hindu. 22 August 2003. Archived from the original on 27 December 2003. Retrieved 3 September 2018. This biographical article related to film in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a film producer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"distributor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_distributor"},{"link_name":"talking film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_film"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"Sati Sulochana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati_Sulochana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dailyhunt-3"},{"link_name":"Marwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_people"},{"link_name":"Bangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu2-4"}],"text":"Chamanlal Doongaji was an Indian businessman, film producer and distributor known for producing the first-ever talking film in Kannada, Sati Sulochana.[1] He founded a film distribution company named South India Movietone in 1932.[2][3]He was from a Marwari family and was based in Bangalore.[4]","title":"Chamanlal Doongaji"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"First film to talk in Kannada\". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 31 December 2004. Archived from the original on 10 April 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050410165948/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123102420300.htm","url_text":"\"First film to talk in Kannada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123102420300.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khajane, Muralidhara (25 February 2012). \"Philatelic show to mark 78th anniversary of 'Sati Sulochana'\". The Hindu. Retrieved 3 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/philatelic-show-to-mark-78th-anniversary-of-sati-sulochana/article2929333.ece/amp/","url_text":"\"Philatelic show to mark 78th anniversary of 'Sati Sulochana'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wealth of material found on first Kannada talkie - Deccan Herald \| DailyHunt\". DailyHunt. Retrieved 3 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/bangladesh/english/deccan+herald-epaper-deccan/wealth+of+material+found+on+first+kannada+talkie-newsid-85780599","url_text":"\"Wealth of material found on first Kannada talkie - Deccan Herald \| DailyHunt\""}]},{"reference":"\"A revolutionary filmmaker\". The Hindu. 22 August 2003. Archived from the original on 27 December 2003. Retrieved 3 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031227104628/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm","url_text":"\"A revolutionary filmmaker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050410165948/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123102420300.htm","external_links_name":"\"First film to talk in Kannada\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/31/stories/2004123102420300.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/philatelic-show-to-mark-78th-anniversary-of-sati-sulochana/article2929333.ece/amp/","external_links_name":"\"Philatelic show to mark 78th anniversary of 'Sati Sulochana'\""},{"Link":"https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/bangladesh/english/deccan+herald-epaper-deccan/wealth+of+material+found+on+first+kannada+talkie-newsid-85780599","external_links_name":"\"Wealth of material found on first Kannada talkie - Deccan Herald \| DailyHunt\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031227104628/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm","external_links_name":"\"A revolutionary filmmaker\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201400400.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamanlal_Doongaji&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamanlal_Doongaji&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_Cru	Genius Cru	["1 Discography","1.1 Singles","2 References","3 External links"]	UK garage crew from London Genius CruOriginLondon, EnglandGenresUK garageYears active1999–presentLabelsIncentive Records, Kronik RecordsMembersCaponeMC FizzyMC KeflonTrimmerSean T Genius Cru are a UK garage crew from London. They are best known for the song "Boom Selection" which reached No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 1 on the UK Dance Singles Chart in early 2001. Later the same year, they scored another top 40 hit with "Course Bruv". Discography Singles "Waiting" (1999), Kronik Angel EP (2000), G Records "Boom Selection" (2000), Kronik/Incentive - UK #12 "Course Bruv" (2001), Incentive - UK #39 "Waiting 2013" (2013), Genius Beats References ^ a b "GENIUS CRU - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company". Official Charts. ^ "Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 - Official Charts Company". Official Charts. External links Genius Cru discography at Discogs Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This article on a United Kingdom band or other musical ensemble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_garage"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Boom Selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_Selection"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts.com-1"},{"link_name":"UK Dance Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Dance_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Genius Cru are a UK garage crew from London. They are best known for the song \"Boom Selection\" which reached No. 12 on the UK Singles Chart[1] and No. 1 on the UK Dance Singles Chart[2] in early 2001. Later the same year, they scored another top 40 hit with \"Course Bruv\".","title":"Genius Cru"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boom Selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_Selection"},{"link_name":"Incentive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentive_Records"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialcharts.com-1"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Waiting\" (1999), Kronik\nAngel EP (2000), G Records\n\"Boom Selection\" (2000), Kronik/Incentive - UK #12\n\"Course Bruv\" (2001), Incentive - UK #39[1]\n\"Waiting 2013\" (2013), Genius Beats","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"GENIUS CRU - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company\". Official Charts.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/10070/genius-cru/","url_text":"\"GENIUS CRU - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 - Official Charts Company\". Official Charts.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/dance-singles-chart/20010128/104/","url_text":"\"Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 - Official Charts Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/10070/genius-cru/","external_links_name":"\"GENIUS CRU - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/dance-singles-chart/20010128/104/","external_links_name":"\"Official Dance Singles Chart Top 40 - Official Charts Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/29891","external_links_name":"Genius Cru"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/179353d0-449e-42bf-b321-552a1fe690f2","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genius_Cru&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Snyder_(baseball_player)	Kyle Snyder (baseball)	["1 Background","2 Professional career","3 Coaching","4 References","5 External links"]	American baseball player and coach (born 1977) For other people with the same name, see Kyle Snyder (disambiguation). Baseball player Kyle SnyderSnyder with the Rays in 2018Tampa Bay Rays – No. 23Pitcher / Pitching coachBorn: (1977-09-09) September 9, 1977 (age 46)Houston, Texas, U.S.Batted: SwitchThrew: RightMLB debutMay 1, 2003, for the Kansas City RoyalsLast MLB appearanceApril 5, 2008, for the Boston Red SoxMLB statisticsWin–loss record8–17Earned run average5.57Strikeouts157 Teams As player Kansas City Royals (2003, 2005–2006) Boston Red Sox (2006–2008) As coach Tampa Bay Rays (2018–present) Kyle Ehren Snyder (born September 9, 1977) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher and current pitching coach for the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for the Kansas City Royals and the Boston Red Sox. During his playing days, Snyder stood 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) tall, weighing 225 pounds (102 kg). Snyder with the 2007 World Series trophy as a member of the Boston Red Sox Background Snyder was born in Houston, Texas. He graduated from Riverview High School in Sarasota, Florida in 1996. While in high school, Snyder lettered in baseball, basketball, swimming, and golf. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 1996 amateur draft; however, Snyder chose to attend North Carolina instead, where he played college baseball for the Tar Heels. Snyder played three years for North Carolina, and in 1998 played collegiate summer baseball for the Chatham Athletics of the Cape Cod Baseball League where he was named the top prospect. In summer 1997, Snyder played in the Valley Baseball League, for the Winchester Royals. Professional career In 1999, Snyder was a first round MLB draft pick (7th overall) of the Kansas City Royals. He played for the Spokane Indians in 1999 and was named top prospect in the Northwest League by Baseball America. Snyder’s career with the Royals was hampered by several injuries. He only pitched two games in 2000 and missed the entire 2001 minor league season recovering from Tommy John surgery. Between 2003 and 2005, Snyder was on the disabled list four times including two stays on the 60-day disabled list, missing the entire 2004 season after having surgery to repair a torn labrum in his right shoulder. Despite his history with injuries, Snyder was named the seventh-best prospect in the organization by Baseball America in 2003. Snyder started the 2006 season with the Royals' Triple-A affiliate, the Omaha Royals, and was promoted to the major leagues on June 8, 2006, to face the Texas Rangers. After giving up nine runs (five earned) and ten hits in a two inning start, he was designated for assignment. In June 2006, Snyder was claimed off waivers by the Boston Red Sox. He split the remainder of the season between Boston and the Pawtucket Red Sox. Snyder is perhaps best known in Boston for his 41⁄3 inning relief effort for the Red Sox in a July 31, 2006 game against the Cleveland Indians. Entering the game with Boston trailing 8-6 in the fifth inning, Snyder held the Indians scoreless before David Ortiz hit a walk-off three-run homer in the bottom of the ninth inning, giving the Red Sox a stunning 9-8 victory. Snyder allowed only one hit while walking none and striking out six. Snyder's first full season in the big league was in 2007, when he appeared in 46 games, one more than his previous three professional years combined. In January 2008, Snyder signed a one-year contract with the Red Sox avoiding the arbitration process. In April 2008, Snyder was designated for assignment to make room for Josh Beckett, who was returning from the 15-day disabled list. Later in the month, Snyder accepted an assignment to remain in the Red Sox organization with Triple-A Pawtucket. He was granted free agency after the 2008 season and signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets in January 2009. After playing sparingly through the 2011 season, for multiple minor league teams, Snyder retired as an active player. Coaching In 2012, the Tampa Bay Rays hired Snyder as pitching coach for the Short-Season A level Hudson Valley Renegades. Starting the 2013 season, Snyder was the pitching coach for the Bowling Green Hot Rods (A). The Rays promoted him to the Durham Bulls for the 2015 season. The Rays promoted him to be the MLB pitching coach for the 2018 season, replacing longtime pitching coach Jim Hickey. References ^ Horton, Sue (May 11, 2020). "All Time Major League Baseball Players from the Cape Cod League" (PDF). Cape Cod Baseball League. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ Tremmel, Julie K. (August 13, 1998). "Chatham A's Drop First Game in Championship Series". The Cape Cod Chronicle. Chatham, MA. p. 51. ^ "Miller, Bard Grabbed In First Round Of MLB Draft". North Carolina Tar Heels. June 6, 2006. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2008. ^ Falkoff, Robert (June 9, 2006). "KC bats explode for win in 28-run affair". Kansas City Royals. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2008. ^ Kussoy, Howard (August 1, 2006). "Snyder unsung hero against Cleveland". Boston Red Sox. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2008. ^ "Red Sox, Snyder agree to deal". Boston Globe. January 26, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2008. ^ Chisholm, Gregor (April 6, 2008). "Beckett move prompts Snyder's end: Boston to also make another transaction if Timlin is activated". Boston Red Sox. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008. ^ Dierkes, Tim (April 14, 2008). "Snyder Accepts Minor League Assignment". MLB Trade Rumors. Retrieved May 4, 2021. ^ DiComo, Anthony (January 26, 2009). "Three ink Minors deals with Mets". MLB.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved May 4, 2021. ^ "Rays name minor league coaching staffs for 2012". Tampa Bay Rays. January 5, 2012. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012. ^ "Rays name minor league coaching staffs for 2013". Tampa Bay Rays. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved February 24, 2013. ^ Topkin, Marc (October 11, 2015). "Rays Find Homegrown Replacement for Allen". Baseball America. Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2020. ^ Topkin, Marc (October 3, 2017). "Jim Hickey won't be back as Rays pitching coach, Kyle Snyder to take over". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Sporting positions Preceded byJim Hickey Tampa Bay Rays pitching coach 2018 Succeeded byIncumbent vte1999 Major League Baseball draft first round selections Josh Hamilton Josh Beckett Eric Munson Corey Myers B. J. Garbe Josh Girdley Kyle Snyder Bobby Bradley Barry Zito Ben Sheets Ryan Christianson Brett Myers Mike Paradis Ty Howington Jason Stumm Jason Jennings Rick Asadoorian Richard Stahl Alex Ríos Vince Faison Larry Bigbie Matt Ginter Keith Reed Kurt Ainsworth Mike MacDougal Ben Christensen David Walling Gerik Baxter Omar Ortiz Chance Caple Casey Daigle Jay Gehrke Jeff Heaverlo Joshua Cenate Brian West Nick Stocks Jason Repko Colby Lewis Jerome Williams Brad Baker Casey Burns Mike Rosamond Jimmy Gobble Scott Rice Rob Purvis Chris Duncan Mike Mead Casey Fossum Mike Bynum Brian Roberts Nick Trzesniak vteKansas City Royals first-round draft picks 1969: Simmons 1970: Goodson 1971: Branch 1972: Quirk 1973: Olsen 1974: Wilson 1975: Hurdle 1976: Gryzbek 1977: Jones 1978: Biancalana 1979: Hammaker 1980: Wills 1981: Leeper 1982: Morris 1983: Thurman 1984: Bankhead 1985: McRae 1986: Clements 1987: Appier 1988: Walker 1989: Mayne 1990: None 1991: Vitiello, Pruitt 1992: Tucker, Pittsley, Clinkscales, Damon 1993: Granger 1994: Smith 1995: Lebron 1996: Brown 1997: Reichert 1998: Austin, Burch, George 1999: Snyder, MacDougal, Gehrke, Gobble 2000: Whatland 2001: C. Griffin 2002: Greinke 2003: Lubanski, Maier 2004: Butler, Campbell, Howell 2005: Gordon 2006: Hochevar 2007: Moustakas 2008: Hosmer, Montgomery 2009: Crow 2010: Colón 2011: Starling 2012: Zimmer 2013: Dozier 2014: Finnegan, F. Griffin 2015: Russell, Watson 2016: None 2017: Pratto 2018: Singer, Kowar, Lynch 2019: Witt 2020: Lacy 2021: Mozzicato 2022: Cross 2023: Mitchell vteTampa Bay Rays current rosterActive roster 1 Richie Palacios 2 Yandy Díaz 6 Taylor Walls 7 José Caballero 8 Brandon Lowe 10 Amed Rosario 15 Josh Lowe 17 Isaac Paredes 21 Jonny DeLuca 22 José Siri 24 Zach Eflin 28 Alex Jackson 29 Pete Fairbanks 30 Ben Rortvedt 34 Aaron Civale 38 Colin Poche 44 Ryan Pepiot 45 Taj Bradley 47 Jason Adam 48 Chris Devenski 49 Kevin Kelly 52 Zack Littell 56 Randy Arozarena 60 Garrett Cleavinger 64 Shawn Armstrong 88 Phil Maton Inactive roster 11 Shane Baz 13 Junior Caminero 14 Tyler Alexander 25 Curtis Mead 37 Osleivis Basabe 39 Manuel Rodríguez 50 René Pinto 54 Austin Shenton 58 Yoniel Curet 62 Jonathan Aranda 63 Edwin Uceta 65 Justin Sterner 74 Jacob Lopez Injured list 18 Shane McClanahan 40 Jacob Waguespack 55 Richard Lovelady 57 Drew Rasmussen 59 Jeffrey Springs Restricted list 5 Wander Franco Coaching staff Manager 16 Kevin Cash Bench 27 Rodney Linares Hitting 51 Chad Mottola Asst. hitting 40 Dan DeMent Asst. hitting 53 Brady North Pitching 23 Kyle Snyder Asst. pitching 92 Rick Knapp First base 9 Michael Johns Third base 4 Brady Williams Bullpen 33 Jorge Moncada Bullpen catcher 99 Misha Dworken Analytics coach 97 Jonathan Erlichman Field coordinator 46 Tomas Francisco vteMajor League Baseball pitching coaches by teamAmerican LeagueEast Drew French (Baltimore Orioles) Andrew Bailey (Boston Red Sox) Matt Blake (New York Yankees) Kyle Snyder (Tampa Bay Rays) Pete Walker (Toronto Blue Jays) Central Ethan Katz (Chicago White Sox) Carl Willis (Cleveland Guardians) Chris Fetter (Detroit Tigers) Brian Sweeney (Kansas City Royals) Pete Maki (Minnesota Twins) West Josh Miller / Bill Murphy (Houston Astros) Barry Enright (Los Angeles Angels) Scott Emerson (Oakland Athletics) Pete Woodworth (Seattle Mariners) Mike Maddux (Texas Rangers) National LeagueEast Rick Kranitz (Atlanta Braves) Mel Stottlemyre Jr. (Miami Marlins) Jeremy Hefner (New York Mets) Caleb Cotham (Philadelphia Phillies) Jim Hickey (Washington Nationals) Central Tommy Hottovy (Chicago Cubs) Derek Johnson (Cincinnati Reds) Chris Hook (Milwaukee Brewers) Oscar Marin (Pittsburgh Pirates) Dusty Blake (St. Louis Cardinals) West Brent Strom (Arizona Diamondbacks) Darryl Scott (Colorado Rockies) Mark Prior (Los Angeles Dodgers) Ruben Niebla (San Diego Padres) Bryan Price (San Francisco Giants)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyle Snyder (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Snyder_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"relief pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"pitching coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitching_coach"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kyle_Snyder_and_Trophy.jpg"}],"text":"For other people with the same name, see Kyle Snyder (disambiguation).Baseball playerKyle Ehren Snyder (born September 9, 1977) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher and current pitching coach for the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for the Kansas City Royals and the Boston Red Sox. During his playing days, Snyder stood 6 feet 7 inches (2.01 m) tall, weighing 225 pounds (102 kg).Snyder with the 2007 World Series trophy as a member of the Boston Red Sox","title":"Kyle Snyder (baseball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Riverview High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverview_High_School_(Sarasota,_Florida)"},{"link_name":"Sarasota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"lettered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_letter"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Devil Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"},{"link_name":"1996 amateur draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Tar Heels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_baseball"},{"link_name":"collegiate summer baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball"},{"link_name":"Chatham Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Valley Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"Winchester Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Royals"}],"text":"Snyder was born in Houston, Texas. He graduated from Riverview High School in Sarasota, Florida in 1996. While in high school, Snyder lettered in baseball, basketball, swimming, and golf. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 1996 amateur draft; however, Snyder chose to attend North Carolina instead, where he played college baseball for the Tar Heels.Snyder played three years for North Carolina, and in 1998 played collegiate summer baseball for the Chatham Athletics of the Cape Cod Baseball League where he was named the top prospect.[1][2] In summer 1997, Snyder played in the Valley Baseball League, for the Winchester Royals.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MLB draft pick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Spokane Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokane_Indians"},{"link_name":"Northwest League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_League"},{"link_name":"Baseball America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_America"},{"link_name":"Tommy John surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_John_surgery"},{"link_name":"disabled list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disabled_list"},{"link_name":"labrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenoid_labrum"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Omaha Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Royals"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"earned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run"},{"link_name":"designated for assignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_for_assignment"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pawtucket Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtucket_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"David Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum_arbitration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Josh Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Beckett"},{"link_name":"15-day disabled list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disabled_list"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1999, Snyder was a first round MLB draft pick (7th overall) of the Kansas City Royals.[3] He played for the Spokane Indians in 1999 and was named top prospect in the Northwest League by Baseball America.Snyder’s career with the Royals was hampered by several injuries. He only pitched two games in 2000 and missed the entire 2001 minor league season recovering from Tommy John surgery. Between 2003 and 2005, Snyder was on the disabled list four times including two stays on the 60-day disabled list, missing the entire 2004 season after having surgery to repair a torn labrum in his right shoulder. Despite his history with injuries, Snyder was named the seventh-best prospect in the organization by Baseball America in 2003.Snyder started the 2006 season with the Royals' Triple-A affiliate, the Omaha Royals, and was promoted to the major leagues on June 8, 2006, to face the Texas Rangers. After giving up \nnine runs (five earned) and ten hits in a two inning start, he was designated for assignment.[4]In June 2006, Snyder was claimed off waivers by the Boston Red Sox. He split the remainder of the season between Boston and the Pawtucket Red Sox.Snyder is perhaps best known in Boston for his 41⁄3 inning relief effort for the Red Sox in a July 31, 2006 game against the Cleveland Indians. Entering the game with Boston trailing 8-6 in the fifth inning, Snyder held the Indians scoreless before David Ortiz hit a walk-off three-run homer in the bottom of the ninth inning, giving the Red Sox a stunning 9-8 victory. Snyder allowed only one hit while walking none and striking out six.[5]Snyder's first full season in the big league was in 2007, when he appeared in 46 games, one more than his previous three professional years combined. In January 2008, Snyder signed a one-year contract with the Red Sox avoiding the arbitration process.[6]In April 2008, Snyder was designated for assignment to make room for Josh Beckett, who was returning from the 15-day disabled list.[7] Later in the month, Snyder accepted an assignment to remain in the Red Sox organization with Triple-A Pawtucket.[8] He was granted free agency after the 2008 season and signed a minor league contract with the New York Mets in January 2009.[9] After playing sparingly through the 2011 season, for multiple minor league teams, Snyder retired as an active player.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"},{"link_name":"Hudson Valley Renegades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Valley_Renegades"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green Hot Rods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_Hot_Rods"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Durham Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Bulls"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jim Hickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hickey_(baseball,_born_1961)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In 2012, the Tampa Bay Rays hired Snyder as pitching coach for the Short-Season A level Hudson Valley Renegades.[10]Starting the 2013 season, Snyder was the pitching coach for the Bowling Green Hot Rods (A).[11] The Rays promoted him to the Durham Bulls for the 2015 season.[12] The Rays promoted him to be the MLB pitching coach for the 2018 season, replacing longtime pitching coach Jim Hickey.[13]","title":"Coaching"}]	[{"image_text":"Snyder with the 2007 World Series trophy as a member of the Boston Red Sox","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Kyle_Snyder_and_Trophy.jpg/220px-Kyle_Snyder_and_Trophy.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Horton, Sue (May 11, 2020). \"All Time Major League Baseball Players from the Cape Cod League\" (PDF). Cape Cod Baseball League. Retrieved September 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://capecodbaseball.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/2012website/archives/Current%20Year/All_Time_MLB_CCBL_Alumni.pdf","url_text":"\"All Time Major League Baseball Players from the Cape Cod League\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League","url_text":"Cape Cod Baseball League"}]},{"reference":"Tremmel, Julie K. (August 13, 1998). \"Chatham A's Drop First Game in Championship Series\". The Cape Cod Chronicle. Chatham, MA. p. 51.","urls":[{"url":"https://eldredgelibrary.wssites.com/Document?db=ELDREDGELIBRARY&query=(select+25+(bytoc+(andf+(eq+YEAR+1998)+(field+WEEK_ISSUED+(phrase+August+%6013)))))","url_text":"\"Chatham A's Drop First Game in Championship Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miller, Bard Grabbed In First Round Of MLB Draft\". North Carolina Tar Heels. June 6, 2006. Archived from the original on March 30, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080330035011/http://tarheelblue.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/spec-rel/060606aad.html","url_text":"\"Miller, Bard Grabbed In First Round Of MLB Draft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels","url_text":"North Carolina Tar Heels"},{"url":"http://tarheelblue.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/spec-rel/060606aad.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Falkoff, Robert (June 9, 2006). \"KC bats explode for win in 28-run affair\". Kansas City Royals. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. 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Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080410164605/http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080406&content_id=2497487&vkey=news_bos&fext=.jsp&c_id=bos","url_text":"\"Beckett move prompts Snyder's end: Boston to also make another transaction if Timlin is activated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox","url_text":"Boston Red Sox"},{"url":"http://boston.redsox.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20080406&content_id=2497487&vkey=news_bos&fext=.jsp&c_id=bos","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dierkes, Tim (April 14, 2008). \"Snyder Accepts Minor League Assignment\". MLB Trade Rumors. Retrieved May 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2008/04/tigers-rays-phi.html","url_text":"\"Snyder Accepts Minor League Assignment\""}]},{"reference":"DiComo, Anthony (January 26, 2009). \"Three ink Minors deals with Mets\". MLB.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warne%E2%80%93Muralitharan_Trophy	Warne–Muralitharan Trophy	["1 History","1.1 Background","1.2 Inaugural series","1.3 2011 series","1.4 2012–13 series","1.5 2016 series","1.6 2018–19 series","2 List of Warne–Muralitharan Trophy series","3 Timeline","4 See also","5 References"]	Australia-Sri Lanka cricket award Warne–Muralidaran TrophyThe Warne-Muralidaran TrophyCountries Australia Sri LankaAdministratorCricket AustraliaSri Lanka CricketFormatTest cricketFirst edition2007–08 (Australia)Latest edition2022 (Sri Lanka)Next edition2025 (Sri Lanka)Tournament formatTest SeriesNumber of teams2Current trophy holder AustraliaMost successful Australia (4 titles)Most runs Michael Hussey (994)Most wickets Rangana Herath (56) This article is part of a series aboutShane Warne Australian International Cricketer Five-wicket hauls Ball of the Century Shane Warne Foundation State Memorial Service In Media Shane Warne: The Musical Warnie (miniseries) Shane Warne Cricket '99 Honours and Achievements Warne–Muralitharan Trophy Test Team of the Year 2004 2005 2006 Wisden Leading Cricketer 1993 1997 2004 Controversies John the bookmaker controversy Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video vte The Warne–Muralidaran Trophy is awarded to the winner of the Australia–Sri Lanka Test cricket series from 2007 to 2008 season onwards. The trophy is named after the two leading wicket takers in Test cricket, Sri Lanka's Muttiah Muralitharan (who prefers to romanise his name as "Muralidaran") and Australia's Shane Warne. The trophy celebrates the 25th anniversary of Australia–Sri Lanka Test cricket. The trophy features casts of the two bowlers' right hands and match-used cricket balls bowled by them during their careers. Sri Lanka Cricket, the governing body of cricket in Sri Lanka had written to its Australian counterpart, Cricket Australia, that the winner of the series should be awarded a trophy named after the two bowlers. Cricket Australia had responded positively to the Sri Lankans' proposal. In unveiling the trophy, Cricket Australia said in a statement, ...The two greatest bowlers in world cricket history have lent their names to a perpetual prize that will be played for in the Test series between Australia and Sri Lanka. The Warne–Muralidaran trophy became the latest addition to the series of trophies named after former players such as the Border-Gavaskar Trophy, for Test series between Australia and India and the Chappell–Hadlee Trophy which is contested between Australia and New Zealand in ODI format. History Background Before the Warne–Muralidaran Trophy, (1983–2004), Australia and Sri Lanka had played each other 18 times in the 21-year period, there had been four tours each in each country. Out of the 18 tests, Australia had won 11 times while Sri Lanka had won only once, in 1999, and 6 Tests had been drawn. The following were all regular, not Warne-Muralidaran Tests between the two countries: Season Host Tests Australia Sri Lanka Drawn Result 1982–83 Sri Lanka 1 1 0 0 Australia 1987–88 Australia 1 1 0 0 Australia 1989–90 Australia 2 1 0 1 Australia 1992 Sri Lanka 3 1 0 2 Australia 1995–96 Australia 3 3 0 0 Australia 1999 Sri Lanka 3 0 1 2 Sri Lanka 2003–04 Sri Lanka 3 3 0 0 Australia 2004 Australia 2 1 0 1 Australia Left: Muttiah Muralitharan. Right: Shane Warne Inaugural series Main article: Sri Lankan cricket team in Australia in 2007–08 Shane Warne retired from cricket in 2007 with 708 wickets against his name and Muttiah Muralitharan played the 2007–2008 series eight wickets short of Warne's tally at the start of the series. Ricky Ponting stated that he was determined to deny Murali from getting the nine wickets required to surpass Warne as the highest wicket-taker in Test cricket while in Australia. At the end of the series Muralitharan had bagged only four wickets. Australia won the test series and the trophy 2–0. In the second Test, Kumar Sangakkara was given out when the ball actually hit his shoulder on 192 by umpire Rudi Koertzen. After the match Koertzen apologised to Sangakkara. During the series Marvan Atapattu, former Sri Lankan cricket captain criticised the selecting board of Sri Lanka Cricket saying the selectors were a group of "Muppets headed by a joker" referring to the chairman of selectors, Ashantha de Mel. Atapattu retired from cricket at the end of the series. 2011 series Main article: Australian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2011 On the second day of the first Test, Nathan Lyon took his first wicket in tests with his first ball, his victim was Kumar Sangakkara; he is the 14th international player and 2nd Australian to do so. He finished with figures of 5/34, becoming the 131st player to take five wickets on debut in a Test match. Also, Trent Copeland took his first wicket in tests with his second ball; his victim was Tillakaratne Dilshan. Also in the first test, the ICC admitted that the hawk-eye or eagle-eye made an error. On the first day of the third Test Shaminda Eranga got his first wicket in Tests with his first ball (repeating Nathan Lyon's feat in the first Test); his victim was Shane Watson. Also on the first day Shaun Marsh achieved an average of 209, the highest ever by an Australian. Michael Hussey was Man of the Match for all three test matches and was also awarded Man of the Series. 2012–13 series Main article: Sri Lankan cricket team in Australia in 2012–13 Australia completed a clean sweep of the series, winning 3–0. 2016 series Main article: Australian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2016 Sri Lanka had a poor run leading up to this series, where they lost across all forms in England. The first match at Pallekele was a memorable one for Kusal Mendis who scored his maiden test century (176) and bowling of Rangana Herath lead Sri Lanka to a 106-run victory, their first test victory over the visitors in 17 years. The win boosted the confidence of the home team leading to the second test in Galle. Performances by Herath and Dilruwan Perera sealed the series with a 229-run victory. The spin duo took 18 wickets out of the possible 20 in the game. The third test was at SSC, Dinesh Chandimal and Dhananjaya de Silva scored centuries in the first innings. In reply, Shaun Marsh and Steven Smith score centuries for the visitors. In the third and crucial innings, Kaushal Silva scored a century giving setting a target of over 300 for the Aussies. On the final day the Australians started to crumble, only David Warner scored a half-century and no other batsman scored more than 30. Herath took 13 wickets in the match and Sri Lanka managed to win by 163 runs, whitewashing Australia for the first time in their history. Herath won both Man of the match award and Player of the Series awards. With this win, Sri Lanka moved above South Africa in the Test rankings, and Australia lost the top spot in the rankings. 2018–19 series Main article: Sri Lankan cricket team in Australia in 2018–19 Australia completed a clean sweep of the series, winning 2–0. List of Warne–Muralitharan Trophy series Australia won Retained by Australia Sri Lanka won Retained by Sri Lanka Series Season Played in First match Testsplayed (sched) Tests wonby Australia Tests wonby Sri Lanka Testsdrawn Player of the Series Seriesresult Holder atseries end 1 2007–08 Australia 8 November 2007 2 2 0 0 Brett Lee Australia Australia 2 2011 Sri Lanka 31 August 2011 3 1 0 2 Michael Hussey Australia Australia 3 2012–13 Australia 14 December 2012 3 3 0 0 Michael Clarke Australia Australia 4 2016 Sri Lanka 26 July 2016 3 0 3 0 Rangana Herath Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 5 2018–19 Australia 24 January 2019 2 2 0 0 Pat Cummins Australia Australia 6 2022 Sri Lanka 29 June 2022 2 1 1 0 Dinesh Chandimal Drawn Australia Australian Test wins (as of July 2022) Sri Lankan Test wins (as of July 2022) Draws 9 4 2 Timeline See also Benaud–Qadir Trophy Sobers–Tissera Trophy References ^ Statistics / Statsguru / HMRKB Herath / Test matches, archived from the original on 20 December 2016, retrieved 17 October 2016 ^ Blake, Martin (8 November 2007). "Under Murali's deadly spell". The Age. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2010. ^ "Warne-Muralidaran Trophy unveiled". Australia: ABC News. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ a b "Warne-Murali trophy goes on the line". Australia: ABC News. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ "New Warne-Muralidaran Test trophy announced". cricket.com.au. Cricket Australia. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ "Sri Lanka want Aussies to fight for Warne-Murali Trophy". Australia: ABC News. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ Cricinfo staff (3 November 2007). "Teams will battle for Warne-Muralitharan Trophy". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ "Sri Lanka vs Australia in tests". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 September 2011. ^ "Warne-Murali trophy is unveiled". BBC Sport. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ a b Coward, Mike (2007). "Australia v Sri Lanka 2007–08". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ "Australia wraps up series win against Sri Lanka". cricketnews.com.au. Cricket News. 20 November 2007. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ English, Peter (20 November 2007). "Koertzen says sorry to Sangakkara". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2010. ^ "Bowling records". ESPNcricinfo. 1 September 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011. vteList of Warne–Muralitharan Trophy series 2007–08 2011 2012–13 2016 2018–19 2022 Non-Warne–Muralidaran Trophy Australia v Sri Lanka Test series 1982–83 1987–88 1989–90 1992 1995–96 1999 2003–04 2004 vteInternational cricket seriesMenTestAustralia vs. EnglandThe Ashes2023Holder AustraliaAustralia vs. IndiaBorder–Gavaskar Trophy2022–23Holder IndiaAustralia vs. New ZealandTrans-Tasman Trophy2023–24Holder AustraliaAustralia vs. PakistanBenaud–Qadir Trophy2023–24Holder AustraliaAustralia vs. Sri LankaWarne–Muralitharan Trophy2022Holder AustraliaAustralia vs. West IndiesFrank Worrell Trophy2023–24Holder AustraliaAustralia vs. ZimbabweSouthern Cross Trophy2003–04Holder AustraliaBangladesh vs. IndiaGanguly–Durjoy Trophy2022–23Holder IndiaEngland vs. India(played in England)Pataudi Trophy2021Holder EnglandEngland vs. South AfricaBasil D'Oliveira Trophy2022Holder EnglandEngland vs. West IndiesRichards–Botham Trophy2021–22Holder West IndiesIndia vs. England(played in India)Anthony de Mello Trophy2023–24Holder IndiaIndia vs. South AfricaFreedom Trophy2023–24Holder South AfricaNew Zealand vs. South AfricaTangiwai Shield2023–24Holder New ZealandSouth Africa vs. West IndiesSir Vivian Richards Trophy2021Holder South AfricaSri Lanka vs. West IndiesSobers–Tissera Trophy2021–22Holder Sri LankaWest Indies vs. ZimbabweClive Lloyd Trophy2017–18Holder West IndiesODI &T20I Chappell–Hadlee Trophy (Aus v NZ) Other K.A. Auty Cup (Can v USA) M. J. Gopalan Trophy (Cey v Madras) Saudara Cup (Mal v Sin) Stan Nagaiah Trophy (Mal v Sin) WomenTest &ODI &T20IAustralia vs. EnglandThe Ashes2023Holder AustraliaODIAustralia vs. New ZealandRose Bowl2020-21Holder AustraliaDefunct Men's TestTest Wisden Trophy (Eng v WI)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Test cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_cricket"},{"link_name":"wicket takers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismissal_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"Muttiah Muralitharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan"},{"link_name":"romanise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shane Warne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Warne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_News-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_News_1-4"},{"link_name":"bowlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_(cricket)"},{"link_name":"right hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grip_(cricket_bowling)"},{"link_name":"cricket balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_ball"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cricket.com.au-5"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka Cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Cricket"},{"link_name":"cricket in Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_in_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Cricket Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Australia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_News_2-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_News_1-4"},{"link_name":"Border-Gavaskar Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border-Gavaskar_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Chappell–Hadlee Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappell%E2%80%93Hadlee_Trophy"},{"link_name":"ODI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cricinfo-7"}],"text":"The Warne–Muralidaran Trophy is awarded to the winner of the Australia–Sri Lanka Test cricket series from 2007 to 2008 season onwards. The trophy is named after the two leading wicket takers in Test cricket, Sri Lanka's Muttiah Muralitharan (who prefers to romanise his name as \"Muralidaran\"[2]) and Australia's Shane Warne.[3] The trophy celebrates the 25th anniversary of Australia–Sri Lanka Test cricket.[4] The trophy features casts of the two bowlers' right hands and match-used cricket balls bowled by them during their careers.[5] Sri Lanka Cricket, the governing body of cricket in Sri Lanka had written to its Australian counterpart, Cricket Australia, that the winner of the series should be awarded a trophy named after the two bowlers.[6] Cricket Australia had responded positively to the Sri Lankans' proposal. In unveiling the trophy, Cricket Australia said in a statement,...The two greatest bowlers in world cricket history have lent their names to a perpetual prize that will be played for in the Test series between Australia and Sri Lanka.[4]The Warne–Muralidaran trophy became the latest addition to the series of trophies named after former players such as the Border-Gavaskar Trophy, for Test series between Australia and India and the Chappell–Hadlee Trophy which is contested between Australia and New Zealand in ODI format.[7]","title":"Warne–Muralitharan Trophy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MuralitharanBust2004IMG.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shane_Warne_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Muttiah Muralitharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan"},{"link_name":"Shane Warne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Warne"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Before the Warne–Muralidaran Trophy, (1983–2004), Australia and Sri Lanka had played each other 18 times in the 21-year period, there had been four tours each in each country. Out of the 18 tests, Australia had won 11 times while Sri Lanka had won only once, in 1999, and 6 Tests had been drawn.[8] The following were all regular, not Warne-Muralidaran Tests between the two countries:Left: Muttiah Muralitharan. Right: Shane Warne","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shane Warne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Warne"},{"link_name":"Muttiah Muralitharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muttiah_Muralitharan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_Sport-9"},{"link_name":"Ricky Ponting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Ponting"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coward_2007-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cricketnews.com.au-11"},{"link_name":"Kumar Sangakkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_Sangakkara"},{"link_name":"Rudi Koertzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Koertzen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-English_2007-12"},{"link_name":"Marvan Atapattu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvan_Atapattu"},{"link_name":"Sri Lankan cricket captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_national_cricket_captains"},{"link_name":"Ashantha de Mel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashantha_de_Mel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coward_2007-10"}],"sub_title":"Inaugural series","text":"Shane Warne retired from cricket in 2007 with 708 wickets against his name and Muttiah Muralitharan played the 2007–2008 series eight wickets short of Warne's tally at the start of the series.[9] Ricky Ponting stated that he was determined to deny Murali from getting the nine wickets required to surpass Warne as the highest wicket-taker in Test cricket while in Australia.[10] At the end of the series Muralitharan had bagged only four wickets. Australia won the test series and the trophy 2–0.[11] In the second Test, Kumar Sangakkara was given out when the ball actually hit his shoulder on 192 by umpire Rudi Koertzen.[12] After the match Koertzen apologised to Sangakkara. During the series Marvan Atapattu, former Sri Lankan cricket captain criticised the selecting board of Sri Lanka Cricket saying the selectors were a group of \"Muppets headed by a joker\" referring to the chairman of selectors, Ashantha de Mel.[10] Atapattu retired from cricket at the end of the series.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nathan Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Lyon_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Kumar Sangakkara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumar_Sangakkara"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Trent Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Copeland"},{"link_name":"Tillakaratne Dilshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillakaratne_Dilshan"},{"link_name":"ICC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cricket_Council"},{"link_name":"Shaminda Eranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaminda_Eranga"},{"link_name":"Nathan Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Lyon_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Shane Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Watson"},{"link_name":"Shaun Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Michael Hussey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hussey"}],"sub_title":"2011 series","text":"On the second day of the first Test, Nathan Lyon took his first wicket in tests with his first ball, his victim was Kumar Sangakkara; he is the 14th international player and 2nd Australian to do so. He finished with figures of 5/34, becoming the 131st player to take five wickets on debut in a Test match.[13] Also, Trent Copeland took his first wicket in tests with his second ball; his victim was Tillakaratne Dilshan. Also in the first test, the ICC admitted that the hawk-eye or eagle-eye made an error.On the first day of the third Test Shaminda Eranga got his first wicket in Tests with his first ball (repeating Nathan Lyon's feat in the first Test); his victim was Shane Watson. Also on the first day Shaun Marsh achieved an average of 209, the highest ever by an Australian. Michael Hussey was Man of the Match for all three test matches and was also awarded Man of the Series.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012–13 series","text":"Australia completed a clean sweep of the series, winning 3–0.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kusal Mendis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusal_Mendis"},{"link_name":"Rangana Herath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangana_Herath"},{"link_name":"Dilruwan Perera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilruwan_Perera"},{"link_name":"Dinesh Chandimal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinesh_Chandimal"},{"link_name":"Dhananjaya de Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhananjaya_de_Silva"},{"link_name":"Shaun Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Marsh"},{"link_name":"Steven Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Smith_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Kaushal Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushal_Silva"},{"link_name":"David Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Warner_(cricketer)"}],"sub_title":"2016 series","text":"Sri Lanka had a poor run leading up to this series, where they lost across all forms in England. The first match at Pallekele was a memorable one for Kusal Mendis who scored his maiden test century (176) and bowling of Rangana Herath lead Sri Lanka to a 106-run victory, their first test victory over the visitors in 17 years. The win boosted the confidence of the home team leading to the second test in Galle. Performances by Herath and Dilruwan Perera sealed the series with a 229-run victory. The spin duo took 18 wickets out of the possible 20 in the game. The third test was at SSC, Dinesh Chandimal and Dhananjaya de Silva scored centuries in the first innings. In reply, Shaun Marsh and Steven Smith score centuries for the visitors. In the third and crucial innings, Kaushal Silva scored a century giving setting a target of over 300 for the Aussies. On the final day the Australians started to crumble, only David Warner scored a half-century and no other batsman scored more than 30. Herath took 13 wickets in the match and Sri Lanka managed to win by 163 runs, whitewashing Australia for the first time in their history. Herath won both Man of the match award and Player of the Series awards. With this win, Sri Lanka moved above South Africa in the Test rankings, and Australia lost the top spot in the rankings.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018–19 series","text":"Australia completed a clean sweep of the series, winning 2–0.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Australia wonRetained by AustraliaSri Lanka wonRetained by Sri Lanka","title":"List of Warne–Muralitharan Trophy series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"}]	[]	[{"title":"Benaud–Qadir Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benaud%E2%80%93Qadir_Trophy"},{"title":"Sobers–Tissera Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobers%E2%80%93Tissera_Trophy"}]	[{"reference":"Statistics / Statsguru / HMRKB Herath / Test matches, archived from the original on 20 December 2016, retrieved 17 October 2016","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/49178.html?class=1;opposition=2;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings","url_text":"Statistics / Statsguru / HMRKB Herath / Test matches"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220053933/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/49178.html?class=1;opposition=2;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Blake, Martin (8 November 2007). \"Under Murali's deadly spell\". The Age. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/under-muralis-deadly-spell/2007/11/07/1194329318699.html","url_text":"\"Under Murali's deadly spell\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517210651/http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/under-muralis-deadly-spell/2007/11/07/1194329318699.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Warne-Muralidaran Trophy unveiled\". Australia: ABC News. 15 November 2007. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/15/2091733.htm","url_text":"\"Warne-Muralidaran Trophy unveiled\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110218162225/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/15/2091733.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Warne-Murali trophy goes on the line\". Australia: ABC News. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/03/2080888.htm","url_text":"\"Warne-Murali trophy goes on the line\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240508054813/https://www.abc.net.au/news","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Warne-Muralidaran Test trophy announced\". cricket.com.au. Cricket Australia. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091003000438/http://www.cricket.com.au/default.aspx?s=news-display&id=13711","url_text":"\"New Warne-Muralidaran Test trophy announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_Australia","url_text":"Cricket Australia"},{"url":"http://cricket.com.au/default.aspx?s=news-display&id=13711","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sri Lanka want Aussies to fight for Warne-Murali Trophy\". Australia: ABC News. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/10/31/2077983.htm","url_text":"\"Sri Lanka want Aussies to fight for Warne-Murali Trophy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110217224726/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/10/31/2077983.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cricinfo staff (3 November 2007). \"Teams will battle for Warne-Muralitharan Trophy\". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/318009.html","url_text":"\"Teams will battle for Warne-Muralitharan Trophy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240508054545/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/teams-will-battle-for-warne-muralitharan-trophy-318009","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Sri Lanka vs Australia in tests\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/team/8.html?","url_text":"\"Sri Lanka vs Australia in tests\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"\"Warne-Murali trophy is unveiled\". BBC Sport. 3 November 2007. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/7076759.stm","url_text":"\"Warne-Murali trophy is unveiled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240508061902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/7076759.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Coward, Mike (2007). \"Australia v Sri Lanka 2007–08\". Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/345708.html","url_text":"\"Australia v Sri Lanka 2007–08\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisden_Cricketers%27_Almanack","url_text":"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240508054836/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/345708.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Australia wraps up series win against Sri Lanka\". cricketnews.com.au. Cricket News. 20 November 2007. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020060447/http://www.cricketnews.com.au/australia-wins-warne-muralitharan-trophy/","url_text":"\"Australia wraps up series win against Sri Lanka\""},{"url":"http://www.cricketnews.com.au/australia-wins-warne-muralitharan-trophy/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"English, Peter (20 November 2007). \"Koertzen says sorry to Sangakkara\". ESPNcricinfo. Archived from the original on 8 May 2024. Retrieved 25 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricinfo.com/ausvsl/content/story/321239.html","url_text":"\"Koertzen says sorry to Sangakkara\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240508054541/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/koertzen-says-sorry-to-sangakkara-321239","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bowling records\". ESPNcricinfo. 1 September 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets","url_text":"\"Bowling records\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/49178.html?class=1;opposition=2;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings","external_links_name":"Statistics / Statsguru / HMRKB Herath / Test matches"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220053933/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/49178.html?class=1;opposition=2;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/under-muralis-deadly-spell/2007/11/07/1194329318699.html","external_links_name":"\"Under Murali's deadly spell\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110517210651/http://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/under-muralis-deadly-spell/2007/11/07/1194329318699.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/15/2091733.htm","external_links_name":"\"Warne-Muralidaran Trophy unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110218162225/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/15/2091733.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/03/2080888.htm","external_links_name":"\"Warne-Murali trophy goes on the line\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240508054813/https://www.abc.net.au/news","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091003000438/http://www.cricket.com.au/default.aspx?s=news-display&id=13711","external_links_name":"\"New Warne-Muralidaran Test trophy announced\""},{"Link":"http://cricket.com.au/default.aspx?s=news-display&id=13711","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/10/31/2077983.htm","external_links_name":"\"Sri Lanka want Aussies to fight for Warne-Murali Trophy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110217224726/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/10/31/2077983.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/srilanka/content/story/318009.html","external_links_name":"\"Teams will battle for Warne-Muralitharan Trophy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240508054545/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/teams-will-battle-for-warne-muralitharan-trophy-318009","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/team/8.html?","external_links_name":"\"Sri Lanka vs Australia in tests\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/7076759.stm","external_links_name":"\"Warne-Murali trophy is unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240508061902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/7076759.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/345708.html","external_links_name":"\"Australia v Sri Lanka 2007–08\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240508054836/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/345708.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020060447/http://www.cricketnews.com.au/australia-wins-warne-muralitharan-trophy/","external_links_name":"\"Australia wraps up series win against Sri Lanka\""},{"Link":"http://www.cricketnews.com.au/australia-wins-warne-muralitharan-trophy/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cricinfo.com/ausvsl/content/story/321239.html","external_links_name":"\"Koertzen says sorry to Sangakkara\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240508054541/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/koertzen-says-sorry-to-sangakkara-321239","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets","external_links_name":"\"Bowling records\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._L._Bruce	Everend Lester Bruce	["1 Biography","2 Selected publications","2.1 Articles","3 Books and monographs","4 References"]	Canadian geologist (1884–1949) Everend Lester Bruce FRSC (3 August 1884, in Leeds and Grenville, Ontario, Canada – 5 October 1949, in Kingston, Ontario) was a Canadian geologist, known for his research on the economic mineralogy and geology of Precambrian metalliferous deposits in Canada. According to James Edwin Hawley, Bruce was in the 1930s and 1940s "regarded as the dean of Canadian pre-Cambrian geologists." Biography Born in Toledo, Ontario, Everend Lester "Louis" Bruce graduated from Queen's University at Kingston with a B.Sc. in 1909 and a B.A. in 1911. From 1912 to 1915 he was a graduate student at Columbia University. There he received his M.S. and Ph.D. under James Furman Kemp and Charles Peter Berkey. Bruce's Ph.D. thesis Geology and Ore-deposits of Rossland, B.C. was published in 1917 by the British Columbia Department of Mines. He spent a year as a postdoc studying under Charles R. Van Hise and Charles Kenneth Leith at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. From 1912 to 1918 he worked with the Ontario Department of Lands and Mines and the Geological Survey of Canada to investigate Precambrian metalliferous deposits in northern Ontario, northern Manitoba, and northern Saskatchewan. In 1919 Bruce joined the faculty of Queen's University at Kingston. In 1920 he was appointed to the professorial chair vacated by Norman L. Bowen, who was a professor of mineralogy at Kingston from 1918 to 1920. Bruce added substantially to the mineral collections acquired by Professor William Nicol, who retired as professor emeritus of mineralogy in 1918. In the department of geology of Queeni's University at Kingston, Bruce was appointed to the Willet G. Miller Memorial Research Professorship in 1929 and held that appointment until his death in 1949 at age 65 from a heart attack. From 1944 to 1949 was the head of the department of geology. Bruce's explorations in northern Manitoba, northern Saskatchewan, and Ontario's Red Lake gold area established a foundation for the geological study for copper and gold mining in those territories. He did pioneering geological research in Ontario's Little Long Lac Mine area and contributed considerably to geological knowledge about the Michipicoten River district. He also did field work in the Rossland district of British Columbia, northwestern Quebec's gold-copper region, the Northwest Territories, and the iron deposits of Labrador. With Jakob Sederholm in 1930, he investigated Finland's Precambrian geology. Bruce did geological consulting work for various companies and attended international geological conferences in Spain, the Soviet Union, and England. Bruce received many honours. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1923. He was elected in 1943 the president of the Geological Society of America for a one-year term. His retiring presidential address was published in 1945. In 1948 he was elected vice-president of the Society of Economic Geologists for a one-year term. At Queen's University at Kingston, a wing of Miller Hall is named in Bruce's honour. He married in 1923. He was predeceased by his wife and survived by their two sons. Selected publications Articles Bruce, E. L. (1917). "Magnesian Tourmaline from Renfrew, Ontario". Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society. 18 (84): 133–135. Bibcode:1917MinM...18..133B. doi:10.1180/minmag.1917.018.84.08. Alcock, F. J.; Bruce, E. L. (1921). "Pre-Cambrian rocks of Manitoba". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 32 (2): 267–292. Bibcode:1921GSAB...32..267A. doi:10.1130/GSAB-32-267. Bruce, E. L. (1927). "Coutchiching Delta". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 38 (4): 771–782. Bibcode:1927GSAB...38..771B. doi:10.1130/GSAB-38-771. Bruce, Everend Lester (1929). "The Sherritt-Gordon copper-zinc deposit, northern Manitoba". Economic Geology. 24 (5): 457–469. Bibcode:1929EcGeo..24..457B. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.24.5.457. Bruce, E. L.; Jewitt, Walter (1936). "Heavy Accessories of certain pre-Cambrian Intrusives of the Canadian Shield". Geological Magazine. 73 (5): 193–213. Bibcode:1936GeoM...73..193B. doi:10.1017/S0016756800097387. S2CID 129866750. Bruce, Everend Lester; Samuel, Watkin (1937). "Geology of the Little Long Lac Mine". Economic Geology. 32 (3): 318–334. Bibcode:1937EcGeo..32..318B. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.32.3.318. Bruce, E. L. (1939). "The Canadian Shield and Its Geographic Effects". The Geographical Journal. 93 (3): 230–239. doi:10.2307/1788358. JSTOR 1788358. Bruce, E. L.; Russell, G. A. (1939). "Petrography of the Crystalline Limestones and Quartzites of the Grenville Series". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 50 (4): 515–528. Bibcode:1939GSAB...50..515B. doi:10.1130/GSAB-50-515. Bruce, Everend Lester (1941). "Albite and gold; discussion". Economic Geology. 36 (4): 455–458. Bibcode:1941EcGeo..36..455B. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.36.4.455. Books and monographs Bruce, Everend Lester (1918). Amisk-Athapapuskow Lake District. Bruce, Everend Lester (1933). Mineral Deposits of the Canadian Shield. References ^ a b c d e f g h Hawley, James Edwin (April 1950). "Memorial of Everend Lester Bruce". American Mineralogist. 35 (3–4): 262–267. online text of obituary (minsocam.org) ^ "Bruce, Everend Lester (d. 1949) \| Queen's Encyclopedia". ^ a b Bruce, Everend Lester (1917). Geology and Ore-deposits of Rossland, B.C. Bulletin No. 4. Victoria, B.C.: British Columbia Department of Mines; printed by William H. Cullen, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) ^ "Nicol, William \| Queen's Encyclopedia". ^ "Dr. Everend Bruce". Royal Society of Canada. ^ Bruce, E. L. (1945). "Pre-Cambrian Iron Formations". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 56 (6): 589. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1945)562.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. ^ "Miller Hall \| Queen's Encyclopedia". ^ Phemister, T. C. (1934). "Review of Mineral Deposits of the Canadian Shield". Geological Magazine. 71 (4): 189–190. Bibcode:1934GeoM...71..189P. doi:10.1017/S0016756800093109. S2CID 129549694. vtePresidents of the Geological Society of America1889–1900 James Hall (1889) James Dwight Dana (1890) Alexander Winchell (1891) Grove Karl Gilbert (1892) John William Dawson (1893) Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin (1894) Nathaniel Shaler (1895) Joseph LeConte (1896) Edward Orton Sr. (1897) J. J. Stevenson (1898) Benjamin Kendall Emerson (1899) George Mercer Dawson (1900) 1901–1925 Charles Doolittle Walcott (1901) Newton Horace Winchell (1902) Samuel Franklin Emmons (1903) John Casper Branner (1904) Raphael Pumpelly (1905) Israel Russell (1906) Charles R. Van Hise (1907) Samuel Calvin (1908) Grove Karl Gilbert (1909) Arnold Hague (1910) William Morris Davis (1911) Herman LeRoy Fairchild (1912) Eugene Allen Smith (1913) George Ferdinand Becker (1914) Arthur Philemon Coleman (1915) John M. Clarke (1916) Frank Dawson Adams (1917) Charles Whitman Cross (1918) John Campbell Merriam (1919) Israel C. White (1920) James Furman Kemp (1921) Charles Schuchert (1922) David White (1923) Waldemar Lindgren (1924) William Berryman Scott (1925) 1926–1950 Andrew Lawson (1926) Arthur Keith (1927) Bailey Willis (1928) Heinrich Ries (1929) R. A. F. Penrose Jr. (1930) Alfred Church Lane (1931) Reginald Aldworth Daly (1932) Charles Kenneth Leith (1933) William Henry Collins (1934) Nevin M. Fenneman (1935) Walter Curran Mendenhall (1936) Charles Palache (1937) Arthur Louis Day (1938) T. Wayland Vaughan (1939) Eliot Blackwelder (1940) Charles P. Berkey (1941) Douglas W. Johnson (1942) E. L. Bruce (1943) Adolph Knopf (1944) Edward W. Berry (1945) Norman L. Bowen (1946) Arville Irving Levorsen (1947) James Gilluly (1948) Chester R. Longwell (1949) William Walden Rubey (1950) 1951–1975 Chester Stock (1951) Thomas S. Lovering (1952) Wendell P. Woodring (1953) Ernst Cloos (1954) Walter Hermann Bucher (1955) George Sherwood Hume (1956) Richard J. Russell (1957) Raymond Cecil Moore (1958) Marland P. Billings (1959) Hollis Dow Hedberg (1960) Thomas Brennan Nolan (1961) M. King Hubbert (1962) Harry Hammond Hess (1963) Francis Birch (1964) Wilmot Hyde Bradley (1965) Robert Legget (1966) Konrad Bates Krauskopf (1967) Ian Campbell (1968) Morgan J. Davis (1969) John Rodgers (1970) Richard H. Jahns (1971) Luna Leopold (1972) John C. Maxwell (1973) Clarence Allen (1974) Julian Goldsmith (1975) 1976–2000 Robert Folinsbee (1976) Charles L. Drake (1977) Peter T. Flawn (1978) Leon Silver (1979) Laurence L. Sloss (1980) Howard R. Gould (1981) Digby McLaren (1982) Paul A. Bailly (1983) M. Gordon Wolman (1984) Brian J. Skinner (1985) W. G. Ernst (1986) Jack Oliver (1987) Albert W. Bally (1988) Randolph Bromery (1989) Raymond A. Price (1990) Doris Malkin Curtis (1991) E-An Zen (1992) Robert D. Hatcher Jr. (1993) William R. Dickinson (1994) David A. Stephenson (1995) Eldridge M. Moores (1996) George A. Thompson (1997) Victor R. Baker (1998) Gail M. Ashley (1999) Mary Lou Zoback (2000) 2001– Sharon Mosher (2001) Anthony J. Naldrett (2002) B. Clark Burchfiel (2003) Rob Van der Voo (2004) William A. Thomas (2005) Stephen G. Wells (2006) John M. Sharp (2007) Judith Totman Parrish (2008) Jean M. Bahr (2009) Joaquin Ruiz (2010) John Geissman (2011) George H. Davis (2012) Suzanne Mahlburg Kay (2013) Harry McSween (2014) Jonathan Price (2015) Claudia Mora (2016) Isabel P. Montañez (2017) Robbie Gries (2018) Donald I. Siegel (2019) J. Douglas Walker (2020) Geology portal Authority control databases International ISNI 2 VIAF National Poland People Trove	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FRSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Leeds and Grenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_and_Grenville"},{"link_name":"Kingston, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"James Edwin Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edwin_Hawley"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Everend Lester Bruce FRSC (3 August 1884, in Leeds and Grenville, Ontario, Canada – 5 October 1949, in Kingston, Ontario) was a Canadian geologist, known for his research on the economic mineralogy and geology of Precambrian metalliferous deposits in Canada. According to James Edwin Hawley, Bruce was in the 1930s and 1940s \"regarded as the dean of Canadian pre-Cambrian geologists.\"[1]","title":"Everend Lester Bruce"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toledo, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Queen's University at Kingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"James Furman Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Furman_Kemp"},{"link_name":"Charles Peter Berkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Peter_Berkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QEnc-3"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Van Hise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Van_Hise"},{"link_name":"Charles Kenneth Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kenneth_Leith"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"Department of Lands and Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Northern_Development,_Mines,_Natural_Resources_and_Forestry"},{"link_name":"Geological Survey of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Norman L. Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_L._Bowen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QEnc-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Red Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lake,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Little Long Lac Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenstone,_Ontario#History"},{"link_name":"Michipicoten River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michipicoten_River"},{"link_name":"Rossland district of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossland,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Jakob Sederholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Sederholm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Geological Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Society of Economic Geologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Economic_Geologists"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"}],"text":"Born in Toledo, Ontario, Everend Lester \"Louis\" Bruce graduated from Queen's University at Kingston with a B.Sc. in 1909 and a B.A. in 1911.[2] From 1912 to 1915 he was a graduate student at Columbia University. There he received his M.S. and Ph.D. under James Furman Kemp and Charles Peter Berkey.[1] Bruce's Ph.D. thesis Geology and Ore-deposits of Rossland, B.C. was published in 1917 by the British Columbia Department of Mines.[3] He spent a year as a postdoc studying under Charles R. Van Hise and Charles Kenneth Leith at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. From 1912 to 1918 he worked with the Ontario Department of Lands and Mines and the Geological Survey of Canada to investigate Precambrian metalliferous deposits in northern Ontario, northern Manitoba, and northern Saskatchewan. In 1919 Bruce joined the faculty of Queen's University at Kingston.[1] In 1920 he was appointed to the professorial chair vacated by Norman L. Bowen, who was a professor of mineralogy at Kingston from 1918 to 1920. Bruce added substantially to the mineral collections acquired by Professor William Nicol,[3] who retired as professor emeritus of mineralogy in 1918.[4] In the department of geology of Queeni's University at Kingston, Bruce was appointed to the Willet G. Miller Memorial Research Professorship in 1929 and held that appointment until his death in 1949 at age 65 from a heart attack. From 1944 to 1949 was the head of the department of geology.[1]Bruce's explorations in northern Manitoba, northern Saskatchewan, and Ontario's Red Lake gold area established a foundation for the geological study for copper and gold mining in those territories. He did pioneering geological research in Ontario's Little Long Lac Mine area and contributed considerably to geological knowledge about the Michipicoten River district. He also did field work in the Rossland district of British Columbia, northwestern Quebec's gold-copper region, the Northwest Territories, and the iron deposits of Labrador. With Jakob Sederholm in 1930, he investigated Finland's Precambrian geology. Bruce did geological consulting work for various companies and attended international geological conferences in Spain, the Soviet Union, and England.[1]Bruce received many honours. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1923.[5] He was elected in 1943 the president of the Geological Society of America for a one-year term.[1] His retiring presidential address was published in 1945.[6] In 1948 he was elected vice-president of the Society of Economic Geologists for a one-year term.[1] At Queen's University at Kingston, a wing of Miller Hall is named in Bruce's honour.[7]He married in 1923. He was predeceased by his wife and survived by their two sons.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Magnesian Tourmaline from Renfrew, Ontario\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine-and-journal-of-the-mineralogical-society/article/abs/magnesian-tourmaline-from-renfrew-ontario/A09B0F8589FDC87CF649DC292FB1BEA9"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1917MinM...18..133B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1917MinM...18..133B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1180/minmag.1917.018.84.08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1180%2Fminmag.1917.018.84.08"},{"link_name":"\"Pre-Cambrian rocks of Manitoba\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/32/2/267/2924/Pre-Cambrian-rocks-of-Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1921GSAB...32..267A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921GSAB...32..267A"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1130/GSAB-32-267","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAB-32-267"},{"link_name":"\"Coutchiching Delta\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/38/4/771/3127/Coutchiching-Delta1"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1927GSAB...38..771B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927GSAB...38..771B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1130/GSAB-38-771","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAB-38-771"},{"link_name":"\"The Sherritt-Gordon copper-zinc deposit, northern Manitoba\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article-abstract/24/5/457/14959/The-Sherritt-Gordon-copper-zinc-deposit-northern"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1929EcGeo..24..457B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929EcGeo..24..457B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2113/gsecongeo.24.5.457","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.24.5.457"},{"link_name":"\"Heavy Accessories of certain pre-Cambrian Intrusives of the Canadian Shield\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/heavy-accessories-of-certain-precambrian-intrusives-of-the-canadian-shield/A6CC9ED30C5AD7FE672190725CA2F969"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1936GeoM...73..193B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936GeoM...73..193B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0016756800097387","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016756800097387"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"129866750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129866750"},{"link_name":"\"Geology of the Little Long Lac Mine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article-abstract/32/3/318/15457/Geology-of-the-Little-Long-Lac-Mine"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1937EcGeo..32..318B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1937EcGeo..32..318B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2113/gsecongeo.32.3.318","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.32.3.318"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/1788358","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F1788358"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1788358","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1788358"},{"link_name":"\"Petrography of the Crystalline Limestones and Quartzites of the Grenville Series\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/50/4/515/3727/Petrography-of-the-Crystalline-Limestones-and"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1939GSAB...50..515B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939GSAB...50..515B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1130/GSAB-50-515","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAB-50-515"},{"link_name":"\"Albite and gold; discussion\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article-abstract/36/4/455/15686/Albite-and-gold-discussion"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1941EcGeo..36..455B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941EcGeo..36..455B"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2113/gsecongeo.36.4.455","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.36.4.455"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"Bruce, E. L. (1917). \"Magnesian Tourmaline from Renfrew, Ontario\". Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society. 18 (84): 133–135. Bibcode:1917MinM...18..133B. doi:10.1180/minmag.1917.018.84.08.\nAlcock, F. J.; Bruce, E. L. (1921). \"Pre-Cambrian rocks of Manitoba\". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 32 (2): 267–292. Bibcode:1921GSAB...32..267A. doi:10.1130/GSAB-32-267.\nBruce, E. L. (1927). \"Coutchiching Delta\". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 38 (4): 771–782. Bibcode:1927GSAB...38..771B. doi:10.1130/GSAB-38-771.\nBruce, Everend Lester (1929). \"The Sherritt-Gordon copper-zinc deposit, northern Manitoba\". Economic Geology. 24 (5): 457–469. Bibcode:1929EcGeo..24..457B. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.24.5.457.\nBruce, E. L.; Jewitt, Walter (1936). \"Heavy Accessories of certain pre-Cambrian Intrusives of the Canadian Shield\". Geological Magazine. 73 (5): 193–213. Bibcode:1936GeoM...73..193B. doi:10.1017/S0016756800097387. S2CID 129866750.\nBruce, Everend Lester; Samuel, Watkin (1937). \"Geology of the Little Long Lac Mine\". Economic Geology. 32 (3): 318–334. Bibcode:1937EcGeo..32..318B. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.32.3.318.\nBruce, E. L. (1939). \"The Canadian Shield and Its Geographic Effects\". The Geographical Journal. 93 (3): 230–239. doi:10.2307/1788358. JSTOR 1788358.\nBruce, E. L.; Russell, G. A. (1939). \"Petrography of the Crystalline Limestones and Quartzites of the Grenville Series\". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 50 (4): 515–528. Bibcode:1939GSAB...50..515B. doi:10.1130/GSAB-50-515.\nBruce, Everend Lester (1941). \"Albite and gold; discussion\". Economic Geology. 36 (4): 455–458. Bibcode:1941EcGeo..36..455B. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.36.4.455.","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amisk-Athapapuskow Lake District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YMLJIklUJTMC"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Bruce, Everend Lester (1918). Amisk-Athapapuskow Lake District.\nBruce, Everend Lester (1933). Mineral Deposits of the Canadian Shield.[8]","title":"Books and monographs"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Bruce, E. L. (1917). \"Magnesian Tourmaline from Renfrew, Ontario\". Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society. 18 (84): 133–135. 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Bibcode:1921GSAB...32..267A. doi:10.1130/GSAB-32-267.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/32/2/267/2924/Pre-Cambrian-rocks-of-Manitoba","url_text":"\"Pre-Cambrian rocks of Manitoba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921GSAB...32..267A","url_text":"1921GSAB...32..267A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAB-32-267","url_text":"10.1130/GSAB-32-267"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, E. L. (1927). \"Coutchiching Delta\". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 38 (4): 771–782. Bibcode:1927GSAB...38..771B. doi:10.1130/GSAB-38-771.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/38/4/771/3127/Coutchiching-Delta1","url_text":"\"Coutchiching Delta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1927GSAB...38..771B","url_text":"1927GSAB...38..771B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAB-38-771","url_text":"10.1130/GSAB-38-771"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, Everend Lester (1929). \"The Sherritt-Gordon copper-zinc deposit, northern Manitoba\". Economic Geology. 24 (5): 457–469. Bibcode:1929EcGeo..24..457B. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.24.5.457.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article-abstract/24/5/457/14959/The-Sherritt-Gordon-copper-zinc-deposit-northern","url_text":"\"The Sherritt-Gordon copper-zinc deposit, northern Manitoba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929EcGeo..24..457B","url_text":"1929EcGeo..24..457B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.24.5.457","url_text":"10.2113/gsecongeo.24.5.457"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, E. L.; Jewitt, Walter (1936). \"Heavy Accessories of certain pre-Cambrian Intrusives of the Canadian Shield\". Geological Magazine. 73 (5): 193–213. Bibcode:1936GeoM...73..193B. doi:10.1017/S0016756800097387. S2CID 129866750.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/heavy-accessories-of-certain-precambrian-intrusives-of-the-canadian-shield/A6CC9ED30C5AD7FE672190725CA2F969","url_text":"\"Heavy Accessories of certain pre-Cambrian Intrusives of the Canadian Shield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936GeoM...73..193B","url_text":"1936GeoM...73..193B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0016756800097387","url_text":"10.1017/S0016756800097387"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129866750","url_text":"129866750"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, Everend Lester; Samuel, Watkin (1937). \"Geology of the Little Long Lac Mine\". Economic Geology. 32 (3): 318–334. Bibcode:1937EcGeo..32..318B. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.32.3.318.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article-abstract/32/3/318/15457/Geology-of-the-Little-Long-Lac-Mine","url_text":"\"Geology of the Little Long Lac Mine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1937EcGeo..32..318B","url_text":"1937EcGeo..32..318B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.32.3.318","url_text":"10.2113/gsecongeo.32.3.318"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, E. L. (1939). \"The Canadian Shield and Its Geographic Effects\". The Geographical Journal. 93 (3): 230–239. doi:10.2307/1788358. JSTOR 1788358.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1788358","url_text":"10.2307/1788358"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1788358","url_text":"1788358"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, E. L.; Russell, G. A. (1939). \"Petrography of the Crystalline Limestones and Quartzites of the Grenville Series\". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 50 (4): 515–528. Bibcode:1939GSAB...50..515B. doi:10.1130/GSAB-50-515.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/50/4/515/3727/Petrography-of-the-Crystalline-Limestones-and","url_text":"\"Petrography of the Crystalline Limestones and Quartzites of the Grenville Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939GSAB...50..515B","url_text":"1939GSAB...50..515B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAB-50-515","url_text":"10.1130/GSAB-50-515"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, Everend Lester (1941). \"Albite and gold; discussion\". Economic Geology. 36 (4): 455–458. Bibcode:1941EcGeo..36..455B. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.36.4.455.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article-abstract/36/4/455/15686/Albite-and-gold-discussion","url_text":"\"Albite and gold; discussion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941EcGeo..36..455B","url_text":"1941EcGeo..36..455B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.36.4.455","url_text":"10.2113/gsecongeo.36.4.455"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, Everend Lester (1918). Amisk-Athapapuskow Lake District.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YMLJIklUJTMC","url_text":"Amisk-Athapapuskow Lake District"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, Everend Lester (1933). Mineral Deposits of the Canadian Shield.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hawley, James Edwin (April 1950). \"Memorial of Everend Lester Bruce\". American Mineralogist. 35 (3–4): 262–267.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/35/3-4/262/538861/Memorial-of-Everend-Lester-Bruce?redirectedFrom=fulltext","url_text":"\"Memorial of Everend Lester Bruce\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bruce, Everend Lester (d. 1949) \| Queen's Encyclopedia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queensu.ca/encyclopedia/b/bruce-everend-lester","url_text":"\"Bruce, Everend Lester (d. 1949) \| Queen's Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"Bruce, Everend Lester (1917). Geology and Ore-deposits of Rossland, B.C. Bulletin No. 4. Victoria, B.C.: British Columbia Department of Mines; printed by William H. 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ISSN 0016-7606.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/56/6/589/4081/PRE-CAMBRIAN-IRON-FORMATIONS-Address-as-Retiring","url_text":"\"Pre-Cambrian Iron Formations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281945%2956%5B589%3APIF%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1130/0016-7606(1945)56[589:PIF]2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606","url_text":"0016-7606"}]},{"reference":"\"Miller Hall \| Queen's Encyclopedia\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queensu.ca/encyclopedia/m/miller-hall","url_text":"\"Miller Hall \| Queen's Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"Phemister, T. C. (1934). \"Review of Mineral Deposits of the Canadian Shield\". Geological Magazine. 71 (4): 189–190. Bibcode:1934GeoM...71..189P. doi:10.1017/S0016756800093109. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temecula_Basin	Temecula Basin	["1 Aquifer","2 History","3 References"]	Temecula Basin is a sedimentary basin, which, along with the Aguanga Basin, is part of the Elsinore Fault Zone, in southwestern Riverside County, California. The Temecula Basin is a basin of down faulted Mesozoic basement rock, overlain by late Cenozoic continental sediments.: 3 Aquifer The Temecula Basin is also a local ground water basin and aquifer in southwestern Riverside County. It is the largest groundwater basin in the San Diego water region. This aquifer is recharged by precipitation in the valley, underflow and by surface flow from the creeks draining the surrounding mountains and the southern Perris Block in the watershed of Murrieta Creek and Temecula Creek, tributaries of the Santa Margarita River. History In 1919, a USGS Water Supply Paper described the Temecula Basin: "Throughout the lowland of Murrieta Valley the ground-water level is within 20 ft. of the surface, and beneath the greater part the depth to water is less than 10 ft. . . . The sampled well waters from Murrieta Valley range in quality from fair to good for domestic uses and for irrigation. ... In the lowland along Murrieta Creek for two or three miles above Temecula, the ground-water level is within 6 or 8 ft. of the surface, and the continual evaporation from this moist area has caused the concentration of alkali. Chemical examination of the waters tested indicates that in most of them sodium is the predominant base. . . . Throughout the lowland of Temecula Valley proper ground water is found within 20 ft. of the surface, and in the wide sandy flats of its upper portion is less than 10 ft. below the surface. ... In the minor valleys In the upper part of the Temecula Basin, water is generally found relatively near the surface in the alluvial and residual materials." References ^ John F. Mann, Geology of a Portion of the Elsinore Fault Zone, California, Special Report 43, Department of Resources, Division of Mines, San Francisco, October 1955. ^ San Diego Region - The Basin Plan from waterboards.ca.gov accessed April 26, 2015 ^ Gerald A. Waring, UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Supply Paper 429, Ground Water In The San Jacinto And Temecula Basins, California, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1919 ^ a b Experiment Station Record, Volume 41, United States. Office of Experiment Stations, United States Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920., p.785 This Riverside County, California-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Temecula Basin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aquifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"southern Perris Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perris_Block#Southern_Perris_Block"},{"link_name":"Murrieta Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrieta_Creek"},{"link_name":"Temecula Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temecula_Creek"},{"link_name":"Santa Margarita River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Margarita_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waring-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Experiment-4"}],"text":"The Temecula Basin is also a local ground water basin and aquifer in southwestern Riverside County. It is the largest groundwater basin in the San Diego water region.[2] This aquifer is recharged by precipitation in the valley, underflow and by surface flow from the creeks draining the surrounding mountains and the southern Perris Block in the watershed of Murrieta Creek and Temecula Creek, tributaries of the Santa Margarita River.[3][4]","title":"Aquifer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Experiment-4"}],"text":"In 1919, a USGS Water Supply Paper described the Temecula Basin:\"Throughout the lowland of Murrieta Valley the ground-water level is within 20 ft. of the surface, and beneath the greater part the depth to water is less than 10 ft. . . . The sampled well waters from Murrieta Valley range in quality from fair to good for domestic uses and for irrigation. ... In the lowland along Murrieta Creek for two or three miles above Temecula, the ground-water level is within 6 or 8 ft. of the surface, and the continual evaporation from this moist area has caused the concentration of alkali. Chemical examination of the waters tested indicates that in most of them sodium is the predominant base. . . . Throughout the lowland of Temecula Valley proper ground water is found within 20 ft. of the surface, and in the wide sandy flats of its upper portion is less than 10 ft. below the surface. ... In the minor valleys In the upper part of the Temecula Basin, water is generally found relatively near the surface in the alluvial and residual materials.\"[4]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/geologyofportion43mann","external_links_name":"John F. Mann, Geology of a Portion of the Elsinore Fault Zone, California, Special Report 43, Department of Resources, Division of Mines, San Francisco, October 1955."},{"Link":"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sandiego/water_issues/programs/basin_plan/","external_links_name":"San Diego Region - The Basin Plan"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0429/report.pdf","external_links_name":"Gerald A. Waring, UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Supply Paper 429, Ground Water In The San Jacinto And Temecula Basins, California, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1919"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AfXNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA785","external_links_name":"Experiment Station Record, Volume 41, United States. Office of Experiment Stations, United States Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1920., p.785"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temecula_Basin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Vizyinos	Georgios Vizyinos	["1 References","2 External links"]	Georgios Vizyinos Georgios Vizyinos (Greek: Γεώργιος Βιζυηνός, March 8, 1849 - April 15, 1896) was a Greek short story writer and poet. He is considered highly influential in Greek literature. References ^ Oikonomou, Maria (2020), "Vizyinós, Geórgios: Das Prosawerk", Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, pp. 1–2, doi:10.1007/978-3-476-05728-0_21634-1, ISBN 978-3-476-05728-0, retrieved 2021-03-30 ^ "Georgios Vizyinos". External links Works by Georgios Vizyinos at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Sweden Czech Republic Greece Netherlands Vatican Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef This article about a Greek writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte Giorgos Viziinos (Bidsi (a small town in Kırklareli called Vize today, 1849 - Athens, 1896) (Greek, Γεώργιος Βιζυηνός, in Spanish phonetic transcription, Yorgos Bidsinós) (Greek poet, narrator and intellectual considered one of the main representatives of modern Greek literature. / p> Biography He was born into a very poor family in the small town of Bidsi (Βιζύη), eastern Thrace, in 1849. At the age of twelve his parents sent him to Constantinople to learn the trade of tailor with his uncle. He remained at the Golden Gate until the age of nineteen, under the protection of Cypriot Syndicate Giango Georgiadi (Γιάγκος Γεωργιάδης) and later Cypriot Archbishop Sofronius (Σωφρονίος), who sent him a season to the island with the intention of preparing him for the ecclesiastical career. In 1872 he began his studies in theology at the Seminary of Halki, the most important of Eastern Christianity, located on the small island of the Marmara Sea. A year later he published his first collection of poems: Primicias poéticas (Ποιητικά Πρωτόλεια). Among his professors is the poet Helias Tandalidis (Ηλίας Τανταλίδης), who values the sensitivity and talent of the young Viziinos and introduces him to Giorgos Zarifis (Γεώργιος Ζαρίφης), one of the great patrons of Hellenism in Asia Minor. In 1874 his epic poem Kodros (Κόδρος) was awarded one of the most important prizes of the time. In the same year he joins the Philosophy School of Athens, but thanks to the help of Zarifis he travels to Göttingen (Germany) where he studies Philosophy and Philology for four years. In the following years he published several more poems: Breezes of the Bosphorus (Βοσπορίδες αύραι, also titled Άραις μάραις κουκουνάραις, 1876), Espérides (Εσπερίδες, 1877), Athenian Breezes (Ατθίδες Αύραι, 1883). In 1881 his doctoral thesis appears in Leipzig, where he studies the psychology of children's play (Das Kinderspiel in Bezug auf Psychologie und Paedagogik). In those years travels by different European cities: Paris, London, where it knows great personalities of the Greek Diaspora. In 1883 he published in the important magazine Hestía his first stories, that would procure a great success to him: The sin of my mother, Between Naples and Piraeus and Who was the assassin of my brother (Το αμάρτημα της μητρός μου, Μεταξύ Πειραιώς και Νεαπόλεως και το Ποίος ήτο ο φονεύς του αδερφού μου;). In 1884, because of the death of his protector Zarifis, returns to Athens where he obtains a position of professor of institute. A year later he joined the Chair of Philosophy with a study on the idea of Good in [[Plotinus. In the same year he published his following accounts: The consequences of ancient history, The only journey of his life and One of May (Αι συνέπεια της παλαιάς ιστορίας, Το μόνον της ζωής του ταξίδιον και Πρωτομαγιά). In 1886 he wrote his last short story: Moskov Selim (Μοσκώβ Σελήμ). In 1892 he is admitted because of a cerebral crisis. After four years of incarceration in the hospital, he died in April 1896.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"short story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_story"},{"link_name":"Greek literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_literature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Georgios Vizyinos (Greek: Γεώργιος Βιζυηνός, March 8, 1849 - April 15, 1896) was a Greek short story writer and poet. He is considered highly influential in Greek literature.[1][2]","title":"Georgios Vizyinos"}]	[{"image_text":"Georgios Vizyinos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Georgios_M._Vizyinos.JPG/220px-Georgios_M._Vizyinos.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Oikonomou, Maria (2020), \"Vizyinós, Geórgios: Das Prosawerk\", Kindlers Literatur Lexikon (KLL), Stuttgart: J.B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankarani_River	Sankarani River	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 12°00′15″N 8°18′46″W / 12.00417°N 8.31278°W / 12.00417; -8.31278Designations Ramsar WetlandOfficial nameSankarani-FiéDesignated17 January 2002Reference no.1167 The Upper Niger in Guinea with the Sankarani (right) The Sankarani River (French: Fleuve Sankarani) is a tributary of the Niger River. Flowing northward from the Guinea Highlands of the Fouta Djallon in Guinea, it crosses into southern Mali, where it joins the Niger approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) upstream of Bamako, the capital of Mali. It forms part of the Ivory Coast-Guinea and Guinea–Mali borders. The Sankarani River watershed, traditionally well suited to crops and rich in iron and gold, covers some 35500 square kilometres (13700 sq mi), two-thirds of which are in Guinea, where it is joined by three tributaries: the Kourai, Yeremou and Dion Rivers. In Mali, it flows into the Niger River upstream of Bamako near the village of Kourouba. Construction of the Sélingué Dam began in 1980, with the goal of supplying Bamako with electricity; it was inaugurated on 13 December 1982. It and the accompanying hydroelectric plant comprised the largest development project in Malian history up to that time. The plant has the capacity to produce 44.8 million kilowatt-hours of electricity. An irrigation scheme was also implemented, initially to compensate people who had to be moved; it covered 1200, split up among 1943 plot holders, or 60000 hectares (150000 acres). The Sankanarni has a discontinuous floodplain over a distance of 170 kilometres (110 mi) in Guinea. The river banks support gallery forests, though the Selingue Dam's reservoir covered many of them. As of 2008, more than a thousand fishermen caught "between 400 and 1000 kg/day in peak season and 10 to 50 kg/day in low season (March to May)" in the section of the river between the dam and the junction with the Niger. At the height of its power, from the 13th to 16th centuries CE, the capital of the ancient Mali Empire is believed to have been at Niani, on the banks of the Sankarani.Sankarani river was build by Conte family Spiritual magic strange way. References ^ "Sankarani-Fié". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018. ^ a b c Andersen, Inger; Golitzen, Katherin George (1 January 2005). The Niger River Basin: A Vision for Sustainable Management. World Bank Publications. pp. 13, 33–34. ISBN 9780821362044. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ "Sankarani River \| river, western Africa". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-05-17. ^ Hughes, R. H. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. ISBN 978-2-88032-949-5. ^ a b c Hughes, R. H. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. pp. 374, 376. ISBN 9782880329495. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ "Irrigation Development Programme - Phase I" (PDF). African Development Bank Group. ^ B. Askofare (6 June 1988). "Mali: Selingue Dam Project: Project Performance Evaluation Report (PPER)" (PDF). African Development Bank Group. ^ a b Koenig, Dolores; Diarra, Tiéman; Sow, Moussa (1998). Innovation and Individuality in African Development: Changing Production Strategies in Rural Mali. University of Michigan Press. pp. 119–123. ISBN 9780472108947. ^ a b c Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. (25 April 2008). Historical Dictionary of Mali. Scarecrow Press. pp. xl, 105. ISBN 9780810864023. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ "Mali: Water for agriculture (2013-17)". International Institute for Environment and Development. ^ Natural Resources Management and Environment Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "The Niger River basin". ^ Golitzen, Katherin George, ed. (2005), The Niger River Basin: A Vision for Sustainable Management (PDF), Washington, DC.: World Bank, ISBN 0-8213-6203-8 ^ Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 378. ISBN 9780521209816. Retrieved 25 November 2016. vteNiger RiverCountries Guinea Mali Niger Benin Nigeria Sections Source of the Niger Middle Niger Inner Niger Delta Lower Niger Niger Delta Tributaries (list) and distributaries Tinkisso River Sankarani River Milo River Bani River Mekrou River Alibori River Sokoto River Sota River Kaduna River Benue River Anambra River Forcados River Nun River Brass River Cities Siguiri Bamako Segou Mopti Timbuktu Gao Niamey Lokoja Onitsha Lakes Kainji Lake Lac Debo Dams and bridges King Fahd Bridge Martyrs Bridge Markala Dam Gao Bridge Kennedy Bridge Kainji Dam Jebba Dam River Niger Bridge (Onitsha) Protected Areas Niger Basin Authority National Park of Upper Niger W National Park Kainji National Park disasters Kebbi boat disaster Kwara boat disaster Ogbaru boat disaster 12°00′15″N 8°18′46″W / 12.00417°N 8.31278°W / 12.00417; -8.31278	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_Niger_Guinea_OSM_klein.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sankarani_river_map.png"},{"link_name":"Niger River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndersenGolitzen-2"},{"link_name":"Guinea Highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Fouta Djallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouta_Djallon"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Bamako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndersenGolitzen-2"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast-Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_border"},{"link_name":"Guinea–Mali borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93Mali_border"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes-5"},{"link_name":"tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Kourai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kourai_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yeremou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeremou_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dion Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AndersenGolitzen-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes-5"},{"link_name":"Niger River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger_River"},{"link_name":"Kourouba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourouba"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sélingué Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9lingu%C3%A9_Dam"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDS-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDoM-9"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDoM-9"},{"link_name":"electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDoM-9"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"floodplain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodplain"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hughes-5"},{"link_name":"gallery forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_forest"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDS-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Mali Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Empire"},{"link_name":"Niani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niani,_Mali_Empire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Upper Niger in Guinea with the Sankarani (right)The Sankarani River (French: Fleuve Sankarani) is a tributary of the Niger River.[2] Flowing northward from the Guinea Highlands of the Fouta Djallon in Guinea,[3][4] it crosses into southern Mali, where it joins the Niger approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) upstream of Bamako,[2] the capital of Mali. It forms part of the Ivory Coast-Guinea and Guinea–Mali borders.[5]The Sankarani River watershed, traditionally well suited to crops and rich in iron and gold, covers some 35500 square kilometres (13700 sq mi), two-thirds of which are in Guinea, where it is joined by three tributaries: the Kourai, Yeremou and Dion Rivers.[2][5] In Mali, it flows into the Niger River upstream of Bamako near the village of Kourouba.[6]Construction of the Sélingué Dam began in 1980, with the goal of supplying Bamako with electricity;[7][8] it was inaugurated on 13 December 1982.[9] It and the accompanying hydroelectric plant comprised the largest development project in Malian history up to that time.[9] The plant has the capacity to produce 44.8 million kilowatt-hours of electricity.[9] An irrigation scheme was also implemented, initially to compensate people who had to be moved; it covered 1200, split up among 1943 plot holders,[10] or 60000 hectares (150000 acres).[11]The Sankanarni has a discontinuous floodplain over a distance of 170 kilometres (110 mi) in Guinea.[5] The river banks support gallery forests, though the Selingue Dam's reservoir covered many of them.[8] As of 2008, more than a thousand fishermen caught \"between 400 and 1000 kg/day in peak season and 10 to 50 kg/day in low season (March to May)\" in the section of the river between the dam and the junction with the Niger.[12]At the height of its power, from the 13th to 16th centuries CE, the capital of the ancient Mali Empire is believed to have been at Niani, on the banks of the Sankarani.[13]Sankarani river was build by Conte family Spiritual magic strange way.","title":"Sankarani River"}]	[{"image_text":"The Upper Niger in Guinea with the Sankarani (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Upper_Niger_Guinea_OSM_klein.png/330px-Upper_Niger_Guinea_OSM_klein.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sankarani_river_map.png/180px-Sankarani_river_map.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Sankarani-Fié\". 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Retrieved 2020-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Sankarani-River","url_text":"\"Sankarani River \| river, western Africa\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, R. H. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. ISBN 978-2-88032-949-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&q=sankarani+river+from+north+to+south+guinea&pg=PA374","url_text":"A Directory of African Wetlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-88032-949-5","url_text":"978-2-88032-949-5"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, R. H. (1992). A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN. pp. 374, 376. ISBN 9782880329495. 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African Development Bank Group.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Evaluation-Reports-_Shared-With-OPEV_/06004242-EN-MALI-SELINGUE-DAM.PDF","url_text":"\"Mali: Selingue Dam Project: Project Performance Evaluation Report (PPER)\""}]},{"reference":"Koenig, Dolores; Diarra, Tiéman; Sow, Moussa (1998). Innovation and Individuality in African Development: Changing Production Strategies in Rural Mali. University of Michigan Press. pp. 119–123. ISBN 9780472108947.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=728lx7XRofcC&pg=PA119","url_text":"Innovation and Individuality in African Development: Changing Production Strategies in Rural Mali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472108947","url_text":"9780472108947"}]},{"reference":"Imperato, Pascal James; Imperato, Gavin H. (25 April 2008). Historical Dictionary of Mali. Scarecrow Press. pp. xl, 105. ISBN 9780810864023. Retrieved 25 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zf6xAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA71","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Mali"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810864023","url_text":"9780810864023"}]},{"reference":"\"Mali: Water for agriculture (2013-17)\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor_(goddess)	Hathor	["1 Origins","2 Roles","2.1 Sky goddess","2.2 Solar goddess","2.3 Music, dance, and joy","2.4 Sexuality, beauty, and love","2.5 Motherhood and queenship","2.6 Fate","2.7 Foreign lands and goods","2.8 Afterlife","3 Iconography","4 Worship","4.1 Relationship with royalty","4.2 Temples in Egypt","4.3 Festivals","4.4 Worship outside Egypt","4.5 Popular worship","4.6 Funerary practices","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Works cited","7 Further reading","8 External links"]	Major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion For other uses, see Hathor (disambiguation). HathorComposite image of Hathor's most common iconography, based partly on images from the tomb of NefertariName in hieroglyphsEgyptian: ḥwt-ḥr Major cult center Dendera Memphis ParentsRaConsort Ra Horus Atum Amun Khonsu OffspringIhy, Neferhotep of Hu, Ra (Cycle Of Rebirth) Hathor (Ancient Egyptian: ḥwt-ḥr, lit. 'House of Horus', Ancient Greek: Ἁθώρ Hathōr, Coptic: ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ, Meroitic: 𐦠𐦴𐦫𐦢‎ Atari) was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion who played a wide variety of roles. As a sky deity, she was the mother or consort of the sky god Horus and the sun god Ra, both of whom were connected with kingship, and thus she was the symbolic mother of their earthly representatives, the pharaohs. She was one of several goddesses who acted as the Eye of Ra, Ra's feminine counterpart, and in this form, she had a vengeful aspect that protected him from his enemies. Her beneficent side represented music, dance, joy, love, sexuality, and maternal care, and she acted as the consort of several male deities and the mother of their sons. These two aspects of the goddess exemplified the Egyptian conception of femininity. Hathor crossed boundaries between worlds, helping deceased souls in the transition to the afterlife. Hathor was often depicted as a cow, symbolizing her maternal and celestial aspect, although her most common form was a woman wearing a headdress of cow horns and a sun disk. She could also be represented as a lioness, a cobra, or a sycamore tree. Cattle goddesses similar to Hathor were portrayed in Egyptian art in the fourth millennium BC, but she may not have appeared until the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC). With the patronage of Old Kingdom rulers, she became one of Egypt's most important deities. More temples were dedicated to her than to any other goddess; her most prominent temple was Dendera in Upper Egypt. She was also worshipped in the temples of her male consorts. The Egyptians connected her with foreign lands, such as Nubia and Canaan, and their valuable goods, such as incense and semiprecious stones, and some of the peoples in those lands adopted her worship. In Egypt, she was one of the deities commonly invoked in private prayers and votive offerings, particularly by women desiring children. During the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC), goddesses such as Mut and Isis encroached on Hathor's position in royal ideology, but she remained one of the most widely worshipped deities. After the end of the New Kingdom, Hathor was increasingly overshadowed by Isis, but she continued to be venerated until the extinction of ancient Egyptian religion in the early centuries AD. Origins Drawing of the Narmer Palette, c.31st century BC. The face of a woman with the horns and ears of a cow, representing Hathor or Bat, appears twice at the top of the palette and in a row below the belt of the king. Images of cattle appear frequently in the artwork of Predynastic Egypt (before c. 3100 BC), as do images of women with upraised, curved arms, reminiscent of the shape of bovine horns. Both types of imagery may represent goddesses connected with cattle. Cows are venerated in many cultures, including ancient Egypt, as symbols of motherhood and nourishment, because they care for their calves and provide humans with milk. The Gerzeh Palette, a stone palette from the Naqada II period of prehistory (c. 3500–3200 BC), shows the silhouette of a cow's head with inward-curving horns surrounded by stars. The palette suggests that this cow was also linked with the sky, as were several goddesses from later times who were represented in this form: Hathor, Mehet-Weret, and Nut. Despite these earlier precedents, Hathor is not unambiguously mentioned or depicted until the Fourth Dynasty (c. 2613–2494 BC) of the Old Kingdom, although several artifacts that refer to her may date to the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100–2686 BC). When Hathor does clearly appear, her horns curve outward, rather than inward like those in Predynastic art. A bovine deity with inward-curving horns appears on the Narmer Palette from near the start of Egyptian history, both atop the palette and on the belt or apron of the king, Narmer. The Egyptologist Henry George Fischer suggested this deity may be Bat, a goddess who was later depicted with a woman's face and inward-curling horns, seemingly reflecting the curve of the cow horns. The Egyptologist Lana Troy, however, identifies a passage in the Pyramid Texts from the late Old Kingdom that connects Hathor with the "apron" of the king, reminiscent of the goddess on Narmer's garments, and suggests the goddess on the Narmer Palette is Hathor rather than Bat. In the Fourth Dynasty, Hathor rose rapidly to prominence. She supplanted an early crocodile god who was worshipped at Dendera in Upper Egypt to become Dendera's patron deity, and she increasingly absorbed the cult of Bat in the neighboring region of Hu, so that in the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BC) the two deities fused into one. The theology surrounding the pharaoh in the Old Kingdom, unlike that of earlier times, focused heavily on the sun god Ra as king of the gods and father and patron of the earthly king. Hathor ascended with Ra and became his mythological wife, and thus divine mother of the pharaoh. Roles Hathor took many forms and appeared in a wide variety of roles. The Egyptologist Robyn Gillam suggests that these diverse forms emerged when the royal goddess promoted by the Old Kingdom court subsumed many local goddesses worshipped by the general populace, who were then treated as manifestations of her. Egyptian texts often speak of the manifestations of the goddess as "Seven Hathors" or, less commonly, of many more Hathors—as many as 362. For these reasons, Gillam calls her "a type of deity rather than a single entity". Hathor's diversity reflects the range of traits that the Egyptians associated with goddesses. More than any other deity, she exemplifies the Egyptian perception of femininity. Sky goddess Hathor was given the epithets "mistress of the sky" and "mistress of the stars", and was said to dwell in the sky with Ra and other sun deities. Egyptians thought of the sky as a body of water through which the sun god sailed, and they connected it with the waters from which, according to their creation myths, the sun emerged at the beginning of time. This cosmic mother goddess was often represented as a cow. Hathor and Mehet-Weret were both thought of as the cow who birthed the sun god and placed him between her horns. Like Nut, Hathor was said to give birth to the sun god each dawn. Hathor's Egyptian name was ḥwt-ḥrw or ḥwt-ḥr. It is typically translated "house of Horus" but can also be rendered as "my house is the sky". The falcon god Horus represented, among other things, the sun and sky. The "house" referred to may be the sky in which Horus lives, or the goddess's womb from which he, as a sun god, is born each day. Solar goddess Further information: Eye of Ra Hathor was a solar deity, a feminine counterpart to sun gods such as Horus and Ra, and was a member of the divine entourage that accompanied Ra as he sailed through the sky in his barque. She was commonly called the "Golden One", referring to the radiance of the sun, and texts from her temple at Dendera say "her rays illuminate the whole earth." She was sometimes fused with another goddess, Nebethetepet, whose name can mean "Lady of the Offering", "Lady of Contentment", or "Lady of the Vulva". At Ra's cult center of Heliopolis, Hathor-Nebethetepet was worshipped as his consort, and the Egyptologist Rudolf Anthes argued that Hathor's name referred to a mythical "house of Horus" at Heliopolis that was connected with the ideology of kingship. She was one of many goddesses to take the role of the Eye of Ra, a feminine personification of the disk of the sun and an extension of Ra's own power. Ra was sometimes portrayed inside the disk, which Troy interprets as meaning that the eye goddess was thought of as a womb, from which the sun god was born. Hathor's seemingly contradictory roles as mother, wife, and daughter of Ra reflected the daily cycle of the sun. At sunset the god entered the body of the sky goddess, impregnating her and fathering the deities born from her womb at sunrise: himself and the eye goddess, who would later give birth to him. Ra gave rise to his daughter, the eye goddess, who in turn gave rise to him, her son, in a cycle of constant regeneration. The Eye of Ra protected the sun god from his enemies and was often represented as a uraeus, or rearing cobra, or as a lioness. A form of the Eye of Ra known as "Hathor of the Four Faces", represented by a set of four cobras, was said to face in each of the cardinal directions to watch for threats to the sun god. A group of myths, known from the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC) onward, describe what happens when the Eye goddess rampages uncontrolled. In the funerary text known as the Book of the Heavenly Cow, Ra sends Hathor as the Eye of Ra to punish humans for plotting rebellion against his rule. She becomes the lioness goddess Sekhmet and massacres the rebellious humans, but Ra decides to prevent her from killing all humanity. He orders that beer be dyed red and poured out over the land. The Eye goddess drinks the beer, mistaking it for blood, and in her inebriated state reverts to being the benign and beautiful Hathor. Related to this story is the myth of the Distant Goddess, from the Late and Ptolemaic periods. The Eye goddess, sometimes in the form of Hathor, rebels against Ra's control and rampages freely in a foreign land: Libya west of Egypt or Nubia to the south. Weakened by the loss of his Eye, Ra sends another god, such as Thoth, to bring her back to him. Once pacified, the goddess returns to become the consort of the sun god or of the god who brings her back. The two aspects of the Eye goddess—violent and dangerous versus beautiful and joyful—reflected the Egyptian belief that women, as the Egyptologist Carolyn Graves-Brown puts it, "encompassed both extreme passions of fury and love". Music, dance, and joy Banquet scene from the tomb chapel of Nebamun, 14th century BC. Its imagery of music and dancing alludes to Hathor. Egyptian religion celebrated the sensory pleasures of life, believed to be among the gods' gifts to humanity. Egyptians ate, drank, danced, and played music at their religious festivals. They perfumed the air with flowers and incense. Many of Hathor's epithets link her to celebration; she is called the mistress of music, dance, garlands, myrrh, and drunkenness. In hymns and temple reliefs, musicians play tambourines, harps, lyres, and sistra in Hathor's honor. The sistrum, a rattle-like instrument, was particularly important in Hathor's worship. Sistra had erotic connotations and, by extension, alluded to the creation of new life. These aspects of Hathor were linked with the myth of the Eye of Ra. The Eye was pacified by beer in the story of the Destruction of Mankind. In some versions of the Distant Goddess myth, the wandering Eye's wildness abated when she was appeased with products of civilization like music, dance, and wine. The water of the annual flooding of the Nile, colored red by sediment, was likened to wine, and to the red-dyed beer in the Destruction of Mankind. Festivals during the inundation therefore incorporated drink, music, and dance as a way to appease the returning goddess. A text from the Temple of Edfu says of Hathor, "the gods play the sistrum for her, the goddesses dance for her to dispel her bad temper." A hymn to the goddess Raet-Tawy as a form of Hathor at the temple of Medamud describes the Festival of Drunkenness (Tekh Festival) as part of her mythic return to Egypt. Women carry bouquets of flowers, drunken revelers play drums, and people and animals from foreign lands dance for her as she enters the temple's festival booth. The noise of the celebration drives away hostile powers and ensures the goddess will remain in her joyful form as she awaits the male god of the temple, her mythological consort Montu, whose son she will bear. Sexuality, beauty, and love Hathor's joyful, ecstatic side indicates her feminine, procreative power. In some creation myths she helped produce the world itself. Atum, a creator god who contained all things within himself, was said to have produced his children Shu and Tefnut, and thus begun the process of creation, by masturbating. The hand he used for this act, the Hand of Atum, represented the female aspect of himself and could be personified by Hathor, Nebethetepet, or another goddess, Iusaaset. In a late creation myth from the Ptolemaic Period (332–30 BC), the god Khonsu is put in a central role, and Hathor is the goddess with whom Khonsu mates to enable creation. Hathor could be the consort of many male gods, of whom Ra was only the most prominent. Mut was the usual consort of Amun, the preeminent deity during the New Kingdom who was often linked with Ra. But Mut was rarely portrayed alongside Amun in contexts related to sex or fertility, and in those circumstances, Hathor or Isis stood at his side instead. In the late periods of Egyptian history, the form of Hathor from Dendera and the form of Horus from Edfu were considered husband and wife and in different versions of the myth of the Distant Goddess, Hathor-Raettawy was the consort of Montu and Hathor-Tefnut the consort of Shu. Hathor's sexual side was seen in some short stories. In a cryptic fragment of a Middle Kingdom story, known as "The Tale of the Herdsman", a herdsman encounters a hairy, animal-like goddess in a marsh and reacts with terror. On another day he encounters her as a nude, alluring woman. Most Egyptologists who study this story think this woman is Hathor or a goddess like her, one who can be wild and dangerous or benign and erotic. Thomas Schneider interprets the text as implying that between his two encounters with the goddess the herdsman has done something to pacify her. In "The Contendings of Horus and Set", a New Kingdom short story about the dispute between those two gods, Ra is upset after being insulted by another god, Babi, and lies on his back alone. After some time, Hathor exposes her genitals to Ra, making him laugh and get up again to perform his duties as ruler of the gods. Life and order were thought to be dependent on Ra's activity, and the story implies that Hathor averted the disastrous consequences of his idleness. Her act may have lifted Ra's spirits partly because it sexually aroused him, although why he laughed is not fully understood. Hathor was praised for her beautiful hair. Egyptian literature contains allusions to a myth not clearly described in any surviving texts, in which Hathor lost a lock of hair that represented her sexual allure. One text compares this loss with Horus's loss of his divine Eye and Set's loss of his testicles during the struggle between the two gods, implying that the loss of Hathor's lock was as catastrophic for her as the maiming of Horus and Set was for them. Hathor was called "mistress of love", as an extension of her sexual aspect. In the series of love poems from Papyrus Chester Beatty I, from the Twentieth Dynasty (c. 1189–1077 BC), men and women ask Hathor to bring their lovers to them: "I prayed to her and she heard my prayer. She destined my mistress for me. And she came of her own free will to see me." Motherhood and queenship Hathor as a cow suckling Hatshepsut, a female pharaoh, at Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahari (15th century BC). Hathor was considered the mother of various child deities. As suggested by her name, she was often thought of as both Horus's mother and consort. As both the king's wife and his heir's mother, Hathor was the divine counterpart of human queens. Isis and Osiris were considered Horus's parents in the Osiris myth as far back as the late Old Kingdom, but the relationship between Horus and Hathor may be older still. If so, Horus only came to be linked with Isis and Osiris as the Osiris myth emerged during the Old Kingdom. Even after Isis was firmly established as Horus's mother, Hathor continued to appear in this role, especially when nursing the pharaoh. Images of the Hathor-cow with a child in a papyrus thicket represented his mythological upbringing in a secluded marsh. Goddesses' milk was a sign of divinity and royal status. Thus, images in which Hathor nurses the pharaoh represent his right to rule. Hathor's relationship with Horus gave a healing aspect to her character, as she was said to have restored Horus's missing eye or eyes after Set attacked him. In the version of this episode in "The Contendings of Horus and Set", Hathor finds Horus with his eyes torn out and heals the wounds with gazelle's milk. Beginning in the Late Period (664–323 BC), temples focused on the worship of a divine family: an adult male deity, his wife, and their immature son. Satellite buildings, known as mammisis, were built in celebration of the birth of the local child deity. The child god represented the cyclical renewal of the cosmos and an archetypal heir to the kingship. Hathor was the mother in many of these local divine triads. At Dendera, the mature Horus of Edfu was the father and Hathor the mother, while their child was Ihy, a god whose name meant "sistrum-player" and who personified the jubilation associated with the instrument. At Kom Ombo, Hathor's local form, Tasenetnofret, was mother to Horus's son Panebtawy. Other children of Hathor included a minor deity from the town of Hu, named Neferhotep, and several child forms of Horus. The milky sap of the sycamore tree, which the Egyptians regarded as a symbol of life, became one of her symbols. The milk was equated with water of the Nile inundation and thus fertility. In the late Ptolemaic and Roman Periods, many temples contained a creation myth that adapted long-standing ideas about creation. The version from Hathor's temple at Dendera emphasizes that she, as a female solar deity, was the first being to emerge from the primordial waters that preceded creation, and her life-giving light and milk nourished all living things. Hathor's maternal aspects can be compared with those of Isis and Mut, yet there are many contrasts between them. Isis's devotion to her husband and care for their child represented a more socially acceptable form of love than Hathor's uninhibited sexuality, and Mut's character was more authoritative than sexual. The text of the 1st century CE Insinger Papyrus likens a faithful wife, the mistress of a household, to Mut, while comparing Hathor to a strange woman who tempts a married man. Fate Like Meskhenet, another goddess who presided over birth, Hathor was connected with shai, the Egyptian concept of fate, particularly when she took the form of the Seven Hathors. In two New Kingdom works of fiction, the "Tale of Two Brothers" and the "Tale of the Doomed Prince", the Hathors appear at the births of major characters and foretell the manner of their deaths. The Egyptians tended to think of fate as inexorable. Yet in "The Tale of the Doomed Prince", the prince who is its protagonist is able to escape one of the possible violent deaths that the Seven Hathors have foretold for him, and while the end of the story is missing, the surviving portions imply that the prince can escape his fate with the help of the gods. Foreign lands and goods Hathor was connected with trade and foreign lands, possibly because her role as a sky goddess linked her with stars and hence navigation, and because she was believed to protect ships on the Nile and in the seas beyond Egypt as she protected the barque of Ra in the sky. The mythological wandering of the Eye goddess in Nubia or Libya gave her a connection with those lands as well. Egypt maintained trade relations with the coastal cities of Syria and Canaan, particularly Byblos, placing Egyptian religion in contact with the religions of that region. At some point, perhaps as early as the Old Kingdom, the Egyptians began to refer to the patron goddess of Byblos, Baalat Gebal, as a local form of Hathor. So strong was Hathor's link to Byblos that texts from Dendera say she resided there. The Egyptians sometimes equated Anat, an aggressive Canaanite goddess who came to be worshipped in Egypt during the New Kingdom, with Hathor. Some Canaanite artworks depict a nude goddess with a curling wig taken from Hathor's iconography. Which goddess these images represent is not known, but the Egyptians adopted her iconography and came to regard her as an independent deity, Qetesh, whom they associated with Hathor. Hathor was closely connected with the Sinai Peninsula, which was not considered part of Egypt proper but was the site of Egyptian mines for copper, turquoise, and malachite during the Middle and New Kingdoms. One of Hathor's epithets, "Lady of Mefkat", may have referred specifically to turquoise or to all blue-green minerals. She was also called "Lady of Faience", a blue-green ceramic that Egyptians likened to turquoise. Hathor was also worshipped at various quarries and mining sites in Egypt's Eastern Desert, such as the amethyst mines of Wadi el-Hudi, where she was sometimes called "Lady of Amethyst". South of Egypt, Hathor's influence was thought to have extended over the land of Punt, which lay along the Red Sea coast and was a major source for the incense with which Hathor was linked, as well as with Nubia, northwest of Punt. The autobiography of Harkhuf, an official in the Sixth Dynasty (c. 2345–2181 BC), describes his expedition to a land in or near Nubia, from which he brought back great quantities of ebony, panther skins, and incense for the king. The text describes these exotic goods as Hathor's gift to the pharaoh. Egyptian expeditions to mine gold in Nubia introduced her cult to the region during the Middle and New Kingdoms, and New Kingdom pharaohs built several temples to her in the portions of Nubia that they ruled. Afterlife Hathor, in bovine form, emerges from a hill representing the Theban necropolis, in a copy of the Book of the Dead from the 13th century BC Although the Pyramid Texts, the earliest Egyptian funerary texts, rarely mention her, Hathor was invoked in private tomb inscriptions from the same era, and in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts and later sources, she is frequently linked with the afterlife. Just as she crossed the boundary between Egypt and foreign lands, Hathor passed through the boundary between the living and the Duat, the realm of the dead. She helped the spirits of deceased humans enter the Duat and was closely linked with tomb sites, where that transition began. The necropolises, or clusters of tombs, on the west bank of the Nile were personified as Imentet, the goddess of the west, who was frequently regarded as a manifestation of Hathor. The Theban necropolis, for example, was often portrayed as a stylized mountain with the cow of Hathor emerging from it. Her role as a sky goddess was also linked to the afterlife. Because the sky goddess—either Nut or Hathor—assisted Ra in his daily rebirth, she had an important part in ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs, according to which deceased humans were reborn like the sun god. Coffins, tombs, and the underworld itself were interpreted as the womb of this goddess, from which the deceased soul would be reborn. Nut, Hathor, and Imentet could each, in different texts, lead the deceased into a place where they would receive food and drink for eternal sustenance. Thus, Hathor, as Imentet, often appears on tombs, welcoming the deceased person as her child into a blissful afterlife. In New Kingdom funerary texts and artwork, the afterlife was often illustrated as a pleasant, fertile garden, over which Hathor sometimes presided. The welcoming afterlife goddess was often portrayed as a goddess in the form of a tree, giving water to the deceased. Nut most commonly filled this role, but the tree goddess was sometimes called Hathor instead. The afterlife also had a sexual aspect. In the Osiris myth, the murdered god Osiris was resurrected when he copulated with Isis and conceived Horus. In solar ideology, Ra's union with the sky goddess allowed his own rebirth. Sex therefore enabled the rebirth of the deceased, and goddesses like Isis and Hathor served to rouse the deceased to new life. But they merely stimulated the male deities' regenerative powers, rather than playing the central role. Ancient Egyptians prefixed the names of the deceased with Osiris's name to connect them with his resurrection. For example, a woman named Henutmehyt would be dubbed "Osiris-Henutmehyt". Over time they increasingly associated the deceased with both male and female divine powers. As early as the late Old Kingdom, women were sometimes said to join the worshippers of Hathor in the afterlife, just as men joined the following of Osiris. In the Third Intermediate Period (c. 1070–664 BC), Egyptians began to add Hathor's name to that of deceased women in place of that of Osiris. In some cases, women were called "Osiris-Hathor", indicating that they benefited from the revivifying power of both deities. In these late periods, Hathor was sometimes said to rule the afterlife as Osiris did. Iconography Hathor was often depicted as a cow bearing the sun disk between her horns, especially when shown nursing the king. She could also appear as a woman with the head of a cow. Her most common form, however, was a woman wearing a headdress of the horns and sun disk, often with a red or turquoise sheath dress, or a dress combining both colors. Sometimes the horns stood atop a low modius or the vulture headdress that Egyptian queens often wore in the New Kingdom. Because Isis adopted the same headdress during the New Kingdom, the two goddesses can be distinguished only if labeled in writing. When in the role of Imentet, Hathor wore the emblem of the west upon her head instead of the horned headdress. The Seven Hathors were sometimes portrayed as a set of seven cows, accompanied by a minor sky and afterlife deity called the Bull of the West. Some animals other than cattle could represent Hathor. The uraeus was a common motif in Egyptian art and could represent a variety of goddesses who were identified with the Eye of Ra. When Hathor was depicted as a uraeus, it represented the ferocious and protective aspects of her character. She also appeared as a lioness, and this form had a similar meaning. In contrast, the domestic cat, which was sometimes connected with Hathor, often represented the Eye goddess's pacified form. When portrayed as a sycamore tree, Hathor was usually shown with the upper body of her human form emerging from the trunk. Like other goddesses, Hathor might carry a stalk of papyrus as a staff, though she could instead hold a was staff, a symbol of power that was usually restricted to male deities. The only goddesses who used the was were those, like Hathor, who were linked with the Eye of Ra. She also commonly carried a sistrum or a menat necklace. The sistrum came in two varieties: a simple loop shape or the more complex naos sistrum, which was shaped to resemble a naos shrine and flanked by volutes resembling the antennae of the Bat emblem. Mirrors were another of her symbols, because in Egypt they were often made of gold or bronze and therefore symbolized the sun disk, and because they were connected with beauty and femininity. Some mirror handles were made in the shape of Hathor's face. The menat necklace, made up of many strands of beads, was shaken in ceremonies in Hathor's honor, similarly to the sistrum. Images of it were sometimes seen as personifications of Hathor herself. Hathor was sometimes represented as a human face with bovine ears, seen from the front rather than in the profile-based perspective that was typical of Egyptian art. When she appears in this form, the tresses on either side of her face often curl into loops. This mask-like face was placed on the capitals of columns beginning in the late Old Kingdom. Columns of this style were used in many temples to Hathor and other goddesses. These columns have two or four faces, which may represent the duality between different aspects of the goddess or the watchfulness of Hathor of the Four Faces. The designs of Hathoric columns have a complex relationship with those of sistra. Both styles of sistrum can bear the Hathor mask on the handle, and Hathoric columns often incorporate the naos sistrum shape above the goddess's head. Statue of Hathor, fourteenth century BC Amulet of Hathor as a uraeus wearing a naos headdress, early to mid-first millennium BC Naos sistrum with Hathor's face, 305–282 BC Mirror with a face of Hathor on the handle, fifteenth century BC Head of Hathor with cats on her headdress, from a clapper, late second to early first millennium BC The Malqata Menat necklace, fourteenth century BC Hathoric capital from the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, fifteenth century BC Worship Copy of a statue of Hathor (center) with a goddess personifying the Fifteenth Nome of Upper Egypt (left) and the Fourth Dynasty king Menkaure (right); 26th century BC Relationship with royalty During the Early Dynastic Period, Neith was the preeminent goddess at the royal court, while in the Fourth Dynasty, Hathor became the goddess most closely linked with the king. Sneferu, the founder of the Fourth Dynasty, may have built a temple to her, and Neferhetepes, a daughter of Djedefra, was the first recorded priestess of Hathor. Old Kingdom rulers donated resources only to temples dedicated to particular kings or to deities closely connected with kingship. Hathor was one of the few deities to receive such donations. Late Old Kingdom rulers especially promoted the cult of Hathor in the provinces, as a way of binding those regions to the royal court. She may have absorbed the traits of contemporary provincial goddesses. Many female royals, though not reigning queens, held positions in the cult during the Old Kingdom. Mentuhotep II, who became the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom despite having no relation to the Old Kingdom rulers, sought to legitimize his rule by portraying himself as Hathor's son. The first images of the Hathor-cow suckling the king date to his reign, and several priestesses of Hathor were depicted as though they were his wives, although he may not have actually married them. In the course of the Middle Kingdom, queens were increasingly seen as directly embodying the goddess, just as the king embodied Ra. The emphasis on the queen as Hathor continued through the New Kingdom. Queens were portrayed with the headdress of Hathor beginning in the late Eighteenth Dynasty. An image of the sed festival of Amenhotep III, meant to celebrate and renew his rule, shows the king together with Hathor and his queen Tiye, which could mean that the king symbolically married the goddess in the course of the festival. Hatshepsut, a woman who ruled as a pharaoh in the early New Kingdom, emphasized her relationship to Hathor in a different way. She used names and titles that linked her to a variety of goddesses, including Hathor, so as to legitimize her rule in what was normally a male position. She built several temples to Hathor and placed her own mortuary temple, which incorporated a chapel dedicated to the goddess, at Deir el-Bahari, which had been a cult site of Hathor since the Middle Kingdom. The preeminence of Amun during the New Kingdom gave greater visibility to his consort Mut, and in the course of the period, Isis began appearing in roles that traditionally belonged to Hathor alone, such as that of the goddess in the solar barque. Despite the growing prominence of these deities, Hathor remained important, particularly in relation to fertility, sexuality, and queenship, throughout the New Kingdom. After the New Kingdom, Isis increasingly overshadowed Hathor and other goddesses as she took on their characteristics. In the Ptolemaic period (305–30 BC), when Greeks governed Egypt and their religion developed a complex relationship with that of Egypt, the Ptolemaic dynasty adopted and modified the Egyptian ideology of kingship. Beginning with Arsinoe II, wife of Ptolemy II, the Ptolemies closely linked their queens with Isis and with several Greek goddesses, particularly their own goddess of love and sexuality, Aphrodite. Nevertheless, when the Greeks referred to Egyptian gods by the names of their own gods (a practice called interpretatio graeca), they sometimes called Hathor Aphrodite. Traits of Isis, Hathor, and Aphrodite were all combined to justify the treatment of Ptolemaic queens as goddesses. Thus, the poet Callimachus alluded to the myth of Hathor's lost lock of hair in the Aetia when praising Berenice II for sacrificing her own hair to Aphrodite, and iconographic traits that Isis and Hathor shared, such as the bovine horns and vulture headdress, appeared on images portraying Ptolemaic queens as Aphrodite. Temples in Egypt Hypostyle hall of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera, first century AD More temples were dedicated to Hathor than to any other Egyptian goddess. During the Old Kingdom her most important center of worship was in the region of Memphis, where "Hathor of the Sycamore" was worshipped at many sites throughout the Memphite Necropolis. During the New Kingdom era, the temple of Hathor of the Southern Sycamore was her main temple in Memphis. At that site she was described as the daughter of the city's main deity, Ptah. The cult of Ra and Atum at Heliopolis, northeast of Memphis, included a temple to Hathor-Nebethetepet that was probably built in the Middle Kingdom. A willow and a sycamore tree stood near the sanctuary and may have been worshipped as manifestations of the goddess. A few cities farther north in the Nile Delta, such as Yamu and Terenuthis, also had temples to her. Dendera, Hathor's oldest temple in Upper Egypt, dates to at least to the Fourth Dynasty. After the end of the Old Kingdom it surpassed her Memphite temples in importance. Many kings made additions to the temple complex through Egyptian history. The last version of the temple was built in the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods and is today one of the best-preserved Egyptian temples from that time. As the rulers of the Old Kingdom made an effort to develop towns in Upper and Middle Egypt, several cult centers of Hathor were founded across the region, at sites such as Cusae, Akhmim, and Naga ed-Der. In the First Intermediate Period (c. 2181–2055 BC) her cult statue from Dendera was periodically carried to the Theban necropolis. During the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, Mentuhotep II established a permanent cult center for her in the necropolis at Deir el-Bahari. The nearby village of Deir el-Medina, home to the tomb workers of the necropolis during the New Kingdom, also contained temples of Hathor. One continued to function and was periodically rebuilt as late as the Ptolemaic Period, centuries after the village was abandoned. In the Old Kingdom, most priests of Hathor, including the highest ranks, were women. Many of these women were members of the royal family. In the course of the Middle Kingdom, women were increasingly excluded from the highest priestly positions, at the same time that queens were becoming more closely tied to Hathor's cult. Thus, non-royal women disappeared from the high ranks of Hathor's priesthood, although women continued to serve as musicians and singers in temple cults across Egypt. The most frequent temple rite for any deity was the daily offering ritual, in which the cult image, or statue, of a deity would be clothed and given food. The daily ritual was largely the same in every Egyptian temple, although the goods given as offerings could vary according to which deity received them. Wine and beer were common offerings in all temples, but especially in rituals in Hathor's honor, and she and the goddesses related to her often received sistra and menat necklaces. In Late and Ptolemaic times, they were also offered a pair of mirrors, representing the sun and the moon. Festivals Many of Hathor's annual festivals were celebrated with drinking and dancing that served a ritual purpose. Revelers at these festivals may have aimed to reach a state of religious ecstasy, which was otherwise rare or nonexistent in ancient Egyptian religion. Graves-Brown suggests that celebrants in Hathor's festivals aimed to reach an altered state of consciousness to allow them interact with the divine realm. An example is the Festival of Drunkenness, commemorating the return of the Eye of Ra, which was celebrated on the twentieth day of the month of Thout at temples to Hathor and to other Eye goddesses. It was celebrated as early as the Middle Kingdom, but it is best known from Ptolemaic and Roman times. The dancing, eating and drinking that took place during the Festival of Drunkenness represented the opposite of the sorrow, hunger, and thirst that the Egyptians associated with death. Whereas the rampages of the Eye of Ra brought death to humans, the Festival of Drunkenness celebrated life, abundance, and joy. In a local Theban festival known as the Beautiful Festival of the Valley, which began to be celebrated in the Middle Kingdom, the cult image of Amun from the Temple of Karnak visited the temples in the Theban Necropolis while members of the community went to the tombs of their deceased relatives to drink, eat, and celebrate. Hathor was not involved in this festival until the early New Kingdom, after which Amun's overnight stay in the temples at Deir el-Bahari came to be seen as his sexual union with her. Several temples in Ptolemaic times, including that of Dendera, observed the Egyptian new year with a series of ceremonies in which images of the temple deity were supposed to be revitalized by contact with the sun god. On the days leading up to the new year, Dendera's statue of Hathor was taken to the wabet, a specialized room in the temple, and placed under a ceiling decorated with images of the sky and sun. On the first day of the new year, the first day of the month of Thoth, the Hathor image was carried up to the roof to be bathed in genuine sunlight. The best-documented festival focused on Hathor is another Ptolemaic celebration, the Festival of the Beautiful Reunion. It took place over fourteen days in the month of Epiphi. Hathor's cult image from Dendera was carried by boat to several temple sites to visit the gods of those temples. The endpoint of the journey was the Temple of Horus at Edfu, where the Hathor statue from Dendera met that of Horus of Edfu and the two were placed together. On one day of the festival, these images were carried out to a shrine where primordial deities such as the sun god and the Ennead were said to be buried. The texts say the divine couple performed offering rites for these entombed gods. Many Egyptologists regard this festival as a ritual marriage between Horus and Hathor, although Martin Stadler challenges this view, arguing that it instead represented the rejuvenation of the buried creator gods. C. J. Bleeker thought the Beautiful Reunion was another celebration of the return of the Distant Goddess, citing allusions in the temple's festival texts to the myth of the solar eye. Barbara Richter argues that the festival represented all three things at once. She points out that the birth of Horus and Hathor's son Ihy was celebrated at Dendera nine months after the Festival of the Beautiful Reunion, implying that Hathor's visit to Horus represented Ihy's conception. The third month of the Egyptian calendar, Hathor or Athyr, was named for the goddess. Festivities in her honor took place throughout the month, although they are not recorded in the texts from Dendera. Worship outside Egypt Remains of the Hathor shrine in the Timna Valley Egyptian kings as early as the Old Kingdom donated goods to the temple of Baalat Gebal in Byblos, using the syncretism of Baalat with Hathor to cement their close trading relationship with Byblos. A temple to Hathor as Lady of Byblos was built during the reign of Thutmose III, although it may simply have been a shrine within the temple of Baalat. After the breakdown of the New Kingdom, Hathor's prominence in Byblos diminished along with Egypt's trade links to the city. A few artifacts from the early first millennium BC suggest that the Egyptians began equating Baalat with Isis at that time. A myth about Isis's presence in Byblos, related by the Greek author Plutarch in his work On Isis and Osiris in the 2nd century AD, suggests that by his time Isis had entirely supplanted Hathor in the city. A pendant found in a Mycenaean tomb at Pylos, from the 16th century BC, bears Hathor's face. Its presence in the tomb suggests the Mycenaeans may have known that the Egyptians connected Hathor with the afterlife. Egyptians in the Sinai Peninsula built a few temples in the region. The largest was a complex dedicated primarily to Hathor as patroness of mining at Serabit el-Khadim, on the west side of the peninsula. It was occupied from the middle of the Middle Kingdom to near the end of the New. The Timna Valley, on the fringes of the Egyptian empire on the east side of the peninsula, was the site of seasonal mining expeditions during the New Kingdom. It included a shrine to Hathor that was probably deserted during the off-season. The local Midianites, whom the Egyptians used as part of the mining workforce, may have given offerings to Hathor as their overseers did. After the Egyptians abandoned the site in the Twentieth Dynasty, however, the Midianites converted the shrine to a tent shrine devoted to their own deities. In contrast, the Nubians in the south fully incorporated Hathor into their religion. During the New Kingdom, when most of Nubia was under Egyptian control, pharaohs dedicated several temples in Nubia to Hathor, such as those at Faras and Mirgissa. Amenhotep III and Ramesses II both built temples in Nubia that celebrated their respective queens as manifestations of female deities, including Hathor: Amenhotep's wife Tiye at Sedeinga and Ramesses's wife Nefertari at the Small Temple of Abu Simbel. The independent Kingdom of Kush, which emerged in Nubia after the collapse of the New Kingdom, based its beliefs about Kushite kings on the royal ideology of Egypt. Therefore, Hathor, Isis, Mut, and Nut were all seen as the mythological mother of each Kushite king and equated with his female relatives, such as the kandake, the Kushite queen or queen mother, who had prominent roles in Kushite religion. At Jebel Barkal, a site sacred to Amun, the Kushite king Taharqa built a pair of temples, one dedicated to Hathor and one to Mut as consorts of Amun, replacing New Kingdom Egyptian temples that may have been dedicated to these same goddesses. But Isis was the most prominent of the Egyptian goddesses worshipped in Nubia, and her status there increased over time. Thus, in the Meroitic period of Nubian history (c. 300 BC – AD 400), Hathor appeared in temples mainly as a companion to Isis. Popular worship Ptolemaic plaque of a woman giving birth assisted by two figures of Hathor, fourth to first century BC In addition to formal and public rituals at temples, Egyptians privately worshipped deities for personal reasons, including at their homes. Birth was hazardous for both mother and child in ancient Egypt, yet children were much desired. Thus fertility and safe childbirth are among the most prominent concerns in popular religion, and fertility deities such as Hathor and Taweret were commonly worshipped in household shrines. Egyptian women squatted on bricks while giving birth, and the only known surviving birth brick from ancient Egypt is decorated with an image of a woman holding her child flanked by images of Hathor. In Roman times, terracotta figurines, sometimes found in a domestic context, depicted a woman with an elaborate headdress exposing her genitals, as Hathor did to cheer up Ra. The meaning of these figurines is not known, but they are often thought to represent Hathor or Isis combined with Aphrodite making a gesture that represented fertility or protection against evil. Hathor was one of a handful of deities, including Amun, Ptah, and Thoth, who were commonly prayed to for help with personal problems. Many Egyptians left offerings at temples or small shrines dedicated to the gods they prayed to. Most offerings to Hathor were used for their symbolism, not for their intrinsic value. Cloths painted with images of Hathor were common, as were plaques and figurines depicting her animal forms. Different types of offerings may have symbolized different goals on the part of the donor, but their meaning is usually unknown. Images of Hathor alluded to her mythical roles, like depictions of the maternal cow in the marsh. Offerings of sistra may have been meant to appease the goddess's dangerous aspects and bring out her positive ones, while phalli represented a prayer for fertility, as shown by an inscription found on one example. Some Egyptians also left written prayers to Hathor, inscribed on stelae or written as graffiti. Prayers to some deities, such as Amun, show that they were thought to punish wrongdoers and heal people who repented for their misbehavior. In contrast, prayers to Hathor mention only the benefits she could grant, such as abundant food during life and a well-provisioned burial after death. Funerary practices Hathor welcoming Seti I into the afterlife, 13th century BC As an afterlife deity, Hathor appeared frequently in funerary texts and art. In the early New Kingdom, for instance, she was one of the three deities most commonly found in royal tomb decoration, the others being Osiris and Anubis. In that period she often appeared as the goddess welcoming the dead into the afterlife. Other images referred to her more obliquely. Reliefs in Old Kingdom tombs show men and women performing a ritual called "shaking the papyrus". The significance of this rite is not known, but inscriptions sometimes say it was performed "for Hathor", and shaking papyrus stalks produces a rustling sound that may have been likened to the rattling of a sistrum. Other Hathoric imagery in tombs included the cow emerging from the mountain of the necropolis and the seated figure of the goddess presiding over a garden in the afterlife. Images of Nut were often painted or incised inside coffins, indicating the coffin was her womb, from which the occupant would be reborn in the afterlife. In the Third Intermediate Period, Hathor began to be placed on the floor of the coffin, with Nut on the interior of the lid. Tomb art from the Eighteenth Dynasty often shows people drinking, dancing, and playing music, as well as holding menat necklaces and sistra—all imagery that alluded to Hathor. These images may represent private feasts that were celebrated in front of tombs to commemorate the people buried there, or they may show gatherings at temple festivals such as the Beautiful Festival of the Valley. Festivals were thought to allow contact between the human and divine realms, and by extension, between the living and the dead. Thus, texts from tombs often expressed a wish that the deceased would be able to participate in festivals, primarily those dedicated to Osiris. Tombs' festival imagery, however, may refer to festivals involving Hathor, such as the Festival of Drunkenness, or to the private feasts, which were also closely connected with her. Drinking and dancing at these feasts may have been meant to intoxicate the celebrants, as at the Festival of Drunkenness, allowing them to commune with the spirits of the deceased. Hathor was said to supply offerings to deceased people as early as the Old Kingdom, and spells to enable both men and women to join her retinue in the afterlife appeared as early as the Coffin Texts. Some burial goods that portray deceased women as goddesses may depict these women as followers of Hathor, although whether the imagery refers to Hathor or Isis is not known. The link between Hathor and deceased women was maintained into the Roman Period, the last stage of ancient Egyptian religion before its extinction. 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Further reading Allam, Schafik (1963). Beiträge zum Hathorkult (bis zum Ende des mittleren Reiches) (in German). Verlag Bruno Hessling. OCLC 557461557. Derchain, Philippe (1972). Hathor Quadrifrons (in French). Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut in het Nabije Oosten. OCLC 917056815. Hornung, Erik (1997). Der ägyptische Mythos von der Himmelskuh, 2nd ed (PDF) (in German). Vandehoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3525537374. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-13. Posener, Georges (1986). "La légende de la tresse d'Hathor". In Lesko, Leonard H. (ed.). Egyptological Studies in Honour of Richard A. Parker (in French). Brown. pp. 111–117. ISBN 978-0874513219. Vandier, Jacques (1964–1966). "Iousâas et (Hathor)-Nébet-Hétépet". Revue d'Égyptologie (in French). 16–18. External links Media related to Hathor at Wikimedia Commons "Athor" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. III (9th ed.). 1878. p. 13. vteAncient Egyptian religionBeliefs Afterlife Creation myths Isfet Maat Maa Kheru Mythology Numerology Osiris myth Philosophy Soul Practices Canopic jars Embalming ritual Funerals Mortuary temples Offering formula Opening of the mouth Pyramids Temples Veneration of the dead DeitiesOgdoad Amun Amunet Heh Hauhet Kek Kauket Nu Naunet Ennead Atum Shu Tefnut Geb Nut Osiris Isis Set Nephthys TriadsTheban Triad A Aati Aker Akhty Amenhotep, son of Hapu Amesemi Ammit Am-heh Amu-Aa Anat Andjety Anhur Anput Anubis Anuket Apedemak Apep Apis Apt Aqen Arensnuphis Ash Assessors Astarte Aten B Babi Banebdjedet Bastet Bat Bata Ba-Pef Bennu Bes Buchis C Cavern deities D Dedun Dionysus-Osiris F Four sons of Horus G Gate deities H Ha Hapi Hauron Hathor Hatmehit Hedetet Hedjhotep Heka Hemen Hemsut Henet Heqet Hermanubis Hesat Horus Harpocrates Heryshaf Hu I Iabet Iah Iat Igai Ihy Ikhemu-sek Imentet Imhotep Ipy Iunit Iusaaset K Kebechet Khensit Khenti-Amentiu Khenti-kheti 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fetish Khepresh Kneph Menat Nebu Nemes Pschent Scarab Serekh Shen ring Solar barque Tyet Ushabti Vulture crown Was-sceptre Languages Blemmyes language Egyptian language Meroitic language (Meroitic alphabet) Nubian language CategoryAuthority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hathor (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language"},{"link_name":"ḥwt-ḥr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A5wt-%E1%B8%A5r"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"Ancient 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Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Ra"},{"link_name":"aspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Egyptian conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"femininity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femininity"},{"link_name":"souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul"},{"link_name":"afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs"},{"link_name":"cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_in_religion"},{"link_name":"lioness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra"},{"link_name":"sycamore tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_sycomorus"},{"link_name":"Egyptian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Old Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_temple"},{"link_name":"Dendera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex"},{"link_name":"Upper Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Nubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"incense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense"},{"link_name":"semiprecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiprecious"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"votive offerings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_offerings"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"extinction of ancient Egyptian religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_ancient_Egyptian_religion"}],"text":"Major goddess in ancient Egyptian religionFor other uses, see Hathor (disambiguation).Hathor (Ancient Egyptian: ḥwt-ḥr, lit. 'House of Horus', Ancient Greek: Ἁθώρ Hathōr, Coptic: ϩⲁⲑⲱⲣ, Meroitic: 𐦠𐦴𐦫𐦢‎ Atari) was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion who played a wide variety of roles. As a sky deity, she was the mother or consort of the sky god Horus and the sun god Ra, both of whom were connected with kingship, and thus she was the symbolic mother of their earthly representatives, the pharaohs. She was one of several goddesses who acted as the Eye of Ra, Ra's feminine counterpart, and in this form, she had a vengeful aspect that protected him from his enemies. Her beneficent side represented music, dance, joy, love, sexuality, and maternal care, and she acted as the consort of several male deities and the mother of their sons. These two aspects of the goddess exemplified the Egyptian conception of femininity. Hathor crossed boundaries between worlds, helping deceased souls in the transition to the afterlife.Hathor was often depicted as a cow, symbolizing her maternal and celestial aspect, although her most common form was a woman wearing a headdress of cow horns and a sun disk. She could also be represented as a lioness, a cobra, or a sycamore tree.Cattle goddesses similar to Hathor were portrayed in Egyptian art in the fourth millennium BC, but she may not have appeared until the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC). With the patronage of Old Kingdom rulers, she became one of Egypt's most important deities. More temples were dedicated to her than to any other goddess; her most prominent temple was Dendera in Upper Egypt. She was also worshipped in the temples of her male consorts. The Egyptians connected her with foreign lands, such as Nubia and Canaan, and their valuable goods, such as incense and semiprecious stones, and some of the peoples in those lands adopted her worship. In Egypt, she was one of the deities commonly invoked in private prayers and votive offerings, particularly by women desiring children.During the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC), goddesses such as Mut and Isis encroached on Hathor's position in royal ideology, but she remained one of the most widely worshipped deities. After the end of the New Kingdom, Hathor was increasingly overshadowed by Isis, but she continued to be venerated until the extinction of ancient Egyptian religion in the early centuries AD.","title":"Hathor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette,_recto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Narmer Palette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer_Palette"},{"link_name":"Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cattle"},{"link_name":"artwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Predynastic Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predynastic_Egypt"},{"link_name":"goddesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_in_religion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHassan199215-2"},{"link_name":"venerated in many cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology"},{"link_name":"Gerzeh Palette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_palettes#Gerzeh_Palette"},{"link_name":"stone palette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetic_palette"},{"link_name":"Naqada II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqada_II"},{"link_name":"Mehet-Weret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehet-Weret"},{"link_name":"Nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko199915%E2%80%9317-3"},{"link_name":"Fourth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Old Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson1999244%E2%80%93245-4"},{"link_name":"Early Dynastic Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam1995214-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196211%E2%80%9313-6"},{"link_name":"Narmer Palette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer_Palette"},{"link_name":"Narmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer"},{"link_name":"Bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer196211%E2%80%9313-6"},{"link_name":"Pyramid Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Texts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson1999244%E2%80%93245-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroy198654-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko199981%E2%80%9383-8"},{"link_name":"Dendera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera"},{"link_name":"Upper Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt"},{"link_name":"patron deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron_deity"},{"link_name":"Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Middle Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer19627,_14%E2%80%9315-9"},{"link_name":"pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra"},{"link_name":"king of the gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_gods"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko199981%E2%80%9383-8"}],"text":"Drawing of the Narmer Palette, c.31st century BC. The face of a woman with the horns and ears of a cow, representing Hathor or Bat, appears twice at the top of the palette and in a row below the belt of the king.Images of cattle appear frequently in the artwork of Predynastic Egypt (before c. 3100 BC), as do images of women with upraised, curved arms, reminiscent of the shape of bovine horns. Both types of imagery may represent goddesses connected with cattle.[2] Cows are venerated in many cultures, including ancient Egypt, as symbols of motherhood and nourishment, because they care for their calves and provide humans with milk. The Gerzeh Palette, a stone palette from the Naqada II period of prehistory (c. 3500–3200 BC), shows the silhouette of a cow's head with inward-curving horns surrounded by stars. The palette suggests that this cow was also linked with the sky, as were several goddesses from later times who were represented in this form: Hathor, Mehet-Weret, and Nut.[3]Despite these earlier precedents, Hathor is not unambiguously mentioned or depicted until the Fourth Dynasty (c. 2613–2494 BC) of the Old Kingdom,[4] although several artifacts that refer to her may date to the Early Dynastic Period (c. 3100–2686 BC).[5] When Hathor does clearly appear, her horns curve outward, rather than inward like those in Predynastic art.[6]A bovine deity with inward-curving horns appears on the Narmer Palette from near the start of Egyptian history, both atop the palette and on the belt or apron of the king, Narmer. The Egyptologist Henry George Fischer suggested this deity may be Bat, a goddess who was later depicted with a woman's face and inward-curling horns, seemingly reflecting the curve of the cow horns.[6] The Egyptologist Lana Troy, however, identifies a passage in the Pyramid Texts from the late Old Kingdom that connects Hathor with the \"apron\" of the king, reminiscent of the goddess on Narmer's garments, and suggests the goddess on the Narmer Palette is Hathor rather than Bat.[4][7]In the Fourth Dynasty, Hathor rose rapidly to prominence.[8] She supplanted an early crocodile god who was worshipped at Dendera in Upper Egypt to become Dendera's patron deity, and she increasingly absorbed the cult of Bat in the neighboring region of Hu, so that in the Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BC) the two deities fused into one.[9] The theology surrounding the pharaoh in the Old Kingdom, unlike that of earlier times, focused heavily on the sun god Ra as king of the gods and father and patron of the earthly king. Hathor ascended with Ra and became his mythological wife, and thus divine mother of the pharaoh.[8]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200377,_145-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam1995217%E2%80%93218-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200377,_145-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleeker197371%E2%80%9372-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam1995217%E2%80%93218-11"},{"link_name":"Egyptian perception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"femininity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femininity"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroy198653%E2%80%9354-13"}],"text":"Hathor took many forms and appeared in a wide variety of roles.[10] The Egyptologist Robyn Gillam suggests that these diverse forms emerged when the royal goddess promoted by the Old Kingdom court subsumed many local goddesses worshipped by the general populace, who were then treated as manifestations of her.[11] Egyptian texts often speak of the manifestations of the goddess as \"Seven Hathors\"[10] or, less commonly, of many more Hathors—as many as 362.[12] For these reasons, Gillam calls her \"a type of deity rather than a single entity\".[11] Hathor's diversity reflects the range of traits that the Egyptians associated with goddesses. More than any other deity, she exemplifies the Egyptian perception of femininity.[13]","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epithets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet"},{"link_name":"creation myths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_creation_myths"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleeker197331%E2%80%9334,_46%E2%80%9347-14"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010130-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilling200439-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleeker197325,_48-17"},{"link_name":"Horus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003140-18"}],"sub_title":"Sky goddess","text":"Hathor was given the epithets \"mistress of the sky\" and \"mistress of the stars\", and was said to dwell in the sky with Ra and other sun deities. Egyptians thought of the sky as a body of water through which the sun god sailed, and they connected it with the waters from which, according to their creation myths, the sun emerged at the beginning of time. This cosmic mother goddess was often represented as a cow. Hathor and Mehet-Weret were both thought of as the cow who birthed the sun god and placed him between her horns. Like Nut, Hathor was said to give birth to the sun god each dawn.[14]Hathor's Egyptian name was ḥwt-ḥrw[15] or ḥwt-ḥr.[16] It is typically translated \"house of Horus\" but can also be rendered as \"my house is the sky\".[17] The falcon god Horus represented, among other things, the sun and sky. The \"house\" referred to may be the sky in which Horus lives, or the goddess's womb from which he, as a sun god, is born each day.[18]","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eye of Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Ra"},{"link_name":"solar deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_deity"},{"link_name":"barque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barque#Barques_and_barque_shrines_in_Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003140-18"},{"link_name":"her temple at Dendera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendera_Temple_complex"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2016128,_184%E2%80%93185-19"},{"link_name":"Nebethetepet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebethetepet"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003156-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993155-21"},{"link_name":"Heliopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient_Egypt)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirke2001102%E2%80%93105-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam1995218-23"},{"link_name":"womb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womb"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroy198621%E2%80%9323,_25%E2%80%9327-24"},{"link_name":"uraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraeus"},{"link_name":"cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002129%E2%80%93130-25"},{"link_name":"cardinal directions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_directions"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner199039-26"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"funerary text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_texts"},{"link_name":"Book of the Heavenly Cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Heavenly_Cow"},{"link_name":"Sekhmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010169%E2%80%93170-27"},{"link_name":"Late","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Libya"},{"link_name":"Nubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia"},{"link_name":"Thoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoth"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch200271%E2%80%9374-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002130-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010169%E2%80%93170-27"}],"sub_title":"Solar goddess","text":"Further information: Eye of RaHathor was a solar deity, a feminine counterpart to sun gods such as Horus and Ra, and was a member of the divine entourage that accompanied Ra as he sailed through the sky in his barque.[18] She was commonly called the \"Golden One\", referring to the radiance of the sun, and texts from her temple at Dendera say \"her rays illuminate the whole earth.\"[19] She was sometimes fused with another goddess, Nebethetepet, whose name can mean \"Lady of the Offering\", \"Lady of Contentment\",[20] or \"Lady of the Vulva\".[21] At Ra's cult center of Heliopolis, Hathor-Nebethetepet was worshipped as his consort,[22] and the Egyptologist Rudolf Anthes argued that Hathor's name referred to a mythical \"house of Horus\" at Heliopolis that was connected with the ideology of kingship.[23]She was one of many goddesses to take the role of the Eye of Ra, a feminine personification of the disk of the sun and an extension of Ra's own power. Ra was sometimes portrayed inside the disk, which Troy interprets as meaning that the eye goddess was thought of as a womb, from which the sun god was born. Hathor's seemingly contradictory roles as mother, wife, and daughter of Ra reflected the daily cycle of the sun. At sunset the god entered the body of the sky goddess, impregnating her and fathering the deities born from her womb at sunrise: himself and the eye goddess, who would later give birth to him. Ra gave rise to his daughter, the eye goddess, who in turn gave rise to him, her son, in a cycle of constant regeneration.[24]The Eye of Ra protected the sun god from his enemies and was often represented as a uraeus, or rearing cobra, or as a lioness.[25] A form of the Eye of Ra known as \"Hathor of the Four Faces\", represented by a set of four cobras, was said to face in each of the cardinal directions to watch for threats to the sun god.[26] A group of myths, known from the New Kingdom (c. 1550–1070 BC) onward, describe what happens when the Eye goddess rampages uncontrolled. In the funerary text known as the Book of the Heavenly Cow, Ra sends Hathor as the Eye of Ra to punish humans for plotting rebellion against his rule. She becomes the lioness goddess Sekhmet and massacres the rebellious humans, but Ra decides to prevent her from killing all humanity. He orders that beer be dyed red and poured out over the land. The Eye goddess drinks the beer, mistaking it for blood, and in her inebriated state reverts to being the benign and beautiful Hathor.[27] Related to this story is the myth of the Distant Goddess, from the Late and Ptolemaic periods. The Eye goddess, sometimes in the form of Hathor, rebels against Ra's control and rampages freely in a foreign land: Libya west of Egypt or Nubia to the south. Weakened by the loss of his Eye, Ra sends another god, such as Thoth, to bring her back to him.[28] Once pacified, the goddess returns to become the consort of the sun god or of the god who brings her back.[29] The two aspects of the Eye goddess—violent and dangerous versus beautiful and joyful—reflected the Egyptian belief that women, as the Egyptologist Carolyn Graves-Brown puts it, \"encompassed both extreme passions of fury and love\".[27]","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funerary_banquet_of_Nebamun.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nebamun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebamun"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2016132%E2%80%93134-30"},{"link_name":"incense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense"},{"link_name":"myrrh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh"},{"link_name":"drunkenness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunkenness"},{"link_name":"tambourines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambourine"},{"link_name":"harps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp"},{"link_name":"lyres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre"},{"link_name":"sistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistra"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinnestad1999113%E2%80%93115-31"},{"link_name":"sistrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManniche201013%E2%80%9314,_16%E2%80%9317-32"},{"link_name":"flooding of the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoo2009153%E2%80%93157-33"},{"link_name":"Temple of Edfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Edfu"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleeker197357-34"},{"link_name":"Raet-Tawy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raet-Tawy"},{"link_name":"Medamud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medamud"},{"link_name":"Festival of Drunkenness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Festival_of_Drunkenness&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell199548-35"},{"link_name":"Montu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montu"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell199554,_62,_91%E2%80%9394-36"}],"sub_title":"Music, dance, and joy","text":"Banquet scene from the tomb chapel of Nebamun, 14th century BC. Its imagery of music and dancing alludes to Hathor.[30]Egyptian religion celebrated the sensory pleasures of life, believed to be among the gods' gifts to humanity. Egyptians ate, drank, danced, and played music at their religious festivals. They perfumed the air with flowers and incense. Many of Hathor's epithets link her to celebration; she is called the mistress of music, dance, garlands, myrrh, and drunkenness. In hymns and temple reliefs, musicians play tambourines, harps, lyres, and sistra in Hathor's honor.[31] The sistrum, a rattle-like instrument, was particularly important in Hathor's worship. Sistra had erotic connotations and, by extension, alluded to the creation of new life.[32]These aspects of Hathor were linked with the myth of the Eye of Ra. The Eye was pacified by beer in the story of the Destruction of Mankind. In some versions of the Distant Goddess myth, the wandering Eye's wildness abated when she was appeased with products of civilization like music, dance, and wine. The water of the annual flooding of the Nile, colored red by sediment, was likened to wine, and to the red-dyed beer in the Destruction of Mankind. Festivals during the inundation therefore incorporated drink, music, and dance as a way to appease the returning goddess.[33] A text from the Temple of Edfu says of Hathor, \"the gods play the sistrum for her, the goddesses dance for her to dispel her bad temper.\"[34] A hymn to the goddess Raet-Tawy as a form of Hathor at the temple of Medamud describes the Festival of Drunkenness (Tekh Festival) as part of her mythic return to Egypt.[35] Women carry bouquets of flowers, drunken revelers play drums, and people and animals from foreign lands dance for her as she enters the temple's festival booth. The noise of the celebration drives away hostile powers and ensures the goddess will remain in her joyful form as she awaits the male god of the temple, her mythological consort Montu, whose son she will bear.[36]","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002138-37"},{"link_name":"Atum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum"},{"link_name":"Shu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)"},{"link_name":"Tefnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tefnut"},{"link_name":"Iusaaset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iusaaset"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200399,_141,_156-38"},{"link_name":"creation myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_myth"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Period"},{"link_name":"Khonsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khonsu"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruz-Uribe1994185,_187%E2%80%93188-39"},{"link_name":"Mut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"Isis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003155-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko1999127-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell199547,_69-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002197-43"},{"link_name":"short stories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature#Narrative_tales_and_stories"},{"link_name":"Egyptologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptologists"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2007315%E2%80%93317-44"},{"link_name":"The Contendings of Horus and Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Contendings_of_Horus_and_Set"},{"link_name":"dispute between those two gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris_myth#Conflict_of_Horus_and_Set"},{"link_name":"Babi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2007198%E2%80%93199,_201,_207-45"},{"link_name":"divine Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Horus"},{"link_name":"Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden1998346%E2%80%93348-46"},{"link_name":"Twentieth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleeker197340%E2%80%9341-47"}],"sub_title":"Sexuality, beauty, and love","text":"Hathor's joyful, ecstatic side indicates her feminine, procreative power. In some creation myths she helped produce the world itself.[37] Atum, a creator god who contained all things within himself, was said to have produced his children Shu and Tefnut, and thus begun the process of creation, by masturbating. The hand he used for this act, the Hand of Atum, represented the female aspect of himself and could be personified by Hathor, Nebethetepet, or another goddess, Iusaaset.[38] In a late creation myth from the Ptolemaic Period (332–30 BC), the god Khonsu is put in a central role, and Hathor is the goddess with whom Khonsu mates to enable creation.[39]Hathor could be the consort of many male gods, of whom Ra was only the most prominent. Mut was the usual consort of Amun, the preeminent deity during the New Kingdom who was often linked with Ra. But Mut was rarely portrayed alongside Amun in contexts related to sex or fertility, and in those circumstances, Hathor or Isis stood at his side instead.[40] In the late periods of Egyptian history, the form of Hathor from Dendera and the form of Horus from Edfu were considered husband and wife[41] and in different versions of the myth of the Distant Goddess, Hathor-Raettawy was the consort of Montu[42] and Hathor-Tefnut the consort of Shu.[43]Hathor's sexual side was seen in some short stories. In a cryptic fragment of a Middle Kingdom story, known as \"The Tale of the Herdsman\", a herdsman encounters a hairy, animal-like goddess in a marsh and reacts with terror. On another day he encounters her as a nude, alluring woman. Most Egyptologists who study this story think this woman is Hathor or a goddess like her, one who can be wild and dangerous or benign and erotic. Thomas Schneider interprets the text as implying that between his two encounters with the goddess the herdsman has done something to pacify her.[44] In \"The Contendings of Horus and Set\", a New Kingdom short story about the dispute between those two gods, Ra is upset after being insulted by another god, Babi, and lies on his back alone. After some time, Hathor exposes her genitals to Ra, making him laugh and get up again to perform his duties as ruler of the gods. Life and order were thought to be dependent on Ra's activity, and the story implies that Hathor averted the disastrous consequences of his idleness. Her act may have lifted Ra's spirits partly because it sexually aroused him, although why he laughed is not fully understood.[45]Hathor was praised for her beautiful hair. Egyptian literature contains allusions to a myth not clearly described in any surviving texts, in which Hathor lost a lock of hair that represented her sexual allure. One text compares this loss with Horus's loss of his divine Eye and Set's loss of his testicles during the struggle between the two gods, implying that the loss of Hathor's lock was as catastrophic for her as the maiming of Horus and Set was for them.[46]Hathor was called \"mistress of love\", as an extension of her sexual aspect. In the series of love poems from Papyrus Chester Beatty I, from the Twentieth Dynasty (c. 1189–1077 BC), men and women ask Hathor to bring their lovers to them: \"I prayed to her [Hathor] and she heard my prayer. She destined my mistress [loved one] for me. And she came of her own free will to see me.\"[47]","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hatshepsut_temple5.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hatshepsut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut"},{"link_name":"temple at Deir el-Bahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Hatshepsut"},{"link_name":"15th century BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_century_BC"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko199982%E2%80%9383-48"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010130-15"},{"link_name":"Osiris myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris_myth"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200562-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993175%E2%80%93176-50"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003140-18"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002131%E2%80%93132-51"},{"link_name":"Late Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Period_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"mammisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammisis"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks1996183%E2%80%93184-52"},{"link_name":"divine triads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_triad"},{"link_name":"Ihy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihy"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003132%E2%80%93133-53"},{"link_name":"Kom Ombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom_Ombo"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003123,_168-54"},{"link_name":"Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003132%E2%80%93133-53"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200571-55"},{"link_name":"sycamore tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus_sycomorus"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200026%E2%80%9327-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2016179%E2%80%93182-57"},{"link_name":"Roman Periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClain20113%E2%80%936-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter2016169%E2%80%93172,_185-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2001189-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_Velde2001455-61"},{"link_name":"1st century CE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_century_AD"},{"link_name":"Insinger Papyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insinger_Papyrus"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEte_Velde2001455-61"}],"sub_title":"Motherhood and queenship","text":"Hathor as a cow suckling Hatshepsut, a female pharaoh, at Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahari (15th century BC).Hathor was considered the mother of various child deities. As suggested by her name, she was often thought of as both Horus's mother and consort.[48] As both the king's wife and his heir's mother, Hathor was the divine counterpart of human queens.[15]Isis and Osiris were considered Horus's parents in the Osiris myth as far back as the late Old Kingdom, but the relationship between Horus and Hathor may be older still. If so, Horus only came to be linked with Isis and Osiris as the Osiris myth emerged during the Old Kingdom.[49] Even after Isis was firmly established as Horus's mother, Hathor continued to appear in this role, especially when nursing the pharaoh. Images of the Hathor-cow with a child in a papyrus thicket represented his mythological upbringing in a secluded marsh. Goddesses' milk was a sign of divinity and royal status. Thus, images in which Hathor nurses the pharaoh represent his right to rule.[50] Hathor's relationship with Horus gave a healing aspect to her character, as she was said to have restored Horus's missing eye or eyes after Set attacked him.[18] In the version of this episode in \"The Contendings of Horus and Set\", Hathor finds Horus with his eyes torn out and heals the wounds with gazelle's milk.[51]Beginning in the Late Period (664–323 BC), temples focused on the worship of a divine family: an adult male deity, his wife, and their immature son. Satellite buildings, known as mammisis, were built in celebration of the birth of the local child deity. The child god represented the cyclical renewal of the cosmos and an archetypal heir to the kingship.[52] Hathor was the mother in many of these local divine triads. At Dendera, the mature Horus of Edfu was the father and Hathor the mother, while their child was Ihy, a god whose name meant \"sistrum-player\" and who personified the jubilation associated with the instrument.[53] At Kom Ombo, Hathor's local form, Tasenetnofret, was mother to Horus's son Panebtawy.[54] Other children of Hathor included a minor deity from the town of Hu, named Neferhotep,[53] and several child forms of Horus.[55]The milky sap of the sycamore tree, which the Egyptians regarded as a symbol of life, became one of her symbols.[56] The milk was equated with water of the Nile inundation and thus fertility.[57] In the late Ptolemaic and Roman Periods, many temples contained a creation myth that adapted long-standing ideas about creation.[58] The version from Hathor's temple at Dendera emphasizes that she, as a female solar deity, was the first being to emerge from the primordial waters that preceded creation, and her life-giving light and milk nourished all living things.[59]Hathor's maternal aspects can be compared with those of Isis and Mut, yet there are many contrasts between them. Isis's devotion to her husband and care for their child represented a more socially acceptable form of love than Hathor's uninhibited sexuality,[60] and Mut's character was more authoritative than sexual.[61] The text of the 1st century CE Insinger Papyrus likens a faithful wife, the mistress of a household, to Mut, while comparing Hathor to a strange woman who tempts a married man.[61]","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meskhenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meskhenet"},{"link_name":"shai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shai"},{"link_name":"fate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fate"},{"link_name":"Tale of Two Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tale_of_Two_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Tale of the Doomed Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tale_of_the_Doomed_Prince"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmeier2001507%E2%80%93508-62"}],"sub_title":"Fate","text":"Like Meskhenet, another goddess who presided over birth, Hathor was connected with shai, the Egyptian concept of fate, particularly when she took the form of the Seven Hathors. In two New Kingdom works of fiction, the \"Tale of Two Brothers\" and the \"Tale of the Doomed Prince\", the Hathors appear at the births of major characters and foretell the manner of their deaths. The Egyptians tended to think of fate as inexorable. Yet in \"The Tale of the Doomed Prince\", the prince who is its protagonist is able to escape one of the possible violent deaths that the Seven Hathors have foretold for him, and while the end of the story is missing, the surviving portions imply that the prince can escape his fate with the help of the gods.[62]","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis202053-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleeker197372%E2%80%9374-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarnell199593%E2%80%9394-65"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(region)"},{"link_name":"Canaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan"},{"link_name":"Byblos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byblos"},{"link_name":"religions of that region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis20092-66"},{"link_name":"Baalat Gebal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalat_Gebal"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspinel2002117%E2%80%93119-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003139-68"},{"link_name":"Anat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003137-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelius200445-70"},{"link_name":"Qetesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qetesh"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornelius200496%E2%80%9397-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart2005132-72"},{"link_name":"Sinai Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200565-73"},{"link_name":"turquoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise"},{"link_name":"malachite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malachite"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch199352-74"},{"link_name":"Faience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_faience"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch199349%E2%80%9350-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003143-76"},{"link_name":"Eastern Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Desert"},{"link_name":"amethyst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amethyst"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspinel200561,_65%E2%80%9366-77"},{"link_name":"land of Punt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Punt"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleeker197372%E2%80%9374-64"},{"link_name":"autobiography of Harkhuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiography_of_Harkhuf"},{"link_name":"Sixth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"ebony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200565-73"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYellin2012125%E2%80%93128-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000227%E2%80%93230-79"}],"sub_title":"Foreign lands and goods","text":"Hathor was connected with trade and foreign lands, possibly because her role as a sky goddess linked her with stars and hence navigation,[63] and because she was believed to protect ships on the Nile and in the seas beyond Egypt as she protected the barque of Ra in the sky.[64] The mythological wandering of the Eye goddess in Nubia or Libya gave her a connection with those lands as well.[65]Egypt maintained trade relations with the coastal cities of Syria and Canaan, particularly Byblos, placing Egyptian religion in contact with the religions of that region.[66] At some point, perhaps as early as the Old Kingdom, the Egyptians began to refer to the patron goddess of Byblos, Baalat Gebal, as a local form of Hathor.[67] So strong was Hathor's link to Byblos that texts from Dendera say she resided there.[68] The Egyptians sometimes equated Anat, an aggressive Canaanite goddess who came to be worshipped in Egypt during the New Kingdom, with Hathor.[69] Some Canaanite artworks depict a nude goddess with a curling wig taken from Hathor's iconography.[70] Which goddess these images represent is not known, but the Egyptians adopted her iconography and came to regard her as an independent deity, Qetesh,[71] whom they associated with Hathor.[72]Hathor was closely connected with the Sinai Peninsula,[73] which was not considered part of Egypt proper but was the site of Egyptian mines for copper, turquoise, and malachite during the Middle and New Kingdoms.[74] One of Hathor's epithets, \"Lady of Mefkat\", may have referred specifically to turquoise or to all blue-green minerals. She was also called \"Lady of Faience\", a blue-green ceramic that Egyptians likened to turquoise.[75][76] Hathor was also worshipped at various quarries and mining sites in Egypt's Eastern Desert, such as the amethyst mines of Wadi el-Hudi, where she was sometimes called \"Lady of Amethyst\".[77]South of Egypt, Hathor's influence was thought to have extended over the land of Punt, which lay along the Red Sea coast and was a major source for the incense with which Hathor was linked, as well as with Nubia, northwest of Punt.[64] The autobiography of Harkhuf, an official in the Sixth Dynasty (c. 2345–2181 BC), describes his expedition to a land in or near Nubia, from which he brought back great quantities of ebony, panther skins, and incense for the king. The text describes these exotic goods as Hathor's gift to the pharaoh.[73] Egyptian expeditions to mine gold in Nubia introduced her cult to the region during the Middle and New Kingdoms,[78] and New Kingdom pharaohs built several temples to her in the portions of Nubia that they ruled.[79]","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BD_Hathor_Mistress_of_the_West.jpg"},{"link_name":"Theban necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theban_necropolis"},{"link_name":"Book of the Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead"},{"link_name":"Egyptian funerary texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_funerary_texts"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis202048-80"},{"link_name":"Coffin Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffin_Texts"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2017251%E2%80%93252-81"},{"link_name":"Duat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duat"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010166-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks199688,_164-83"},{"link_name":"necropolises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolises"},{"link_name":"Imentet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imentet"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003145%E2%80%93146-84"},{"link_name":"Theban necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theban_necropolis"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993179%E2%80%93180-85"},{"link_name":"ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVischak200182-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2005170%E2%80%93173-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko199939%E2%80%9340,_110-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2005152%E2%80%93154,_170%E2%80%93173-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilling200442%E2%80%9343-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilling200437%E2%80%9338-91"},{"link_name":"Osiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooney2010227%E2%80%93229-92"},{"link_name":"resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection"},{"link_name":"Henutmehyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henutmehyt"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooney2010227%E2%80%93229,_235%E2%80%93236-93"},{"link_name":"Third Intermediate Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2017251%E2%80%93254-94"}],"sub_title":"Afterlife","text":"Hathor, in bovine form, emerges from a hill representing the Theban necropolis, in a copy of the Book of the Dead from the 13th century BCAlthough the Pyramid Texts, the earliest Egyptian funerary texts, rarely mention her,[80] Hathor was invoked in private tomb inscriptions from the same era, and in the Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts and later sources, she is frequently linked with the afterlife.[81]Just as she crossed the boundary between Egypt and foreign lands, Hathor passed through the boundary between the living and the Duat, the realm of the dead.[82] She helped the spirits of deceased humans enter the Duat and was closely linked with tomb sites, where that transition began.[83] The necropolises, or clusters of tombs, on the west bank of the Nile were personified as Imentet, the goddess of the west, who was frequently regarded as a manifestation of Hathor.[84] The Theban necropolis, for example, was often portrayed as a stylized mountain with the cow of Hathor emerging from it.[85] Her role as a sky goddess was also linked to the afterlife. Because the sky goddess—either Nut or Hathor—assisted Ra in his daily rebirth, she had an important part in ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs, according to which deceased humans were reborn like the sun god.[86] Coffins, tombs, and the underworld itself were interpreted as the womb of this goddess, from which the deceased soul would be reborn.[87][88]Nut, Hathor, and Imentet could each, in different texts, lead the deceased into a place where they would receive food and drink for eternal sustenance. Thus, Hathor, as Imentet, often appears on tombs, welcoming the deceased person as her child into a blissful afterlife.[89] In New Kingdom funerary texts and artwork, the afterlife was often illustrated as a pleasant, fertile garden, over which Hathor sometimes presided.[90] The welcoming afterlife goddess was often portrayed as a goddess in the form of a tree, giving water to the deceased. Nut most commonly filled this role, but the tree goddess was sometimes called Hathor instead.[91]The afterlife also had a sexual aspect. In the Osiris myth, the murdered god Osiris was resurrected when he copulated with Isis and conceived Horus. In solar ideology, Ra's union with the sky goddess allowed his own rebirth. Sex therefore enabled the rebirth of the deceased, and goddesses like Isis and Hathor served to rouse the deceased to new life. But they merely stimulated the male deities' regenerative powers, rather than playing the central role.[92]Ancient Egyptians prefixed the names of the deceased with Osiris's name to connect them with his resurrection. For example, a woman named Henutmehyt would be dubbed \"Osiris-Henutmehyt\". Over time they increasingly associated the deceased with both male and female divine powers.[93] As early as the late Old Kingdom, women were sometimes said to join the worshippers of Hathor in the afterlife, just as men joined the following of Osiris. In the Third Intermediate Period (c. 1070–664 BC), Egyptians began to add Hathor's name to that of deceased women in place of that of Osiris. In some cases, women were called \"Osiris-Hathor\", indicating that they benefited from the revivifying power of both deities. In these late periods, Hathor was sometimes said to rule the afterlife as Osiris did.[94]","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modius_(headdress)"},{"link_name":"vulture headdress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_crown"},{"link_name":"Egyptian queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife"},{"link_name":"emblem of the west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblem_of_the_west"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003143%E2%80%93144,_148-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson200377,_175-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch2002198%E2%80%93199-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts19978%E2%80%9310-98"},{"link_name":"domestic cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_cat"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993190%E2%80%93197-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003168%E2%80%93169-100"},{"link_name":"was","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Was-sceptre"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003143-76"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham2001166-101"},{"link_name":"naos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cella#Egyptian_temples"},{"link_name":"volutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volute"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993153%E2%80%93159-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson199332,_83-103"},{"link_name":"menat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menat"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200565-73"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993278-104"},{"link_name":"capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993135%E2%80%93139-105"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993153%E2%80%93159-102"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luxor_Museum_Statue_Hathor_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hathor_Amulet_MET_DP136527.jpg"},{"link_name":"uraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uraeus"},{"link_name":"naos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naos_(hieroglyph)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faience_Sistrum_Inscribed_with_the_Name_of_Ptolemy_I_MET_DP245512.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirror_with_Hathor_Emblem_Handle_MET_26.8.98_EGDP020852_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Head_of_Hathor_from_a_clapper_the_inscription_calling_the_musician_who_used_it_%22beloved_by_the_goddess_Mut_,_Lady_of_Isheru_(Karnak)_MET_DP311633_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menat_necklace_from_Malqata_MET_DT234778.jpg"},{"link_name":"Malqata Menat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malqata_Menat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S_F-E-CAMERON_EGYPT_2006_HATSHEPSUT00195.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_Temple_of_Hatshepsut"}],"text":"Hathor was often depicted as a cow bearing the sun disk between her horns, especially when shown nursing the king. She could also appear as a woman with the head of a cow. Her most common form, however, was a woman wearing a headdress of the horns and sun disk, often with a red or turquoise sheath dress, or a dress combining both colors. Sometimes the horns stood atop a low modius or the vulture headdress that Egyptian queens often wore in the New Kingdom. Because Isis adopted the same headdress during the New Kingdom, the two goddesses can be distinguished only if labeled in writing. When in the role of Imentet, Hathor wore the emblem of the west upon her head instead of the horned headdress.[95] The Seven Hathors were sometimes portrayed as a set of seven cows, accompanied by a minor sky and afterlife deity called the Bull of the West.[96]Some animals other than cattle could represent Hathor. The uraeus was a common motif in Egyptian art and could represent a variety of goddesses who were identified with the Eye of Ra.[97] When Hathor was depicted as a uraeus, it represented the ferocious and protective aspects of her character. She also appeared as a lioness, and this form had a similar meaning.[98] In contrast, the domestic cat, which was sometimes connected with Hathor, often represented the Eye goddess's pacified form.[99] When portrayed as a sycamore tree, Hathor was usually shown with the upper body of her human form emerging from the trunk.[100]Like other goddesses, Hathor might carry a stalk of papyrus as a staff, though she could instead hold a was staff, a symbol of power that was usually restricted to male deities.[76] The only goddesses who used the was were those, like Hathor, who were linked with the Eye of Ra.[101] She also commonly carried a sistrum or a menat necklace. The sistrum came in two varieties: a simple loop shape or the more complex naos sistrum, which was shaped to resemble a naos shrine and flanked by volutes resembling the antennae of the Bat emblem.[102] Mirrors were another of her symbols, because in Egypt they were often made of gold or bronze and therefore symbolized the sun disk, and because they were connected with beauty and femininity. Some mirror handles were made in the shape of Hathor's face.[103] The menat necklace, made up of many strands of beads, was shaken in ceremonies in Hathor's honor, similarly to the sistrum.[73] Images of it were sometimes seen as personifications of Hathor herself.[104]Hathor was sometimes represented as a human face with bovine ears, seen from the front rather than in the profile-based perspective that was typical of Egyptian art. When she appears in this form, the tresses on either side of her face often curl into loops. This mask-like face was placed on the capitals of columns beginning in the late Old Kingdom. Columns of this style were used in many temples to Hathor and other goddesses.[105] These columns have two or four faces, which may represent the duality between different aspects of the goddess or the watchfulness of Hathor of the Four Faces. The designs of Hathoric columns have a complex relationship with those of sistra. Both styles of sistrum can bear the Hathor mask on the handle, and Hathoric columns often incorporate the naos sistrum shape above the goddess's head.[102]Statue of Hathor, fourteenth century BC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAmulet of Hathor as a uraeus wearing a naos headdress, early to mid-first millennium BC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNaos sistrum with Hathor's face, 305–282 BC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMirror with a face of Hathor on the handle, fifteenth century BC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHead of Hathor with cats on her headdress, from a clapper, late second to early first millennium BC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Malqata Menat necklace, fourteenth century BC\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHathoric capital from the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, fifteenth century BC","title":"Iconography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Menkaure_and_two_goddesses,_plaster_cast_of_original_in_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston,_Egypt,_Giza,_Valley_Temple_of_Menkaure,_Dynasty_4,_c._2490-2472_BC_-_Harvard_Semitic_Museum_-_Cambridge,_MA_-_DSC06126.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fifteenth Nome of Upper Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare_nome"},{"link_name":"Fourth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Menkaure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaure"}],"text":"Copy of a statue of Hathor (center) with a goddess personifying the Fifteenth Nome of Upper Egypt (left) and the Fourth Dynasty king Menkaure (right); 26th century BC","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neith"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko199948%E2%80%9349-106"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis20092-66"},{"link_name":"Sneferu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneferu"},{"link_name":"Neferhetepes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferhetepes"},{"link_name":"Djedefra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedefra"},{"link_name":"priestess of Hathor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestess_of_Hathor"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam1995215-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoedicke1978118%E2%80%93123-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris201175%E2%80%9376-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam1995222%E2%80%93226,_231-110"},{"link_name":"Mentuhotep II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentuhotep_II"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam1995231-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010135%E2%80%93136-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam1995234-113"},{"link_name":"sed festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sed_festival"},{"link_name":"Amenhotep III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_III"},{"link_name":"Tiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiye"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010132%E2%80%93133-114"},{"link_name":"Hatshepsut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko1999105%E2%80%93107-115"},{"link_name":"names and titles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobins1999107%E2%80%93112-116"},{"link_name":"mortuary temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortuary_Temple_of_Hatshepsut"},{"link_name":"Deir el-Bahari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko1999105%E2%80%93107-115"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko1999119%E2%80%93120,_178%E2%80%93179-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko1999129-118"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_period"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks"},{"link_name":"their religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Arsinoe II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinoe_II"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_II"},{"link_name":"Aphrodite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden1998312,_339-119"},{"link_name":"interpretatio graeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2003141-120"},{"link_name":"Callimachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callimachus"},{"link_name":"Aetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetia_(Callimachus)"},{"link_name":"Berenice II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berenice_II"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESelden1998346%E2%80%93348-46"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheshire2007157%E2%80%93163-121"}],"sub_title":"Relationship with royalty","text":"During the Early Dynastic Period, Neith was the preeminent goddess at the royal court,[106] while in the Fourth Dynasty, Hathor became the goddess most closely linked with the king.[66] Sneferu, the founder of the Fourth Dynasty, may have built a temple to her, and Neferhetepes, a daughter of Djedefra, was the first recorded priestess of Hathor.[107] Old Kingdom rulers donated resources only to temples dedicated to particular kings or to deities closely connected with kingship. Hathor was one of the few deities to receive such donations.[108] Late Old Kingdom rulers especially promoted the cult of Hathor in the provinces, as a way of binding those regions to the royal court. She may have absorbed the traits of contemporary provincial goddesses.[109]Many female royals, though not reigning queens, held positions in the cult during the Old Kingdom.[110] Mentuhotep II, who became the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom despite having no relation to the Old Kingdom rulers, sought to legitimize his rule by portraying himself as Hathor's son. The first images of the Hathor-cow suckling the king date to his reign, and several priestesses of Hathor were depicted as though they were his wives, although he may not have actually married them.[111][112] In the course of the Middle Kingdom, queens were increasingly seen as directly embodying the goddess, just as the king embodied Ra.[113] The emphasis on the queen as Hathor continued through the New Kingdom. Queens were portrayed with the headdress of Hathor beginning in the late Eighteenth Dynasty. An image of the sed festival of Amenhotep III, meant to celebrate and renew his rule, shows the king together with Hathor and his queen Tiye, which could mean that the king symbolically married the goddess in the course of the festival.[114]Hatshepsut, a woman who ruled as a pharaoh in the early New Kingdom, emphasized her relationship to Hathor in a different way.[115] She used names and titles that linked her to a variety of goddesses, including Hathor, so as to legitimize her rule in what was normally a male position.[116] She built several temples to Hathor and placed her own mortuary temple, which incorporated a chapel dedicated to the goddess, at Deir el-Bahari, which had been a cult site of Hathor since the Middle Kingdom.[115]The preeminence of Amun during the New Kingdom gave greater visibility to his consort Mut, and in the course of the period, Isis began appearing in roles that traditionally belonged to Hathor alone, such as that of the goddess in the solar barque. Despite the growing prominence of these deities, Hathor remained important, particularly in relation to fertility, sexuality, and queenship, throughout the New Kingdom.[117]After the New Kingdom, Isis increasingly overshadowed Hathor and other goddesses as she took on their characteristics.[118] In the Ptolemaic period (305–30 BC), when Greeks governed Egypt and their religion developed a complex relationship with that of Egypt, the Ptolemaic dynasty adopted and modified the Egyptian ideology of kingship. Beginning with Arsinoe II, wife of Ptolemy II, the Ptolemies closely linked their queens with Isis and with several Greek goddesses, particularly their own goddess of love and sexuality, Aphrodite.[119] Nevertheless, when the Greeks referred to Egyptian gods by the names of their own gods (a practice called interpretatio graeca), they sometimes called Hathor Aphrodite.[120] Traits of Isis, Hathor, and Aphrodite were all combined to justify the treatment of Ptolemaic queens as goddesses. Thus, the poet Callimachus alluded to the myth of Hathor's lost lock of hair in the Aetia when praising Berenice II for sacrificing her own hair to Aphrodite,[46] and iconographic traits that Isis and Hathor shared, such as the bovine horns and vulture headdress, appeared on images portraying Ptolemaic queens as Aphrodite.[121]","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dendera_hypostyle_hall_crosswise.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hypostyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostyle"},{"link_name":"Temple of Hathor at Dendera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Hathor_at_Dendera"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010166-82"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Memphite Necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphite_Necropolis"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam1995219%E2%80%93221-122"},{"link_name":"Ptah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptah"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVischak200182-86"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuirke2001102%E2%80%93105-22"},{"link_name":"Nile Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Delta"},{"link_name":"Yamu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamu"},{"link_name":"Terenuthis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terenuthis"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000108,_111-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam1995227-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVischak200183-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000149%E2%80%93151-126"},{"link_name":"Middle Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Cusae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusae"},{"link_name":"Akhmim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhmim"},{"link_name":"Naga ed-Der","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naga_ed-Der&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam1995226,_229-127"},{"link_name":"First Intermediate Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoedicke1991245,_252-128"},{"link_name":"Deir el-Medina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_el-Medina"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000189%E2%80%93190-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko1999240%E2%80%93241-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillam1995233%E2%80%93234-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko1999243%E2%80%93244-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2001328-133"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson2001328-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks1996126%E2%80%93128-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoo20102%E2%80%933-135"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks1996126%E2%80%93128-134"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDerriks2001421%E2%80%93422-136"}],"sub_title":"Temples in Egypt","text":"Hypostyle hall of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera, first century ADMore temples were dedicated to Hathor than to any other Egyptian goddess.[82] During the Old Kingdom her most important center of worship was in the region of Memphis, where \"Hathor of the Sycamore\" was worshipped at many sites throughout the Memphite Necropolis. During the New Kingdom era, the temple of Hathor of the Southern Sycamore was her main temple in Memphis.[122] At that site she was described as the daughter of the city's main deity, Ptah.[86] The cult of Ra and Atum at Heliopolis, northeast of Memphis, included a temple to Hathor-Nebethetepet that was probably built in the Middle Kingdom. A willow and a sycamore tree stood near the sanctuary and may have been worshipped as manifestations of the goddess.[22] A few cities farther north in the Nile Delta, such as Yamu and Terenuthis, also had temples to her.[123]Dendera, Hathor's oldest temple in Upper Egypt, dates to at least to the Fourth Dynasty.[124] After the end of the Old Kingdom it surpassed her Memphite temples in importance.[125] Many kings made additions to the temple complex through Egyptian history. The last version of the temple was built in the Ptolemaic and Roman Periods and is today one of the best-preserved Egyptian temples from that time.[126]As the rulers of the Old Kingdom made an effort to develop towns in Upper and Middle Egypt, several cult centers of Hathor were founded across the region, at sites such as Cusae, Akhmim, and Naga ed-Der.[127] In the First Intermediate Period (c. 2181–2055 BC) her cult statue from Dendera was periodically carried to the Theban necropolis. During the beginning of the Middle Kingdom, Mentuhotep II established a permanent cult center for her in the necropolis at Deir el-Bahari.[128] The nearby village of Deir el-Medina, home to the tomb workers of the necropolis during the New Kingdom, also contained temples of Hathor. One continued to function and was periodically rebuilt as late as the Ptolemaic Period, centuries after the village was abandoned.[129]In the Old Kingdom, most priests of Hathor, including the highest ranks, were women. Many of these women were members of the royal family.[130] In the course of the Middle Kingdom, women were increasingly excluded from the highest priestly positions, at the same time that queens were becoming more closely tied to Hathor's cult. Thus, non-royal women disappeared from the high ranks of Hathor's priesthood,[131] although women continued to serve as musicians and singers in temple cults across Egypt.[132]The most frequent temple rite for any deity was the daily offering ritual, in which the cult image, or statue, of a deity would be clothed and given food.[133] The daily ritual was largely the same in every Egyptian temple,[133] although the goods given as offerings could vary according to which deity received them.[134] Wine and beer were common offerings in all temples, but especially in rituals in Hathor's honor,[135] and she and the goddesses related to her often received sistra and menat necklaces.[134] In Late and Ptolemaic times, they were also offered a pair of mirrors, representing the sun and the moon.[136]","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"religious ecstasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_ecstasy"},{"link_name":"altered state of consciousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010166%E2%80%93169-137"},{"link_name":"month of Thout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thout"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraves-Brown2010166%E2%80%93169-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrandsen1999131,_142%E2%80%93143-138"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Festival of the Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Festival_of_the_Valley"},{"link_name":"cult image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_image"},{"link_name":"Temple of Karnak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precinct_of_Amun-Re"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeter201167%E2%80%9368-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadek198849-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeter201170-141"},{"link_name":"wabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wabet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"month of Thoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoth_(month)"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeeksFavard-Meeks1996193%E2%80%93198-142"},{"link_name":"Epiphi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphi"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleeker197393-143"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter20164-144"},{"link_name":"Edfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edfu"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleeker197394-145"},{"link_name":"Ennead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennead"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner2013437%E2%80%93439-146"},{"link_name":"ritual marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieros_gamos"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStadler20084%E2%80%936-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBleeker197398%E2%80%93101-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichter20164,_202%E2%80%93205-149"},{"link_name":"Egyptian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Hathor or Athyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor_(month)"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerner201343-150"}],"sub_title":"Festivals","text":"Many of Hathor's annual festivals were celebrated with drinking and dancing that served a ritual purpose. Revelers at these festivals may have aimed to reach a state of religious ecstasy, which was otherwise rare or nonexistent in ancient Egyptian religion. Graves-Brown suggests that celebrants in Hathor's festivals aimed to reach an altered state of consciousness to allow them interact with the divine realm.[137] An example is the Festival of Drunkenness, commemorating the return of the Eye of Ra, which was celebrated on the twentieth day of the month of Thout at temples to Hathor and to other Eye goddesses. It was celebrated as early as the Middle Kingdom, but it is best known from Ptolemaic and Roman times.[137] The dancing, eating and drinking that took place during the Festival of Drunkenness represented the opposite of the sorrow, hunger, and thirst that the Egyptians associated with death. Whereas the rampages of the Eye of Ra brought death to humans, the Festival of Drunkenness celebrated life, abundance, and joy.[138]In a local Theban festival known as the Beautiful Festival of the Valley, which began to be celebrated in the Middle Kingdom, the cult image of Amun from the Temple of Karnak visited the temples in the Theban Necropolis while members of the community went to the tombs of their deceased relatives to drink, eat, and celebrate.[139] Hathor was not involved in this festival until the early New Kingdom,[140] after which Amun's overnight stay in the temples at Deir el-Bahari came to be seen as his sexual union with her.[141]Several temples in Ptolemaic times, including that of Dendera, observed the Egyptian new year with a series of ceremonies in which images of the temple deity were supposed to be revitalized by contact with the sun god. On the days leading up to the new year, Dendera's statue of Hathor was taken to the wabet, a specialized room in the temple, and placed under a ceiling decorated with images of the sky and sun. On the first day of the new year, the first day of the month of Thoth, the Hathor image was carried up to the roof to be bathed in genuine sunlight.[142]The best-documented festival focused on Hathor is another Ptolemaic celebration, the Festival of the Beautiful Reunion. It took place over fourteen days in the month of Epiphi.[143][144] Hathor's cult image from Dendera was carried by boat to several temple sites to visit the gods of those temples. The endpoint of the journey was the Temple of Horus at Edfu, where the Hathor statue from Dendera met that of Horus of Edfu and the two were placed together.[145] On one day of the festival, these images were carried out to a shrine where primordial deities such as the sun god and the Ennead were said to be buried. The texts say the divine couple performed offering rites for these entombed gods.[146] Many Egyptologists regard this festival as a ritual marriage between Horus and Hathor, although Martin Stadler challenges this view, arguing that it instead represented the rejuvenation of the buried creator gods.[147] C. J. Bleeker thought the Beautiful Reunion was another celebration of the return of the Distant Goddess, citing allusions in the temple's festival texts to the myth of the solar eye.[148] Barbara Richter argues that the festival represented all three things at once. She points out that the birth of Horus and Hathor's son Ihy was celebrated at Dendera nine months after the Festival of the Beautiful Reunion, implying that Hathor's visit to Horus represented Ihy's conception.[149]The third month of the Egyptian calendar, Hathor or Athyr, was named for the goddess. Festivities in her honor took place throughout the month, although they are not recorded in the texts from Dendera.[150]","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Temple_of_Hathor_in_Timna_Park_in_summer_2011_(1).JPG"},{"link_name":"Timna Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timna_Valley"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEspinel2002116%E2%80%93118-151"},{"link_name":"Thutmose III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETraunecker2001110-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZernecke2013227%E2%80%93230-153"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollis20094%E2%80%935-154"},{"link_name":"Mycenaean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece"},{"link_name":"Pylos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pylos"},{"link_name":"afterlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELobell2020-155"},{"link_name":"Sinai Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Serabit el-Khadim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serabit_el-Khadim"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000238%E2%80%93239-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch199355%E2%80%9357-157"},{"link_name":"Timna Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timna_Valley"},{"link_name":"Midianites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midianites"},{"link_name":"Twentieth Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch199359%E2%80%9369-158"},{"link_name":"Faras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faras"},{"link_name":"Mirgissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirgissa"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2000227%E2%80%93230-79"},{"link_name":"Ramesses II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"Sedeinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedeinga"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorkot2012325%E2%80%93326-159"},{"link_name":"Nefertari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefertari"},{"link_name":"Small Temple of Abu Simbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Simbel_temples#Small_Temple"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher2012357%E2%80%93358-160"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush"},{"link_name":"Kushite kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kush"},{"link_name":"kandake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandake"},{"link_name":"queen mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_mother"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2010b-161"},{"link_name":"Jebel Barkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Barkal"},{"link_name":"Taharqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taharqa"},{"link_name":"one to Mut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Mut,_Jebel_Barkal"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKendall2010a1,_12-162"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYellin2012128,_133-163"}],"sub_title":"Worship outside Egypt","text":"Remains of the Hathor shrine in the Timna ValleyEgyptian kings as early as the Old Kingdom donated goods to the temple of Baalat Gebal in Byblos, using the syncretism of Baalat with Hathor to cement their close trading relationship with Byblos.[151] A temple to Hathor as Lady of Byblos was built during the reign of Thutmose III, although it may simply have been a shrine within the temple of Baalat.[152] After the breakdown of the New Kingdom, Hathor's prominence in Byblos diminished along with Egypt's trade links to the city. A few artifacts from the early first millennium BC suggest that the Egyptians began equating Baalat with Isis at that time.[153] A myth about Isis's presence in Byblos, related by the Greek author Plutarch in his work On Isis and Osiris in the 2nd century AD, suggests that by his time Isis had entirely supplanted Hathor in the city.[154]A pendant found in a Mycenaean tomb at Pylos, from the 16th century BC, bears Hathor's face. Its presence in the tomb suggests the Mycenaeans may have known that the Egyptians connected Hathor with the afterlife.[155]Egyptians in the Sinai Peninsula built a few temples in the region. The largest was a complex dedicated primarily to Hathor as patroness of mining at Serabit el-Khadim, on the west side of the peninsula.[156] It was occupied from the middle of the Middle Kingdom to near the end of the New.[157] The Timna Valley, on the fringes of the Egyptian empire on the east side of the peninsula, was the site of seasonal mining expeditions during the New Kingdom. It included a shrine to Hathor that was probably deserted during the off-season. The local Midianites, whom the Egyptians used as part of the mining workforce, may have given offerings to Hathor as their overseers did. After the Egyptians abandoned the site in the Twentieth Dynasty, however, the Midianites converted the shrine to a tent shrine devoted to their own deities.[158]In contrast, the Nubians in the south fully incorporated Hathor into their religion. During the New Kingdom, when most of Nubia was under Egyptian control, pharaohs dedicated several temples in Nubia to Hathor, such as those at Faras and Mirgissa.[79] Amenhotep III and Ramesses II both built temples in Nubia that celebrated their respective queens as manifestations of female deities, including Hathor: Amenhotep's wife Tiye at Sedeinga[159] and Ramesses's wife Nefertari at the Small Temple of Abu Simbel.[160] The independent Kingdom of Kush, which emerged in Nubia after the collapse of the New Kingdom, based its beliefs about Kushite kings on the royal ideology of Egypt. Therefore, Hathor, Isis, Mut, and Nut were all seen as the mythological mother of each Kushite king and equated with his female relatives, such as the kandake, the Kushite queen or queen mother, who had prominent roles in Kushite religion.[161] At Jebel Barkal, a site sacred to Amun, the Kushite king Taharqa built a pair of temples, one dedicated to Hathor and one to Mut as consorts of Amun, replacing New Kingdom Egyptian temples that may have been dedicated to these same goddesses.[162] But Isis was the most prominent of the Egyptian goddesses worshipped in Nubia, and her status there increased over time. Thus, in the Meroitic period of Nubian history (c. 300 BC – AD 400), Hathor appeared in temples mainly as a companion to Isis.[163]","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaque_of_a_woman_giving_birth_assisted_by_Hathor.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taweret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taweret"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitner2008173%E2%80%93175,_181-164"},{"link_name":"terracotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2007218%E2%80%93219-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandri2012637%E2%80%93638-166"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2007218%E2%80%93219-165"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993349%E2%80%93351-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993119,_347,_354%E2%80%93355-168"},{"link_name":"sistra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993157%E2%80%93158-169"},{"link_name":"phalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalli"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko2008203%E2%80%93204-170"},{"link_name":"stelae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993349%E2%80%93351-167"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadek198889,_114%E2%80%93115-171"}],"sub_title":"Popular worship","text":"Ptolemaic plaque of a woman giving birth assisted by two figures of Hathor, fourth to first century BCIn addition to formal and public rituals at temples, Egyptians privately worshipped deities for personal reasons, including at their homes. Birth was hazardous for both mother and child in ancient Egypt, yet children were much desired. Thus fertility and safe childbirth are among the most prominent concerns in popular religion, and fertility deities such as Hathor and Taweret were commonly worshipped in household shrines. Egyptian women squatted on bricks while giving birth, and the only known surviving birth brick from ancient Egypt is decorated with an image of a woman holding her child flanked by images of Hathor.[164] In Roman times, terracotta figurines, sometimes found in a domestic context, depicted a woman with an elaborate headdress exposing her genitals, as Hathor did to cheer up Ra.[165] The meaning of these figurines is not known,[166] but they are often thought to represent Hathor or Isis combined with Aphrodite making a gesture that represented fertility or protection against evil.[165]Hathor was one of a handful of deities, including Amun, Ptah, and Thoth, who were commonly prayed to for help with personal problems.[167] Many Egyptians left offerings at temples or small shrines dedicated to the gods they prayed to. Most offerings to Hathor were used for their symbolism, not for their intrinsic value. Cloths painted with images of Hathor were common, as were plaques and figurines depicting her animal forms. Different types of offerings may have symbolized different goals on the part of the donor, but their meaning is usually unknown. Images of Hathor alluded to her mythical roles, like depictions of the maternal cow in the marsh.[168] Offerings of sistra may have been meant to appease the goddess's dangerous aspects and bring out her positive ones,[169] while phalli represented a prayer for fertility, as shown by an inscription found on one example.[170]Some Egyptians also left written prayers to Hathor, inscribed on stelae or written as graffiti.[167] Prayers to some deities, such as Amun, show that they were thought to punish wrongdoers and heal people who repented for their misbehavior. In contrast, prayers to Hathor mention only the benefits she could grant, such as abundant food during life and a well-provisioned burial after death.[171]","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relief_de_S%C3%A9thi_I_et_Hathor_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Egyptiennes_N_124_;_B_7_;_Champollion_n_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Seti I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_I"},{"link_name":"Anubis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anubis"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko1999110-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2005171-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods2011314%E2%80%93316-174"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinch1993179%E2%80%93180-85"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilling200442%E2%80%9343-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesko199939%E2%80%9340,_110-88"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2016132%E2%80%93136,_144%E2%80%93147-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssmann2005225-176"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington2016132%E2%80%93136,_144%E2%80%93147-175"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2017251%E2%80%93254-94"},{"link_name":"extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_ancient_Egyptian_religion"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2017384%E2%80%93389-177"}],"sub_title":"Funerary practices","text":"Hathor welcoming Seti I into the afterlife, 13th century BCAs an afterlife deity, Hathor appeared frequently in funerary texts and art. In the early New Kingdom, for instance, she was one of the three deities most commonly found in royal tomb decoration, the others being Osiris and Anubis.[172] In that period she often appeared as the goddess welcoming the dead into the afterlife.[173] Other images referred to her more obliquely. Reliefs in Old Kingdom tombs show men and women performing a ritual called \"shaking the papyrus\". The significance of this rite is not known, but inscriptions sometimes say it was performed \"for Hathor\", and shaking papyrus stalks produces a rustling sound that may have been likened to the rattling of a sistrum.[174] Other Hathoric imagery in tombs included the cow emerging from the mountain of the necropolis[85] and the seated figure of the goddess presiding over a garden in the afterlife.[90] Images of Nut were often painted or incised inside coffins, indicating the coffin was her womb, from which the occupant would be reborn in the afterlife. In the Third Intermediate Period, Hathor began to be placed on the floor of the coffin, with Nut on the interior of the lid.[88]Tomb art from the Eighteenth Dynasty often shows people drinking, dancing, and playing music, as well as holding menat necklaces and sistra—all imagery that alluded to Hathor. These images may represent private feasts that were celebrated in front of tombs to commemorate the people buried there, or they may show gatherings at temple festivals such as the Beautiful Festival of the Valley.[175] Festivals were thought to allow contact between the human and divine realms, and by extension, between the living and the dead. Thus, texts from tombs often expressed a wish that the deceased would be able to participate in festivals, primarily those dedicated to Osiris.[176] Tombs' festival imagery, however, may refer to festivals involving Hathor, such as the Festival of Drunkenness, or to the private feasts, which were also closely connected with her. Drinking and dancing at these feasts may have been meant to intoxicate the celebrants, as at the Festival of Drunkenness, allowing them to commune with the spirits of the deceased.[175]Hathor was said to supply offerings to deceased people as early as the Old Kingdom, and spells to enable both men and women to join her retinue in the afterlife appeared as early as the Coffin Texts.[94] Some burial goods that portray deceased women as goddesses may depict these women as followers of Hathor, although whether the imagery refers to Hathor or Isis is not known. The link between Hathor and deceased women was maintained into the Roman Period, the last stage of ancient Egyptian religion before its extinction.[177]","title":"Worship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"557461557","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/557461557"},{"link_name":"Hathor Quadrifrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nino-leiden.nl/publication/hathor-quadrifrons"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"917056815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/917056815"},{"link_name":"Hornung, Erik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Hornung"},{"link_name":"Der ägyptische Mythos von der Himmelskuh, 2nd ed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/138421/1/Hornung_1997_Der_aegyptische_Mythos_von_der_Himmelskuh.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3525537374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3525537374"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180613210608/http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/138421/1/Hornung_1997_Der_aegyptische_Mythos_von_der_Himmelskuh.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0874513219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874513219"}],"text":"Allam, Schafik (1963). Beiträge zum Hathorkult (bis zum Ende des mittleren Reiches) (in German). Verlag Bruno Hessling. OCLC 557461557.\nDerchain, Philippe (1972). Hathor Quadrifrons (in French). Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut in het Nabije Oosten. OCLC 917056815.\nHornung, Erik (1997). Der ägyptische Mythos von der Himmelskuh, 2nd ed (PDF) (in German). Vandehoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3525537374. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-13.\nPosener, Georges (1986). \"La légende de la tresse d'Hathor\". In Lesko, Leonard H. (ed.). Egyptological Studies in Honour of Richard A. Parker (in French). Brown. pp. 111–117. ISBN 978-0874513219.\nVandier, Jacques (1964–1966). \"Iousâas et (Hathor)-Nébet-Hétépet\". Revue d'Égyptologie (in French). 16–18.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Drawing of the Narmer Palette, c.31st century BC. The face of a woman with the horns and ears of a cow, representing Hathor or Bat, appears twice at the top of the palette and in a row below the belt of the king.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Narmer_Palette%2C_recto.jpg/220px-Narmer_Palette%2C_recto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Banquet scene from the tomb chapel of Nebamun, 14th century BC. Its imagery of music and dancing alludes to Hathor.[30]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Funerary_banquet_of_Nebamun.jpg/400px-Funerary_banquet_of_Nebamun.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hathor as a cow suckling Hatshepsut, a female pharaoh, at Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahari (15th century BC).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hatshepsut_temple5.JPG/220px-Hatshepsut_temple5.JPG"},{"image_text":"Hathor, in bovine form, emerges from a hill representing the Theban necropolis, in a copy of the Book of the Dead from the 13th century BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/BD_Hathor_Mistress_of_the_West.jpg/170px-BD_Hathor_Mistress_of_the_West.jpg"},{"image_text":"Copy of a statue of Hathor (center) with a goddess personifying the Fifteenth Nome of Upper Egypt (left) and the Fourth Dynasty king Menkaure (right); 26th century BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/King_Menkaure_and_two_goddesses%2C_plaster_cast_of_original_in_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Boston%2C_Egypt%2C_Giza%2C_Valley_Temple_of_Menkaure%2C_Dynasty_4%2C_c._2490-2472_BC_-_Harvard_Semitic_Museum_-_Cambridge%2C_MA_-_DSC06126.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hypostyle hall of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera, first century AD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Dendera_hypostyle_hall_crosswise.jpg/220px-Dendera_hypostyle_hall_crosswise.jpg"},{"image_text":"Remains of the Hathor shrine in the Timna Valley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Temple_of_Hathor_in_Timna_Park_in_summer_2011_%281%29.JPG/170px-Temple_of_Hathor_in_Timna_Park_in_summer_2011_%281%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Ptolemaic plaque of a woman giving birth assisted by two figures of Hathor, fourth to first century BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Plaque_of_a_woman_giving_birth_assisted_by_Hathor.jpg/220px-Plaque_of_a_woman_giving_birth_assisted_by_Hathor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hathor welcoming Seti I into the afterlife, 13th century BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Relief_de_S%C3%A9thi_I_et_Hathor_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Egyptiennes_N_124_%3B_B_7_%3B_Champollion_n_1.jpg/170px-Relief_de_S%C3%A9thi_I_et_Hathor_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Antiquit%C3%A9s_Egyptiennes_N_124_%3B_B_7_%3B_Champollion_n_1.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of solar deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_deities"},{"title":"2340 Hathor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2340_Hathor"}]	[{"reference":"Assmann, Jan (2005) [German edition 2001]. Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801442414.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Assmann","url_text":"Assmann, Jan"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rL2y0T6ukuYC","url_text":"Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801442414","url_text":"978-0801442414"}]},{"reference":"Billing, Nils (2004). \"Writing an Image: The Formulation of the Tree Goddess Motif in the Book of the Dead, Ch. 59\". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur. 32: 35–50. JSTOR 25152905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studien_zur_Alt%C3%A4gyptischen_Kultur","url_text":"Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152905","url_text":"25152905"}]},{"reference":"Bleeker, C. J. (1973). Hathor and Thoth: Two Key Figures of the Ancient Egyptian Religion. Brill. ISBN 978-9004037342.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Jouco_Bleeker","url_text":"Bleeker, C. J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1n8eAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Hathor and Thoth: Two Key Figures of the Ancient Egyptian Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004037342","url_text":"978-9004037342"}]},{"reference":"Cheshire, Wendy A. (2007). \"Aphrodite Cleopatra\". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 43: 151–191. JSTOR 27801612.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Research_Center_in_Egypt","url_text":"Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27801612","url_text":"27801612"}]},{"reference":"Cooney, Kathlyn M. (December 2010). \"Gender Transformation in Death: A Case Study of Coffins from Ramesside Period Egypt\" (PDF). Near Eastern Archaeology. 73 (4): 224–237. doi:10.1086/NEA41103940. JSTOR 41103940. S2CID 166450284. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Cooney","url_text":"Cooney, Kathlyn M."},{"url":"https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5398fa85e4b07784a2762d33/t/59b1d667ccc5c5736a142378/1504827012449/Gender_Transformation_in_Death_A_Case_St.pdf","url_text":"\"Gender Transformation in Death: A Case Study of Coffins from Ramesside Period Egypt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Eastern_Archaeology_(journal)","url_text":"Near Eastern Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2FNEA41103940","url_text":"10.1086/NEA41103940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41103940","url_text":"41103940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166450284","url_text":"166450284"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200402143611/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5398fa85e4b07784a2762d33/t/59b1d667ccc5c5736a142378/1504827012449/Gender_Transformation_in_Death_A_Case_St.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cornelius, Izak (2004). The Many Faces of the Goddess: The Iconography of the Syro-Palestinian Goddesses Anat, Astarte, Qedeshet, and Asherah c. 1500–1000 BCE. Academic Press Fribourg / Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/TheManyFacesOfTheGoddess/mode/2up","url_text":"The Many Faces of the Goddess: The Iconography of the Syro-Palestinian Goddesses Anat, Astarte, Qedeshet, and Asherah c. 1500–1000 BCE"}]},{"reference":"Cruz-Uribe, Eugene (1994). \"The Khonsu Cosmogony\". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 31: 169–189. doi:10.2307/40000676. JSTOR 40000676.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1865664","url_text":"\"The Khonsu Cosmogony\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Research_Center_in_Egypt","url_text":"Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40000676","url_text":"10.2307/40000676"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000676","url_text":"40000676"}]},{"reference":"Darnell, John Coleman (1995). \"Hathor Returns to Medamûd\". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur. 22: 47–94. JSTOR 25152711.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coleman_Darnell","url_text":"Darnell, John Coleman"},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/19067968","url_text":"\"Hathor Returns to Medamûd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studien_zur_Alt%C3%A4gyptischen_Kultur","url_text":"Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152711","url_text":"25152711"}]},{"reference":"Derriks, Claire (2001). \"Mirrors\". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 419–422. ISBN 978-0195102345.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f7VGAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Mirrors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_B._Redford","url_text":"Redford, Donald B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_Egypt","url_text":"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195102345","url_text":"978-0195102345"}]},{"reference":"Espinel, Andrés Diego (2002). \"The Role of the Temple of Ba'alat Gebal as Intermediary between Egypt and Byblos during the Old Kingdom\". Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur. 30: 103–119. JSTOR 25152861.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/776900","url_text":"\"The Role of the Temple of Ba'alat Gebal as Intermediary between Egypt and Byblos during the Old Kingdom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studien_zur_Alt%C3%A4gyptischen_Kultur","url_text":"Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152861","url_text":"25152861"}]},{"reference":"Espinel, Andrés Diego (2005). \"A Newly Identified Stela from Wadi el-Hudi (Cairo JE 86119)\". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 91: 55–70. doi:10.1177/030751330509100104. JSTOR 3822393. S2CID 190217800.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/798037","url_text":"\"A Newly Identified Stela from Wadi el-Hudi (Cairo JE 86119)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Egyptian_Archaeology","url_text":"The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030751330509100104","url_text":"10.1177/030751330509100104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3822393","url_text":"3822393"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190217800","url_text":"190217800"}]},{"reference":"Finnestad, Ragnhild (1999). \"Enjoying the Pleasures of Sensation: Reflections on A Significant Feature of Egyptian Religion\" (PDF). In Teeter, Emily; Larson, John A. (eds.). Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 111–119. ISBN 978-1885923097. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc58.pdf#page=143","url_text":"\"Enjoying the Pleasures of Sensation: Reflections on A Significant Feature of Egyptian Religion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1885923097","url_text":"978-1885923097"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150420235320/http://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc58.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Henry George (1962). \"The Cult and Nome of the Goddess Bat\". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 1: 7–18. doi:10.2307/40000855. JSTOR 40000855.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/24940339","url_text":"\"The Cult and Nome of the Goddess Bat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Research_Center_in_Egypt","url_text":"Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40000855","url_text":"10.2307/40000855"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000855","url_text":"40000855"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Marjorie M. (2012). \"Abu Simbel\". In Fisher, Marjorie M.; Lacovara, Peter; Ikram, Salima; D'Auria, Sue (eds.). Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile. The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 356–360. ISBN 978-9774164781.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774164781","url_text":"978-9774164781"}]},{"reference":"Frandsen, Paul John (1999). \"On Fear of Death and the Three bwts Connected with Hathor\" (PDF). In Teeter, Emily; Larson, John A. (eds.). Gold of Praise: Studies on Ancient Egypt in Honor of Edward F. Wente. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. pp. 131–148. ISBN 978-1885923097. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc58.pdf#page=163","url_text":"\"On Fear of Death and the Three bwts Connected with Hathor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1885923097","url_text":"978-1885923097"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150420235320/http://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc58.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gillam, Robyn A. (1995). \"Priestesses of Hathor: Their Function, Decline and Disappearance\". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 32: 211–237. doi:10.2307/40000840. JSTOR 40000840.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/26467756","url_text":"\"Priestesses of Hathor: Their Function, Decline and Disappearance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Research_Center_in_Egypt","url_text":"Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40000840","url_text":"10.2307/40000840"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40000840","url_text":"40000840"}]},{"reference":"Goedicke, Hans (1978). \"Cult-Temple and 'State' During the Old Kingdom in Egypt\". In Lipiński, Edward (ed.). State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East. Departement Oriëntalistiek. pp. 113–130. ISBN 978-9070192037.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lipi%C5%84ski_(orientalist)","url_text":"Lipiński, Edward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9070192037","url_text":"978-9070192037"}]},{"reference":"Goedicke, Hans (October 1991). \"The Prayers of Wakh-ʿankh-antef-ʿAa\". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 50 (4): 235–253. doi:10.1086/373513. JSTOR 545487. S2CID 162271458.","urls":[{"url":"https://vdocuments.site/the-prayers-of-wakh-ankh-antef-aa.html","url_text":"\"The Prayers of Wakh-ʿankh-antef-ʿAa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies","url_text":"Journal of Near Eastern Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F373513","url_text":"10.1086/373513"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/545487","url_text":"545487"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162271458","url_text":"162271458"}]},{"reference":"Graham, Geoffrey (2001). \"Insignias\". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 163–167. ISBN 978-0195102345.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f7VGAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Insignias\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_Egypt","url_text":"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195102345","url_text":"978-0195102345"}]},{"reference":"Graves-Brown, Carolyn (2010). Dancing for Hathor: Women in Ancient Egypt. Continuum. ISBN 978-1847250544.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/DANCINGFORHATHORWOMENINANCIENTEGYPTCAROLYNGRAVESBROWN/mode/2up","url_text":"Dancing for Hathor: Women in Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847250544","url_text":"978-1847250544"}]},{"reference":"Griffiths, J. Gwyn (2001). \"Isis\". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 188–191. ISBN 978-0195102345.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f7VGAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Isis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_Egypt","url_text":"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195102345","url_text":"978-0195102345"}]},{"reference":"Harrington, Nicola (2016). \"The Eighteenth Dynasty Egyptian Banquet: Ideals and Realities\". In Draycott, Catherine M.; Stamatopolou, Maria (eds.). Dining and Death: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the 'Funerary Banquet' in Ancient Art, Burial and Belief. Peeters. pp. 129–172. ISBN 978-9042932517.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/1393462","url_text":"\"The Eighteenth Dynasty Egyptian Banquet: Ideals and Realities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042932517","url_text":"978-9042932517"}]},{"reference":"Hart, George (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Second Edition (PDF). Routledge. pp. 61–65. ISBN 978-0203023624. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://shenjiva.com/HartGeorge_egyptgods2005.pdf#page=78&zoom=auto,-124,184","url_text":"The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203023624","url_text":"978-0203023624"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170517073651/http://shenjiva.com/HartGeorge_egyptgods2005.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hassan, Fekri A. (1992). \"Primeval Goddess to Divine King: The Mythogenesis of Power in the Early Egyptian State\". In Friedman, Renee; Adams, Barbara (eds.). The Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman. Oxbow Books. pp. 307–319. ISBN 978-0946897445.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0946897445","url_text":"978-0946897445"}]},{"reference":"Hoffmeier, James K. (2001). \"Fate\". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 507–508. ISBN 978-0195102345.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Hoffmeier","url_text":"Hoffmeier, James K."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f7VGAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Fate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_Egypt","url_text":"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195102345","url_text":"978-0195102345"}]},{"reference":"Hollis, Susan Tower (2009). \"Hathor and Isis in Byblos in the Second and First Millennia BCE\". Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections. 1 (2). doi:10.2458/azu_jaei_v01i2_tower_hollis. ISSN 1944-2815.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/jaei/article/view/17/18","url_text":"\"Hathor and Isis in Byblos in the Second and First Millennia BCE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fazu_jaei_v01i2_tower_hollis","url_text":"10.2458/azu_jaei_v01i2_tower_hollis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1944-2815","url_text":"1944-2815"}]},{"reference":"Hollis, Susan Tower (2020). Five Egyptian Goddesses: Their Possible Beginnings, Actions, and Relationships in the Third Millennium BCE. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-7809-3595-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7809-3595-9","url_text":"978-1-7809-3595-9"}]},{"reference":"Kendall, Timothy (2010a). \"B 200 and B 300: Temples of the Goddesses Hathor and Mut\" (PDF). Jebel Barkal History and Archaeology. National Corporation of Antiquities and Museums (NCAM), Sudan. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jebelbarkal.org/frames/B200300.pdf","url_text":"\"B 200 and B 300: Temples of the Goddesses Hathor and Mut\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180911081848/http://www.jebelbarkal.org/frames/B200300.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kendall, Timothy (2010b). \"The Napatan Period\". Jebel Barkal History and Archaeology. National Corporation of Antiquities and Museums (NCAM), Sudan. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181116073120/http://www.jebelbarkal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=75","url_text":"\"The Napatan Period\""},{"url":"http://www.jebelbarkal.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&Itemid=75","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lesko, Barbara S. (1999). The Great Goddesses of Egypt. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806132020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_b8s8","url_text":"The Great Goddesses of Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806132020","url_text":"978-0806132020"}]},{"reference":"Lesko, Barbara S. (2008). \"Household and Domestic Religion in Egypt\". In Bodel, John; Olyan, Saul M. (eds.). Household and Family Religion in Antiquity. Blackwell. pp. 197–209. ISBN 978-1405175791.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5_VkBITaJ2sC","url_text":"\"Household and Domestic Religion in Egypt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405175791","url_text":"978-1405175791"}]},{"reference":"Lobell, Jarrett A. (March–April 2020). \"Field of Tombs\". Archaeology. 73 (2).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archaeology.org/issues/372-2003/digs/8428-digs-greece-pylos-field","url_text":"\"Field of Tombs\""}]},{"reference":"Manniche, Lise (2010). \"The Cultic Significance of the Sistrum in the Amarna Period\". In Woods, Alexandra; McFarlane, Ann; Binder, Susanne (eds.). Egyptian Culture and Society: Studies in Honour of Naguib Kanawati. Conseil Suprême des Antiquités de l'Égypte. pp. 13–26. ISBN 978-9774798450.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774798450","url_text":"978-9774798450"}]},{"reference":"McClain, Brett (2011). Wendrich, Willeke (ed.). \"Cosmogony (Late to Ptolemaic and Roman Periods)\". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. ISBN 978-0615214030. Retrieved 10 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8tf3j2qq","url_text":"\"Cosmogony (Late to Ptolemaic and Roman Periods)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615214030","url_text":"978-0615214030"}]},{"reference":"Meeks, Dimitri; Favard-Meeks, Christine (1996) [French edition 1993]. Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods. Translated by G. M. Goshgarian. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801431159.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XkQ-YZnQ0SsC","url_text":"Daily Life of the Egyptian Gods"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801431159","url_text":"978-0801431159"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Ellen F. (2007). \"Sacred and Obscene Laughter in 'The Contendings of Horus and Seth', in Egyptian Inversions of Everyday Life, and in the Context of Cultic Competition\". In Schneider, Thomas; Szpakowska, Kasia (eds.). Egyptian Stories: A British Egyptological Tribute to Alan B. Lloyd on the Occasion of His Retirement. Ugarit-Verlag. pp. 197–224. ISBN 978-3934628946.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/239621","url_text":"\"Sacred and Obscene Laughter in 'The Contendings of Horus and Seth', in Egyptian Inversions of Everyday Life, and in the Context of Cultic Competition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3934628946","url_text":"978-3934628946"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Ellen F. (2011). \"Paddle Dolls and Performance\". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 47: 71–103. doi:10.7916/D8PK1ZM4. JSTOR 24555386.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7916%2FD8PK1ZM4","url_text":"\"Paddle Dolls and Performance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Research_Center_in_Egypt","url_text":"Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7916%2FD8PK1ZM4","url_text":"10.7916/D8PK1ZM4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24555386","url_text":"24555386"}]},{"reference":"Morkot, Robert G. (2012). \"Sedeinga\". In Fisher, Marjorie M.; Lacovara, Peter; Ikram, Salima; D'Auria, Sue (eds.). Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile. The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 325–328. ISBN 978-9774164781.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774164781","url_text":"978-9774164781"}]},{"reference":"Pinch, Geraldine (1993). Votive Offerings to Hathor. Griffith Institute. ISBN 978-0900416545.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Pinch","url_text":"Pinch, Geraldine"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/votiveofferingst0000pinc","url_text":"Votive Offerings to Hathor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0900416545","url_text":"978-0900416545"}]},{"reference":"Pinch, Geraldine (2002). Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517024-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3hgGNb6wM2kC","url_text":"Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517024-5","url_text":"978-0-19-517024-5"}]},{"reference":"Poo, Mu-Chou (2009) [First edition 1995]. Wine and Wine Offering in the Religion of Ancient Egypt. Routledge. ISBN 978-0710305015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/WINEANDWINEOFFERINGINTHERELIGIONOFANCIENTEGYPT_201905/mode/2up","url_text":"Wine and Wine Offering in the Religion of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710305015","url_text":"978-0710305015"}]},{"reference":"Poo, Mu-Chou (2010). Wendrich, Willeke (ed.). \"Liquids in Temple Ritual\". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. ISBN 978-0615214030. Retrieved 10 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7gh1n151","url_text":"\"Liquids in Temple Ritual\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615214030","url_text":"978-0615214030"}]},{"reference":"Quirke, Stephen (2001). The Cult of Ra: Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500051078.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Quirke","url_text":"Quirke, Stephen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500051078","url_text":"978-0500051078"}]},{"reference":"Richter, Barbara A. (2016). The Theology of Hathor of Dendera: Aural and Visual Scribal Techniques in the Per-Wer Sanctuary. Lockwood Press. ISBN 978-1937040512.","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8np4d4hf","url_text":"The Theology of Hathor of Dendera: Aural and Visual Scribal Techniques in the Per-Wer Sanctuary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1937040512","url_text":"978-1937040512"}]},{"reference":"Ritner, Robert K. (1990). \"O. Gardiner 363: A Spell Against Night Terrors\". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt. 27: 25–41. doi:10.2307/40000071. JSTOR 40000071.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Ritner","url_text":"Ritner, Robert K."},{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254148531","url_text":"\"O. 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ISBN 978-1405175791.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5_VkBITaJ2sC","url_text":"\"Household Religion in Ancient Egypt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405175791","url_text":"978-1405175791"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Alison (1997) [First edition 1995]. Hathor Rising: The Power of the Goddess in Ancient Egypt. Inner Traditions International. ISBN 978-0892816217.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892816217","url_text":"978-0892816217"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Alison (2000). My Heart My Mother: Death and Rebirth in Ancient Egypt. NorthGate Publishers. ISBN 978-0952423317.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0952423317","url_text":"978-0952423317"}]},{"reference":"Robins, Gay (1999). \"The Names of Hatshepsut as King\". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 85: 103–112. doi:10.1177/030751339908500107. JSTOR 3822429. S2CID 162426276.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journal_of_Egyptian_Archaeology","url_text":"The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F030751339908500107","url_text":"10.1177/030751339908500107"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3822429","url_text":"3822429"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162426276","url_text":"162426276"}]},{"reference":"Sadek, Ashraf I. (1988). Popular Religion in Egypt during the New Kingdom. Gerstenber. ISBN 978-3806781076.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3806781076","url_text":"978-3806781076"}]},{"reference":"Sandri, Sandra (2012). \"Terracottas\". In Riggs, Christina (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Roman Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 630–647. ISBN 978-0199571451.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOLuaRusoCgC","url_text":"\"Terracottas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199571451","url_text":"978-0199571451"}]},{"reference":"Schneider, Thomas (2007). \"Contextualising the Tale of the Herdsman\". In Schneider, Thomas; Szpakowska, Kasia (eds.). Egyptian Stories: A British Egyptological Tribute to Alan B. Lloyd on the Occasion of His Retirement. Ugarit-Verlag. pp. 309–318. ISBN 978-3934628946.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/6374981","url_text":"\"Contextualising the Tale of the Herdsman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3934628946","url_text":"978-3934628946"}]},{"reference":"Selden, Daniel L. (October 1998). \"Alibis\" (PDF). Classical Antiquity. 17 (2): 289–412. doi:10.2307/25011086. JSTOR 25011086. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://ca.ucpress.edu/content/ucpca/17/2/289.full.pdf","url_text":"\"Alibis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Antiquity_(journal)","url_text":"Classical Antiquity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25011086","url_text":"10.2307/25011086"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25011086","url_text":"25011086"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180721114737/http://ca.ucpress.edu/content/ucpca/17/2/289.full.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Mark (2017). Following Osiris: Perspectives on the Osirian Afterlife from Four Millennia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199582228.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QrD_DQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Following Osiris: Perspectives on the Osirian Afterlife from Four Millennia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199582228","url_text":"978-0199582228"}]},{"reference":"Stadler, Martin (2008). Wendrich, Willeke (ed.). \"Procession\". UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology. ISBN 978-0615214030. Retrieved 10 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://escholarship.org/uc/item/679146w5","url_text":"\"Procession\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615214030","url_text":"978-0615214030"}]},{"reference":"Teeter, Emily (2011). Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521613002.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=edwgAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521613002","url_text":"978-0521613002"}]},{"reference":"te Velde, Herman (2001). \"Mut\" (PDF). In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 454–455. ISBN 978-0195102345. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Mut_OEAE.pdf","url_text":"\"Mut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_Egypt","url_text":"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195102345","url_text":"978-0195102345"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160324133500/http://www.jacobusvandijk.nl/docs/Mut_OEAE.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Stephen E. (2001). \"Cults: An Overview\". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. pp. 326–332. ISBN 978-0195102345.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JrVGAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Cults: An Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_Egypt","url_text":"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195102345","url_text":"978-0195102345"}]},{"reference":"Traunecker, Claude (2001) [French edition 1992]. The Gods of Egypt. Translated by David Lorton. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801438349.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Traunecker","url_text":"Traunecker, Claude"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/godsofegypt00trau","url_text":"The Gods of Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801438349","url_text":"978-0801438349"}]},{"reference":"Troy, Lana (1986). Patterns of Queenship in Ancient Egyptian Myth and History. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-9155419196.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9155419196","url_text":"978-9155419196"}]},{"reference":"Verner, Miroslav (2013) [Czech edition 2010]. Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt. Translated by Anna Bryson-Gustová. The American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 978-9774165634.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Khh0BgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774165634","url_text":"978-9774165634"}]},{"reference":"Vischak, Deborah (2001). \"Hathor\". In Redford, Donald B. (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 82–85. ISBN 978-0195102345.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f7VGAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"Hathor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_Egypt","url_text":"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195102345","url_text":"978-0195102345"}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Richard H. (1993). Symbol and Magic in Egyptian Art. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500236635.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_H._Wilkinson","url_text":"Wilkinson, Richard H."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/SymbolMagicInEgyptianArtWilkinsonRichardH/page/n9/mode/2up","url_text":"Symbol and Magic in Egyptian Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500236635","url_text":"978-0500236635"}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Richard H. (2000). The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500051009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/completetempleso00wilk","url_text":"The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500051009","url_text":"978-0500051009"}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0500051207.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/completegodsgodd00wilk_0","url_text":"The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500051207","url_text":"978-0500051207"}]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, Toby (1999). Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge. ISBN 978-0203024386.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Wilkinson","url_text":"Wilkinson, Toby"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lGGFAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Early Dynastic Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0203024386","url_text":"978-0203024386"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Alexandra (2011). \"Zšš wꜣḏ Scenes of the Old Kingdom Revisited\" (PDF). In Strudwick, Nigel; Strudwick, Helen (eds.). Old Kingdom: New Perspectives. Egyptian Art and Archaeology 2750–2150 BC. Proceedings of a Conference at the Fitzwilliam Museum Cambridge, May 2009. Oxbow Books. pp. 314–319. ISBN 978-1842174302. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-04-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://gizamedia.rc.fas.harvard.edu/documents/woods_old_kingdom.pdf#page=8","url_text":"\"Zšš wꜣḏ Scenes of the Old Kingdom Revisited\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1842174302","url_text":"978-1842174302"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190403133129/http://gizamedia.rc.fas.harvard.edu/documents/woods_old_kingdom.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yellin, Janice W. (2012). \"Nubian Religion\". In Fisher, Marjorie M.; Lacovara, Peter; Ikram, Salima; D'Auria, Sue (eds.). Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile. The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 125–144. ISBN 978-9774164781.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9774164781","url_text":"978-9774164781"}]},{"reference":"Zernecke, Anna Elise (2013). \"The Lady of the Titles: The Lady of Byblos and the Search for Her 'True Name'\". Die Welt des Orients. 43 (2): 226–242. doi:10.13109/wdor.2013.43.2.226. JSTOR 23608857.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13109%2Fwdor.2013.43.2.226","url_text":"10.13109/wdor.2013.43.2.226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23608857","url_text":"23608857"}]},{"reference":"Allam, Schafik (1963). Beiträge zum Hathorkult (bis zum Ende des mittleren Reiches) (in German). Verlag Bruno Hessling. OCLC 557461557.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/557461557","url_text":"557461557"}]},{"reference":"Derchain, Philippe (1972). Hathor Quadrifrons (in French). Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut in het Nabije Oosten. OCLC 917056815.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nino-leiden.nl/publication/hathor-quadrifrons","url_text":"Hathor Quadrifrons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/917056815","url_text":"917056815"}]},{"reference":"Hornung, Erik (1997). Der ägyptische Mythos von der Himmelskuh, 2nd ed (PDF) (in German). Vandehoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3525537374. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Hornung","url_text":"Hornung, Erik"},{"url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/138421/1/Hornung_1997_Der_aegyptische_Mythos_von_der_Himmelskuh.pdf","url_text":"Der ägyptische Mythos von der Himmelskuh, 2nd ed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3525537374","url_text":"978-3525537374"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180613210608/http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/138421/1/Hornung_1997_Der_aegyptische_Mythos_von_der_Himmelskuh.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Posener, Georges (1986). \"La légende de la tresse d'Hathor\". In Lesko, Leonard H. (ed.). Egyptological Studies in Honour of Richard A. Parker (in French). Brown. pp. 111–117. ISBN 978-0874513219.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874513219","url_text":"978-0874513219"}]},{"reference":"Vandier, Jacques (1964–1966). \"Iousâas et (Hathor)-Nébet-Hétépet\". Revue d'Égyptologie (in French). 16–18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Athor\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Puritan_(1864)	USS Puritan (1864)	["1 Description","2 Construction","3 Citations","4 References","5 Further reading"]	American Ironclad monitors For other ships with the same name, see USS Puritan. A speculative line engraving of Puritan had she been completed History United States NamePuritan NamesakePuritan Ordered28 July 1862 BuilderContinental Iron Works, Greenpoint, Brooklyn Laid down1863 Launched2 July 1864 CommissionedNever FateScrapped, 1874 General characteristics TypeOcean-going monitor Displacement4,912 long tons (4,991 t) Tons burthen3,265 tons (bm) Length340 ft (103.6 m) (o/a) Beam50 ft (15.2 m) Draft20 ft (6.1 m) Installed power6 × water-tube boilers Propulsion 2 × propellers 1 × vibrating-lever steam engine Speed15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) Armament2 × 20 in (508 mm) smoothbore Dahlgren guns Armor Gun turret: 15 in (381 mm) Waterline belt: 6 in (152 mm) Pilot house: 12 in (305 mm) USS Puritan was one of two ocean-going ironclad monitors designed by John Ericsson during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. Launched in mid-1864, construction was suspended sometime in 1865. The Navy Department had specified two twin-gun turrets over Ericsson's protests, but finally agreed to delete the second turret in late 1865. The Navy Department evaded the Congressional refusal to order new ships in 1874 by claiming that the Civil War-era ship was being repaired while building a new monitor of the same name. Description Puritan was 340 feet (103.6 m) long overall, had a beam of 50 feet (15.2 m) and had a draft of 20 feet (6.1 m). The ship had a tonnage of 3,265 tons burthen and displaced 4,912 long tons (4,991 t). She was powered by a two-cylinder vibrating-lever steam engine with a bore of 100 in (2.5 m) and a stroke of 48 in (1.2 m). The engine drove two propeller shafts using steam provided by six Martin water-tube boilers and the designed speed was 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph). Puritan was designed to carry a maximum of 1,000 long tons (1,016 t) of coal. The monitor was originally intended to mount two twin-gun turrets, but Ericsson persuaded the Navy Department to switch to a single turret armed with a pair of 20-inch (508 mm) smoothbore, muzzle-loading, Dahlgren guns. None of the guns were completed before the end of the war. Puritan's armor scheme was identical to that of Dictator, the other ocean-going monitor ordered at the same time. Her hull was protected by six layers of 1-inch (25 mm) wrought-iron plates and her ship's deck armor was 1.5 in (38 mm) thick. The armor of the gun turret had a total thickness of 15 in (381 mm) and consisted of six outer layers, blocks of 4.5-inch (114 mm) segmented armor slabs in the middle and then four more layers. The pilot house armor was 12 in (305 mm) in thickness. Construction Buoyed by the victory gained by Ericsson's Monitor during the Battle of Hampton Roads in early March 1862, the Navy Department decided later that month to build several ocean-going monitors in case the British or the French decided to intervene in the war. Ericsson submitted preliminary designs in May and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles authorized two ships, one with a single turret (Dictator) and a larger one with two turrets the following month. On 28 July the Navy Department awarded Ericsson with a contract for Puritan, having changed the name of the ship from Ericsson's submission of Protector. He subcontracted the hull of the Puritan to the Continental Iron Works of Greenpoint, Brooklyn, and the propulsion machinery to the Allaire Iron Works of New York City. The ship was laid down in 1863 and was launched on 2 July 1864. However, due to delays in building and the casting of the 20-inch smoothbores, her construction was suspended in 1865 and she was never completed. After the war, Puritan deteriorated on the stocks and she was sold to John Roach in 1874. Although Congress was informed by the Navy Department that the Civil War-era ship was being repaired, a new iron-hulled monitor of the same name was built with repair money and the proceeds of her sale because Congress refused to fund any new construction at this time. Citations ^ a b c Silverstone, p. 9 ^ Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 122 ^ Canney, p. 89 ^ Roberts, p. 38 ^ a b Puritan I ^ Canney, pp. 89, 138 References American Civil War portal Canney, Donald L. (1993). The Old Steam Navy. Vol. 2: The Ironclads, 1842–1885. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-586-8. Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4. "Puritan I (Mon)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2020. Roberts, William H. (2002). Civil War Ironclads: The U.S. Navy and Industrial Mobilization. Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6830-0. Silverstone, Paul H. (2006). Civil War Navies 1855-1883. The U.S. Navy Warship Series. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97870-X. Further reading Olmstead, Edwin; Stark, Wayne E.; Tucker, Spencer C. (1997). The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon. Alexandria Bay, New York: Museum Restoration Service. ISBN 0-88855-012-X. vteIronclads of the United StatesCoastal monitors Monitor Onondaga Passaic class Canonicus class Miantonomoh class River and harbor monitors Ozark Roanoke Neosho class Milwaukee class Marietta class Casco class Ocean-going monitors Dictator Puritan Kalamazoo class Riverine casemate ironclads Indianola Benton Essex Chillicothe Choctaw Lafayette Tuscumbia City class Ocean-going casemate ironclads Stevens Battery Dunderberg Commissioned ironclads Atlanta Columbia Eastport Stonewall Tennessee Never-commissioned ironclads Albemarle Baltic Missouri Nashville Texas Miscellaneous ironclads USRC Naugatuck Galena New Ironsides Keokuk Spuyten Duyvil	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Puritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Puritan"},{"link_name":"ironclad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad"},{"link_name":"monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_warship_type"},{"link_name":"John Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ericsson"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"Navy Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"gun turrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"Congressional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States"}],"text":"American Ironclad monitorsFor other ships with the same name, see USS Puritan.USS Puritan was one of two ocean-going ironclad monitors designed by John Ericsson during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. Launched in mid-1864, construction was suspended sometime in 1865. The Navy Department had specified two twin-gun turrets over Ericsson's protests, but finally agreed to delete the second turret in late 1865. The Navy Department evaded the Congressional refusal to order new ships in 1874 by claiming that the Civil War-era ship was being repaired while building a new monitor of the same name.","title":"USS Puritan (1864)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"tons burthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builder%27s_Old_Measurement"},{"link_name":"displaced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"vibrating-lever steam engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Vibrating_lever"},{"link_name":"bore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bore_(engine)"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(engine)"},{"link_name":"propeller shafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller_shaft"},{"link_name":"water-tube boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s9-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"smoothbore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothbore"},{"link_name":"muzzle-loading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle-loading"},{"link_name":"Dahlgren guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahlgren_gun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s9-1"},{"link_name":"Dictator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dictator"},{"link_name":"wrought-iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought-iron"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_(ship)"},{"link_name":"gun turret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"pilot house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_house"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Puritan was 340 feet (103.6 m) long overall, had a beam of 50 feet (15.2 m) and had a draft of 20 feet (6.1 m). The ship had a tonnage of 3,265 tons burthen and displaced 4,912 long tons (4,991 t). She was powered by a two-cylinder vibrating-lever steam engine with a bore of 100 in (2.5 m) and a stroke of 48 in (1.2 m). The engine drove two propeller shafts using steam provided by six Martin water-tube boilers and the designed speed was 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph).[1] Puritan was designed to carry a maximum of 1,000 long tons (1,016 t) of coal.[2]The monitor was originally intended to mount two twin-gun turrets, but Ericsson persuaded the Navy Department to switch to a single turret armed with a pair of 20-inch (508 mm) smoothbore, muzzle-loading, Dahlgren guns. None of the guns were completed before the end of the war.[1] Puritan's armor scheme was identical to that of Dictator, the other ocean-going monitor ordered at the same time. Her hull was protected by six layers of 1-inch (25 mm) wrought-iron plates and her ship's deck armor was 1.5 in (38 mm) thick. The armor of the gun turret had a total thickness of 15 in (381 mm) and consisted of six outer layers, blocks of 4.5-inch (114 mm) segmented armor slabs in the middle and then four more layers. The pilot house armor was 12 in (305 mm) in thickness.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Gideon Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Welles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pur-5"},{"link_name":"Continental Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"Greenpoint, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Allaire Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaire_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laid_down"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s9-1"},{"link_name":"stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stocks_(shipyard)"},{"link_name":"John Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roach_(shipbuilder)"},{"link_name":"same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Puritan_(BM-1)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pur-5"}],"text":"Buoyed by the victory gained by Ericsson's Monitor during the Battle of Hampton Roads in early March 1862, the Navy Department decided later that month to build several ocean-going monitors in case the British or the French decided to intervene in the war. Ericsson submitted preliminary designs in May and Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles authorized two ships, one with a single turret (Dictator) and a larger one with two turrets the following month.[4] On 28 July the Navy Department awarded Ericsson with a contract for Puritan,[5] having changed the name of the ship from Ericsson's submission of Protector. He subcontracted the hull of the Puritan to the Continental Iron Works of Greenpoint, Brooklyn, and the propulsion machinery to the Allaire Iron Works of New York City. The ship was laid down in 1863 and was launched on 2 July 1864.[6] However, due to delays in building and the casting of the 20-inch smoothbores, her construction was suspended in 1865 and she was never completed.[1]After the war, Puritan deteriorated on the stocks and she was sold to John Roach in 1874. Although Congress was informed by the Navy Department that the Civil War-era ship was being repaired, a new iron-hulled monitor of the same name was built with repair money and the proceeds of her sale because Congress refused to fund any new construction at this time.[5]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s9_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s9_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s9_1-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pur_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pur_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ a b c Silverstone, p. 9\n\n^ Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 122\n\n^ Canney, p. 89\n\n^ Roberts, p. 38\n\n^ a b Puritan I\n\n^ Canney, pp. 89, 138","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-88855-012-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88855-012-X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Union_ironclads"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Union_ironclads"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Union_ironclads"},{"link_name":"Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Monitor"},{"link_name":"Onondaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Onondaga_(1863)"},{"link_name":"Passaic class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"Canonicus class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonicus-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"Miantonomoh class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miantonomoh-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"Ozark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ozark_(1863)"},{"link_name":"Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Roanoke_(1855)"},{"link_name":"Neosho class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neosho-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"Marietta class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"Casco class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casco-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"Dictator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dictator"},{"link_name":"Puritan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kalamazoo class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamazoo-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"Indianola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Indianola"},{"link_name":"Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Benton"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Essex_(1856)"},{"link_name":"Chillicothe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chillicothe"},{"link_name":"Choctaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Choctaw_(1856)"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lafayette_(1848)"},{"link_name":"Tuscumbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tuscumbia_(1862)"},{"link_name":"City class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-class_ironclad"},{"link_name":"Stevens Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevens_Battery"},{"link_name":"Dunderberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dunderberg"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Atlanta_(1861)"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Eastport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Eastport_(1862)"},{"link_name":"Stonewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_K%C5%8Dtetsu"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Tennessee_(1863)"},{"link_name":"Albemarle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Albemarle"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Baltic"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Nashville_(1864)"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Texas_(1865)"},{"link_name":"USRC Naugatuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USRC_Naugatuck"},{"link_name":"Galena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Galena_(1862)"},{"link_name":"New Ironsides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_Ironsides"},{"link_name":"Keokuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Keokuk_(1862)"},{"link_name":"Spuyten Duyvil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Spuyten_Duyvil"}],"text":"Olmstead, Edwin; Stark, Wayne E.; Tucker, Spencer C. (1997). The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon. Alexandria Bay, New York: Museum Restoration Service. ISBN 0-88855-012-X.vteIronclads of the United StatesCoastal monitors\nMonitor\nOnondaga\nPassaic class\nCanonicus class\nMiantonomoh class\nRiver and harbor monitors\nOzark\nRoanoke\nNeosho class\nMilwaukee class\nMarietta class\nCasco class\nOcean-going monitors\nDictator\nPuritan\nKalamazoo class\nRiverine casemate ironclads\nIndianola\nBenton\nEssex\nChillicothe\nChoctaw\nLafayette\nTuscumbia\nCity class\nOcean-going casemate ironclads\nStevens Battery\nDunderberg\nCommissioned ironclads\nAtlanta\nColumbia\nEastport\nStonewall\nTennessee\nNever-commissioned ironclads\nAlbemarle\nBaltic\nMissouri\nNashville\nTexas\nMiscellaneous ironclads\nUSRC Naugatuck\nGalena\nNew Ironsides\nKeokuk\nSpuyten Duyvil","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Canney, Donald L. (1993). The Old Steam Navy. Vol. 2: The Ironclads, 1842–1885. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-586-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-586-8","url_text":"0-87021-586-8"}]},{"reference":"Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-0302-4","url_text":"0-8317-0302-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Puritan I (Mon)\". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command. 25 August 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/puritan-i.html","url_text":"\"Puritan I (Mon)\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, William H. (2002). Civil War Ironclads: The U.S. Navy and Industrial Mobilization. Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6830-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-6830-0","url_text":"0-8018-6830-0"}]},{"reference":"Silverstone, Paul H. (2006). Civil War Navies 1855-1883. The U.S. Navy Warship Series. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97870-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-97870-X","url_text":"0-415-97870-X"}]},{"reference":"Olmstead, Edwin; Stark, Wayne E.; Tucker, Spencer C. (1997). The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon. Alexandria Bay, New York: Museum Restoration Service. ISBN 0-88855-012-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88855-012-X","url_text":"0-88855-012-X"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/puritan-i.html","external_links_name":"\"Puritan I (Mon)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania	Alvania	["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Species","4 Synonyms","5 References","6 External links"]	Genus of gastropods Not to be confused with Albania. Alvania Alvania clathrella Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Littorinimorpha Superfamily: Rissooidea Family: Rissoidae Genus: AlvaniaRisso, 1826 Type species Alvania europea Risso, 1826 Species See text Synonyms Acinopsis Monterosato, 1884 Acinulus Monterosato , 1903 Acinus Monterosato, 1884 Actonia Monterosato, 1884 Alcidia Monterosato, 1890 † (invalid: junior homonym of Alcidia Westwood, 1879 ; Alcidiella is a replacement name) Alcidiella Cossmann, 1921 † Alvanea (incorrect subsequent spelling) Alvania (Acinulus) Seguenza, 1903 (Not sufficiently different from Alvania s.s.) Alvania (Alvanolira) F. Nordsieck, 1972 Alvania (Alvinia) Monterosato, 1884 Alvania (Coronalvania) F. Nordsieck, 1972 Alvania (Lanciella) F. Nordsieck, 1972 Alvania (Linemera) Finlay, 1924 Alvania (Moniziella) F. Nordsieck, 1972 Alvania (Willetia) (incorrect subsequent spelling) Alvania (Willettia) Gordon, 1939 (Willettia synonymized with Alvania) Alvaniella Monterosato , 1895 Alvanolira F. Nordsieck, 1972 Alvinia Monterosato, 1884 Alvinia (Conalvinia) Ponder, 1967 Alvinia (Linemera) Finlay, 1924 Ameririssoa Ponder, 1985 Arsenia Monterosato, 1891 Conalvinia Ponder, 1967 Flemellia Nordsieck, 1972 Galeodina Monterosato, 1884 Linemera Finlay, 1924 Manzonia (Alvinia) Monterosato, 1884 Manzonia (Andrewiella) F. Nordsieck, 1972 Massotia Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1884 Moniziella Nordsieck, 1972 Profundialvania Taviani, 1975 Pseudalvania R. Janssen, 1967 Pusillina (Ameririssoa) Ponder, 1985 Rissoa (Alvania) (Alvinia) Monterosato, 1884 Rissoa (Galeodina) Monterosato, 1884 Rissoia (Alvania) Risso, 1826 Thapsia Monterosato, 1884 (invalid: junior homonym of Thapsia Albers, 1860; Thapsiella is a replacement name) Thapsiella P. Fischer, 1885 Turbona Leach , 1847 Turbona (Massotiella) F. Nordsieck, 1972 Zacanthusa Leach, 1852 Alvania is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Rissoidae. They form a very diversified group within the Rissoidae family. Description Alvania as currently used may not be monophyletic. The genus Alvinia has been synonymized with Alvania, until a consistent phylogenetic scheme emerges for the whole group. As of 2012, is sometimes considered a separate genus. The genus Alvania comprises species with small shells with heights measuring between 1 mm and 7 mm. Their general shape is ovate-conical, reticulated with axial and spirals elements. They have a continuous peristome. Their coloration is variable. Some species such as Alvania sculptilis have been named twice with the second naming becoming a junior secondary homonym. However, the genus Alvania as currently used has a very broad taxonomic extension, and these species may very well end up in different genera when a robust phylogeny becomes available. Distribution These marine species can be found worldwide (except in the antarctic and subantarctic regions). They can be found from intertidal depths to abyssal depths. Species Species within the genus Alvania include: Alvania aartseni Verduin, 1986 Alvania abrupta (Dell, 1956) Alvania abstersa van der Linden & van Aartsen, 1993 † Alvania absuturalis Chirli & Forli, 2021 Alvania acida Garilli, Reitano & Scuderi, 2023 † Alvania acuticarinata Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania adiaphoros Bouchet & Warén, 1993 Alvania adinogramma Bouchet & Warén, 1993 Alvania aeoliae Palazzi, 1988 Alvania aequisculpta Keep, 1887 Alvania africana Gofas, 1999 † Alvania agathae Reitano, Cresti & Di Franco, 2020 † Alvania aglaja De Stefani & Pantanelli in De Stefani, 1888 Alvania akibai (Yokoyama, 1926) Alvania albachiarae Perugia, 2021 Alvania alboranensis Peñas & Rolán, 2006 † Alvania alexandrae O. Boettger, 1902 † Alvania alfredbelli Faber, 2017 Alvania algeriana (Monterosato, 1877) Alvania aliceae Amati, 2014 † Alvania allixi Cossmann, 1919 Alvania almo Bartsch, 1911 † Alvania alta Bałuk, 1975 Alvania amatii Oliverio, 1986 † Alvania ameliae Chirli & Forli, 2021 † Alvania amoena Tabanelli, Bongiardino & Perugia, 2011 † Alvania amphitrite Thivaiou, Harzhauser & Koskeridou, 2019 † Alvania ampulla (Eichwald, 1853) † Alvania anabaptizata Boettger, 1906 Alvania angioyi van Aartsen, 1982 Alvania angularis (Warén, 1996) † Alvania angusticostata Traub, 1981 Alvania annetteae Amati, Danzelle & Devauchelle, 2018 Alvania annobonensis Rolán, 2004 † Alvania antwerpiensis Glibert, 1952 † Alvania aquensis (Grateloup, 1838) † Alvania areolifera (Sandberger, 1863) Alvania argentea (G.B. Sowerby III, 1892) † Alvania argillensis Lozouet, 1998 †Alvania armata Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania arubensis De Jong & Coomans, 1988 Alvania aspera (Philippi, 1844) † Alvania asphaltodus Beets, 1942 † Alvania aturensis Lozouet, 1998 Alvania auberiana (d'Orbigny, 1842) Alvania aupouria (Powell, 1937) Alvania aurantiaca (Watson, 1873) Alvania awa Chinzei, 1959 † Alvania awamoaensis (H. J. Finlay, 1924) †Alvania babylonelliformis Gürs in Gürs & Spiegler, 1999 † Alvania baldoi Garilli & Parrinello, 2011 Alvania balearica Oliver & Templado, 2009 † Alvania barreti (Morlet, 1885) Alvania bartolinorum Amati & Smriglio, 2019 † Alvania bartschi Olsson, 1942 † Alvania basisulcata A. W. Janssen, 1972 Alvania beanii (Hanley in Thorpe, 1844) † Alvania belgica Glibert, 1952 † Alvania belli Harmer, 1920 Alvania bermudensis Faber & Moolenbeek, 1987 Alvania beyersi (Thiele, 1925) † Alvania beyrichii (Bosquet, 1859) † Alvania bicingulata (G. Seguenza, 1876) † Alvania bonellii Palazzi, 1996 † Alvania bonneti Cossmann, 1921 Alvania bounteyensis (Dell, 1950) Alvania boutani Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1907 Alvania bozcaadensis Tisselli & Giunchi, 2013 † Alvania braillonis (Le Renard, 1990) † Alvania brusinai Schwartz von Mohrenstern in Brusina, 1877 † Alvania burtoni Glibert, 1962 †Alvania butonensis Beets, 1942 Alvania cabrensis Rolán & Hernández, 2007 † Alvania calasi Van Dingenen, Ceulemans & Landau, 2016 † Alvania calliope Chirli & U. Linse, 2011 Alvania campanii Tisselli & Giunchi, 2013 Alvania campta (Dall, 1927) Alvania canariensis (d'Orbigny, 1840) Alvania cancapae Bouchet & Warén, 1993 Alvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778) Alvania candasae J. D. Oliver & Gofas, 2022 Alvania canonica (Dall, 1927) † Alvania caporalii Chirli, 2006 Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778) † Alvania cathyae Landau, Marquet & Grigis, 2003 † Alvania cerreti Gardella, Bertaccini, Bertamini, Bongiardino, Petracci & Tabanelli, 2021 † Alvania chilensis (Philippi, 1887) Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758) Alvania cimicoides (Forbes, 1844) † Alvania cioppii Chirli, 2006 Alvania clarae (Nofroni & Pizzini, 1991) Alvania clathrella (Seguenza L., 1903) Alvania claudioi Buzzurro & Landini, 2007 † Alvania coccoi (G. Seguenza, 1876) Alvania colossophilus Oberling, 1970 Alvania compacta (Carpenter, 1864) Alvania concinna A. Adams, 1861 † Alvania conica Schwartz von Mohrenstern, 1867 † Alvania convexispira O. Boettger, 1906 Alvania corneti Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998 Alvania corona Nordsieck, 1972 Alvania coseli (Gofas, 1999) Alvania cosmia Bartsch, 1911 † Alvania cossmanni Harmer, 1920 † Alvania couffoni Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania cranchiana Leach, 1852 † Alvania crassistriata (S. V. Wood, 1848) † Alvania craticula (Briart & Cornet, 1887) † Alvania critica Boettger, 1907 Alvania cruzi (Castellanos & Fernández, 1974) Alvania crystallina (Garrett, 1873) Alvania curacaoensis De Jong & Coomans, 1988 † Alvania curta (Dujardin, 1837) † Alvania daguini Peyrot, 1938 Alvania dalmatica Buzzurro & Prkic, 2007 Alvania datchaensis Amati & Oliverio, 1987 † Alvania dautzenbergi Glibert, 1949 Alvania debruynei Faber & Moolenbeek, 2004 Alvania dejongi Faber & Moolenbeek, 2004 Alvania denhartogi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998 † Alvania densecostata Harmer, 1920 Alvania desabatae Amati & Smriglio, 2016 Alvania deweti (Thiele, 1925) † Alvania diadema De Stefani & Pantanelli in De Stefani, 1888 Alvania dianiensis Oliverio, 1988 Alvania dictyophora (Philippi, 1844) Alvania dijkstrai (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998) † Alvania dimitrii Garilli & Parrinello, 2010 † Alvania dingdensis (A. W. Janssen, 1967) Alvania dipacoi Giusti Fr. & Nofroni, 1989 Alvania discazalorum Lozouet, 1998 † Alvania discors (Allan, 1818) Alvania disparilis Monterosato, 1890 † Alvania dissensia Van Dingenen, Ceulemans & Landau, 2016 Alvania distincta W. H. Turton, 1932 † Alvania doliolum Lozouet, 2015 †Alvania dollfusi (Cossmann & Pissarro, 1902) Alvania dorbignyi (Audouin, 1826) † Alvania dubia (G. Seguenza, 1876) † Alvania dubiosa Harmer, 1920 † Alvania dumasi (Cossmann, 1899) Alvania electa (Monterosato, 1874) Alvania elegantissima (Monterosato, 1875) Alvania elenae Gofas, 2007 Alvania elisae Margelli, 2001 † Alvania ellae (Boettger, 1901) Alvania emaciata (Mörch, 1876) † Alvania enysii (Bell, 1898) † Alvania erato Chirli & U. Linse, 2011 † Alvania erecta Harmer, 1920 † Alvania erentoezae İslamoğlu, 2006 Alvania esmes Manousis, J. D. Oliver & Zaminos, 2023 Alvania euchila (Watson, 1886) Alvania eucraspeda (Hedley, 1911) † Alvania euphrosine De Stefani & Pantanelli in De Stefani, 1888 † Alvania eurydictium (Cossmann, 1888) Alvania exserta (Suter, 1908) Alvania faberi De Jong & Coomans, 1988 † Alvania falsivenus Lozouet, 2015 † Alvania falunica Peyrot, 1938 Alvania fasciata (Tenison Woods, 1876) Alvania fenestrata (Krauss, 1848) † Alvania fezata Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania filocincta (Hedley & Petterd, 1906) Alvania fischeri (Jeffreys, 1884) Alvania flava Okutani, 1964 Alvania flexilis Gofas, 1999 † Alvania foraminata Lozouet, 1998 Alvania formicarum Gofas, 1989 Alvania fractospira (Oberling, 1970) † Alvania francescoi Garilli, 2008 Alvania franseni Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998 † Alvania frediani Della Bella & Scarponi, 2000 Alvania freitasi Segers, Swinnen & De Prins, 2009 † Alvania frigida (Cossmann, 1921) Alvania fulgens W. H. Turton, 1932 Alvania funiculata Gofas, 2007 † Alvania galeodinopsis (Le Renard, 1990) Alvania gallegosi Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930 Alvania gallinacea (Finlay, 1930) Alvania garrafensis Peñas & Rolán, 2008 Alvania gascoignei Rolán, 2001 Alvania gemina Rolán & Hernández, 2007 † Alvania gemmulata (G. Seguenza, 1876) Alvania geryonia (Nardo, 1847) † Alvania giselae (Boettger, 1901) Alvania glabra Leach, 1852 † Alvania globosa Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania gofasi (Rolán & Fernandes, 1990) † Alvania gontsharovae Iljina, 1993 † Alvania gourbesvillensis Cossmann, 1921 Alvania gradatoides (Finlay, 1930) Alvania grancanariensis Segers, 1999 † Alvania granosa Tabanelli, Bongiardino & Perugia, 2011 Alvania guancha Moolenbeek & Hoenselaar, 1989 † Alvania gutta Tabanelli, Bongiardino & Perugia, 2011 Alvania halia Bartsch, 1911 Alvania hallgassi Amati & Oliverio, 1985 Alvania harrietae Segers, Swinnen & De Prins, 2009 †Alvania hauniensis Ravn, 1939 Alvania hedleyi Thiele, 1930 † Alvania helenae Boettger, 1901 † Alvania heraelaciniae Ruggieri, 1950 Alvania herosaeAmati, Di Giulio & Oliverio, 2023 Alvania herwigia (Castellanos & Fernández, 1974) † Alvania hinschi Gürs & Weinbrecht, 2001 Alvania hirta (Monterosato, 1884) Alvania hispidula (Monterosato, 1884) Alvania hoeksemai Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998 †Alvania holsatica Anderson, 1960 † Alvania holubicensis Friedberg, 1923 † Alvania houdasi (Cossmann, 1907) Alvania hueti Bozzetti, 2017 † Alvania hungarica Bohn-Havas, 1973 Alvania hyerensis Gofas, 2007 Alvania ignota Cecalupo & Perugia, 2009 Alvania ima Bartsch, 1911 Alvania imperspicua (Pallary, 1920) Alvania incognita (Warén, 1996) Alvania inflata W. H. Turton, 1932 † Alvania insulsa Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania internodula (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998) † Alvania interrupta (Finlay, 1924) Alvania isolata (Laseron, 1956) Alvania jacquesi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998 Alvania jeffreysi (Waller, 1864) Alvania johannae (Moolenbeek & Hoenselaar, 1998) Alvania joseae (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998) Alvania josefoi Oliver & Templado, 2009 † Alvania josephineae Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 † Alvania kaawaensis (Laws, 1940) † Alvania kenneyi Ladd, 1966 Alvania kermadecensis (Oliver, 1915) † Alvania kowalewskii Bałuk, 1975 Alvania kowiensis Tomlin, 1931 Alvania kwandangensis (Schepman, 1909) † Alvania lachesis (Basterot, 1825) † Alvania lachrimula Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 † Alvania lactanea Glibert, 1949 Alvania lactea (Michaud, 1832) †Alvania lagouardensis Lozouet & Maestrati, 1982 Alvania lamellata Dautzenberg, 1889 Alvania lampra (Dall, 1927) Alvania lanciae (Calcara, 1845) † Alvania laufensis Traub, 1981 † Alvania laurae Brunetti & Vecchi, 2012 Alvania lavaleyei Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998 Alvania leacocki (Watson, 1873) †Alvania leopardiana Brunetti & Vecchi, 2012 Alvania letourneuxi Amati, Di Giulio & Oliverio, 2023 Alvania liesjeae Segers, Swinnen & De Prins, 2009 † Alvania ligeriana Peyrot, 1938 Alvania limensis (Ponder & Worsfold, 1994) Alvania lineata Risso, 1826 Alvania litoralis (Nordsieck, 1972) Alvania littorinoides Cossmann, 1921 † Alvania lucinae Oberling, 1970 Alvania macandrewi (Manzoni, 1868) Alvania macella Gofas, 2007 Alvania maclurgi (Powell, 1933) Alvania mamillata Risso, 1826 Alvania marchadi (Gofas, 1999) † Alvania mariae (A. d'Orbigny, 1852) Alvania marioi Gofas, 1999 Alvania marmarisensis Bitlis & Öztürk, 2017 Alvania masirahensis Perugia, 2021 † Alvania maurizioi Chirli, 2006 Alvania maximilicutiani Scuderi, 2014 Alvania mediolittoralis Gofas, 1989 Alvania meridioamericana Weisbord, 1962 † Alvania merlei Van Dingenen, Ceulemans & Landau, 2016 † Alvania micalii Chirli, 2006 Alvania microglypta Haas, 1943 Alvania micropilosa Gofas, 2007 Alvania microstriata (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998) Alvania microtuberculata Gofas, 2007 † Alvania milleti Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 †Alvania milletispinosa Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania minuscula (Verrill & Bush, 1900) † Alvania minuta (Finlay, 1924) † Alvania miocalasi Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 † Alvania miolactea Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania moerchi (Collin, 1886) Alvania moniziana (Watson, 1873) Alvania monserratensis (Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930) † Alvania montensis Glibert, 1973 † Alvania monterosatoi (P. Fischer, 1877) Alvania moolenbeeki De Jong & Coomans, 1988 † Alvania morleti Le Renard, 1990 Alvania multinodula Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998 Alvania multiquadrata van der Linden & Wagner, 1989 † Alvania multistriata (Bell, 1892) † Alvania napoleoni Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania nemo Bartsch, 1911 Alvania nestaresi Oliverio & Amati, 1990 Alvania nicobarica (Thiele, 1925) Alvania nicolauensis Moolenbeek & Rolán, 1988 Alvania nihonkaiensis Hasegawa, 2014 Alvania nina Faber, 2010 † Alvania nitida Brunetti & Vecchi, 2012 Alvania nix Poppe, Tagaro & Goto, 2018 Alvania nonsculpta (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998) Alvania novarensis Frauenfeld, 1867 † Alvania obeliscus Harmer, 1920 † Alvania obliquicostata H. Wang, 1981 Alvania occidua (Cotton, 1944) † Alvania oceani (d'Orbigny, 1852) Alvania oetyliaca Amati & Chiarelli, 2017 Alvania ogasawarana (Pilsbry, 1904) Alvania oldroydae Bartsch, 1911 Alvania oliverioi Buzzurro, 2003 Alvania paatsi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998 Alvania pagodula (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1884) † Alvania pagodulina Sacco, 1895 †Alvania parasusieae Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 † Alvania parazosta Lozouet, 1998 † Alvania pariana (Guppy in Guppy & Dall, 1896) † Alvania partimcancellata Harmer, 1920 † Alvania partschi (Hörnes, 1856) Alvania parvimaculata Amati, Di Giulio & Oliverio, 2023 Alvania parvula (Jeffreys, 1884) Alvania peli Moolenbeek & Rolán, 1988 Alvania peloritana (Aradas & Benoit, 1874) † Alvania perregularis Sacco, 1895 Alvania perversa F. Nordsieck, 1972 † Alvania peyreirensis Cossmann & Peyrot, 1919 Alvania piersmai Moolenbeek & Hoenselaar, 1989 Alvania pinguis (Webster, 1906) Alvania pinguoides (Powell, 1940) Alvania pizzinii Amati, Smriglio & Oliverio, 2020 Alvania planciusi Moolenbeek & Rolán, 1988 † Alvania planicincta (Le Renard, 1990) Alvania platycephala Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896 † Alvania playagrandensis Weisbord, 1962 † Alvania pluricosticillata Chirli & Forli, 2021 Alvania porcupinae Gofas & Warén, 1982 Alvania portentosa Rolán & Hernández, 2007 Alvania poucheti Dautzenberg, 1889 † Alvania praeholsatica Gürs & Weinbrecht, 2001 † Alvania praenovarensis (Ludbrook, 1956) † Alvania praetermissa Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2023 † Alvania proavia (Pilsbry & C. W. Johnson, 1917) † Alvania productilis Boettger, 1906 Alvania profundicola Bartsch, 1911 Alvania prosocostata Amati, Di Giulio & Oliverio, 2023 Alvania prusi (P. Fischer, 1877) † Alvania pseudalvania (Andrusov, 1905) Alvania pseudoareolata Warén, 1974 † Alvania pseudohispidula Brunetti & Vecchi, 2012 † Alvania pseudopartschi H.-J. Anderson, 1960 Alvania pseudosyngenes Warén, 1973 † Alvania pukeuriensis (Finlay, 1924) † Alvania pulcherrima Peyrot, 1938 Alvania punctura (Montagu, 1803) Alvania purpurea Dall, 1871 † Alvania putei Lozouet & Maestrati, 1982 Alvania quadrata A. A. Gould, 1861 † Alvania raulini Cossmann & Peyrot, 1919 † Alvania redoniana Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania regina Gofas, 1999 † Alvania renauleauensis Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania renei (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998) † Alvania reticulatopunctata Seguenza, 1879 Alvania richeri Gofas, 1999 † Alvania riparia Lozouet, 1998 † Alvania rischi Gürs & Weinbrecht, 2001 † Alvania robusta Calas, 1949 Alvania rominae Amati, Trono & Oliverio, 2020 Alvania rosana Bartsch, 1911 † Alvania rosariae Garilli, 2008 † Alvania rotulata Pantanelli, 1888 Alvania rudis (Philippi, 1844) † Alvania rupeliensis Tembrock, 1964 Alvania rykeli Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998 † Alvania sacyi Cossmann, 1921 Alvania salebrosa Frauenfeld, 1867 † Alvania sanctipaulensis Lozouet, 1998 Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844) † Alvania schwartzi (M. Hörnes, 1856) Alvania schwartziana Brusina, 1866 Alvania scrobiculata (Møller, 1842) Alvania scuderii Villari, 2017 Alvania sculptilis (Monterosato, 1877) † Alvania seanlandaui Landau, Marquet & Grigis, 2003 † Alvania seguenzorum Bertolaso & Palazzi, 2000 Alvania seinensis Gofas, 2007 Alvania settepassii Amati & Nofroni, 1985 † Alvania simonsi Marquet, 1997 Alvania skylla Tisselli & Micali, 2023 Alvania sleursi (Amati, 1987) Alvania slieringsi (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998) Alvania solitaria (Dell, 1956) Alvania sombrerensis (Thiele, 1925) Alvania sororcula Granata-Grillo, 1877 Alvania spinosa (Monterosato, 1890) † Alvania spirialis Glibert, 1949 Alvania stenolopha Bouchet & Warén, 1993 † Alvania stephanensis Lozouet, 1998 Alvania stigmata Frauenfeld, 1867 Alvania stocki Moolenbeek & Rolán, 1988 Alvania strangei (Brazier, 1894) Alvania subareolata Monterosato, 1869 Alvania subcalathus (Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1906) † Alvania subclavata O. Boettger, 1906 Alvania subcrenulata (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1884) † Alvania subgaleodinopsis Lozouet, 2015 † Alvania sublaevigata O. Boettger, 1906 † Alvania sublagouardensis Lozouet, 1998 Alvania subsoluta (Aradas, 1847) † Alvania subtiliangulosa Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania subventricosa W. H. Turton, 1932 Alvania suprasculpta (May, 1915) Alvania suroiti Gofas, 2007 † Alvania susieae Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania syngenes (A. E. Verrill, 1884) Alvania tarsodes (Watson, 1886) † Alvania tauropraecedens Sacco, 1895 Alvania templadoi Hoffman & Freiwald, 2021 Alvania tenera (Philippi, 1844) Alvania tenhovei Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998 † Alvania tenuicostata (G. Seguenza, 1876) † Alvania tenuisculpturata Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania tessellata Weinkauff, 1868 Alvania testae (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) † Alvania textiliformis Harmer, 1920 † Alvania thalia De Stefani & Pantanelli in De Stefani, 1888 Alvania thouinensis May, 1915 Alvania tomentosa (Pallary, 1920) † Alvania tongrorum Glibert & de Heinzelin de Braucourt, 1954 Alvania townsendi (Melvill, 1910) Alvania trachisma Bartsch, 1911 † Alvania transiens Sacco, 1895 Alvania tumida Carpenter, 1857 Alvania turkensis Faber & Moolenbeek, 2004 † Alvania turtaudierei Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018 Alvania uapou Amati, Di Giulio & Oliverio, 2023 Alvania unica Amati & Quaggiotto, 2019 † Alvania urgonensis Cossmann, 1918 Alvania valeriae Absalao, 1994 Alvania vanegmondi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998 † Alvania varia Tabanelli, Bongiardino & Perugia, 2011 † Alvania veliscensis Schwartz von Mohrenstern, 1867 †Alvania venus (d'Orbigny, 1852) Alvania venusta (Powell, 1926) Alvania verconiana (Hedley, 1911) Alvania vermaasi van Aartsen, 1975 Alvania verrilli (Friele, 1886) Alvania versoverana (Melvill, 1910) Alvania villarii Micali, Tisselli & Giunchi, 2005 † Alvania villattae Le Renard, 1990 †Alvania vinosula Anderson & Hanna, 1925 † Alvania virodunensis Lozouet, 1998 † Alvania waimamakuensis (Laws, 1948) † Alvania waisiuensis Beets, 1942 Alvania wangi B.-Y. Xu, L. Qi & L.-F. Kong, 2022 Alvania wareni (Templado & Rolan, 1986) Alvania watsoni (Schwartz in Watson, 1873) Alvania weinkauffi Weinkauff, 1868 Alvania xelae J. D. Oliver & Urgorri, 2022 Alvania yamatoensis Hasegawa, 2014 Alvania zaraensis Amati & Appolloni, 2019 † Alvania zbyszewskii Van Dingenen, Ceulemans & Landau, 2016 Alvania zetlandica (Montagu, 1815) † Alvania zibinica Pantanelli, 1888 † Alvania ziliolii Brunetti & Vecchi, 2012 † Alvania ziziphina Dollfus in Calas, 1949 Alvania zoderi (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998) † Alvania zosta (Bayan, 1873) Alvania zylensis Gofas & Warén, 1982 Taxon inquirendum † Alvania rugosula (Aradas, 1847) Alvania scitula A. Adams, 1861 Alvania semicostata A. Adams, 1861 (unassessed, use in recent literature not established by editor) Alvania subcancellata (G. B. Sowerby III, 1894) † Alvania sulzeriana Risso, 1826 Synonyms This is a long list Alvania aberrans (C. B. Adams, 1850): synonym of Stosicia aberrans (C. B. Adams, 1850) Alvania abyssicola (Forbes, 1850): synonym of Alvania testae (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) (junior synonym ) Alvania acutilirata (P. P. Carpenter, 1864): synonym of Alvania compacta (P. P. Carpenter, 1864) Alvania acuticostata (Dall, 1889): synonym of Benthonellania acuticostata (Dall, 1889) Alvania alaskana Dall, 1886: synonym of Onoba alaskana (Dall, 1886) Alvania albella S. V. Wood, 1842: synonym of Alvania ascaris (W. Turton, 1819) synonym of Aclis ascaris (W. Turton, 1819) (junior subjective synonym) Alvania albolirata (Carpenter, 1864): synonym of Lirobarleeia albolirata (Carpenter, 1864) (Does not belong to the genus Alvania) Alvania alfredensis Bartsch, 1915: synonym of Onoba alfredensis (Bartsch, 1915): synonym of Subestea alfredensis (Bartsch, 1915) (original combination) Alvania almo Bartsch, 1915: synonym of Alvania winslowae Bartsch, 1928 synonym of Cingula winslowae (Bartsch, 1928) (junior primary homonym of Alvania almo Bartsch, 1911) Alvania altenai van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984: synonym of Alvania tomentosa (Pallary, 1920) † Alvania andraldensis Lozouet, 1998: synonym of † Simulamerelina andraldensis (Lozouet, 1998) (superseded combination) Alvania bakeri Bartsch, 1910: synonym of Onoba bakeri (Bartsch, 1910) (original combination) Alvania bartolomensis Bartsch, 1917: synonym of Lirobarleeia kelseyi (Dall & Bartsch, 1902) Alvania basteriae (Moolenbeek & Faber, 1986): synonym of Crisilla basteriae (Moolenbeek & Faber, 1986) † Alvania boucheti Lozouet, 1998: synonym of † Simulamerelina boucheti (Lozouet, 1998) (superseded combination) Alvania brocchii Weinkauff, 1868: synonym of Alvania reticulata (Montagu, 1803): synonym of Alvania beanii (Hanley, 1844) Alvania californica Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Alvania trachisma Bartsch, 1911 Alvania carpenteri (Weinkauff, 1885): synonym of Onoba carpenteri (Weinkauff, 1885) Alvania chiriquiensis Olsson & McGinty, 1958: synonym of Lirobarleeia chiriquiensis (Olsson & McGinty, 1958) Alvania cingulata (Philippi, 1836): synonym of Alvania mamillata Risso, 1826 Alvania clarionensis Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Lirobarleeia clarionensis (Bartsch, 1911) (original combination) Alvania colombiana Romer & Moore, 1988: synonym of Benthonellania colombiana (Romer & D. R. Moore, 1988) (original combination) Alvania consociella Monterosato, 1884: synonym of Alvania lanciae (Calcara, 1845) Alvania corayi Ladd, 1966: synonym of Clatrosansonia corayi (Ladd, 1966) (superseded combination) Alvania costulosa Risso, 1826: synonym of Alvania lineata Risso, 1826 Alvania crassicostata Risso, 1826: synonym of Alvania discors (T. Brown, 1818) Alvania deliciosa (Jeffreys, 1884): synonym of Alvania electa (Monterosato, 1874) Alvania effusa P. P. Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Alabina effusa (P. P. Carpenter, 1857) (original combination) Alvania electrina (P. P. Carpenter, 1864): synonym of Lirobarleeia electrina (P. P. Carpenter, 1864) Alvania europea Risso, 1826: synonym of Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758) (type by subsequent designation) Alvania excurvata Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Alabina excurvata (P. P. Carpenter, 1857) (original combination) † Alvania falsimerelina Lozouet, 1998: synonym of † Simulamerelina falsimerelina (Lozouet, 1998) (superseded combination) Alvania ferruginea A. Adams, 1861: synonym of Simulamerelina ferruginea (A. Adams, 1861) Alvania filosa P. P. Carpenter, 1864: synonym of Alvania compacta (P. P. Carpenter, 1864) Alvania firma (Laseron, 1956): synonym of Haurakia novarensis (Frauenfeld, 1867) Alvania formosita (Laseron, 1956): synonym of Haurakia novarensis (Frauenfeld, 1867) Alvania fossilis Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Alvania compacta (P. P. Carpenter, 1864) Alvania freminvillea Risso, 1826: synonym of Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758) Alvania fusca Gould, 1861: synonym of Rissoina media Schwartz von Mohrenstern, 1860: synonym of Phosinella media (Schwartz von Mohrenstern, 1860) (junior subjective synonym) Alvania gagliniae Amati, 1985: synonym of Crisilla gagliniae (Amati, 1985) Alvania galapagensis Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Lirobarleeia galapagensis (Bartsch, 1911) (original combination) Alvania gradata (d'Orbigny, 1842): synonym of Lirobarleeia gradata (d'Orbigny, 1842) Alvania granti Strong, 1938: synonym of Lirobarleeia granti (Strong, 1938) † Alvania granulosculpta (L. Seguenza, 1903): synonym of † Alvania litoralis (F. Nordsieck, 1972) (dubious synonym) Alvania guesti Faber & Moolenbeek, 1987: synonym of Simulamerelina guesti (Faber & Moolenbeek, 1987) Alvania herrerae Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930: synonym of Lirobarleeia herrerae (Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930) Alvania hoodensis Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Lirobarleeia hoodensis (Bartsch, 1911) (original combination) † Alvania hortensis Lozouet, 1998: synonym of † Simulamerelina hortensis (Lozouet, 1998) (superseded combination) Alvania iliuliukensis Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Alvania compacta (P. P. Carpenter, 1864) Alvania lara Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Lirobarleeia lara (Bartsch, 1911) Alvania latior (Mighels & Adams, 1842): synonym of Setia latior (Mighels & C. B. Adams, 1842) Alvania lucasana Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930: synonym of Lirobarleeia electrina (Carpenter, 1864) Alvania minuta (Golikov & Fedjakov in Scarlato, 1987): synonym of Punctulum minutum Golikov & Fedjakov, 1987 Alvania montagui (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of Alvania discors (T. Brown, 1818) Alvania montereyensis Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Onoba carpenteri (Weinkauff, 1885) Alvania novarensis Frauenfeld, 1867: synonym of Haurakia novarensis (Frauenfeld, 1867) Alvania obliqua Warén, 1974: synonym of Onoba obliqua (Warén, 1974) Alvania olivacea Frauenfeld, 1867: synonym of Pisinna olivacea (Frauenfeld, 1867) Alvania pedroana Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Alvania compacta (P. P. Carpenter, 1864) Alvania perlata Mörch, 1860: synonym of Lirobarleeia perlata (Mörch, 1860) Alvania pisinna Melvill & Standen, 1896: synonym of Merelina pisinna (Melvill & Standen, 1896) Alvania plicatula Risso, 1826: synonym of Rissoa membranacea (J. Adams, 1800) Alvania (Crisilla) postrema Gofas, 1990 : synonym of Crisilla postrema (Gofas, 1990) Alvania precipitata (Dall, 1889): synonym of Benthonellania precipitata (Dall, 1889) Alvania pyramidata Risso, 1826:synonym of Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758) Alvania quadrasi O. Boettger, 1893: synonym of Iravadia quadrasi (O. Boettger, 1893) Alvania russinoniaca Locard, 1886: synonym of Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778) Alvania sardea Risso, 1826: synonym of Alvania discors (T. Brown, 1818) (dubious synonym) Alvania semistriata (Montagu, 1808): synonym of Crisilla semistriata (Montagu, 1808) Alvania simulans Locard, 1886: synonym of Crisilla simulans (Locard, 1886) Alvania supranitida S.V. Wood, 1842: synonym of Aclis minor (Brown, 1827) † Alvania tiberiana (Coppi, 1876): synonym of † Galeodinopsis tiberiana (Coppi, 1876) Alvania trajectus (Watson, 1886): synonym of Haurakia novarensis (Frauenfeld, 1867) Alvania whitechurchi W. H. Turton, 1932: synonym of Cingula whitechurchi (W. H. Turton, 1932) Alvania wyvillethomsoni (Friele, 1877): synonym of Punctulum wyvillethomsoni (Friele, 1877) References ^ Risso A. (1826). Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe Méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes Maritimes 4: page 140. ^ a b c Alvania Risso, 1826. WoRMS (2010). Alvania Risso, 1826. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138439 on 25 July 2012 . ^ MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Alvania fenestrata A. A. Gould, 1861. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=881067 on 2020-05-12 ^ Gofas, S. (2012). Alvinia Monterosato, 1884. Accessed through: World Register of Marine * At http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=574680 on 18 June 2012 ^ Amati, Bruno, Massimo Appolloni, and Carlo Smriglio. "Taxonomic notes on the Alvania cimex-complex in the Mediterranean Sea. Alvania cingulata (Philippi, 1836) junior synonym of Alvania mamillata Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda, Rissoidae)." Iberus 35 (2017): 123-141. ^ Amati B. & Chiarelli S. (2017). Description of Alvania oetyliaca n. sp. from the Mediterranean Sea (Mollusca Gastropoda Rissoidae). Biodiversity Journal. 8(3): 839-850 ^ Alvania aartseni Verduin, 1986. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania abstersa van der Linden & van Aartsen, 1993. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania adiaphoros Bouchet & Warén, 1993. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania adinogramma Bouchet & Warén, 1993. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania aeoliae Palazzi, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania africana Gofas, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania alboranensis Peñas & Rolán, 2006. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania algeriana (Monterosato, 1877). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania amatii Oliverio, 1986. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania angioyi van Aartsen, 1982. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania angularis (Warén, 1996). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania annobonensis Rolán, 2004. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania aspera (Philippi, 1844). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania auberiana (d'Orbigny, 1842). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania aurantiaca (Watson, 1873). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Garilli, V. & Parrinello, D. (2011). "Two similar new species of Alvania Risso, 1826 (Caenogastropoda: Rissoidae) from the late Cenozoic of Italy." Molluscan Research 30(3): 165-175. ^ Alvania balearica Oliver & Templado, 2009. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania beanii (Hanley in Thorpe, 1844). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania cabrensis Rolán & Hernández, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania canariensis (d'Orbigny, 1840). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania cancapae Bouchet & Warén, 1993. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania cimicoides (Forbes, 1844). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania clarae (Nofroni & Pizzini, 1991). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania clathrella (Seguenza L., 1903). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania claudioi Buzzurro & Landini, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania colossophilus Oberling, 1970. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania corneti Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania corona Nordsieck, 1972. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania coseli (Gofas, 1999). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania dalmatica Buzzurro & Prkic, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania datchaensis Amati & Oliverio, 1987. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania debruynei Faber & Moolenbeek, 2004. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania dejongi Faber & Moolenbeek, 2004. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania denhartogi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania dianiensis Oliverio, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania dictyophora (Philippi, 1844). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania dijkstrai (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania dipacoi Giusti Fr. & Nofroni, 1989. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania discors (Allan, 1818). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania disparilis Monterosato, 1890. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania dorbignyi (Audouin, 1826). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania electa (Monterosato, 1874). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania elegantissima (Monterosato, 1875). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania elenae Gofas, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania elisae Margelli, 2001. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ İslamoğlu Y. (2006). "Alvania erentoezae – a new Rissoid gastropod species from the Early Tortonian of the Antalya Basin (Western Taurids, SW Turkey)". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 107A: 59-69. PDF. ^ Alvania euchila (Watson, 1886). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania fischeri (Jeffreys, 1884). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania flexilis Gofas, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania formicarum Gofas, 1989. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania fractospira (Oberling, 1970). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania franseni Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania freitasi Segers, Swinnen & De Prins, 2009. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania funiculata Gofas, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania garrafensis Peñas & Rolán, 2008. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania gascoignei Rolán, 2001. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania gemina Rolán & Hernández, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania geryonia (Nardo, 1847). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania grancanariensis Segers, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania guancha Moolenbeek & Hoenselaar, 1989. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania hallgassi Amati & Oliverio, 1985. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania harrietae Segers, Swinnen & De Prins, 2009. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania hirta (Monterosato, 1884). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania hispidula (Monterosato, 1884). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania hoeksemai Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania hyerensis Gofas, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania ignota Cecalupo & Perugia, 2009. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania imperspicua (Pallary, 1920). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania incognita (Warén, 1996). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania internodula (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania jacquesi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania jeffreysi (Waller, 1864). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania johannae (Moolenbeek & Hoenselaar, 1998). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania joseae (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania josefoi Oliver & Templado, 2009. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania lactea (Michaud, 1832). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania lamellata Dautzenberg, 1889. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania lanciae (Calcara, 1845). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania lavaleyei Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania leacocki (Watson, 1873). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania liesjeae Segers, Swinnen & De Prins, 2009. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania lineata Risso, 1826. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania litoralis (Nordsieck, 1972). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania lucinae Oberling, 1970. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania macandrewi (Manzoni, 1868). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania macella Gofas, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania mamillata Risso, 1826. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania marchadi (Gofas, 1999). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania marioi Gofas, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Bitlis B. & Öztürk B. (2017). "The genus Alvania (Gastropoda: Rissoidae) along the Turkish Aegean coast with the description of a new species". Scientia Marina 81 (3): 395-411. doi:10.3989/scimar.04566.14A. ^ Alvania mediolittoralis Gofas, 1989. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania micropilosa Gofas, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania microstriata (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania microtuberculata Gofas, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania moerchi (Collin, 1886). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania moniziana (Watson, 1873). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania multinodula Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania multiquadrata van der Linden & Wagner, 1989. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania nestaresi Oliverio & Amati, 1990. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania nicolauensis Moolenbeek & Rolán, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania nonsculpta (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania oliverioi Buzzurro, 2003. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania paatsi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania pagodula (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1884). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania parvula (Jeffreys, 1884). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania peli Moolenbeek & Rolán, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania piersmai Moolenbeek & Honselaar, 1989. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania plauciusi Moolenbeek & Rolán, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania platycephala Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania portentosa Rolán & Hernández, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania poucheti Dautzenberg, 1889. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania pseudoareolata Warén, 1974. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania pseudosyngenes Warén, 1973. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania punctura (Montagu, 1803). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania regina Gofas, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania renei (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania richeri Gofas, 1999. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania rudis (Philippi, 1844). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania rykeli Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania scabra (Philippi, 1844). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania schwartziana Brusina, 1866. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania scrobiculata (Møller, 1842). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania sculptilis (Monterosato, 1877). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania seinensis Gofas, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania settepassii Amati & Nofroni, 1985. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania sleursi (Amati, 1987). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania slieringsi (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania sororcula Granata-Grillo, 1877. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania spinosa (Monterosato, 1890). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania stenolopha Bouchet & Warén, 1993. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania stocki Moolenbeek & Rolán, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania subareolata Monterosato, 1869. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania subcalathus (Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1906). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania subcrenulata (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1884). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania subsoluta (Aradas, 1847). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania suroiti Gofas, 2007. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania syngenes (A. E. Verrill, 1884). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania tarsodes (Watson, 1886). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania tenera (Philippi, 1844). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania tenhovei Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania tessellata Weinkauff, 1868. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania testae (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania tomentosa (Pallary, 1920). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania turkensis Faber & Moolenbeek, 2004. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania vanegmondi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania vermaasi van Aartsen, 1975. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania verrilli (Friele, 1886). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania villarii Micali, Tisselli & Giunchi, 2005. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania wareni (Templado & Rolan, 1986). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania watsoni (Schwartz in Watson, 1873). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania weinkauffi Weinkauff, 1868. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania zetlandica (Montagu, 1815). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania zoderi (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania zylensis Gofas & Warén, 1982. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania basteriae (Moolenbeek & Faber, 1986). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania carpenteri (Weinkauff, 1885). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania cingulata (Philippi, 1836). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania colombiana Romer & Moore, 1988. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania consociella Monterosato, 1884. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania gagliniae Amati, 1985. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania gradata (d'Orbigny, 1842). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania latior (Mighels & Adams, 1842). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania minuta (Golikov & Fedjakov in Scarlato, 1987). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania obliqua Warén, 1974. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania precipitata (Dall, 1889). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania simulans Locard, 1886. Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. ^ Alvania wyvillethomsoni (Friele, 1877). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species on 9 August 2010. Monterosato T. A. (di) (1884). Nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee. Palermo, Virzi, 152 pp. Crosse H. (1885). Nomenclatura generica e specifica di alcune conchiglie mediterranee, pel Marchese di Monterosato . Journal de Conchyliologie 33: 139-142 Ponder W. F. (1985). A review of the Genera of the Rissoidae (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda: Rissoacea). Records of the Australian Museum supplement 4: 1-221page(s): 36-46 Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp. Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213 Garilli V. 2008. On some Neogene to Recent species related to Galeodina Monterosato, 1884, Galeodinopsis Sacco, 1895, and Massotia Bucquoy, Dautzenberg, and Dollfus, 1884 (Caenogastropoda: Rissoidae) with the description of two new Alvania species from the Mediterranean Pleistocene. The Nautilus, 122(1): 19–51 External links MANOUSIS, Thanasis. "The Marine Mollusca of Greece: an up-to-date, systematic catalogue, documented with bibliographic and pictorial references." Biol. Invasions 6.4 (2021): 351-366. Ramazzotti, Domenico, et al. "Annotated catalog and iconographic atlas of Mediterranean marine molluscs." Mediterranean Nature (2006). Media related to Alvania at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiersAlvania Wikidata: Q3137332 Wikispecies: Alvania ADW: Alvania AFD: Alvania BOLD: 306816 CoL: 7NNR4 EoL: 39470 GBIF: 2299345 iNaturalist: 246663 IRMNG: 1399928 ITIS: 70798 NBN: NBNSYS0000178976 NCBI: 707132 NZOR: 94e7c02f-eee9-463e-87cd-b026cde9ee6d Open Tree of Life: 606380 Paleobiology Database: 9451 Plazi: BF18F633-A960-FF85-2B9C-C2B4FDC8FB97 uBio: 500629 WoRMS: 138439 Authority control databases: National Israel	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"sea snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(ocean)"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"micromollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Rissoidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissoidae"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Albania.Alvania is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Rissoidae.[2]They form a very diversified group within the Rissoidae family.","title":"Alvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monophyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvania&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alvania sculptilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_sculptilis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-2"}],"text":"Alvania as currently used may not be monophyletic.[3]The genus Alvinia has been synonymized with Alvania, until a consistent phylogenetic scheme emerges for the whole group. As of 2012[update], is sometimes considered a separate genus.[4]The genus Alvania comprises species with small shells with heights measuring between 1 mm and 7 mm. Their general shape is ovate-conical, reticulated with axial and spirals elements. They have a continuous peristome. Their coloration is variable. [5]Some species such as Alvania sculptilis have been named twice with the second naming becoming a junior secondary homonym. However, the genus Alvania as currently used has a very broad taxonomic extension, and these species may very well end up in different genera when a robust phylogeny becomes available. [2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"These marine species can be found worldwide (except in the antarctic and subantarctic regions). They can be found from intertidal depths to abyssal depths. [6]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alvania aartseni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_aartseni"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Alvania abrupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_abrupta"},{"link_name":"Alvania abstersa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_abstersa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alvania absuturalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_absuturalis"},{"link_name":"Alvania acida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_acida"},{"link_name":"Alvania acuticarinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_acuticarinata"},{"link_name":"Alvania adiaphoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_adiaphoros"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Alvania adinogramma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_adinogramma"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Alvania aeoliae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_aeoliae"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Alvania aequisculpta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_aequisculpta"},{"link_name":"Alvania africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_africana"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Alvania agathae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_agathae"},{"link_name":"Alvania aglaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_aglaja"},{"link_name":"Alvania akibai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_akibai"},{"link_name":"Alvania albachiarae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_albachiarae"},{"link_name":"Alvania alboranensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_alboranensis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Alvania alexandrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_alexandrae"},{"link_name":"Alvania alfredbelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_alfredbelli"},{"link_name":"Alvania algeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_algeriana"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Alvania aliceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_aliceae"},{"link_name":"Alvania allixi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_allixi"},{"link_name":"Alvania almo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_almo"},{"link_name":"Alvania alta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_alta"},{"link_name":"Alvania amatii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_amatii"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Alvania ameliae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_ameliae"},{"link_name":"Alvania amoena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_amoena"},{"link_name":"Alvania amphitrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_amphitrite"},{"link_name":"Alvania ampulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_ampulla"},{"link_name":"Alvania anabaptizata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_anabaptizata"},{"link_name":"Alvania angioyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_angioyi"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Alvania angularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_angularis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Alvania angusticostata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_angusticostata"},{"link_name":"Alvania annetteae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_annetteae"},{"link_name":"Alvania annobonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_annobonensis"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Alvania antwerpiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_antwerpiensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania aquensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_aquensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania areolifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_areolifera"},{"link_name":"Alvania argentea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_argentea"},{"link_name":"Alvania argillensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_argillensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania armata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_armata"},{"link_name":"Alvania arubensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_arubensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania aspera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_aspera"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Alvania asphaltodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_asphaltodus"},{"link_name":"Alvania aturensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_aturensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania auberiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_auberiana"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Alvania aupouria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_aupouria"},{"link_name":"Alvania aurantiaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_aurantiaca"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Alvania awa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_awa"},{"link_name":"Alvania awamoaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_awamoaensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania babylonelliformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_babylonelliformis"},{"link_name":"Alvania baldoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_baldoi"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MR30-3-22"},{"link_name":"Alvania balearica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_balearica"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Alvania barreti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_barreti"},{"link_name":"Alvania bartolinorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_bartolinorum"},{"link_name":"Alvania bartschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_bartschi"},{"link_name":"Alvania basisulcata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_basisulcata"},{"link_name":"Alvania beanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_beanii"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Alvania belgica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_belgica"},{"link_name":"Alvania belli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_belli"},{"link_name":"Alvania bermudensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_bermudensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania beyersi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_beyersi"},{"link_name":"Alvania beyrichii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_beyrichii"},{"link_name":"Alvania bicingulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_bicingulata"},{"link_name":"Alvania bonellii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_bonellii"},{"link_name":"Alvania bonneti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_bonneti"},{"link_name":"Alvania bounteyensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_bounteyensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania boutani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_boutani"},{"link_name":"Alvania bozcaadensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_bozcaadensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania braillonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_braillonis"},{"link_name":"Alvania brusinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_brusinai"},{"link_name":"Alvania burtoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_burtoni"},{"link_name":"Alvania butonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_butonensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania cabrensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cabrensis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Alvania calasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_calasi"},{"link_name":"Alvania calliope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_calliope"},{"link_name":"Alvania campanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_campanii"},{"link_name":"Alvania campta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_campta"},{"link_name":"Alvania canariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_canariensis"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Alvania cancapae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cancapae"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Alvania cancellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cancellata"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Alvania candasae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_candasae"},{"link_name":"Alvania canonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_canonica"},{"link_name":"Alvania caporalii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_caporalii"},{"link_name":"Alvania carinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_carinata"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Alvania cathyae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cathyae"},{"link_name":"Alvania cerreti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cerreti"},{"link_name":"Alvania chilensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_chilensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania cimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cimex"},{"link_name":"Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"1758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Alvania cimicoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cimicoides"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Alvania cioppii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cioppii"},{"link_name":"Alvania clarae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_clarae"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Alvania clathrella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_clathrella"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Alvania claudioi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_claudioi"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Alvania coccoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_coccoi"},{"link_name":"Alvania colossophilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_colossophilus"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Alvania compacta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_compacta"},{"link_name":"Alvania concinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_concinna"},{"link_name":"Alvania conica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_conica"},{"link_name":"Alvania convexispira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_convexispira"},{"link_name":"Alvania corneti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_corneti"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Alvania corona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_corona"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Alvania coseli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_coseli"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Alvania cosmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cosmia"},{"link_name":"Alvania cossmanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cossmanni"},{"link_name":"Alvania couffoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_couffoni"},{"link_name":"Alvania cranchiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cranchiana"},{"link_name":"Alvania crassistriata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_crassistriata"},{"link_name":"Alvania craticula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_craticula"},{"link_name":"Alvania critica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_critica"},{"link_name":"Alvania cruzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cruzi"},{"link_name":"Alvania crystallina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_crystallina"},{"link_name":"Alvania curacaoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_curacaoensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania curta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_curta"},{"link_name":"Alvania daguini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_daguini"},{"link_name":"Alvania dalmatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dalmatica"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Alvania datchaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_datchaensis"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Alvania dautzenbergi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dautzenbergi"},{"link_name":"Alvania debruynei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_debruynei"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Alvania dejongi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dejongi"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Alvania denhartogi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_denhartogi"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Alvania densecostata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_densecostata"},{"link_name":"Alvania desabatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_desabatae"},{"link_name":"Alvania deweti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_deweti"},{"link_name":"Alvania diadema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_diadema"},{"link_name":"Alvania dianiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dianiensis"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Alvania dictyophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dictyophora"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Alvania dijkstrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dijkstrai"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Alvania dimitrii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dimitrii"},{"link_name":"Alvania dingdensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dingdensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania dipacoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dipacoi"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Alvania discazalorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_discazalorum"},{"link_name":"Alvania discors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_discors"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Alvania disparilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_disparilis"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Alvania dissensia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dissensia"},{"link_name":"Alvania distincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_distincta"},{"link_name":"Alvania doliolum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_doliolum"},{"link_name":"Alvania dollfusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dollfusi"},{"link_name":"Alvania dorbignyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dorbignyi"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Alvania dubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dubia"},{"link_name":"Alvania dubiosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dubiosa"},{"link_name":"Alvania dumasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_dumasi"},{"link_name":"Alvania electa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_electa"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Alvania elegantissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_elegantissima"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Alvania elenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_elenae"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Alvania elisae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_elisae"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Alvania ellae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_ellae"},{"link_name":"Alvania emaciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_emaciata"},{"link_name":"Alvania enysii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_enysii"},{"link_name":"Alvania erato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_erato"},{"link_name":"Alvania erecta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_erecta"},{"link_name":"†","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction"},{"link_name":"Alvania erentoezae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_erentoezae"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C4%B0slamo%C4%9Flu_2006-55"},{"link_name":"Alvania esmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_esmes"},{"link_name":"Alvania euchila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_euchila"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Alvania eucraspeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_eucraspeda"},{"link_name":"Alvania euphrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_euphrosine"},{"link_name":"Alvania eurydictium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_eurydictium"},{"link_name":"Alvania exserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_exserta"},{"link_name":"Alvania faberi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_faberi"},{"link_name":"Alvania falsivenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_falsivenus"},{"link_name":"Alvania falunica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_falunica"},{"link_name":"Alvania fasciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_fasciata"},{"link_name":"Alvania fenestrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_fenestrata"},{"link_name":"Alvania fezata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_fezata"},{"link_name":"Alvania filocincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_filocincta"},{"link_name":"Alvania fischeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_fischeri"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Alvania flava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_flava"},{"link_name":"Alvania flexilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_flexilis"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Alvania foraminata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_foraminata"},{"link_name":"Alvania formicarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_formicarum"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Alvania fractospira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_fractospira"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Alvania francescoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_francescoi"},{"link_name":"Alvania franseni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_franseni"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Alvania frediani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_frediani"},{"link_name":"Alvania freitasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_freitasi"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Alvania frigida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_frigida"},{"link_name":"Alvania fulgens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_fulgens"},{"link_name":"Alvania funiculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_funiculata"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Alvania galeodinopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_galeodinopsis"},{"link_name":"Alvania gallegosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_gallegosi"},{"link_name":"Alvania gallinacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_gallinacea"},{"link_name":"Alvania garrafensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_garrafensis"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Alvania gascoignei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_gascoignei"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Alvania gemina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_gemina"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Alvania gemmulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_gemmulata"},{"link_name":"Alvania geryonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_geryonia"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Alvania giselae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_giselae"},{"link_name":"Alvania glabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_glabra"},{"link_name":"Alvania globosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_globosa"},{"link_name":"Alvania gofasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_gofasi"},{"link_name":"Alvania gontsharovae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_gontsharovae"},{"link_name":"Alvania gourbesvillensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_gourbesvillensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania gradatoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_gradatoides"},{"link_name":"Alvania grancanariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_grancanariensis"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Alvania granosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_granosa"},{"link_name":"Alvania guancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_guancha"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Alvania gutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_gutta"},{"link_name":"Alvania halia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_halia"},{"link_name":"Alvania hallgassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_hallgassi"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Alvania harrietae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_harrietae"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Alvania hauniensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_hauniensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania hedleyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_hedleyi"},{"link_name":"Alvania helenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_helenae"},{"link_name":"Alvania heraelaciniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_heraelaciniae"},{"link_name":"Alvania herosae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_herosae"},{"link_name":"Alvania herwigia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_herwigia"},{"link_name":"Alvania hinschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_hinschi"},{"link_name":"Alvania hirta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_hirta"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Alvania hispidula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_hispidula"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Alvania hoeksemai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_hoeksemai"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Alvania holsatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_holsatica"},{"link_name":"Alvania holubicensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_holubicensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania houdasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_houdasi"},{"link_name":"Alvania hueti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_hueti"},{"link_name":"Alvania hungarica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_hungarica"},{"link_name":"Alvania hyerensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_hyerensis"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Alvania ignota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_ignota"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Alvania ima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_ima"},{"link_name":"Alvania imperspicua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_imperspicua"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Alvania incognita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_incognita"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Alvania inflata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_inflata"},{"link_name":"Alvania insulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_insulsa"},{"link_name":"Alvania internodula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_internodula"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Alvania interrupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_interrupta"},{"link_name":"Alvania isolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_isolata"},{"link_name":"Alvania jacquesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_jacquesi"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Alvania jeffreysi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_jeffreysi"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Alvania johannae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_johannae"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Alvania joseae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_joseae"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Alvania josefoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_josefoi"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Alvania josephineae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_josephineae"},{"link_name":"Alvania kaawaensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_kaawaensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania kenneyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_kenneyi"},{"link_name":"Alvania kermadecensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_kermadecensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania kowalewskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_kowalewskii"},{"link_name":"Alvania kowiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_kowiensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania kwandangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_kwandangensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania lachesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lachesis"},{"link_name":"Alvania lachrimula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lachrimula"},{"link_name":"Alvania lactanea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lactanea"},{"link_name":"Alvania lactea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lactea"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Alvania lagouardensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lagouardensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania lamellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lamellata"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Alvania lampra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lampra"},{"link_name":"Alvania lanciae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lanciae"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Alvania laufensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_laufensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania laurae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_laurae"},{"link_name":"Alvania lavaleyei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lavaleyei"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Alvania leacocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_leacocki"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Alvania leopardiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_leopardiana"},{"link_name":"Alvania letourneuxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_letourneuxi"},{"link_name":"Alvania liesjeae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_liesjeae"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Alvania ligeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_ligeriana"},{"link_name":"Alvania limensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_limensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania lineata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lineata"},{"link_name":"Risso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Risso"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Alvania litoralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_litoralis"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Alvania littorinoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_littorinoides"},{"link_name":"Alvania lucinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lucinae"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Alvania macandrewi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_macandrewi"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Alvania macella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_macella"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Alvania maclurgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_maclurgi"},{"link_name":"Alvania mamillata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_mamillata"},{"link_name":"Risso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Risso"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Alvania marchadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_marchadi"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Alvania mariae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_mariae"},{"link_name":"Alvania marioi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_marioi"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Alvania marmarisensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_marmarisensis"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Alvania masirahensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_masirahensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania maurizioi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_maurizioi"},{"link_name":"Alvania maximilicutiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_maximilicutiani"},{"link_name":"Alvania mediolittoralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_mediolittoralis"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Alvania meridioamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_meridioamericana"},{"link_name":"Alvania merlei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_merlei"},{"link_name":"Alvania micalii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_micalii"},{"link_name":"Alvania microglypta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_microglypta"},{"link_name":"Alvania micropilosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_micropilosa"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Alvania microstriata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_microstriata"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Alvania microtuberculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_microtuberculata"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Alvania milleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_milleti"},{"link_name":"Alvania milletispinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_milletispinosa"},{"link_name":"Alvania minuscula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_minuscula"},{"link_name":"Alvania minuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_minuta"},{"link_name":"Alvania miocalasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_miocalasi"},{"link_name":"Alvania miolactea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_miolactea"},{"link_name":"Alvania moerchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_moerchi"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Alvania moniziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_moniziana"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Alvania monserratensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_monserratensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania montensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_montensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania monterosatoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_monterosatoi"},{"link_name":"Alvania moolenbeeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_moolenbeeki"},{"link_name":"Alvania morleti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_morleti"},{"link_name":"Alvania multinodula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_multinodula"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Alvania multiquadrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_multiquadrata"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Alvania multistriata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_multistriata"},{"link_name":"Alvania napoleoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_napoleoni"},{"link_name":"Alvania nemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_nemo"},{"link_name":"Alvania nestaresi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_nestaresi"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Alvania nicobarica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_nicobarica"},{"link_name":"Alvania nicolauensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_nicolauensis"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Alvania nihonkaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_nihonkaiensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania nina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_nina"},{"link_name":"Alvania nitida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_nitida"},{"link_name":"Alvania nix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_nix"},{"link_name":"Alvania nonsculpta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_nonsculpta"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Alvania novarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_novarensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania obeliscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_obeliscus"},{"link_name":"Alvania obliquicostata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_obliquicostata"},{"link_name":"Alvania occidua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_occidua"},{"link_name":"Alvania oceani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_oceani"},{"link_name":"Alvania oetyliaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_oetyliaca"},{"link_name":"Alvania ogasawarana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_ogasawarana"},{"link_name":"Alvania oldroydae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_oldroydae"},{"link_name":"Alvania oliverioi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_oliverioi"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Alvania paatsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_paatsi"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Alvania pagodula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pagodula"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Alvania pagodulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pagodulina"},{"link_name":"Alvania parasusieae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_parasusieae"},{"link_name":"Alvania parazosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_parazosta"},{"link_name":"Alvania pariana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pariana"},{"link_name":"Alvania partimcancellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_partimcancellata"},{"link_name":"Alvania partschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_partschi"},{"link_name":"Alvania parvimaculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_parvimaculata"},{"link_name":"Alvania parvula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_parvula"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Alvania peli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_peli"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Alvania peloritana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_peloritana"},{"link_name":"Alvania perregularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_perregularis"},{"link_name":"Alvania perversa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_perversa"},{"link_name":"Alvania peyreirensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_peyreirensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania piersmai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_piersmai"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Alvania pinguis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pinguis"},{"link_name":"Alvania pinguoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pinguoides"},{"link_name":"Alvania pizzinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pizzinii"},{"link_name":"Alvania planciusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_planciusi"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Alvania planicincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_planicincta"},{"link_name":"Alvania platycephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_platycephala"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Alvania playagrandensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_playagrandensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania pluricosticillata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pluricosticillata"},{"link_name":"Alvania porcupinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_porcupinae"},{"link_name":"Alvania portentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_portentosa"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Alvania poucheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_poucheti"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Alvania praeholsatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_praeholsatica"},{"link_name":"Alvania praenovarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_praenovarensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania praetermissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_praetermissa"},{"link_name":"Alvania proavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_proavia"},{"link_name":"Alvania productilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_productilis"},{"link_name":"Alvania profundicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_profundicola"},{"link_name":"Alvania prosocostata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_prosocostata"},{"link_name":"Alvania prusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_prusi"},{"link_name":"Alvania pseudalvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pseudalvania"},{"link_name":"Alvania pseudoareolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pseudoareolata"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Alvania pseudohispidula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pseudohispidula"},{"link_name":"Alvania pseudopartschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pseudopartschi"},{"link_name":"Alvania pseudosyngenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pseudosyngenes"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Alvania pukeuriensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pukeuriensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania pulcherrima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_pulcherrima"},{"link_name":"Alvania punctura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_punctura"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Alvania purpurea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_purpurea"},{"link_name":"Alvania putei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_putei"},{"link_name":"Alvania quadrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_quadrata"},{"link_name":"Alvania raulini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_raulini"},{"link_name":"Alvania redoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_redoniana"},{"link_name":"Alvania regina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_regina"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"Alvania renauleauensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_renauleauensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania renei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_renei"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Alvania reticulatopunctata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_reticulatopunctata"},{"link_name":"Alvania richeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_richeri"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Alvania riparia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_riparia"},{"link_name":"Alvania rischi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_rischi"},{"link_name":"Alvania robusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_robusta"},{"link_name":"Alvania rominae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_rominae"},{"link_name":"Alvania rosana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_rosana"},{"link_name":"Alvania rosariae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_rosariae"},{"link_name":"Alvania rotulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_rotulata"},{"link_name":"Alvania rudis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_rudis"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Alvania rupeliensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_rupeliensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania rykeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_rykeli"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Alvania sacyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_sacyi"},{"link_name":"Alvania salebrosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_salebrosa"},{"link_name":"Alvania sanctipaulensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_sanctipaulensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania scabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_scabra"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Alvania schwartzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_schwartzi"},{"link_name":"Alvania schwartziana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_schwartziana"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Alvania scrobiculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_scrobiculata"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Alvania scuderii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_scuderii"},{"link_name":"Alvania sculptilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_sculptilis"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Alvania seanlandaui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_seanlandaui"},{"link_name":"Alvania seguenzorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_seguenzorum"},{"link_name":"Alvania seinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_seinensis"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Alvania settepassii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_settepassii"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Alvania simonsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_simonsi"},{"link_name":"Alvania skylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_skylla"},{"link_name":"Alvania sleursi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_sleursi"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Alvania slieringsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_slieringsi"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Alvania solitaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_solitaria"},{"link_name":"Alvania sombrerensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_sombrerensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania sororcula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_sororcula"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Alvania spinosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_spinosa"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Alvania spirialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_spirialis"},{"link_name":"Alvania stenolopha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_stenolopha"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Alvania stephanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_stephanensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania stigmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_stigmata"},{"link_name":"Alvania stocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_stocki"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Alvania strangei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_strangei"},{"link_name":"Alvania subareolata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_subareolata"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Alvania subcalathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_subcalathus"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Alvania subclavata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_subclavata"},{"link_name":"Alvania subcrenulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_subcrenulata"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Alvania subgaleodinopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_subgaleodinopsis"},{"link_name":"Alvania sublaevigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_sublaevigata"},{"link_name":"Alvania sublagouardensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_sublagouardensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania subsoluta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_subsoluta"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Alvania subtiliangulosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_subtiliangulosa"},{"link_name":"Alvania subventricosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_subventricosa"},{"link_name":"Alvania suprasculpta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_suprasculpta"},{"link_name":"Alvania suroiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_suroiti"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Alvania susieae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_susieae"},{"link_name":"Alvania syngenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_syngenes"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Alvania tarsodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_tarsodes"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Alvania tauropraecedens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_tauropraecedens"},{"link_name":"Alvania templadoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_templadoi"},{"link_name":"Alvania tenera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_tenera"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Alvania tenhovei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_tenhovei"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Alvania tenuicostata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_tenuicostata"},{"link_name":"Alvania tenuisculpturata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_tenuisculpturata"},{"link_name":"Alvania tessellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_tessellata"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Alvania testae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_testae"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Alvania textiliformis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_textiliformis"},{"link_name":"Alvania thalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_thalia"},{"link_name":"Alvania thouinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_thouinensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania tomentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_tomentosa"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Alvania tongrorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_tongrorum"},{"link_name":"Alvania townsendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_townsendi"},{"link_name":"Alvania trachisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_trachisma"},{"link_name":"Alvania transiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_transiens"},{"link_name":"Alvania tumida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_tumida"},{"link_name":"Alvania turkensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_turkensis"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Alvania turtaudierei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_turtaudierei"},{"link_name":"Alvania uapou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_uapou"},{"link_name":"Alvania unica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_unica"},{"link_name":"Alvania urgonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_urgonensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania valeriae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_valeriae"},{"link_name":"Alvania vanegmondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_vanegmondi"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Alvania varia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_varia"},{"link_name":"Alvania veliscensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_veliscensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania venus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_venus"},{"link_name":"Alvania venusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_venusta"},{"link_name":"Alvania verconiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_verconiana"},{"link_name":"Alvania vermaasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_vermaasi"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Alvania verrilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_verrilli"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Alvania versoverana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_versoverana"},{"link_name":"Alvania villarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_villarii"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Alvania villattae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_villattae"},{"link_name":"Alvania vinosula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_vinosula"},{"link_name":"Alvania virodunensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_virodunensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania waimamakuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_waimamakuensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania waisiuensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_waisiuensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania wangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_wangi"},{"link_name":"Alvania wareni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_wareni"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Alvania watsoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_watsoni"},{"link_name":"Schwartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Schwartz"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Alvania weinkauffi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_weinkauffi"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Alvania xelae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_xelae"},{"link_name":"Alvania yamatoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_yamatoensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania zaraensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_zaraensis"},{"link_name":"Alvania zbyszewskii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_zbyszewskii"},{"link_name":"Alvania zetlandica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_zetlandica"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Alvania zibinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_zibinica"},{"link_name":"Alvania ziliolii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_ziliolii"},{"link_name":"Alvania ziziphina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_ziziphina"},{"link_name":"Alvania zoderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_zoderi"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Alvania zosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_zosta"},{"link_name":"Alvania zylensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_zylensis"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Taxon inquirendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_inquirenda"}],"text":"Species within the genus Alvania include:Alvania aartseni Verduin, 1986[7]\nAlvania abrupta (Dell, 1956)\nAlvania abstersa van der Linden & van Aartsen, 1993[8]\n† Alvania absuturalis Chirli & Forli, 2021\nAlvania acida Garilli, Reitano & Scuderi, 2023\n† Alvania acuticarinata Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania adiaphoros Bouchet & Warén, 1993[9]\nAlvania adinogramma Bouchet & Warén, 1993[10]\nAlvania aeoliae Palazzi, 1988[11]\nAlvania aequisculpta Keep, 1887\nAlvania africana Gofas, 1999[12]\n† Alvania agathae Reitano, Cresti & Di Franco, 2020\n† Alvania aglaja De Stefani & Pantanelli in De Stefani, 1888\nAlvania akibai (Yokoyama, 1926)\nAlvania albachiarae Perugia, 2021\nAlvania alboranensis Peñas & Rolán, 2006[13]\n† Alvania alexandrae O. Boettger, 1902\n† Alvania alfredbelli Faber, 2017\nAlvania algeriana (Monterosato, 1877)[14]\nAlvania aliceae Amati, 2014\n† Alvania allixi Cossmann, 1919\nAlvania almo Bartsch, 1911\n† Alvania alta Bałuk, 1975\nAlvania amatii Oliverio, 1986[15]\n† Alvania ameliae Chirli & Forli, 2021\n† Alvania amoena Tabanelli, Bongiardino & Perugia, 2011\n† Alvania amphitrite Thivaiou, Harzhauser & Koskeridou, 2019\n† Alvania ampulla (Eichwald, 1853)\n† Alvania anabaptizata Boettger, 1906\nAlvania angioyi van Aartsen, 1982[16]\nAlvania angularis (Warén, 1996)[17]\n† Alvania angusticostata Traub, 1981\nAlvania annetteae Amati, Danzelle & Devauchelle, 2018\nAlvania annobonensis Rolán, 2004[18]\n† Alvania antwerpiensis Glibert, 1952\n† Alvania aquensis (Grateloup, 1838)\n† Alvania areolifera (Sandberger, 1863)\nAlvania argentea (G.B. Sowerby III, 1892)\n† Alvania argillensis Lozouet, 1998\n†Alvania armata Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania arubensis De Jong & Coomans, 1988\nAlvania aspera (Philippi, 1844)[19]\n† Alvania asphaltodus Beets, 1942\n† Alvania aturensis Lozouet, 1998\nAlvania auberiana (d'Orbigny, 1842)[20]\nAlvania aupouria (Powell, 1937)\nAlvania aurantiaca (Watson, 1873)[21]\nAlvania awa Chinzei, 1959\n† Alvania awamoaensis (H. J. Finlay, 1924)\n†Alvania babylonelliformis Gürs in Gürs & Spiegler, 1999\n† Alvania baldoi Garilli & Parrinello, 2011[22]\nAlvania balearica Oliver & Templado, 2009[23]\n† Alvania barreti (Morlet, 1885)\nAlvania bartolinorum Amati & Smriglio, 2019\n† Alvania bartschi Olsson, 1942\n† Alvania basisulcata A. W. Janssen, 1972\nAlvania beanii (Hanley in Thorpe, 1844)[24]\n† Alvania belgica Glibert, 1952\n† Alvania belli Harmer, 1920\nAlvania bermudensis Faber & Moolenbeek, 1987\nAlvania beyersi (Thiele, 1925)\n† Alvania beyrichii (Bosquet, 1859)\n† Alvania bicingulata (G. Seguenza, 1876)\n† Alvania bonellii Palazzi, 1996\n† Alvania bonneti Cossmann, 1921\nAlvania bounteyensis (Dell, 1950)\nAlvania boutani Dautzenberg & Fischer, 1907\nAlvania bozcaadensis Tisselli & Giunchi, 2013\n† Alvania braillonis (Le Renard, 1990)\n† Alvania brusinai Schwartz von Mohrenstern in Brusina, 1877\n† Alvania burtoni Glibert, 1962\n†Alvania butonensis Beets, 1942\nAlvania cabrensis Rolán & Hernández, 2007[25]\n† Alvania calasi Van Dingenen, Ceulemans & Landau, 2016\n† Alvania calliope Chirli & U. Linse, 2011\nAlvania campanii Tisselli & Giunchi, 2013\nAlvania campta (Dall, 1927)\nAlvania canariensis (d'Orbigny, 1840)[26]\nAlvania cancapae Bouchet & Warén, 1993[27]\nAlvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778)[28]\nAlvania candasae J. D. Oliver & Gofas, 2022\nAlvania canonica (Dall, 1927)\n† Alvania caporalii Chirli, 2006\nAlvania carinata (da Costa, 1778)[29]\n† Alvania cathyae Landau, Marquet & Grigis, 2003\n† Alvania cerreti Gardella, Bertaccini, Bertamini, Bongiardino, Petracci & Tabanelli, 2021\n† Alvania chilensis (Philippi, 1887)\nAlvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758)[30]\nAlvania cimicoides (Forbes, 1844)[31]\n† Alvania cioppii Chirli, 2006\nAlvania clarae (Nofroni & Pizzini, 1991)[32]\nAlvania clathrella (Seguenza L., 1903)[33]\nAlvania claudioi Buzzurro & Landini, 2007[34]\n† Alvania coccoi (G. Seguenza, 1876)\nAlvania colossophilus Oberling, 1970[35]\nAlvania compacta (Carpenter, 1864)\nAlvania concinna A. Adams, 1861\n† Alvania conica Schwartz von Mohrenstern, 1867\n† Alvania convexispira O. Boettger, 1906\nAlvania corneti Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998[36]\nAlvania corona Nordsieck, 1972[37]\nAlvania coseli (Gofas, 1999)[38]\nAlvania cosmia Bartsch, 1911\n† Alvania cossmanni Harmer, 1920\n† Alvania couffoni Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania cranchiana Leach, 1852\n† Alvania crassistriata (S. V. Wood, 1848)\n† Alvania craticula (Briart & Cornet, 1887)\n† Alvania critica Boettger, 1907\nAlvania cruzi (Castellanos & Fernández, 1974)\nAlvania crystallina (Garrett, 1873)\nAlvania curacaoensis De Jong & Coomans, 1988\n† Alvania curta (Dujardin, 1837)\n† Alvania daguini Peyrot, 1938\nAlvania dalmatica Buzzurro & Prkic, 2007[39]\nAlvania datchaensis Amati & Oliverio, 1987[40]\n† Alvania dautzenbergi Glibert, 1949\nAlvania debruynei Faber & Moolenbeek, 2004[41]\nAlvania dejongi Faber & Moolenbeek, 2004[42]\nAlvania denhartogi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998[43]\n† Alvania densecostata Harmer, 1920\nAlvania desabatae Amati & Smriglio, 2016\nAlvania deweti (Thiele, 1925)\n† Alvania diadema De Stefani & Pantanelli in De Stefani, 1888\nAlvania dianiensis Oliverio, 1988[44]\nAlvania dictyophora (Philippi, 1844)[45]\nAlvania dijkstrai (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998)[46]\n† Alvania dimitrii Garilli & Parrinello, 2010\n† Alvania dingdensis (A. W. Janssen, 1967)\nAlvania dipacoi Giusti Fr. & Nofroni, 1989[47]\nAlvania discazalorum Lozouet, 1998 †\nAlvania discors (Allan, 1818)[48]\nAlvania disparilis Monterosato, 1890[49]\n† Alvania dissensia Van Dingenen, Ceulemans & Landau, 2016\nAlvania distincta W. H. Turton, 1932\n† Alvania doliolum Lozouet, 2015\n†Alvania dollfusi (Cossmann & Pissarro, 1902)\nAlvania dorbignyi (Audouin, 1826)[50]\n† Alvania dubia (G. Seguenza, 1876)\n† Alvania dubiosa Harmer, 1920\n† Alvania dumasi (Cossmann, 1899)\nAlvania electa (Monterosato, 1874)[51]\nAlvania elegantissima (Monterosato, 1875)[52]\nAlvania elenae Gofas, 2007[53]\nAlvania elisae Margelli, 2001[54]\n† Alvania ellae (Boettger, 1901)\nAlvania emaciata (Mörch, 1876)\n† Alvania enysii (Bell, 1898)\n† Alvania erato Chirli & U. Linse, 2011\n† Alvania erecta Harmer, 1920\n† Alvania erentoezae İslamoğlu, 2006[55]\nAlvania esmes Manousis, J. D. Oliver & Zaminos, 2023\nAlvania euchila (Watson, 1886)[56]\nAlvania eucraspeda (Hedley, 1911)\n† Alvania euphrosine De Stefani & Pantanelli in De Stefani, 1888\n† Alvania eurydictium (Cossmann, 1888)\nAlvania exserta (Suter, 1908)\nAlvania faberi De Jong & Coomans, 1988\n† Alvania falsivenus Lozouet, 2015\n† Alvania falunica Peyrot, 1938\nAlvania fasciata (Tenison Woods, 1876)\nAlvania fenestrata (Krauss, 1848)\n† Alvania fezata Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania filocincta (Hedley & Petterd, 1906)\nAlvania fischeri (Jeffreys, 1884)[57]\nAlvania flava Okutani, 1964\nAlvania flexilis Gofas, 1999[58]\n† Alvania foraminata Lozouet, 1998\nAlvania formicarum Gofas, 1989[59]\nAlvania fractospira (Oberling, 1970)[60]\n† Alvania francescoi Garilli, 2008\nAlvania franseni Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998[61]\n† Alvania frediani Della Bella & Scarponi, 2000\nAlvania freitasi Segers, Swinnen & De Prins, 2009[62]\n† Alvania frigida (Cossmann, 1921)\nAlvania fulgens W. H. Turton, 1932\nAlvania funiculata Gofas, 2007[63]\n† Alvania galeodinopsis (Le Renard, 1990)\nAlvania gallegosi Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930\nAlvania gallinacea (Finlay, 1930)\nAlvania garrafensis Peñas & Rolán, 2008[64]\nAlvania gascoignei Rolán, 2001[65]\nAlvania gemina Rolán & Hernández, 2007[66]\n† Alvania gemmulata (G. Seguenza, 1876)\nAlvania geryonia (Nardo, 1847)[67]\n† Alvania giselae (Boettger, 1901)\nAlvania glabra Leach, 1852\n† Alvania globosa Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania gofasi (Rolán & Fernandes, 1990)\n† Alvania gontsharovae Iljina, 1993\n† Alvania gourbesvillensis Cossmann, 1921\nAlvania gradatoides (Finlay, 1930)\nAlvania grancanariensis Segers, 1999[68]\n† Alvania granosa Tabanelli, Bongiardino & Perugia, 2011\nAlvania guancha Moolenbeek & Hoenselaar, 1989[69]\n† Alvania gutta Tabanelli, Bongiardino & Perugia, 2011\nAlvania halia Bartsch, 1911\nAlvania hallgassi Amati & Oliverio, 1985[70]\nAlvania harrietae Segers, Swinnen & De Prins, 2009[71]\n†Alvania hauniensis Ravn, 1939\nAlvania hedleyi Thiele, 1930\n† Alvania helenae Boettger, 1901\n† Alvania heraelaciniae Ruggieri, 1950\nAlvania herosaeAmati, Di Giulio & Oliverio, 2023\nAlvania herwigia (Castellanos & Fernández, 1974)\n† Alvania hinschi Gürs & Weinbrecht, 2001\nAlvania hirta (Monterosato, 1884)[72]\nAlvania hispidula (Monterosato, 1884)[73]\nAlvania hoeksemai Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998[74]\n†Alvania holsatica Anderson, 1960\n† Alvania holubicensis Friedberg, 1923\n† Alvania houdasi (Cossmann, 1907)\nAlvania hueti Bozzetti, 2017\n† Alvania hungarica Bohn-Havas, 1973\nAlvania hyerensis Gofas, 2007[75]\nAlvania ignota Cecalupo & Perugia, 2009[76]\nAlvania ima Bartsch, 1911\nAlvania imperspicua (Pallary, 1920)[77]\nAlvania incognita (Warén, 1996)[78]\nAlvania inflata W. H. Turton, 1932\n† Alvania insulsa Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania internodula (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998)[79]\n† Alvania interrupta (Finlay, 1924)\nAlvania isolata (Laseron, 1956)\nAlvania jacquesi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998[80]\nAlvania jeffreysi (Waller, 1864)[81]\nAlvania johannae (Moolenbeek & Hoenselaar, 1998)[82]\nAlvania joseae (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998)[83]\nAlvania josefoi Oliver & Templado, 2009[84]\n† Alvania josephineae Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\n† Alvania kaawaensis (Laws, 1940)\n† Alvania kenneyi Ladd, 1966\nAlvania kermadecensis (Oliver, 1915)\n† Alvania kowalewskii Bałuk, 1975\nAlvania kowiensis Tomlin, 1931\nAlvania kwandangensis (Schepman, 1909)\n† Alvania lachesis (Basterot, 1825)\n† Alvania lachrimula Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\n† Alvania lactanea Glibert, 1949\nAlvania lactea (Michaud, 1832)[85]\n†Alvania lagouardensis Lozouet & Maestrati, 1982\nAlvania lamellata Dautzenberg, 1889[86]\nAlvania lampra (Dall, 1927)\nAlvania lanciae (Calcara, 1845)[87]\n† Alvania laufensis Traub, 1981\n† Alvania laurae Brunetti & Vecchi, 2012\nAlvania lavaleyei Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998[88]\nAlvania leacocki (Watson, 1873)[89]\n†Alvania leopardiana Brunetti & Vecchi, 2012\nAlvania letourneuxi Amati, Di Giulio & Oliverio, 2023\nAlvania liesjeae Segers, Swinnen & De Prins, 2009[90]\n† Alvania ligeriana Peyrot, 1938\nAlvania limensis (Ponder & Worsfold, 1994)\nAlvania lineata Risso, 1826[91]\nAlvania litoralis (Nordsieck, 1972)[92]\nAlvania littorinoides Cossmann, 1921 †\nAlvania lucinae Oberling, 1970[93]\nAlvania macandrewi (Manzoni, 1868)[94]\nAlvania macella Gofas, 2007[95]\nAlvania maclurgi (Powell, 1933)\nAlvania mamillata Risso, 1826[96]\nAlvania marchadi (Gofas, 1999)[97]\n† Alvania mariae (A. d'Orbigny, 1852)\nAlvania marioi Gofas, 1999[98]\nAlvania marmarisensis Bitlis & Öztürk, 2017[99]\nAlvania masirahensis Perugia, 2021\n† Alvania maurizioi Chirli, 2006\nAlvania maximilicutiani Scuderi, 2014\nAlvania mediolittoralis Gofas, 1989[100]\nAlvania meridioamericana Weisbord, 1962\n† Alvania merlei Van Dingenen, Ceulemans & Landau, 2016\n† Alvania micalii Chirli, 2006\nAlvania microglypta Haas, 1943\nAlvania micropilosa Gofas, 2007[101]\nAlvania microstriata (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998)[102]\nAlvania microtuberculata Gofas, 2007[103]\n† Alvania milleti Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\n†Alvania milletispinosa Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania minuscula (Verrill & Bush, 1900)\n† Alvania minuta (Finlay, 1924)\n† Alvania miocalasi Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\n† Alvania miolactea Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania moerchi (Collin, 1886)[104]\nAlvania moniziana (Watson, 1873)[105]\nAlvania monserratensis (Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930)\n† Alvania montensis Glibert, 1973\n† Alvania monterosatoi (P. Fischer, 1877)\nAlvania moolenbeeki De Jong & Coomans, 1988\n† Alvania morleti Le Renard, 1990\nAlvania multinodula Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998[106]\nAlvania multiquadrata van der Linden & Wagner, 1989[107]\n† Alvania multistriata (Bell, 1892)\n† Alvania napoleoni Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania nemo Bartsch, 1911\nAlvania nestaresi Oliverio & Amati, 1990[108]\nAlvania nicobarica (Thiele, 1925)\nAlvania nicolauensis Moolenbeek & Rolán, 1988[109]\nAlvania nihonkaiensis Hasegawa, 2014\nAlvania nina Faber, 2010\n† Alvania nitida Brunetti & Vecchi, 2012\nAlvania nix Poppe, Tagaro & Goto, 2018\nAlvania nonsculpta (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998)[110]\nAlvania novarensis Frauenfeld, 1867\n† Alvania obeliscus Harmer, 1920\n† Alvania obliquicostata H. Wang, 1981\nAlvania occidua (Cotton, 1944)\n† Alvania oceani (d'Orbigny, 1852)\nAlvania oetyliaca Amati & Chiarelli, 2017\nAlvania ogasawarana (Pilsbry, 1904)\nAlvania oldroydae Bartsch, 1911\nAlvania oliverioi Buzzurro, 2003[111]\nAlvania paatsi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998[112]\nAlvania pagodula (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1884)[113]\n† Alvania pagodulina Sacco, 1895\n†Alvania parasusieae Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\n† Alvania parazosta Lozouet, 1998\n† Alvania pariana (Guppy in Guppy & Dall, 1896)\n† Alvania partimcancellata Harmer, 1920\n† Alvania partschi (Hörnes, 1856)\nAlvania parvimaculata Amati, Di Giulio & Oliverio, 2023\nAlvania parvula (Jeffreys, 1884)[114]\nAlvania peli Moolenbeek & Rolán, 1988[115]\nAlvania peloritana (Aradas & Benoit, 1874)\n† Alvania perregularis Sacco, 1895\nAlvania perversa F. Nordsieck, 1972\n† Alvania peyreirensis Cossmann & Peyrot, 1919\nAlvania piersmai Moolenbeek & Hoenselaar, 1989[116]\nAlvania pinguis (Webster, 1906)\nAlvania pinguoides (Powell, 1940)\nAlvania pizzinii Amati, Smriglio & Oliverio, 2020\nAlvania planciusi Moolenbeek & Rolán, 1988[117]\n† Alvania planicincta (Le Renard, 1990)\nAlvania platycephala Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1896[118]\n† Alvania playagrandensis Weisbord, 1962\n† Alvania pluricosticillata Chirli & Forli, 2021\nAlvania porcupinae Gofas & Warén, 1982\nAlvania portentosa Rolán & Hernández, 2007[119]\nAlvania poucheti Dautzenberg, 1889[120]\n† Alvania praeholsatica Gürs & Weinbrecht, 2001\n† Alvania praenovarensis (Ludbrook, 1956)\n† Alvania praetermissa Landau, Van Dingenen & Ceulemans, 2023\n† Alvania proavia (Pilsbry & C. W. Johnson, 1917)\n† Alvania productilis Boettger, 1906\nAlvania profundicola Bartsch, 1911\nAlvania prosocostata Amati, Di Giulio & Oliverio, 2023\nAlvania prusi (P. Fischer, 1877)\n† Alvania pseudalvania (Andrusov, 1905)\nAlvania pseudoareolata Warén, 1974[121]\n† Alvania pseudohispidula Brunetti & Vecchi, 2012\n† Alvania pseudopartschi H.-J. Anderson, 1960\nAlvania pseudosyngenes Warén, 1973[122]\n† Alvania pukeuriensis (Finlay, 1924)\n† Alvania pulcherrima Peyrot, 1938\nAlvania punctura (Montagu, 1803)[123]\nAlvania purpurea Dall, 1871\n† Alvania putei Lozouet & Maestrati, 1982\nAlvania quadrata A. A. Gould, 1861\n† Alvania raulini Cossmann & Peyrot, 1919\n† Alvania redoniana Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania regina Gofas, 1999[124]\n† Alvania renauleauensis Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania renei (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998)[125]\n† Alvania reticulatopunctata Seguenza, 1879\nAlvania richeri Gofas, 1999[126]\n† Alvania riparia Lozouet, 1998\n† Alvania rischi Gürs & Weinbrecht, 2001\n† Alvania robusta Calas, 1949\nAlvania rominae Amati, Trono & Oliverio, 2020\nAlvania rosana Bartsch, 1911\n† Alvania rosariae Garilli, 2008\n† Alvania rotulata Pantanelli, 1888\nAlvania rudis (Philippi, 1844)[127]\n† Alvania rupeliensis Tembrock, 1964\nAlvania rykeli Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998[128]\n† Alvania sacyi Cossmann, 1921\nAlvania salebrosa Frauenfeld, 1867\n† Alvania sanctipaulensis Lozouet, 1998\nAlvania scabra (Philippi, 1844)[129]\n† Alvania schwartzi (M. Hörnes, 1856)\nAlvania schwartziana Brusina, 1866[130]\nAlvania scrobiculata (Møller, 1842)[131]\nAlvania scuderii Villari, 2017\nAlvania sculptilis (Monterosato, 1877)[132]\n† Alvania seanlandaui Landau, Marquet & Grigis, 2003\n† Alvania seguenzorum Bertolaso & Palazzi, 2000\nAlvania seinensis Gofas, 2007[133]\nAlvania settepassii Amati & Nofroni, 1985[134]\n† Alvania simonsi Marquet, 1997\nAlvania skylla Tisselli & Micali, 2023\nAlvania sleursi (Amati, 1987)[135]\nAlvania slieringsi (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998)[136]\nAlvania solitaria (Dell, 1956)\nAlvania sombrerensis (Thiele, 1925)\nAlvania sororcula Granata-Grillo, 1877[137]\nAlvania spinosa (Monterosato, 1890)[138]\n† Alvania spirialis Glibert, 1949\nAlvania stenolopha Bouchet & Warén, 1993[139]\n† Alvania stephanensis Lozouet, 1998\nAlvania stigmata Frauenfeld, 1867\nAlvania stocki Moolenbeek & Rolán, 1988[140]\nAlvania strangei (Brazier, 1894)\nAlvania subareolata Monterosato, 1869[141]\nAlvania subcalathus (Dautzenberg & Fischer H., 1906)[142]\n† Alvania subclavata O. Boettger, 1906\nAlvania subcrenulata (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1884)[143]\n† Alvania subgaleodinopsis Lozouet, 2015\n† Alvania sublaevigata O. Boettger, 1906\n† Alvania sublagouardensis Lozouet, 1998\nAlvania subsoluta (Aradas, 1847)[144]\n† Alvania subtiliangulosa Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania subventricosa W. H. Turton, 1932\nAlvania suprasculpta (May, 1915)\nAlvania suroiti Gofas, 2007[145]\n† Alvania susieae Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania syngenes (A. E. Verrill, 1884)[146]\nAlvania tarsodes (Watson, 1886)[147]\n† Alvania tauropraecedens Sacco, 1895\nAlvania templadoi Hoffman & Freiwald, 2021\nAlvania tenera (Philippi, 1844)[148]\nAlvania tenhovei Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998[149]\n† Alvania tenuicostata (G. Seguenza, 1876)\n† Alvania tenuisculpturata Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania tessellata Weinkauff, 1868[150]\nAlvania testae (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844)[151]\n† Alvania textiliformis Harmer, 1920\n† Alvania thalia De Stefani & Pantanelli in De Stefani, 1888\nAlvania thouinensis May, 1915\nAlvania tomentosa (Pallary, 1920)[152]\n† Alvania tongrorum Glibert & de Heinzelin de Braucourt, 1954\nAlvania townsendi (Melvill, 1910)\nAlvania trachisma Bartsch, 1911\n† Alvania transiens Sacco, 1895\nAlvania tumida Carpenter, 1857\nAlvania turkensis Faber & Moolenbeek, 2004[153]\n† Alvania turtaudierei Landau, Ceulemans & Van Dingenen, 2018\nAlvania uapou Amati, Di Giulio & Oliverio, 2023\nAlvania unica Amati & Quaggiotto, 2019\n† Alvania urgonensis Cossmann, 1918\nAlvania valeriae Absalao, 1994\nAlvania vanegmondi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998[154]\n† Alvania varia Tabanelli, Bongiardino & Perugia, 2011\n† Alvania veliscensis Schwartz von Mohrenstern, 1867\n†Alvania venus (d'Orbigny, 1852)\nAlvania venusta (Powell, 1926)\nAlvania verconiana (Hedley, 1911)\nAlvania vermaasi van Aartsen, 1975[155]\nAlvania verrilli (Friele, 1886)[156]\nAlvania versoverana (Melvill, 1910)\nAlvania villarii Micali, Tisselli & Giunchi, 2005[157]\n† Alvania villattae Le Renard, 1990\n†Alvania vinosula Anderson & Hanna, 1925\n† Alvania virodunensis Lozouet, 1998\n† Alvania waimamakuensis (Laws, 1948)\n† Alvania waisiuensis Beets, 1942\nAlvania wangi B.-Y. Xu, L. Qi & L.-F. Kong, 2022\nAlvania wareni (Templado & Rolan, 1986)[158]\nAlvania watsoni (Schwartz in Watson, 1873)[159]\nAlvania weinkauffi Weinkauff, 1868[160]\nAlvania xelae J. D. Oliver & Urgorri, 2022\nAlvania yamatoensis Hasegawa, 2014\nAlvania zaraensis Amati & Appolloni, 2019\n† Alvania zbyszewskii Van Dingenen, Ceulemans & Landau, 2016\nAlvania zetlandica (Montagu, 1815)[161]\n† Alvania zibinica Pantanelli, 1888\n† Alvania ziliolii Brunetti & Vecchi, 2012\n† Alvania ziziphina Dollfus in Calas, 1949\nAlvania zoderi (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998)[162]\n† Alvania zosta (Bayan, 1873)\nAlvania zylensis Gofas & Warén, 1982[163]Taxon inquirendum† Alvania rugosula (Aradas, 1847)\nAlvania scitula A. Adams, 1861\nAlvania semicostata A. Adams, 1861 (unassessed, use in recent literature not established by editor)\nAlvania subcancellata (G. B. Sowerby III, 1894)\n† Alvania sulzeriana Risso, 1826","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stosicia aberrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stosicia_aberrans"},{"link_name":"Alvania testae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_testae"},{"link_name":"Alvania compacta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_compacta"},{"link_name":"Benthonellania acuticostata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthonellania_acuticostata"},{"link_name":"Onoba alaskana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onoba_alaskana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aclis ascaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aclis_ascaris"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia albolirata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lirobarleeia_albolirata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Subestea alfredensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subestea_alfredensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cingula winslowae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cingula_winslowae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alvania tomentosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_tomentosa"},{"link_name":"Simulamerelina andraldensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simulamerelina_andraldensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onoba bakeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onoba_bakeri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia kelseyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lirobarleeia_kelseyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Crisilla basteriae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisilla_basteriae"},{"link_name":"Simulamerelina boucheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simulamerelina_boucheti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alvania beanii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_beanii"},{"link_name":"Alvania trachisma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_trachisma"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Onoba carpenteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onoba_carpenteri"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia chiriquiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lirobarleeia_chiriquiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Alvania mamillata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_mamillata"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia clarionensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lirobarleeia_clarionensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Benthonellania colombiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthonellania_colombiana"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Alvania lanciae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lanciae"},{"link_name":"Clatrosansonia corayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clatrosansonia_corayi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alvania lineata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_lineata"},{"link_name":"Alvania discors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_discors"},{"link_name":"Alvania electa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_electa"},{"link_name":"Alabina effusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabina_effusa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia electrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lirobarleeia_electrina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alvania cimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cimex"},{"link_name":"Alabina excurvata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alabina_excurvata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simulamerelina falsimerelina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simulamerelina_falsimerelina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simulamerelina ferruginea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simulamerelina_ferruginea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alvania compacta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_compacta"},{"link_name":"Haurakia novarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haurakia_novarensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haurakia novarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haurakia_novarensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alvania compacta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_compacta"},{"link_name":"Alvania cimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cimex"},{"link_name":"Phosinella media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phosinella_media&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Crisilla gagliniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisilla_gagliniae"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia galapagensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lirobarleeia_galapagensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia gradata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirobarleeia_gradata"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia granti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lirobarleeia_granti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alvania litoralis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_litoralis"},{"link_name":"Simulamerelina guesti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simulamerelina_guesti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia herrerae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lirobarleeia_herrerae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia hoodensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lirobarleeia_hoodensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simulamerelina hortensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simulamerelina_hortensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alvania compacta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_compacta"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lirobarleeia_lara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Setia latior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setia_latior"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia electrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lirobarleeia_electrina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Punctulum minutum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctulum_minutum"},{"link_name":"Alvania discors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_discors"},{"link_name":"Onoba carpenteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onoba_carpenteri"},{"link_name":"Haurakia novarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haurakia_novarensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Onoba obliqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onoba_obliqua"},{"link_name":"Pisinna olivacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pisinna_olivacea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alvania compacta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_compacta"},{"link_name":"Lirobarleeia perlata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lirobarleeia_perlata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Merelina pisinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merelina_pisinna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rissoa membranacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rissoa_membranacea"},{"link_name":"Crisilla postrema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisilla_postrema"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"Benthonellania precipitata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthonellania_precipitata"},{"link_name":"Alvania cimex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_cimex"},{"link_name":"Iravadia quadrasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iravadia_quadrasi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alvania carinata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_carinata"},{"link_name":"Alvania discors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvania_discors"},{"link_name":"Crisilla semistriata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisilla_semistriata"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"Crisilla simulans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisilla_simulans"},{"link_name":"Aclis minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aclis_minor"},{"link_name":"Galeodinopsis tiberiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galeodinopsis_tiberiana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haurakia novarensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haurakia_novarensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cingula whitechurchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cingula_whitechurchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Punctulum wyvillethomsoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctulum_wyvillethomsoni"}],"text":"This is a long list\nAlvania aberrans (C. B. Adams, 1850): synonym of Stosicia aberrans (C. B. Adams, 1850)\nAlvania abyssicola (Forbes, 1850): synonym of Alvania testae (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) (junior synonym )\nAlvania acutilirata (P. P. Carpenter, 1864): synonym of Alvania compacta (P. P. Carpenter, 1864)\nAlvania acuticostata (Dall, 1889): synonym of Benthonellania acuticostata (Dall, 1889)\nAlvania alaskana Dall, 1886: synonym of Onoba alaskana (Dall, 1886)\nAlvania albella S. V. Wood, 1842: synonym of Alvania ascaris (W. Turton, 1819) synonym of Aclis ascaris (W. Turton, 1819) (junior subjective synonym)\nAlvania albolirata (Carpenter, 1864): synonym of Lirobarleeia albolirata (Carpenter, 1864) (Does not belong to the genus Alvania)\nAlvania alfredensis Bartsch, 1915: synonym of Onoba alfredensis (Bartsch, 1915): synonym of Subestea alfredensis (Bartsch, 1915) (original combination)\nAlvania almo Bartsch, 1915: synonym of Alvania winslowae Bartsch, 1928 synonym of Cingula winslowae (Bartsch, 1928) (junior primary homonym of Alvania almo Bartsch, 1911)\nAlvania altenai van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984: synonym of Alvania tomentosa (Pallary, 1920)\n† Alvania andraldensis Lozouet, 1998: synonym of † Simulamerelina andraldensis (Lozouet, 1998) (superseded combination)\nAlvania bakeri Bartsch, 1910: synonym of Onoba bakeri (Bartsch, 1910) (original combination)\nAlvania bartolomensis Bartsch, 1917: synonym of Lirobarleeia kelseyi (Dall & Bartsch, 1902)\nAlvania basteriae (Moolenbeek & Faber, 1986):[164] synonym of Crisilla basteriae (Moolenbeek & Faber, 1986)\n† Alvania boucheti Lozouet, 1998: synonym of † Simulamerelina boucheti (Lozouet, 1998) (superseded combination)\nAlvania brocchii Weinkauff, 1868: synonym of Alvania reticulata (Montagu, 1803): synonym of Alvania beanii (Hanley, 1844)\nAlvania californica Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Alvania trachisma Bartsch, 1911\nAlvania carpenteri (Weinkauff, 1885):[165] synonym of Onoba carpenteri (Weinkauff, 1885)\nAlvania chiriquiensis Olsson & McGinty, 1958: synonym of Lirobarleeia chiriquiensis (Olsson & McGinty, 1958)\nAlvania cingulata (Philippi, 1836):[166] synonym of Alvania mamillata Risso, 1826\nAlvania clarionensis Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Lirobarleeia clarionensis (Bartsch, 1911) (original combination)\nAlvania colombiana Romer & Moore, 1988:[167] synonym of Benthonellania colombiana (Romer & D. R. Moore, 1988) (original combination)\nAlvania consociella Monterosato, 1884:[168] synonym of Alvania lanciae (Calcara, 1845)\nAlvania corayi Ladd, 1966: synonym of Clatrosansonia corayi (Ladd, 1966) (superseded combination)\nAlvania costulosa Risso, 1826: synonym of Alvania lineata Risso, 1826\nAlvania crassicostata Risso, 1826: synonym of Alvania discors (T. Brown, 1818)\nAlvania deliciosa (Jeffreys, 1884): synonym of Alvania electa (Monterosato, 1874)\nAlvania effusa P. P. Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Alabina effusa (P. P. Carpenter, 1857) (original combination)\nAlvania electrina (P. P. Carpenter, 1864): synonym of Lirobarleeia electrina (P. P. Carpenter, 1864)\nAlvania europea Risso, 1826: synonym of Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758) (type by subsequent designation)\nAlvania excurvata Carpenter, 1857: synonym of Alabina excurvata (P. P. Carpenter, 1857) (original combination)\n† Alvania falsimerelina Lozouet, 1998: synonym of † Simulamerelina falsimerelina (Lozouet, 1998) (superseded combination)\nAlvania ferruginea A. Adams, 1861: synonym of Simulamerelina ferruginea (A. Adams, 1861)\nAlvania filosa P. P. Carpenter, 1864: synonym of Alvania compacta (P. P. Carpenter, 1864)\nAlvania firma (Laseron, 1956): synonym of Haurakia novarensis (Frauenfeld, 1867)\nAlvania formosita (Laseron, 1956): synonym of Haurakia novarensis (Frauenfeld, 1867)\nAlvania fossilis Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Alvania compacta (P. P. Carpenter, 1864)\nAlvania freminvillea Risso, 1826: synonym of Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758)\nAlvania fusca Gould, 1861: synonym of Rissoina media Schwartz von Mohrenstern, 1860: synonym of Phosinella media (Schwartz von Mohrenstern, 1860) (junior subjective synonym)\nAlvania gagliniae Amati, 1985:[169] synonym of Crisilla gagliniae (Amati, 1985)\nAlvania galapagensis Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Lirobarleeia galapagensis (Bartsch, 1911) (original combination)\nAlvania gradata (d'Orbigny, 1842):[170] synonym of Lirobarleeia gradata (d'Orbigny, 1842)\nAlvania granti Strong, 1938: synonym of Lirobarleeia granti (Strong, 1938)\n† Alvania granulosculpta (L. Seguenza, 1903): synonym of † Alvania litoralis (F. Nordsieck, 1972) (dubious synonym)\nAlvania guesti Faber & Moolenbeek, 1987: synonym of Simulamerelina guesti (Faber & Moolenbeek, 1987)\nAlvania herrerae Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930: synonym of Lirobarleeia herrerae (Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930)\nAlvania hoodensis Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Lirobarleeia hoodensis (Bartsch, 1911) (original combination)\n† Alvania hortensis Lozouet, 1998: synonym of † Simulamerelina hortensis (Lozouet, 1998) (superseded combination)\nAlvania iliuliukensis Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Alvania compacta (P. P. Carpenter, 1864)\nAlvania lara Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Lirobarleeia lara (Bartsch, 1911)\nAlvania latior (Mighels & Adams, 1842):[171] synonym of Setia latior (Mighels & C. B. Adams, 1842)\nAlvania lucasana Baker, Hanna & Strong, 1930: synonym of Lirobarleeia electrina (Carpenter, 1864)\nAlvania minuta (Golikov & Fedjakov in Scarlato, 1987):[172] synonym of Punctulum minutum Golikov & Fedjakov, 1987\nAlvania montagui (Payraudeau, 1826): synonym of Alvania discors (T. Brown, 1818)\nAlvania montereyensis Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Onoba carpenteri (Weinkauff, 1885)\nAlvania novarensis Frauenfeld, 1867: synonym of Haurakia novarensis (Frauenfeld, 1867)\nAlvania obliqua Warén, 1974:[173] synonym of Onoba obliqua (Warén, 1974)\nAlvania olivacea Frauenfeld, 1867: synonym of Pisinna olivacea (Frauenfeld, 1867)\nAlvania pedroana Bartsch, 1911: synonym of Alvania compacta (P. P. Carpenter, 1864)\nAlvania perlata Mörch, 1860: synonym of Lirobarleeia perlata (Mörch, 1860)\nAlvania pisinna Melvill & Standen, 1896: synonym of Merelina pisinna (Melvill & Standen, 1896)\nAlvania plicatula Risso, 1826: synonym of Rissoa membranacea (J. Adams, 1800)\nAlvania (Crisilla) postrema Gofas, 1990 : synonym of Crisilla postrema (Gofas, 1990)\nAlvania precipitata (Dall, 1889):[174] synonym of Benthonellania precipitata (Dall, 1889)\nAlvania pyramidata Risso, 1826:synonym of Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758)\nAlvania quadrasi O. Boettger, 1893: synonym of Iravadia quadrasi (O. Boettger, 1893)\nAlvania russinoniaca Locard, 1886: synonym of Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778)\nAlvania sardea Risso, 1826: synonym of Alvania discors (T. Brown, 1818) (dubious synonym)\nAlvania semistriata (Montagu, 1808): synonym of Crisilla semistriata (Montagu, 1808)\nAlvania simulans Locard, 1886:[175] synonym of Crisilla simulans (Locard, 1886)\nAlvania supranitida S.V. Wood, 1842: synonym of Aclis minor (Brown, 1827)\n† Alvania tiberiana (Coppi, 1876): synonym of † Galeodinopsis tiberiana (Coppi, 1876)\nAlvania trajectus (Watson, 1886): synonym of Haurakia novarensis (Frauenfeld, 1867)\nAlvania whitechurchi W. H. Turton, 1932: synonym of Cingula whitechurchi (W. H. Turton, 1932)\nAlvania wyvillethomsoni (Friele, 1877):[176] synonym of Punctulum wyvillethomsoni (Friele, 1877)","title":"Synonyms"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alvania&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138439","external_links_name":"Alvania Risso, 1826"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=881067","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=881067"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=574680","external_links_name":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=574680"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bruno-Amati-2/publication/330674275_Taxonomic_notes_on_the_Alvania_cimex-complex_in_the_Mediterranean_Sea_Alvania_cingulata_Philippi_1836_junior_synonym_of_Alvania_mamillata_Risso_1826_Gastropoda_Rissoidae_Iberus_35_2_123-141/links/5f285620a6fdcccc43a87ec0/Taxonomic-notes-on-the-Alvania-cimex-complex-in-the-Mediterranean-Sea-Alvania-cingulata-Philippi-1836-junior-synonym-of-Alvania-mamillata-Risso-1826-Gastropoda-Rissoidae-Iberus-35-2-123-141.pdf","external_links_name":"Amati, Bruno, Massimo Appolloni, and Carlo Smriglio. \"Taxonomic notes on the Alvania cimex-complex in the Mediterranean Sea. Alvania cingulata (Philippi, 1836) junior synonym of Alvania mamillata Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda, Rissoidae).\" Iberus 35 (2017): 123-141."},{"Link":"http://www.biodiversityjournal.com/pdf/8(3)_839-850.pdf","external_links_name":"Amati B. & Chiarelli S. (2017). Description of Alvania oetyliaca n. sp. from the Mediterranean Sea (Mollusca Gastropoda Rissoidae). Biodiversity Journal. 8(3): 839-850"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141150","external_links_name":"Alvania aartseni Verduin, 1986"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141151","external_links_name":"Alvania abstersa van der Linden & van Aartsen, 1993"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141152","external_links_name":"Alvania adiaphoros Bouchet & Warén, 1993"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141153","external_links_name":"Alvania adinogramma Bouchet & Warén, 1993"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141154","external_links_name":"Alvania aeoliae Palazzi, 1988"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=224640","external_links_name":"Alvania africana Gofas, 1999"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=234151","external_links_name":"Alvania alboranensis Peñas & Rolán, 2006"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141155","external_links_name":"Alvania algeriana (Monterosato, 1877)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141156","external_links_name":"Alvania amatii Oliverio, 1986"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141157","external_links_name":"Alvania angioyi van Aartsen, 1982"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141158","external_links_name":"Alvania angularis (Warén, 1996)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=388992","external_links_name":"Alvania annobonensis Rolán, 2004"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141159","external_links_name":"Alvania aspera (Philippi, 1844)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=419615","external_links_name":"Alvania auberiana (d'Orbigny, 1842)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141160","external_links_name":"Alvania aurantiaca (Watson, 1873)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=458013","external_links_name":"Alvania balearica Oliver & Templado, 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141162","external_links_name":"Alvania beanii (Hanley in Thorpe, 1844)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=458248","external_links_name":"Alvania cabrensis Rolán & Hernández, 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141163","external_links_name":"Alvania canariensis (d'Orbigny, 1840)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141164","external_links_name":"Alvania cancapae Bouchet & Warén, 1993"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141165","external_links_name":"Alvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141166","external_links_name":"Alvania carinata (da Costa, 1778)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141167","external_links_name":"Alvania cimex (Linnaeus, 1758)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141168","external_links_name":"Alvania cimicoides (Forbes, 1844)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141170","external_links_name":"Alvania clarae (Nofroni & Pizzini, 1991)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141171","external_links_name":"Alvania clathrella (Seguenza L., 1903)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=239060","external_links_name":"Alvania claudioi Buzzurro & Landini, 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141172","external_links_name":"Alvania colossophilus Oberling, 1970"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=224643","external_links_name":"Alvania corneti Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141174","external_links_name":"Alvania corona Nordsieck, 1972"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141175","external_links_name":"Alvania coseli (Gofas, 1999)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=244552","external_links_name":"Alvania dalmatica Buzzurro & Prkic, 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141176","external_links_name":"Alvania datchaensis Amati & Oliverio, 1987"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=388691","external_links_name":"Alvania debruynei Faber & Moolenbeek, 2004"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=388692","external_links_name":"Alvania dejongi Faber & Moolenbeek, 2004"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=224644","external_links_name":"Alvania denhartogi Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141177","external_links_name":"Alvania dianiensis Oliverio, 1988"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141178","external_links_name":"Alvania dictyophora (Philippi, 1844)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141179","external_links_name":"Alvania dijkstrai (Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141180","external_links_name":"Alvania dipacoi Giusti Fr. & Nofroni, 1989"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141181","external_links_name":"Alvania discors (Allan, 1818)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141182","external_links_name":"Alvania disparilis Monterosato, 1890"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141183","external_links_name":"Alvania dorbignyi (Audouin, 1826)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141184","external_links_name":"Alvania electa (Monterosato, 1874)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141185","external_links_name":"Alvania elegantissima (Monterosato, 1875)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=345734","external_links_name":"Alvania elenae Gofas, 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=180968","external_links_name":"Alvania elisae Margelli, 2001"},{"Link":"http://www.nhm-wien.ac.at/Content.Node/forschung/geologie/annalen_a/107A_03_Isamoglu.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141186","external_links_name":"Alvania euchila (Watson, 1886)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141187","external_links_name":"Alvania fischeri (Jeffreys, 1884)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=457472","external_links_name":"Alvania flexilis Gofas, 1999"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141188","external_links_name":"Alvania formicarum Gofas, 1989"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141189","external_links_name":"Alvania fractospira (Oberling, 1970)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=224648","external_links_name":"Alvania franseni Hoenselaar & Goud, 1998"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=467558","external_links_name":"Alvania freitasi Segers, Swinnen & De Prins, 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=345738","external_links_name":"Alvania funiculata Gofas, 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=380558","external_links_name":"Alvania garrafensis Peñas & Rolán, 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=458279","external_links_name":"Alvania gascoignei Rolán, 2001"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=458249","external_links_name":"Alvania gemina Rolán & Hernández, 2007"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141191","external_links_name":"Alvania geryonia (Nardo, 1847)"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=180966","external_links_name":"Alvania grancanariensis Segers, 1999"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141192","external_links_name":"Alvania guancha Moolenbeek & Hoenselaar, 1989"},{"Link":"http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141193","external_links_name":"Alvania hallgassi Amati & Oliverio, 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_drunk	Dry drunk	["1 See also","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Former alcoholic who retains patterns of addiction Dry drunk is an expression coined by the founder of Alcoholics Anonymous that describes an alcoholic who no longer drinks but otherwise maintains the same behavior patterns of an alcoholic. A dry drunk can be described as a person who refrains from alcohol or drugs, but still has all the unresolved emotional and psychological issues which might have fueled the addiction to begin with. These unresolved issues continue to have a hold on their psyche and hence, while they do not seek intoxication, they exhibit many of the other behavioural traits associated with addiction. In most cases, alcohol dependency is a substantial factor in the lives of the alcoholics and accepting sobriety comes with its own challenges and understanding of their personality. Despite leaving alcohol and de-addicting themselves, most of their personalities are an embodiment of their previous selves. The dry drunk is portrayed with feelings of profound depression and frustration and with the indecisive feeling of wanting a drink that they have given up. Many alcoholics drink for long periods before maintaining sobriety for a period and become accustomed to the personality and character traits that are embodied by their behavior during addiction. During this phase of "dry drunk," the addicts face restlessness, frustration, anger, impatience and cravings. The symptoms of dry drunkenness are irregular and in some individuals can be less intense while others remain unchanged as the period of sobriety increases. Some of the symptoms of dry drunkenness can be noticed in the initial phase of sobriety, while others can manifest themselves later as some addicts work to suppress their dry drunk emotions. These patterns of behavior can be treated and alleviated through professional assistance. See also Alcoholism Substance abuse References Look up dry drunk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ^ "What to Know About Dry Drunk Syndrome". ^ David W. Brook; Henry I. Spitz (23 September 2002). The Group Therapy of Substance Abuse. CRC Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-7890-1782-6. ^ a b Bennett, Carole (14 May 2011). "Is there a "Dry Drunk" in your life?". Psychology Today. Retrieved 27 October 2018. Further reading Understanding the Continuum of Addiction and the Addictive Personality: Just because you're not drinking doesn't mean that you're sober. Psychology Today vteAlcohol and healthAlcohol useAlcohol-related crimes Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States Driving under the influence (DUI) Drunk driving Drunk driving in the United States Moonshine Nip joint Public intoxication Rum-running Wine fraud Alcoholism Alcohol and Native Americans Alcoholism in adolescence Alcoholism in family systems Alcoholism in rural Australia Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism Disease theory of alcoholism High-functioning alcoholic (HFA) Seeing pink elephants Chemistry Beer chemistry Congener Alcohol congener analysis Ethanol Blood alcohol content Fusel alcohol Wine chemistry Effects Short-term effects of alcohol consumption Long-term effects of alcohol Pharmacology of ethanol Subjective response to alcohol Adverse effects Aging Brain Cancer breast cancer Cortisol Memory Pregnancy Sleep Tolerance/intolerance Weight Beverage-specific Beer: Potomania Red wine: Red wine headache Social issues Adulterated alcohol Adulterated moonshine Denatured alcohol (List of methanol poisoning incidents) Surrogate alcohol Alcohol abuse Alcohol advertising on college campuses Sex Beer goggles Alcohol myopia Alcohol in association football Alcohol powder Alcohol use among college students Binge drinking Austrian syndrome Alcohol intoxication Epidemiology of binge drinking Holiday heart syndrome Zapoy Blackout Blackout Wednesday Drinking game list Pregaming Drinking in public Drunk dialing Drunk walking Drunkorexia Dry drunk Dutch courage Flaming drink Hair of the dog In vino veritas Nightcap Pantsdrunk Passive drinking Binge drinking devices Beer bong Yard of ale Routes of administration Alcohol enema Alcohol inhalation Vodka eyeballing Sconcing History Andrew Johnson alcoholism debate Dionysian Mysteries Dipsomania Gilbert Paul Jordan Gin Craze List of deaths through alcohol Rum ration Rum Rebellion Shebeen Six o'clock swill Speakeasy Whiskey Rebellion General Alcoholic beverage Beer Beer mile International Beer Day International Women's Collaboration Brew Day Women in brewing Drinking culture Apéritif and digestif Hangover remedies Health effects of wine Wine and food pairing Drunken monkey hypothesis Ladies' night List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Ritual use of alcohol Whiskey International whisk(e)y day Alcohol controlAlcohol law Administrative License Suspension (ALS) Alcohol monopoly Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol packaging warning messages Ban on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States Drunk driving law by country DWI court Field sobriety testing Hip flask defence Ignition interlock device Dry county List of dry communities by U.S. state Last call Legal drinking age Legal drinking age in the United States Shoulder tap List of alcohol laws of US Alcohol prohibition List of countries with alcohol prohibition Neo-prohibitionism Temperance movement Sobriety Alcohol detoxification Alcohol-free zone Dry campus Open-container law Brief intervention Designated driver Alcohol rehabilitation Drunk tank Managed alcohol program Non-alcoholic drink List of cocktails List of mixed drinks Spritzer Malt drinks Teetotalism Temperance bar Temperance and Good Citizenship Day Twelve-step groups Al-Anon/Alateen Alcoholics Anonymous (AA): Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACA) Sober companion Sober curious Sober living house Sobering center Sobrietol Quit lit Alcohol limitation 0-0-1-3 Alcohol consumption recommendations Alcohol education Alcohol server training Monitoring Breathalyzer Sweat alcohol content monitor FRAMES Dry January Foundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility Campaigns Get Your Sexy Back Liquor license Low-alcohol drinks Fermented tea Low-alcohol beer Low-alcoholic malt drinks Small beer Measurement Alcoholic spirits measure Standard drink Addiction medicine Benzodiazepines Chlordiazepoxide Disulfiram-like drugs Disulfiram Calcium carbimide Cyanamide General anaesthetics Nitrous oxide Sulfonic acids Acamprosate Homotaurine Religion and alcohol Christian views on alcohol alcohol in the Bible Islam and alcohol History Beer Street and Gin Lane Bratt System Dry state Gin Act 1751 Medicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933 Related Index of alcohol-related articles Alcohol and spaceflight Gateway drug effect Mood disorder Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Self-medication Spins Town drunk French paradox Category This mental health-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"alcoholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrookSpitz2002-2"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bennett2011-3"},{"link_name":"alcohol dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_dependence"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bennett2011-3"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"frustration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustration"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Dry drunk is an expression coined by the founder of Alcoholics Anonymous [1] that describes an alcoholic who no longer drinks but otherwise maintains the same behavior patterns of an alcoholic.[2]A dry drunk can be described as a person who refrains from alcohol or drugs, but still has all the unresolved emotional and psychological issues which might have fueled the addiction to begin with. These unresolved issues continue to have a hold on their psyche and hence, while they do not seek intoxication, they exhibit many of the other behavioural traits associated with addiction.[3] In most cases, alcohol dependency is a substantial factor in the lives of the alcoholics and accepting sobriety comes with its own challenges and understanding of their personality. Despite leaving alcohol and de-addicting themselves, most of their personalities are an embodiment of their previous selves.[3]The dry drunk is portrayed with feelings of profound depression and frustration and with the indecisive feeling of wanting a drink that they have given up. Many alcoholics drink for long periods before maintaining sobriety for a period and become accustomed to the personality and character traits that are embodied by their behavior during addiction. During this phase of \"dry drunk,\" the addicts face restlessness, frustration, anger, impatience and cravings. The symptoms of dry drunkenness are irregular and in some individuals can be less intense while others remain unchanged as the period of sobriety increases. Some of the symptoms of dry drunkenness can be noticed in the initial phase of sobriety, while others can manifest themselves later as some addicts work to suppress their dry drunk emotions. These patterns of behavior can be treated and alleviated through professional assistance.[citation needed]","title":"Dry drunk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Understanding the Continuum of Addiction and the Addictive Personality: Just because you're not drinking doesn't mean that you're sober.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/enlightened-living/200806/the-continuum-addiction-and-the-addictive-personality"},{"link_name":"Psychology Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Today"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Alcohol_and_health"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Alcohol_and_health"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alcohol_and_health"},{"link_name":"Alcohol and 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1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_Liquor_Prescriptions_Act_of_1933"},{"link_name":"Index of alcohol-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_alcohol-related_articles"},{"link_name":"Alcohol and spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_and_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"Gateway drug effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gateway_drug_effect"},{"link_name":"Mood disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_disorder"},{"link_name":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease"},{"link_name":"Self-medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-medication"},{"link_name":"Spins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spins"},{"link_name":"Town drunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_drunk"},{"link_name":"French paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_paradox"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alcohol_and_health"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mental_health_stub.svg"},{"link_name":"mental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dry_drunk&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mental-health-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mental-health-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental-health-stub"}],"text":"Understanding the Continuum of Addiction and the Addictive Personality: Just because you're not drinking doesn't mean that you're sober. Psychology TodayvteAlcohol and healthAlcohol useAlcohol-related crimes\nAlcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States\nDriving under the influence (DUI)\nDrunk driving\nDrunk driving in the United States\nMoonshine\nNip joint\nPublic intoxication\nRum-running\nWine fraud\nAlcoholism\nAlcohol and Native Americans\nAlcoholism in adolescence\nAlcoholism in family systems\nAlcoholism in rural Australia\nCollaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism\nDisease theory of alcoholism\nHigh-functioning alcoholic (HFA)\nSeeing pink elephants\nChemistry\nBeer chemistry\nCongener\nAlcohol congener analysis\nEthanol\nBlood alcohol content\nFusel alcohol\nWine chemistry\nEffects\nShort-term effects of alcohol consumption\nLong-term effects of alcohol\nPharmacology of ethanol\nSubjective response to alcohol\nAdverse effects\nAging\nBrain\nCancer\nbreast cancer\nCortisol\nMemory\nPregnancy\nSleep\nTolerance/intolerance\nWeight\nBeverage-specific\nBeer: Potomania\nRed wine: Red wine headache\nSocial issues\nAdulterated alcohol\nAdulterated moonshine\nDenatured alcohol (List of methanol poisoning incidents)\nSurrogate alcohol\nAlcohol abuse\nAlcohol advertising\non college campuses\nSex\nBeer goggles\nAlcohol myopia\nAlcohol in association football\nAlcohol powder\nAlcohol use among college students\nBinge drinking\nAustrian syndrome\nAlcohol intoxication\nEpidemiology of binge drinking\nHoliday heart syndrome\nZapoy\nBlackout\nBlackout Wednesday\nDrinking game\nlist\nPregaming\nDrinking in public\nDrunk dialing\nDrunk walking\nDrunkorexia\nDry drunk\nDutch courage\nFlaming drink\nHair of the dog\nIn vino veritas\nNightcap\nPantsdrunk\nPassive drinking\nBinge drinking devices\nBeer bong\nYard of ale\nRoutes of administration\nAlcohol enema\nAlcohol inhalation\nVodka eyeballing\nSconcing\nHistory\nAndrew Johnson alcoholism debate\nDionysian Mysteries\nDipsomania\nGilbert Paul Jordan\nGin Craze\nList of deaths through alcohol\nRum ration\nRum Rebellion\nShebeen\nSix o'clock swill\nSpeakeasy\nWhiskey Rebellion\nGeneral\nAlcoholic beverage\nBeer\nBeer mile\nInternational Beer Day\nInternational Women's Collaboration Brew Day\nWomen in brewing\nDrinking culture\nApéritif and digestif\nHangover remedies\nHealth effects of wine\nWine and food pairing\nDrunken monkey hypothesis\nLadies' night\nList of countries by alcohol consumption per capita\nAlcohol consumption by youth in the United States\nRitual use of alcohol\nWhiskey\nInternational whisk(e)y day\nAlcohol controlAlcohol law\nAdministrative License Suspension (ALS)\nAlcohol monopoly\nAlcoholic beverage control state\nAlcohol packaging warning messages\nBan on caffeinated alcoholic drinks in the United States\nDrunk driving law by country\nDWI court\nField sobriety testing\nHip flask defence\nIgnition interlock device\nDry county\nList of dry communities by U.S. state\nLast call\nLegal drinking age\nLegal drinking age in the United States\nShoulder tap\nList of alcohol laws of US\nAlcohol prohibition\nList of countries with alcohol prohibition\nNeo-prohibitionism\nTemperance movement\nSobriety\nAlcohol detoxification\nAlcohol-free zone\nDry campus\nOpen-container law\nBrief intervention\nDesignated driver\nAlcohol rehabilitation\nDrunk tank\nManaged alcohol program\nNon-alcoholic drink\nList of cocktails\nList of mixed drinks\nSpritzer\nMalt drinks\nTeetotalism\nTemperance bar\nTemperance and Good Citizenship Day\nTwelve-step groups\nAl-Anon/Alateen\nAlcoholics Anonymous (AA):\nAdult Children of Alcoholics (ACA)\nSober companion\nSober curious\nSober living house\nSobering center\nSobrietol\nQuit lit\nAlcohol limitation\n0-0-1-3\nAlcohol consumption recommendations\nAlcohol education\nAlcohol server training\nMonitoring\nBreathalyzer\nSweat alcohol content monitor\nFRAMES\nDry January\nFoundation for Advancing Alcohol Responsibility\nCampaigns\nGet Your Sexy Back\nLiquor license\nLow-alcohol drinks\nFermented tea\nLow-alcohol beer\nLow-alcoholic malt drinks\nSmall beer\nMeasurement\nAlcoholic spirits measure\nStandard drink\nAddiction medicine\nBenzodiazepines\nChlordiazepoxide\nDisulfiram-like drugs\nDisulfiram\nCalcium carbimide\nCyanamide\nGeneral anaesthetics\nNitrous oxide\nSulfonic acids\nAcamprosate\nHomotaurine\nReligion and alcohol\nChristian views on alcohol\nalcohol in the Bible\nIslam and alcohol\nHistory\nBeer Street and Gin Lane\nBratt System\nDry state\nGin Act 1751\nMedicinal Liquor Prescriptions Act of 1933\nRelated\nIndex of alcohol-related articles\nAlcohol and spaceflight\nGateway drug effect\nMood disorder\nNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease\nSelf-medication\nSpins\nTown drunk\nFrench paradox\n\n CategoryThis mental health-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	[{"title":"Alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"title":"Substance abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_abuse"}]	[{"reference":"\"What to Know About Dry Drunk Syndrome\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/what-to-know-dry-drunk-syndrome","url_text":"\"What to Know About Dry Drunk Syndrome\""}]},{"reference":"David W. Brook; Henry I. Spitz (23 September 2002). The Group Therapy of Substance Abuse. CRC Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-7890-1782-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QuQOX4nCerwC","url_text":"The Group Therapy of Substance Abuse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-1782-6","url_text":"978-0-7890-1782-6"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Carole (14 May 2011). \"Is there a \"Dry Drunk\" in your life?\". Psychology Today. Retrieved 27 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/heartache-hope/201105/is-there-dry-drunk-in-your-life","url_text":"\"Is there a \"Dry Drunk\" in your life?\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/addiction/what-to-know-dry-drunk-syndrome","external_links_name":"\"What to Know About Dry Drunk Syndrome\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QuQOX4nCerwC","external_links_name":"The Group Therapy of Substance Abuse"},{"Link":"https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/heartache-hope/201105/is-there-dry-drunk-in-your-life","external_links_name":"\"Is there a \"Dry Drunk\" in your life?\""},{"Link":"https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/enlightened-living/200806/the-continuum-addiction-and-the-addictive-personality","external_links_name":"Understanding the Continuum of Addiction and the Addictive Personality: Just because you're not drinking doesn't mean that you're sober."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dry_drunk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB_Arena_Nord	ABB Arena	["1 Venues","1.1 Arena Nord","1.2 Arena Syd","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 59°37′35″N 16°31′43″E / 59.62639°N 16.52861°E / 59.62639; 16.52861Two biggest indoor arenas in Västerås, Sweden ABB ArenaABB Arena Syd in September 2009Former namesRocklundahallen (1965–2006)LocationVästerås, SwedenCoordinates59°37′35″N 16°31′43″E / 59.62639°N 16.52861°E / 59.62639; 16.52861OwnerRocklunda Sport och Event ABCapacity4,902 (Nord)9,000 (Syd)ConstructionOpened13 October 2007 (2007-10-13)ArchitectSwecoTenantsVästerås SK BandyTillberga IK BandyVästerås IKVIK Västerås Hockey Klubb UngdomIFK Västerås Konståkningsklubb ABB Arena is the common name for the two biggest indoor arenas in Västerås, Sweden. Venues Arena Nord ABB Arena Nord in May 2013 ABB Arena Nord is the ice hockey arena and VIK Västerås HK's home arena. It was renovated in September 2007 and has a capacity of 4,902 spectators. "ABB Arena Nord" is the renovated arena, which was earlier called Rocklundahallen. Arena Syd ABB Arena Syd in May 2013 "ABB Arena Syd" is the second arena and is a multi-purpose arena mainly used for bandy, but also for concerts and exhibitions. ABB Arena Syd is the biggest permanent indoor arena for bandy in Sweden (Friends Arena and Tele2 Arena, where a few Swedish Championship finals have been played, are bigger, but they are not usually used for bandy). ABB Arena Syd is the home arena for Västerås SK Bandy and has a capacity of 9,000 spectators at bandy matches. It was the main arena at the Bandy World Championship 2009. The Federation of International Bandy (FIB) have arranged training camps for developing bandy countries here. See also List of indoor arenas in Sweden List of indoor arenas in Nordic countries References ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2013-11-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ ABB Arena Nord information at Rocklunda's official website Archived July 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 23 April 2014. ^ VIK Västerås HK at Eliteprospects.com. Retrieved 16 May 2011. ^ ABB Arena Syd information at Rocklunda's official website Archived July 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 16 May 2011. ^ "International Bandy Camp in Västerås". Svenskbandy. Retrieved 10 November 2013. External links ABB Arena Nord homepage on rocklunda.com ABB Arena Syd homepage on rocklunda.com Aerial photograph over Rocklunda (use zoom function if needed) Events and tenants Preceded byOlympic Stadium Moscow Bandy World ChampionshipFinal Venue 2009 Succeeded byIce Palace Krylatskoye Moscow vteElitserien venuesCurrent ABB Arena Syd Arena Vänersborg Edsbyn Arena Göransson Arena Hällåsen Kalix IP Motala Isstadion Sapa Arena Sparbanken Lidköping Arena Studenternas IP Sävstaås IP Zinkensdamms IP Former Backavallen Gränsvallen Heden Jernvallen Lidköpings Isstadion Ljusdals IP Lugnets Isstadion Skarpe Nord Slättbergshallen Tingvalla Isstadion Tjustkulle Vinterstadion Vänersborgs Isstadion Demolished Öns IP vteHockeyAllsvenskanTeams AIK Almtuna IS BIK Karlskoga IF Björklöven Djurgårdens IF Kristianstads IK Mora IK IK Oskarshamn Södertälje SK Tingsryds AIF Västerås IK Västerviks IK Nybro Vikings Östersunds IK Arenas ABB Arena Be-Ge Hockey Center Hovet Östersund Arena Kristianstads ishall Avicii Arena Dackehallen Nobelhallen Plivit Arena Scaniarinken Smidjegrav Arena Upplands Bilforum Arena Winpos Arena Victoriahallen Seasons 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 Related topics Swedish Ice Hockey Association Kvalserien (HockeyAllsvenskan) Hockeyettan Kvalserien Swedish Hockey League Guldpucken J20 SuperElit National men's team National women's team See also: IIHF IIHF Continental Cup IIHF European Champions Cup	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indoor arenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_arena"},{"link_name":"Västerås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Two biggest indoor arenas in Västerås, SwedenABB Arena is the common name for the two biggest indoor arenas in Västerås, Sweden.[1]","title":"ABB Arena"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abb_arena_nord_vasteras_2013-05-04_I.png"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"VIK Västerås HK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIK_V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_HK"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Arena Nord","text":"ABB Arena Nord in May 2013ABB Arena Nord is the ice hockey arena and VIK Västerås HK's home arena. It was renovated in September 2007 and has a capacity of 4,902 spectators.[2][3] \"ABB Arena Nord\" is the renovated arena, which was earlier called Rocklundahallen.","title":"Venues"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abb_arena_syd_vasteras_2013-05-04_I.png"},{"link_name":"multi-purpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium"},{"link_name":"bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy"},{"link_name":"concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert"},{"link_name":"Friends Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends_Arena"},{"link_name":"Tele2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tele2_Arena"},{"link_name":"Swedish Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swedish_bandy_champions"},{"link_name":"Västerås SK Bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s_SK_Bandy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bandy World Championship 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy_World_Championship_2009"},{"link_name":"Federation of International Bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_International_Bandy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ibciv-5"}],"sub_title":"Arena Syd","text":"ABB Arena Syd in May 2013\"ABB Arena Syd\" is the second arena and is a multi-purpose arena mainly used for bandy, but also for concerts and exhibitions.ABB Arena Syd is the biggest permanent indoor arena for bandy in Sweden (Friends Arena and Tele2 Arena, where a few Swedish Championship finals have been played, are bigger, but they are not usually used for bandy).ABB Arena Syd is the home arena for Västerås SK Bandy and has a capacity of 9,000 spectators at bandy matches.[4]It was the main arena at the Bandy World Championship 2009. The Federation of International Bandy (FIB) have arranged training camps for developing bandy countries here.[5]","title":"Venues"}]	[{"image_text":"ABB Arena Nord in May 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Abb_arena_nord_vasteras_2013-05-04_I.png/220px-Abb_arena_nord_vasteras_2013-05-04_I.png"},{"image_text":"ABB Arena Syd in May 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Abb_arena_syd_vasteras_2013-05-04_I.png/220px-Abb_arena_syd_vasteras_2013-05-04_I.png"}]	[{"title":"List of indoor arenas in Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Sweden"},{"title":"List of indoor arenas in Nordic countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Nordic_countries"}]	[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2015-06-10. Retrieved 2013-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150610212543/http://www.bandycup.se/svenskacupen/UserFiles/Bilder/Svenska%20Cupen%202008/Blandat/flygbild_svcupen_vm_ny.jpg","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.bandycup.se/svenskacupen/UserFiles/Bilder/Svenska%20Cupen%202008/Blandat/flygbild_svcupen_vm_ny.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Bandy Camp in Västerås\". Svenskbandy. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujra	Mehmaan khana	["1 Etymology","2 Hujra","3 Mehmaan Khana","4 References"]	Room for entertaining guests in houses in parts of South Asia This article is about the sitting rooms of North India and Pakistan. For other uses of term Baithak, see Baithak (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mehmaan khana" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A mehmaan khana (Hindustani مہمان خانہ, मेहमान ख़ाना, Bengali: মেহমান খানা) is a drawing room where guests are entertained in many houses in North India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Alternative names include hujra and baithak. These rooms were a typical feature of many Mughal era havelis palaces and mansions in the region. Many houses in the rural areas of Bangladesh, Pakistan and India still have mehmaan khanas for guests. In Bangladesh, it is more commonly known as baithak ghar or bangla ghar (Bengali: বৈঠক ঘর or বাংলা ঘর). Etymology The term mehmān khānā is direct derivation from Persian and means "guest house" or "room". In Iran and adjoining areas, the term can refer to hotels. The term (also spelled memonkhona in Latin script) is also used to describe a guest room in other parts of Central Asia. The term baithak (بیٹهک, बैठक or বৈঠক) literally means sitting room in Hindustani and Bengali. Hujra is derived from Arabic and means room or cell. In non-Pashtun Muslim households or North India and Pakistan, the term hujra (حجره, हुजरा or হুজরা) can also refer to a dedicated prayer room. In Bangladesh, hujra usually refers to the sitting room of the imam in a mosque. Hujra The term hujra is especially prevalent in the predominantly Pashtun areas of Pakistan. Pashtun hujras are used mainly to entertain male guests in a household, although sometimes community hujras are also maintained by tribal units. In individual houses, the size and trappings of a hujra are sometimes indicative of family status. As old as perhaps the Jirga itself is, Hujra is a community club situated in each village, each Khail (street) and some times owned by a well off family but shared by the whole community. Other than a place to accommodate collective ceremonies, male members of the community who hang out and associate like a larger family regularly attend hujra(s). Members of a Hujra are mostly close relatives but other people from neighborhood are also welcomed. Elderly people spend their day to enjoy hubble-bubble and chat over the tea, younger men in their spare time listen to the stories of elders and raise issues while the children keep playing around, waiting for a call from one of the elders to take a message or bring fresh tea. A guest house for male guests, Hujra also serves as a place to initiate Jirgas. Issues are put on the table, brainstormed and a consensus is developed before the issue can be put to the wider community. Hujra is considered to be a secular place but closely associated with Hujra is the role of mosque in the neighborhood. Although there are few similarities between a mosque and a Hujra, the role of mosque has gained more importance recently due to many national and regional settings tilted towards Islamization. Additionally, the role of Hujra is diminishing from community life because of the economic trends, and a faster pace of life which allows little leisure time with people to spare for community based activities. Decay in the institution of Hujra is definitely affecting the efficacy of Jirga, but this study tends not necessarily to argue for reinvigoration of Hujra; rather our focus will remain to find strengths and challenges for Jirga from where it is today and move forward. Mehmaan Khana Mehmaankhana at Taj Mahal To the east side of the Taj Mahal is a guest house or mehmankhana resembling the mosque Naqqar Khana, which gives symmetry to the facade. References ^ Trenchard Craven William Fowle (1916), Travels in the Middle East: being impressions by the way in Turkish Arabia, Syria, and Persia, E.P. Dutton & Company, 1916, ... she gave me to understand that she knew of a mehman-khana (hotel) ... ^ a b Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003), South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taylor & Francis, 2003, ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5, ... In Pashto-speaking areas the term hujra refers to a separate room(s) or house maintained for male guests ... The hujra may be maintained by a village collectively or by apowerful member of a village (a khan or malik); the prestige of the person(s) who maintains the hujra is directly proportional to the number of guests ... ^ William Crooke (1891), North Indian notes and queries, Volumes 1-2, Pioneer Press, 1891, ... whose Hujra, or prayer-room, has recently been found in the fort ... vteRooms and spaces of a houseShared rooms Bonus room Common room Den Dining room Family room Garret Great room Home cinema Kitchen dirty kitchen kitchenette Living room Gynaeceum harem Andron man cave Recreation room billiard room Shrine Study Sunroom Private rooms Bathroom toilet Bedroom / Guest room closet Bedsit / Miniflat Boudoir Cabinet Nursery Spaces Atrium Balcony Breezeway Conversation pit Cubby-hole Deck Elevator dumbwaiter Entryway/Genkan Fireplace hearth Foyer Hall Hallway Inglenook Lanai Loft Loggia Overhang Patio Porch screened sleeping Ramp Secret passage Stairs/Staircase Terrace Veranda Vestibule Technical, utility and storage Attic Basement Carport Cloakroom Closet Crawl space Electrical room Equipment room Furnace room / Boiler room Garage Janitorial closet Larder Laundry room / Utility room / Storage room Mechanical room / floor Pantry Root cellar Semi-basement Storm cellar / Safe room Studio Wardrobe Wine cellar Wiring closet Workshop Great house areas Antechamber Ballroom Kitchen-related butler's pantry buttery saucery scullery spicery still room Conservatory / Orangery Courtyard Drawing room Great chamber Great hall Library Long gallery Lumber room Parlour Sauna Servants' hall Servants' quarters Smoking room Solar State room Swimming pool Turret Undercroft Other Furniture Hidden room House house plan styles types Multi-family residential Secondary suite Duplex Terraced Detached Semi-detached Townhouse Studio apartment Architecturalelements Arch Baluster Belt course Bressummer Ceiling Chimney Colonnade / Portico Column Cornice / Eaves Dome Door Ell Floor Foundation Gable Gate Portal Lighting Ornament Plumbing Quoins Roof Roof lantern Sill plate Style list Skylight Threshold Transom Vault Wall Window Related Backyard Driveway Front yard Garden Home Home improvement Home repair Shed Tree house Architecture portal Housing portal Category: Rooms	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baithak (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baithak_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Hindustani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"drawing room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_room"},{"link_name":"North India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Mughal era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_era"},{"link_name":"havelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havelis"},{"link_name":"palaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaces"},{"link_name":"mansions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansions"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"}],"text":"This article is about the sitting rooms of North India and Pakistan. For other uses of term Baithak, see Baithak (disambiguation).A mehmaan khana (Hindustani مہمان خانہ, मेहमान ख़ाना, Bengali: মেহমান খানা) is a drawing room where guests are entertained in many houses in North India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Alternative names include hujra and baithak. These rooms were a typical feature of many Mughal era havelis palaces and mansions in the region. Many houses in the rural areas of Bangladesh, Pakistan and India still have mehmaan khanas for guests. In Bangladesh, it is more commonly known as baithak ghar or bangla ghar (Bengali: বৈঠক ঘর or বাংলা ঘর).","title":"Mehmaan khana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref38mimib-1"},{"link_name":"sitting room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitting_room"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref17cipiz-2"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"prayer room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_room"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref91medez-3"},{"link_name":"imam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"}],"text":"The term mehmān khānā is direct derivation from Persian and means \"guest house\" or \"room\". In Iran and adjoining areas, the term can refer to hotels.[1] The term (also spelled memonkhona in Latin script) is also used to describe a guest room in other parts of Central Asia. The term baithak (بیٹهک, बैठक or বৈঠক) literally means sitting room in Hindustani and Bengali. Hujra is derived from Arabic and means room or cell.[2] In non-Pashtun Muslim households or North India and Pakistan, the term hujra (حجره, हुजरा or হুজরা) can also refer to a dedicated prayer room.[3] In Bangladesh, hujra usually refers to the sitting room of the imam in a mosque.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pashtun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtun_people"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref17cipiz-2"}],"text":"The term hujra is especially prevalent in the predominantly Pashtun areas of Pakistan. Pashtun hujras are used mainly to entertain male guests in a household, although sometimes community hujras are also maintained by tribal units. In individual houses, the size and trappings of a hujra are sometimes indicative of family status.[2]As old as perhaps the Jirga itself is, Hujra is a community club situated in each village, each Khail (street) and some times owned by a well off family but shared by the whole community. Other than a place to accommodate collective ceremonies, male members of the community who hang out and associate like a larger family regularly attend hujra(s). Members of a Hujra are mostly close relatives but other people from neighborhood are also welcomed. Elderly people spend their day to enjoy hubble-bubble and chat over the tea, younger men in their spare time listen to the stories of elders and raise issues while the children keep playing around, waiting for a call from one of the elders to take a message or bring fresh tea. A guest house for male guests, Hujra also serves as a place to initiate Jirgas. Issues are put on the table, brainstormed and a consensus is developed before the issue can be put to the wider community. Hujra is considered to be a secular place but closely associated with Hujra is the role of mosque in the neighborhood. Although there are few similarities between a mosque and a Hujra, the role of mosque has gained more importance recently due to many national and regional settings tilted towards Islamization. Additionally, the role of Hujra is diminishing from community life because of the economic trends, and a faster pace of life which allows little leisure time with people to spare for community based activities. Decay in the institution of Hujra is definitely affecting the efficacy of Jirga, but this study tends not necessarily to argue for reinvigoration of Hujra; rather our focus will remain to find strengths and challenges for Jirga from where it is today and move forward.","title":"Hujra"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mehman_Khana_(Taj_Mahal,_Agra)_(8522974734).jpg"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal"},{"link_name":"Naqqar Khana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqqar_Khana"}],"text":"Mehmaankhana at Taj MahalTo the east side of the Taj Mahal is a guest house or mehmankhana resembling the mosque Naqqar Khana, which gives symmetry to the facade.","title":"Mehmaan Khana"}]	[{"image_text":"Mehmaankhana at Taj Mahal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mehman_Khana_%28Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%29_%288522974734%29.jpg/220px-Mehman_Khana_%28Taj_Mahal%2C_Agra%29_%288522974734%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Trenchard Craven William Fowle (1916), Travels in the Middle East: being impressions by the way in Turkish Arabia, Syria, and Persia, E.P. Dutton & Company, 1916, ... she gave me to understand that she knew of a mehman-khana (hotel) ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BlRGAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Travels in the Middle East: being impressions by the way in Turkish Arabia, Syria, and Persia"}]},{"reference":"Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003), South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taylor & Francis, 2003, ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5, ... In Pashto-speaking areas the term hujra [Arabic: room, cell] refers to a separate room(s) or house maintained for male guests ... The hujra may be maintained by a village collectively or by apowerful member of a village (a khan or malik); the prestige of the person(s) who maintains the hujra is directly proportional to the number of guests ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC","url_text":"South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5","url_text":"978-0-415-93919-5"}]},{"reference":"William Crooke (1891), North Indian notes and queries, Volumes 1-2, Pioneer Press, 1891, ... whose Hujra, or prayer-room, has recently been found in the fort ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wBwoAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"North Indian notes and queries, Volumes 1-2"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mehmaan+khana%22","external_links_name":"\"Mehmaan khana\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mehmaan+khana%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mehmaan+khana%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mehmaan+khana%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mehmaan+khana%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mehmaan+khana%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BlRGAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Travels in the Middle East: being impressions by the way in Turkish Arabia, Syria, and Persia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC","external_links_name":"South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wBwoAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"North Indian notes and queries, Volumes 1-2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toon_City	Toon City	["1 List of animated films and TV series","1.1 TV series","1.2 Feature films","1.3 Direct-to-video films","1.4 Television specials","1.5 Online series","2 References","3 External links"]	Filipino animation studio For the city in Japan, see Tōon, Ehime. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Toon City" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Toon City AnimationCompany typePrivateFounded1993; 31 years ago (1993)FounderColin BakerHeadquartersManila, PhilippinesWebsitetooncityanimation.com Toon City is a Filipino animation studio located in Manila. They have produced animation for The Walt Disney Company, Nickelodeon, Universal, Warner Bros., HBO and Cinegroupe. Toon City was founded in 1993 by Colin Baker with roughly ten animators. Their first series work was for Bonkers. The studio currently has a floor space of over 3000 square meters and can accommodate over one thousand artists producing the animation in traditional 2D, Flash, CGI and paperless Harmony. List of animated films and TV series Toon City has provided animation for: TV series TV series Studio Country Years Notes 101 Dalmatians: The Animated Series Walt Disney Television AnimationJumbo Pictures Aladdin: The Animated Series Walt Disney Television Animation Angry Birds Toons Rovio Entertainment 2013-2016 (from "Gardening with Terence" to "Love is in the Air"; from "Clash of Corns" to "Jingle Yells"; "Hiccups"; "Hambo"; from "Oh, Gnome!" onward) Bonkers Walt Disney Television Animation Brandy & Mr. Whiskers Walt Disney Television AnimationWang Film Productions Bratz MGA EntertainmentMike Young Productions Brickleberry Fox 21 Bunnicula Warner Bros. Animation Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Walt Disney Television AnimationPixar Animation Studios Curious George Universal Animation StudiosImagine EntertainmentWGBH Boston 2006-2022 Dawn of the Croods DreamWorks Animation DuckTales Disney Television AnimationSnipple Animation The Emperor's New School Walt Disney Television AnimationWang Film ProductionsSynergy Animation Studios Gargoyles Walt Disney Television Animation Geronimo Stilton MoonScoop GroupRai FictionAtlantyca Entertainment Hazbin Hotel SpindleHorse ToonsA24Bento Box EntertainmentAmazon MGM Studios Hercules: The Animated Series Walt Disney Television Animation Hero: 108 Gamania House of Mouse Walt Disney Television Animation Jake and the Never Land Pirates Disney Television Animation (From Season 4 on) Jungle Cubs Walt Disney Television Animation Kim Possible Walt Disney Television Animation The Land Before Time Universal Animation StudiosAmblin Entertainment The Legend of Tarzan Walt Disney Television Animation Lilo & Stitch: The Series Walt Disney Television Animation The Looney Tunes Show Warner Bros. Animation 2011-2014 (first season only) Mickey Mouse Works Walt Disney Television Animation 1999-2000 The Mighty B! Nickelodeon Animation StudiosPaper Kite ProductionsPolka Dot Pictures 2008-2011 (Season 1 only) Mighty Ducks: The Animated Series Walt Disney Television Animation Mixed Nutz Big Bad Boo Mother Up! Broadway VideoMass AnimationBardel EntertainmentRogers Media The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh Walt Disney Television Animation Quack Pack Walt Disney Television Animation Recess Walt Disney Television Animation The Replacements Walt Disney Television Animation Rick and Morty Williams Street 2013-present (Season 1 only) Star vs. the Forces of Evil Disney Television Animation 2015-2018 (Season 1 only) Teacher's Pet Walt Disney Television Animation Teamo Supremo Walt Disney Television Animation The 7D Walt Disney Television AnimationWang Film ProductionsDigital eMation Timon & Pumbaa Walt Disney Television Animation Tom and Jerry Tales Warner Bros. AnimationTurner Entertainment Voltron Force World Events ProductionsClassic MediaKickstart ProductionsNicktoons Feature films Kleines Arschloch (1997, TFC Trickompany Filmproduktion GmbH) The Jungle Book 2 (2003, DisneyToon Studios) Piglet's Big Movie (2003, DisneyToon Studios) (uncredited) Teacher's Pet (2004, Walt Disney Television Animation) Curious George (2006, Universal Animation Studios) (Digital Ink and Paint only) Santa's Apprentice (2010, Cartoon Salon) Titeuf, le film (2011, MoonScoop Productions) The Golden Horse (2014, Acme Film) Henry and Me (2014, Sunset Studios) La Leyenda del Chupacabras (2016, Ánima Estudios) Direct-to-video films Belle's Magical World (1998, Walt Disney Television Animation) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998, Walt Disney Television Animation) Hercules: Zero to Hero (1999, Walt Disney Television Animation) Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001, Walt Disney Television Animation) Tarzan & Jane (2002, Walt Disney Television Animation) Mickey's House of Villains (2002, Walt Disney Television Animation) Atlantis: Milo's Return (2003, Walt Disney Television Animation) Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo (2004, DisneyToon Studios) Bratz the Video: Starrin' & Stylin (2004, MGA Entertainment) Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004, DisneyToon Studios) Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005, Warner Bros. Animation) Tarzan II (2005, DisneyToon Studios) Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie (2005, DisneyToon Studios) Kronk's New Groove (2005, DisneyToon Studios) Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006, Warner Bros. Animation) The Fox and the Hound 2 (2006, DisneyToon Studios) Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams (2007, DisneyToon Studios) The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (DisneyToon Studios Australia) (2008, DisneyToon Studios) Holly Hobbie and Friends: Fabulous Fashion Show (2008, Sony Wonder) Holly Hobbie and Friends: Marvelous Makeover (2009, Sony Wonder) Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey! (2009, Universal Animation Studios) Television specials Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh (1996, Disney Television Animation) Online series Helluva Boss (2023-present, SpindleHorse Toons) References ^ DROGIN, BOB (1993-03-30). "Doing Business : Cartoon Stars Take Around-the-World Cruise : And they're not coming back. Even the Simpsons are drawn abroad. The reasons: a shortage of U.S. artists and the lure of cheap labor". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-08-28. External links Toon City Animation official website New version of Tooncity	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tōon, Ehime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Don,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"Universal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Cinegroupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%C3%A9Groupe"},{"link_name":"Bonkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonkers_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the city in Japan, see Tōon, Ehime.Toon City is a Filipino animation studio located in Manila. They have produced animation for The Walt Disney Company, Nickelodeon, Universal, Warner Bros., HBO and Cinegroupe.Toon City was founded in 1993 by Colin Baker with roughly ten animators. Their first series work was for Bonkers.[1]\nThe studio currently has a floor space of over 3000 square meters and can accommodate over one thousand artists producing\nthe animation in traditional 2D, Flash, CGI and paperless Harmony.","title":"Toon City"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Toon City has provided animation for:","title":"List of animated films and TV series"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"TV series","title":"List of animated films and TV series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Jungle Book 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle_Book_2"},{"link_name":"Piglet's Big Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piglet%27s_Big_Movie"},{"link_name":"Teacher's Pet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher%27s_Pet_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Curious George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curious_George_(film)"},{"link_name":"Santa's Apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa%27s_Apprentice"},{"link_name":"Titeuf, le film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titeuf,_le_film"},{"link_name":"Henry and Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_and_Me"},{"link_name":"La Leyenda del Chupacabras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Leyenda_del_Chupacabras"}],"sub_title":"Feature films","text":"Kleines Arschloch (1997, TFC Trickompany Filmproduktion GmbH)\nThe Jungle Book 2 (2003, DisneyToon Studios)\nPiglet's Big Movie (2003, DisneyToon Studios) (uncredited)\nTeacher's Pet (2004, Walt Disney Television Animation)\nCurious George (2006, Universal Animation Studios) (Digital Ink and Paint only)\nSanta's Apprentice (2010, Cartoon Salon)\nTiteuf, le film (2011, MoonScoop Productions)\nThe Golden Horse (2014, Acme Film)\nHenry and Me (2014, Sunset Studios)\nLa Leyenda del Chupacabras (2016, Ánima Estudios)","title":"List of animated films and TV series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belle's Magical World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle%27s_Magical_World"},{"link_name":"The Lion King II: Simba's Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_II:_Simba%27s_Pride"},{"link_name":"Hercules: Zero to Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules:_Zero_to_Hero"},{"link_name":"Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%27s_Magical_Christmas:_Snowed_in_at_the_House_of_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Tarzan & Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan_%26_Jane"},{"link_name":"Mickey's House of Villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey%27s_House_of_Villains"},{"link_name":"Atlantis: Milo's Return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis:_Milo%27s_Return"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtime_with_Roo"},{"link_name":"Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey,_Donald,_Goofy:_The_Three_Musketeers"},{"link_name":"Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry:_Blast_Off_to_Mars"},{"link_name":"Tarzan II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzan_II"},{"link_name":"Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooh%27s_Heffalump_Halloween_Movie"},{"link_name":"Kronk's New Groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronk%27s_New_Groove"},{"link_name":"Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah,_Humduck!_A_Looney_Tunes_Christmas"},{"link_name":"The Fox and the Hound 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_and_the_Hound_2"},{"link_name":"Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Princess_Enchanted_Tales:_Follow_Your_Dreams"},{"link_name":"The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Mermaid:_Ariel%27s_Beginning"},{"link_name":"DisneyToon Studios Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animation_studios_owned_by_The_Walt_Disney_Company#Disney_Animation_Australia"},{"link_name":"Curious George 2: Follow That Monkey!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curious_George_2:_Follow_That_Monkey!"}],"sub_title":"Direct-to-video films","text":"Belle's Magical World (1998, Walt Disney Television Animation)\nThe Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998, Walt Disney Television Animation)\nHercules: Zero to Hero (1999, Walt Disney Television Animation)\nMickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse (2001, Walt Disney Television Animation)\nTarzan & Jane (2002, Walt Disney Television Animation)\nMickey's House of Villains (2002, Walt Disney Television Animation)\nAtlantis: Milo's Return (2003, Walt Disney Television Animation)\nWinnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo (2004, DisneyToon Studios)\nBratz the Video: Starrin' & Stylin (2004, MGA Entertainment)\nMickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004, DisneyToon Studios)\nTom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005, Warner Bros. Animation)\nTarzan II (2005, DisneyToon Studios)\nPooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie (2005, DisneyToon Studios)\nKronk's New Groove (2005, DisneyToon Studios)\nBah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006, Warner Bros. Animation)\nThe Fox and the Hound 2 (2006, DisneyToon Studios)\nDisney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams (2007, DisneyToon Studios)\nThe Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (DisneyToon Studios Australia) (2008, DisneyToon Studios)\nHolly Hobbie and Friends: Fabulous Fashion Show (2008, Sony Wonder)\nHolly Hobbie and Friends: Marvelous Makeover (2009, Sony Wonder)\nCurious George 2: Follow That Monkey! (2009, Universal Animation Studios)","title":"List of animated films and TV series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boo_to_You_Too!_Winnie_the_Pooh"}],"sub_title":"Television specials","text":"Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh (1996, Disney Television Animation)","title":"List of animated films and TV series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helluva Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helluva_Boss"},{"link_name":"SpindleHorse Toons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpindleHorse_Toons"}],"sub_title":"Online series","text":"Helluva Boss (2023-present, SpindleHorse Toons)","title":"List of animated films and TV series"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"DROGIN, BOB (1993-03-30). \"Doing Business : Cartoon Stars Take Around-the-World Cruise : And they're not coming back. Even the Simpsons are drawn abroad. The reasons: a shortage of U.S. artists and the lure of cheap labor\". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-03-30/news/wr-17071_1_cheap-labor","url_text":"\"Doing Business : Cartoon Stars Take Around-the-World Cruise : And they're not coming back. Even the Simpsons are drawn abroad. The reasons: a shortage of U.S. artists and the lure of cheap labor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","url_text":"0458-3035"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Toon+City%22","external_links_name":"\"Toon City\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Toon+City%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Toon+City%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Toon+City%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Toon+City%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Toon+City%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://tooncityanimation.com/","external_links_name":"tooncityanimation.com"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-03-30/news/wr-17071_1_cheap-labor","external_links_name":"\"Doing Business : Cartoon Stars Take Around-the-World Cruise : And they're not coming back. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Golf_Foundation	National Golf Foundation	["1 References","2 External links"]	National Golf FoundationSportGolfFounded1936by Herb Graffis and Joe GraffisCountryUnited StatesOfficial websitewww.ngf.org The National Golf Foundation (NGF) provides golf-business research and consulting services. Founded in 1936 by golf writer Herb Graffis and his brother Joe, who nearly went bankrupt in the process, its original mission was to publish authoritative research useful to investors developing the game of golf. As of 2007 it had 6000 member companies. References ^ "World Golf Hall of Fame profile: Herb Graffis". World Golf Village. Retrieved 2007-05-12. ^ "Company overview". National Golf Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-12. External links National Golf Foundation Golfbizwiki Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany Israel United States This golf-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to sports in Florida is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Herb Graffis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Graffis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Golf_Foundation&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The National Golf Foundation (NGF) provides golf-business research and consulting services. Founded in 1936 by golf writer Herb Graffis and his brother Joe, who nearly went bankrupt in the process,[1] its original mission was to publish authoritative research useful to investors developing the game of golf. As of 2007[update] it had 6000 member companies.[2]","title":"National Golf Foundation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"World Golf Hall of Fame profile: Herb Graffis\". World Golf Village. Retrieved 2007-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wgv.com/hof/member.php?member=1052","url_text":"\"World Golf Hall of Fame profile: Herb Graffis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company overview\". National Golf Foundation. Retrieved 2007-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ngf.org/cgi/whoweare.asp","url_text":"\"Company overview\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ngf.org/","external_links_name":"www.ngf.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Golf_Foundation&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.wgv.com/hof/member.php?member=1052","external_links_name":"\"World Golf Hall of Fame profile: Herb Graffis\""},{"Link":"http://www.ngf.org/cgi/whoweare.asp","external_links_name":"\"Company overview\""},{"Link":"http://www.ngf.org/","external_links_name":"National Golf Foundation"},{"Link":"http://www.golfbizwiki.com/","external_links_name":"Golfbizwiki"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011098390X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/155773822","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/6055597-X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012500850205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50067698","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Golf_Foundation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Golf_Foundation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_launcher	Torpedo tube	["1 Submarine torpedo tube","1.1 Torpedo tube operation","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Device for launching torpedoes This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Torpedo tube" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A torpedo tube is a cylindrical device for launching torpedoes. Torpedo tubes of the French SNLE Redoutable: French submarines use pistons to push the torpedo outside the tube, instead of blowing it out with compressed air. There are two main types of torpedo tube: underwater tubes fitted to submarines and some surface ships, and deck-mounted units (also referred to as torpedo launchers) installed aboard surface vessels. Deck-mounted torpedo launchers are usually designed for a specific type of torpedo, while submarine torpedo tubes are general-purpose launchers, and are often also capable of deploying mines and cruise missiles. Most modern launchers are standardized on a 12.75-inch (324 mm) diameter for light torpedoes (deck mounted aboard ship) or a 21-inch (533 mm) diameter for heavy torpedoes (underwater tubes), although other sizes of torpedo tube have been used: see Torpedo classes and diameters. Submarine torpedo tube A submarine torpedo tube is a more complex mechanism than a torpedo tube on a surface ship, because the tube has to accomplish the function of moving the torpedo from the normal atmospheric pressure within the submarine into the sea at the ambient pressure of the water around the submarine. Thus a submarine torpedo tube operates on the principle of an airlock. Torpedo tube operation A simplified diagram of a submarine torpedo tube The diagram illustrates the operation of a submarine torpedo tube. The diagram is somewhat simplified but does show the working of a submarine torpedo launch. A torpedo tube has a considerable number of interlocks for safety reasons. For example, an interlock prevents the breech door and muzzle door from opening at the same time. The submarine torpedo launch sequence is, in simplified form: Submarine torpedo tube breech doors of USS Nautilus in their closed position MU90 Impact triple launcher onboard F221 Hessen, a modern Sachsen-class frigate of the German Navy Rear torpedo tube of a former German Jaguar class Schnellboot (MTB) Open the breech door in the torpedo room. Load the torpedo into the tube. Hook up the wire-guide connection and the torpedo power cable. Shut and lock the breech door. Turn on power to the torpedo. A minimum amount of time is required for torpedo warmup. Fire control programs are uploaded to the torpedo. Flood the torpedo tube. This may be done manually or automatically, from sea or from tanks, depending on the class of submarine. The tube must be vented during this process to allow for complete filling and eliminate air pockets which could escape to the surface or cause damage when firing. Open the equalizing valve to equalize pressure in the tube with ambient sea pressure. Open the muzzle door. If the tube is set up for Impulse Mode the slide valve will open with the muzzle door. If Swim Out Mode is selected, the slide valve remains closed. The slide valve allows water from the ejection pump to enter the tube. When the launch command is given and all interlocks are satisfied, the water ram operates, thrusting a large volume of water into the tube at high pressure, which ejects the torpedo from the tube with considerable force. Modern torpedoes have a safety mechanism that prevents activation of the torpedo unless the torpedo senses the required amount of G-force. The power cable is severed at launch. However, if a guidance wire is used, it remains connected through a drum of wire in the tube. Torpedo propulsion systems vary but electric torpedoes swim out of the tube on their own and are of a smaller diameter. Torpedoes with 21 inches (530 mm) diameter and fuel-burning engines usually start outside the tube. Once outside the tube the torpedo begins its run toward the target as programmed by the fire control system. Attack functions are programmed but with wire guided weapons, certain functions can be controlled from the ship. For wire-guided torpedoes, the muzzle door must remain open because the guidance wire is still connected to the inside of the breech door to receive commands from the submarine's fire-control system. A wire cutter on the inside of the breech door is activated to release the wire and its protective cable. These are drawn clear of the ship prior to shutting the muzzle door. The drain cycle is a reverse of the flood cycle. Water is returned to the boat's tanks and can be moved as necessary. The tube must be vented to completely drain the tube since it is usually by gravity. Open the breech door and remove the remnants of the torpedo power cable and the guidance wire basket. The tube must be wiped dry to prevent a buildup of slime. This process is called "diving the tube" and tradition dictates that "ye who shoots, dives". Shut and lock the breech door. Spare torpedoes are stored behind the tube in racks. Speed is a desirable feature of a torpedo loading system, but safety is paramount. There are various manual and hydraulic handling systems for loading torpedoes into the tubes. Prior to the Ohio class, US SSBNs utilized manual block and tackle which took about 15 minutes to load a tube. SSNs prior to the Seawolf class used a hydraulic system that was much faster and safer in conditions where the ship needed to maneuver. The French destroyer Kersaint prepares to launch a torpedo in 1970 The German Type 212 submarine uses a new development of the water ram expulsion system, which ejects the torpedo with water pressure to avoid acoustic detection. See also Torpedo tubes on the nuclear submarine Pacific Fleet List of torpedoes by name References ^ "THE G-1 IN DRYDOCK.; Submarine's Torpedo Tube Cannot Discharge Projectiles in Test. (Published 1915)". The New York Times. 5 June 1915. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. External links The Fleet Type Submarine Online 21-Inch Submerged Torpedo Tubes United States Navy Restricted Ordnance Pamphlet 1085, June 1944 Torpedo tubes of German U-Boats Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FS_Redoutable_torpilles.jpg"},{"link_name":"Redoutable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Redoutable_(S611)"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"cruise missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_missile"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Torpedo classes and diameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo#Classes_and_diameters"}],"text":"A torpedo tube is a cylindrical device for launching torpedoes.[1]Torpedo tubes of the French SNLE Redoutable: French submarines use pistons to push the torpedo outside the tube, instead of blowing it out with compressed air.There are two main types of torpedo tube: underwater tubes fitted to submarines and some surface ships, and deck-mounted units (also referred to as torpedo launchers) installed aboard surface vessels. Deck-mounted torpedo launchers are usually designed for a specific type of torpedo, while submarine torpedo tubes are general-purpose launchers, and are often also capable of deploying mines and cruise missiles. Most modern launchers[when?] are standardized on a 12.75-inch (324 mm) diameter for light torpedoes (deck mounted aboard ship) or a 21-inch (533 mm) diameter for heavy torpedoes (underwater tubes), although other sizes of torpedo tube have been used: see Torpedo classes and diameters.","title":"Torpedo tube"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"airlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlock"}],"text":"A submarine torpedo tube is a more complex mechanism than a torpedo tube on a surface ship, because the tube has to accomplish the function of moving the torpedo from the normal atmospheric pressure within the submarine into the sea at the ambient pressure of the water around the submarine. Thus a submarine torpedo tube operates on the principle of an airlock.","title":"Submarine torpedo tube"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Submarine_torpedo_tube.svg"},{"link_name":"interlocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlock_(engineering)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torpedo_tube_breech_doors_of_USS_Nautilus.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Nautilus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MU90.jpg"},{"link_name":"MU90 Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MU90_Impact"},{"link_name":"F221 Hessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_frigate_Hessen"},{"link_name":"Sachsen-class frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen_class_frigate"},{"link_name":"German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Torpdorohr_eines_Torpedoschnellbootes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jaguar class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguar_class_fast_attack_craft"},{"link_name":"MTB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"G-force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-force"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"fire-control system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ohio class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"block and tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_and_tackle"},{"link_name":"Seawolf class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawolf-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lancement_torpille_L3_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Kersaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_47-class_destroyer#AAW_modernisation"},{"link_name":"Type 212 submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_212_submarine"}],"sub_title":"Torpedo tube operation","text":"A simplified diagram of a submarine torpedo tubeThe diagram illustrates the operation of a submarine torpedo tube. The diagram is somewhat simplified but does show the working of a submarine torpedo launch.A torpedo tube has a considerable number of interlocks for safety reasons. For example, an interlock prevents the breech door and muzzle door from opening at the same time.The submarine torpedo launch sequence is, in simplified form:Submarine torpedo tube breech doors of USS Nautilus in their closed positionMU90 Impact triple launcher onboard F221 Hessen, a modern Sachsen-class frigate of the German NavyRear torpedo tube of a former German Jaguar class Schnellboot (MTB)Open the breech door in the torpedo room. Load the torpedo into the tube.\nHook up the wire-guide connection and the torpedo power cable.\nShut and lock the breech door.\nTurn on power to the torpedo. A minimum amount of time is required for torpedo warmup. Fire control programs are uploaded to the torpedo.\nFlood the torpedo tube. This may be done manually or automatically, from sea or from tanks, depending on the class of submarine. The tube must be vented during this process to allow for complete filling and eliminate air pockets which could escape to the surface or cause damage when firing.\nOpen the equalizing valve to equalize pressure in the tube with ambient sea pressure.\nOpen the muzzle door. If the tube is set up for Impulse Mode the slide valve will open with the muzzle door. If Swim Out Mode is selected, the slide valve remains closed. The slide valve allows water from the ejection pump to enter the tube.\nWhen the launch command is given and all interlocks are satisfied, the water ram operates, thrusting a large volume of water into the tube at high pressure, which ejects the torpedo from the tube with considerable force. Modern torpedoes have a safety mechanism that prevents activation of the torpedo unless the torpedo senses the required amount of G-force.\nThe power cable is severed at launch. However, if a guidance wire is used, it remains connected through a drum of wire in the tube. Torpedo propulsion systems vary but electric torpedoes swim out of the tube on their own and are of a smaller diameter.[clarification needed] Torpedoes with 21 inches (530 mm) diameter and fuel-burning engines usually start outside the tube.\nOnce outside the tube the torpedo begins its run toward the target as programmed by the fire control system. Attack functions are programmed but with wire guided weapons, certain functions can be controlled from the ship.\nFor wire-guided torpedoes, the muzzle door must remain open because the guidance wire is still connected to the inside of the breech door to receive commands from the submarine's fire-control system. A wire cutter on the inside of the breech door is activated to release the wire and its protective cable. These are drawn clear of the ship prior to shutting the muzzle door.\nThe drain cycle is a reverse of the flood cycle. Water is returned to the boat's tanks and can be moved as necessary. The tube must be vented to completely drain the tube since it is usually by gravity.\nOpen the breech door and remove the remnants of the torpedo power cable and the guidance wire basket. The tube must be wiped dry to prevent a buildup of slime. This process is called \"diving the tube\" and tradition dictates that \"ye who shoots, dives\".[citation needed]\nShut and lock the breech door.Spare torpedoes are stored behind the tube in racks.Speed is a desirable feature of a torpedo loading system, but safety is paramount. There are various manual and hydraulic handling systems for loading torpedoes into the tubes. Prior to the Ohio class, US SSBNs utilized manual block and tackle which took about 15 minutes to load a tube. SSNs prior to the Seawolf class used a hydraulic system that was much faster and safer in conditions where the ship needed to maneuver.[citation needed][clarification needed]The French destroyer Kersaint prepares to launch a torpedo in 1970The German Type 212 submarine uses a new development of the water ram expulsion system, which ejects the torpedo with water pressure to avoid acoustic detection.","title":"Submarine torpedo tube"}]	[{"image_text":"Torpedo tubes of the French SNLE Redoutable: French submarines use pistons to push the torpedo outside the tube, instead of blowing it out with compressed air.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/FS_Redoutable_torpilles.jpg/220px-FS_Redoutable_torpilles.jpg"},{"image_text":"A simplified diagram of a submarine torpedo tube","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Submarine_torpedo_tube.svg/440px-Submarine_torpedo_tube.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Submarine torpedo tube breech doors of USS Nautilus in their closed position","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Torpedo_tube_breech_doors_of_USS_Nautilus.jpg/440px-Torpedo_tube_breech_doors_of_USS_Nautilus.jpg"},{"image_text":"MU90 Impact triple launcher onboard F221 Hessen, a modern Sachsen-class frigate of the German Navy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MU90.jpg/220px-MU90.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rear torpedo tube of a former German Jaguar class Schnellboot (MTB)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Torpdorohr_eines_Torpedoschnellbootes.jpg/220px-Torpdorohr_eines_Torpedoschnellbootes.jpg"},{"image_text":"The French destroyer Kersaint prepares to launch a torpedo in 1970","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lancement_torpille_L3_2.jpg/220px-Lancement_torpille_L3_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Torpedo tubes on the nuclear submarine Pacific Fleet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%9B_%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A4.png/220px-%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%9B_%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A4.png"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%9B_%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A4.png"},{"title":"List of torpedoes by name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_torpedoes_by_name"}]	[{"reference":"\"THE G-1 IN DRYDOCK.; Submarine's Torpedo Tube Cannot Discharge Projectiles in Test. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asier_Illarramendi	Asier Illarramendi	["1 Club career","1.1 Real Sociedad","1.2 Real Madrid","1.3 Return to Real Sociedad","1.4 FC Dallas","2 International career","3 Career statistics","3.1 Club","3.2 International","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]	Spanish footballer In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Illarramendi and the second or maternal family name is Andonegi. Asier Illarramendi Illarramendi in 2016Personal informationFull name Asier Illarramendi AndonegiDate of birth (1990-03-08) 8 March 1990 (age 34)Place of birth Mutriku, SpainHeight 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) Defensive midfielderTeam informationCurrent team FC DallasNumber 14Youth career Real SociedadSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2008–2011 Real Sociedad B 93 (7)2010–2013 Real Sociedad 54 (0)2013–2015 Real Madrid 59 (2)2015–2023 Real Sociedad 167 (11)2023– FC Dallas 23 (2)International career2006–2007 Spain U17 12 (0)2009 Spain U19 1 (0)2011–2013 Spain U21 16 (0)2012 Spain U23 2 (0)2017 Spain 3 (1)2013–2018 Basque Country 4 (1) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 15 June 2024 Asier Illarramendi "Illarra" Andonegi (Spanish pronunciation: ; born 8 March 1990) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Major League Soccer club FC Dallas. He developed at Real Sociedad, helping them to qualify for the Champions League in 2013. He then transferred to Real Madrid for €32.2 million, the most they had ever paid for a Spanish player, returning to his first club for half of that fee two years later. Illarramendi earned 31 caps for Spain from under-17 to under-23 level, winning the 2013 European Championship with the under-21 side. He made his senior debut in 2017. Club career Real Sociedad A product of local Real Sociedad's youth system, Illarramendi was born in Mutriku, Gipuzkoa, and he spent the vast majority of his first four senior seasons with the B team, contributing 27 games and two goals in 2009–10 as the Basques returned to Segunda División B after one year out. On 19 June 2010, in the last day of the Segunda División campaign, as the first team had already sealed promotion to La Liga as champions, he made his first official appearance, in a 4–1 away loss against Elche CF. On 23 January 2011, Illarramendi made his top-division debut, in a 2–1 defeat at Villarreal CF. The following month, he first appeared as a starter and played the full 90 minutes in another away loss (4–1 to RCD Espanyol); the bulk of the season was spent, however, with the reserves in the third tier. Illarramendi started in all of his 32 league appearances in 2012–13, as Real Sociedad finished fourth and qualified for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in ten years. At the LFP Awards, he was named Breakthrough Player and Best Midfielder. Real Madrid Illarramendi in 2013 On 12 July 2013, Illarramendi signed a six-year contract with Real Madrid for a fee of €32.2 million, the highest amount paid by the club for a Spanish player. He made his official debut on 14 September by starting in a 2–2 away draw against Villarreal, and scored his first goal on 18 December in a 2–0 home win over CD Olímpic de Xàtiva in the round of 32 of the Copa del Rey (also the aggregate score). Illarramendi scored his first league goal for the Merengues on 22 February 2014, after his long-range effort against Elche was deflected and the hosts won 3–0. His second came on 5 April, when he opened an eventual 4–0 victory at his former team Real Sociedad in the 44th minute. He was a regular in the domestic cup campaign, coming on as a late substitute for Ángel Di María in the 2–1 final defeat of FC Barcelona, adding 11 matches – five starts – in the team's Champions League run but remaining on the bench as they clinched the trophy against Atlético Madrid in the final at the Estádio da Luz. Illarramendi began his second year with a brief substitute appearance in the 2014 UEFA Super Cup triumph against compatriots Sevilla FC at the Cardiff City Stadium, and was also part of Real Madrid's squad which won the FIFA Club World Cup in Morocco, playing the entirety of the 4–0 semi-final win over Cruz Azul. Return to Real Sociedad Illarramendi in 2018 On 26 August 2015, Illarramendi returned to Real Sociedad, signing a six-year deal– the transfer fee was not officially disclosed by the clubs, but was stated in the media as being between €15–17 million, around half of the figure paid in the opposite direction two years previously. He made his league debut in his second spell three days later, starting and being booked in a 0–0 home draw against Sporting de Gijón. He recorded his first goal for the team in his second spell on 25 October, in a 4–0 win at Levante UD. In the 2016–17 campaign, Illarramendi had the second-highest number of interceptions across Europe's five major leagues behind only Chelsea's N'Golo Kante. However, he was also noted for his poor disciplinary record, having racked up ten yellow cards by March 2017 including one in each of his four previous games. Illarramendi scored a career-best seven goals in 2017–18, including braces in home and away victories over Deportivo de La Coruña. He had already exceeded his professional output for his whole career by February with his fifth goal. On 30 August 2019, Illarramendi suffered a broken fibula in a Basque derby match against Athletic Bilbao; it was presumed the injury would keep him out for a few months, but it was found he required surgery to his shin and ankle ligaments, and he did not feature again prior to the season being halted in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. The delay seemed to have given him time to return before its conclusion, but in June 2020 he suffered a further muscle injury on the training ground, and made no further appearances. On 24 May 2023, it was announced that captain Illarramendi would leave the Anoeta Stadium on 30 June. FC Dallas On 3 August 2023, Illarramendi signed with Major League Soccer club FC Dallas on a deal until the end of the season. International career Illarramendi helped Spain to reach the final of the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup, featuring in all games but one. He missed one of the penalties in the final shootout, which allowed Nigeria to lift the trophy. Illarramendi played 16 times for the under-21s in two years. He represented them at the 2013 UEFA European Championship in Israel, being first choice as the nation won the competition and being selected in the team of the tournament. Manager Julen Lopetegui first called up Illarramendi for the senior side in March 2017, ahead of a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Israel and a friendly with France. Additionally, he played for the Basque XI from 2013 onwards, opening a 3–1 win over FIFA member Tunisia at the San Mamés Stadium on 30 December 2016. Illarramendi made his debut for Spain on 7 June 2017, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–2 friendly draw with Colombia in Murcia. He scored his first goal on 9 October that year, netting the game's only in Israel for the World Cup qualifying campaign. Career statistics Club As of match played 15 June 2024 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League National cup Continental Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Real Sociedad B 2007–08 Segunda División B 7 0 — — — 7 0 2008–09 31 2 — — — 31 0 2009–10 Tercera División 27 2 — — — 27 2 2010–11 Segunda División B 28 3 — — — 28 3 Total 93 7 — — — 93 7 Real Sociedad 2009–10 Segunda División 1 0 0 0 — — 1 0 2010–11 La Liga 3 0 0 0 — — 3 0 2011–12 18 0 0 0 — — 18 0 2012–13 32 0 2 0 — — 34 0 Total 54 0 2 0 — — 56 0 Real Madrid 2013–14 La Liga 29 2 9 1 11 0 — 49 3 2014–15 30 0 2 0 7 0 2 0 41 0 Total 59 2 11 1 18 0 2 0 90 3 Real Sociedad 2015–16 La Liga 33 1 2 0 — — 35 1 2016–17 34 1 5 0 — — 39 1 2017–18 36 7 0 0 8 0 — 44 7 2018–19 23 1 3 0 — — 26 1 2019–20 3 0 0 0 — — 3 0 2020–21 6 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 2021–22 8 0 1 0 1 0 — 10 0 2022–23 24 1 3 0 4 0 — 31 1 Total 167 11 16 0 14 0 0 0 197 11 Real Sociedad total 221 11 18 0 14 0 0 0 253 11 FC Dallas 2023 Major League Soccer 11 0 — — 3 0 14 0 2024 12 2 2 0 — 0 0 14 2 Total 23 2 2 0 — 3 0 28 2 Career total 391 22 31 1 32 0 5 0 464 23 ^ a b Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup, one appearance in FIFA Club World Cup ^ a b c d Appearance(s) in UEFA Europa League ^ Appearances in MLS Cup Playoffs International Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Illarramendi goal. List of international goals scored by Asier Illarramendi No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 9 October 2017 Teddy Stadium, Jerusalem, Israel Israel 1–0 1–0 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Honours Real Sociedad Copa del Rey: 2019–20 Segunda División: 2009–10 Real Madrid Copa del Rey: 2013–14 UEFA Champions League: 2013–14 UEFA Super Cup: 2014 FIFA Club World Cup: 2014 Spain U21 UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2013 Individual La Liga Awards: Breakthrough Player/Best Midfielder 2012–13 References ^ a b c d "Asier Illarramendi Andonegi". Real Sociedad. Retrieved 2 August 2022. ^ González, Miguel (16 June 2010). "Zubieta garantiza un futuro prometedor" . El Diario Vasco (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 December 2017. ^ a b Romero, J.C. (20 June 2010). "Jorge Molina marca los cuatro goles y acaba 'pichichi' de la división de plata" . Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2014. ^ "Ojo a Illarra y a Albistegi" . El Diario Vasco (in Spanish). 20 June 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2011. ^ "Rossi shines in Yellow Submarine victory". ESPN Soccernet. 23 January 2011. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2011. ^ "Espanyol rally to beat Real". ESPN Soccernet. 2 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2017. ^ "La Real Sociedad tampoco falla ante el Sevilla F.C." (in Spanish). Viva Fútbol. 19 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013. ^ a b "Messi, mejor delantero y mejor jugador; Cristiano, jugador más valioso" (in Spanish). La Liga. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015. ^ "Real Madrid reveal €32.19 million Illarra fee". Goal. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013. ^ Garcés Izquierdo, Carlos (13 July 2013). "Producto nacional a precio 'galáctico'" . El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 July 2013. ^ "Bale's debut goal not enough". ESPN FC. 14 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013. ^ Melero, Delfín (18 December 2013). "El Madrid cumple con su tarea" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 December 2013. ^ Siguero, Santiago (22 February 2014). "Pleno sin Cristiano" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 April 2014. ^ Siguero, Santiago (5 April 2014). "El Madrid sigue al rebote" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 April 2014. ^ White, Jim (17 April 2014). "Real Madrid 2 Barcelona 1, Copa del Rey final: match report as Gareth Bale scores wonder winner". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 June 2015. ^ Siguero, Santiago (23 May 2014). "Illarra, de Mutriku a Lisboa" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 June 2023. ^ McNulty, Phil (24 May 2014). "Real Madrid 4–1 Atlético Madrid". BBC Sport. Retrieved 16 June 2023. ^ Phillips, Rob (12 August 2014). "Super Cup: Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice in Real Madrid win". BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ "Cruz Azul 0–4 Real Madrid". BBC Sport. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2015. ^ "La Real ficha a Illarra" (in Spanish). Real Sociedad. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015. ^ "Official announcement: Illarramendi". Real Madrid. 26 August 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2015. ^ "Illarra arrives in San Sebastián to complete La Real move". Diario AS. 26 August 2015. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2018. ^ Ramajo, Roberto (29 August 2015). "Ni con Illarramendi" (in Spanish). Cadena SER. Retrieved 31 August 2015. ^ "Levante 0–4 Real Sociedad: David Moyes' morale boost". Sport. 25 October 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2015. ^ Laurence, Martin (16 March 2017). "How Chelsea's N'Golo Kante compares to Europe's best midfielders". Sky Sports. Retrieved 18 March 2017. ^ López, Ángel (14 March 2017). "La fiebre amarilla de Asier Illarramendi" . Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 March 2017. ^ Isasa, Xabier (26 August 2020). "Cinco años de más a menos" . Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ Badallo, Óscar (5 February 2018). "El Illarramendi con más gol" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 May 2020. ^ Badallo, Óscar; Munday, Billy (31 August 2019). "Illarramendi to have surgery on broken fibula and faces two months out". Marca. Retrieved 26 July 2020. ^ Webber, Tom (16 June 2020). "Illarramendi's season expected to be over after Real Sociedad training injury". MSN. Retrieved 26 July 2020. ^ Barlow, Ruairidh (24 May 2023). "Real Sociedad captain to leave at the end of the season". Football España. Retrieved 25 May 2023. ^ Ramajo, Roberto (24 May 2023). "Illarramendi deja la Real Sociedad: "Me voy en paz, lo he dado todo"" . Diario AS (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 June 2023. ^ "FC Dallas acquires free agent midfielder Asier Illarramendi". FC Dallas. 3 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023. ^ "España pierde la final del Mundial sub-17 ante Nigeria en la tanda de penalties" . El País (in Spanish). 9 September 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2023. ^ a b Ashby, Kevin (21 June 2013). "Thiago leads all-star squad dominated by Spain". UEFA. Retrieved 8 July 2013. ^ Maroto, Joaquín (17 March 2017). "Iker Casillas out of Spain squad, Deulofeu and Illarramendi in". Diario AS. Retrieved 18 March 2017. ^ "La Euskal Selekzioa derrota a Túnez y se toma la revancha de 2011" (in Spanish). EITB. 30 December 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2017. ^ Estepa, Javier (7 June 2017). "Illarramendi por fin debuta con España" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 June 2017. ^ Melero, Delfín (7 June 2017). "Morata no pierde el tiempo" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 June 2017. ^ a b Ortego, Enrique (9 October 2017). "Un golazo de Illarra premia a España" . Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 October 2017. ^ Asier Illarramendi at Soccerway ^ Asier Illarramendi at ESPN FC ^ Reidy, Paul (3 April 2021). "Athletic Club 0–1 Real Sociedad: result, summary, goal". Diario AS. Archived from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ Lowe, Sid (3 April 2021). "Real Sociedad beat Athletic to claim Copa del Rey and Basque glory". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 April 2021. ^ a b c d "Illarra – Asier Illarramendi Andonegi". Real Madrid. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Asier Illarramendi. Asier Illarramendi at BDFutbol Asier Illarramendi at Futbolme (in Spanish) Asier Illarramendi at National-Football-Teams.com Asier Illarramendi – FIFA competition record (archived) vteFC Dallas – current squad 1 Maurer 2 Jesus 3 Gonzalez 4 Farfan 6 Delgado 7 Arriola 8 Lletget 9 Musa 10 Ferreira 11 Sealy 14 Illarramendi 15 Parker 16 Ntsabeleng 17 Tafari 18 Fraser 19 Pomykal 20 Velasco 21 Mulato 22 Twumasi 23 Farrington 24 Korça 25 Ibeagha 27 Endeley 29 Junqua 30 Paes 31 Ansah 32 Norris 34 Urzua 35 Pondeca 36 Henry-Scott 41 Scott 77 Kamungo 99 Sali Sainté Head Coach: Estévez Assistant Coach: Luccin Assistant Coach: Cabello Goalkeeper Coach: Keeshan Technical Director: Zanotta Awards vteLa Liga Young Player of the Year - LFP Awards 2009: Busquets 2010: Pedro 2011: Muniain 2012: Isco 2013: Illarramendi 2014: Rafinha 2016: Asensio vteLa Liga Defensive Midfielder of the Year / Best Midfielder – LFP Awards 2009: Xavi 2010: Xavi 2011: Xavi 2012: Alonso 2013: Illarramendi 2014: Modrić 2015: Rodríguez 2016: Modrić 2017: Kroos 2018: Kroos 2019: Parejo 2020: Casemiro 2021: Casemiro	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[aˈsjeɾ iʎaraˈmendi iˈʎara andoˈneɣi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defensive midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_midfielder"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"FC Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Real Sociedad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"under-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"under-23 level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"2013 European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"under-21 side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_under-21_football_team"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Illarramendi and the second or maternal family name is Andonegi.Asier Illarramendi \"Illarra\" Andonegi (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈsjeɾ iʎaraˈmendi iˈʎara andoˈneɣi]; born 8 March 1990) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Major League Soccer club FC Dallas.He developed at Real Sociedad, helping them to qualify for the Champions League in 2013. He then transferred to Real Madrid for €32.2 million, the most they had ever paid for a Spanish player, returning to his first club for half of that fee two years later.Illarramendi earned 31 caps for Spain from under-17 to under-23 level, winning the 2013 European Championship with the under-21 side. He made his senior debut in 2017.","title":"Asier Illarramendi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Sociedad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad"},{"link_name":"Mutriku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutriku"},{"link_name":"Gipuzkoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"the B team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad_B"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Tercera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Basques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"Segunda División B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"sealed promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Elche CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elche_CF"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MD-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Villarreal CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarreal_CF"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"RCD Espanyol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCD_Espanyol"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"the season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n_B"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"qualified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"LFP Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga_Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LFP-8"}],"sub_title":"Real Sociedad","text":"A product of local Real Sociedad's youth system, Illarramendi was born in Mutriku, Gipuzkoa, and he spent the vast majority of his first four senior seasons with the B team,[2] contributing 27 games and two goals in 2009–10 as the Basques returned to Segunda División B after one year out. On 19 June 2010, in the last day of the Segunda División campaign, as the first team had already sealed promotion to La Liga as champions, he made his first official appearance, in a 4–1 away loss against Elche CF.[3][4]On 23 January 2011, Illarramendi made his top-division debut, in a 2–1 defeat at Villarreal CF.[5] The following month, he first appeared as a starter and played the full 90 minutes in another away loss (4–1 to RCD Espanyol);[6] the bulk of the season was spent, however, with the reserves in the third tier.Illarramendi started in all of his 32 league appearances in 2012–13, as Real Sociedad finished fourth and qualified for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in ten years.[7] At the LFP Awards, he was named Breakthrough Player and Best Midfielder.[8]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asier_Illarramendi_2_(cropped).JPG"},{"link_name":"Real 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María","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Di_Mar%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"2–1 final defeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Copa_del_Rey_final"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Champions League run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Atlético Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Madrid"},{"link_name":"the final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UEFA_Champions_League_final"},{"link_name":"Estádio da Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_da_Luz"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"second year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"2014 UEFA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"Sevilla FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevilla_FC"},{"link_name":"Cardiff City Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"won","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Cruz Azul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Azul"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Real Madrid","text":"Illarramendi in 2013On 12 July 2013, Illarramendi signed a six-year contract with Real Madrid for a fee of €32.2 million,[9] the highest amount paid by the club for a Spanish player.[10] He made his official debut on 14 September by starting in a 2–2 away draw against Villarreal,[11] and scored his first goal on 18 December in a 2–0 home win over CD Olímpic de Xàtiva in the round of 32 of the Copa del Rey (also the aggregate score).[12]Illarramendi scored his first league goal for the Merengues on 22 February 2014, after his long-range effort against Elche was deflected and the hosts won 3–0.[13] His second came on 5 April, when he opened an eventual 4–0 victory at his former team Real Sociedad in the 44th minute.[14] He was a regular in the domestic cup campaign, coming on as a late substitute for Ángel Di María in the 2–1 final defeat of FC Barcelona,[15] adding 11 matches – five starts – in the team's Champions League run but remaining on the bench as they clinched the trophy against Atlético Madrid in the final at the Estádio da Luz.[16][17]Illarramendi began his second year with a brief substitute appearance in the 2014 UEFA Super Cup triumph against compatriots Sevilla FC at the Cardiff City Stadium,[18] and was also part of Real Madrid's squad which won the FIFA Club World Cup in Morocco, playing the entirety of the 4–0 semi-final win over Cruz Azul.[19]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FC_Salzburg_gegen_Real_Sociedad_San_Sebastian_(22._Februar_2018,_EL_Sechzehntelfinale)_31.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"booked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_card#Yellow_card"},{"link_name":"Sporting de Gijón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_de_Gij%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Levante UD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante_UD"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2016–17 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"N'Golo Kante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27Golo_Kante"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Deportivo de La Coruña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportivo_de_La_Coru%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"fibula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibula"},{"link_name":"Basque derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_derby"},{"link_name":"Athletic Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"the season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Anoeta Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoeta_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Return to Real Sociedad","text":"Illarramendi in 2018On 26 August 2015, Illarramendi returned to Real Sociedad, signing a six-year deal[20][21]– the transfer fee was not officially disclosed by the clubs, but was stated in the media as being between €15–17 million, around half of the figure paid in the opposite direction two years previously.[22] He made his league debut in his second spell three days later, starting and being booked in a 0–0 home draw against Sporting de Gijón.[23] He recorded his first goal for the team in his second spell on 25 October, in a 4–0 win at Levante UD.[24]In the 2016–17 campaign, Illarramendi had the second-highest number of interceptions across Europe's five major leagues behind only Chelsea's N'Golo Kante.[25] However, he was also noted for his poor disciplinary record, having racked up ten yellow cards by March 2017 including one in each of his four previous games.[26]Illarramendi scored a career-best seven goals in 2017–18,[27] including braces in home and away victories over Deportivo de La Coruña. He had already exceeded his professional output for his whole career by February with his fifth goal.[28]On 30 August 2019, Illarramendi suffered a broken fibula in a Basque derby match against Athletic Bilbao;[29] it was presumed the injury would keep him out for a few months, but it was found he required surgery to his shin and ankle ligaments, and he did not feature again prior to the season being halted in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. The delay seemed to have given him time to return before its conclusion, but in June 2020 he suffered a further muscle injury on the training ground, and made no further appearances.[30]On 24 May 2023, it was announced that captain Illarramendi would leave the Anoeta Stadium on 30 June.[31][32]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"FC Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dallas"},{"link_name":"the season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Major_League_Soccer_season"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"FC Dallas","text":"On 3 August 2023, Illarramendi signed with Major League Soccer club FC Dallas on a deal until the end of the season.[33]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_FIFA_U-17_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_under-17_football_team"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"the under-21s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"2013 UEFA European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U21-35"},{"link_name":"Julen Lopetegui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julen_Lopetegui"},{"link_name":"senior side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2018 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_(UEFA)"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Basque XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"San Mamés Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mam%C3%A9s_Stadium_(2013)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Murcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murcia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MARCA-40"}],"text":"Illarramendi helped Spain to reach the final of the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup, featuring in all games but one. He missed one of the penalties in the final shootout, which allowed Nigeria to lift the trophy.[34]Illarramendi played 16 times for the under-21s in two years. He represented them at the 2013 UEFA European Championship in Israel, being first choice as the nation won the competition and being selected in the team of the tournament.[35]Manager Julen Lopetegui first called up Illarramendi for the senior side in March 2017, ahead of a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Israel and a friendly with France.[36] Additionally, he played for the Basque XI from 2013 onwards, opening a 3–1 win over FIFA member Tunisia at the San Mamés Stadium on 30 December 2016.[37]Illarramendi made his debut for Spain on 7 June 2017, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–2 friendly draw with Colombia in Murcia.[38][39] He scored his first goal on 9 October that year, netting the game's only in Israel for the World Cup qualifying campaign.[40]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_43-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UCL_43-1"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"UEFA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_45-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_45-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_45-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UEL_45-3"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"MLS Cup Playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLS_Cup_Playoffs"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played 15 June 2024[41][42]^ a b Appearance(s) in UEFA Champions League\n\n^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup, one appearance in FIFA Club World Cup\n\n^ a b c d Appearance(s) in UEFA Europa League\n\n^ Appearances in MLS Cup Playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"Scores and results list Spain's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Illarramendi goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copa del Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MD-3"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Copa_del_Rey"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-49"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-49"},{"link_name":"UEFA Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_UEFA_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-49"},{"link_name":"FIFA Club World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_Club_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM-49"},{"link_name":"UEFA European Under-21 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_UEFA_European_Under-21_Championship"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U21-35"},{"link_name":"La Liga Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga_Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LFP-8"}],"text":"Real SociedadCopa del Rey: 2019–20[43][44]\nSegunda División: 2009–10[3]Real MadridCopa del Rey: 2013–14[45]\nUEFA Champions League: 2013–14[45]\nUEFA Super Cup: 2014[45]\nFIFA Club World Cup: 2014[45]Spain U21UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2013[35]IndividualLa Liga Awards: Breakthrough Player/Best Midfielder 2012–13[8]","title":"Honours"}]	[{"image_text":"Illarramendi in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Asier_Illarramendi_2_%28cropped%29.JPG/200px-Asier_Illarramendi_2_%28cropped%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Illarramendi in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/FC_Salzburg_gegen_Real_Sociedad_San_Sebastian_%2822._Februar_2018%2C_EL_Sechzehntelfinale%29_31.jpg/220px-FC_Salzburg_gegen_Real_Sociedad_San_Sebastian_%2822._Februar_2018%2C_EL_Sechzehntelfinale%29_31.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Asier Illarramendi Andonegi\". Real Sociedad. Retrieved 2 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realsociedad.eus/en/team/player/real-sociedad/asier-illarramendi-andonegi","url_text":"\"Asier Illarramendi Andonegi\""}]},{"reference":"González, Miguel (16 June 2010). \"Zubieta garantiza un futuro prometedor\" [Zubieta guarantees a promising future]. El Diario Vasco (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://real-sociedad.diariovasco.com/noticias/2010-06-16/zubieta-garantiza-futuro-prometedor-20100616.html","url_text":"\"Zubieta garantiza un futuro prometedor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Diario_Vasco","url_text":"El Diario Vasco"}]},{"reference":"Romero, J.C. (20 June 2010). \"Jorge Molina marca los cuatro goles y acaba 'pichichi' de la división de plata\" [Jorge Molina scores all four goals to end silver division 'pichichi']. Mundo Deportivo (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/2010/06/20/pagina-45/5714551/pdf.html","url_text":"\"Jorge Molina marca los cuatro goles y acaba 'pichichi' de la división de plata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_Deportivo","url_text":"Mundo Deportivo"}]},{"reference":"\"Ojo a Illarra y a Albistegi\" [Keep your eye on Illarra and Albistegi]. El Diario Vasco (in Spanish). 20 June 2010. Retrieved 28 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://real-sociedad.diariovasco.com/noticias/2010-06-20/illarra-albistegi-20100620.html","url_text":"\"Ojo a Illarra y a Albistegi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rossi shines in Yellow Submarine victory\". ESPN Soccernet. 23 January 2011. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121024055749/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/302137?cc=5739","url_text":"\"Rossi shines in Yellow Submarine victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_FC","url_text":"ESPN Soccernet"},{"url":"http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/302137?cc=5739","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Espanyol rally to beat Real\". ESPN Soccernet. 2 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 March 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110302122128/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/301856?cc=5739","url_text":"\"Espanyol rally to beat Real\""},{"url":"http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/301856?cc=5739","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"La Real Sociedad tampoco falla ante el Sevilla F.C.\" [Real Sociedad do not fail against Sevilla F.C. as well] (in Spanish). Viva Fútbol. 19 May 2013. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130620094737/http://www.vivafutbol.es/realsociedad/noticias/6617-la-real-sociedad-tampoco-falla-ante-el-sevilla-fc","url_text":"\"La Real Sociedad tampoco falla ante el Sevilla F.C.\""},{"url":"http://www.vivafutbol.es/realsociedad/noticias/6617-la-real-sociedad-tampoco-falla-ante-el-sevilla-fc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Messi, mejor delantero y mejor jugador; Cristiano, jugador más valioso\" [Messi, best forward and best player; Cristiano, most valuable player] (in Spanish). La Liga. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150721233232/http://www.ligabbva.com/2544_liga-bbva/2321580_messi-mejor-delantero-y-mejor-jugador-cristiano-jugador-mas-valioso.html","url_text":"\"Messi, mejor delantero y mejor jugador; Cristiano, jugador más valioso\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga","url_text":"La Liga"},{"url":"http://www.ligabbva.com/2544_liga-bbva/2321580_messi-mejor-delantero-y-mejor-jugador-cristiano-jugador-mas-valioso.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Real Madrid reveal €32.19 million Illarra fee\". Goal. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en/news/11/transfer-zone/2013/07/12/4112360/real-madrid-reveal-3219-million-illarra-fee?ICID=CP_124","url_text":"\"Real Madrid reveal €32.19 million Illarra fee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_(website)","url_text":"Goal"}]},{"reference":"Garcés Izquierdo, Carlos (13 July 2013). \"Producto nacional a precio 'galáctico'\" [National product at 'galactic' prices]. El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2013/07/12/futbol/1373653968.html","url_text":"\"Producto nacional a precio 'galáctico'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)","url_text":"El Mundo"}]},{"reference":"\"Bale's debut goal not enough\". ESPN FC. 14 September 2013. Archived from the original on 23 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131223130841/http://espnfc.com/en/report/373182/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=null","url_text":"\"Bale's debut goal not enough\""},{"url":"http://espnfc.com/en/report/373182/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=null","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Melero, Delfín (18 December 2013). \"El Madrid cumple con su tarea\" [Madrid do their job]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2013_14/copa/dieciseisavos/vuelta/rma_olc/","url_text":"\"El Madrid cumple con su tarea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_(newspaper)","url_text":"Marca"}]},{"reference":"Siguero, Santiago (22 February 2014). \"Pleno sin Cristiano\" [Three for three without Cristiano]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2013_14/primera/jornada_25/rma_elc/","url_text":"\"Pleno sin Cristiano\""}]},{"reference":"Siguero, Santiago (5 April 2014). \"El Madrid sigue al rebote\" [Madrid still on the rebound]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marca.com/eventos/marcador/futbol/2013_14/primera/jornada_32/rso_rma/","url_text":"\"El Madrid sigue al rebote\""}]},{"reference":"White, Jim (17 April 2014). \"Real Madrid 2 Barcelona 1, Copa del Rey final: match report as Gareth Bale scores wonder winner\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/10771036/Real-Madrid-2-Barcelona-1-Copa-del-Rey-final-report-Gareth-Bale-winner.html","url_text":"\"Real Madrid 2 Barcelona 1, Copa del Rey final: match report as Gareth Bale scores wonder winner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Siguero, Santiago (23 May 2014). \"Illarra, de Mutriku a Lisboa\" [Illarra, from Mutriku to Lisbon]. Marca (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marca.com/2014/05/22/futbol/champions_league/final-champions/1400756242.html","url_text":"\"Illarra, de Mutriku a Lisboa\""}]},{"reference":"McNulty, Phil (24 May 2014). \"Real Madrid 4–1 Atlético Madrid\". BBC Sport. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Shandra	Volodymyr Shandra	["1 Education","2 Work Experience","3 Politics","4 Family","5 Awards and titles","6 References","7 External links"]	Volodymyr ShandraВолодимир ШандраGovernor of Kyiv OblastIn office2 March 2014 – 27 January 2016Preceded byAnatoliy PrysiazhniukSucceeded byMaksym MelnychukMinister of Ukraine of Emergencies and Affairs of Population Protection from the Consequences of Chornobyl CatastropheIn office18 December 2007 – 11 March 2010Prime MinisterYulia TymoshenkoPreceded byNestor ShufrychSucceeded byNestor ShufrychMinister of Industrial policy of UkraineIn office4 February 2005 – 4 August 2006Prime MinisterYulia TymoshenkoYuri YekhanurovPreceded byOleksandr NeustroevSucceeded byAnatoliy Holovko Personal detailsBorn (1963-01-11) January 11, 1963 (age 61)Zboriv, Ukrainian SSRAlma materObninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering Volodymyr Mykolajovych Shandra (Ukrainian: Володимир Миколайович Шандра) is Ukrainian politician and former Governor of Kyiv Oblast. Education Since 1981, he studied at the Faculty of Nuclear Power Plants and equipment for the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (later — Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering), specializing in thermal power engineer. In 2006 he graduated from the National Academy of Management, where he received a master's degree in finance. PhD in economics. He defended his thesis on technological innovation economy in innovative practice. Work Experience 1980 — started his career grinder for the production association "Ternopil combine factory". 1987 — after graduation he worked at the Khmelnytskyi Nuclear Power Plant, where he rose from the reactor operator's compartment, a senior engineer with repair and maintenance of equipment of the reactor compartment to the chief engineer of the control reactor. From 1992 to 2002 works in private sector of economics. Politics In 2002, Vladimir Shandra elected deputy of Ukraine under Yushchenko Bloc "Our Ukraine" (No. 39). He was Deputy Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on Industrial Policy and Entrepreneurship. In the presidential election of 2004 was led by Khmelnytsky Regional Headquarters coalition "People Power". From February 2005 to August 2006 served as Minister of Industrial policy of Ukraine. In 2006–2007 — Advisor to the President of Ukraine. He was Chairman of the NGO "Institute for Social and Economic Development". In 2006–2008 — member of the supervisory board of the State Savings Bank of Ukraine and the State Export-Import Bank. In the parliamentary elections of 2007, ran for Parliament Bloc "Our Ukraine — People's Self-Defense" (No. 75). At the head of the electoral re-election headquarters in Khmelnytsky region. 18 December 2007 – 11 March 2010 — Minister of Ukraine of Emergencies and Affairs of Population Protection from the Consequences of Chornobyl Catastrophe (appointed by the Supreme Council of Ukraine No. 10-VI of 18 December 2007 and dismissed by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on 11 March 2010 number 1965-VI). He was a member of the party "People's Union "Our Ukraine". On 2 March 2014 Acting President Oleksandr Turchynov appointed Shandra Governor of Kyiv Oblast. Shandra resigned from this post on 27 January 2016. Seven days later he was appointed as advisor to President Petro Poroshenko. Family Wife Antonina Єvgenіvna (1960). He has two sons — Andrew (1980) and Anton (1994). Awards and titles A civil servant rank 1 (October 2006). He was awarded the Order of Merit III degree (September 2008). References ^ a b c d "Politics "A. Turchynov has dismissed A. Prisyazhnuk". Breaking news "NovostiMira"". novostimira.com.ua. Retrieved 2014-03-30. ^ a b c d e (in Ukrainian) Maksym Melnychuk Poroshenko appointed Head of Kyiv Regional State Administration Archived 2016-02-04 at the Wayback Machine, hromadske.tv (3 February 2016)Poroshenko sees direct elections of regional administration heads as threat to Ukraine's federalization, Interfax-Ukraine (3 February 2016) ^ President appoints 14 regional governors, Interfax-Ukraine (March 18, 2010) External links Biography vte First government of Yulia TymoshenkoPrime-minister: Yulia TymoshenkoFirst vice-premier-minister: Anatoliy KinakhVice-premier-minister on European integration: Oleh RybachukVice-premier-minister on humanitarian issues: Mykola TomenkoVice-premier-minister on issues of administrative and territorial reform: Roman Bezsmertnyi Agrarian policy Oleksandr Baranivskyi Internal affairs Yuriy Lutsenko Coal industry Viktor Topolov Economy Serhiy Teryokhin Foreign affairs Borys Tarasyuk Culture and Tourism Oksana Bilozir Emergency and protection ofpopulation from consequencesof the Chernobyl disaster David Zhvania Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko Education and Science Stanislav Nikolayenko Healthcare Mykola Polishchuk Protection of Natural Environment Pavlo Ihnatenko Fuel and Energy Ivan Plachkov Labor and Social policy Vyacheslav Kyrylenko Industrial policy Volodymyr Shandra Family, youth and sports Yuriy Pavlenko Transportation and Communication Yevhen Chervonenko Finance Viktor Pynzenyk Justice Roman Zvarych Cabinet of Ministers Petro Krupko	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"Kyiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-novostimira-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shandrarkg-2"}],"text":"Volodymyr Mykolajovych Shandra (Ukrainian: Володимир Миколайович Шандра) is Ukrainian politician and former Governor of Kyiv Oblast.[1][2]","title":"Volodymyr Shandra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nuclear Power Plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Power_Plants"},{"link_name":"Moscow Engineering Physics Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Engineering_Physics_Institute"},{"link_name":"Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obninsk_Institute_for_Nuclear_Power_Engineering"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Management"}],"text":"Since 1981, he studied at the Faculty of Nuclear Power Plants and equipment for the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (later — Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering), specializing in thermal power engineer. In 2006 he graduated from the National Academy of Management, where he received a master's degree in finance.PhD in economics. He defended his thesis on technological innovation economy in innovative practice.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmelnytskyi Nuclear Power Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmelnytskyi_Nuclear_Power_Plant"}],"text":"1980 — started his career grinder for the production association \"Ternopil combine factory\".1987 — after graduation he worked at the Khmelnytskyi Nuclear Power Plant, where he rose from the reactor operator's compartment, a senior engineer with repair and maintenance of equipment of the reactor compartment to the chief engineer of the control reactor.From 1992 to 2002 works in private sector of economics.","title":"Work Experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Minister of Industrial policy of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Industrial_policy_(Ukraine)"},{"link_name":"President of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"State Savings Bank of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Savings_Bank_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Our Ukraine — People's Self-Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Ukraine%E2%80%93People%27s_Self-Defense_Bloc"},{"link_name":"Minister of Ukraine of Emergencies and Affairs of Population Protection from the Consequences of Chornobyl Catastrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Emergency_Service_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Supreme Council of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"\"People's Union \"Our Ukraine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Ukraine_(political_party)"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Oleksandr Turchynov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr_Turchynov"},{"link_name":"Kyiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-novostimira-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shandrarkg-2"},{"link_name":"Petro Poroshenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shandrarkg-2"}],"text":"In 2002, Vladimir Shandra elected deputy of Ukraine under Yushchenko Bloc \"Our Ukraine\" (No. 39). He was Deputy Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on Industrial Policy and Entrepreneurship.In the presidential election of 2004 was led by Khmelnytsky Regional Headquarters coalition \"People Power\".From February 2005 to August 2006 served as Minister of Industrial policy of Ukraine.In 2006–2007 — Advisor to the President of Ukraine. He was Chairman of the NGO \"Institute for Social and Economic Development\".In 2006–2008 — member of the supervisory board of the State Savings Bank of Ukraine and the State Export-Import Bank.In the parliamentary elections of 2007, ran for Parliament Bloc \"Our Ukraine — People's Self-Defense\" (No. 75). At the head of the electoral re-election headquarters in Khmelnytsky region.18 December 2007 – 11 March 2010 — Minister of Ukraine of Emergencies and Affairs of Population Protection from the Consequences of Chornobyl Catastrophe (appointed by the Supreme Council of Ukraine No. 10-VI of 18 December 2007 and dismissed by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on 11 March 2010 number 1965-VI).He was a member of the party \"People's Union \"Our Ukraine\".On 2 March 2014 Acting President Oleksandr Turchynov appointed Shandra Governor of Kyiv Oblast.[1] Shandra resigned from this post on 27 January 2016.[2] Seven days later he was appointed as advisor to President Petro Poroshenko.[2]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wife Antonina Єvgenіvna (1960).He has two sons — Andrew (1980) and Anton (1994).","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Ukraine)"}],"text":"A civil servant rank 1 (October 2006). He was awarded the Order of Merit III degree (September 2008).","title":"Awards and titles"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Politics \"A. Turchynov has dismissed A. Prisyazhnuk\". Breaking news \"NovostiMira\"\". novostimira.com.ua. Retrieved 2014-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.novostimira.com.ua/news-eng-96677.html","url_text":"\"Politics \"A. Turchynov has dismissed A. Prisyazhnuk\". Breaking news \"NovostiMira\"\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.novostimira.com.ua/news-eng-96677.html","external_links_name":"\"Politics \"A. Turchynov has dismissed A. Prisyazhnuk\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents_and_Friends_of_Lesbians_and_Gays	PFLAG	["1 History","2 Programs","3 Campaigns","4 Advocacy work","5 List of presidents","6 Outside the United States","6.1 Other organizations","7 References","7.1 Footnotes","7.2 Bibliography","8 External links"]	Non-profit organisation in the US For other uses, see PFLAG (disambiguation). PFLAG NationalFormationMarch 11, 1973FounderJeanne ManfordFounded atNew York City, New York, USFocusLGBT activismHeadquartersWashington, DCArea served United StatesMethodCampaigningadvocacysupport groupspublic speakingeducationWebsitehttps://www.pflag.org PFLAG is the United States' largest organization dedicated to supporting, educating, and advocating for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) people and those who love them. PFLAG National is the national organization, which provides support to the PFLAG network of local chapters. PFLAG has nearly 400 chapters across the United States, with more than 350,000 members and supporters. PFLAG (pronounced /ˈpiːflæɡ/ PEE-flag) is no longer an acronym, but just the name of the organization. Prior to 2014, the acronym stood for Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (later broadened to Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays). Until removal of the hyphen in 1993 the name was officially styled as P-FLAG. In 2014 the membership of the organization voted to officially change the name to PFLAG to reflect the decades of fully inclusive work it had been doing in the LGBTQ+ community. History Jeanne Manford marching with her later famous sign. Reactions to this sign led Manford to create a support group, which evolved into PFLAG. In April 1972, Jeanne Manford, an elementary school teacher, and her husband were at home in Flushing, Queens, when they learned from a hospital's telephone call that her son Morty, a gay activist, had been beaten while distributing flyers inside the fiftieth annual Inner Circle dinner, a political gathering in New York City. In response, she wrote a letter of protest to the New York Post that identified herself as the mother of a gay protester and complained of police inaction. She gave interviews to radio and television shows in several cities in the weeks that followed, sometimes accompanied by her husband or son. On June 25, she participated with her son in the New York Pride March, carrying a hand-lettered sign that read "Parents of Gays Unite in Support for Our Children". Prompted by their enthusiastic reception, they developed an idea for an organization of the parents of gays and lesbians that could be, she later said, "a bridge between the gay community and the heterosexual community". They were soon holding meetings for such parents, together with her husband. She called him "a very articulate person ... a much better speaker than I. He was right along with me on everything." The first formal meeting of Parents of Gays (later PFLAG) took place on March 11, 1973, at the Metropolitan-Duane United Methodist Church in Greenwich Village (MDUMC – later the Church of the Village). Approximately 20 people attended. Rev. Ed Egan of MDUMC (1971–1977) was one of the founding members of "Parents of Gays." Parents of Gays continued to meet monthly at MDUMC until at least 1984. In the next few years, through word of mouth and community need, similar groups sprang up around the country, offering "safe havens" and mutual support for parents with gay and lesbian children. In 1976, PFLAG LA had their first meeting of 30 parents. By 1977, the group had integrated with other LGBT activist groups to oppose Anita Bryant's anti-gay crusade and defeat the statewide Briggs Initiative. Following the 1979 National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, representatives from these groups met for the first time in Washington, DC. By 1980, PFLAG, then known as Parents FLAG, began to distribute information to educational institutions and communities of faith nationwide, establishing itself as a source of information for the general public. When Adele Starr, who organized the Los Angeles P-FLAG chapter, called advice columnist Dear Abby to discuss the purpose of P-FLAG, Dear Abby mentioned PFLAG in one of her columns. Los Angeles P-FLAG then received more than 7,500 letters requesting information. Every letter was answered by a member of the chapter. In 1981, members decided to launch a national organization. The first PFLAG office was established in Los Angeles under founding president Adele Starr. In 1982, the Federation of Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, Inc., then representing some 20 groups, was incorporated in California and granted nonprofit, tax-exempt status. In 1987, PFLAG relocated to Denver, under President Elinor Lewallen. Also in the 1980s, PFLAG worked to end the US military's efforts to discharge lesbians—more than a decade before military issues came to the forefront of the LGBT movement. And by the late 1980s, PFLAG began to have success in organizing chapters in rural communities. In 1990, following a period of significant growth, PFLAG employed an Executive Director, expanded its staff, and moved to Washington, DC. Also in 1990, PFLAG President Paulette Goodman sent a letter to Barbara Bush asking for Mrs. Bush's support. The first lady's personal reply stated, "I firmly believe that we cannot tolerate discrimination against any individuals or groups in our country. Such treatment always brings with it pain and perpetuates intolerance." Inadvertently given to the Associated Press, her comments caused a political maelstrom and were perhaps the first gay-positive comments to come from the White House. In time the scope of the organization expanded to include bisexuals, and ultimately, transgender people, but the name remained P-FLAG. In particular, in 1998, gender identity, including transgender people, was added to the mission of PFLAG after a vote at their annual meeting in San Francisco. PFLAG was the first national LGBT organization to officially adopt a transgender-inclusive policy, vowing not only to include transgender people in all of its work, but also never to support any policies or laws that are not trans-inclusive. In 2002, PFLAG's Transgender Network, also known as TNET, became PFLAG's first official "Special Affiliate", recognized with the same privileges and responsibilities as regular chapters. In 2013, TNET was replaced by the Transgender and Gender Nonconforming (TGNC) Advisory Council. In 2004, PFLAG/Chicago was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame as a Friend of the Community. The plaque unveiled by Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation in 2013 at Church of the Village In 2013, Jeanne Manford was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by then President Barack Obama. In 2013, a bronze plaque was installed at The Church of the Village in Greenwich Village, memorializing the fact that the first meeting of what came to be PFLAG was held at the church in 1973. The plaque reads,In 1972, Queens schoolteacher Jeanne Manford walked alongside her gay son, activist Morty Manford, at the 1972 Christopher Street Liberation Day Parade, carrying a sign that read 'Parents of Gays: Unite in Support of Our Children.' The overwhelming response to that simple act led Jeanne, her husband Jules, and early pioneers of the LGBT equality movement to create a support group for LGBT people, their parents, family, and friends. The first meeting of that group - now known as PFLAG - took place on this site in March 1973. Placed by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation in partnership with PFLAG members everywhere, in honor of the legacy of love that began here.In 2017, PFLAG celebrated the 45th anniversary of founder Jeanne Manford's famous march with her son, gay-rights activist Morty Manford. Programs Straight for Equality is a national outreach and education project created by PFLAG National to empower new straight allies and trans allies who, unlike a more traditional PFLAG member, do not necessarily have a family or friend connection to the LGBTQ community. The Straight for Equality project was launched in 2007. This nationwide initiative expanded the organization's efforts to include more people in the equality movement. Since the 2007 launch, Straight for Equality in the Workplace has been PFLAG's most successful initiative, with an array of workshops available to corporations in the US. In 2009, PFLAG launched Straight for Equality in Healthcare to educate and engage healthcare providers in all disciplines to be more culturally inclusive in their work. In 2012, PFLAG launched Straight for Equality in Faith Communities, which features faith-focused resources and tools for people of all denominations to start having critical conversations in their faith communities to create more welcoming institutions. And in 2014, PFLAG launched a new trans ally program through Straight for Equality. Each year since 2009, PFLAG National has held the Straight for Equality Awards Gala, the only awards gala that exclusively celebrates the contributions of straight allies to the movement for LGBT equality. Past winners include civil rights pioneers like Maya Angelou and Johnnetta B. Cole; entertainer Liza Minnelli; actors Rosie Perez, Patrick Stewart, Martha Plimpton, and Sigourney Weaver; Broadway stars Audra McDonald and Will Swenson; sports icons Brendon Ayanbadejo, Scott Fujita, Chris Kluwe, and Hudson Taylor; authors Charlaine Harris and John Irving; faith leaders like Jay Bakker; and organizations including IBM, KPMG, MetLife, Sodexo, and Whirlpool. Cultivating Respect: Safe Schools For All is PFLAG National's umbrella program to support the efforts of educators, parents, and other trusted adults to make schools safe and inclusive. Claim Your Rights, created in partnership with GLSEN, is a program to help parents, teachers, administrators and other trusted adults file complaints with the Office for Civil Rights at the US Department of Education on behalf of youth who have experienced school-based bullying, harassment, or discrimination. PFLAG Connects was created in April 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Hundreds of PFLAG's local chapters moved their in-person support meetings to virtual meetings. PFLAG National also launched PFLAG Connects: Communities which are national support group meetings for a variety of BIPOC communities. Campaigns PFLAG contingent at San Francisco Pride, 2004 In the mid-1990s, "Project Open Mind" caused some controversy from Pat Robertson. He threatened to sue PFLAG and any television station that aired the project's ads, which showed clips of anti-LGBT quotes from several people, including Robertson, Jerry Falwell, and United States Senator Jesse Helms. The ads can currently be seen on the Commercial Closet webpage. Advocacy work PFLAG National and the PFLAG chapter network engages in advocacy at the local, state and federal level and has issued public policy statements on a wide variety of issues. In the early 1990s, PFLAG chapters in Massachusetts helped pass the first Safe Schools legislation in the country. By the mid-1990s a PFLAG family was responsible for the Department of Education's ruling that Title IX protects gay and lesbian students from harassment based on sexual orientation. When Pat Robertson threatened to sue any station that carried Project Open Mind advertisements, the resulting media coverage drew national attention to PFLAG's message linking hate speech with hate crimes and LGBT teen suicide. PFLAG National campaigned to repeal "don't ask, don't tell" and in the fight for marriage equality in the United States—including filing an amicus brief with the United States Supreme Court. It continues working to end the practice of conversion therapy, to combat laws that permit discrimination under the guise of religious freedom such as the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and more. List of presidents Years of service Name 1981–1987 Adele Starr 1987–1988 Elinor Lewellen 1988–1992 Paulette Goodman 1992–1996 Mitzi Henderson 1996–1998 Nancy N. McDonald 1998–2000 Paul Beeman 2000–2002 Arnold Drake 2002–2006 Sam Thoron 2006–2010 John R. Cepek 2010–2014 Rabbi David M. Horowitz 2014–2018 Jean Hodges 2018–present Kathy Godwin Outside the United States Similarly purposed (and sometimes similarly named) organizations have been established outside the United States since PFLAG's 1973 establishment, although the majority of such organizations are unaffiliated with each other or with the PFLAG National in the U.S. (the founding organization). Most recently, a PFLAG organization in People's Republic of China, PFLAG China, was established in June 2008 by Wu Youjian in Guangzhou after she accepted her son's homosexuality. Other organizations Tehila (Israel) Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (United Kingdom) PFLAG Canada (Separately originated, similarly named) Tels Quels (Belgium) CONTACT (France) BEFAH (Germany) AGEDO (Italy) Association of Fathers and Mothers of Gays and Lesbians (Spain) FELS (Switzerland) Stolta föräldrar (Sweden) Families for Sexual Diversity (Latin America) PFLAG Vietnam (Vietnam) PFLAG China (People's Republic of China) PFLAG in Australia PFLAG South Africa PFLAG Myanmar/Burma Chapter Four Uganda References Footnotes ^ "Find a Chapter \| PFLAG". www.pflag.org. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ "See banner styled P-FLAG". PFLAG. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2010-06-30. ^ "PFLAG NATIONAL ANNOUNCES NEW PRESIDENT, NEW INCLUSIVE NAME". PFLAG. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ Schulz, Kathryn (April 17, 2023). "HOW ONE MOTHER'S LOVE FOR HER GAY SON STARTED A REVOLUTION". The New Yorker. pp. 42–49. Retrieved 2023-04-27. ^ Lambert, Bruce (15 May 1992). "Morty Manford, 41, a Lawyer And Early Gay-Rights Advocate". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 September 2012. ^ Lii, Jane H. (3 November 1996). "Unlikely Supporter of Gay Rights Recalls Pivotal Night". The New York Times. ^ Marcus 2002, pp. 170–171. ^ Marcus 2002, p. 172. ^ Marcus 2002, p. 173. ^ Marcus 2002, p. 175. ^ Marcus 2002, pp. 174–175. ^ "PFLAG". www.pflag.org. 5 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2018-10-08. ^ "PFLAG National Blog". PFLAG National. 2013-03-08. ^ "Seattle Gay News - Page 3 - PFLAG pioneer Adele Starr dies at 90 - Friday, December 17, 2010 - Volume 38 Issue 51". SGN. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2015-06-09. ^ Evans Rowl, Robert Novak: "Bush and the gay Lobby. The Washington Post, May 25, 1990 ^ "History". Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2012-04-09. ^ a b "PFLAG National". Community.pflag.org. Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2015-06-09. ^ "PFLAG: Policy Statements". PFLAG. Archived from the original on June 17, 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-30. ^ "PFLAG National". Community.pflag.org. Archived from the original on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2015-06-09. ^ "Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame". Glhalloffame.org. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2015-06-09. ^ KL Anderson (2013-02-15), President Obama Awards the Citizens Medal to Jeanne Manford, Queens, NY, 2/15/2013, archived from the original on 2021-12-12, retrieved 2017-08-10 ^ a b Berman, Andrew (24 June 2013). "PFLAG Historic Plaque Unveiling On A Beautiful Day". Gvshp.org. Retrieved 2015-06-09. ^ Lambert, Bruce (15 May 1992). "Morty Manford, 41, a Lawyer And Early Gay-Rights Advocate ..." The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-09-07. ^ "Faith". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-12-13. ^ "The Straight for Equality Gala". Straight For Equality. 2015-01-22. Archived from the original on 2017-12-14. Retrieved 2015-06-09. ^ "PFLAG Connects". 9 April 2020. ^ Gallagher, John (November 12, 1996). "Making airwaves". The Advocate. pp. 30, 32. Retrieved 6 September 2012. ^ P-FLAG vs Pat Robertson Archived 2012-03-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ Carmody, John (November 10, 1995). "The TV Column". The Washington Post. p. F8. Retrieved 6 September 2012. ^ Cepek 2008. ^ "Where We Stand; PFLAG National Public Policy Statements". Pflag. 14 April 2016. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ "PFLAG National". Community.pflag.org. 1973-03-26. Retrieved 2015-06-09. ^ "BRIEF OF PFLAG, INC. AS AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONERS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-12. Retrieved 2017-08-10. ^ China: Treatment of sexual minorities in Guangdong Province, including state protection and support services (2011-February 2013): 6 February 2013, Section 1, Para. 4, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ref. CHN104301.E. Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada ^ "Chapter Four \| Protecting Civil Liberties & Promoting Human Rights for All". Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Bibliography Cepek, John (2008). "Power of Love: PFLAG in Chicago". In Baim, Tracy (ed.). Out and Proud in Chicago: An Overview of the City's Gay Community. Chicago: Surrey Books. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-57284-643-2. Marcus, Eric (2002). Making Gay History: The Half-Century Fight for Lesbian and Gay Equal Rights. New York: HarperCollins. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to PFLAG. Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PFLAG (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFLAG_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"lesbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbian"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay"},{"link_name":"bisexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisexuality"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"queer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ%2B"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"/ˈpiːflæɡ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"PEE-flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see PFLAG (disambiguation).PFLAG is the United States' largest organization dedicated to supporting, educating, and advocating for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) people and those who love them. PFLAG National is the national organization, which provides support to the PFLAG network of local chapters.[1] PFLAG has nearly 400 chapters across the United States, with more than 350,000 members and supporters.PFLAG (pronounced /ˈpiːflæɡ/ PEE-flag) is no longer an acronym, but just the name of the organization. Prior to 2014, the acronym stood for Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (later broadened to Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays). Until removal of the hyphen in 1993 the name was officially styled as P-FLAG.[2] In 2014 the membership of the organization voted to officially change the name to PFLAG to reflect the decades of fully inclusive work it had been doing in the LGBTQ+ community.[3]","title":"PFLAG"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jeanne_Manford_marching_with_her_famous_sign_in_a_Pride_Parade_in_1972.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Manford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Manford"},{"link_name":"Flushing, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing,_Queens"},{"link_name":"Inner Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Circle_(parody_group)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mortyobit-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002170%E2%80%93171-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002172-8"},{"link_name":"Pride March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_Pride_March_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002173-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002175-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcus2002174%E2%80%93175-11"},{"link_name":"Briggs Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggs_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_March_on_Washington_for_Lesbian_and_Gay_Rights"},{"link_name":"Adele Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Starr"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Dear Abby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Abby"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"gender identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-community.pflag.org-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-community.pflag.org-17"},{"link_name":"Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Gay_and_Lesbian_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parents,_Families,_and_Friends_of_Lesbians_and_Gays_(PFLAG),_Plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Presidential Citizens Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Citizens_Medal"},{"link_name":"President Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Church of the Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Church_of_the_Village&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greenwich Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Village"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gvshp.org-22"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Manford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Manford"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gvshp.org-22"}],"text":"Jeanne Manford marching with her later famous sign. Reactions to this sign led Manford to create a support group, which evolved into PFLAG.[4]In April 1972, Jeanne Manford, an elementary school teacher, and her husband were at home in Flushing, Queens, when they learned from a hospital's telephone call that her son Morty, a gay activist, had been beaten while distributing flyers inside the fiftieth annual Inner Circle dinner, a political gathering in New York City.[5][6] In response, she wrote a letter of protest to the New York Post that identified herself as the mother of a gay protester and complained of police inaction.[7] She gave interviews to radio and television shows in several cities in the weeks that followed, sometimes accompanied by her husband or son.[8] On June 25, she participated with her son in the New York Pride March, carrying a hand-lettered sign that read \"Parents of Gays Unite in Support for Our Children\".[9] Prompted by their enthusiastic reception, they developed an idea for an organization of the parents of gays and lesbians that could be, she later said, \"a bridge between the gay community and the heterosexual community\".[10] They were soon holding meetings for such parents, together with her husband. She called him \"a very articulate person ... a much better speaker than I. He was right along with me on everything.\"[11]The first formal meeting of Parents of Gays (later PFLAG) took place on March 11, 1973, at the Metropolitan-Duane United Methodist Church in Greenwich Village (MDUMC – later the Church of the Village). Approximately 20 people attended. Rev. Ed Egan of MDUMC (1971–1977) was one of the founding members of \"Parents of Gays.\" Parents of Gays continued to meet monthly at MDUMC until at least 1984.In the next few years, through word of mouth and community need, similar groups sprang up around the country, offering \"safe havens\" and mutual support for parents with gay and lesbian children. In 1976, PFLAG LA had their first meeting of 30 parents. By 1977, the group had integrated with other LGBT activist groups to oppose Anita Bryant's anti-gay crusade and defeat the statewide Briggs Initiative.[12] Following the 1979 National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights, representatives from these groups met for the first time in Washington, DC.By 1980, PFLAG, then known as Parents FLAG, began to distribute information to educational institutions and communities of faith nationwide, establishing itself as a source of information for the general public. When Adele Starr,[13] who organized the Los Angeles P-FLAG chapter, called advice columnist Dear Abby to discuss the purpose of P-FLAG, Dear Abby mentioned PFLAG in one of her columns. Los Angeles P-FLAG then received more than 7,500 letters requesting information. Every letter was answered by a member of the chapter. In 1981, members decided to launch a national organization. The first PFLAG office was established in Los Angeles under founding president Adele Starr.[14]In 1982, the Federation of Parents and Friends of Lesbians and Gays, Inc., then representing some 20 groups, was incorporated in California and granted nonprofit, tax-exempt status. In 1987, PFLAG relocated to Denver, under President Elinor Lewallen. Also in the 1980s, PFLAG worked to end the US military's efforts to discharge lesbians—more than a decade before military issues came to the forefront of the LGBT movement. And by the late 1980s, PFLAG began to have success in organizing chapters in rural communities.In 1990, following a period of significant growth, PFLAG employed an Executive Director, expanded its staff, and moved to Washington, DC. Also in 1990, PFLAG President Paulette Goodman sent a letter to Barbara Bush asking for Mrs. Bush's support. The first lady's personal reply stated, \"I firmly believe that we cannot tolerate discrimination against any individuals or groups in our country. Such treatment always brings with it pain and perpetuates intolerance.\" Inadvertently given to the Associated Press, her comments caused a political maelstrom and were perhaps the first gay-positive comments to come from the White House.[15]In time the scope of the organization expanded to include bisexuals, and ultimately, transgender people, but the name remained P-FLAG.[16] In particular, in 1998, gender identity, including transgender people, was added to the mission of PFLAG after a vote at their annual meeting in San Francisco.[17][18]\nPFLAG was the first national LGBT organization to officially adopt a transgender-inclusive policy, vowing not only to include transgender people in all of its work, but also never to support any policies or laws that are not trans-inclusive.[19] In 2002, PFLAG's Transgender Network, also known as TNET, became PFLAG's first official \"Special Affiliate\", recognized with the same privileges and responsibilities as regular chapters.[17] In 2013, TNET was replaced by the Transgender and Gender Nonconforming (TGNC) Advisory Council.In 2004, PFLAG/Chicago was inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame as a Friend of the Community.[20]The plaque unveiled by Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation in 2013 at Church of the VillageIn 2013, Jeanne Manford was awarded the Presidential Citizens Medal by then President Barack Obama.[21]In 2013, a bronze plaque was installed at The Church of the Village in Greenwich Village, memorializing the fact that the first meeting of what came to be PFLAG was held at the church in 1973.[22] The plaque reads,In 1972, Queens schoolteacher Jeanne Manford walked alongside her gay son, activist Morty Manford, at the 1972 Christopher Street Liberation Day Parade, carrying a sign that read 'Parents of Gays: Unite in Support of Our Children.'[23] The overwhelming response to that simple act led Jeanne, her husband Jules, and early pioneers of the LGBT equality movement to create a support group for LGBT people, their parents, family, and friends. The first meeting of that group - now known as PFLAG - took place on this site in March 1973. Placed by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation in partnership with PFLAG members everywhere, in honor of the legacy of love that began here.[22]In 2017, PFLAG celebrated the 45th anniversary of founder Jeanne Manford's famous march with her son, gay-rights activist Morty Manford.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Maya Angelou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Angelou"},{"link_name":"Johnnetta B. Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnnetta_B._Cole"},{"link_name":"Liza Minnelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liza_Minnelli"},{"link_name":"Rosie Perez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosie_Perez"},{"link_name":"Patrick Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Martha Plimpton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Plimpton"},{"link_name":"Sigourney Weaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigourney_Weaver"},{"link_name":"Audra McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audra_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Will Swenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Swenson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Brendon Ayanbadejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon_Ayanbadejo"},{"link_name":"Scott Fujita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Fujita"},{"link_name":"Chris Kluwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kluwe"},{"link_name":"Hudson Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Taylor_(wrestler)"},{"link_name":"Charlaine Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlaine_Harris"},{"link_name":"John Irving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Irving"},{"link_name":"Jay Bakker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Bakker"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"KPMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPMG"},{"link_name":"MetLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetLife"},{"link_name":"Sodexo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodexo"},{"link_name":"Whirlpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"GLSEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLSEN"},{"link_name":"Office for Civil Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_for_Civil_Rights"},{"link_name":"US Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"BIPOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIPOC"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Straight for Equality is a national outreach and education project created by PFLAG National to empower new straight allies and trans allies who, unlike a more traditional PFLAG member, do not necessarily have a family or friend connection to the LGBTQ community. The Straight for Equality project was launched in 2007. This nationwide initiative expanded the organization's efforts to include more people in the equality movement.Since the 2007 launch, Straight for Equality in the Workplace has been PFLAG's most successful initiative, with an array of workshops available to corporations in the US. In 2009, PFLAG launched Straight for Equality in Healthcare to educate and engage healthcare providers in all disciplines to be more culturally inclusive in their work. In 2012, PFLAG launched Straight for Equality in Faith Communities,[24] which features faith-focused resources and tools for people of all denominations to start having critical conversations in their faith communities to create more welcoming institutions. And in 2014, PFLAG launched a new trans ally program through Straight for Equality.Each year since 2009, PFLAG National has held the Straight for Equality Awards Gala, the only awards gala that exclusively celebrates the contributions of straight allies to the movement for LGBT equality. Past winners include civil rights pioneers like Maya Angelou and Johnnetta B. Cole; entertainer Liza Minnelli; actors Rosie Perez, Patrick Stewart, Martha Plimpton, and Sigourney Weaver; Broadway stars Audra McDonald and Will Swenson; sports icons Brendon Ayanbadejo, Scott Fujita, Chris Kluwe, and Hudson Taylor; authors Charlaine Harris and John Irving; faith leaders like Jay Bakker; and organizations including IBM, KPMG, MetLife, Sodexo, and Whirlpool.[25]Cultivating Respect: Safe Schools For All is PFLAG National's umbrella program to support the efforts of educators, parents, and other trusted adults to make schools safe and inclusive.Claim Your Rights, created in partnership with GLSEN, is a program to help parents, teachers, administrators and other trusted adults file complaints with the Office for Civil Rights at the US Department of Education on behalf of youth who have experienced school-based bullying, harassment, or discrimination.PFLAG Connects was created in April 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Hundreds of PFLAG's local chapters moved their in-person support meetings to virtual meetings. PFLAG National also launched PFLAG Connects: Communities which are national support group meetings for a variety of BIPOC communities.[26]","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pride_2004_pflag.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_pride"},{"link_name":"Pat Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Robertson"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Jerry Falwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Falwell"},{"link_name":"Jesse Helms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Helms"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Commercial Closet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Closet"}],"text":"PFLAG contingent at San Francisco Pride, 2004In the mid-1990s, \"Project Open Mind\" caused some controversy from Pat Robertson. He threatened to sue PFLAG and any television station that aired the project's ads,[27] which showed clips of anti-LGBT quotes from several people, including Robertson, Jerry Falwell, and United States Senator Jesse Helms.[28][29] The ads can currently be seen on the Commercial Closet webpage.","title":"Campaigns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECepek2008-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Title IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_IX"},{"link_name":"Pat Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Robertson"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"don't ask, don't tell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell"},{"link_name":"amicus brief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amicus_curiae"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"conversion therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation_change_efforts"},{"link_name":"Religious Freedom Restoration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act"}],"text":"PFLAG National and the PFLAG chapter network engages in advocacy at the local, state and federal level and has issued public policy statements on a wide variety of issues.[30][31] In the early 1990s, PFLAG chapters in Massachusetts helped pass the first Safe Schools legislation in the country. By the mid-1990s a PFLAG family was responsible for the Department of Education's ruling that Title IX protects gay and lesbian students from harassment based on sexual orientation. When Pat Robertson threatened to sue any station that carried Project Open Mind advertisements, the resulting media coverage drew national attention to PFLAG's message linking hate speech with hate crimes and LGBT teen suicide.[32] PFLAG National campaigned to repeal \"don't ask, don't tell\" and in the fight for marriage equality in the United States—including filing an amicus brief with the United States Supreme Court.[33] It continues working to end the practice of conversion therapy, to combat laws that permit discrimination under the guise of religious freedom such as the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, and more.","title":"Advocacy work"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PFLAG China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFLAG_China"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Similarly purposed (and sometimes similarly named) organizations have been established outside the United States since PFLAG's 1973 establishment, although the majority of such organizations are unaffiliated with each other or with the PFLAG National in the U.S. (the founding organization). Most recently, a PFLAG organization in People's Republic of China, PFLAG China, was established in June 2008 by Wu Youjian in Guangzhou after she accepted her son's homosexuality.[34]","title":"Outside the United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tehila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehila_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Families_and_Friends_of_Lesbians_and_Gays"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"PFLAG Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFLAG_Canada"},{"link_name":"Tels Quels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tels_Quels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CONTACT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CONTACT_(organization)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"BEFAH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BEFAH&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AGEDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AGEDO&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Association of Fathers and Mothers of Gays and Lesbians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Fathers_and_Mothers_of_Gays_and_Lesbians&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FELS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FELS_(organization)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stolta föräldrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stolta_f%C3%B6r%C3%A4ldrar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Families for Sexual Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Families_for_Sexual_Diversity&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PFLAG Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PFLAG_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PFLAG China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFLAG_China"},{"link_name":"PFLAG in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFLAG#Australien"},{"link_name":"PFLAG South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PFLAG_South_Africa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PFLAG Myanmar/Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PFLAG_Myanmar/Burma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chapter Four Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_Four_Uganda"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Other organizations","text":"Tehila (Israel)\nFamilies and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (United Kingdom)\nPFLAG Canada (Separately originated, similarly named)\nTels Quels (Belgium)\nCONTACT (France)\nBEFAH (Germany)\nAGEDO (Italy)\nAssociation of Fathers and Mothers of Gays and Lesbians (Spain)\nFELS (Switzerland)\nStolta föräldrar (Sweden)\nFamilies for Sexual Diversity (Latin America)\nPFLAG Vietnam (Vietnam)\nPFLAG China (People's Republic of China)\nPFLAG in Australia\nPFLAG South Africa\nPFLAG Myanmar/Burma\nChapter Four Uganda[35]","title":"Outside the United States"}]	[{"image_text":"Jeanne Manford marching with her later famous sign. Reactions to this sign led Manford to create a support group, which evolved into PFLAG.[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Jeanne_Manford_marching_with_her_famous_sign_in_a_Pride_Parade_in_1972.jpg/250px-Jeanne_Manford_marching_with_her_famous_sign_in_a_Pride_Parade_in_1972.jpg"},{"image_text":"The plaque unveiled by Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation in 2013 at Church of the Village","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Parents%2C_Families%2C_and_Friends_of_Lesbians_and_Gays_%28PFLAG%29%2C_Plaque.jpg/220px-Parents%2C_Families%2C_and_Friends_of_Lesbians_and_Gays_%28PFLAG%29%2C_Plaque.jpg"},{"image_text":"PFLAG contingent at San Francisco Pride, 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Pride_2004_pflag.jpg/220px-Pride_2004_pflag.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Find a Chapter \| PFLAG\". www.pflag.org. Retrieved 2017-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pflag.org/find-a-chapter","url_text":"\"Find a Chapter \| PFLAG\""}]},{"reference":"\"See banner styled P-FLAG\". PFLAG. Archived from the original on 2012-07-07. Retrieved 2010-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120707043325/http://community.pflag.org/Page.aspx?pid=279","url_text":"\"See banner styled P-FLAG\""},{"url":"http://community.pflag.org/Page.aspx?pid=279","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PFLAG NATIONAL ANNOUNCES NEW PRESIDENT, NEW INCLUSIVE NAME\". PFLAG. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 2017-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pflag.org/blog/newpresidentnewinclusivename","url_text":"\"PFLAG NATIONAL ANNOUNCES NEW PRESIDENT, NEW INCLUSIVE NAME\""}]},{"reference":"Schulz, Kathryn (April 17, 2023). \"HOW ONE MOTHER'S LOVE FOR HER GAY SON STARTED A REVOLUTION\". The New Yorker. pp. 42–49. Retrieved 2023-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/04/17/how-one-mothers-love-for-her-gay-son-started-a-revolution","url_text":"\"HOW ONE MOTHER'S LOVE FOR HER GAY SON STARTED A REVOLUTION\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"Lambert, Bruce (15 May 1992). \"Morty Manford, 41, a Lawyer And Early Gay-Rights Advocate\". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/15/nyregion/morty-manford-41-a-lawyer-and-early-gay-rights-advocate.html","url_text":"\"Morty Manford, 41, a Lawyer And Early Gay-Rights Advocate\""}]},{"reference":"Lii, Jane H. (3 November 1996). \"Unlikely Supporter of Gay Rights Recalls Pivotal Night\". The New York Times.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"PFLAG\". www.pflag.org. 5 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2018-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013245/https://www.pflag.org/blog/pflag-founder-remembered-adele-starr","url_text":"\"PFLAG\""},{"url":"https://www.pflag.org/blog/pflag-founder-remembered-adele-starr","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PFLAG National Blog\". PFLAG National. 2013-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.pflag.org/2013/03/adele-starr-pflag-los-angeles-and-pflag.html","url_text":"\"PFLAG National Blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seattle Gay News - Page 3 - PFLAG pioneer Adele Starr dies at 90 - Friday, December 17, 2010 - Volume 38 Issue 51\". SGN. Archived from the original on 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2015-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150916054659/http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews38_51/page3.cfm","url_text":"\"Seattle Gay News - Page 3 - PFLAG pioneer Adele Starr dies at 90 - Friday, December 17, 2010 - Volume 38 Issue 51\""},{"url":"http://www.sgn.org/sgnnews38_51/page3.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2012-04-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100617013027/http://community.pflag.org/Page.aspx?pid=267","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://community.pflag.org/Page.aspx?pid=267","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PFLAG National\". Community.pflag.org. Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_Area_Command_(Ottoman_Empire)	Iraq Area Command (Ottoman Empire)	["1 Formations","1.1 Order of Battle, November 1914","1.2 Order of Battle, January 1915","1.3 Order of Battle, Late 1915","2 Sources"]	Iraq Area CommandIrak ve Havalisi Genel KomutanlığıActiveAugust 26, 1914 – April 19, 1916Country Ottoman EmpireTypeCorps-ArmyGarrison/HQBasra, BaghdadPatronSultans of the Ottoman EmpireEngagementsMesopotamian campaignFao LandingBattle of BasraBattle of QurnaBattle of Es SinnBattle of CtesiphonSiege of KutSheikh Sa'adBattle of WadiBattle of HannaBattle of DujailaCommandersNotablecommandersCavit Pasha (August 26, 1914 – January 20, 1915Kaymakam Süleyman Askerî Bey (December 20, 1914/January 20, 1915 – April 14, 1915)Miralay Nureddin Bey (April 20, 1915 – January 10, 1916)Miralay Halil Bey (January 10 – April 19, 1916)Military unit The Iraq Area Command or Iraq Regional Command of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Irak ve Havalisi Genel Komutanlığı) was one of the military formation of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in Iraq in the initial stage of World War I. Formations Order of Battle, November 1914 In November 1914, the corps was structured as follows: Iraq Area Command (Commander: Cavit Pasha) 38th Division Order of Battle, January 1915 In January 1918, the corps was structured as follows: Iraq Area Command (Commander: Kaymakam Süleyman Askerî Bey) 38th Division Sahrıca Detachment (Provisional Dicle Division since January 25, 1915) Kerha Group Fırat Group Because Süleyman Askerî Bey committed suicide on April 14, 1915, Nureddin Bey was appointed the commander on April 20. Nureddin Bey arrived in June to take command of the Iraq Area Command and he was appointed the Governor of Basra Province and Baghdad Province at the same time. On December 21, 1915, German Generalfeldmarschall Colmar von der Goltz arrived at Baghdad and changed the name of the Command as the Iraq Army (Irak Ordusu). Order of Battle, Late 1915 In late 1915, the corps was structured as follows: Iraq Area Command (Commander: Miralay Nureddin Bey) XIII Corps 35th Division, 38th Division XVIII Corps (Commander: Miralay Halil Bey) 45th Division, 51st Division Sources ^ a b Birinci Dünya Harbi'nde Türk Harbi: Irak-İran Cephesi, 1914–1918, Vol. III, Part I, Genelkurmay Basım Evi, 1979, p. 42. (in Turkish) ^ a b c d Orhan Avcı, Irak'ta Türk ordusu (1914–1918), Vadi Yayınları, 2004, ISBN 978-975-6768-51-8, p. 30. (in Turkish) ^ a b Emin Demirel, Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa'dan Günümüze Gizli Servisler, IQ Kültür Sanat, 2002, p. 180. (in Turkish) ^ a b Orhan Avcı, Irak'ta Türk Ordusu (1914–1918), Vadi Yayınları, 2004, ISBN 975-6768-51-7, p. 28. (in Turkish) ^ a b T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, Genelkurmay Basım Evi, 1972, p. 32. (in Turkish) ^ Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 43. ^ Orhan Avcı, Irak'ta Türk Ordusu (1914–1918), Vadi Yayınları, 2004, ISBN 975-6768-51-7, p. 29. (in Turkish) vteOttoman Forces during World War IArmy groups Yildirim Caucasus Eastern Armies 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Corps I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXV Iraq Area Halil I Caucasian II Caucasian Hejaz Fortified areas Dardanelles Bosphorus Chataldja Adrianople Smyrna Erzurum Kars Infantry divisions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 1 Caucasian 2 Caucasian 3 Caucasian 5 Caucasian 9 Caucasian 10 Caucasian 11 Caucasian 36 Caucasian 37 Caucasian Other divisions 1 Cavalry 2 Cavalry 3 Cavalry Van Gendarmerie Others 1st Expeditionary Force 5th Expeditionary Force German Asia Corps Africa Hejaz Expeditionary Force 1st Provisional Force 2nd Provisional Force Islamic Army of the Caucasus 57 Rgt. 177 Rgt.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Army"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Military unitThe Iraq Area Command or Iraq Regional Command of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Irak ve Havalisi Genel Komutanlığı) was one of the military formation of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in Iraq in the initial stage of World War I.","title":"Iraq Area Command (Ottoman Empire)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Formations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erickson43-6"},{"link_name":"Cavit Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cavit_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"38th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=38th_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Order of Battle, November 1914","text":"In November 1914, the corps was structured as follows:[6]Iraq Area Command (Commander: Cavit Pasha)\n38th Division","title":"Formations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orhan28-4"},{"link_name":"Kaymakam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Askerî Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Asker%C3%AE_Bey"},{"link_name":"38th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=38th_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Süleyman Askerî Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Asker%C3%AE_Bey"},{"link_name":"Nureddin Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nureddin_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Basra Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra_Vilayet_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Baghdad Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genelkurmay32-5"},{"link_name":"Generalfeldmarschall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall"},{"link_name":"Colmar von der Goltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmar_Freiherr_von_der_Goltz"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orhan30-2"}],"sub_title":"Order of Battle, January 1915","text":"In January 1918, the corps was structured as follows:[4]Iraq Area Command (Commander: Kaymakam Süleyman Askerî Bey)\n38th Division\nSahrıca Detachment (Provisional Dicle Division since January 25, 1915)\nKerha Group\nFırat GroupBecause Süleyman Askerî Bey committed suicide on April 14, 1915, Nureddin Bey was appointed the commander on April 20. Nureddin Bey arrived in June to take command of the Iraq Area Command and he was appointed the Governor of Basra Province and Baghdad Province at the same time.[5] On December 21, 1915, German Generalfeldmarschall Colmar von der Goltz arrived at Baghdad and changed the name of the Command as the Iraq Army (Irak Ordusu).[2]","title":"Formations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orhan29-7"},{"link_name":"Miralay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Nureddin Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nureddin_Pasha"},{"link_name":"XIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"35th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=35th_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"38th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=38th_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"XVIII Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVIII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Halil Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_Kut"},{"link_name":"45th Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=45th_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"51st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=51st_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Order of Battle, Late 1915","text":"In late 1915, the corps was structured as follows:[7]Iraq Area Command (Commander: Miralay Nureddin Bey)\nXIII Corps\n35th Division, 38th Division\nXVIII Corps (Commander: Miralay Halil Bey)\n45th Division, 51st Division","title":"Formations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harbi_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Harbi_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orhan30_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orhan30_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orhan30_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orhan30_2-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-975-6768-51-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-6768-51-8"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Demirel_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Demirel_3-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orhan28_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orhan28_4-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"975-6768-51-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-6768-51-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Genelkurmay32_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Genelkurmay32_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Erickson43_6-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-313-31516-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31516-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Orhan29_7-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"975-6768-51-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-6768-51-7"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ottoman_Forces_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_Forces_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_Forces_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ottoman 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Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Caucasian_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2 Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd_Caucasian_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3 Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3rd_Caucasian_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"5 Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5th_Caucasian_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"9 Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=9th_Caucasian_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"10 Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=10th_Caucasian_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"11 Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11th_Caucasian_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"36 Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=36th_Caucasian_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"37 Caucasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=37th_Caucasian_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1 Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Cavalry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2 Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd_Cavalry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"3 Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3rd_Cavalry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Van Gendarmerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van_Gendarmerie_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1st Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Expeditionary_Force_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"5th Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Expeditionary_Force_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"German Asia Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Corps"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Africa_Groups_Command_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hejaz Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"1st Provisional Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1st_Provisional_Force&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2nd Provisional Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2nd_Provisional_Force&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Islamic Army of the Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Army_of_the_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"57 Rgt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Infantry_Regiment_(Ottoman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"177 Rgt.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=177th_Infantry_Regiment_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"^ a b Birinci Dünya Harbi'nde Türk Harbi: Irak-İran Cephesi, 1914–1918, Vol. III, Part I, Genelkurmay Basım Evi, 1979, p. 42. (in Turkish)\n\n^ a b c d Orhan Avcı, Irak'ta Türk ordusu (1914–1918), Vadi Yayınları, 2004, ISBN 978-975-6768-51-8, p. 30. (in Turkish)\n\n^ a b Emin Demirel, Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa'dan Günümüze Gizli Servisler, IQ Kültür Sanat, 2002, p. 180. (in Turkish)\n\n^ a b Orhan Avcı, Irak'ta Türk Ordusu (1914–1918), Vadi Yayınları, 2004, ISBN 975-6768-51-7, p. 28. (in Turkish)\n\n^ a b T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri, Genelkurmay Basım Evi, 1972, p. 32. (in Turkish)\n\n^ Edward J. Erickson, Order to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War, Greenwood Press, 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7, p. 43.\n\n^ Orhan Avcı, Irak'ta Türk Ordusu (1914–1918), Vadi Yayınları, 2004, ISBN 975-6768-51-7, p. 29. (in Turkish)vteOttoman Forces during World War IArmy groups\nYildirim\nCaucasus\nEastern\nArmies\n1st\n2nd\n3rd\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\n9th\nCorps\nI\nII\nIII\nIV\nV\nVI\nVII\nVIII\nIX\nX\nXI\nXII\nXIII\nXIV\nXV\nXVI\nXVII\nXVIII\nXIX\nXX\nXXI\nXXII\nXXV\nIraq Area\nHalil\nI Caucasian\nII Caucasian\nHejaz\nFortified areas\nDardanelles\nBosphorus\nChataldja\nAdrianople\nSmyrna\nErzurum\nKars\nInfantry divisions\n1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10\n11\n12\n13\n14\n15\n16\n17\n18\n19\n20\n21\n22\n23\n24\n25\n26\n27\n28\n29\n30\n31\n32\n33\n34\n35\n36\n37\n38\n39\n40\n41\n42\n43\n44\n45\n46\n47\n48\n49\n50\n51\n52\n53\n54\n55\n56\n57\n58\n59\n60\n61\n1 Caucasian\n2 Caucasian\n3 Caucasian\n5 Caucasian\n9 Caucasian\n10 Caucasian\n11 Caucasian\n36 Caucasian\n37 Caucasian\nOther divisions\n1 Cavalry\n2 Cavalry\n3 Cavalry\nVan Gendarmerie\nOthers\n1st Expeditionary Force\n5th Expeditionary Force\nGerman Asia Corps\nAfrica\nHejaz Expeditionary Force\n1st Provisional Force\n2nd Provisional Force\nIslamic Army of the Caucasus\n57 Rgt.\n177 Rgt.","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Onstad	Niels Onstad	["1 Biography","2 References","3 Related reading"]	Norwegian shipowner and art collector Niels Onstad (26 March 1909 – 17 June 1978) was a Norwegian shipowner and art collector. Biography Niels Onstad was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway. Onstad played football for SFK Lyn in his younger days. He played as defender on the club's first-team, including a feature in the 1928 Norwegian Football Cup final. In 1935, together with his brother Haakon Onstad (1901-1980), he started the shipping company, Niels Onstad Tank Rederi A / S, which later was named Niels Onstads Tankrederi with headquarters in Oslo. Haakon Onstad had entered ship owning in 1932 with the Pan Gothia but because of the uncertain financial times the ship was given Swedish registry under Rederi A/B Pagota. In 1940, during the Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, Niels Onstad moved to New York City where he worked for the Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission (Nortraship). Haakon Onstad relocated to Kungsbacka, Sweden, where he formed Rederi A/B Kungsoil and Rederi A/B Monacus. In 1956, Niels Onstad married Sonja Henie. Onstad, whose mother had been a painter, had many contacts in the Norwegian art world, including Edvard Munch. Together, Onstad and Henie established the Henie-Onstad Art Centre (Henie Onstad Kunstsenter) at Høvikodden in Bærum southwest of Oslo. The Centre was opened in 1968, with a collection of art, and the building in which it is displayed, donated by the couple. The ship Susanne Onstad was featured in the movie King Kong from 1976. The Susanne Onstad was the oil tanker that brought King Kong from Skull Island to the USA. References ^ Niels Onstad (St. Petersburg Times - Jun 20, 1978) ^ a b Henriksen, Petter, ed. (2007). "Niels Onstad". Store norske leksikon. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 August 2010. ^ Andersen, Alf G. (1985). Som i en drøm – Sonja Henies liv. (Schibsted. p. 146). ISBN 82-516-1041-9. ^ "Norwegian cup 1928". RSSSF Norway. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2012. ^ Haakon Onstad (Rederiaktiebolaget Kungsoil, Kungsbacka, Sweden) ^ Haakon Onstad (Onstad Rederierna. Red Ab Kungsoil – Red Ab Monacus) ^ Audun Grimstad. "Nortraship". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved May 1, 2018. ^ Henie-Onstad Art Centre (Norway Cultural Profiles Project) ^ Annette Faltin. "Henie Onstad Kunstsenter". Store norske leksikon. Retrieved May 1, 2018. ^ "About Henie Onstad". Henie Onstad Kunstsenter. Retrieved Oct 22, 2023. ^ "skipshistorie". skipshistorie.net. Retrieved 2021-05-17. Related reading Hovdenakk, Per; Susanne Rajka, Øivind Storm Bjerke (2007) Henie-Onstad kunstsenter (Oslo: Grøndahl og Dreyer) ISBN 9788250420953 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Artists RKD Artists This Norwegian business biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-2"}],"text":"Niels Onstad (26 March 1909 – 17 June 1978) was a Norwegian shipowner and art collector.[1][2]","title":"Niels Onstad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"SFK Lyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFK_Lyn"},{"link_name":"1928 Norwegian Football Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Norwegian_Football_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-henie-bio-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Nortraship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nortraship"},{"link_name":"Kungsbacka, Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungsbacka,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sonja Henie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Henie"},{"link_name":"Edvard Munch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Munch"},{"link_name":"Henie-Onstad Art Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henie-Onstad_Art_Centre"},{"link_name":"Høvikodden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8vikodden"},{"link_name":"Bærum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6rum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"Skull Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skull_Island_(King_Kong)"}],"text":"Niels Onstad was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), Norway. Onstad played football for SFK Lyn in his younger days. He played as defender on the club's first-team, including a feature in the 1928 Norwegian Football Cup final.[3] \n[4]In 1935, together with his brother Haakon Onstad (1901-1980), he started the shipping company, Niels Onstad Tank Rederi A / S, which later was named Niels Onstads Tankrederi with headquarters in Oslo. Haakon Onstad had entered ship owning in 1932 with the Pan Gothia but because of the uncertain financial times the ship was given Swedish registry under Rederi A/B Pagota. In 1940, during the Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, Niels Onstad moved to New York City where he worked for the Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission (Nortraship). Haakon Onstad relocated to Kungsbacka, Sweden, where he formed Rederi A/B Kungsoil and Rederi A/B Monacus.\n[5]\n[6]\n[7]In 1956, Niels Onstad married Sonja Henie. Onstad, whose mother had been a painter, had many contacts in the Norwegian art world, including Edvard Munch. Together, Onstad and Henie established the Henie-Onstad Art Centre (Henie Onstad Kunstsenter) at Høvikodden in Bærum southwest of Oslo.\n[2]\n[8]\n[9] The Centre was opened in 1968, with a collection of art, and the building in which it is displayed, donated by the couple.[10]The ship Susanne Onstad[11] was featured in the movie King Kong from 1976. The Susanne Onstad was the oil tanker that brought King Kong from Skull Island to the USA.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Øivind Storm Bjerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ivind_Storm_Bjerke"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788250420953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788250420953"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4574909#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000450964342"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/316737518"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkdqgfgQqKrpRGtyMQyVC"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16233298s"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16233298s"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/126421331"},{"link_name":"RKD Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/355564"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kchart.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niels_Onstad&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Norway-business-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Norway-business-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norway-business-bio-stub"}],"text":"Hovdenakk, Per; Susanne Rajka, Øivind Storm Bjerke (2007) Henie-Onstad kunstsenter (Oslo: Grøndahl og Dreyer) ISBN 9788250420953Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nArtists\nRKD ArtistsThis Norwegian business biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Related reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Henriksen, Petter, ed. (2007). \"Niels Onstad\". Store norske leksikon. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 1 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snl.no/Niels_Onstad","url_text":"\"Niels Onstad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"}]},{"reference":"Andersen, Alf G. (1985). Som i en drøm – Sonja Henies liv. (Schibsted. p. 146). ISBN 82-516-1041-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-516-1041-9","url_text":"82-516-1041-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Norwegian cup 1928\". RSSSF Norway. Archived from the original on 24 May 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ria_Schmidt	Mária Schmidt	["1 Career","2 Scholarship","3 Personal life","4 Criticism","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Hungarian historian and university lecturer Mária SchmidtBorn10 October 1953BudapestSpouseAndrás UngárChildrenAnna PéterAcademic backgroundAlma materEötvös Loránd UniversityAcademic workMain interestsTheory of history, totalitarianism, Holocaust Mária Schmidt (born 10 October 1953) is a Hungarian historian and university lecturer. In 2016 she holds the office of the Government Commissioner of the Memorial Year of the 1956 Revolution, Director-General of the 20th Century Institute, the 21st Century Institute and the House of Terror Museum. Career She was born in 1953. She graduated from Eötvös Loránd University as a secondary school teacher of History and German language and literature. She earned her doctorate in 1985 and subsequently her PhD in 1999. From 1996 she worked as the assistant professor of Pázmány Péter Catholic University where she became an associate professor in 2000, and she earned her habilitated doctoral degree in 2005. She has been a university full professor since 2010. As a holder of postgraduate research scholarships and visiting professorships, Dr. Schmidt has spent time at the Universities of Vienna and Innsbruck, Oxford, Paris, the Berlin Technische Universität, Tel-Aviv, as well as at the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Authority, Jerusalem, and the universities at New York and Bloomington, IN and at the Hoover Institute, Stanford, CAL. She was Chief Advisor to the Hungarian Prime Minister between 1998 and 2002. She is the Director-General of the 20th Century Institute, the 21st Century Institute and the House of Terror Museum. Since 2002 she has been a board member of the international Ettersberg Foundation established with the aim of carrying out comparative research on 20th-century European dictatorships and democratic transitions. She has been the chairperson of the Scientific Advisory Board of the First World War Centennial Committee since 2013. Schmidt was awarded a Széchényi-prize in 2014. She is Dame of Honor of the Order of St. George. Scholarship Her research interests include the history of the Hungarian Jews after 1918, the history of Hungary under the dictatorships and dictatorships in the twentieth century. She has written articles such as "Noel Field—The American Communist at the Center of Stalin's East European Purge: From the Hungarian Archives." She is the author of various books: in her book titled Kollaboráció vagy kooperáció? (Collaboration or Cooperation?) she investigated issues concerning the Jewish Council of Budapest and in the Diktatúrák ördögszekerén (The Devil's Wagon of Dictatorships) she analyses certain questions of the history of dictatorships. She edited several books, one of which was co-edited with György Markó under the title Europe’s Fraternal War 1914–1918, which was published in 2014. All is Moving on the Western Front was published in 2014, and her latest book Veszélyzónában on roles, games and chances was published in 2016. A number of her books deal with the 1956 Revolution and its legacy. Personal life She is of Transylvanian Saxon descent through his father. She was married to the Hungarian billionaire András Ungár, who died in 2006. They had two children, Anna and Péter. Péter is a leading member of the Hungarian party LMP – Hungary's Green Party. Criticism Schmidt's scholarship and relationship to successive governments of Hungary has come under intense criticism in the English and Hungarian public press and among scholars. The Daily Beast calls her "the leader of a movement to rewrite the Holocaust". She has been called a "Holocaust revisionist" by historian Laszlo Karsai and was removed from involvement in Budapest's Holocaust Center and Memorial Museum, after a boycott from Yad Vashem. Andras Heisler, president of the Federation of Hungarian Jewish Communities, criticised Schmidt's "untrustworthy account of Holocaust history", resigning from the project. Randolph L. Braham, leading scholar of the Holocaust in Hungary, returned his honors from the Hungarian government and also criticized her for the "wave of historical revisionism bolstered by Schmidt's work". See also House of Terror Museum Randolph L. Braham References ^ Homepage of the St. Georgs Orden ^ "Prof. Mária Schmidt, PhD". www.elsovilaghaboru.com. ^ "TerrorHaza.hu/Museum/About us". Archived from the original on 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2016-06-29. ^ "Portré Schmidt Máriáról, az ország egyetlen női oligarchájáról". PartizánINFO. Retrieved 2020-12-11. ^ "Magyar Nemzet \| Polgári napilap és hírportál". ^ Tarnopolsky, Noga (2018-12-12). "Netanyahu's Negotiating With Neo-Fascists for a 'Consensus View' of the Holocaust". Retrieved 2019-08-29. ^ "Hungary's New Holocaust Museum Isn't Open Yet, But It's Already Causing Concern". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-08-29. ^ "Controversial historian won't run Hungarian Holocaust museum, new Jewish owners say - Jewish Telegraphic Agency". 14 September 2018. Retrieved 2019-08-29. ^ "House of Fates: Hungary's controversial Holocaust museum". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2019-08-29. ^ "The controversial House of Fates Holocaust Museum". The Jerusalem Post \| JPost.com. Retrieved 2020-09-06. External links http://www.xxszazadintezet.hu/biographies/view/9807 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Finland United States Latvia Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"university lecturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecturer"},{"link_name":"the House of Terror Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Terror"}],"text":"Mária Schmidt (born 10 October 1953) is a Hungarian historian and university lecturer. In 2016 she holds the office of the Government Commissioner of the Memorial Year of the 1956 Revolution, Director-General of the 20th Century Institute, the 21st Century Institute and the House of Terror Museum.","title":"Mária Schmidt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eötvös Loránd University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University"},{"link_name":"Pázmány Péter Catholic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1zm%C3%A1ny_P%C3%A9ter_Catholic_University"},{"link_name":"Technische Universität","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"Hoover Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Institute"},{"link_name":"House of Terror Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Terror_Museum"},{"link_name":"Ettersberg Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiftung_Ettersberg"},{"link_name":"Széchényi-prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9chenyi_Prize"},{"link_name":"Order of St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._George_(Habsburg-Lorraine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"She was born in 1953. She graduated from Eötvös Loránd University as a secondary school teacher of History and German language and literature. She earned her doctorate in 1985 and subsequently her PhD in 1999. From 1996 she worked as the assistant professor of Pázmány Péter Catholic University where she became an associate professor in 2000, and she earned her habilitated doctoral degree in 2005. She has been a university full professor since 2010. As a holder of postgraduate research scholarships and visiting professorships, Dr. Schmidt has spent time at the Universities of Vienna and Innsbruck, Oxford, Paris, the Berlin Technische Universität, Tel-Aviv, as well as at the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Authority, Jerusalem, and the universities at New York and Bloomington, IN and at the Hoover Institute, Stanford, CAL. She was Chief Advisor to the Hungarian Prime Minister between 1998 and 2002. She is the Director-General of the 20th Century Institute, the 21st Century Institute and the House of Terror Museum. Since 2002 she has been a board member of the international Ettersberg Foundation established with the aim of carrying out comparative research on 20th-century European dictatorships and democratic transitions. She has been the chairperson of the Scientific Advisory Board of the First World War Centennial Committee since 2013.Schmidt was awarded a Széchényi-prize in 2014. She is Dame of Honor of the Order of St. George.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Her research interests include the history of the Hungarian Jews after 1918, the history of Hungary under the dictatorships and dictatorships in the twentieth century. She has written articles such as \"Noel Field—The American Communist at the Center of Stalin's East European Purge: From the Hungarian Archives.\" She is the author of various books: in her book titled Kollaboráció vagy kooperáció? (Collaboration or Cooperation?) she investigated issues concerning the Jewish Council of Budapest and in the Diktatúrák ördögszekerén (The Devil's Wagon of Dictatorships) she analyses certain questions of the history of dictatorships. She edited several books, one of which was co-edited with György Markó under the title Europe’s Fraternal War 1914–1918, which was published in 2014. All is Moving on the Western Front was published in 2014, and her latest book Veszélyzónában on roles, games and chances was published in 2016. A number of her books deal with the 1956 Revolution and its legacy.[2][3]","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transylvanian Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Péter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Ung%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"LMP – Hungary's Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMP_%E2%80%93_Hungary%27s_Green_Party"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"She is of Transylvanian Saxon descent through his father.[4]She was married to the Hungarian billionaire András Ungár, who died in 2006. They had two children, Anna and Péter. Péter is a leading member of the Hungarian party LMP – Hungary's Green Party.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daily Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Beast"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yad Vashem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Andras Heisler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andras_Heisler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Randolph L. Braham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_L._Braham"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Schmidt's scholarship and relationship to successive governments of Hungary has come under intense criticism in the English and Hungarian public press and among scholars. The Daily Beast calls her \"the leader of a movement to rewrite the Holocaust\".[6] She has been called a \"Holocaust revisionist\" by historian Laszlo Karsai and was removed from involvement in Budapest's Holocaust Center and Memorial Museum, after a boycott from Yad Vashem.[7][8]Andras Heisler, president of the Federation of Hungarian Jewish Communities, criticised Schmidt's \"untrustworthy account of Holocaust history\", resigning from the project.[9] Randolph L. Braham, leading scholar of the Holocaust in Hungary, returned his honors from the Hungarian government and also criticized her for the \"wave of historical revisionism bolstered by Schmidt's work\".[10]","title":"Criticism"}]	[]	[{"title":"House of Terror Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Terror_Museum"},{"title":"Randolph L. Braham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_L._Braham"}]	[{"reference":"\"Prof. Mária Schmidt, PhD\". www.elsovilaghaboru.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elsovilaghaboru.com/centenariumiemlekbizottsag/en/2014-09-23-09-54-32/organisation/scientific-advisory-board/261-dr-maria-schmidt","url_text":"\"Prof. Mária Schmidt, PhD\""}]},{"reference":"\"TerrorHaza.hu/Museum/About us\". Archived from the original on 2018-02-15. Retrieved 2016-06-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180215130646/http://archiv.terrorhaza.hu/en/museum/about_us/curriculum_vitae.html","url_text":"\"TerrorHaza.hu/Museum/About us\""},{"url":"http://archiv.terrorhaza.hu/en/museum/about_us/curriculum_vitae.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Portré Schmidt Máriáról, az ország egyetlen női oligarchájáról\". PartizánINFO. Retrieved 2020-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g32gb0CmH9w&t=109s","url_text":"\"Portré Schmidt Máriáról, az ország egyetlen női oligarchájáról\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magyar Nemzet \| Polgári napilap és hírportál\".","urls":[{"url":"https://mno.hu/belfold/ungar-peter-vannak-vitaink-edesanyammal-1367502","url_text":"\"Magyar Nemzet \| Polgári napilap és hírportál\""}]},{"reference":"Tarnopolsky, Noga (2018-12-12). \"Netanyahu's Negotiating With Neo-Fascists for a 'Consensus View' of the Holocaust\". Retrieved 2019-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/netanyahus-negotiating-with-neo-fascists-for-a-consensus-view-of-the-holocaust","url_text":"\"Netanyahu's Negotiating With Neo-Fascists for a 'Consensus View' of the Holocaust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hungary's New Holocaust Museum Isn't Open Yet, But It's Already Causing Concern\". NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/08/690647054/hungarys-new-holocaust-museum-isn-t-open-yet-but-it-s-already-causing-worry","url_text":"\"Hungary's New Holocaust Museum Isn't Open Yet, But It's Already Causing Concern\""}]},{"reference":"\"Controversial historian won't run Hungarian Holocaust museum, new Jewish owners say - Jewish Telegraphic Agency\". 14 September 2018. Retrieved 2019-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jta.org/2018/09/14/global/controversial-historian-leave-hungarian-holocaust-museum-new-jewish-owners-say","url_text":"\"Controversial historian won't run Hungarian Holocaust museum, new Jewish owners say - Jewish Telegraphic Agency\""}]},{"reference":"\"House of Fates: Hungary's controversial Holocaust museum\". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2019-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2018/11/world/holocaust-museum-hungary-cnnphotos/","url_text":"\"House of Fates: Hungary's controversial Holocaust museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"The controversial House of Fates Holocaust Museum\". The Jerusalem Post \| JPost.com. Retrieved 2020-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jpost.com/opinion/the-controversial-house-of-fates-holocaust-museum-586940","url_text":"\"The controversial House of Fates Holocaust Museum\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.georgsorden.at/struktur/die-ordensregierung/?L=0","external_links_name":"Homepage of the St. Georgs Orden"},{"Link":"http://www.elsovilaghaboru.com/centenariumiemlekbizottsag/en/2014-09-23-09-54-32/organisation/scientific-advisory-board/261-dr-maria-schmidt","external_links_name":"\"Prof. Mária Schmidt, PhD\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180215130646/http://archiv.terrorhaza.hu/en/museum/about_us/curriculum_vitae.html","external_links_name":"\"TerrorHaza.hu/Museum/About us\""},{"Link":"http://archiv.terrorhaza.hu/en/museum/about_us/curriculum_vitae.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g32gb0CmH9w&t=109s","external_links_name":"\"Portré Schmidt Máriáról, az ország egyetlen női oligarchájáról\""},{"Link":"https://mno.hu/belfold/ungar-peter-vannak-vitaink-edesanyammal-1367502","external_links_name":"\"Magyar Nemzet \| Polgári napilap és hírportál\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailybeast.com/netanyahus-negotiating-with-neo-fascists-for-a-consensus-view-of-the-holocaust","external_links_name":"\"Netanyahu's Negotiating With Neo-Fascists for a 'Consensus View' of the Holocaust\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/08/690647054/hungarys-new-holocaust-museum-isn-t-open-yet-but-it-s-already-causing-worry","external_links_name":"\"Hungary's New Holocaust Museum Isn't Open Yet, But It's Already Causing Concern\""},{"Link":"https://www.jta.org/2018/09/14/global/controversial-historian-leave-hungarian-holocaust-museum-new-jewish-owners-say","external_links_name":"\"Controversial historian won't run Hungarian Holocaust museum, new Jewish owners say - Jewish Telegraphic Agency\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2018/11/world/holocaust-museum-hungary-cnnphotos/","external_links_name":"\"House of Fates: Hungary's controversial Holocaust museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/opinion/the-controversial-house-of-fates-holocaust-museum-586940","external_links_name":"\"The controversial House of Fates Holocaust Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.xxszazadintezet.hu/biographies/view/9807","external_links_name":"http://www.xxszazadintezet.hu/biographies/view/9807"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1517338/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108759060","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/18354998","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg4r737Jw9g3bfgxRY3wC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155201728","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155201728","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13138936X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007304864305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000106959","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94059801","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000006116&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2005304394&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p23741161X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810554700105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA13478949?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/075872455","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-Damir	Ad-Damir	["1 History","1.1 Turkish Egyptian rule","1.2 The Mahdia Revolution","2 Climate","3 Administration","4 References"]	Coordinates: 17°35′24″N 33°57′36″E / 17.59000°N 33.96000°E / 17.59000; 33.96000This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ad-Damir" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic. (February 2015) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|ar\|الدامر}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. (Learn how and when to remove this message) Place in River Nile State, SudanAd-Dāmar الدامرAd-DāmarLocation in SudanCoordinates: 17°35′24″N 33°57′36″E / 17.59000°N 33.96000°E / 17.59000; 33.96000Country SudanStateRiver Nile StateGovernmentPopulation • Total122,944Time zoneUTC+3 (UTC)postal_code46612Rank19th, Sudan Ad-Dāmar (Arabic: الدامر, romanized: Ad-Dāmar) is the capital of the River Nile state in Sudan. It lies on the right (east) bank of the Nile River, at an elevation of 1,158 feet (353 metres), about 155 miles (249 km) northeast of Khartoum, with a population of about 122,944 (estimated 2012). Its famous market, Soug as-Sabit, is the most important in the area. Ad-Dāmar is an example of a Sudanese African-Islamic city founded toward the end of the fifteenth century. Since ad-Damar was located on the bank of the river, it could be expected to exhibit a linear morphology. By 1814, it was a large town, containing about 500 houses. The city was clean and had many new buildings. Houses were uniform in construction and with regular streets with shady trees (Burckhardt, 1980; Crawford, 1951). Ad-Dāmar is linked by road and railway and both transport routes are almost parallel to the Nile River, with nearby ʿAṭbarah and Barbar and with Khartoum. An oil pipeline, about 530 miles (850 km) in length, between Port Sudan and Khartoum passes by the outskirts of the town. Pop. (2008 prelim.) 73,654. It is mentioned in some books that Ad-Dāmar is one of the oldest cities in the country and the whole region. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ad-Damir. History Turkish Egyptian rule Tomb of Muhammad al-Majdhub In 1821, Ismail Kamel Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali Pasha, during his invasion to Sudan, sent his ally the leader of the Mirbab tribe, Nasr al-Din al-Sadig, from the city of Berber to Ad-Damar, to urge the elders (Almajazeeb) of the city to offer loyalty to the new ruler of the country. The elders of the city refused to do so and threatened to confront the Basha if their city was entered by his people. Ismael Kamel Pasha continued to move inwards and moved with his army from Barber to the Horn, where Atbara River meets with the Nile. Ismael Kamel Pasha met Almajazeeb with their neighbors and allies at the Quib area (where there is Atbara bridge currently) and was followed by the Faqih Muhammad bin Faqih Ahmad Ab Jadari. The invasion army used reinforcements from soldiers to defeat the fighters of the Majazeeb. The Majazeeb were defeated, killed and their families, houses and mosques destroyed. Almjazeeb distributed among the areas of Atbara river, Botana, Kassala, and Gedaref. In the end, the Majazeeb left Ad-Dāmar. Ad-Dāmar returned to its former prosperity when the Turks issued a general amnesty for the people of Ad-Dāmar, leaders and Sheikhs. The students started to come back seeking education again. The relationship between the elders of the Damer (Almajazeeb) and the Turkish-Egyptian government improved, even more, when General Gordon Pasha arrived in Sudan, where he was welcomed by them. He ordered the exemption of their leader, the jurist Ahmed bin Jalaluddin, from taxes. He was rewarded with an annual grant of ten pounds. The Mahdia Revolution Sheikhs in Ad-Dāmar supported the Mahdia revolution and they did albaia (the promise) to Khalifa Abdullah Altaeshi and chose to stand by their side in the war against the Turkish rule and engaged in various sites of jihad. A number of people from Ad-Dāmar became leaders in the army of the Mahdia. Climate Ad-Damir has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh) characterized by consistently high temperatures, minimal precipitation, and low humidity. April through October are extremely hot, with high temperatures often exceeding 40 °C (104 °F), while the rest of the year experiences somewhat cooler temperatures. Climate data for Ad-Damir (1991–2020) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 39.6(103.3) 41.5(106.7) 45.6(114.1) 46.0(114.8) 48.6(119.5) 47.2(117.0) 46.6(115.9) 46.3(115.3) 45.2(113.4) 44.3(111.7) 40.6(105.1) 39.8(103.6) 48.6(119.5) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.6(85.3) 32.2(90.0) 35.7(96.3) 39.5(103.1) 42.4(108.3) 43.1(109.6) 40.7(105.3) 40.1(104.2) 41.4(106.5) 39.7(103.5) 34.9(94.8) 31.4(88.5) 37.6(99.7) Daily mean °C (°F) 21.7(71.1) 23.7(74.7) 27.0(80.6) 30.8(87.4) 34.2(93.6) 35.5(95.9) 34.2(93.6) 33.7(92.7) 34.3(93.7) 32.4(90.3) 27.6(81.7) 23.7(74.7) 29.9(85.8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 13.8(56.8) 15.3(59.5) 18.2(64.8) 22.2(72.0) 26.1(79.0) 27.9(82.2) 27.6(81.7) 27.4(81.3) 27.2(81.0) 25.1(77.2) 20.3(68.5) 16.0(60.8) 22.3(72.1) Record low °C (°F) 6.0(42.8) 5.8(42.4) 10.2(50.4) 12.5(54.5) 14.9(58.8) 21.5(70.7) 21.6(70.9) 20.0(68.0) 20.4(68.7) 16.7(62.1) 11.8(53.2) 8.2(46.8) 5.8(42.4) Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 3.2(0.13) 1.6(0.06) 7.6(0.30) 24.7(0.97) 6.2(0.24) 3.5(0.14) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 47.0(1.85) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 1.3 1.8 1.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 5.4 Average relative humidity (%) 34 27 20 17 18 19 29 35 27 28 31 36 27 Mean monthly sunshine hours 306.9 274.4 306.9 306.0 291.4 267.0 248.0 229.4 252.0 291.4 303.0 306.9 3,383.3 Source: NOAA Administration Ad-Damer is the capital of the River Nile state. It consists of seven administrative units: Ad-Dāmar City Unit. Unit Sidon. Al-Atabrawi unit. Unit of the Nile. Zaidab unit. Rescue Unit. New Manaseer Unit. References ^ "Relation History: ad-Damer (4664616)". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 2022-06-18. ^ "Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria". Nature: Scientific Data. 23 October 2023. ^ a b "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ad-Damir". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 21, 2024. 17°35′24″N 33°57′36″E / 17.59000°N 33.96000°E / 17.59000; 33.96000	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"River Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Nile_(state)"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Port Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ad-Damir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ad-Damir"}],"text":"Place in River Nile State, SudanAd-Dāmar (Arabic: الدامر, romanized: Ad-Dāmar) is the capital of the River Nile state in Sudan. It lies on the right (east) bank of the Nile River, at an elevation of 1,158 feet (353 metres), about 155 miles (249 km) northeast of Khartoum, with a population of about 122,944 (estimated 2012).[citation needed] Its famous market, Soug as-Sabit, is the most important in the area. Ad-Dāmar is an example of a Sudanese African-Islamic city founded toward the end of the fifteenth century. Since ad-Damar was located on the bank of the river, it could be expected to exhibit a linear morphology.By 1814, it was a large town, containing about 500 houses. The city was clean and had many new buildings. Houses were uniform in construction and with regular streets with shady trees (Burckhardt, 1980; Crawford, 1951). Ad-Dāmar is linked by road and railway and both transport routes are almost parallel to the Nile River, with nearby ʿAṭbarah and Barbar and with Khartoum. An oil pipeline, about 530 miles (850 km) in length, between Port Sudan and Khartoum passes by the outskirts of the town. Pop. (2008 prelim.) 73,654.\nIt is mentioned in some books that Ad-Dāmar is one of the oldest cities in the country and the whole region.[1]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ad-Damir.","title":"Ad-Damir"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ed_Damer,al-Majdhub.jpg"},{"link_name":"Almajazeeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Almajazeeb&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Turkish Egyptian rule","text":"Tomb of Muhammad al-MajdhubIn 1821, Ismail Kamel Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali Pasha, during his invasion to Sudan, sent his ally the leader of the Mirbab tribe, Nasr al-Din al-Sadig, from the city of Berber to Ad-Damar, to urge the elders (Almajazeeb) of the city to offer loyalty to the new ruler of the country.The elders of the city refused to do so and threatened to confront the Basha if their city was entered by his people.\nIsmael Kamel Pasha continued to move inwards and moved with his army from Barber to the Horn, where Atbara River meets with the Nile. Ismael Kamel Pasha met Almajazeeb with their neighbors and allies at the Quib area (where there is Atbara bridge currently) and was followed by the Faqih Muhammad bin Faqih Ahmad Ab Jadari.The invasion army used reinforcements from soldiers to defeat the fighters of the Majazeeb. The Majazeeb were defeated, killed and their families, houses and mosques destroyed. Almjazeeb distributed among the areas of Atbara river, Botana, Kassala, and Gedaref. In the end, the Majazeeb left Ad-Dāmar. Ad-Dāmar returned to its former prosperity when the Turks issued a general amnesty for the people of Ad-Dāmar, leaders and Sheikhs. The students started to come back seeking education again.The relationship between the elders of the Damer (Almajazeeb) and the Turkish-Egyptian government improved, even more, when General Gordon Pasha arrived in Sudan, where he was welcomed by them. He ordered the exemption of their leader, the jurist Ahmed bin Jalaluddin, from taxes. He was rewarded with an annual grant of ten pounds.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahdia revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War"},{"link_name":"jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad"}],"sub_title":"The Mahdia Revolution","text":"Sheikhs in Ad-Dāmar supported the Mahdia revolution and they did albaia (the promise) to Khalifa Abdullah Altaeshi and chose to stand by their side in the war against the Turkish rule and engaged in various sites of jihad. A number of people from Ad-Dāmar became leaders in the army of the Mahdia.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot desert climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_desert_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMONormals-3"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMONormals-3"}],"text":"Ad-Damir has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh)[2] characterized by consistently high temperatures, minimal precipitation, and low humidity. April through October are extremely hot, with high temperatures often exceeding 40 °C (104 °F), while the rest of the year experiences somewhat cooler temperatures.[3]Climate data for Ad-Damir (1991–2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n39.6(103.3)\n\n41.5(106.7)\n\n45.6(114.1)\n\n46.0(114.8)\n\n48.6(119.5)\n\n47.2(117.0)\n\n46.6(115.9)\n\n46.3(115.3)\n\n45.2(113.4)\n\n44.3(111.7)\n\n40.6(105.1)\n\n39.8(103.6)\n\n48.6(119.5)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29.6(85.3)\n\n32.2(90.0)\n\n35.7(96.3)\n\n39.5(103.1)\n\n42.4(108.3)\n\n43.1(109.6)\n\n40.7(105.3)\n\n40.1(104.2)\n\n41.4(106.5)\n\n39.7(103.5)\n\n34.9(94.8)\n\n31.4(88.5)\n\n37.6(99.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n21.7(71.1)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n30.8(87.4)\n\n34.2(93.6)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n34.2(93.6)\n\n33.7(92.7)\n\n34.3(93.7)\n\n32.4(90.3)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n23.7(74.7)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n27.9(82.2)\n\n27.6(81.7)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n27.2(81.0)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n16.0(60.8)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n12.5(54.5)\n\n14.9(58.8)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n20.4(68.7)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n3.2(0.13)\n\n1.6(0.06)\n\n7.6(0.30)\n\n24.7(0.97)\n\n6.2(0.24)\n\n3.5(0.14)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n47.0(1.85)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.4\n\n0.2\n\n1.3\n\n1.8\n\n1.1\n\n0.5\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n5.4\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n34\n\n27\n\n20\n\n17\n\n18\n\n19\n\n29\n\n35\n\n27\n\n28\n\n31\n\n36\n\n27\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n306.9\n\n274.4\n\n306.9\n\n306.0\n\n291.4\n\n267.0\n\n248.0\n\n229.4\n\n252.0\n\n291.4\n\n303.0\n\n306.9\n\n3,383.3\n\n\nSource: NOAA[3]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ad-Damer is the capital of the River Nile state. It consists of seven administrative units:Ad-Dāmar City Unit.\nUnit Sidon.\nAl-Atabrawi unit.\nUnit of the Nile.\nZaidab unit.\nRescue Unit.\nNew Manaseer Unit.","title":"Administration"}]	[{"image_text":"Tomb of Muhammad al-Majdhub","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ed_Damer%2Cal-Majdhub.jpg/220px-Ed_Damer%2Cal-Majdhub.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Relation History: ad-Damer (4664616)\". OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 2022-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/4664616/history","url_text":"\"Relation History: ad-Damer (4664616)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria\". Nature: Scientific Data. 23 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6/tables/1","url_text":"\"Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ad-Damir\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Sudan/CSV/Hudieba_62682.csv","url_text":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ad-Damir\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ad-Damir&params=17_35_24_N_33_57_36_E_type:city(109740)_region:SD_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"17°35′24″N 33°57′36″E / 17.59000°N 33.96000°E / 17.59000; 33.96000"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ad-Damir%22","external_links_name":"\"Ad-Damir\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ad-Damir%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ad-Damir%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ad-Damir%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ad-Damir%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ad-Damir%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ad-Damir&params=17_35_24_N_33_57_36_E_region:SD_type:city","external_links_name":"17°35′24″N 33°57′36″E / 17.59000°N 33.96000°E / 17.59000; 33.96000"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/4664616/history","external_links_name":"\"Relation History: ad-Damer (4664616)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-023-02549-6/tables/1","external_links_name":"\"Table 1 Overview of the Köppen-Geiger climate classes including the defining criteria\""},{"Link":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Sudan/CSV/Hudieba_62682.csv","external_links_name":"\"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ad-Damir\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ad-Damir&params=17_35_24_N_33_57_36_E_type:city(109740)_region:SD_source:dewiki","external_links_name":"17°35′24″N 33°57′36″E / 17.59000°N 33.96000°E / 17.59000; 33.96000"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_Attack!	Rat Attack!	["1 Story","2 Gameplay","3 Characters","4 Development","5 Reception","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]	1999 video gameRat Attack!North American Nintendo 64 box artDeveloper(s)Pure EntertainmentPublisher(s)MindscapeComposer(s)Andrew Melvin, Harry Holmwood, Allister BrimblePlatform(s)Nintendo 64, PlayStation, Microsoft WindowsReleasePlayStationNA: 28 September 1999EU: 15 October 1999Nintendo 64PAL: 21 April 2000NA: 12 September 2000WindowsUK: July 2007Genre(s)PuzzleMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Rat Attack! is an arcade-style puzzle game for the Nintendo 64 and PlayStation. It was first released on the PlayStation in 1999, and later on the Nintendo 64 in 2000 (the latter console version originally had a slated May 1999 release date in Europe before it was delayed); it was later ported to Microsoft Windows in July 2007 in the UK. Its theme is about a group of 'Scratch Cats' stopping an invasion of 'evil mutant space rats'. It received mixed reviews after its several years in development. The game was slightly altered for its Nintendo 64 release, switching out one of the characters and changing a series of levels. Story A pair of lab rats, Washington and Jefferson, were sent into space aboard a rocket in an experiment. However, after some incident in space, the rats had been mutated and gained super-intelligence. Over forty years on, they have returned to earth and immediately commenced with plans for world domination, amassing a huge army of rats with instructions to destroy everything in sight. The felines of the world band together to combat this menace forming a group called the 'Scratch Cats'. Headed by cat genius Professor Rex Julius, they fight off these rats with several of his inventions which eliminate the rats in a humane way. Professor Rex Julius sent his special agent Pearl to investigate, but Washington and Jefferson managed to capture her, imprisoning her within a laser cage guarded by giant robots. They go from location to location, cleaning up the rats. Along the way, they meet another mysterious cat in the clutches of King Scarab, known as Banubis in the original PlayStation version, and Atomicat in the Nintendo 64 port. At the end of the game with all the areas saved from the ravaging rat army, the Scratch Cats manage to defeat Washington and Jefferson in a showdown in their space base. However, after the duo manage to escape their defeat, Julius afterwards revealing that they also taken King Scarab with them. Gameplay Top: PlayStation version, showing Banubis in the "Factory" area.Bottom: Nintendo 64 version, showing Atomicat in the "Temple" area. Both locations in the same room only items and the room's textures are different. In single-player mode a single Scratch Cat enters a room, from its walls pours an endless supply of rats. The player must catch and eliminate a certain number of these before a door will appear taking them to the next room. Each area has several rooms, in its particular theme. The object of the game is to clear each level of the allotted number of rats and continue on to the next room. The player uses a loop-like lasso called an 'Eraticator' to catch the rats. With them trapped the player then must take the rats to the 'Destructor Pad', located in each of the rat-filled rooms, to dispose of them. If the player is bumped by a rat or other damaging item in the room, the rats can escape the trap until they've been eliminated by the 'Destructor'. At the end of each level, the player receives bonuses reflecting how well they had done. Such as receiving "Damage Bonuses" for how much the room got damaged (the less damage, the higher points), time bonuses (the less time taken, the higher the bonus), and perfect bonuses (if none of the items in the room got destroyed, the player obtains these points.) In most of the rooms, various power-ups will occasionally appear to help the player, they can also be found in treasure chests, which require eliminating a certain number of rats at the same time. These power-ups allow such things as, some of the damage done by the rats to be reversed, allowing the player to avoid taking damage for a short time or get back one energy that they lost. Other effects are making the player able to grow large and stomp on the rats, to run much faster, or make the lasso bigger. There is also bate to attract the rats to one location. Besides these power-ups, there are also power-downs, that are released by the rats when they destroy a box or other things. Resulting in the players controls being reversed, rats being ejected out of their trap, or slowing down, and other such features. Later gameplay also introduces things like switches, fans, laser beams, and teleporters. Thus, adding puzzle elements to the game. Requiring the player to figure out how to use the various devices before the items in the room get destroyed. The rats themselves can hurt the player if they touch them. They can also jump out the lasso if not stunned by a claw swipe or other type of attack. They can climb up large walls, and be duplicated by a 'Rat Copier'. A special white rat is in several rooms, these have the purpose of only getting to a Mutation Pad and then transforming into a monstrous rat that hunts down the player. At the end of each area, there is a boss that the player must defeat. However, the Scratch Cats can't harm the bosses directly. The player must figure out how to harm the boss, in most cases by using their attack against them. In multiplayer mode the gameplay is almost identical, but with a few additions such as a 'Gold Rat' worth more points, and a few additional power-ups/downs. The players can also choose a special mode which allows them to go after rats of their own color. Characters Each cat has different abilities when the game starts, as well as their own special attack which can be used if they get a certain number of 'Cat Coins'. The Scratch Cats are made up of the following members: Professor Rex Julius - The genius behind it all, who organized the society, and provided the agents with the gadgets. He's brown, and looked a bit like Albert Einstein with a lab coat and mustache. Newton - Newton is Rex Julius's trusty robotic cat sidekick, who is used to deliver Rex Julius' mission briefings throughout the game. He's small and yellow (looking a bit like a cat potato head). Hi-Jinx - A Siamese Cat that wears a Ying-Yang symbol on his head, a belt around his body and wields twin Katanas (although he only used them for his special attack), he likes making origami. Sparky - Sparky is a young, English magician cat. He's dark blue with lighter blue ears, and a crescent moon shaped pendant. Manx - Manx is a striped yellow and orange manx cat, who has grown up in the Bronx. He's impatient and aggressive, with scars on his left eye, and he wears an earring on his right ear. Muffy DuPont - Muffy is a French cat, who is white with a black mask and tummy. She has a heart shaped pendant. Her owner is a burglar, and she had committed some robberies herself. Bob Cat - Bob Cat is an English Boxing cat. He's grey, wears red shorts and wears bandages wrapped around his paws. Bob Cat's hatred of rats goes back to the dark days when the evil rats kidnapped his younger brother, Thumps and nibbed off part of Bob's ear. Smokey - Smokey is a Swiss cat, who is grey and wears goggles, a crazy suit, and carries a laser gun. Pearl - Pearl is the kidnapped special agent, who is blue with a yellow top and wears roller skates, making her the fastest character. She is an unlockable character, and can be obtained on normal or hard mode after defeating the boss at the Factory/Temple. Banubis/Atomicat - Banubis is an Ancient Egyptian cat, who is orange with a Pharaoh headdress. He appears in the PlayStation version. Atomicat - is a radioactive cat wearing sunglasses, his body glows in strips that move up and down his body. He is in the Nintendo 64 version. Both characters replace each other in their respective editions of the game, they are an unlockable character obtained on normal or hard mode after defeating King Scarab at the Museum. Development The game was developed by Pure Entertainment, a company founded in April 1996.The title took several years to be fully developed. During this time it was given different temporary names such as "Rat", "Cats & Rats", before finally settling on Rat Attack. While the game was still in development, early versions of the game were sent to news media resulting in early development screenshots, of levels not included in the game. A series of six animated Flash videos were also produced, each telling the story of one of the 'Scratch Cats'. Then shortly before its release another early development version of the game was released as a demo for Official UK PlayStation Magazine. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreN64PSGameRankings61%48%Review scoresPublicationScoreN64PSAllGameN/ACNET GamecenterN/A5/10Computer and Video GamesN/AElectronic Gaming MonthlyN/A5/10EP DailyN/A5/10Game InformerN/A6.75/10GameRevolutionN/AB−GameSpotN/A2.7/10IGN5.5/105.8/10N64 Magazine70%N/ANintendo Power6.3/10N/A The Nintendo 64 version received mixed reviews, while the PlayStation version received unfavourable reviews, according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. N64 Magazine said that the N64 version was a "Simple, well executed puzzle-em-up, with cats trying to catch rats." Fran Mirabella III of IGN described the gameplay and premise of catching rats and disposing of them as being similar to Ghostbusters. Mirabella compared the camera view of the game has to a yo-yo, in that "the camera hangs overhead bobbing and swinging about." Mirabella also criticized the games music short music clips for each level, saying: "The composers must have literally created about 25 seconds of MIDI audio and looped it." The graphics were described as "character models suck badly", and "Even the title screen has a horrible eye-burning font and sloppy art." Nintendo Power gave the European import a mixed review while the U.S. version was still in development. In a review for AllGame, Span Bennet examined the PlayStation version with more affection saying, "The '50s decor and vivid color give Rat Attack a unique look that only adds to its appeal", concluding that, "It is a game with a unique look and feel, coupled with sound and playability that are top notch." Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot summed up the game with the following: "Rat Attack is an extremely forgettable title that isn't worth a first look, let alone a second one." GamePro said of the same PlayStation version, "The game's elementary nature makes it easy to learn but will probably leave older gamers cold, unless they get hooked on the multiplayer mode. But if you like the arcade machines of yore, nibble on Rat Attack." Notes ^ GamePro gave the PlayStation version all 3.5/5 scores for graphics, sound, control, and fun factor. References ^ GameSpot staff (28 September 1999). "Mindscape Ships Rat Attack". GameSpot. Fandom. Archived from the original on 3 February 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ a b c d e Fran Mirabella III (13 September 2000). "Rat Attack (N64)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ Fuska staff. "Rat Attack (N64)". Fuska.nu (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ a b "Rat Attack (Preview)". Nintendo Official Magazine. No. 78. EMAP. March 1999. p. 90. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ a b "Episode 1: Bob Cat's Story". Rat Attack. Sony Computer Entertainment Europe. Archived from the original on 4 November 2001. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "Intro". pure-ent.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 21, 2001. Retrieved January 27, 2024. ^ IGN staff (26 March 1998). "Mindscape Gives Rats a Name". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "Rat Attack Image 11". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2012. ^ "Rat Attack Image 18". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2012. ^ "Rat Attack! (Demo)". Official UK PlayStation Magazine. No. 49. Future Publishing. September 1999. ^ a b "Rat Attack! for Nintendo 64". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ a b "Rat Attack! for PlayStation". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ Span Bennet. "Rat Attack! (PS) - Review". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on 16 November 2014. ^ Peyton Gaudiosi (15 October 1999). "Rat Attack (PS)". Gamecenter. CNET. Archived from the original on 16 August 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ Dean Scott (December 1999). "Rat Attack (PS)" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. 217. EMAP. p. 72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ "Rat Attack (PS)" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 125. Ziff Davis. December 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ Shaun Conlin (1 December 1999). "Rat Attack (PSX)". The Electric Playground. Greedy Productions Ltd. Archived from the original on 29 April 2005. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ Matt Helgeson (November 1999). "Rat Attack (PS)". Game Informer. No. 79. FuncoLand. Archived from the original on 31 May 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ Brian (October 1999). "Rat Attack Review (PS)". GameRevolution. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on 3 February 2004. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ a b Jeff Gerstmann (25 October 1999). "Rat Attack Review (PS)". GameSpot. Fandom. Archived from the original on 4 January 2005. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ Max Everingham (3 September 1999). "Rat Attack (PS)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ a b "Rat Attack". N64 Magazine. No. 48. Future Publishing. December 2000. p. 102. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ a b "Rat Attack ". Nintendo Power. Vol. 131. Nintendo of America. April 2000. p. 130. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023. ^ Bad Hare (December 1999). "Rat Attack! (PS)". GamePro. No. 135. IDG. p. 174. Retrieved 25 September 2023. External links The official "Rat Attack" website. Sony Computer Entertainment Europe. (Archived on the Wayback Machine) Rat Attack! at MobyGames	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"},{"link_name":"puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzzle_video_game"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOM-4"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOM-4"}],"text":"Rat Attack! is an arcade-style puzzle game for the Nintendo 64 and PlayStation. It was first released on the PlayStation in 1999, and later on the Nintendo 64 in 2000 (the latter console version originally had a slated May 1999 release date in Europe before it was delayed[4]); it was later ported to Microsoft Windows in July 2007 in the UK. Its theme is about a group of 'Scratch Cats' stopping an invasion of 'evil mutant space rats'. It received mixed reviews after its several years in development.[2] The game was slightly altered for its Nintendo 64 release, switching out one of the characters and changing a series of levels.[4]","title":"Rat Attack!"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A pair of lab rats, Washington and Jefferson, were sent into space aboard a rocket in an experiment. However, after some incident in space, the rats had been mutated and gained super-intelligence. Over forty years on, they have returned to earth and immediately commenced with plans for world domination, amassing a huge army of rats with instructions to destroy everything in sight.The felines of the world band together to combat this menace forming a group called the 'Scratch Cats'. Headed by cat genius Professor Rex Julius, they fight off these rats with several of his inventions which eliminate the rats in a humane way.Professor Rex Julius sent his special agent Pearl to investigate, but Washington and Jefferson managed to capture her, imprisoning her within a laser cage guarded by giant robots.They go from location to location, cleaning up the rats. Along the way, they meet another mysterious cat in the clutches of King Scarab, known as Banubis in the original PlayStation version, and Atomicat in the Nintendo 64 port.At the end of the game with all the areas saved from the ravaging rat army, the Scratch Cats manage to defeat Washington and Jefferson in a showdown in their space base. However, after the duo manage to escape their defeat, Julius afterwards revealing that they also taken King Scarab with them.","title":"Story"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RatAttackOnPS,N64.png"}],"text":"Top: PlayStation version, showing Banubis in the \"Factory\" area.Bottom: Nintendo 64 version, showing Atomicat in the \"Temple\" area. Both locations in the same room only items and the room's textures are different.In single-player mode a single Scratch Cat enters a room, from its walls pours an endless supply of rats. The player must catch and eliminate a certain number of these before a door will appear taking them to the next room. Each area has several rooms, in its particular theme.The object of the game is to clear each level of the allotted number of rats and continue on to the next room. The player uses a loop-like lasso called an 'Eraticator' to catch the rats. With them trapped the player then must take the rats to the 'Destructor Pad', located in each of the rat-filled rooms, to dispose of them. If the player is bumped by a rat or other damaging item in the room, the rats can escape the trap until they've been eliminated by the 'Destructor'.At the end of each level, the player receives bonuses reflecting how well they had done. Such as receiving \"Damage Bonuses\" for how much the room got damaged (the less damage, the higher points), time bonuses (the less time taken, the higher the bonus), and perfect bonuses (if none of the items in the room got destroyed, the player obtains these points.)In most of the rooms, various power-ups will occasionally appear to help the player, they can also be found in treasure chests, which require eliminating a certain number of rats at the same time. These power-ups allow such things as, some of the damage done by the rats to be reversed, allowing the player to avoid taking damage for a short time or get back one energy that they lost. Other effects are making the player able to grow large and stomp on the rats, to run much faster, or make the lasso bigger. There is also bate to attract the rats to one location. Besides these power-ups, there are also power-downs, that are released by the rats when they destroy a box or other things. Resulting in the players controls being reversed, rats being ejected out of their trap, or slowing down, and other such features.Later gameplay also introduces things like switches, fans, laser beams, and teleporters. Thus, adding puzzle elements to the game. Requiring the player to figure out how to use the various devices before the items in the room get destroyed.The rats themselves can hurt the player if they touch them. They can also jump out the lasso if not stunned by a claw swipe or other type of attack. They can climb up large walls, and be duplicated by a 'Rat Copier'. A special white rat is in several rooms, these have the purpose of only getting to a Mutation Pad and then transforming into a monstrous rat that hunts down the player.At the end of each area, there is a boss that the player must defeat. However, the Scratch Cats can't harm the bosses directly. The player must figure out how to harm the boss, in most cases by using their attack against them.In multiplayer mode the gameplay is almost identical, but with a few additions such as a 'Gold Rat' worth more points, and a few additional power-ups/downs. The players can also choose a special mode which allows them to go after rats of their own color.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORA-5"},{"link_name":"manx cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manx_cat"}],"text":"Each cat has different abilities when the game starts, as well as their own special attack which can be used if they get a certain number of 'Cat Coins'. The Scratch Cats are made up of the following members:[5]Professor Rex Julius - The genius behind it all, who organized the society, and provided the agents with the gadgets. He's brown, and looked a bit like Albert Einstein with a lab coat and mustache.\nNewton - Newton is Rex Julius's trusty robotic cat sidekick, who is used to deliver Rex Julius' mission briefings throughout the game. He's small and yellow (looking a bit like a cat potato head).\nHi-Jinx - A Siamese Cat that wears a Ying-Yang symbol on his head, a belt around his body and wields twin Katanas (although he only used them for his special attack), he likes making origami.\nSparky - Sparky is a young, English magician cat. He's dark blue with lighter blue ears, and a crescent moon shaped pendant.\nManx - Manx is a striped yellow and orange manx cat, who has grown up in the Bronx. He's impatient and aggressive, with scars on his left eye, and he wears an earring on his right ear.\nMuffy DuPont - Muffy is a French cat, who is white with a black mask and tummy. She has a heart shaped pendant. Her owner is a burglar, and she had committed some robberies herself.\nBob Cat - Bob Cat is an English Boxing cat. He's grey, wears red shorts and wears bandages wrapped around his paws. Bob Cat's hatred of rats goes back to the dark days when the evil rats kidnapped his younger brother, Thumps and nibbed off part of Bob's ear.\nSmokey - Smokey is a Swiss cat, who is grey and wears goggles, a crazy suit, and carries a laser gun.\nPearl - Pearl is the kidnapped special agent, who is blue with a yellow top and wears roller skates, making her the fastest character. She is an unlockable character, and can be obtained on normal or hard mode after defeating the boss at the Factory/Temple.\nBanubis/Atomicat - Banubis is an Ancient Egyptian cat, who is orange with a Pharaoh headdress. He appears in the PlayStation version. Atomicat - is a radioactive cat wearing sunglasses, his body glows in strips that move up and down his body. He is in the Nintendo 64 version. Both characters replace each other in their respective editions of the game, they are an unlockable character obtained on normal or hard mode after defeating King Scarab at the Museum.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN1-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ORA-5"},{"link_name":"Official UK PlayStation Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Official_Magazine_%E2%80%93_UK"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The game was developed by Pure Entertainment, a company founded in April 1996.[6]The title took several years to be fully developed.[2] During this time it was given different temporary names such as \"Rat\", \"Cats & Rats\", before finally settling on Rat Attack.[7] While the game was still in development, early versions of the game were sent to news media resulting in early development screenshots, of levels not included in the game.[8][9]A series of six animated Flash videos were also produced, each telling the story of one of the 'Scratch Cats'.[5] Then shortly before its release another early development version of the game was released as a demo for Official UK PlayStation Magazine.[10]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"N64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"PS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRN64-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRPS-12"},{"link_name":"N64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_64"},{"link_name":"PS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllGame-13"},{"link_name":"CNET Gamecenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET_Gamecenter"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Computer and Video Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"EP Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP_Daily"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMS-20"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN1-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"N64 Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jes_Bickham_2000_102-22"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NP-23"},{"link_name":"review aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRN64-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GRPS-12"},{"link_name":"N64 Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jes_Bickham_2000_102-22"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"Ghostbusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostbusters_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"yo-yo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo-yo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGN1-2"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NP-23"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"Jeff Gerstmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Gerstmann"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMS-20"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreN64PSGameRankings61%[11]48%[12]Review scoresPublicationScoreN64PSAllGameN/A[13]CNET GamecenterN/A5/10[14]Computer and Video GamesN/A[15]Electronic Gaming MonthlyN/A5/10[16]EP DailyN/A5/10[17]Game InformerN/A6.75/10[18]GameRevolutionN/AB−[19]GameSpotN/A2.7/10[20]IGN5.5/10[2]5.8/10[21]N64 Magazine70%[22]N/ANintendo Power6.3/10[23]N/AThe Nintendo 64 version received mixed reviews, while the PlayStation version received unfavourable reviews, according to the review aggregation website GameRankings.[11][12] N64 Magazine said that the N64 version was a \"Simple, well executed puzzle-em-up, with cats trying to catch rats.\"[22] Fran Mirabella III of IGN described the gameplay and premise of catching rats and disposing of them as being similar to Ghostbusters. Mirabella compared the camera view of the game has to a yo-yo, in that \"the camera hangs overhead bobbing and swinging about.\" Mirabella also criticized the games music short music clips for each level, saying: \"The composers must have literally created about 25 seconds of MIDI audio and looped it.\" The graphics were described as \"character models suck badly\", and \"Even the title screen has a horrible eye-burning font and sloppy art.\"[2] Nintendo Power gave the European import a mixed review while the U.S. version was still in development.[23]In a review for AllGame, Span Bennet examined the PlayStation version with more affection saying, \"The '50s decor and vivid color give Rat Attack a unique look that only adds to its appeal\", concluding that, \"It is a game with a unique look and feel, coupled with sound and playability that are top notch.\" Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot summed up the game with the following: \"Rat Attack is an extremely forgettable title that isn't worth a first look, let alone a second one.\"[20] GamePro said of the same PlayStation version, \"The game's elementary nature makes it easy to learn but will probably leave older gamers cold, unless they get hooked on the multiplayer mode. But if you like the arcade machines of yore, nibble on Rat Attack.\"[24][a]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"}],"text":"^ GamePro gave the PlayStation version all 3.5/5 scores for graphics, sound, control, and fun factor.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Top: PlayStation version, showing Banubis in the \"Factory\" area.Bottom: Nintendo 64 version, showing Atomicat in the \"Temple\" area. Both locations in the same room only items and the room's textures are different.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/RatAttackOnPS%2CN64.png/200px-RatAttackOnPS%2CN64.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"GameSpot staff (28 September 1999). \"Mindscape Ships Rat Attack\". GameSpot. Fandom. Archived from the original on 3 February 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/mindscape-ships-rat-attack/1100-2450243/","url_text":"\"Mindscape Ships Rat Attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandom_(website)","url_text":"Fandom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000203105352/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/99_09/28_vg_minds/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fran Mirabella III (13 September 2000). \"Rat Attack (N64)\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/09/14/rat-attack","url_text":"\"Rat Attack (N64)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230411150320/https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/09/14/rat-attack","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fuska staff. \"Rat Attack (N64)\". Fuska.nu (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fuska.nu/spel/nintendo64/ratattack/","url_text":"\"Rat Attack (N64)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230408113220/https://fuska.nu/spel/nintendo64/ratattack/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rat Attack (Preview)\". Nintendo Official Magazine. No. 78. EMAP. March 1999. p. 90. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nintendo-official-magazine-uk-78-march-1999/page/90/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Rat Attack (Preview)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Nintendo_Magazine","url_text":"Nintendo Official Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascential","url_text":"EMAP"}]},{"reference":"\"Episode 1: Bob Cat's Story\". Rat Attack. Sony Computer Entertainment Europe. Archived from the original on 4 November 2001. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011104130325/http://www.rat-attack.com/episode1.html","url_text":"\"Episode 1: Bob Cat's Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment","url_text":"Sony Computer Entertainment Europe"},{"url":"http://www.rat-attack.com/episode1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Intro\". pure-ent.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 21, 2001. Retrieved January 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010121231500/http://www.pure-ent.co.uk:80/new/intro.html","url_text":"\"Intro\""},{"url":"http://www.pure-ent.co.uk/new/intro.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"IGN staff (26 March 1998). \"Mindscape Gives Rats a Name\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/03/27/mindscape-gives-rats-a-name","url_text":"\"Mindscape Gives Rats a Name\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410031607/https://www.ign.com/articles/1998/03/27/mindscape-gives-rats-a-name","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rat Attack Image 11\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221115900/http://www.ign.com/images/games/rat-attack-n64-2303/4fa6c969cdc388ed13e3c1f8","url_text":"\"Rat Attack Image 11\""},{"url":"http://www.ign.com/images/games/rat-attack-n64-2303/4fa6c969cdc388ed13e3c1f8","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rat Attack Image 18\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221120410/http://www.ign.com/images/games/rat-attack-n64-2303/4fa6c969cdc388ed13e3b7a1","url_text":"\"Rat Attack Image 18\""},{"url":"http://www.ign.com/images/games/rat-attack-n64-2303/4fa6c969cdc388ed13e3b7a1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rat Attack! (Demo)\". Official UK PlayStation Magazine. No. 49. Future Publishing. September 1999.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Official_Magazine_%E2%80%93_UK","url_text":"Official UK PlayStation Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future Publishing"}]},{"reference":"\"Rat Attack! for Nintendo 64\". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190512174954/https://www.gamerankings.com/n64/198414-rat-attack/index.html","url_text":"\"Rat Attack! for Nintendo 64\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings","url_text":"GameRankings"},{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/n64/198414-rat-attack/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rat Attack! for PlayStation\". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190501091849/https://www.gamerankings.com/ps/198415-rat-attack/index.html","url_text":"\"Rat Attack! for PlayStation\""},{"url":"https://www.gamerankings.com/ps/198415-rat-attack/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Span Bennet. \"Rat Attack! (PS) - Review\". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on 16 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141116224004/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=14365&tab=review","url_text":"\"Rat Attack! (PS) - Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"},{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=14365&tab=review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Peyton Gaudiosi (15 October 1999). \"Rat Attack (PS)\". Gamecenter. CNET. Archived from the original on 16 August 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000816210149/http://www.gamecenter.com/Consoles/Sony/Ratattack/","url_text":"\"Rat Attack (PS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET","url_text":"CNET"},{"url":"http://www.gamecenter.com/Consoles/Sony/Ratattack/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dean Scott (December 1999). \"Rat Attack (PS)\" (PDF). Computer and Video Games. No. 217. EMAP. p. 72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/0/0a/CVG_UK_217.pdf","url_text":"\"Rat Attack (PS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_Video_Games","url_text":"Computer and Video Games"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230515154508/https://retrocdn.net/images/0/0a/CVG_UK_217.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rat Attack (PS)\" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 125. Ziff Davis. December 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/6/6d/EGM_US_125.pdf","url_text":"\"Rat Attack (PS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230822170014/https://retrocdn.net/images/6/6d/EGM_US_125.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shaun Conlin (1 December 1999). \"Rat Attack (PSX)\". The Electric Playground. Greedy Productions Ltd. Archived from the original on 29 April 2005. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050429122719/http://www.elecplay.com/reviews_article.php?article=1658","url_text":"\"Rat Attack (PSX)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP_Daily","url_text":"The Electric Playground"},{"url":"http://www.elecplay.com/reviews_article.php?article=1658","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Matt Helgeson (November 1999). \"Rat Attack (PS)\". Game Informer. No. 79. FuncoLand. Archived from the original on 31 May 2000. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000531213241/http://gameinformer.com/reviews/review_detail.cfm?ITEM_ID=3277","url_text":"\"Rat Attack (PS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FuncoLand","url_text":"FuncoLand"},{"url":"http://gameinformer.com/reviews/review_detail.cfm?ITEM_ID=3277","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brian (October 1999). \"Rat Attack Review (PS)\". GameRevolution. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on 3 February 2004. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/34042-rat-attack-review","url_text":"\"Rat Attack Review (PS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution","url_text":"GameRevolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CraveOnline","url_text":"CraveOnline"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040203222735/http://www.game-revolution.com/games/sony/action/rat_attack.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jeff Gerstmann (25 October 1999). \"Rat Attack Review (PS)\". GameSpot. Fandom. Archived from the original on 4 January 2005. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Gerstmann","url_text":"Jeff Gerstmann"},{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/rat-attack-review/1900-2546044/","url_text":"\"Rat Attack Review (PS)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050104111010/http://www.gamespot.com/ps/puzzle/ratattack/review.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Max Everingham (3 September 1999). \"Rat Attack (PS)\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/09/04/rat-attack-2","url_text":"\"Rat Attack (PS)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230412145304/https://www.ign.com/articles/1999/09/04/rat-attack-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rat Attack\". N64 Magazine. No. 48. Future Publishing. December 2000. p. 102. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo64ever.com/scans/mags/Scan-Magazine-517-79.jpg","url_text":"\"Rat Attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_Magazine","url_text":"N64 Magazine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230406220141/https://www.nintendo64ever.com/scans/mags/Scan-Magazine-517-79.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rat Attack [EU Import]\". Nintendo Power. Vol. 131. Nintendo of America. April 2000. p. 130. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nintendo64ever.com/scans/mags/Scan-Magazine-373-134.jpg","url_text":"\"Rat Attack [EU Import]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power","url_text":"Nintendo Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo","url_text":"Nintendo of America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230925015416/https://www.nintendo64ever.com/scans/mags/Scan-Magazine-373-134.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bad Hare (December 1999). \"Rat Attack! (PS)\". GamePro. No. 135. IDG. p. 174. Retrieved 25 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/GamePro_Issue_135_December_1999_U/page/n167/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Rat Attack! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_7210	Nokia 7210	["1 Features","2 Entertainment","3 References","4 External links"]	Mobile phone Nokia 7210ManufacturerNokiaCompatible networksGSM 900 / 1800 / 1900Availability by regionOctober 2002PredecessorNokia 8310SuccessorNokia 7250RelatedNokia 3510Nokia 6100Nokia 6610Form factorCandybarDimensions106 x 45 x 17.5 mm, 83 cc (4.17 x 1.77 x 0.69 in)Mass83 g (2.93 oz)Operating systemSeries 40 1st EditionMemory725kbBatteryBLD-3DisplayPassive matrix (CSTN), 4,096-colour display (128 x 128 pixels), 1.5 inches (~121 ppi pixel density)ConnectivityPop-Port The Nokia 7210 is a handset by Nokia, built on the Series 40 1st Edition software platform and enabled with J2ME (Java). The device features text and picture messaging, WAP browser, Stereo FM radio, Polyphonic ringtones, two preinstalled games and a 1.5", 128x128 pixel, 4,096 color display. It was the first Nokia phone for the mass market with a colour display and with polyphonic ringtones (they were already on the Nokia 3510 and Nokia 7650). The 7210 featured an all-new front cover design, with a unique keypad layout incorporating a 4-way scroll button. The phone came in a choice of colours, with changeable Xpress-on covers available. Eight colour schemes are available along with the ability to download images to save as wallpaper to add even more personalization. Announced on 12 March 2002, it came to market in October 2002. Features Standard features for Nokia handsets at the time, the 7210 came with a speakerphone, mute, call conferencing, e-mail support, 300-name phone book, to-do list, calendar, calculator, currency converter, stopwatch, and an alarm clock. Nokia's PC Suite software for the 7210 allowed for wireless syncing of phone book, calendar, and to-do list via IR or an optional USB connectivity kit. The Nokia 6610 was essentially the same phone feature-wise, but with a more conservative design aimed at business users, while the 7210 was aimed at fashion-conscious users. Entertainment The 7210 came installed with two games; Triple Pop and Bounce. Downloadable ring tones and images were available, until the limit of the phone's 725KB of memory was reached in addition to the 32 tones (plus vibrate) and 10 picture messages already on board. The phone was also J2ME compatible, meaning games and applications could be downloaded via GPRS. The 7210 had a built-in FM radio and also included in the box was an earboom headset. An alternative two-bud-style stereo version was available. References ^ "Phones, tones and mobile music". 8 July 2002. ^ "Nokia 7210 by CellularItalia". External links http://www.nokia.com/gb-en/support/product-archive/?action=productArchive&tid=1583274&searchTerm=Nokia+7210 vteNokia-branded mobile devicesNokia 1000 series 1006 1011 1100/1101 1110/1110i 1112 1200 1202 1208 1280 1600 1610 1611 1616 1650 1661 1680 classic 1800 Nokia 2000 series 2010 2100 2110/2110i/2120/2140/2190 2115i/2116i 2220 slide 2310 2323 classic 2600 classic 2610 2630 2650 2651 2660 Flip 2680 slide 2690 2700 classic 2720 Fold 2720 Flip 2730 classic 2760 Flip 2780 Flip Nokia 3000 series 3100/3100b/3105/3120 3110 classic 3120 classic 3200/3200b/3205 3210 3220 3230 3250 3300 3310 20172 3315 3320 3330 3410 3500 classic 3510 (3510i/3530/3590/3595) 3520 3650 (3620/3660) 3600 slide 3710 fold 3720 classic 3810 Nokia 5000 series 5070 5100 5110 5130 XpressMusic 5140 5200 5210 5220 5230 5233 5250 5300 XpressMusic 5310 XpressMusic 20202 5320 XpressMusic 5330 XpressMusic Mobile TV Edition 5500 Sport 5510 5530 XpressMusic 5610 XpressMusic 5630 XpressMusic 5700 XpressMusic 5710 XpressAudio 5730 XpressMusic 5800 XpressMusic Nokia 6000 series 6010 6020/6021 6030 6070 6080 6085 6100 6101 6103 6110/6120 6110 Navigator 6111 6120 6120/6121/6124 classic 6125 6130 6131/6133 6136 6150 6151 6170 6210 Navigator 6220 classic 6230 6230i 6233/6234 6250 6260 Slide 6263 6270 6275i 6280/6288 6290 6300 6300i 6301 6303 classic 6310 6310i 6315i 6500 classic slide 6510 6555 6560/6585/6610/6610i 6600 fold slide 6620 6630 6650 fold 6670 6680 6681/6682 6700 classic 6700 slide 6710 Navigator 6720 classic 6730 6760 Slide 6800 6810 6820 6822 Nokia 7000 series 7110 7160 7210 7230 7250 7260 7270 7280 7360 7370 7373 7380 7390 7500 Prism 7510 Supernova 7600 7610 7650 7700 7710 7900 Prism 7900 Crystal Prism Nokia 8000 series 8110/8110/8110i/8148 4G2 8210/8250/8260/8265/8265i/8270 8210 4G2 8310/8390 8600 Luna 8800 8810 8850/8890 8855 8860 8887 8910 Nokia 9000 series(Nokia Communicator) 9000 9000i 9110 9110i 9210 9210i 9290 9300 9300i 9500 Nokia 3-digit series (feature phone) 100 101 2011 103 105 20151 20172 20192 4G2 20232 4G (2023)2 106 20182 20232 4G (2023)2 107 108 109 110 20192 4G2 20222 20232 4G (2023)2 111 112 113 114 1301 20172 1502 20202 206 207 208 2151 4G2 220 2221 225 2301 301 515 Nokia Asha Asha 200/201 Asha 202 Asha 203 Asha 205 Asha 210 Asha 300 Asha 302 Asha 303 Asha 305 Asha 306 Asha 308 Asha 309 Asha 310 Asha 311 Nokia Asha platform Asha 230 Asha 500 Asha 501 Asha 502 Asha 503 Nokia Cseries C1-00 C1-01 C1-02 C2-00 C2-01 C2-02 C2-03 C2-05 C2-06 C3 C3-01 C5-00 C5-03 C6-00 C6-01 C7 Astound Nokia Eseries E5 E50 E51 E52 E55 E6 E60 E61/E61i E62 E63 E65 E66 E7 E70 E71 E72 E73 Mode E75 E90 Communicator Nokia Nseries N70 N71 N72 N73 N75 N76 N77 N78 N79 N8 N80 Internet Edition N81 8GB N82 N85 N86 8MP N9 N90 N91 8GB N92 N93 N93i N95 8GB N96 N97 mini Tablet N1 (Android) N800 N810 WiMAX Edition N900 N950 Nokia Xseries X1-00 X1-01 X2-00 X2-01 X2-02 X2-05 X3-00 X3-02 X5-00/01 X6-00 X7-00 Nokia 3-digit series (Symbian phone) 500 600 603 700 701 808 PureView Lumia Lumia 505 Lumia 510 Lumia 520 Lumia 525 Lumia 5301 Lumia 610 Lumia 620 Lumia 625 Lumia 630 Lumia 635 Lumia 6381 Lumia 710 Lumia 720 Lumia 7301 Lumia 7351 Lumia 800 Lumia 810 Lumia 820 Lumia 822 Lumia 8301 Lumia 900 Lumia 920 Lumia 925 Lumia 928 Lumia Icon Lumia 9301 Lumia 1020 Lumia 1320 Lumia 1520 Tablet Lumia 2520 Nokia Internet Tablet N1 770 N800 N810 WiMAX Edition N900 N950 N-Gage Classic QD QD Silver Edition Nokia X family X X+ XL X21 XL 4G1 Android smartphones2 1 Plus .3 .4 2 .1/V .2 .3 .4 3 .1 Plus .2 .4 4.2 5 .1 Plus (X5) .3 .4 6 .1 Plus (X6) .2 7 Plus .1 .2 8 Sirocco .1 (X7) .3 5G 9 PureView Nokia Originals2 2720 Flip V 3310 2017 3G 4G 5310 6300 4G 8110 4G 8210 4G Nokia C series2 C01 Plus C02 C1 Plus 2nd Edition C2 Tava/Tennen 2nd Edition C3 C5 Endi C10 C12 Plus/Pro C20 Plus C21 Plus C22 C30 C31 C32 C100 C110 C200 C300 Nokia G series2 G10 G11 Plus G20 G21 G22 G42 G50 G300 G400 Nokia X series2 X5 (5.1 Plus) X6 (6.1 Plus) X7 (8.1) X10 X20 XR20 XR21 X30 X71 X100 Miscellaneous Actionman Booklet 3G Mobira Cityman (900) Morph N1 rinGo Mobira Senator T102 T202 Talkman 320F 1 Developed by Microsoft Mobile2 Developed by HMD Global Telephones portal List of Nokia products Nokia phone series HMD Global Vertu	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nokia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia"},{"link_name":"Series 40 1st Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_40"},{"link_name":"J2ME (Java)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Platform,_Micro_Edition"},{"link_name":"Nokia 3510","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_3510"},{"link_name":"Nokia 7650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_7650"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Nokia 7210 is a handset by Nokia, built on the Series 40 1st Edition software platform and enabled with J2ME (Java). The device features text and picture messaging, WAP browser, Stereo FM radio, Polyphonic ringtones, two preinstalled games and a 1.5\", 128x128 pixel, 4,096 color display. It was the first Nokia phone for the mass market with a colour display and with polyphonic ringtones (they were already on the Nokia 3510 and Nokia 7650).[1]The 7210 featured an all-new front cover design, with a unique keypad layout incorporating a 4-way scroll button. The phone came in a choice of colours, with changeable Xpress-on covers available. Eight colour schemes are available along with the ability to download images to save as wallpaper to add even more personalization.Announced on 12 March 2002,[2] it came to market in October 2002.","title":"Nokia 7210"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nokia 6610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_6610"}],"text":"Standard features for Nokia handsets at the time, the 7210 came with a speakerphone, mute, call conferencing, e-mail support, 300-name phone book, to-do list, calendar, calculator, currency converter, stopwatch, and an alarm clock. Nokia's PC Suite software for the 7210 allowed for wireless syncing of phone book, calendar, and to-do list via IR or an optional USB connectivity kit.The Nokia 6610 was essentially the same phone feature-wise, but with a more conservative design aimed at business users, while the 7210 was aimed at fashion-conscious users.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J2ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Platform,_Micro_Edition"}],"text":"The 7210 came installed with two games; Triple Pop and Bounce. Downloadable ring tones and images were available, until the limit of the phone's 725KB of memory was reached in addition to the 32 tones (plus vibrate) and 10 picture messages already on board. The phone was also J2ME compatible, meaning games and applications could be downloaded via GPRS. The 7210 had a built-in FM radio and also included in the box was an earboom headset. An alternative two-bud-style stereo version was available.","title":"Entertainment"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Phones, tones and mobile music\". 8 July 2002.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2000/dot_life/2115548.stm","url_text":"\"Phones, tones and mobile music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nokia 7210 by CellularItalia\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cellularitalia.com/prodotti/nokia/nokia7210.php","url_text":"\"Nokia 7210 by CellularItalia\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/sci_tech/2000/dot_life/2115548.stm","external_links_name":"\"Phones, tones and mobile music\""},{"Link":"http://www.cellularitalia.com/prodotti/nokia/nokia7210.php","external_links_name":"\"Nokia 7210 by CellularItalia\""},{"Link":"http://www.nokia.com/gb-en/support/product-archive/?action=productArchive&tid=1583274&searchTerm=Nokia+7210","external_links_name":"http://www.nokia.com/gb-en/support/product-archive/?action=productArchive&tid=1583274&searchTerm=Nokia+7210"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Leach	Nicole Leach	["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Benefit","4 Legal issues","5 Filmography","6 References","7 External links"]	American jazz musician This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Nicole Leach" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nicole LeachRochelle in 2009BornNicolle RochelleOccupation(s)Actress, singer, dancerYears active1988–2016Websitewww.nicollerochelle.com Nicolle Rochelle, often credited professionally as Nicole Leach, is an American actress, dancer, and jazz singer, best known for her appearances on television including Shining Time Station, The Babysitters Club, and made for television movies The Vernon Johns Story starring James Earl Jones and after school special Summertime Switch. Early life Rochelle grew up in West Orange and Montclair, New Jersey. She attended Montclair High School, and graduated early after three years and went on to earn her Linguistic Anthropology degree from Brown University. Career Rochelle has appeared in several TV shows, usually under the name "Nicole Leach", including the first season of Shining Time Station with former Beatles member Ringo Starr as the granddaughter of the workshop's operator, several episodes of The Babysitters Club series, and four episodes of The Cosby Show as a friend of the youngest Huxtable child. She also had guest roles on Nickelodeon's Clarissa Explains It All as "Olivia DuPris", Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego, Third Watch, and Law & Order. Rochelle has performed on and off-Broadway in such shows as Dangerous Games, Fame on 42nd Street, Miracle Brothers, and a 2004 production of Limonade Tous le Jours starring Alan Alda. In 2003 she played Katherine in Shakespeare in the Park's Henry V. In 2005, she played the title role in the musical Nefertiti in Fort Lauderdale. Rochelle starred in role of the new Josephine Baker in the musical A la recherche de Josephine, produced by Jérôme Savary, in Paris and touring Europe and the US from 2006 to 2010. Starting in 2010, Rochelle has toured internationally with the French electro-swing group "Ginkgoa" , French musician/singer/songwriter Julien Brunetaud with their blues/jazz group "Nikki & Jules", and been invited to sing with bands across the world from Austria to Germany, Ukraine to Hungary, Argentina, Switzerland to the US, and is currently releasing her new artist/activist project called "Modern GEAIsha", hip-hop fusion music with a message, Benefit In 1995, while still in high school, Rochelle participated in a musical to benefit the fight against HIV/AIDS. Legal issues On April 9, 2018, Leach was arrested and charged for disorderly conduct after jumping a barrier fence during a protest at Montgomery County courthouse in Norristown, Pennsylvania for the first day of Cosby's sexual assault retrial. She was topless and her body was covered with the writing "Women’s Lives Matter" and the names of the comedian's accusers. Leach jumped over when Cosby was close to the courthouse's entrance just before 9am ET, with security apprehending her afterwards. Cosby, along with spokesperson Andrew Wyatt, was blind and had a slight reaction while Wyatt was shocked in surprise. Leach had planned to attend other trial protests that day but was recommended by authorities not to and said that her intention was to make Cosby uncomfortable and that because she used to look up to him that his actions towards others had "felt personal to me." Filmography Film and television Year Title Role Notes 1989–1991 Shining Time Station Tanya Cupper Starring role, season 1 1990 Tales from the Darkside: The Movie Margaret Segment: "Lover's Vow" 1990 Shining Time Station: 'Tis a Gift Tanya Cupper TV movie 1990–1992 The Cosby Show Danielle 4 episodes 1990–1993 The Baby-Sitters Club Jessica Ramsey Main cast 1993 Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego? The Shadow Episode: "Where the Wandering Wilderbeests Went" 1993 Clarissa Explains It All Olivia DuPris 4 episodes 1994 The Vernon Johns Story Baby Dee TV movie 1994 Summertime Switch Christine TV movie 1996 NYPD Blue Shirelle McClintock Episode: "The Backboard Jungle" 1996 Swift Justice Larraine Episode: "Takin' Back the Streets" 1996 Law & Order Liana Rogers Episode: "Pro Se" 2001 Someone like You Nia 2001 Law & Order Mari Episode "White Lie" 2002 The Life Short film 2002 Third Watch Regina Episode: "Thicker Than Water" 2003 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Sarah Rendell Episode: "Shaken" 2005 Law & Order: Trial by Jury Catherine Selles Episode: "Day" 2006 25 to Life Det. Mendoza Video game; voice role 2006 Chappelle's Show Dave's Ex Episode: "3.1" 2007 Adrift in Manhattan Melanie 2010 La maison des Rocheville Josy TV miniseries 2013 Jo Nurse Hydrotherapy TV series 2016 Research Unit Clémence Maillezais Episode: "Noces rouges" References ^ a b Jaeger, Barbara. "N.J. child actresses take their roles to heart: Musical benefits the AIDS fight", The Record (Bergen County), April 28, 1995. Accessed September 17, 2007. "Last year, Leach, a sophomore at Montclair High School, participated in 'Kids Care,' which she said helped raise approximately $25,000 for the AIDS battle." ^ "Ginkgoa.com (archived)". ^ "NicolleRochelle.com (archived)". Archived from the original on 2017-07-06. Retrieved 2020-12-04. ^ "Modern Geaisha.com (archived)". ^ Dent, Mark (2018-04-09). "Topless Protester At Bill Cosby Trial Was Ex-'Cosby Show' Actress". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2020-05-08. ^ Hutchinson, Bill (2018-04-13). "Topless protester who confronted Bill Cosby once saw him as a 'father figure'". ABC News. Retrieved 2020-05-08. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nicolle Rochelle. Official website Nicole Leach at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shining Time Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shining_Time_Station"},{"link_name":"The Babysitters Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Babysitters_Club"}],"text":"Nicolle Rochelle, often credited professionally as Nicole Leach, is an American actress, dancer, and jazz singer, best known for her appearances on television including Shining Time Station, The Babysitters Club, and made for television movies The Vernon Johns Story starring James Earl Jones and after school special Summertime Switch.","title":"Nicole Leach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Montclair High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montclair_High_School_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infoweb.newsbank.com-1"}],"text":"Rochelle grew up in West Orange and Montclair, New Jersey. She attended Montclair High School, and graduated early after three years and went on to earn her Linguistic Anthropology degree from Brown University.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shining Time Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shining_Time_Station"},{"link_name":"The Babysitters Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Babysitters_Club"},{"link_name":"The Cosby Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cosby_Show"},{"link_name":"Clarissa Explains It All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarissa_Explains_It_All"},{"link_name":"Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_in_the_World_Is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F_(game_show)"},{"link_name":"Third Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Watch"},{"link_name":"Law & Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_%26_Order"},{"link_name":"Fame on 42nd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fame_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Katherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare in the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park"},{"link_name":"Henry V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V_(play)"},{"link_name":"Nefertiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nefertiti_(musical)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale"},{"link_name":"Josephine Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker"},{"link_name":"Jérôme Savary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Savary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Rochelle has appeared in several TV shows, usually under the name \"Nicole Leach\", including the first season of Shining Time Station with former Beatles member Ringo Starr as the granddaughter of the workshop's operator, several episodes of The Babysitters Club series, and four episodes of The Cosby Show as a friend of the youngest Huxtable child. She also had guest roles on Nickelodeon's Clarissa Explains It All as \"Olivia DuPris\", Where in the World is Carmen Sandiego, Third Watch, and Law & Order.Rochelle has performed on and off-Broadway in such shows as Dangerous Games, Fame on 42nd Street, Miracle Brothers, and a 2004 production of Limonade Tous le Jours starring Alan Alda. In 2003 she played Katherine in Shakespeare in the Park's Henry V. In 2005, she played the title role in the musical Nefertiti in Fort Lauderdale. Rochelle starred in role of the new Josephine Baker in the musical A la recherche de Josephine, produced by Jérôme Savary, in Paris and touring Europe and the US from 2006 to 2010.Starting in 2010, Rochelle has toured internationally with the French electro-swing group \"Ginkgoa\" [2]\n, French musician/singer/songwriter Julien Brunetaud with their blues/jazz group \"Nikki & Jules\",[3] and been invited to sing with bands across the world from Austria to Germany, Ukraine to Hungary, Argentina, Switzerland to the US, and is currently releasing her new artist/activist project called \"Modern GEAIsha\", hip-hop fusion music with a message,[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HIV/AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-infoweb.newsbank.com-1"}],"text":"In 1995, while still in high school, Rochelle participated in a musical to benefit the fight against HIV/AIDS.[1]","title":"Benefit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norristown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norristown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"On April 9, 2018, Leach was arrested and charged for disorderly conduct after jumping a barrier fence during a protest at Montgomery County courthouse in Norristown, Pennsylvania for the first day of Cosby's sexual assault retrial. She was topless and her body was covered with the writing \"Women’s Lives Matter\" and the names of the comedian's accusers. Leach jumped over when Cosby was close to the courthouse's entrance just before 9am ET, with security apprehending her afterwards. Cosby, along with spokesperson Andrew Wyatt, was blind and had a slight reaction while Wyatt was shocked in surprise. Leach had planned to attend other trial protests that day but was recommended by authorities not to and said that her intention was to make Cosby uncomfortable and that because she used to look up to him that his actions towards others had \"felt personal to me.\"[5][6]","title":"Legal issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ginkgoa.com (archived)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ginkgoa.com/wp/","url_text":"\"Ginkgoa.com (archived)\""}]},{"reference":"\"NicolleRochelle.com (archived)\". Archived from the original on 2017-07-06. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Parbat	Nanda Parbat	["1 History","1.1 Invisible map","1.2 Notable appearances","2 In other media","2.1 Television","2.2 Film","2.3 Video games","3 References","4 External links"]	Fictional city in the DC Comics universe For the ninth-highest mountain in the world, located in Pakistan, see Nanga Parbat. For the highest mountain of Uttarakhand, located in India, see Nanda Devi. Nanda ParbatFirst appearanceStrange Adventures #216 (February 1969)Created byNeal AdamsIn-universe informationTypeHidden cityLocationsHindu KushPublisherDC Comics Nanda Parbat (Hindi: नन्दा पर्बत, romanized: nandā parbat, lit. 'the mountain of delight') is a fictional city in the DC Comics universe. It first appeared in Strange Adventures #216 (February 1969), created by Neal Adams. History Nanda Parbat is a hidden city nestled high in the mountains of Hindu Kush. It is said to be a place of healing and enlightenment watched over by the goddess-like figure Rama Kushna and her monks. As in Shangri-La, time moves differently in Nanda Parbat; one can leave the city to find that less time has passed in the outside world. Rama Kushna is most famous as the entity responsible for turning aerialist Boston Brand into the ghostly Deadman. As her spiritual agent, Brand wanders the Earth possessing the bodies of the living and doing good works, in the hopes of finding eventual access to paradise. Deadman has returned to Nanda Parbat on occasion to defend it against attackers such as the Sensei of the League of Assassins, an aged warrior at one time possessed by Jonah, another of Rama's former agents. Invisible map A map had been used to reach this place in the story arc The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul written by Grant Morrison and Paul Dini. The so-called "invisible map" is supposedly composed of seven pieces, including a tattoo, a scrap of parchment, a poem and a birthmark. Notable appearances Rama Kushna and Nanda Parbat have also played a role in the lives of other DC Comics characters: Nanda Parbat was home to Judomaster prior to his joining the team known as the L.A.W. It is responsible for him remaining as youthful as he was in the 1940s. The Crimson Avenger spent time in Nanda Parbat, seeking meaning in the senseless acts of violence he witnessed in World War I. During his convalescence, he received a vision of the future and witnessed the death of Superman (as depicted in Golden Age Secret Files #1). During a visit to Nanda Parbat, Deadman briefly returned to his human form and was infected by the Sensei with a poison that rendered him suggestible. When he returned to his ghostly state, one of Sensei's men sent Deadman to attack Batman while Sensei and the League prepared to destroy Nanda Parbat. Batman was able to convince Deadman to lead him and Boston's brother Cleve to Nanda Parbat, and Batman and Cleve saved the city and discovered the antidote for the poison. In 52, Nanda Parbat is where The Question takes Renee Montoya to be trained by martial arts master Richard Dragon. It is just outside Nanda Parbat that the Question dies of complications from lung disease. Later in 52, Ralph Dibny journeys to Nanda Parbat, seeking an audience with Rama Kushna and a way to resurrect his late wife, Sue. A member of the Great Ten, the Accomplished Perfect Physician, is also shown seeking inner peace in the hidden city. In Batman #663, Batman uses a mantra or prayer he learned in Nanda Parbat over a dead man. In the same issue he enters the state of Nirvikalpa Samadhi, using a technique learned in Nanda Parbat, to find the hidden or occult pattern to the Joker's recent murders. In Reign in Hell, Deadman, Zachary Zatara, Jason Blood, Kid Devil and Randu went to Nanda Parbat trying to help Rama Kushna balance the good and evil forces. In Blackest Night, Deadman tries to recover his own body in Nanda Parbat but is rejected several times, so he uses other Black Lanterns' bodies trying to discover how to use his own body and how to destroy the Black Lanterns. Phantom Stranger helps him and they enter Nanda Parbat. In Brightest Day, Saint Walker and Renee Montoya held Charles Victor Szasz's funeral in Nanda Parbat. In Detective Comics Annual #12, Renee Montoya goes to Nanda Parbat trying to get rid of the Mark of Cain, while Richard Dragon let her go to Penemue who tried to get the mark for himself. In Superman: Grounded, Part Eight, the city is mentioned in a flashback depicting Clark Kent and Bruce Wayne's first meeting with each other during the period when both are travelling the world prior to assuming their costumed identities, dealing with Vandal Savage and his attempt to find Nanda Parbat, referred to as "The Shifting City". In Justice League Dark #13, the Books of Magic are hidden in Nanda Parbat, which Faust and Dr. Mist acknowledge as a place of great power. Brand also mentions that he's already been there. In other media Television Nanda Parbat appears in the Justice League Unlimited episode "Dead Reckoning". Batman reveals that he studied with a martial arts master (voiced by Sab Shimono) in a monastery there, and Deadman enlists him, Superman, and Wonder Woman to avenge the Secret Society's murder of the Master. Additionally, the Society steal a mystical orb containing the souls of Nanda Parbat's monks to enable Gorilla Grodd's plan to turn everyone on Earth into apes, thus seemingly killing them. However, they are revived after the Justice League stop the villains' plans, reviving all of Nanda Parbat's residents, including the Master himself. Nanda Parbat appears in the Arrowverse: In Arrow it is mentioned in the first season as the place where Malcolm Merlyn found the "purpose for life" following his wife's murder. The League of Assassins plays a major role in season two, where they enter Starling City to locate former member Sara Lance. Ra's al Ghul serves as the main antagonist of the third season with Nanda Parbat appearing prominently, established as being somewhere in the Hindu Kush range in Pakistan, built into a cliff in a desert. It is also a location for one of the Lazarus Pits, which Ra's and other League members use to prolong their life. The sixteenth episode of the season is titled "Nanda Parbat". In season four, Laurel Lance and Thea Queen travel to Nanda Parbat to request Merlyn (as the new Ra's al Ghul) to resurrect Sara with the Lazarus Pit. Sara's girlfriend Nyssa al Ghul is enraged by the resurrection and destroys the Lazarus Pit, resulting in a League civil war. After Oliver Queen defeats Merlyn on behalf of Nyssa, she declines the League's leadership and instead disbands it, not wanting to be like her father. Due to this, the League's lair in Nanda Parbat appears to be empty after their disbandment. In the season one episode "Left Behind" of Legends of Tomorrow, Sara Lance returns to Nanda Parbat after she is stranded in 1958. Two years later, she is recovered by the rest of the team. Nanda Parbat appears (though it is not referred to as such) in season 3 of the TV series Gotham, in which Bruce Wayne is held captive there by the Sensei after being kidnapped by the Court of Owls. In season 4, it is revealed that Ra's al Ghul is the Minister of Antiquities for Nanda Parbat, a status he exploits to invoke diplomatic immunity after being arrested in Gotham City. Film In Batman: Soul of the Dragon, students of O-Sensei - Shiva, Rip Jagger, Richard Dragon, Jade, Ben Turner, and Batman - are stationed in Nanda Parbat. It is also the home of a gateway that the villains Kobra plan to unleash their god, Nāga from his prison. Video games Nanda Parbat appears in DC Universe Online. Nanda Parbat appears in Lego DC Super-Villains, where Ra's al Ghul and Deathstroke are encountered by the Joker, Batman and the Flash. References ^ "Gotham: Where is Bruce?". DC. Retrieved 2018-07-12. ^ "Snyder & Kubert's New Challengers Leader May Be An Obscure DC Comics Hero". CBR. 2018-02-23. Retrieved 2018-07-12. ^ 52 Week 26 (November 1, 2006) ^ 52 Week 27 (November 8, 2006) ^ 52 Week 38 (January 24, 2007) ^ Reign in Hell #7 (March 2009) ^ Reign in Hell #8 (April 2009) ^ The Phantom Stranger (vol. 4) #42 (March 2010) ^ Green Lantern (vol. 4) #56 (September 2010) ^ Detective Comics Annual #12 (February 2011) ^ Superman #710 (June 2011) ^ Justice League Dark #13 (December 2012) ^ Guggenheim, Marc (January 6, 2015). "Arrow Ep. 3x16 begins filming today. Written by @erikoleson & @BenSokolowski and directed by @gregorythesmith". Twitter. Retrieved January 6, 2015. External links DCU Guide: Rama Kushna DCU Guide: Taj Ze vteJustice League Dark Peter Milligan Mikel Janin Founding members Madame Xanadu John Constantine Zatanna Deadman Shade, the Changing Man Notable members Amethyst Animal Man Andrew Bennett Batwoman Black Orchid Blue Devil Detective Chimp Doctor Fate Kent Nelson Khalid Nassour Doctor Thirteen Etrigan the Demon Frankenstein Man-Bat Mento Pandora Phantom Stranger Ragman Ravager Raven Spectre Swamp Thing Timothy Hunter Wonder Woman Zauriel Supporting characters Justice League Lords of Order Zatara Zed Antagonists Anton Arcane Anti-Monitor The Batman Who Laughs Circe Creeper Darkseid Doctor Destiny Doctor Mist Eclipso Enchantress First of the Fallen Felix Faust Floronic Man Ibis the Invincible Injustice League Dark Klarion the Witch Boy Lords of Chaos Mordru Morgaine le Fey Prince Ra-Man Ritchie Simpson Sargon the Sorcerer Solomon Grundy Trigon Wotan Locations House of Mystery Nanda Parbat House of Secrets Storylines "Trinity War" "Forever Evil: Blight" "The Witching Hour" "Lazarus Planet" Films Justice League Dark Justice League Dark: Apokolips War Related articles I…Vampire vteFictional populated places in the DC Comics multiverseEarth citiesNorth America Central City Coast City Gotham City Metropolis Smallville Star City Elsewhere Atlantis Nanda Parbat S.T.A.R. Labs Skartaris Themyscira Non-Earth areas Kandor Krypton Mogo the Living Planet Oa vteGreen Arrow George Papp Mort Weisinger Green Arrows Oliver Queen Arrowverse Connor Hawke Arrowette Artemis Crock Speedy Roy Harper Mia Dearden Dark Arrow Dark Archer Red Dart Cupid Merlyn Constantine Drakon Supportingcharacters Arrowette Batman Black Canary Dinah Laurel Lance Dinah Drake Eddie Fyers Emiko Queen Felicity Smoak Green Lantern Hal Jordan Kyle Rayner Hawkman Justice League Katana Question Richard Dragon/Richard Drakunovski Shado Sin Speedy Roy Harper Mia Dearden Stanley Dover Jr. EnemiesAntagonists Amon Sur Brick China White Constantine Drakon Clock King Count Vertigo Cupid Dark Archer Deadshot Deathstroke Doctor Light Electrocutioner Everyman/Dark Arrow Gargoyle Hellgrammite Killer Moth Merlyn Natas Neron Onomatopoeia Professor Ojo Prometheus Ra's al Ghul Red Dart Richard Dragon/Ricardo Diaz Jr. Shrapnel Spider Star City Slayer Tezcatlipoca Turtle Wizard Organizations League of Assassins Longbow Hunters Equipment Arrowcar Publications More Fun Comics Green Lantern/Green Arrow The Dark Knight Returns Green Arrow: The Longbow Hunters The Dark Knight Strikes Again Green Arrow: Year One Green Arrow and Black Canary Storylines "Cry for Justice" "Quiver" "Rise of Arsenal" "Snowbirds Don't Fly" Locations Queen Industries/Q-Core Star City Nanda Parbat In other media Justice League Unlimited Smallville Batman: The Brave and the Bold DC Universe Online DC Showcase: Green Arrow Young Justice Batman: The Dark Knight Returns – Part 2 Justice League Action Arrow characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Related articlesOther characters Outsiders Robin Hood Robin Hawkeye The Arrow The Green Archer The Green Archer (1925 serial) The Green Archer (1940 serial) The Green Archer (1961 film)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanga Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanga_Parbat"},{"link_name":"Nanda Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Devi"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hindi"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Strange Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Neal Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Adams"}],"text":"For the ninth-highest mountain in the world, located in Pakistan, see Nanga Parbat. For the highest mountain of Uttarakhand, located in India, see Nanda Devi.Nanda Parbat (Hindi: नन्दा पर्बत, romanized: nandā parbat, lit. 'the mountain of delight') is a fictional city in the DC Comics universe. It first appeared in Strange Adventures #216 (February 1969), created by Neal Adams.","title":"Nanda Parbat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindu Kush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess"},{"link_name":"Deadman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadman_(character)"},{"link_name":"Sensei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensei_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"League of Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Assassins"}],"text":"Nanda Parbat is a hidden city nestled high in the mountains of Hindu Kush.[1][2] It is said to be a place of healing and enlightenment watched over by the goddess-like figure Rama Kushna and her monks. As in Shangri-La, time moves differently in Nanda Parbat; one can leave the city to find that less time has passed in the outside world.Rama Kushna is most famous as the entity responsible for turning aerialist Boston Brand into the ghostly Deadman. As her spiritual agent, Brand wanders the Earth possessing the bodies of the living and doing good works, in the hopes of finding eventual access to paradise. Deadman has returned to Nanda Parbat on occasion to defend it against attackers such as the Sensei of the League of Assassins, an aged warrior at one time possessed by Jonah, another of Rama's former agents.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Resurrection_of_Ra%27s_al_Ghul"}],"sub_title":"Invisible map","text":"A map had been used to reach this place in the story arc The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul written by Grant Morrison and Paul Dini. The so-called \"invisible map\" is supposedly composed of seven pieces, including a tattoo, a scrap of parchment, a poem and a birthmark.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judomaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judomaster"},{"link_name":"L.A.W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.A.W._(comics)"},{"link_name":"Crimson Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_Avenger"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Sensei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensei_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52_(comics)"},{"link_name":"The Question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Renee Montoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee_Montoya"},{"link_name":"Richard Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dragon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ralph Dibny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elongated_Man"},{"link_name":"Sue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Dibny"},{"link_name":"Accomplished Perfect Physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ten#Accomplished_Perfect_Physician"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"mantra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra"},{"link_name":"Nirvikalpa Samadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvikalpa_Samadhi"},{"link_name":"Reign in Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_in_Hell_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Deadman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadman_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Zachary Zatara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Zatara"},{"link_name":"Jason Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Blood"},{"link_name":"Kid Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Devil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Blackest Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackest_Night"},{"link_name":"Deadman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadman_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Black Lanterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Lantern"},{"link_name":"Phantom Stranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Stranger"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brightest Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightest_Day"},{"link_name":"Saint Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Walker"},{"link_name":"Renee Montoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renee_Montoya"},{"link_name":"Charles Victor Szasz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Victor_Szasz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Richard Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Penemue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penemue"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Superman: Grounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman:_Grounded"},{"link_name":"Vandal Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandal_Savage"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Justice League Dark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Dark"},{"link_name":"Books of Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Magic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Notable appearances","text":"Rama Kushna and Nanda Parbat have also played a role in the lives of other DC Comics characters:Nanda Parbat was home to Judomaster prior to his joining the team known as the L.A.W. It is responsible for him remaining as youthful as he was in the 1940s.\nThe Crimson Avenger spent time in Nanda Parbat, seeking meaning in the senseless acts of violence he witnessed in World War I. During his convalescence, he received a vision of the future and witnessed the death of Superman (as depicted in Golden Age Secret Files #1).\nDuring a visit to Nanda Parbat, Deadman briefly returned to his human form and was infected by the Sensei with a poison that rendered him suggestible. When he returned to his ghostly state, one of Sensei's men sent Deadman to attack Batman while Sensei and the League prepared to destroy Nanda Parbat. Batman was able to convince Deadman to lead him and Boston's brother Cleve to Nanda Parbat, and Batman and Cleve saved the city and discovered the antidote for the poison.\nIn 52, Nanda Parbat is where The Question takes Renee Montoya to be trained by martial arts master Richard Dragon.[3][4] It is just outside Nanda Parbat that the Question dies of complications from lung disease.[5]\nLater in 52, Ralph Dibny journeys to Nanda Parbat, seeking an audience with Rama Kushna and a way to resurrect his late wife, Sue. A member of the Great Ten, the Accomplished Perfect Physician, is also shown seeking inner peace in the hidden city.\nIn Batman #663, Batman uses a mantra or prayer he learned in Nanda Parbat over a dead man. In the same issue he enters the state of Nirvikalpa Samadhi, using a technique learned in Nanda Parbat, to find the hidden or occult pattern to the Joker's recent murders.\nIn Reign in Hell, Deadman, Zachary Zatara, Jason Blood, Kid Devil and Randu went to Nanda Parbat trying to help Rama Kushna balance the good and evil forces.[6][7]\nIn Blackest Night, Deadman tries to recover his own body in Nanda Parbat but is rejected several times, so he uses other Black Lanterns' bodies trying to discover how to use his own body and how to destroy the Black Lanterns. Phantom Stranger helps him and they enter Nanda Parbat.[8]\nIn Brightest Day, Saint Walker and Renee Montoya held Charles Victor Szasz's funeral in Nanda Parbat.[9]\nIn Detective Comics Annual #12, Renee Montoya goes to Nanda Parbat trying to get rid of the Mark of Cain, while Richard Dragon let her go to Penemue who tried to get the mark for himself.[10]\nIn Superman: Grounded, Part Eight, the city is mentioned in a flashback depicting Clark Kent and Bruce Wayne's first meeting with each other during the period when both are travelling the world prior to assuming their costumed identities, dealing with Vandal Savage and his attempt to find Nanda Parbat, referred to as \"The Shifting City\".[11]\nIn Justice League Dark #13, the Books of Magic are hidden in Nanda Parbat, which Faust and Dr. Mist acknowledge as a place of great power. Brand also mentions that he's already been there.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justice League Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_League_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Sab Shimono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sab_Shimono"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Wonder Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman"},{"link_name":"Secret Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Society_of_Super_Villains"},{"link_name":"Gorilla Grodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorilla_Grodd"},{"link_name":"Arrowverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowverse"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"first season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_1"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Merlyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Merlyn_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"League of Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Assassins_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"season two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_2"},{"link_name":"Starling City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling_City"},{"link_name":"Sara Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Lance"},{"link_name":"Ra's al Ghul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"third season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_3"},{"link_name":"Nanda Parbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Parbat_(Arrow_episode)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ep15-13"},{"link_name":"season four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_4"},{"link_name":"Laurel Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Lance_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Thea Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thea_Queen"},{"link_name":"Nyssa al Ghul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyssa_al_Ghul_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Oliver Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Queen_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"season one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow_season_1"},{"link_name":"Legends of Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow_(team)"},{"link_name":"Gotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Bruce Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Wayne"},{"link_name":"the Sensei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensei_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Court of Owls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Owls"},{"link_name":"Ra's al Ghul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul"},{"link_name":"Minister of Antiquities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiquities"},{"link_name":"diplomatic immunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_immunity"},{"link_name":"Gotham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Nanda Parbat appears in the Justice League Unlimited episode \"Dead Reckoning\". Batman reveals that he studied with a martial arts master (voiced by Sab Shimono) in a monastery there, and Deadman enlists him, Superman, and Wonder Woman to avenge the Secret Society's murder of the Master. Additionally, the Society steal a mystical orb containing the souls of Nanda Parbat's monks to enable Gorilla Grodd's plan to turn everyone on Earth into apes, thus seemingly killing them. However, they are revived after the Justice League stop the villains' plans, reviving all of Nanda Parbat's residents, including the Master himself.\nNanda Parbat appears in the Arrowverse:\nIn Arrow it is mentioned in the first season as the place where Malcolm Merlyn found the \"purpose for [his] life\" following his wife's murder. The League of Assassins plays a major role in season two, where they enter Starling City to locate former member Sara Lance. Ra's al Ghul serves as the main antagonist of the third season with Nanda Parbat appearing prominently, established as being somewhere in the Hindu Kush range in Pakistan, built into a cliff in a desert. It is also a location for one of the Lazarus Pits, which Ra's and other League members use to prolong their life. The sixteenth episode of the season is titled \"Nanda Parbat\".[13] In season four, Laurel Lance and Thea Queen travel to Nanda Parbat to request Merlyn (as the new Ra's al Ghul) to resurrect Sara with the Lazarus Pit. Sara's girlfriend Nyssa al Ghul is enraged by the resurrection and destroys the Lazarus Pit, resulting in a League civil war. After Oliver Queen defeats Merlyn on behalf of Nyssa, she declines the League's leadership and instead disbands it, not wanting to be like her father. Due to this, the League's lair in Nanda Parbat appears to be empty after their disbandment.\nIn the season one episode \"Left Behind\" of Legends of Tomorrow, Sara Lance returns to Nanda Parbat after she is stranded in 1958. Two years later, she is recovered by the rest of the team.\nNanda Parbat appears (though it is not referred to as such) in season 3 of the TV series Gotham, in which Bruce Wayne is held captive there by the Sensei after being kidnapped by the Court of Owls. In season 4, it is revealed that Ra's al Ghul is the Minister of Antiquities for Nanda Parbat, a status he exploits to invoke diplomatic immunity after being arrested in Gotham City.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman: Soul of the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Soul_of_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Shiva"},{"link_name":"Rip Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judomaster"},{"link_name":"Richard Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Jade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Ben Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Kobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobra_(DC_Comics)"},{"link_name":"Nāga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81ga"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"In Batman: Soul of the Dragon, students of O-Sensei - Shiva, Rip Jagger, Richard Dragon, Jade, Ben Turner, and Batman - are stationed in Nanda Parbat. It is also the home of a gateway that the villains Kobra plan to unleash their god, Nāga from his prison.","title":"In other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DC Universe Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Universe_Online"},{"link_name":"Lego DC Super-Villains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_DC_Super-Villains"},{"link_name":"Deathstroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathstroke"}],"sub_title":"Video games","text":"Nanda Parbat appears in DC Universe Online.\nNanda Parbat appears in Lego DC Super-Villains, where Ra's al Ghul and Deathstroke are encountered by the Joker, Batman and the Flash.","title":"In other media"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Gotham: Where is Bruce?\". DC. Retrieved 2018-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://comicbook.com/dc/2017/04/24/gotham-where-is-bruce-/","url_text":"\"Gotham: Where is Bruce?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Snyder & Kubert's New Challengers Leader May Be An Obscure DC Comics Hero\". CBR. 2018-02-23. Retrieved 2018-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/new-challengers-villain-dc-comics-prof/","url_text":"\"Snyder & Kubert's New Challengers Leader May Be An Obscure DC Comics Hero\""}]},{"reference":"Guggenheim, Marc (January 6, 2015). \"Arrow Ep. 3x16 begins filming today. Written by @erikoleson & @BenSokolowski and directed by @gregorythesmith\". Twitter. Retrieved January 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/mguggenheim/status/552537865348186112","url_text":"\"Arrow Ep. 3x16 begins filming today. Written by @erikoleson & @BenSokolowski and directed by @gregorythesmith\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://comicbook.com/dc/2017/04/24/gotham-where-is-bruce-/","external_links_name":"\"Gotham: Where is Bruce?\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbr.com/new-challengers-villain-dc-comics-prof/","external_links_name":"\"Snyder & Kubert's New Challengers Leader May Be An Obscure DC Comics Hero\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/mguggenheim/status/552537865348186112","external_links_name":"\"Arrow Ep. 3x16 begins filming today. Written by @erikoleson & @BenSokolowski and directed by @gregorythesmith\""},{"Link":"http://www.dcuguide.com/who.php?name=ramakushna","external_links_name":"DCU Guide: Rama Kushna"},{"Link":"http://www.dcuguide.com/who.php?name=tajze","external_links_name":"DCU Guide: Taj Ze"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_North_American_Soccer_League_season	1972 North American Soccer League season	["1 Overview","2 Changes from previous season","2.1 Rules changes","2.2 New teams","2.3 Teams folding","2.4 Teams moving","2.5 Name changes","3 Map of clubs","4 Regular season","5 NASL All-Stars","6 Playoffs","6.1 Bracket","6.2 Semifinals","6.3 NASL Final 1972","7 Post season awards","8 References","9 External links"]	Soccer league season Football league seasonNorth American Soccer League 1972 seasonSeason1972ChampionsNew York CosmosPremiersNew York CosmosMatches played56Goals scored156 (2.79 per match)Top goalscorerRandy Horton (9 goals) Longest winning run5, St. Louis StarsHighest attendance24,742 (Mosc. Dynamo @ Dallas) Lowest attendance1,100 (Dallas @ Montreal) Average attendance5,340← 1971 1973 → Statistics of North American Soccer League in season 1972. This was the 5th season of the NASL. Overview Eight teams took part in the league with the New York Cosmos winning the championship. Changes from previous season Rules changes The league changed its offside rule during the season on June 26. They created a "Blue Line" which was an offside line across the field, 35 yards from the goal line. Thereafter, no player could be offside unless he had crossed the 35-yard line. This made the NASL unique in the soccer world; the league received temporary approval for the change from FIFA on an experimental basis only. The league also switched the playoff format to single-match elimination contests rather than series. New teams None Teams folding None Teams moving Washington Darts to Miami Gatos Name changes None Map of clubs OlympiqueCosmosLancersMetrosChiefsTornadoGatosStars Northern Division Southern Division Regular season W = Wins, L = Losses, T= Ties, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PT= point system 6 points for a win, 3 points for a tie, 0 points for a loss, 1 point for each goal scored up to three per game. -Premiers (most points). -Other playoff teams. Northern Division W L T GF GA PT New York Cosmos 7 3 4 28 16 77 Rochester Lancers 6 5 3 20 22 64 Montreal Olympique 4 5 5 19 20 57 Toronto Metros 4 6 4 18 22 53 Southern Division W L T GF GA PT St. Louis Stars 7 4 3 20 14 69 Dallas Tornado 6 5 3 15 12 60 Atlanta Chiefs 5 6 3 19 18 56 Miami Gatos 3 8 3 17 32 44 NASL All-Stars First Team Position Second Team Honorable Mention Ken Cooper, Dallas G Dick Howard, Toronto Sam Nusum, Montreal John Best, Dallas D Dick Hall, Dallas Adolfo Gori, Rochester John Sewell, St. Louis D Clive Charles, Montreal Charlie Mitchell, Rochester Peter Short, Rochester D Wilf Tranter, St. Louis John Cocking, Atlanta Willie Evans, Miami D Brian Rowan, Toronto Joe Puls, St. Louis John Kerr, New York M Francisco Escos, Rochester Mick Hoban, Atlanta Graeme Souness, Montreal M Dave Metchick, Miami Larry Hausmann, St. Louis Pat McBride, St. Louis M Siggy Stritzl, New York Billy Fraser, Miami Randy Horton, New York F Carlos Metidieri, Rochester Mike Renshaw, Dallas Paul Child, Atlanta F Art Welch, Atlanta Warren Archibald, Miami Michael Dillon, Montreal F Jorge Siega, New York Casey Frankiewicz, St. Louis Playoffs All playoff games in all rounds including the NASL Final were single game elimination match ups. Bracket Semifinals NASL Final 1972 N1 New York Cosmos 1 S2 Dallas Tornado 0 N1 New York Cosmos 2 S1 St. Louis Stars 1 S1 St. Louis Stars 2 N2 Rochester Lancers 0 Semifinals August 15 Rochester Lancers 0–2 St. Louis Stars Busch Memorial Stadium • Att. 5,319 August 19 Dallas Tornado 0–1 New York Cosmos Hofstra Stadium • Att. 5,026 NASL Final 1972 Main article: NASL Final 1972 August 268 pm EDT New York Cosmos2–1St. Louis Stars Horton 5' (Young) Jelinek 86' (pen.) Report Frankiewicz 52' (Sewell) Hofstra Stadium, Hempstead, New YorkAttendance: 6,102Referee: Roger Schott (USA) 1972 NASL Champions: New York Cosmos Post season awards Most Valuable Player: Randy Horton, New York Coach of the year: Casey Frankiewicz, St. Louis Rookie of the year: Mike Winter, St. Louis References ^ "The Year in American Soccer - 1972". homepages.sover.net. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2014. ^ Christopher S. Page. "NASL Homepage". Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2014. ^ "Steve Dimitry's NASL Web Page". oocities.org. Retrieved January 16, 2014. ^ Flachsbart, Harold (August 27, 1972). "Stars Lose Title Match". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 1C. Retrieved November 26, 2019. ^ "The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved January 16, 2014. External links Complete Results and Standings vteNorth American Soccer League (1968–1984) Broadcasters USSF CSA Portal NASL (2011–2017) First overall draft picks Seasons 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Soccer Bowls 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Predecessors USA 1967 Final NPSL 1967 Final Indoor seasons 1971 1975 1976 1978 1979 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1983 1983–84 Conferences 1968 East West 1976–1977 Atlantic Pacific 1978–1980 American National Related Soccer Bowl broadcasters NASL Indoor Championship Clubs Atlanta Apollos Atlanta Chiefs Baltimore Bays Baltimore Comets Boston Beacons Boston Minutemen Boston Shamrock Rovers† Calgary Boomers California Surf Chicago Mustangs Chicago Spurs‡ Chicago Sting Cleveland Stokers Caribous of Colorado Connecticut Bicentennials Dallas Tornado Denver Dynamos Detroit Cougars Detroit Express Edmonton Drillers Fort Lauderdale Strikers Golden Bay Earthquakes Hartford Bicentennials Houston Hurricane Houston Stars Jacksonville Tea Men Kansas City Spurs Las Vegas Quicksilvers Los Angeles Aztecs Los Angeles Wolves Memphis Rogues Miami Gatos Miami Toros Minnesota Kicks Minnesota Strikers Montreal Manic Montreal Olympique New England Tea Men New York Cosmos New York Generals New York Skyliners† Oakland Clippers Oakland Stompers Philadelphia Spartans‡ Philadelphia Atoms Philadelphia Fury Pittsburgh Phantoms ‡ Portland Timbers Rochester Lancers San Antonio Thunder San Diego Jaws San Diego Sockers San Diego Toros San Francisco Golden Gate Gales† San Jose Earthquakes Seattle Sounders St. Louis Stars Tampa Bay Rowdies Team America Team Hawaii Toronto Blizzard Toronto City† Toronto Metros Toronto Metros-Croatia Tulsa Roughnecks Vancouver Royals Vancouver Whitecaps Washington Darts Washington Diplomats Washington Whips † United Soccer Association team that did not join NASL upon merger with NPSL ‡ National Professional Soccer League team that did not join NASL upon merger with USA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North American Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968%E2%80%9384)"}],"text":"Football league seasonStatistics of North American Soccer League in season 1972. This was the 5th season of the NASL.","title":"1972 North American Soccer League season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Cosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cosmos_(1971%E2%80%9385)"},{"link_name":"the championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer_Bowl"}],"text":"Eight teams took part in the league with the New York Cosmos winning the championship.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Changes from previous season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"offside rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offside_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sover-1"}],"sub_title":"Rules changes","text":"The league changed its offside rule during the season on June 26. They created a \"Blue Line\" which was an offside line across the field, 35 yards from the goal line. Thereafter, no player could be offside unless he had crossed the 35-yard line. This made the NASL unique in the soccer world; the league received temporary approval for the change from FIFA on an experimental basis only. The league also switched the playoff format to single-match elimination contests rather than series.[1]","title":"Changes from previous season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New teams","text":"None","title":"Changes from previous season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Teams folding","text":"None","title":"Changes from previous season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Teams moving","text":"Washington Darts to Miami Gatos","title":"Changes from previous season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Name changes","text":"None","title":"Changes from previous season"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_America_laea_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"Olympique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Olympique"},{"link_name":"Cosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cosmos_(1970-1985)"},{"link_name":"Lancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Lancers_(1967%E2%80%931980)"},{"link_name":"Metros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Metros"},{"link_name":"Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Tornado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Tornado"},{"link_name":"Gatos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Gatos"},{"link_name":"Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Stars_(soccer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blue_pog.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg"}],"text":"OlympiqueCosmosLancersMetrosChiefsTornadoGatosStars\n\n\n Northern Division Southern Division","title":"Map of clubs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"W = Wins, L = Losses, T= Ties, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PT= point system6 points for a win,\n3 points for a tie,\n0 points for a loss,\n1 point for each goal scored up to three per game.-Premiers (most points). -Other playoff teams.","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NASL All-Stars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASL Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASL_Final_1972"}],"text":"All playoff games in all rounds including the NASL Final were single game elimination match ups.","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bracket","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Semifinals","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time"},{"link_name":"New York Cosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cosmos_(1970%E2%80%9385)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Stars_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Horton"},{"link_name":"Jelinek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Jel%C3%ADnek"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/image/140691440/?terms=Stars"},{"link_name":"Frankiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Frankiewicz"},{"link_name":"Hofstra Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstra_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Hempstead, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hempstead,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-5"},{"link_name":"New York Cosmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Cosmos_(1970%E2%80%9385)"}],"sub_title":"NASL Final 1972","text":"August 268 pm EDT\nNew York Cosmos2–1St. Louis Stars\nHorton 5' (Young) Jelinek 86' (pen.)\nReport\nFrankiewicz 52' (Sewell)\nHofstra Stadium, Hempstead, New YorkAttendance: 6,102[4]Referee: Roger Schott (USA)[5]1972 NASL Champions: New York Cosmos","title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randy Horton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Horton"},{"link_name":"Casey Frankiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Frankiewicz"},{"link_name":"Mike Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Winter"}],"text":"Most Valuable Player: Randy Horton, New York\nCoach of the year: Casey Frankiewicz, St. Louis\nRookie of the year: Mike Winter, St. Louis","title":"Post season awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Year in American Soccer - 1972\". homepages.sover.net. Archived from the original on March 25, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150325130709/http://homepages.sover.net/~spectrum/year/1972.html","url_text":"\"The Year in American Soccer - 1972\""},{"url":"http://homepages.sover.net/~spectrum/year/1972.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christopher S. Page. \"NASL Homepage\". Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved January 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080501104955/http://home.att.net/~nasl/nasl.htm","url_text":"\"NASL Homepage\""},{"url":"http://home.att.net/~nasl/nasl.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Steve Dimitry's NASL Web Page\". oocities.org. Retrieved January 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oocities.org/colosseum/Arena/6925/nasl.html","url_text":"\"Steve Dimitry's NASL Web Page\""}]},{"reference":"Flachsbart, Harold (August 27, 1972). \"Stars Lose Title Match\". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. p. 1C. Retrieved November 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/140691410/?terms=Stars%2BLose","url_text":"\"Stars Lose Title Match\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch","url_text":"St. Louis Post-Dispatch"}]},{"reference":"\"The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search\". Retrieved January 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19720828&id=GgsyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=w6EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4539,6816798","url_text":"\"The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/140691440/?terms=Stars","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150325130709/http://homepages.sover.net/~spectrum/year/1972.html","external_links_name":"\"The Year in American Soccer - 1972\""},{"Link":"http://homepages.sover.net/~spectrum/year/1972.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080501104955/http://home.att.net/~nasl/nasl.htm","external_links_name":"\"NASL Homepage\""},{"Link":"http://home.att.net/~nasl/nasl.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.oocities.org/colosseum/Arena/6925/nasl.html","external_links_name":"\"Steve Dimitry's NASL Web Page\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/140691410/?terms=Stars%2BLose","external_links_name":"\"Stars Lose Title Match\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19720828&id=GgsyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=w6EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4539,6816798","external_links_name":"\"The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search\""},{"Link":"http://soccerstats.us/c/north-american-soccer-league/1972/","external_links_name":"Complete Results and Standings"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_South_West_African_Mark	German South West African Mark	["1 History","2 Banknotes in 1914","3 References","4 Sources"]	This article needs attention from an expert in Numismatics. See the talk page for details. WikiProject Numismatics may be able to help recruit an expert. (October 2019) The Mark was the currency of German South West Africa between 1885 and 1915. Until 1914, the German Mark circulated. Within days of the outbreak of the First World War, an issue of paper money titled Deutsch-Südwestafrikanische Mark was authorized in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 Marks. History From 1884 to 1901, the main currency of German South West Africa was the British Pound Sterling. However, in 1885, the German South West African mark began to be circulated. In 1893, an established rate of £1 for every 20ℳ. It is worth noting that the gold content of the British Pound Sterling was 7.3224 grams, while the gold content of 20 marks was 7.168 grams. According to Gresham's Law, "bad money drives out good", so the "bad" Mark replaced the "good" British Pound Sterling. In 1901, the German Mark became the official currency of German South West Africa, hence replacing the 20 and 5 mark denominations of the German South West African Mark, for which they were also demonetized (although, they continued use in the metropolis of German South West Africa until 1907). In 1923, the coins of the German South West African Mark were demonetized also. At the beginning of the First World War, it was decided to produce cash-coupon banknotes thereafter; this occurred until the occupation by South Africa in 1915 officially replaced the Mark with the pound. The Windhoek Chamber of Commerce issued Gutscheine (vouchers) denominated in Pfennig and Mark between 1916 and 1918. Banknotes in 1914 When after the beginning of the First World War when the cash-coupon banknotes began to be used, were denominated into five denominations, of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 marks. References Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9. Sources Money portalNumismatics portal Banknotes of German South West Africa vteCurrencies named mark or similarCirculating Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark (konvertibilna marka, конвертибилна марка) Defunct AM-Mark Deutsche Mark East German mark Estonian mark Finnish markka German mark German ostmark German Papiermark German Reichsmark German Rentenmark German South West African Mark Hamburg mark Lodz Ghetto mark New Guinean mark Polish marka Saar mark South West African mark As a denomination Merk Scots This article about a unit of currency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about government in Namibia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This German history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German South West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_South_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"German Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_gold_mark"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"}],"text":"The Mark was the currency of German South West Africa between 1885 and 1915. Until 1914, the German Mark circulated. Within days of the outbreak of the First World War, an issue of paper money titled Deutsch-Südwestafrikanische Mark was authorized in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 Marks.","title":"German South West African Mark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ℳ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_gold_mark"},{"link_name":"British Pound Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"Gresham's Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresham%27s_law"},{"link_name":"German South West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_South_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_pound"},{"link_name":"Windhoek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windhoek"},{"link_name":"Pfennig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfennig"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(money)"}],"text":"From 1884 to 1901, the main currency of German South West Africa was the British Pound Sterling. However, in 1885, the German South West African mark began to be circulated. In 1893, an established rate of £1 for every 20ℳ. It is worth noting that the gold content of the British Pound Sterling was 7.3224 grams, while the gold content of 20 marks was 7.168 grams. According to Gresham's Law, \"bad money drives out good\", so the \"bad\" Mark replaced the \"good\" British Pound Sterling. In 1901, the German Mark became the official currency of German South West Africa, hence replacing the 20 and 5 mark denominations of the German South West African Mark, for which they were also demonetized (although, they continued use in the metropolis of German South West Africa until 1907). In 1923, the coins of the German South West African Mark were demonetized also. At the beginning of the First World War, it was decided to produce cash-coupon banknotes thereafter; this occurred until the occupation by South Africa in 1915 officially replaced the Mark with the pound. The Windhoek Chamber of Commerce issued Gutscheine (vouchers) denominated in Pfennig and Mark between 1916 and 1918.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"When after the beginning of the First World War when the cash-coupon banknotes began to be used, were denominated into five denominations, of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 marks.","title":"Banknotes in 1914"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Money portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Money"},{"link_name":"Numismatics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Numismatics"},{"link_name":"Banknotes of German South West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//colnect.com/en/banknotes/list/country/15421-German_South_West_Africa/series/61657-1915-1918_ND_Issue/catalog/361-World_Paper_Money"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mark"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mark"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mark"},{"link_name":"Currencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency"},{"link_name":"mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(currency)"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_convertible_mark"},{"link_name":"AM-Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM-Mark"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark"},{"link_name":"East German mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German_mark"},{"link_name":"Estonian mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_mark"},{"link_name":"Finnish markka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_markka"},{"link_name":"German mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mark_(1871)"},{"link_name":"German ostmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_ostmark"},{"link_name":"German Papiermark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiermark"},{"link_name":"German Reichsmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmark"},{"link_name":"German Rentenmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentenmark"},{"link_name":"German South West African Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Hamburg mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_mark"},{"link_name":"Lodz Ghetto mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodz_Ghetto_mark"},{"link_name":"New Guinean mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinean_mark"},{"link_name":"Polish marka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_marka"},{"link_name":"Saar mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_mark"},{"link_name":"South West African mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_African_mark"},{"link_name":"Merk Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merk_(coin)"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_South_West_African_Mark&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Money-unit-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Money-unit-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Money-unit-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Namibia.svg"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Namibia"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_South_West_African_Mark&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Namibia-gov-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Namibia-gov-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Namibia-gov-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hourglass_drawing.svg"},{"link_name":"German history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_South_West_African_Mark&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Germany-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Germany-hist-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany-hist-stub"}],"text":"Money portalNumismatics portalBanknotes of German South West AfricavteCurrencies named mark or similarCirculating\nBosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark (konvertibilna marka, конвертибилна марка)\nDefunct\nAM-Mark\nDeutsche Mark\nEast German mark\nEstonian mark\nFinnish markka\nGerman mark\nGerman ostmark\nGerman Papiermark\nGerman Reichsmark\nGerman Rentenmark\nGerman South West African Mark\nHamburg mark\nLodz Ghetto mark\nNew Guinean mark\nPolish marka\nSaar mark\nSouth West African mark\nAs a denomination\nMerk ScotsThis article about a unit of currency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about government in Namibia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis German history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Paper_Money","url_text":"Standard Catalog of World Paper Money"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-207-9","url_text":"0-87341-207-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://colnect.com/en/banknotes/list/country/15421-German_South_West_Africa/series/61657-1915-1918_ND_Issue/catalog/361-World_Paper_Money","external_links_name":"Banknotes of German South West Africa"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_South_West_African_Mark&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_South_West_African_Mark&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_South_West_African_Mark&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweat_(The_System_album)	Sweat (The System album)	["1 Track listing","2 Production","3 Personnel","4 Chart positions","5 References"]	1983 studio album by The SystemSweatStudio album by The SystemReleasedJune 19, 1983RecordedAugust 1981– April 1983StudioSorcerer Sound Studios, Soho, N.Y.GenrePost-discofunkelectrosynth-popLength41:33LabelMirage/AtlanticProducerDavid FrankMic MurphyThe System chronology Sweat(1983) X-Periment(1984) Singles from Sweat "You Are in My System"Released: August 26, 1982 "It's Passion"Released: 1982 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingThe Village VoiceA− Sweat is the 1983 debut album recorded by the American band The System, released in the United States on June 19, 1983 under Mirage Records (a subsidiary label for Atlantic). It was produced by the duo of David Frank and Mic Murphy. The album features two commercially successful songs "It's Passion" and "You Are in My System". The album entered the Billboard 200 and R&B Albums charts in 1983. Track listing All songs written by Frank & Murphy. Side ANo.TitleLength1."Sweat"7:132."You Are in My System"5:573."It's Passion"7:28 Side BNo.TitleLength1."Stand Up And Cheer"5:452."I Won't Let Go"5:273."Go For What U Know"5:374."Now I Am Electric"4:06 Production Arranged and Produced by Mic Murphy and David Frank. Recording and mix by Craig Bishop. Mastered by "Dr." Dennis King. Personnel Mic Murphy - vocals, electric guitars David Frank - keyboards, synthesizers, digital sounds Chart positions Chart (1983) Peakposition US Billboard 200 94 US R&B Albums 14 References ^ Christgau, Robert (May 31, 1983). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved September 2, 2020. ^ "The System' Sweat at Discogs". discogs. Retrieved 2011-08-23. ^ a b c ""Sweat" by The System (chart positions) on Allmusic". Billboard, Allmusic. Retrieved 2011-08-23. vteThe System Mic Murphy David Frank Studio albums Sweat (1983) X-Periment (1984) Pleasure Seekers (1985) Don't Disturb This Groove (1987) Rhythm & Romance (1989) Singles "It's Passion" "You Are in My System" "I Wanna Make You Feel Good" "This Is for You" "The Pleasure Seekers" "Don't Disturb This Groove" "Nighttime Lover" "Coming to America" Category Discography	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"The System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_System_(band)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Mirage Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage_Records"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"David Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Frank_(music)"},{"link_name":"Mic Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic_Murphy"},{"link_name":"It's Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Passion"},{"link_name":"You Are in My System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_in_My_System"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"R&B Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Albums"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OMG-3"}],"text":"Sweat is the 1983 debut album recorded by the American band The System, released in the United States on June 19, 1983 under Mirage Records (a subsidiary label for Atlantic).[2] It was produced by the duo of David Frank and Mic Murphy. The album features two commercially successful songs \"It's Passion\" and \"You Are in My System\". The album entered the Billboard 200 and R&B Albums charts in 1983.[3]","title":"Sweat (The System album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"You Are in My System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Are_in_My_System"},{"link_name":"It's Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Passion"}],"text":"All songs written by Frank & Murphy.Side ANo.TitleLength1.\"Sweat\"7:132.\"You Are in My System\"5:573.\"It's Passion\"7:28Side BNo.TitleLength1.\"Stand Up And Cheer\"5:452.\"I Won't Let Go\"5:273.\"Go For What U Know\"5:374.\"Now I Am Electric\"4:06","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Arranged and Produced by Mic Murphy and David Frank.\nRecording and mix by Craig Bishop.\nMastered by \"Dr.\" Dennis King.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mic Murphy - vocals, electric guitars\nDavid Frank - keyboards, synthesizers, digital sounds","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart positions"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (May 31, 1983). \"Christgau's Consumer Guide\". The Village Voice. Retrieved September 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv5-83.php","url_text":"\"Christgau's Consumer Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"}]},{"reference":"\"The System' Sweat at Discogs\". discogs. Retrieved 2011-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/System-Sweat/release/84558","url_text":"\"The System' Sweat at Discogs\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Sweat\" by The System (chart positions) on Allmusic\". Billboard, Allmusic. Retrieved 2011-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/sweat-r19566/charts-awards","url_text":"\"\"Sweat\" by The System (chart positions) on Allmusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv5-83.php","external_links_name":"\"Christgau's Consumer Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/System-Sweat/release/84558","external_links_name":"\"The System' Sweat at Discogs\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/sweat-r19566/charts-awards","external_links_name":"\"\"Sweat\" by The System (chart positions) on Allmusic\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Craft_Laney_High_School	Lucy Craft Laney High School	["1 Notable alumni","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 33°28′02″N 81°58′57″W / 33.467223°N 81.982436°W / 33.467223; -81.982436School in Augusta, Georgia, US This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lucy Craft Laney High School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lucy C. Laney Comprehensive High School: The Academy of Advanced Placement StudiesAddress1339 Laney Walker BlvdAugusta, (Richmond County), Georgia 30901United StatesCoordinates33°28′02″N 81°58′57″W / 33.467223°N 81.982436°W / 33.467223; -81.982436InformationFormer namesHaines Normal and Industrial InstituteTypePublic high schoolMotto"Leading Advancing Nurturing Educating Youth"Established1949School districtRichmond County School SystemSuperintendentAngela PringlePrincipalMarquez HallStaff43.50 (FTE)Grades9–12Number of students684 (2022–23)Student to teacher ratio15.72CampusUrbanColor(s)Red, gray, and white Athletics conference3 AAASportsFootball, basketball, baseball, soccer, cross country, track and field, cheerleading, golf, tennis, volleyball, and wrestlingMascotWildcatNicknameWildcats and Lady WildcatsWebsitelaney.rcboe.org Lucy C. Laney Comprehensive High School (Laney High School) is a public high school in the Laney-Walker district of Augusta, Georgia, United States. It was formed in 1949 by combining the A. R. Johnson and Haines Normal and Industrial Institute. From the merger, Laney derived the mascot, the "Wildcat," and the school colors of red and grey. In the summer of 1951, the old building was torn down on the Haines site, and the new building was started. During the construction, classes were held at another site. In September 1953, Lucy Laney High School moved into its new building with Dr. C.W. Johnson as principal. In 1964, the music building was added with spacious new choral and band rooms. In 1981, renovations were made to the building to update the library facilities and the main offices. Air conditioning was installed. During the 1996–97 school year, work started on a renovation for school improvements costing approximately seven million dollars. This added ten new classrooms, a technology lab, a new media center, an expansion of the gym with a concession area, and new restrooms and furnishings. The new facilities were completed during the 1997–98 school year. In the fall of 2007, a new 12 million-dollar athletic complex was opened, which included a 9000-seat football stadium. The school had previously been without a home field for over 30 years. In 2014, Laney High School began another major renovation project. Students attended the nearby Tubman Education Center while the school was given a complete 23 million-dollar overhaul. The new facility opened in the fall of 2016 and includes 23 new classrooms, a fine arts building, a cosmetology lab, a mock courtroom for the law and justice program, a rifle range for the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, upgraded cafeteria with outdoor seating for seniors, and a new gymnasium. Laney High School now offers two magnet programs open to all students of Richmond County. The Academy for Advanced Placement Studies enables students to pursue college-level studies while still in high school by offering numerous AP courses. Beginning in the fall of 2017, the Early College Academy will admit qualified students to take accelerated courses in grades 9 and 10 and then enroll full-time at Augusta University during grades 11 and 12. Female literacy rate of graduates is 63%, whereas male literacy rate of graduates is 42%. This is comparatively high for a high school in a deprived area. Notable alumni Chip Banks, NFL linebacker Kendrell Bell, NFL linebacker Emerson Boozer, NFL running back Corvey Irvin, NFL defensive tackle Jessye Norman, opera singer, soprano Curtis Rouse, NFL offensive lineman Jermaine Smith, NFL defensive tackle Jaylen Watson, Super Bowl Champion NFL defensive back Bob Wells, NFL offensive tackle See also State of Georgia portal Richmond County School System References ^ a b c "Laney High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved June 9, 2024. External links Lucy C. Laney High School - official website Lucy C. Laney High School Alumni Association - alumni website vteEducation in Augusta, GeorgiaColleges and universities Augusta Technical College East Georgia State College Georgia Military College Augusta University Paine College Savannah River College Richmond Countypublic high schools Academy of Richmond County Butler Cross Creek Glenn Hills Hephzibah Josey Laney Westside Richmond Countypublic magnet schools A.R. Johnson C.T. Walker Davidson Fine Arts Private high schools Aquinas Episcopal Day Saint Mary on the Hill Westminster Category vteAugusta, GeorgiaHistory Timeline List of mayors Siege of Augusta Confederate Powderworks Cumming v. Richmond County Bd. of Ed. Augusta fire of 1916 Miles v. City Council of Augusta, Georgia Notable past/present residents Topics Augusta Botanical Gardens Augusta Canal Central Savannah River Area Enterprise Mill Julian Smith Casino Media Phinizy Swamp Nature Park Riverwalk Augusta Savannah River Neighborhoods Broad Street Historic District Downtown Medical District Olde Town Paine College Historic District Sand Hills Historic District Summerville Arts and culture Augusta Pride Augusta Symphony Orchestra Imperial Theatre Sacred Heart Cultural Center Museums Augusta Museum of History Meadow Garden Morris Museum of Art Woodrow Wilson Boyhood Home Public art Augusta Confederate Monument Augusta-CSRA Vietnam War Veterans Memorial Four Southern Poets Monument Signers Monument Colleges and universities Augusta Technical College Augusta University Medical College of Georgia Paine College K–12 education Richmond County School System Augusta Education A. R. Johnson Health Science and Engineering Magnet High School Academy of Richmond County Aquinas High School Augusta Christian Schools Augusta Preparatory Day School Butler High School C. T. Walker Traditional Magnet School Curtis Baptist School Glenn Hills High School John S. Davidson Fine Arts Magnet School Lucy Craft Laney High School Richmond County Technical Career Magnet School T. W. Josey High School Westminster Schools of Augusta Hospitals Augusta University Health Medical Center Doctors Hospital Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center Piedmont Augusta Piedmont Augusta Summerville Campus Walton Rehabilitation Hospital Sports Masters Tournament Augusta GreenJackets Augusta Jaguars Soul City Sirens Sports venues Augusta National Golf Club Christenberry Fieldhouse Forest Hills Golf Club James Brown Arena Lake Olmstead Stadium Venues Augusta National Golf Club Augusta Country Club Confederate Powderworks Christenberry Fieldhouse Forest Hills Golf Club James Brown Arena Lake Olmstead Stadium Morris Museum of Art Sibley Mill TransportationAirports Augusta Regional Airport Daniel Field Category Commons Wikidata Wikivoyage vteGHSA Class AA Region 4 Burke County Bears Butler Bulldogs Davidson Fine Arts Titans Glenn Hills Spartans Johnson Panthers Josey Eagles Laney Wildcats Technical Career Magnet White Tigers Thomson Bulldogs Authority control databases: Geographic NCES This school-related article concerning the U.S. state of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Haines Normal and Industrial Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haines_Normal_and_Industrial_Institute"},{"link_name":"Reserve Officers' Training Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps"},{"link_name":"Advanced Placement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Placement"},{"link_name":"Early College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_college_high_school"},{"link_name":"Augusta University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta_University"}],"text":"School in Augusta, Georgia, USLucy C. Laney Comprehensive High School (Laney High School) is a public high school in the Laney-Walker district of Augusta, Georgia, United States. It was formed in 1949 by combining the A. R. Johnson and Haines Normal and Industrial Institute. From the merger, Laney derived the mascot, the \"Wildcat,\" and the school colors of red and grey.In the summer of 1951, the old building was torn down on the Haines site, and the new building was started. During the construction, classes were held at another site. In September 1953, Lucy Laney High School moved into its new building with Dr. C.W. Johnson as principal. In 1964, the music building was added with spacious new choral and band rooms. In 1981, renovations were made to the building to update the library facilities and the main offices. Air conditioning was installed.During the 1996–97 school year, work started on a renovation for school improvements costing approximately seven million dollars. This added ten new classrooms, a technology lab, a new media center, an expansion of the gym with a concession area, and new restrooms and furnishings. The new facilities were completed during the 1997–98 school year. In the fall of 2007, a new 12 million-dollar athletic complex was opened, which included a 9000-seat football stadium. The school had previously been without a home field for over 30 years.In 2014, Laney High School began another major renovation project. Students attended the nearby Tubman Education Center while the school was given a complete 23 million-dollar overhaul. The new facility opened in the fall of 2016 and includes 23 new classrooms, a fine arts building, a cosmetology lab, a mock courtroom for the law and justice program, a rifle range for the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, upgraded cafeteria with outdoor seating for seniors, and a new gymnasium.Laney High School now offers two magnet programs open to all students of Richmond County. The Academy for Advanced Placement Studies enables students to pursue college-level studies while still in high school by offering numerous AP courses. Beginning in the fall of 2017, the Early College Academy will admit qualified students to take accelerated courses in grades 9 and 10 and then enroll full-time at Augusta University during grades 11 and 12.Female literacy rate of graduates is 63%, whereas male literacy rate of graduates is 42%. This is comparatively high for a high school in a deprived area.","title":"Lucy Craft Laney High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chip Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Banks"},{"link_name":"NFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Kendrell Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrell_Bell"},{"link_name":"Emerson Boozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Boozer"},{"link_name":"Corvey Irvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvey_Irvin"},{"link_name":"Jessye Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessye_Norman"},{"link_name":"opera singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_singer"},{"link_name":"Curtis Rouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Rouse"},{"link_name":"Jermaine Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaine_Smith"},{"link_name":"Jaylen Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaylen_Watson"},{"link_name":"Bob Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wells_(American_football)"}],"text":"Chip Banks, NFL linebacker\nKendrell Bell, NFL linebacker\nEmerson Boozer, NFL running back\nCorvey Irvin, NFL defensive tackle\nJessye Norman, opera singer, soprano\nCurtis Rouse, NFL offensive lineman\nJermaine Smith, NFL defensive tackle\nJaylen Watson, Super Bowl Champion NFL defensive back\nBob Wells, NFL offensive tackle","title":"Notable alumni"}]	[]	[{"title":"State of Georgia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:State_of_Georgia"},{"title":"Richmond County School System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_County_School_System"}]	[{"reference":"\"Laney High School\". National Center for Education Statistics. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_railway_stations_%E2%80%93_Q	UK railway stations – Q	["1 See also","2 External links"]	A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Station Name Postcodelinks to mapof station at Multimap.com Codelinks to arrivals and departures Codelinks to stationinformation Quakers Yard CF46 5NJ QYD QYD Queenborough ME11 5AZ QBR QBR Queen's Park (Glasgow) G42 8PH QPK QPK Queen's Park (London) NW6 6NL QPW QPW Queens Road (Peckham) SE15 2JN QRP QRP Queenstown Road SW11 5EZ QRB QRB Quintrell Downs TR8 4QG QUI QUI See also List of closed railway stations in Britain List of heritage railway stations in the United Kingdom External links List of National Rail Station codes. National Rail covers railways in Great Britain only. Stations in Northern Ireland are not listed. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slateford_Junction	Slateford Junction	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 40°57′00″N 75°06′58″W / 40.950°N 75.116°W / 40.950; -75.116Slateford Junction, looking north to the Delaware Water Gap. The Lackawanna Cut-Off (left) and the Old Road (right) converge about 1,500 feet (460 m) past Slateford Tower (obscured by trees, left). Slateford Junction was a railway junction in the small town of Slateford, Pennsylvania, that operated from 1911 to 1979. It was built in 1911 to connect the mainline of the Lackawanna Railroad—the Old Road—with the new Lackawanna Cut-Off. The junction sat 28.5 miles (46 km) west of Port Morris Junction, where the Cut-Off connects with what is today New Jersey Transit's Morristown Line. When operations began on December 24, 1911, the junction merged four tracks (two main tracks and two sidings) from the Cut-Off with two from the Old Road. An interlocking tower at the junction opened four days before the Cut-Off itself. The junction also included a 60-foot turntable, but this saw limited use; it was dismantled in the 1930s and its pit filled in shortly thereafter. The tower closed on January 11, 1951; the switches at the junction became hand-thrown with electric locks. Slateford ceased to function as a junction in 1979, when Conrail ended service over the Cut-Off. Today, the Pennsylvania Northeast Regional Railroad Authority (PNRRA) owns the surviving tracks at Slateford Junction as well as the right-of-way of the Cut-Off on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River. The Delaware Lackawanna Railroad currently operates freight trains at Slateford Junction and over the rest of the PNRRA's tracks. As of 2022, there are plans to restore service along the Cut-Off via NJ Transit and Amtrak. References ^ Lackawanna's Silent Sentinels - Their Concrete Towers, by Bob Bahrs; Flags, Diamonds & Statues, Volume 21, No. 2 (April 2012). ^ Taber, Thomas Townsend; Taber, Thomas Townsend III (1981). The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad in the Twentieth Century. Vol. 2. Muncy, PA: Privately printed. p. 764. ISBN 0-9603398-3-3. 40°57′00″N 75°06′58″W / 40.950°N 75.116°W / 40.950; -75.116	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slateford-Jct-1990.JPG"},{"link_name":"Delaware Water Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Water_Gap"},{"link_name":"Lackawanna Cut-Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_Cut-Off"},{"link_name":"Old Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_Old_Road"},{"link_name":"railway junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_junction"},{"link_name":"Slateford, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slateford,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Lackawanna Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Old Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_Old_Road"},{"link_name":"Lackawanna Cut-Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_Cut-Off"},{"link_name":"Port Morris Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Morris_Junction"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit"},{"link_name":"Morristown Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown_Line"},{"link_name":"interlocking tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlocking_tower"},{"link_name":"turntable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_turntable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Conrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrail"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Northeast Regional Railroad Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Northeast_Regional_Railroad_Authority"},{"link_name":"Delaware River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_River"},{"link_name":"Delaware Lackawanna Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Lackawanna_Railroad"},{"link_name":"plans to restore service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lackawanna_Cut-Off_Restoration_Project"},{"link_name":"NJ Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ_Transit"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"}],"text":"Slateford Junction, looking north to the Delaware Water Gap. The Lackawanna Cut-Off (left) and the Old Road (right) converge about 1,500 feet (460 m) past Slateford Tower (obscured by trees, left).Slateford Junction was a railway junction in the small town of Slateford, Pennsylvania, that operated from 1911 to 1979.It was built in 1911 to connect the mainline of the Lackawanna Railroad—the Old Road—with the new Lackawanna Cut-Off. The junction sat 28.5 miles (46 km) west of Port Morris Junction, where the Cut-Off connects with what is today New Jersey Transit's Morristown Line. When operations began on December 24, 1911, the junction merged four tracks (two main tracks and two sidings) from the Cut-Off with two from the Old Road.An interlocking tower at the junction opened four days before the Cut-Off itself. The junction also included a 60-foot turntable, but this saw limited use; it was dismantled in the 1930s and its pit filled in shortly thereafter. The tower closed on January 11, 1951; the switches at the junction became hand-thrown with electric locks.[1][2]Slateford ceased to function as a junction in 1979, when Conrail ended service over the Cut-Off.Today, the Pennsylvania Northeast Regional Railroad Authority (PNRRA) owns the surviving tracks at Slateford Junction as well as the right-of-way of the Cut-Off on the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River. The Delaware Lackawanna Railroad currently operates freight trains at Slateford Junction and over the rest of the PNRRA's tracks.As of 2022, there are plans to restore service along the Cut-Off via NJ Transit and Amtrak.","title":"Slateford Junction"}]	[{"image_text":"Slateford Junction, looking north to the Delaware Water Gap. The Lackawanna Cut-Off (left) and the Old Road (right) converge about 1,500 feet (460 m) past Slateford Tower (obscured by trees, left).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Slateford-Jct-1990.JPG/240px-Slateford-Jct-1990.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"Taber, Thomas Townsend; Taber, Thomas Townsend III (1981). The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad in the Twentieth Century. Vol. 2. Muncy, PA: Privately printed. p. 764. ISBN 0-9603398-3-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9603398-3-3","url_text":"0-9603398-3-3"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Slateford_Junction&params=40.95_N_75.116_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°57′00″N 75°06′58″W / 40.950°N 75.116°W / 40.950; -75.116"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Slateford_Junction&params=40.95_N_75.116_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-PA","external_links_name":"40°57′00″N 75°06′58″W / 40.950°N 75.116°W / 40.950; -75.116"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sch%C3%BCtz	Walter Schütz	["1 Biography","2 Literature","3 References","4 External links"]	Walter SchützMember of the ReichstagIn office1930–1933ConstituencyWahlkreis 1 (East Prussia) Personal detailsBorn(1897-10-25)25 October 1897Wehlau, East PrussiaDied29 March 1933(1933-03-29) (aged 35)KönigsbergPolitical partyCommunist Party of GermanyChildrenGustav Schütz Walter Schütz (25 October 1897 – between 27 and 29 March 1933) was a German communist politician. Biography Schütz was born in Wehlau (today Znamensk, Russia), where he attended school. He was trained as a machine fitter and worked at the municipal electricity works of Königsberg. After World War I he worked as a car mechanic and joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1919. Schütz became the East Prussian Chairman of the Communist Party and Chief editor of the communist newspaper for East Prussia "Echo des Ostens" (Echo of the East). Schütz was elected as a member of the Reichstag in September 1930. He was arrested by the Nazi-SA in February or March 1933 and tortured and murdered in the SA headquarters of Königsberg. Literature Hermann Weber/Andreas Herbst: Deutsche Kommunisten. Biographisches Handbuch 1918 bis 1945, Berlin: Karl Dietz Verlag 2004, p. 709 ISBN 3-320-02044-7 References ^ Valentin Tomin: Hinter der Front. Dokumentarerzählung über eine Deutsche Kundschaftergruppe, 1980, p. 61 (in German) ^ Braunbuch über Reichstagsbrand und Hitler-Terror, 1933, p. 360. Faksimilenachdruck, Frankfurt am Main 1973 (in German) ^ Heinz Brüdigam: Faschismus an der Macht. Berichte, Bilder, Dokumente über das Jahr 1933, 1982, p. 234. ^ Matull, Wilhelm (1973). "Ostdeutschlands Arbeiterbewegung: Abriß ihrer Geschichte, Leistung und Opfer" (PDF) (in German). Holzner Verlag. p. 359. External links picture Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Walter Schütz (25 October 1897 – between 27 and 29 March 1933) was a German communist politician.","title":"Walter Schütz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wehlau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehlau"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Königsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"East Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Echo des Ostens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_des_Ostens"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)"},{"link_name":"Nazi-SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmabteilung"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matull-4"}],"text":"Schütz was born in Wehlau (today Znamensk, Russia), where he attended school. He was trained as a machine fitter and worked at the municipal electricity works of Königsberg.After World War I he worked as a car mechanic and joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in 1919. Schütz became the East Prussian Chairman of the Communist Party and Chief editor of the communist newspaper for East Prussia \"Echo des Ostens\" (Echo of the East).[1][2]Schütz was elected as a member of the Reichstag in September 1930. He was arrested by the Nazi-SA in February or March 1933 and tortured and murdered in the SA headquarters of Königsberg.[3][4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-320-02044-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-320-02044-7"}],"text":"Hermann Weber/Andreas Herbst: Deutsche Kommunisten. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezequiel_Uricoechea	Ezequiel Uricoechea	["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	Colombian Linguist This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ezequiel Uricoechea" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Uricoechea and the second or maternal family name is Rodríguez. dr.Ezequiel UricoecheaPhoto of Ezequiel UricoecheaBorn(1834-04-09)April 9, 1834Bogotá, Republic of New GranadaDiedJuly 29, 1880(1880-07-29) (aged 46)Beirut, Ottoman EmpireCitizenshipColombianAlma materYale Medical SchoolKnown forLinguisticsScientific careerFieldsSpanish and Chibcha linguisticsInstitutionsUniversity of GöttingenUniversity of Brussels Ezequiel Uricoechea Rodríguez (Bogotá, 9 April 1834 – Beirut, 29 July 1880) was a Colombian linguist and scientist. He is considered one of the first Colombian scientists and a pioneer in Spanish-language linguistics. Biography Uricoechea was born in Santa Fe de Bogotá in what was then the Republic of New Granada, his family being of Basque origin. His father was José María de Uricoechea y Zornoza, and his mother Mariana Rodríguez Moreno. He had a brother, Sabas María, and a sister; Filomena. He graduated from Yale Medical School in 1852. In 1853 he became Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Göttingen, after which he went to Brussels where he assisted Adolphe Quetelet at the Royal Observatory of Belgium. He afterwards visited Paris and London for the purpose of extending his scientific knowledge, and on his return to Bogotá founded a college for the higher branches of science, where he delivered lectures on chemistry, his favorite subject, and the theme of several of his published monographs. Uricoechea was also an able philologist, and while in Bogotá made many excursions to collect materials for the study of the languages and archaeology of extinct peoples. The revolutions in New Granada caused him to return to Europe, where he had leisure for his favorite researches. While residing in Spain and Morocco, he made such progress in Arabic that when a chair of that language was founded in the University of Brussels, he was assigned as professor. He had only accomplished the work appropriate to his new chair a translation into French of Carl Paul Caspari's Arabic Grammar, when he died of dysentery, in Beirut, then part of the Ottoman Empire, on July 28, 1880. Uricoechea went to Beirut for further study of Arabic in the locality where it was considered to have the purest accent. He was also the author of various works on the antiquities and native languages of Spanish America, and of a valuable catalogue of the maps relating to the same region. See also Biography portalColombia portal List of Muisca scholars Chibcha language References This article incorporates public domain material from the 1881 Yale Obituary Record. ^ Hernández de Alba, Guillermo (1968). "Noticia biobibliográfica". Ezequiel Uricoechea, Noticia biobibliográfica y homenaje en la ciudad de Bruselas. Filólogos colombianos, Nr. 5 (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto Caro y Cuervo. pp. 11–30. OCLC 462611285. ^ Pétursson, Magnús (1985). "Las ideas fonéticas generales de Ezequiel Uricoechea" (PDF). Thesaurus: Boletín del instituto Caro y Cuervo (in Spanish). 40 (3): 497–507. ^ Ezequiel Uricoechea Rodríguez - Geni External links "Ezequiel Uricoechea" (in Spanish). Epígrafe Ltda. Ezequiel Uricoechea. "Antigüedades Neogranadinas" (in Spanish). Digital Library of the Caribbean. vteMuiscaTopicsGeneral Agriculture Architecture Art Astronomy Calendar Cuisine Economy Mummification Music Muysccubun Mythology Numerals Religion Society Toponyms Warfare Women Specific Battle of Pasca (~1470) Battle of Chocontá (~1490) Chicha Duit Emeralds Muisca raft Ruana Tejo Tunjo Zoratama The Salt People Zipaquirá Nemocón Tausa Sesquilé Geography and historyAltiplanoCundiboyacense Bogotá River Frío Fucha Juan Amarillo Soacha Teusacá Torca Tunjuelo Bogotá savanna Suba Hills Wetlands Eastern Hills Flora & fauna Suárez River Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley Neighbouring areas Ocetá Páramo Tenza Valley HistoryPrehistory (<10,000 BP) Lake Humboldt El Abra Tibitó Sueva Tequendama Lithic (10,000 - 2800 BP) Piedras del Tunjo Checua Galindo Nemocón Sáchica Aguazuque Lake Herrera El Infiernito Ceramic (>800 BC) Herrera (800 BC - 800) Early Muisca (800 - 1200) Muisca Confederation (~1450 - 1540) Cabildo Mayor (>2002) Religion and mythologyDeities Chiminigagua Bachué Chía Sué Bochica Huitaca Chibchacum Cuchavira Nencatacoa Chaquén Chibafruime Guahaioque Sacred sitesBuilt Sun Temple Moon Temple Cojines del Zaque Goranchacha Temple Hunzahúa Well Natural Fúquene Guasca Guatavita Iguaque Siecha Suesca Tota Ubaque Tequendama Falls MythologyMyths El Dorado Monster of Lake Tota Mythological figures Goranchacha Idacansás Pacanchique Thomagata Caciques and neighboursNorthern caciqueszaque of Hunza Hunzahúa Michuá Quemuenchatocha Aquiminzaque iraca of Suamox Nompanim Sugamuxi cacique of Tundama Tundama Southern caciqueszipa of Bacatá Meicuchuca Saguamanchica Nemequene Tisquesusa Sagipa cacique of Turmequé Diego de Torres y Moyachoque NeighboursChibcha-speaking U'wa Sutagao Guane Lache Arawak-speaking Achagua Tegua Guayupe Cariban-speaking Panche Muzo Yarigui Spanish conquestConquistadorsMajor Gonzalo de Quesada Hernán de Quesada Baltasar Maldonado Gonzalo Suárez Rendón Juan de Céspedes Juan de San Martín Minor Antonio Díaz de Cardoso Antonio de Lebrija Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano Gonzalo García Zorro Gonzalo Macías Hernán Venegas Carrillo Juan de Albarracín Juan del Junco Juan Tafur Lázaro Fonte Luis Lanchero Martín Galeano Martín Yañéz Tafur Miguel Holguín y Figueroa Ortún Velázquez de Velasco Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela Pedro Ruíz Corredor Neighbouring conquests Conquest of the Chibchan Nations Conquest of the Muzo Conquest of the Panche Battle of Tocarema (1538) Research and collectionsScholars Acosta Acosta Samper De Aguado Arango Broadbent De Castellanos Celis Correal Duquesne Freyle Friede Gamboa Groot Hammen Humboldt Izquierdo Langebaek De Lugo Ocampo De Piedrahita De Quesada Reichel-Dolmatoff Schrimpff Simón Triana Uricoechea Zerda Publications Elegías (1589) El Carnero (1638) Epítome (1889) Research institutes ICANH Universidad Nacional Universidad de los Andes Universidad La Javeriana University of Pittsburgh UPTC Collections Museo del Oro Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso Archaeology Museum of Pasca Metropolitan Museum of Art Category Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish-language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Uricoechea and the second or maternal family name is Rodríguez.Ezequiel Uricoechea Rodríguez (Bogotá, 9 April 1834 – Beirut, 29 July 1880) was a Colombian linguist and scientist. He is considered one of the first Colombian scientists[1] and a pioneer in Spanish-language linguistics.[2]","title":"Ezequiel Uricoechea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Fe de Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Republic of New Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basques"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeniEzeqUricoechea-3"},{"link_name":"Yale Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Quetelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet"},{"link_name":"Royal Observatory of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Observatory_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"University of Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_(1834%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"Carl Paul Caspari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Paul_Caspari"},{"link_name":"dysentery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"}],"text":"Uricoechea was born in Santa Fe de Bogotá in what was then the Republic of New Granada, his family being of Basque origin. His father was José María de Uricoechea y Zornoza, and his mother Mariana Rodríguez Moreno. He had a brother, Sabas María, and a sister; Filomena.[3] He graduated from Yale Medical School in 1852. In 1853 he became Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Göttingen, after which he went to Brussels where he assisted Adolphe Quetelet at the Royal Observatory of Belgium. He afterwards visited Paris and London for the purpose of extending his scientific knowledge, and on his return to Bogotá founded a college for the higher branches of science, where he delivered lectures on chemistry, his favorite subject, and the theme of several of his published monographs.Uricoechea was also an able philologist, and while in Bogotá made many excursions to collect materials for the study of the languages and archaeology of extinct peoples. The revolutions in New Granada caused him to return to Europe, where he had leisure for his favorite researches. While residing in Spain and Morocco, he made such progress in Arabic that when a chair of that language was founded in the University of Brussels, he was assigned as professor. He had only accomplished the work appropriate to his new chair a translation into French of Carl Paul Caspari's Arabic Grammar, when he died of dysentery, in Beirut, then part of the Ottoman Empire, on July 28, 1880. Uricoechea went to Beirut for further study of Arabic in the locality where it was considered to have the purest accent.He was also the author of various works on the antiquities and native languages of Spanish America, and of a valuable catalogue of the maps relating to the same region.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	[{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"Colombia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Colombia"},{"title":"List of Muisca scholars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muisca_scholars"},{"title":"Chibcha language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibcha_language"}]	[{"reference":"Hernández de Alba, Guillermo (1968). \"Noticia biobibliográfica\". Ezequiel Uricoechea, Noticia biobibliográfica y homenaje en la ciudad de Bruselas. Filólogos colombianos, Nr. 5 (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: Instituto Caro y Cuervo. pp. 11–30. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcice_(disambiguation)	Barcice	[]	Barcice may refer to the following villages in Poland: Barcice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland) Barcice, Masovian Voivodeship in Masovian Voivodeship (central Poland) Barcice, Pomeranian Voivodeship in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland) Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barcice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcice,_Lesser_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Barcice, Masovian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcice,_Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Barcice, Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcice,_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Barcice&namespace=0"}],"text":"Barcice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship in Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)\nBarcice, Masovian Voivodeship in Masovian Voivodeship (central Poland)\nBarcice, Pomeranian Voivodeship in Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Barcice"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Barcice&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_2010s	List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2010s	["1 Number-one singles","2 Statistics","2.1 Artists by total number-one singles","2.2 Artists by total cumulative weeks at number-one","2.3 Songs by total number of weeks at number one","3 See also","4 References"]	Billboard Hot 100 &Best Sellers in Storesnumber-one singles by decade Before August 1958 1940–1949 1950–1958 After August 1958 1958–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–2029 US Singles Chart Billboard magazine The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing songs of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, airplay, and, since 2012, streaming. Streaming became the dominant metric of the Hot 100 beginning in 2015, propelled by technology changes. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public every Tuesday in Billboard magazine and on its website. Each chart is dated with the "week-ending" date of the Saturday four days later. (Before 2018, the gap between the chart date and the date of its release was one week longer, and prior to the July 25, 2015 issue, the chart was released every Thursday.) Number-one singles Contents ← 2000s20102011201220132014201520162017201820192020s → Key ♪ – Number-one single of the year Rihanna scored the most number-one singles in the 2010s (nine), accumulating 41 cumulative weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100. Drake had the longest cumulative run at number one in the decade (49 weeks), aided by six number-one singles, with three songs spending over 10 weeks atop the chart: "One Dance", 2018's number-one single "God's Plan" and "In My Feelings". Katy Perry gathered eight number-one singles, spending 26 weeks atop the Hot 100. Bruno Mars spent 32 weeks atop the chart with seven entries, including "Uptown Funk", which topped the Decade-End chart. Taylor Swift accumulated five number-one singles, totalling 18 weeks at the summit of the Hot 100 chart. Justin Bieber amassed five number-one songs, including the number-one single of 2016, "Love Yourself", and "Despacito", which spent 16 weeks atop the Hot 100. Adele spent 24 weeks at number one, aided by four entries, including the number-one single of 2011, "Rolling in the Deep". Maroon 5 became the most successful band of the 2010s, with three songs and 20 weeks atop the chart. "Old Town Road" by Lil Nas X became the longest-reigning number-one in the history of the Hot 100, spending 19 weeks on top. Billie Eilish became the first artist born in the 21st century to have a number-one song on the Hot 100, with "Bad Guy". Mariah Carey scored her 19th chart-topper and became only the second artist to score a Christmas number-one hit, with "All I Want For Christmas Is You", since "The Chipmunk Song" in 1958. The song topped the chart for the first time, 25 years after release, and returned to number-one every holiday season since. # Reached number one Artist(s) Single Weeks atnumber one Reference 2010 980 January 2, 2010 Kesha "Tik Tok"♪ 9 981 March 6, 2010 The Black Eyed Peas "Imma Be" 2 982 March 20, 2010 Taio Cruz featuring Ludacris "Break Your Heart" 1 983 March 27, 2010 Rihanna "Rude Boy" 5 984 May 1, 2010 B.o.B featuring Bruno Mars "Nothin' on You" 2 985 May 15, 2010 Usher featuring will.i.am "OMG" 4 986 May 22, 2010 Eminem "Not Afraid" 1 987 June 19, 2010 Katy Perry featuring Snoop Dogg "California Gurls" 6 988 July 31, 2010 Eminem featuring Rihanna "Love the Way You Lie" 7 989 September 18, 2010 Katy Perry "Teenage Dream" 2 990 October 2, 2010 Bruno Mars "Just the Way You Are" 4 991 October 30, 2010 Far East Movement featuring The Cataracs and Dev "Like a G6" 3 992 November 13, 2010 Kesha "We R Who We R" 1 993 November 20, 2010 Rihanna featuring Drake "What's My Name?" 1 994 December 4, 2010 Rihanna "Only Girl (In the World)" 1 995 December 11, 2010 Pink "Raise Your Glass" 1 996 December 18, 2010 Katy Perry "Firework" 4 2011 997 January 8, 2011 Bruno Mars "Grenade" 4 998 January 29, 2011 Britney Spears "Hold It Against Me" 1 999 February 19, 2011 Wiz Khalifa "Black and Yellow" 1 1000 February 26, 2011 Lady Gaga "Born This Way" 6 1001 April 9, 2011 Katy Perry featuring Kanye West "E.T." 5 1002 April 30, 2011 Rihanna featuring Britney Spears "S&M" 1 1003 May 21, 2011 Adele "Rolling in the Deep"♪ 7 1004 July 9, 2011 Pitbull featuring Ne-Yo, Afrojack and Nayer "Give Me Everything" 1 1005 July 16, 2011 LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock "Party Rock Anthem" 6 1006 August 27, 2011 Katy Perry "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" 2 1007 September 10, 2011 Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera "Moves Like Jagger" 4 1008 September 17, 2011 Adele "Someone Like You" 5 1009 November 12, 2011 Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris "We Found Love" 10 2012 1010 January 7, 2012 LMFAO "Sexy and I Know It" 2 1011 February 4, 2012 Adele "Set Fire to the Rain" 2 1012 February 18, 2012 Kelly Clarkson "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)" 3 1013 March 3, 2012 Katy Perry "Part of Me" 1 1014 March 17, 2012 Fun featuring Janelle Monáe "We Are Young" 6 1015 April 28, 2012 Gotye featuring Kimbra "Somebody That I Used to Know"♪ 8 1016 June 23, 2012 Carly Rae Jepsen "Call Me Maybe" 9 1017 August 25, 2012 Flo Rida "Whistle" 2 1018 September 1, 2012 Taylor Swift "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" 3 1019 September 29, 2012 Maroon 5 "One More Night" 9 1020 December 1, 2012 Rihanna "Diamonds" 3 1021 December 22, 2012 Bruno Mars "Locked Out of Heaven" 6 2013 1022 February 2, 2013 Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz "Thrift Shop"♪ 6 1023 March 2, 2013 Baauer "Harlem Shake" 5 1024 April 20, 2013 Bruno Mars "When I Was Your Man" 1 1025 April 27, 2013 Pink featuring Nate Ruess "Just Give Me a Reason" 3 1026 May 18, 2013 Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Ray Dalton "Can't Hold Us" 5 1027 June 22, 2013 Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell "Blurred Lines" 12 1028 September 14, 2013 Katy Perry "Roar" 2 1029 September 28, 2013 Miley Cyrus "Wrecking Ball" 3 1030 October 12, 2013 Lorde "Royals" 9 1031 December 21, 2013 Eminem featuring Rihanna "The Monster" 4 2014 1032 January 18, 2014 Pitbull featuring Kesha "Timber" 3 1033 February 8, 2014 Katy Perry featuring Juicy J "Dark Horse" 4 1034 March 8, 2014 Pharrell Williams "Happy"♪ 10 1035 May 17, 2014 John Legend "All of Me" 3 1036 June 7, 2014 Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX "Fancy" 7 1037 July 26, 2014 Magic! "Rude" 6 1038 September 6, 2014 Taylor Swift "Shake It Off" 4 1039 September 20, 2014 Meghan Trainor "All About That Bass" 8 1040 November 29, 2014 Taylor Swift "Blank Space" 7 2015 1041 January 17, 2015 Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars "Uptown Funk"♪ 14 1042 April 25, 2015 Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth "See You Again" 12 1043 June 6, 2015 Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar "Bad Blood" 1 1044 July 25, 2015 Omi "Cheerleader" 6 1045 August 22, 2015 The Weeknd "Can't Feel My Face" 3 1046 September 19, 2015 Justin Bieber "What Do You Mean?" 1 1047 October 3, 2015 The Weeknd "The Hills" 6 1048 November 14, 2015 Adele "Hello" 10 2016 1049 January 23, 2016 Justin Bieber "Sorry" 3 1050 February 13, 2016 Justin Bieber "Love Yourself"♪ 2 1051 February 20, 2016 Zayn "Pillowtalk" 1 1052 March 5, 2016 Rihanna featuring Drake "Work" 9 1053 May 7, 2016 Desiigner "Panda" 2 1054 May 21, 2016 Drake featuring WizKid and Kyla "One Dance" 10 1055 May 28, 2016 Justin Timberlake "Can't Stop the Feeling!" 1 1056 August 6, 2016 Sia featuring Sean Paul "Cheap Thrills" 4 1057 September 3, 2016 The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey "Closer" 12 1058 November 26, 2016 Rae Sremmurd featuring Gucci Mane "Black Beatles" 7 2017 1059 January 7, 2017 The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk "Starboy" 1 1060 January 21, 2017 Migos featuring Lil Uzi Vert "Bad and Boujee" 3 1061 January 28, 2017 Ed Sheeran "Shape of You"♪ 12 1062 May 6, 2017 Kendrick Lamar "Humble" 1 1063 May 13, 2017 Bruno Mars "That's What I Like" 1 1064 May 20, 2017 DJ Khaled featuring Justin Bieber, Quavo, Chance the Rapper and Lil Wayne "I'm the One" 1 1065 May 27, 2017 Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber "Despacito" 16 1066 September 16, 2017 Taylor Swift "Look What You Made Me Do" 3 1067 October 7, 2017 Cardi B "Bodak Yellow" 3 1068 October 28, 2017 Post Malone featuring 21 Savage "Rockstar" 8 1069 December 23, 2017 Ed Sheeran solo or duet with Beyoncé1 "Perfect" 6 2018 1070 January 27, 2018 Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug "Havana" 1 1071 February 3, 2018 Drake "God's Plan"♪ 11 1072 April 21, 2018 Drake "Nice for What" 8 1073 May 19, 2018 Childish Gambino "This Is America" 2 1074 June 16, 2018 Post Malone featuring Ty Dolla Sign "Psycho" 1 1075 June 30, 2018 XXXTentacion "Sad!" 1 1076 July 7, 2018 Cardi B, Bad Bunny and J Balvin "I Like It" 1 1077 July 21, 2018 Drake "In My Feelings" 10 1078 September 29, 2018 Maroon 5 featuring Cardi B "Girls Like You" 7 1079 November 17, 2018 Ariana Grande "Thank U, Next" 7 1080 December 8, 2018 Travis Scott "Sicko Mode" 1 2019 1081 January 12, 2019 Halsey "Without Me" 2 1082 January 19, 2019 Post Malone and Swae Lee "Sunflower" 1 1083 February 2, 2019 Ariana Grande "7 Rings" 8 1084 March 9, 2019 Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper "Shallow" 1 1085 March 16, 2019 Jonas Brothers "Sucker" 1 1086 April 13, 2019 Lil Nas X solo or featuring Billy Ray Cyrus2 "Old Town Road" ♪ 19 1087 August 24, 2019 Billie Eilish "Bad Guy" 1 1088 August 31, 2019 Shawn Mendes and Camila Cabello "Señorita" 1 1089 September 7, 2019 Lizzo "Truth Hurts" 7 1090 October 19, 2019 Travis Scott "Highest in the Room" 1 1091 November 2, 2019 Lewis Capaldi "Someone You Loved" 3 1092 November 9, 2019 Selena Gomez "Lose You to Love Me" 1 1093 November 30, 2019 Post Malone "Circles" 3 1094 December 14, 2019 The Weeknd "Heartless" 1 1095 December 21, 2019 Mariah Carey "All I Want for Christmas Is You" 33 Notes 1 For the first five weeks that "Perfect" by Ed Sheeran was at number one, the duet version between Sheeran and Beyoncé was the song's billing on the Hot 100. 2 For the first week that "Old Town Road" by Lil Nas X was at number one, the solo version was the song's billing on the Hot 100. The remix with Billy Ray Cyrus hit number one the following week. 3 Across four separate holiday season runs (2019–2022), "All I Want for Christmas Is You" has accumulated 12 total weeks at number one. It is also the first song in the history of the Hot 100 to reach number one in at least three separate chart runs. Statistics Artists by total number-one singles The following artists achieved three or more number-one singles during the 2010s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration. Artist Number-onesingles Singles Rihanna 9 "Rude Boy" "Love the Way You Lie" "What's My Name?" "Only Girl (In the World)" "S&M" "We Found Love" "Diamonds" "The Monster" "Work" Katy Perry 8 "California Gurls" "Teenage Dream" "Firework" "E.T." "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" "Part of Me" "Roar" "Dark Horse" Bruno Mars 7 "Nothin' on You" "Just the Way You Are" "Grenade" "Locked Out of Heaven" "When I Was Your Man" "Uptown Funk" "That's What I Like" Drake 6 "What's My Name?" "Work" "One Dance" "God's Plan" "Nice for What" "In My Feelings" Justin Bieber 5 "What Do You Mean?" "Sorry" "Love Yourself" "I'm the One" "Despacito" Taylor Swift "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" "Shake It Off" "Blank Space" "Bad Blood" "Look What You Made Me Do" Adele 4 "Rolling in the Deep" "Someone Like You" "Set Fire to the Rain" "Hello" Post Malone "Rockstar" "Psycho" "Sunflower" "Circles" The Weeknd "Can't Feel My Face" "The Hills" "Starboy" "Heartless" Eminem 3 "Not Afraid" "Love the Way You Lie" "The Monster" Kesha "Tik Tok" "We R Who We R" "Timber" Maroon 5 "Moves like Jagger" "One More Night" "Girls Like You" Cardi B "Bodak Yellow" "I Like It" "Girls Like You" Artists by total cumulative weeks at number-one The following artists were featured at the top of the Hot 100 for the highest cumulative number of weeks during the 2010s. Some totals include in part or in whole weeks spent at number one as part of a collaboration. Artist Weeks atnumber one Singles Drake 49 "What's My Name?" (1 week) "Work" (9 weeks) "One Dance" (10 weeks) "God's Plan" (11 weeks) "Nice for What" (8 weeks) "In My Feelings" (10 weeks) Rihanna 41 "Rude Boy" (5 weeks) "Love the Way You Lie" (7 weeks) "What's My Name?" (1 week) "Only Girl (In the World)" (1 week) "S&M" (1 week) "We Found Love" (10 weeks) "Diamonds" (3 weeks) "The Monster" (4 weeks) "Work" (9 weeks) Bruno Mars 32 "Nothin' on You" (2 weeks) "Just the Way You Are" (4 weeks) "Grenade" (4 weeks) "Locked Out of Heaven" (6 weeks) "When I Was Your Man" (1 week) "Uptown Funk" (14 weeks) "That's What I Like" (1 week) Katy Perry 26 "California Gurls" (6 weeks) "Teenage Dream" (2 weeks) "Firework" (4 weeks) "E.T." (5 weeks) "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" (2 weeks) "Part of Me" (1 week) "Roar" (2 weeks) "Dark Horse" (4 weeks) Adele 24 "Rolling in the Deep" (7 weeks) "Someone Like You" (5 weeks) "Set Fire to the Rain" (2 weeks) "Hello" (10 weeks) Justin Bieber 23 "What Do You Mean?" (1 week) "Sorry" (3 weeks) "Love Yourself" (2 weeks) "I'm the One" (1 week) "Despacito" (16 weeks) Pharrell Williams 22 "Blurred Lines" (12 weeks) "Happy" (10 weeks) Maroon 5 20 "Moves Like Jagger" (4 weeks) "One More Night" (9 weeks) "Girls Like You" (7 weeks) Lil Nas X 19 "Old Town Road" (19 weeks) Taylor Swift 18 "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" (3 weeks) "Shake It Off" (4 weeks) "Blank Space" (7 weeks) "Bad Blood" (1 week) "Look What You Made Me Do" (3 weeks) Ed Sheeran "Shape of You" (12 weeks) "Perfect" (6 weeks) Billy Ray Cyrus "Old Town Road" (18 weeks) Songs by total number of weeks at number one Pharrell Williams became the first artist in the decade to have two songs spent at least 10 weeks apiece on top with "Blurred Lines" and "Happy". The following songs were featured at the top of the Hot 100 for the highest number of weeks during the 2010s. Song Artist(s) Weeks atnumber one References "Old Town Road" Lil Nas X featuring Billy Ray Cyrus 19 "Despacito" Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee featuring Justin Bieber 16 "Uptown Funk" Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 14 "Blurred Lines" Robin Thicke featuring T.I. and Pharrell Williams 12 "See You Again" Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth 12 "Closer" The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey 12 "Shape of You" Ed Sheeran 12 "God's Plan" Drake 11 "We Found Love" Rihanna featuring Calvin Harris 10 "Happy" Pharrell Williams 10 "Hello" Adele 10 "One Dance" Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla 10 "In My Feelings" Drake 10 See also List of Billboard number-one singles 2010s in music List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2020s References ^ Trust, Gary (November 14, 2019). "The Decade in Charts: Mark & Bruno's 'Uptown Funk!' Rules Hot 100 & Adele's '21' Tops Billboard 200". Billboard. ^ "Billboard Chart & Magazine Dates Now to Align Closer to Release Week". Billboard. December 19, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2018. ^ Billboard Staff (June 24, 2015). "Billboard to Alter Chart Tracking Week for Global Release Date". Billboard. Retrieved November 16, 2015. ^ Caulfield, Keith (December 9, 2010). "Lady Gaga Is Billboard's 2010 Artist of the Year, Ke$ha Takes Top New Act". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 14, 2011. ^ "Tik Tok" January 2 – February 27, 2010: Pietroluongo, Silvio (December 23, 2009). "Ke$ha Clocks Her First Hot 100 No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 23, 2009. Pietroluongo, Silvio (December 31, 2009). "Ke$ha Controls Hot 100 Summit For A Second Week". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2009. Pietroluongo, Silvio (January 7, 2010). "Ke$ha's 'TiK ToK' Won't Stop On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved January 6, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (January 13, 2010). "Ke$ha Holds On Hot 100; Doubles Down On Digital Songs". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved January 13, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (January 21, 2010). "Ke$ha's Time Isn't Up on Hot 100; Train Rolls Into Top 10". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved January 21, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (February 6, 2010). "Taylor Swift Swipes Female Download Record; Haiti Tracks Chart". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved January 27, 2010. Trust, Gary (February 13, 2010). "'Hope For Haiti' Songs Climb Hot 100, Ke$ha Still No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved February 4, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (February 11, 2010). "Ke$ha Holds Atop Hot 100, Pink Glows with 'Glitter'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved February 11, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (February 17, 2010). "'We Are The World' Returns to the Upper Reaches of the Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved February 17, 2010. ^ "Imma Be" March 6–13, 2010: Pietroluongo, Silvio (February 25, 2010). "Black Eyed Peas Back On Top Of Hot 100 With 'Imma Be'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved February 25, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (March 4, 2010). "Peas Persist on Hot 100 with "Imma Be"". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved March 4, 2010. ^ "Break Your Heart" March 20, 2010: Pietroluongo, Silvio (March 10, 2010). "Taio Cruz Cruises To Record No. 1 Jump on Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved March 10, 2010. ^ "Rude Boy" March 27 – April 24, 2010: Pietroluongo, Silvio (March 17, 2010). "Rihanna Rules Hot 100 With 'Rude Boy' Track". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved March 17, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (March 25, 2010). "Rihanna Remains Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved March 25, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (April 1, 2010). "Rihanna's Hot 100 Reign Extends to Three Weeks; Train Arrives at New Peak". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved April 1, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (April 8, 2010). "Rihanna Streaks To A Fourth Week Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved April 8, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (April 15, 2010). "Rihanna Refuses to Budge from Hot 100 Perch". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved April 21, 2010. ^ "Nothin' on You" May 1–8, 2010: Pietroluongo, Silvio (April 21, 2010). "Atlanta Rapper B.o.B To Top Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved April 21, 2010. Trust, Gary (April 29, 2010). "B.o.B Rules Hot 100, Doubles Up In Top 10". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved April 30, 2010. ^ "OMG" May 15, May 29 – June 12, 2010: Pietroluongo, Silvio (May 5, 2010). "OMG: Usher Hits No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved May 5, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (May 20, 2010). "Usher's Back Atop Hot 100; Katy Perry Comes Close With Top Debut". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved May 20, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (May 27, 2010). "Usher's 'OMG' Stands Pat Atop Hot 100, Miley Tames Top 10". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved May 27, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (June 3, 2010). "Usher's 'OMG' Leads Hot 100 For A Fourth Week". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved June 3, 2010. ^ "Not Afraid" May 22, 2010: Pietroluongo, Silvio (May 12, 2010). "Eminem To Enter Hot 100 At No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved May 12, 2010. ^ "California Gurls" June 19 – July 24, 2010: Trust, Gary (June 9, 2010). "Katy Perry Speeds To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved June 9, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (June 17, 2010). "Katy Perry Remains Parked At No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved June 17, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (June 24, 2010). "Katy Perry Extends Stay Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved June 24, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (July 1, 2010). "Katy Perry Holds Off Eminem Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 1, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (July 8, 2010). "Katy Perry's 'California Gurls' Coasts to Fifth Week Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 8, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (July 8, 2010). "Katy Perry Holds Off Eminem on Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 19, 2010. ^ "Love the Way You Lie" July 31 – September 11, 2010: Pietroluongo, Silvio (July 21, 2010). "Eminem and Rihanna Replace Katy Perry Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 21, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (July 29, 2010). "Eminem and Rihanna Stand Strong On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved July 29, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (August 5, 2010). 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Pietroluongo, Silvio (September 16, 2010). "Perry's 'Dream' Persists Atop Hot 100, But Mars Is on the Horizon". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved September 16, 2010. ^ "Just the Way You Are" October 2–23, 2010: Pietroluongo, Silvio (September 22, 2010). "Bruno Mars Lands Atop Hot 100, Rihanna Roars Into Top 10". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved September 22, 2010. Caulfield, Keith; Pietroluongo, Silvio (September 30, 2010). "Bruno Mars Stays Atop Hot 100, 'Glee' Premieres with Five Tracks". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved September 30, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (October 7, 2010). "Bruno Mars Makes It Three Weeks Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved October 7, 2010. Caulfield, Keith; Pietroluongo, Silvio (October 14, 2010). "Chart Moves: 'Glee,' Mavis Staples, Stephen Colbert, 'Social Network,' Pink". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 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Retrieved November 10, 2010. ^ "Only Girl (In the World)" December 4, 2010: Pietroluongo, Silvio (November 25, 2010). "Rihanna's 'Only Girl' Rebounds to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved November 25, 2010. ^ "Raise Your Glass" December 11, 2010 Pietroluongo, Silvio (December 1, 2010). "Pink's 'Glass' Rises to No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 1, 2010. ^ "Firework" December 18, 2010 – January 1, 2011; January 15, 2011: Pietroluongo, Silvio (December 8, 2010). "Katy Perry's 'Firework' Shines Over Hot 100". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 8, 2010. "Hot 100: Week of December 25, 2010 (Biggest Jump)". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 16, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (December 23, 2010). "Katy Perry's 'Firework' Stays Atop Hot 100, Lil Wayne Cracks Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 23, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (January 6, 2011). "Katy Perry's 'Firework' Pops Back to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 6, 2011. ^ "Grenade" January 8, January 22, February 5–12, 2011: Pietroluongo, Silvio (December 29, 2010). "Bruno Mars Maneuvers to Top of Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 29, 2010. Pietroluongo, Silvio (January 13, 2011). "Bruno Mars Continues Hot 100 No. 1 Rotation with 'Grenade'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 13, 2011. Trust, Gary (January 27, 2011). "Bruno Mars Returns To Hot 100 Summit, Britney Slips 5 Spots". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 27, 2011. Trust, Gary (February 3, 2011). "Bruno Mars Holds Off P!nk Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 3, 2011. ^ "Hold It Against Me" January 29, 2011: Trust, Gary (January 19, 2011). "Britney Spears' 'Hold It Against Me' Debuts Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 8, 2011. ^ "Black and Yellow" February 19, 2011: Trust, Gary (February 10, 2011). "Wiz Khalifa's 'Black And Yellow' Tops Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 8, 2011. ^ "Born This Way" February 26 – April 2, 2011: Trust, Gary (February 16, 2011). "Lady Gaga Claims 1,000th Hot 100 No. 1 with 'Born This Way'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 16, 2011. Trust, Gary (February 24, 2011). "Lady Gaga's 'Born This Way' Grows Atop Grammy-Fueled Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 24, 2011. Trust, Gary (March 3, 2011). "Jennifer Lopez Leaps Onto Hot 100 with 'On the Floor'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 3, 2011. Trust, Gary (March 10, 2011). "Britney Spears' 'World' Spins Onto Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 10, 2011. Trust, Gary (March 17, 2011). "Katy Perry Dominates Digital Songs, 'E.T.' Climbs Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 17, 2011. Trust, Gary (March 23, 2011). "Lady Gaga, 'Glee' Songs Dominate Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 3, 2012. ^ "E.T." April 9–23, May 7–14, 2011: Trust, Gary (March 30, 2011). "Katy Perry's 'E.T.' Rockets To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 30, 2011. Trust, Gary (April 6, 2011). "Katy Perry's 'E.T.' Widens Lead Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 6, 2011. Trust, Gary (April 13, 2011). "Katy Perry Takes Third Week Atop Hot 100 with Airplay Boost". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 13, 2011. Trust, Gary (April 27, 2011). "Katy Perry's 'E.T.' Returns To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 27, 2011. Trust, Gary (May 4, 2011). "Katy Perry Holds Off Britney Spears Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 4, 2011. ^ Trust, Gary (April 22, 2011). "Ask Billboard: Britney Spears, Rihanna, Hits Of The World". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved May 29, 2011. ^ "S&M" April 30, 2011: Trust, Gary (April 20, 2011). "Rihanna's 'S&M' Reigns on Hot 100, Lady Gaga's 'Judas' Debuts". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 8, 2011. ^ Caulfield, Keith (December 9, 2011). "The Year in Pop: Adele Makes History". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 14, 2011. ^ "Rolling in the Deep" May 21 – July 2, 2011: Trust, Gary (May 11, 2011). "Adele's 'Rolling in the Deep' Tops Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 11, 2011. Trust, Gary (May 18, 2011). "Adele Stays Atop Hot 100, Lady Gaga Makes 'Glory'-ous Start". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 18, 2011. Trust, Gary (May 25, 2011). "Adele Remains Atop Hot 100, Lady Gaga Makes 'Hair'-Raising Bow". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved May 25, 2011. Trust, Gary (June 1, 2011). "'Idols' Scotty McCreery & Lauren Alaina Top Hot 100 Debuts, Adele Still No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 1, 2011. Trust, Gary (June 8, 2011). "Adele's Still 'Deep' Atop Hot 100, Coldplay Makes a Splash". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 8, 2011. Trust, Gary (June 15, 2011). "Adele 'Rolling' Along Atop Hot 100, Jason Aldean & Nicki Minaj Reach Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 15, 2011. Trust, Gary (June 22, 2011). "Katy Perry's 'Friday' Flies Up Hot 100, Adele Still No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 22, 2011. ^ "Give Me Everything" July 9, 2011: Trust, Gary (June 29, 2011). "Pitbull's 'Give Me Everything' Powers to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 8, 2011. ^ "Party Rock Anthem" July 16 – August 20, 2011: Trust, Gary (July 6, 2011). "LMFAO Brings the 'Party' to Top of Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 6, 2011. Trust, Gary (July 13, 2011). "LMFAO Keeps 'Party' Rocking Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 13, 2011. Trust, Gary (July 20, 2011). "LMFAO Still Atop Hot 100, Demi Lovato Debuts In Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 20, 2011. Trust, Gary (July 27, 2011). "Bad Meets Evil Hits Top 10 on Hot 100, LMFAO Still No. 1". Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 27, 2011. Trust, Gary (August 3, 2011). "Britney Spears Bounds Into Hot 100's Top 10, LMFAO Still No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 3, 2011. Petroluongo, Silvio (August 10, 2011). "LMFAO Keeps Katy Perry At Bay Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 10, 2011. ^ "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" August 27 – September 3, 2011: Trust, Gary (August 17, 2011). "Katy Perry Makes Hot 100 History: Ties Michael Jackson's Record". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 8, 2011. Trust, Gary (August 24, 2011). "Lil Wayne Logs Hot 100's Biggest Bow, Katy Perry Still No. 1". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 8, 2011. ^ "Moves Like Jagger" September 10, September 24 – October 8, 2011: Trust, Gary (August 31, 2011). "Maroon 5, Christina Aguilera's 'Jagger' Moves to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 31, 2011. Trust, Gary (September 14, 2011). "Kelly Clarkson's 'Know It All' Debuts on Hot 100, Rihanna's 'Cheers' Rises". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 14, 2011. Trust, Gary (September 21, 2011). "Maroon 5, Christina Aguilera's 'Jagger' Atop Hot 100 For Third Week". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 21, 2011. Trust, Gary (September 28, 2011). "Rihanna Roars Onto Hot 100 as LMFAO Get 'Sexy' in Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 28, 2011. ^ "Someone Like You" September 17, October 15 – November 5, 2011: Trust, Gary (September 7, 2011). "Adele's 'Someone Like You' Soars To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 7, 2011. Trust, Gary (October 5, 2011). "Adele Reclaims Hot 100 Throne, B.o.B Blasts Into Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 5, 2011. Trust, Gary (October 12, 2011). "Adele's 'Someone Like You' Atop Hot 100, Passes 2 Million Downloads". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 12, 2011. Trust, Gary (October 19, 2011). "Adele Still Atop Hot 100, Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa Debut". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 19, 2011. Trust, Gary (October 26, 2011). "Adele No. 1 on Hot 100 as Rihanna, Drake, Justin Bieber Surge". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 26, 2011. ^ a b "We Found Love" November 12 – December 31, 2011; January 21–28, 2012: Trust, Gary (November 2, 2011). "Rihanna's 'Found' Her Way Back to Hot 100 Summit". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 2, 2011. Trust, Gary (November 9, 2011). "Rihanna Remains Atop Hot 100, Flo Rida Reaches Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 9, 2011. Trust, Gary (November 16, 2011). "Rihanna Still Atop Hot 100, Taylor Swift's 'Movie' Premieres in Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 16, 2011. Trust, Gary (November 23, 2011). "Rihanna's 'Love' Still Leads Hot 100, Katy Perry Back in Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 23, 2011. Trust, Gary (November 30, 2011). "Rihanna Remains Atop Hot 100, American Music Awards Spur Gains". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 30, 2011. Trust, Gary (December 7, 2011). "Jay-Z, Kanye West Reach Hot 100's Top 10 with 'Paris'; Rihanna Still No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 7, 2011. Trust, Gary (December 14, 2011). "Rihanna's Everlasting 'Love' Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 14, 2011. Trust, Gary (December 21, 2011). "Rihanna's 'Love' Her Longest-Leading Hot 100 No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 21, 2011. Trust, Gary (January 11, 2012). "Rihanna Renews 'Love' Affair Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 11, 2012. Trust, Gary (January 18, 2012). "Rihanna's 'Love' Scores A Perfect 10 Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved January 18, 2012. ^ "Sexy and I Know It" January 7–14, 2012: Trust, Gary (December 28, 2011). "LMFAO Brings 'Sexy' To Hot 100 Summit". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 28, 2011. Trust, Gary (January 4, 2012). "LMFAO Still 'Sexy' Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved January 4, 2012. ^ "Set Fire to the Rain" February 4–11, 2012: Trust, Gary (January 25, 2012). "Adele's 'Fire' Burns Path to Hot 100 Summit". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved January 25, 2012. Trust, Gary (February 1, 2012). "Adele Atop Hot 100, But Kelly Clarkson Getting 'Stronger' at No. 2". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved February 1, 2012. ^ "Stronger (What Doesn't Kill You)" February 18–25, March 10, 2012: Trust, Gary (February 8, 2012). "Kelly Clarkson Drives 'Stronger' to Hot 100 Summit". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 8, 2012. Trust, Gary (February 15, 2012). "Whitney Houston Returns to Hot 100's Top 10 with 'I Will Always Love You'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 15, 2012. Trust, Gary (February 29, 2012). "Kelly Clarkson Returns to Hot 100 Peak, The Wanted Hit Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved February 29, 2012. ^ "Part of Me" March 3, 2012: Trust, Gary (February 22, 2012). "Katy Perry's 'Part of Me' Debuts Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved February 22, 2012. ^ "We Are Young" March 17 – April 21, 2012: Trust, Gary (March 7, 2012). "Fun.-tastic! 'We Are Young' Tops Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 7, 2012. Trust, Gary (March 14, 2012). "Fun.'s 'We Are Young' Remains Atop Revised Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 14, 2012. Trust, Gary (March 21, 2012). "Fun. Still No. 1 on Hot 100, Flo Rida Enters Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 21, 2012. Trust, Gary (March 28, 2012). "Fun. Notch Fourth Week Atop Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved March 28, 2012. Trust, Gary (April 4, 2012). "Justin Bieber's 'Boyfriend' Debuts at No. 2 on Hot 100". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved April 4, 2012. Trust, Gary (April 11, 2012). "Hot 100: Fun. Makes Digital Sales History in Sixth Week at No. 1". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved April 11, 2012. ^ "2012: The Year In Music". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. December 14, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012. ^ "Somebody That I Used to Know" April 28 – June 16, 2012: Trust, Gary (April 18, 2012). "Gotye's 'Somebody That I Used to Know' Roars to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved April 18, 2012. Trust, Gary (April 25, 2012). "Maroon 5's 'Payphone' Charges Onto Hot 100". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved April 25, 2012. Trust, Gary (May 2, 2012). "Gotye Still Atop Hot 100, Carly Rae Jepsen Hits Top 5". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved May 2, 2012. Trust, Gary (May 9, 2012). "Gotye's Hot 100 Leader Expands Multi-Format Domination". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved May 9, 2012. Trust, Gary (May 16, 2012). "Train's 'Drive By' Completes Trip to Hot 100's Top 10". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved May 16, 2012. Trust, Gary (May 23, 2012). "Carly Rae Jepsen Jumps to No. 2 on Hot 100, Gotye Still No. 1". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved May 23, 2012. Trust, Gary (May 30, 2012). "Phillip Phillips Storms Hot 100's Top 10, Gotye Has Year's Longest-Running No. 1". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved May 30, 2012. Trust, Gary (June 6, 2012). "Rihanna Scores 22nd Hot 100 Top 10, Gotye No. 1 for Eighth Week". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2012. ^ "Call Me Maybe" June 23 – August 18, 2012: Trust, Gary (June 13, 2012). "Carly Rae Jepsen Hits No. 1: 'Call' Connects Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 13, 2012. Trust, Gary (June 20, 2012). "Carly Rae Jepsen Continues New Artists' Dominance Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 20, 2012. Trust, Gary (June 27, 2012). "Usher, Ellie Goulding Hit Hot 100's Top 10; Carly Rae Jepsen Still No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved June 27, 2012. Trust, Gary (July 4, 2012). "Long-Distance 'Call': Carly Rae Jepsen Still Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 4, 2012. Trust, Gary (July 11, 2012). "Carly Rae Jepsen Still No. 1, Nicki Minaj Makes History On Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Trust, Gary (July 18, 2012). "Pink Plants a Big 'Kiss' in Hot 100's Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 18, 2012. Trust, Gary (July 25, 2012). "Carly Rae Jepsen's 'Call Me Maybe' Spends Seventh Week Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 25, 2012. Trust, Gary (August 1, 2012). "Carly Rae Jepsen Ties Gotye for Hot 100's Longest Rule This Year". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 1, 2012. Trust, Gary (August 8, 2012). "Carly Rae Jepsen Claims Longest Hot 100 No. 1 Run of 2012". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 8, 2012. ^ "Whistle" August 25, September 15, 2012: Trust, Gary (August 15, 2012). "Flo Rida's 'Whistle' Works Way to Top of Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 10, 2013. Trust, Gary (September 5, 2012). "Flo Rida's 'Whistle' Returns to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 10, 2013. ^ "We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together" September 1–8, September 22, 2012: Trust, Gary (August 22, 2012). "Taylor Swift Scores First Hot 100 No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 22, 2012. Trust, Gary (August 29, 2012). "Taylor Swift's 'Never Ever' Fever Persists At No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved August 29, 2012. Trust, Gary (September 12, 2012). "Taylor Swift's 'Never' Is Hot 100's Longest-Leading Country Song Since 1980". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 12, 2012. ^ "One More Night" September 29 – November 24, 2012: Trust, Gary (September 19, 2012). "Maroon 5 Reaches No. 1 On Hot 100 with 'One More Night'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 19, 2012. Trust, Gary (September 26, 2012). "Maroon 5 Still Tops Hot 100, PSY One Step From No. 1". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 26, 2012. Trust, Gary (October 3, 2012). "Psy Can't Beat Maroon 5 in Close Race for Hot 100's Top Spot". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 3, 2012. Trust, Gary (October 10, 2012). "Maroon 5 Keeps PSY Out of Hot 100's Summit Again". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 10, 2012. Trust, Gary (October 17, 2012). "PSY Still Stuck At No. 2 as Maroon 5 Tops Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 17, 2012. Trust, Gary (October 24, 2012). "Maroon 5 Spend 'One More' Week Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 24, 2012. Trust, Gary (October 31, 2012). "Maroon 5, PSY Spend a Sixth Week in Hot 100's Top Spots". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 31, 2012. Trust, Gary (November 7, 2012). "Maroon 5 Spends Eighth Week Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 7, 2012. Trust, Gary (November 14, 2012). "Maroon 5's 'One More Night' Ties for Hot 100's Longest Lead This Year". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 14, 2012. ^ "Diamonds" December 1–15, 2012: Trust, Gary (November 20, 2012). "Rihanna's 'Diamonds' Shines Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 20, 2012. Trust, Gary (November 28, 2012). "Rihanna Scores Double Domination Atop Hot 100, Billboard 200". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 28, 2012. Trust, Gary (December 5, 2012). "Rihanna Remains Atop Hot 100, Adds Radio Songs Reign". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 5, 2012. ^ "Locked Out of Heaven" December 22, 2012 – January 26, 2013: Trust, Gary (December 12, 2012). "Bruno Mars Makes 'Heaven'-ly Ascent To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 12, 2012. Trust, Gary (December 12, 2012). "Bruno Mars Has Top Hot 100 Spot 'Locked' Up Again". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 19, 2012. Trust, Gary (December 26, 2012). "Bruno Mars Marks a Chart First With Hot 100 Leader 'Heaven'". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 30, 2013. Retrieved December 26, 2012. Trust, Gary (January 3, 2013). "Bruno Mars 'Locked' at No. 1 on Hot 100, Taylor Swift Closing In". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2013. Trust, Gary (January 9, 2013). "Bruno Mars Still Atop Hot 100, Will.i.am & Britney Spears Enter Top 10". Billboard. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2013. Trust, Gary (January 16, 2013). "Bruno Mars Leads Hot 100 as Justin Timberlake's 'Suit & Tie' Debuts". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013. ^ "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, Bruno Mars Highlight Year-End Hot 100 Chart". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. December 13, 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2014. ^ "Thrift Shop" February 2–23, April 6–13, 2013: Trust, Gary (December 27, 2013). "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Crown Hot 100, Justin Timberlake Soars to Top 5". Billboard. Archived from the original on July 29, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2013. Trust, Gary (January 30, 2013). "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Remain Atop Hot 100, A$AP Rocky Reaches Top 10". Billboard. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013. Trust, Gary (February 6, 2013). "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Lead Hot 100 for Third Straight Week". Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2013. Trust, Gary (February 13, 2013). "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis' 'Thrift Shop' No. 1 On Hot 100 for Fourth Week". Billboard. Retrieved February 13, 2013. Trust, Gary (March 27, 2013). "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Return To Top Of Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved March 27, 2013. Trust, Gary (April 3, 2013). "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Top Hot 100; Imagine Dragons, Ariana Grande Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 3, 2013. ^ "Harlem Shake" March 2–30, 2013: Trust, Gary (February 20, 2013). "Baauer's 'Harlem Shake' Debuts Atop Revamped Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved February 20, 2013. Trust, Gary (February 27, 2013). "Baauer's 'Harlem Shake' Tops Hot 100 for Second Week". Billboard. Retrieved February 27, 2013. Trust, Gary (March 6, 2013). "Baauer's 'Harlem Shake' Still Atop Hot 100, Although Lead Shrinks". Billboard. Retrieved March 6, 2013. Trust, Gary (March 13, 2013). "Baauer Leads Hot 100 Again, Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Rule Radio Songs". Billboard. Retrieved March 13, 2013. Trust, Gary (March 20, 2013). "Baauer Tops Hot 100 for Fifth Week, Despite Continued Streaming Slide". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2013. ^ "When I Was Your Man" April 20, 2013: Trust, Gary (April 10, 2013). "Bruno Mars Lands Fifth Hot 100 No. 1 With 'When I Was Your Man'". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved August 10, 2013. ^ "Just Give Me a Reason" April 27 – May 11, 2013: Trust, Gary (April 17, 2013). "Pink Powers to No. 1 on Hot 100 With 'Just Give Me a Reason'". Billboard. Retrieved April 17, 2013. Trust, Gary (April 17, 2013). "P!nk Remains Atop Hot 100, PSY Enters Top 10". Retrieved April 24, 2013. Trust, Gary (May 1, 2013). "P!nk Holds at No. 1 on Hot 100, While Rihanna Rules at Radio". Billboard. Retrieved May 1, 2013. ^ "Can't Hold Us" May 18 – June 15, 2013: Trust, Gary (May 8, 2013). "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis' 'Can't Hold Us' Makes Hot 100 History". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2013. Trust, Gary (May 15, 2013). "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis 'Hold' Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2013. Trust, Gary (May 22, 2013). "'Can't' Stop Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 22, 2013. Trust, Gary (May 29, 2013). "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Still Atop Hot 100, Zach Sobiech Debuts". Billboard. Retrieved May 29, 2013. Trust, Gary (June 5, 2013). "Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Still Atop Hot 100, Robin Thicke Reaches Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved June 5, 2013. ^ a b "Blurred Lines" June 22 – September 7, 2013: Trust, Gary (June 12, 2013). "Robin Thicke's 'Blurred Lines' Hits No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved June 12, 2013. Trust, Gary (June 19, 2013). "Robin Thicke's 'Blurred Lines' Remains Atop Hot 100 Chart". Billboard. Retrieved June 19, 2013. Trust, Gary (June 26, 2013). "Robin Thicke Still Atop Hot 100; Miley Cyrus, Bruno Mars Reach Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved June 26, 2013. Trust, Gary (July 3, 2013). "Robin Thicke's 'Blurred Lines' Holds Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved July 3, 2013. Trust, Gary (July 10, 2013). "Robin Thicke's 'Blurred Lines' Leads Hot 100 For Fifth Week". Billboard. Retrieved July 10, 2013. Trust, Gary (July 17, 2013). "Robin Thicke Tops Hot 100 For Sixth Week; Jay Z, Justin Timberlake Debut In Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved July 17, 2013. Trust, Gary (July 24, 2013). "Robin Thicke: Longest Hot 100 Reign This Year". Billboard. Retrieved July 24, 2013. Trust, Gary (July 31, 2013). "One Direction Blasts Onto Hot 100 at No. 2, Robin Thicke Still No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved July 31, 2013. Trust, Gary (August 7, 2013). "Robin Thicke Extends Hot 100 Run to Nine Weeks, Sets Audience and Sales Records". Billboard. Retrieved August 7, 2013. Trust, Gary (August 14, 2013). "Robin Thicke Leads Hot 100 For 10th Week, Katy Perry's 'Roar' Debuts". Billboard. Retrieved August 14, 2013. Trust, Gary (August 21, 2013). "Robin Thicke No. 1, Katy Perry No. 2 On Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved August 21, 2013. Trust, Gary (August 28, 2013). "Robin Thicke Leads Hot 100, Katy Perry Holds At No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved August 28, 2013. ^ "Roar" September 14–21, 2013: Trust, Gary (September 4, 2013). "Katy Perry Dethrones Robin Thicke Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved September 4, 2013. Trust, Gary (September 11, 2013). "Katy Perry's 'Roar' Rules Hot 100 For Second Week, Lorde Reaches Top 3". Billboard. Retrieved September 11, 2013. ^ "Wrecking Ball" September 28 – October 5, December 14, 2013: Trust, Gary (September 18, 2013). "Miley Cyrus' 'Wrecking Ball' Swings Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved September 18, 2013. Trust, Gary (September 25, 2013). "Miley Cyrus' 'Wrecking Ball' Spends Second Week Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved September 25, 2013. Trust, Gary (December 4, 2013). "Miley Cyrus' 'Wrecking Ball' Swings Back To No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved December 4, 2013. ^ "Royals" October 12 – December 7, 2013: Trust, Gary (October 2, 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Crowns Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved October 2, 2013. Trust, Gary (October 9, 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Remains Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved October 9, 2013. Trust, Gary (October 16, 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Remains Atop Hot 100 Third week". Billboard. Retrieved October 16, 2013. Trust, Gary (October 23, 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Is Hot 100's Ruler For Fourth Week". Billboard. Retrieved October 23, 2013. Trust, Gary (October 30, 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Crowns Hot 100 For Fifth Week". Billboard. Retrieved October 30, 2013. Trust, Gary (November 6, 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Rules Hot 100 for Sixth Week". Billboard. Retrieved November 6, 2013. Trust, Gary (November 13, 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Leads Hot 100, Lady Gaga's 'Dope' Debuts At No. 8". Billboard. Retrieved November 13, 2013. Trust, Gary (November 20, 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Reigns On Hot 100 for Eighth Week". Billboard. Retrieved November 20, 2013. Trust, Gary (November 27, 2013). "Lorde's 'Royals' Rules Hot 100 For Ninth Week". Billboard. Retrieved November 27, 2013. ^ "The Monster" December 21, 2013 – January 11, 2014: Trust, Gary (December 11, 2013). "Eminem, Rihanna Rule Hot 100 With 'The Monster'". Billboard. Retrieved December 11, 2013. Trust, Gary (December 18, 2013). "Eminem, Rihanna Remain Atop Hot 100 With 'The Monster'". Billboard. Retrieved November 18, 2013. Trust, Gary (December 26, 2013). "Eminem, Rihanna Top Hot 100; Beyonce Debuts". Billboard. Retrieved December 26, 2013. Trust, Gary (January 2, 2014). "Eminem, Rihanna Rule Hot 100 for a Fourth Week; Miley Cyrus Returns". Billboard. Retrieved January 2, 2014. ^ "Timber" January 18 – February 1, 2014: Trust, Gary (January 8, 2014). "Pitbull, Ke$ha Take 'Timber' to Top of Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 8, 2014. Trust, Gary (January 15, 2014). "Pitbull and Ke$ha's 'Timber' Remains Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 15, 2014. Trust, Gary (January 22, 2014). "Pitbull & Ke$ha's 'Timber' Still Tops Hot 100; Bastille, Lorde Reach Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved January 26, 2014. ^ "Dark Horse" February 8 – March 1, 2014: Trust, Gary (January 29, 2014). "Katy Perry's 'Dark Horse' Gallops to No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 29, 2014. Trust, Gary (February 5, 2014). "Katy Perry Tops Hot 100, Beyonce Bounds to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2014. Trust, Gary (February 12, 2014). "Katy Perry Rules Hot 100, Pharrell Flies to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved February 12, 2014. Trust, Gary (February 19, 2014). "Katy Perry's 'Dark Horse' Ekes Out Hot 100 Win Over Pharrell's 'Happy'". Billboard. Retrieved February 19, 2014. ^ Caulfield, Keith (December 9, 2014). "The Year in Pop 2014: One Direction, 'Frozen,' & Pharrell Dominate". Billboard.com. Retrieved December 10, 2014. ^ a b "Happy" March 8 – May 10, 2014: Trust, Gary (February 26, 2014). "Pharrell Williams' 'Happy' Hits No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved February 26, 2014. Trust, Gary (March 5, 2014). "Pharrell's 'Happy' Holds at No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved March 5, 2014. Trust, Gary (March 12, 2014). "Pharrell Williams, Idina Menzel Ride Oscar Gains On Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved March 12, 2014. Trust, Gary (March 19, 2014). "Pharrell Williams Tops Hot 100 Again; Soko Surprises With Top 10 Debut". Billboard. Retrieved March 19, 2014. Trust, Gary (March 26, 2014). "Pharrell Williams Leads Hot 100; John Legend, Idina Menzel On the Move". Billboard. Retrieved March 26, 2014. Trust, Gary (April 2, 2014). "Pharrell Williams' 'Happy' Holds Atop Hot 100; DJ Snake & Lil Jon Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 2, 2014. Trust, Gary (April 9, 2014). "Pharrell Williams Leads Hot 100; John Legend Gains At No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved April 9, 2014. Trust, Gary (April 16, 2014). "Pharrell Williams Tops Hot 100; Ed Sheeran Blasts In at No. 15". Billboard. Retrieved April 16, 2014. Trust, Gary (April 23, 2014). "Pharrell Williams Still Atop Hot 100; Justin Timberlake, Chris Brown Reach Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 23, 2014. Trust, Gary (April 30, 2014). "Pharrell Williams Tops Hot 100 For 10th Week, Iggy Azalea Vaults Into Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 30, 2014. ^ "All of Me" May 17–31, 2014: Trust, Gary (May 7, 2014). "John Legend's 'All Of Me' Tops Hot 100, Ariana Grande Debuts At No. 3". Billboard. Retrieved May 7, 2014. Trust, Gary (May 14, 2014). "John Legend Leads Hot 100, Paramore Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved May 14, 2014. Trust, Gary (May 21, 2014). "Michael Jackson, Coldplay Hit Hot 100's Top 10; John Legend Still No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved May 21, 2014. ^ "Fancy" June 7 – July 19, 2014: Trust, Gary (May 28, 2014). "Iggy Azalea Tops Hot 100 With 'Fancy', Matches Beatles' Historic Mark". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2014. Trust, Gary (June 4, 2014). "Iggy Azalea Remains Atop Hot 100 With 'Fancy'; MAGIC!, Calvin Harris Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved June 4, 2014. Trust, Gary (June 10, 2014). "Iggy Azalea Continues Record-Tying Run Atop Hot 100; Sam Smith Soars Into Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved June 10, 2014. Trust, Gary (June 18, 2014). "Iggy Azalea's 'Fancy' No. 1 On Hot 100 For Fourth Week; PSY Debuts In Top 30". Billboard. Retrieved June 18, 2014. Trust, Gary (June 25, 2014). "Iggy Azalea Leads Hot 100 For Fifth Week, Maroon 5 Debuts In Top 20". Billboard. Retrieved June 25, 2014. Trust, Gary (July 2, 2014). "Iggy Azalea Claims Longest Hot 100 Reign For A Female Rapper With 'Fancy'". Billboard. Retrieved July 2, 2014. Trust, Gary (July 9, 2014). "Iggy Azalea Tops Hot 100 For Seventh Week, Maroon 5's 'Maps' Finds Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2014. ^ "Rude" July 26 – August 30, 2014: Trust, Gary (July 16, 2014). "MAGIC!'s 'Rude' Tops Hot 100; Iggy Azalea's 'Fancy' Falls to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2014. Trust, Gary (July 23, 2014). "MAGIC!'s 'Rude' No. 1 On Hot 100, Sam Smith's 'Stay With Me' Surges". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2014. Trust, Gary (July 30, 2014). "MAGIC! No. 1 On Hot 100, Sia Swings Into Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2014. Pietroluongo, Silvio (August 6, 2014). "MAGIC! Maintains No. 1 Perch on Hot 100; 'Bang Bang,' Meghan Trainor Soar Into Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2014. Trust, Gary (August 13, 2014). "MAGIC! Still No. 1 On Hot 100 as Meghan Trainor & Charli XCX Soar". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2014. Trust, Gary (August 20, 2014). "Ariana Grande, Iggy Azalea Triple Up In Hot 100's Top 10, MAGIC! Still No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2014. ^ "Shake It Off" September 6–13, 2014; November 15–22, 2014: Trust, Gary (August 27, 2014). "Taylor Swift's 'Shake It Off' Debuts At No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved August 27, 2014. Trust, Gary (September 3, 2014). "Taylor Swift's 'Shake It Off' Holds At No. 1 On Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved September 3, 2014. Trust, Gary (November 5, 2014). "Taylor Swift's 'Shake It Off' Returns to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved November 5, 2014. Trust, Gary (November 12, 2014). "Taylor Swift Still No. 1 on Hot 100, Ariana Grande & The Weeknd Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved November 12, 2014. ^ "All About That Bass" September 20 – November 8, 2014: Trust, Gary (September 10, 2014). "Meghan Trainor Tops Hot 100 With 'All About That Bass'". Billboard. Retrieved September 10, 2014. Trust, Gary (September 17, 2014). "Meghan Trainor Leads Hot 100's All-Female Top Five For Second Week". Billboard. Retrieved September 17, 2014. Trust, Gary (September 24, 2014). "Meghan Trainor No. 1 On Hot 100, Jeremih Hits Top 10, Jennifer Lopez Debuts". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2014. Trust, Gary (October 1, 2014). "Meghan Trainor Tops Hot 100; Tove Lo, Clean Bandit Climb Into Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved October 1, 2014. Trust, Gary (October 8, 2014). "Meghan Trainor Leads Hot 100's Record-Setting All-Female Top Five". Billboard. Retrieved October 8, 2014. Trust, Gary (October 15, 2014). "Meghan Trainor Tops Hot 100; Tove Lo Joins All-Female Top Five, Bobby Shmurda Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved October 15, 2014. Trust, Gary (October 22, 2014). "Meghan Trainor Rules Hot 100, Ed Sheeran Hits Top 10, Glen Campbell Returns". Billboard. Retrieved October 22, 2014. Trust, Gary (October 29, 2014). "Meghan Trainor Tops Hot 100 For Eighth Week, Hozier Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2014. ^ "Blank Space" November 29, 2014 – January 10, 2015: Trust, Gary (November 19, 2014). "Taylor Swift Makes Hot 100 History With 'Blank Space'". Billboard. Retrieved November 19, 2014. Trust, Gary (November 26, 2014). "Taylor Swift's 'Blank Space' No. 1 on Hot 100 for Second Week". Billboard. Retrieved November 26, 2014. Trust, Gary (December 3, 2014). "Taylor Swift No. 1 on Hot 100, Selena Gomez, Mark Ronson Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved December 3, 2014. Trust, Gary (December 10, 2014). "Taylor Swift Tops Hot 100, Meghan Trainor Scores Second Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved December 10, 2014. Trust, Gary (December 17, 2014). "Taylor Swift Leads Billboard Hot 100, Ed Sheeran Soars to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved December 17, 2014. Trust, Gary (December 24, 2014). "Taylor Swift Tops Hot 100 for Sixth Week". Billboard. Retrieved December 24, 2014. Trust, Gary (December 31, 2014). "Taylor Swift Helps Tie Record Streak for Women Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved December 31, 2014. ^ Caulfield, Keith (December 9, 2015). "The Year in Pop 2015: Taylor Swift, '1989' and 'Uptown Funk!' Rule as Top Artist, Album and Song". Billboard.com. Retrieved December 10, 2015. ^ a b "Uptown Funk" January 17 – April 18, 2015: Trust, Gary (January 7, 2015). "Mark Ronson, Bruno Mars Top Hot 100 With 'Uptown Funk!'". Billboard. Retrieved January 7, 2015. Trust, Gary (January 14, 2015). "Mark Ronson, Bruno Mars No. 1 on Hot 100 for Second Week With 'Uptown Funk!'". Billboard. Retrieved January 14, 2015. Trust, Gary (January 21, 2015). "Mark Ronson, Bruno Mars Top Hot 100, Maroon 5 Debuts at No. 8". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2015. Trust, Gary (January 28, 2015). "Mark Ronson, Bruno Mars Rule Hot 100, Fall Out Boy Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved January 28, 2015. Trust, Gary (February 4, 2015). "Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars Top Hot 100; Rihanna, Kanye West & Paul McCartney Near Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved February 4, 2015. Trust, Gary (February 11, 2015). "Rihanna, Kanye West, Paul McCartney & Ellie Goulding Hit Hot 100's Top 10; Mark Ronson, Bruno Mars Still No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved February 11, 2015. Trust, Gary (February 18, 2015). "Bruno Mars Scores Longest Hot 100 Reign, Taylor Swift Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved February 18, 2015. Trust, Gary (February 25, 2015). "Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars Top Hot 100 Again; The Weeknd Enters Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved February 25, 2015. Trust, Gary (March 4, 2015). "Pitbull & Ne-Yo Enter Hot 100 Top 10; Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars No. 1 Again". Billboard. Retrieved March 4, 2015. Trust, Gary (March 11, 2015). "Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars Notch 10th Week Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved March 11, 2015. Trust, Gary (March 18, 2015). "Mark Ronson, Bruno Mars Lead Hot 100; Sam Smith, Fetty Wap Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved March 18, 2015. Trust, Gary (March 25, 2015). "Mark Ronson, Bruno Mars Top Hot 100 for 12th Week; Flo Rida Reaches Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved March 25, 2015. Trust, Gary (April 1, 2015). "'Uptown Funk' Is Longest-Leading Hot 100 No. 1 of the 2010s". Billboard. Retrieved April 1, 2015. Trust, Gary (April 8, 2015). "'Uptown Funk' Ties for Second-Longest-Leading Hot 100 No. 1 of All Time". Billboard. Retrieved April 8, 2015. ^ a b "See You Again" April 25 – May 30, June 13 – July 18, 2015: Trust, Gary (April 15, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa's 'See You Again' Knocks 'Uptown Funk' Off No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2015. Trust, Gary (April 22, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa's 'See You Again' Tops Hot 100 for Second Week". Billboard. Retrieved April 22, 2015. Trust, Gary (April 29, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa Rules Hot 100, Jason Derulo Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 29, 2015. Trust, Gary (May 6, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa Tops Hot 100, T-Wayne Whips Into Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved May 6, 2015. Trust, Gary (May 13, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa Leads Hot 100, Britney Spears & Iggy Azalea Debut". Billboard. Retrieved May 13, 2015. Trust, Gary (May 20, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa Tops Hot 100, Taylor Swift Re-Enters Following BBMAs Video Premiere". Billboard. Retrieved May 20, 2015. Trust, Gary (June 3, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa's 'See You Again' Replaces Taylor Swift at No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2015. Trust, Gary (June 10, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa's 'See You Again' Stays at No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved June 10, 2015. Trust, Gary (June 17, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa's 'See You Again' No. 1 on Hot 100, OMI's 'Cheerleader' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved June 17, 2015. Trust, Gary (June 24, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa's 'See You Again' Leads Hot 100 for 10th Week". Billboard. Retrieved June 24, 2015. Trust, Gary (July 1, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa No. 1 on Hot 100 'Again,' Selena Gomez Debuts at No. 9". Billboard. Retrieved July 1, 2015. Trust, Gary (July 8, 2015). "Wiz Khalifa's 'See You Again' Ties for Longest-Leading Rap No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved July 8, 2015. ^ "Bad Blood" June 6, 2015: Trust, Gary (May 27, 2015). "Taylor Swift's 'Bad Blood' Blasts to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 27, 2015. ^ "Cheerleader" July 25 – August 15, 2015; August 29 – September 5, 2015: Trust, Gary (July 13, 2015). "OMI's 'Cheerleader' Leaps to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved July 13, 2015. Trust, Gary (July 20, 2015). "OMI's 'Cheerleader' Tops Hot 100, The Weeknd Closes In". Billboard. Retrieved July 20, 2015. Pietroluongo, Silvio (July 27, 2015). "OMI's 'Cheerleader' No. 1 for Third Week on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved July 27, 2015. Trust, Gary (August 3, 2015). "OMI's 'Cheerleader' No. 1 on Hot 100 for Fourth Week". Billboard. Retrieved August 3, 2015. Trust, Gary (August 17, 2015). "OMI's 'Cheerleader' Back to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved August 18, 2015. Trust, Gary (August 24, 2015). "OMI No. 1 on Hot 100 for Sixth Week". Billboard. Retrieved August 24, 2015. ^ "Can't Feel My Face" August 22, 2015; September 12, 2015; September 26, 2015: Trust, Gary (August 10, 2015). "The Weeknd Tops Hot 100 With 'Can't Feel My Face,' One Direction Debuts at No. 3". Billboard. Retrieved August 10, 2015. Trust, Gary (August 31, 2015). "The Weeknd's 'Face' Back Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved August 31, 2015. Trust, Gary (September 14, 2015). "The Weeknd Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100 With 'Can't Feel My Face' & 'The Hills'". Billboard. Retrieved September 14, 2015. ^ "What Do You Mean?" September 19, 2015: Trust, Gary (September 8, 2015). "Justin Bieber Scores First Hot 100 No. 1 With Debut of 'What Do You Mean?'". Billboard. Retrieved September 8, 2015. ^ "The Hills" October 3 – November 7, 2015: Trust, Gary (September 21, 2015). "The Weeknd Replaces Himself Atop Hot 100 as 'The Hills' Hits No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved September 21, 2015. Trust, Gary (September 28, 2015). "The Weeknd Holds Atop Hot 100, Taylor Swift Hits Top 10 With 'Wildest Dreams'". Billboard. Retrieved September 28, 2015. Trust, Gary (October 5, 2015). "The Weeknd No. 1 on Hot 100 Again, Shawn Mendes Earns First Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved October 5, 2015. Trust, Gary (October 12, 2015). "The Weeknd No. 1 on Hot 100, Drake's 'Hotline Bling' Bounds to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved October 12, 2015. Trust, Gary (October 19, 2015). "The Weeknd's 'The Hills' No. 1 on Hot 100 for Fifth Week". Billboard. Retrieved October 19, 2015. Trust, Gary (October 26, 2015). "The Weeknd Tops Hot 100; Adele No. 1 Next Week?". Billboard. Retrieved October 26, 2015. ^ a b "Hello" November 14, 2015 – January 16, 2016: Trust, Gary (November 2, 2015). "Adele No. 1 on Hot 100, Justin Bieber Debuts at No. 2 With 'Sorry'". Billboard. Retrieved November 2, 2015. Trust, Gary (November 9, 2015). "Adele's 'Hello' Tops Hot 100 for Second Week; Ariana Grande, Meghan Trainor Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved November 9, 2015. Trust, Gary (November 16, 2015). "Adele's 'Hello' Leads Hot 100 for Third Week, Is Fastest Radio Songs No. 1 in 22 Years". Billboard. Retrieved November 16, 2015. Trust, Gary (November 23, 2015). "Adele Tops Hot 100 for Fourth Week; Justin Bieber, Alessia Cara Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved November 23, 2015. Trust, Gary (November 30, 2015). "Adele's 'Hello' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week". Billboard. Retrieved November 30, 2015. Trust, Gary (December 7, 2015). "Adele's 'Hello' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week, Selena Gomez Goes Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved December 7, 2015. Trust, Gary (December 14, 2015). "Adele Matches Longest Hot 100 Reign With Seventh Week at No. 1 for 'Hello'". Billboard. Retrieved December 14, 2015. Trust, Gary (December 21, 2015). "Adele Scores Her Longest Hot 100 Reign With Eighth Week at No. 1 for 'Hello'". Billboard. Retrieved December 21, 2015. Trust, Gary (December 28, 2015). "Adele's 'Hello' Leads Hot 100 for Ninth Week". Billboard. Retrieved December 28, 2015. Trust, Gary (January 4, 2016). "Adele's 'Hello' Tops Hot 100 for 10th Week as Twenty One Pilots Fly to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2016. ^ "Sorry" January 23 – February 6, 2016: Trust, Gary (January 11, 2016). "Justin Bieber's 'Sorry' Dethrones Adele's 'Hello' Atop Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 11, 2016. Trust, Gary (January 19, 2016). "Justin Bieber's 'Sorry' Leads Hot 100, Selena Gomez Hits Top Five". Billboard. Retrieved January 19, 2016. Trust, Gary (January 25, 2016). "Justin Bieber Nos. 1 & 2 on Hot 100, The Chainsmokers Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved January 25, 2016. ^ Caulfield, Keith (December 8, 2016). "The Year in Charts 2016: Adele Rules as Top Artist (Again!), Justin Bieber Leads Hot 100". Billboard.com. Retrieved December 8, 2016. ^ "Love Yourself" February 13, 2016; February 27, 2016: Trust, Gary (February 1, 2016). "Justin Bieber Replaces Himself at No. 1 on Hot 100 With 'Love Yourself'". Billboard. Retrieved February 1, 2016. Trust, Gary (February 16, 2016). "Justin Bieber Retakes No. 1 Spot From Zayn on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved February 16, 2016. ^ "Pillowtalk" February 20, 2016: Trust, Gary (February 8, 2016). "Zayn's 'Pillowtalk' Debuts at No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved February 8, 2016. ^ "Work" March 5 – April 30, 2016: Trust, Gary (February 22, 2016). "Rihanna & Drake Rise to No. 1 on Hot 100 With 'Work'". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2016. Trust, Gary (February 29, 2016). "Rihanna & Drake's 'Work' Leads Hot 100 for Second Week". Billboard. Retrieved February 29, 2016. Trust, Gary (March 7, 2016). "Rihanna Tops Hot 100 for Third Week, Kelly Clarkson Debuts in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved March 7, 2016. Trust, Gary (March 14, 2016). "Rihanna's 'Work' Rules Hot 100 for Fourth Week". Billboard. Retrieved March 14, 2016. Trust, Gary (March 21, 2016). "Rihanna Rules Hot 100 for Fifth Week, Ariana Grande Debuts at No. 10". Billboard. Retrieved March 21, 2016. Trust, Gary (March 28, 2016). "Rihanna's 'Work' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week, Meghan Trainor's 'No' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved March 28, 2016. Trust, Gary (April 4, 2016). "'Work' Week: Rihanna Tops Hot 100 for Seventh Week, Fifth Harmony Earns First Top 10 Hit". Billboard. Retrieved April 4, 2016. Trust, Gary (April 11, 2016). "Rihanna Tops Hot 100 for Eighth Week, Ties the Beatles for Second-Most Total Weeks at No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved April 11, 2016. Trust, Gary (April 18, 2016). "Rihanna Rules Hot 100, Desiigner's 'Panda' Pushes to No. 2 & Justin Bieber Makes History". Billboard. Retrieved April 18, 2016. ^ "Panda" May 7–14, 2016: Trust, Gary (April 25, 2016). "Desiigner's 'Panda' Claws to No. 1 on Hot 100, Bringing Americans Back to the Top". Billboard. Retrieved April 25, 2016. Trust, Gary (May 2, 2016). "Desiigner Holds Off Drake Atop Hot 100, Prince & Beyonce Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved May 2, 2016. ^ a b "One Dance" May 21, 2016; June 4 – July 30, 2016: Trust, Gary (May 9, 2016). "Drake Scores First Hot 100 No. 1 as Lead Artist With 'One Dance'". Billboard. Retrieved May 9, 2016. Trust, Gary (May 23, 2016). "Drake Returns to No. 1 on Hot 100 With 'One Dance'". Billboard. Retrieved May 23, 2016. Trust, Gary (May 31, 2016). "Drake's 'One Dance' Holds Atop Hot 100, Ariana Grande's 'Dangerous Woman' Returns to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved May 31, 2016. Trust, Gary (June 6, 2016). "Drake No. 1 on Hot 100 for Fourth Week, P!nk Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved June 6, 2016. Trust, Gary (June 13, 2016). "Drake's 'One Dance' No. 1 on Hot 100 for Fifth Week". Billboard. Retrieved June 13, 2016. Trust, Gary (June 20, 2016). "Drake's 'One Dance' No. 1 on Hot 100; Sia, Sean Paul & Kent Jones Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved June 20, 2016. Trust, Gary (June 27, 2016). "Drake's 'One Dance' No. 1 on Hot 100; Twenty One Pilots 'Ride' to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved June 27, 2016. Trust, Gary (July 5, 2016). "Drake's 'One Dance' No. 1 on Hot 100 for Eighth Week". Billboard. Retrieved July 5, 2016. Trust, Gary (July 11, 2016). "Drake Ties His Longest Hot 100 Reign With Ninth Week at No. 1 for 'One Dance'". Billboard. Retrieved July 11, 2016. Trust, Gary (July 18, 2016). "Drake's 'One Dance' Tops Hot 100 for 10th Week". Billboard. Retrieved July 18, 2016. ^ "Can't Stop the Feeling!" May 28, 2016: Trust, Gary (May 16, 2016). "Justin Timberlake Debuts at No. 1 on Hot 100 With 'Can't Stop the Feeling!'". Billboard. Retrieved May 16, 2016. ^ "Cheap Thrills" August 6–27, 2016: Trust, Gary (July 25, 2016). "Sia's 'Cheap Thrills' Takes No. 1 on Hot 100 From Drake". Billboard. Retrieved July 25, 2016. Anderson, Trevor (August 1, 2016). "Major Lazer, Justin Bieber & MO's 'Cold Water' Splashes in at No. 2 on Hot 100 as Sia Stays Up Top". Billboard. Retrieved August 1, 2016. Trust, Gary (August 8, 2016). "Sia No. 1 on Hot 100, The Chainsmokers & Halsey Debut in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved August 8, 2016. Trust, Gary (August 15, 2016). "Sia Spends Fourth Week Atop Hot 100, Twenty One Pilots Make History in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved August 15, 2016. ^ a b "Closer" September 3 – November 19, 2016: Trust, Gary (August 22, 2016). "The Chainsmokers & Halsey's 'Closer' Climbs to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved August 22, 2016. Trust, Gary (August 29, 2016). "The Chainsmokers Hold Atop Hot 100, Shawn Mendes Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved August 29, 2016. Trust, Gary (September 6, 2016). "The Chainsmokers & Halsey Lead Hot 100 & Rihanna Returns to Top 10, Fueled by VMAs Gains". Billboard. Retrieved September 6, 2016. Trust, Gary (September 12, 2016). "The Chainsmokers & Halsey Lead Hot 100 as Charlie Puth & Selena Gomez Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved September 12, 2016. Trust, Gary (September 19, 2016). "The Chainsmokers Top Hot 100, DJ Snake & Justin Bieber Bound to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved September 19, 2016. Trust, Gary (September 26, 2016). "The Chainsmokers' 'Closer' Leads Hot 100 for Sixth Week & D.R.A.M.'s 'Broccoli' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved September 26, 2016. Trust, Gary (October 3, 2016). "The Chainsmokers' 'Closer' Tops Hot 100, The Weeknd's 'Starboy' Rockets to No. 3". Billboard. Retrieved October 3, 2016. Trust, Gary (October 10, 2016). "The Chainsmokers' 'Closer' Leads Hot 100 for Eighth Week, gnash's 'I Hate U I Love U' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved October 10, 2016. Trust, Gary (October 17, 2016). "The Chainsmokers Lead Hot 100, Bruno Mars Debuts at No. 5, Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved October 17, 2016. Trust, Gary (October 24, 2016). "The Chainsmokers' 'Closer' Tops Hot 100 for 10th Week, Tying for Longest Reign This Year". Billboard. Retrieved October 24, 2016. Trust, Gary (October 31, 2016). "The Chainsmokers' 'Closer' Rules Hot 100, Zay Hilfigerrr & Zayion McCall's 'Juju' Jumps to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved October 31, 2016. Trust, Gary (November 7, 2016). "The Chainsmokers' 'Closer' Tops Hot 100 for 12th Week, Rae Sremmurd & Drake Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved November 7, 2016. ^ "Black Beatles" November 26 – December 31, 2016; January 14, 2017: Trust, Gary (November 14, 2016). "Rae Sremmurd's 'Black Beatles' Blasts to No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved November 14, 2016. Trust, Gary (November 21, 2016). "Rae Sremmurd's 'Black Beatles' Tops Hot 100 for Second Week". Billboard. Retrieved November 21, 2016. Trust, Gary (November 28, 2016). "Rae Sremmurd's 'Black Beatles' Leads Hot 100 for Third Week". Billboard. Retrieved November 28, 2016. Trust, Gary (December 5, 2016). "Rae Sremmurd's 'Black Beatles' Tops Hot 100 for Fab Fourth Week". Billboard. Retrieved December 5, 2016. Trust, Gary (December 12, 2016). "Rae Sremmurd Rules Hot 100, Machine Gun Kelly & Camila Cabello Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved December 12, 2016. Trust, Gary (December 19, 2016). "Rae Sremmurd Tops Hot 100, Zayn & Taylor Swift, J. Cole Debut in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved December 19, 2016. Trust, Gary (January 3, 2017). "Rae Sremmurd Returns to No. 1 on Hot 100, Migos Soars to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved January 3, 2017. ^ "Starboy" January 7, 2017: Trust, Gary (December 27, 2016). "The Weeknd's 'Starboy,' Featuring Daft Punk, Hits No. 1 on Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved December 27, 2016. ^ "Bad and Boujee" January 21, 2017; February 4–11, 2017: Trust, Gary (January 9, 2017). "Migos' 'Bad and Boujee,' Featuring Lil Uzi Vert, Tops Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 9, 2017. Trust, Gary (January 23, 2017). "Migos Return to No. 1 on Hot 100, The Chainsmokers Debut in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved January 23, 2017. Trust, Gary (January 30, 2017). "Migos Hold Atop Hot 100, Alessia Cara Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved January 30, 2017. ^ Caulfield, Keith (December 11, 2017). "The Year in Charts 2017: Ed Sheeran Is Top Artist, Kendrick Lamar's 'DAMN.' Rules Billboard 200". Billboard.com. Retrieved December 11, 2017. ^ a b "Shape of You" January 28, 2017; February 18 – April 29, 2017: Trust, Gary (January 17, 2017). "Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With 'Shape of You' & in Top 10 With 'Castle on the Hill'". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2017. Trust, Gary (February 6, 2017). "Ed Sheeran Returns to Top of Hot 100, Zayn & Taylor Swift Surge to No. 3". Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2017. Trust, Gary (February 13, 2017). "Ed Sheeran's 'Shape' Tops Hot 100, Lady Gaga's 'Reasons' Returns at No. 4". Billboard. Retrieved February 13, 2017. Trust, Gary (February 21, 2017). "Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100, Katy Perry Debuts at No. 4 & Bruno Mars, Rihanna & The Weeknd All Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved February 21, 2017. Trust, Gary (February 27, 2017). "Ed Sheeran's 'Shape of You' Leads Hot 100 for Fifth Week". Billboard. Retrieved February 27, 2017. Trust, Gary (March 6, 2017). "The Chainsmokers Match Beatles & Bee Gees With Three Songs in Hot 100's Top 10 & Ed Sheeran Holds at No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved March 6, 2017. Trust, Gary (March 13, 2017). "Ed Sheeran Stays Atop Hot 100, Clean Bandit Bounds to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved March 13, 2017. Trust, Gary (March 20, 2017). "Ed Sheeran Leads Hot 100 for Eighth Week, KYLE Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved March 20, 2017. Trust, Gary (March 27, 2017). "Ed Sheeran's 'Shape of You' Tops Hot 100; Drake Debuts Two in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved March 27, 2017. Trust, Gary (April 3, 2017). "Ed Sheeran's 'Shape of You' Tops Hot 100 for 10th Week". Billboard. Retrieved April 3, 2017. Trust, Gary (April 10, 2017). "Ed Sheeran Holds Atop Hot 100 as Kendrick Lamar Debuts at No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved April 10, 2017. Trust, Gary (April 17, 2017). "Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 for 12th Week, as Harry Styles Starts at No. 4". Billboard. Retrieved April 17, 2017. ^ "Humble" May 6, 2017: Trust, Gary (April 24, 2017). "Kendrick Lamar's 'Humble.' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved April 24, 2017. ^ "That's What I Like" May 13, 2017: Trust, Gary (May 1, 2017). "Bruno Mars' 'That's What I Like' Lifts to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 1, 2017. ^ "I'm The One" May 20, 2017: Trust, Gary (May 8, 2017). "DJ Khaled's All-Star 'I'm the One' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2017. ^ a b "Despacito" May 27 – September 9, 2017: Trust, Gary (May 15, 2017). "Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee's 'Despacito,' Featuring Justin Bieber, Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2017. Trust, Gary (May 22, 2017). "Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee Hold Atop Hot 100, Miley Cyrus Soars to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved May 22, 2017. Trust, Gary (May 30, 2017). "Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee Lead Hot 100, Ed Sheeran Sets Record in Top Five". Billboard. Retrieved May 30, 2017. Trust, Gary (June 5, 2017). "Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee Top Hot 100, Post Malone Earns First Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved June 5, 2017. Trust, Gary (June 12, 2017). "Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee's 'Despacito' Dominates Hot 100 for Fifth Week". Billboard. Retrieved June 12, 2017. Trust, Gary (June 19, 2017). "'Despacito' Dominates Hot 100 & Justin Bieber Has Week's Three Top-Selling Songs". Billboard. Retrieved June 19, 2017. Trust, Gary (June 26, 2017). "'Despacito' Tops Hot 100 for 7th Week & DJ Khaled's 'Wild Thoughts,' Featuring Rihanna & Bryson Tiller, Debuts at No. 4". Billboard. Retrieved June 26, 2017. Trust, Gary (July 3, 2017). "Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee Rule Hot 100, Imagine Dragons Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved July 3, 2017. Trust, Gary (July 10, 2017). "Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee's 'Despacito' Tops Hot 100 for Ninth Week & Becomes Top Radio Song". Billboard. Retrieved July 10, 2017. Trust, Gary (July 17, 2017). "'Despacito' Leads Hot 100 for 10th Week, Ed Sheeran Ties Record & Shawn Mendes Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved July 17, 2017. Trust, Gary (July 24, 2017). "'Despacito' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for 11th Week, Charlie Puth Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved July 24, 2017. Trust, Gary (August 2, 2017). "'Despacito' Ties for Longest-Leading Hot 100 No. 1 of 2017 With 12th Week on Top". Billboard. Retrieved August 2, 2017. Anderson, Trevor (August 7, 2017). "'Despacito' Tops Hot 100 for 13th Week, Sets New No. 1 Record on Digital Song Sales Chart". Billboard. Retrieved August 7, 2017. Trust, Gary (August 14, 2017). "'Despacito' Ties for Second-Longest-Leading Hot 100 No. 1 of All Time & Cardi B Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved August 14, 2017. Trust, Gary (August 21, 2017). "'Despacito' is Second Song Ever to Lead Hot 100 for at Least 15 Weeks". Billboard. Retrieved August 21, 2017. Trust, Gary (August 28, 2017). "Luis Fonsi, Daddy Yankee & Justin Bieber's 'Despacito' Ties for Longest Run at No. 1 in Hot 100's History". Billboard. Retrieved August 28, 2017. ^ "Look What You Made Me Do" September 16–30, 2017: Trust, Gary (September 5, 2017). "Taylor Swift's 'Look What You Made Me Do' Leaps to No. 1 on Hot 100 With Top Streaming & Sales Week of 2017". Billboard. Retrieved September 5, 2017. Trust, Gary (September 11, 2017). "Taylor Swift at Nos. 1 & 4 on Billboard Hot 100, as Cardi B Moves Up to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved September 11, 2017. Trust, Gary (September 18, 2017). "Taylor Swift Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Third Week, Sam Smith Debuts at No. 5". Billboard. Retrieved September 18, 2017. ^ "Bodak Yellow" October 7–21, 2017: Trust, Gary (September 25, 2017). "Cardi B 'Moves' to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 With 'Bodak Yellow', Post Malone Debuts at No. 2 With 'Rockstar'". Billboard. Retrieved September 25, 2017. Trust, Gary (October 2, 2017). "Cardi B Holds Atop Billboard Hot 100 With 'Bodak Yellow,' Demi Lovato Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved October 2, 2017. Trust, Gary (October 9, 2017). "J Balvin, Willy William & Beyonce Blast to No. 3 on Billboard Hot 100 With 'Mi Gente', Cardi B No. 1 for Third Week". Billboard. Retrieved October 9, 2017. ^ "Rockstar" October 28 – December 16, 2017: Trust, Gary (October 16, 2017). "Post Malone & 21 Savage Earn First Hot 100 No. 1 With 'Rockstar'". Billboard. Retrieved October 16, 2017. Trust, Gary (October 23, 2017). "Post Malone & 21 Savage's 'Rockstar' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week". Billboard. Retrieved October 23, 2017. Trust, Gary (October 30, 2017). "Post Malone & 21 Savage Lead Hot 100, Camila Cabello & Ed Sheeran Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved October 30, 2017. Trust, Gary (November 6, 2017). "Post Malone & 21 Savage No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 for Fourth Week, Camila Cabello's 'Havana' Surges to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved November 6, 2017. Trust, Gary (November 13, 2017). "Post Malone Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Fifth Week, Sam Smith Hits New High, Maroon 5 & SZA Reach Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved November 13, 2017. Trust, Gary (November 20, 2017). "Post Malone's 'Rockstar' Tops Hot 100, Camila Cabello's 'Havana' Is Top Seller & Imagine Dragons' 'Thunder' Rules Radio". Billboard. Retrieved November 20, 2017. Trust, Gary (November 27, 2017). "Post Malone's 'Rockstar' Rules Billboard Hot 100, Ed Sheeran's 'Perfect' Hits Top Five". Billboard. Retrieved November 27, 2017. Trust, Gary (December 4, 2017). "Post Malone's 'Rockstar' Leads Billboard Hot 100 for Eighth Week, G-Eazy's 'No Limit' Lifts to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved December 4, 2017. ^ "Perfect" December 23, 2017 – January 20, 2018: Trust, Gary (December 11, 2017). "Ed Sheeran & Beyonce's 'Perfect' Tops Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved December 11, 2017. Trust, Gary (December 18, 2017). "Mariah Carey's 'All I Want for Christmas Is You' Hits Hot 100's Top 10 for First Time, 'Perfect' Still No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved December 18, 2017. Trust, Gary (December 26, 2017). "Ed Sheeran & Beyonce's 'Perfect' Tops Hot 100 for Third Week, G-Eazy's 'No Limit' Hits Top Five". Billboard. Retrieved December 26, 2017. Trust, Gary (January 2, 2018). "Cardi B Joins The Beatles & Ashanti With First 3 Hot 100 Hits in Top 10 Simultaneously; Ed Sheeran & Beyonce's 'Perfect' No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved January 2, 2018. Trust, Gary (January 8, 2018). "Ed Sheeran & Beyonce's 'Perfect' No. 1 on Hot 100, Camila Cabello's 'Havana' Back Up to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved January 8, 2018. Trust, Gary (January 16, 2018). "Ed Sheeran's 'Perfect' Rules Hot 100, Bruno Mars & Cardi B's 'Finesse' Flies to No. 3 & Justin Timberlake's 'Filthy' Debuts at No. 9". Billboard. Retrieved January 16, 2018. ^ "Havana" January 27, 2018: Trust, Gary (January 22, 2018). "Camila Cabello Earns First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 With 'Havana,' Featuring Young Thug". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2018. ^ Caulfield, Keith (December 4, 2018). "The Year in Charts 2018: Drake Is Top Artist & Taylor Swift's 'Reputation' Is Biggest Album of the Year". Billboard.com. Retrieved December 4, 2018. ^ a b "God's Plan" February 3 – April 14, 2018: Trust, Gary (January 29, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 29, 2018. Trust, Gary (February 5, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' Holds at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Justin Timberlake & Chris Stapleton's 'Say Something' Debuts in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018. Trust, Gary (February 12, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' Dominates Billboard Hot 100 for Third Week & Three Songs Enter Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved February 12, 2018. Trust, Gary (February 20, 2018). "Drake Tops Billboard Hot 100 With 'God's Plan' & Debuts in Top 10 as Featured on BlocBoy JB's 'Look Alive'". Billboard. Retrieved February 20, 2018. Trust, Gary (February 26, 2018). "Drake Leads Billboard Hot 100 With 'God's Plan' for Fifth Week, Drawing Monstrous 101.7 Million U.S. Streams". Billboard. Retrieved February 26, 2018. Trust, Gary (March 5, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 for Sixth Week, Post Malone's 'Psycho' Debuts at No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved March 5, 2018. Trust, Gary (March 12, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week; Zedd, Maren Morris & Grey's 'The Middle' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved March 12, 2018. Trust, Gary (March 19, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Eighth Week". Billboard. Retrieved March 19, 2018. Trust, Gary (March 26, 2018). "Drake's 'God's Plan' Leads Billboard Hot 100, Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line's 'Meant to Be' Rises to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved March 26, 2018. Trust, Gary (April 2, 2018). "Drake Becomes First Lead Solo Male With Two 10-Week Billboard Hot 100 No. 1s, as 'God's Plan' Stays at the Summit". Billboard. Retrieved April 2, 2018. Trust, Gary (April 9, 2018). "'God's Plan' Becomes Drake's Longest-Leading Hot 100 No. 1, The Weeknd Debuts at No. 4 & Migos Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 9, 2018. ^ "Nice for What" April 21 – May 12, 2018; June 2–9, 2018; June 23, 2018; July 14, 2018: Trust, Gary (April 16, 2018). "Drake Dethrones Himself Atop Billboard Hot 100, as 'Nice for What' Debuts at No. 1, Replacing 'God's Plan'". Billboard. Retrieved April 16, 2018. Trust, Gary (April 23, 2018). "Drake's 'Nice for What' Holds Atop Billboard Hot 100, Nicki Minaj's 'Chun-Li' Vaults to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 23, 2018. Trust, Gary (April 30, 2018). "Drake Leads Billboard Hot 100, Ariana Grande Arrives at No. 3 & J. Cole Collects Record Three Debuts in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 30, 2018. Trust, Gary (May 7, 2018). "Drake's 'Nice for What' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Post Malone's 'Psycho' No. 2 & Camila Cabello's 'Never Be the Same' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved May 7, 2018. Trust, Gary (May 29, 2018). "Drake's 'Nice for What' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Lil Baby, Ella Mai & BTS Earn First Top 10s". Billboard. Retrieved May 29, 2018. Trust, Gary (June 4, 2018). "Drake Tops Hot 100 for Sixth Week With 'Nice for What,' Ties Michael Jackson for Second-Most Weeks at No. 1 Among Solo Males". Billboard. Retrieved June 4, 2018. Trust, Gary (June 18, 2018). "Drake's 'Nice For What' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 & Juice WRLD's 'Lucid Dreams' Tops Streaming Songs Chart". Billboard. Retrieved June 18, 2018. Trust, Gary (July 9, 2018). "Drake Claims 7 of Hot 100's Top 10, Breaking the Beatles' Record, As 'Nice For What' Returns to No. 1 For Eighth Week". Billboard. Retrieved July 9, 2018. ^ "This Is America" May 19–26, 2018: Trust, Gary (May 14, 2018). "Childish Gambino's 'This Is America' Blasts in at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved May 14, 2018. Trust, Gary (May 21, 2018). "Childish Gambino's 'This Is America' Leads Hot 100, & All-Rap Top Four, For Second Week". Billboard. Retrieved May 21, 2018. ^ "Psycho" June 16, 2018: Trust, Gary (June 11, 2018). "Post Malone's 'Psycho' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Maroon 5's 'Girls Like You' Leaps to Top Five". Billboard. Retrieved June 11, 2018. ^ "Sad!" June 30, 2018: Trust, Gary (June 25, 2018). "XXXTentacion's 'Sad!' Vaults From No. 52 to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 Following Rapper/Singer's Death". Billboard. Retrieved June 25, 2018. ^ "I Like It" July 7, 2018: Trust, Gary (July 2, 2018). "Cardi B Becomes First Female Rapper With Two Billboard Hot 100 No. 1s, as 'I Like It', With Bad Bunny & J Balvin, Follows 'Bodak Yellow' to the Top". Billboard. Retrieved July 2, 2018. ^ a b "In My Feelings" July 21 – September 22, 2018: Trust, Gary (July 16, 2018). "Drake Dethrones Drake Atop Billboard Hot 100 as 'In My Feelings' Replaces 'Nice for What' at No. 1". Billboard. Retrieved July 16, 2018. Trust, Gary (July 23, 2018). "Drake's 'In My Feelings' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week With Record-Breaking 116.2 Million U.S. Streams". Billboard. Retrieved July 23, 2018. Trust, Gary (July 30, 2018). "Drake Tops Hot 100 For Third Week With 'In My Feelings,' Passes Rihanna For Most Weeks at No. 1 This Decade". Billboard. Retrieved July 30, 2018. Trust, Gary (August 6, 2018). "Drake Dominates Hot 100 for Fourth Week With 'In My Feelings,' DJ Khaled's All-Star 'No Brainer' Debuts at No. 5". Billboard. Retrieved August 6, 2018. Trust, Gary (August 13, 2018). "Drake Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Fifth Week With 'In My Feelings,' Travis Scott Debuts Two Songs in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved August 13, 2018. Trust, Gary (August 20, 2018). "Drake Leads Billboard Hot 100 for Sixth Week With 'In My Feelings,' Moves Closer to Mark for Most Weeks at No. 1 in a Year". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2018. Anderson, Trevor (August 27, 2018). "Drake's 'In My Feelings' Leads Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week, Ariana Grande's 'God Is A Woman' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved August 27, 2018. Trust, Gary (September 4, 2018). "Drake Ties Usher for Most Total Weeks at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 Among Solo Males; Khalid & Normani Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved September 4, 2018. Trust, Gary (September 10, 2018). "Drake Ties Usher for Most Weeks at No. 1 in a Year On Billboard Hot 100 as 'In My Feelings' Leads for Ninth Week". Billboard. Retrieved September 10, 2018. Trust, Gary (September 17, 2018). "Drake Breaks Record for Most Weeks at No. 1 by Any Artist in a Year on Billboard Hot 100, as 'In My Feelings' Reigns for 10th Week". Billboard. Retrieved September 17, 2018. ^ "Girls Like You" September 29 – November 10, 2018: Trust, Gary (September 24, 2018). "Maroon 5 & Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Hits No. 1 on Hot 100, Eminem & 5SOS New to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2018. Trust, Gary (October 1, 2018). "Maroon 5 & Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Holds Atop Hot 100, Juice WRLD's 'Lucid Dreams' Lifts to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved October 1, 2018. Trust, Gary (October 8, 2018). "Maroon 5 & Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Leads Hot 100 for Third Week, Lil Wayne Is First to Debut Two Songs in Top Five". Billboard. Retrieved October 8, 2018. Trust, Gary (October 15, 2018). "Maroon 5 & Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Tops Hot 100 For Fourth Week, Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved October 15, 2018. Trust, Gary (October 22, 2018). "Kodak Black's 'Zeze' & Bad Bunny & Drake's 'Mia' Launch in Billboard Hot 100's Top 5, Maroon 5 Lead For Fifth Week". Billboard. Retrieved October 22, 2018. Trust, Gary (October 29, 2018). "Maroon 5 and Cardi B Rule Billboard Hot 100 For Sixth Week, Post Malone and Swae Lee Debut in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2018. Trust, Gary (November 5, 2018). "Maroon 5 & Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Leads Billboard Hot 100 For Seventh Week, Halsey & Sheck Wes Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved November 5, 2018. ^ "Thank U, Next" November 17 – December 1, 2018; December 15, 2018 – January 5, 2019: Trust, Gary (November 12, 2018). "Ariana Grande Achieves First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 as 'Thank U, Next' Debuts on Top". Billboard. Retrieved November 12, 2018. Trust, Gary (November 19, 2018). "Ariana Grande's 'Thank U, Next' Tops Hot 100 for Second Week, Panic! at the Disco's 'High Hopes' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved November 19, 2018. Trust, Gary (November 26, 2018). "Ariana Grande's 'Thank U, Next' Leads Hot 100 for Third Week, Panic! at the Disco Hits New High With 'High Hopes'". Billboard. Retrieved November 26, 2018. Trust, Gary (December 10, 2018). "Ariana Grande's 'Thank U, Next' Returns to No. 1 On Hot 100 With Biggest Streaming Week Ever For a Woman". Billboard. Retrieved December 10, 2018. Trust, Gary (December 17, 2018). "Ariana Grande's 'Thank U, Next' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Fifth Week, Halsey's 'Without Me' Rises to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved December 17, 2018. Trust, Gary (December 24, 2018). "Ariana Grande Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Sixth Week, Andy Williams Makes 'Wonderful' Record Return to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved December 24, 2018. Trust, Gary (December 31, 2018). "Mariah Carey's 'Christmas' Climbs to No. 3 on Billboard Hot 100, Ariana Grande's 'Next' Leads for Seventh Week". Billboard. Retrieved December 31, 2018.(subscription required) ^ "Sicko Mode" December 8, 2018: Trust, Gary (December 3, 2018). "Travis Scott Scores First Billboard Hot 100 Leader: 'What's More 'Sicko Mode' Than Going No. 1?!'". Billboard. Retrieved December 3, 2018.(subscription required) ^ "Without Me" January 12, 2019; January 26, 2019: Trust, Gary (January 7, 2019). "Halsey's 'Without Me' Tops Billboard Hot 100, Becoming Her First No. 1 as a Lead Artist". Billboard. Retrieved January 7, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (January 22, 2019). "Halsey's 'Without Me' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Post Malone's 'Wow.' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved January 22, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "Sunflower" January 19, 2019: Trust, Gary (January 14, 2019). "Post Malone & Swae Lee's 'Sunflower (Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse)' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 14, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "7 Rings" February 2 – March 2, 2019; March 23 – April 6, 2019: Trust, Gary (January 28, 2019). "Ariana Grande's '7 Rings' Soars In at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved January 28, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (February 4, 2019). "Ariana Grande's '7 Rings' Spends Second Week Atop Billboard Hot 100, J. Cole's 'Middle Child' Charges to Top Five". Billboard. Retrieved February 4, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (February 11, 2019). "Ariana Grande's '7 Rings' Spends Third Week Atop Billboard Hot 100, Marshmello Makes Fortnite-Fueled Flight to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved February 11, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (February 19, 2019). "Ariana Grande Claims Nos. 1, 2 & 3 on Billboard Hot 100, Is First Act to Achieve the Feat Since The Beatles in 1964". Billboard. Retrieved February 19, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (February 25, 2019). "Ariana Grande's '7 Rings' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Fifth Week, Cardi B & Bruno Mars' 'Please Me' Debuts at No. 5". Billboard. Retrieved February 25, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (March 18, 2019). "Ariana Grande's '7 Rings' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Post Malone's 'Wow.' Hits Top Five". Billboard. Retrieved March 18, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (March 25, 2019). "'7 Rings,' 7 Weeks: Ariana Grande Ties Personal Best Reign Atop Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved March 25, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (April 1, 2019). "Ariana Grande's '7 Rings' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for 8th Week, Passing Her Reign With 'Thank U, Next'". Billboard. Retrieved April 1, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "Shallow" March 9, 2019: Trust, Gary (March 4, 2019). "Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper's 'Shallow' Surges to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Fueled by Oscars Gains". Billboard. Retrieved March 4, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "Sucker" March 16, 2019: Trust, Gary (March 11, 2019). "Jonas Brothers Notch First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 as 'Sucker' Blasts In On Top". Billboard. Retrieved March 11, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "The Year in Charts 2019: Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road,' Feat. Billy Ray Cyrus, Is the No. 1 Hot 100 Song of the Year". Billboard. Retrieved December 6, 2019. ^ a b "Old Town Road" April 13 – August 17, 2019: Trust, Gary (April 8, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Leaps to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved April 8, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (April 15, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road,' Featuring Billy Ray Cyrus, Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 With Record-Shattering Streams". Billboard. Retrieved April 15, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (April 22, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Leads Billboard Hot 100 for Third Week; Sam Smith & Normani, BTS & Halsey Hit Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 22, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (April 29, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Rules Billboard Hot 100 For Fourth Week, Khalid's 'Talk' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved April 29, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (May 6, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Tops Billboard Hot 100 For Fifth Week, Taylor Swift's 'Me!' Vaults to No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved May 6, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (May 13, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Sixth Week; Shawn Mendes, Logic & Eminem Debut in Top Five". Billboard. Retrieved May 13, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (May 20, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week, Ed Sheeran & Justin Bieber's 'I Don't Care' Debuts at No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved May 20, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (May 28, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Eighth Week, Ava Max's 'Sweet but Psycho' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved May 28, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (June 3, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Ninth Week, the Most This Year, & DaBaby's 'Suge' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved June 3, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (June 10, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for 10th Week, the Longest Reign Since Drake's 'In My Feelings'". Billboard. Retrieved June 10, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (June 17, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for 11th Week, Chris Brown & Drake's 'No Guidance' Debuts at No. 9". Billboard. Retrieved June 17, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (June 24, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Leads Billboard Hot 100 for 12th Week, New Taylor Swift & Drake Songs Debut in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved June 24, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (July 1, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Tops Hot 100 for a Hip-Hop Record 13th Week; Shawn Mendes & Camila Cabello's 'Senorita' Debuts at No. 2". Billboard. Retrieved July 1, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (July 8, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Leads Hot 100 for 14th Week, Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved July 8, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (July 15, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for 15th Week, Post Malone's 'Goodbyes' Debuts at No. 3". Billboard. Retrieved July 15, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (July 22, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Rules Billboard Hot 100 For Record-Tying 16th Week". Billboard. Retrieved July 22, 2019.(subscription required) Anderson, Trevor; Trust, Gary (July 29, 2019). "Winner's Circle: Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Breaks Record With 17th Week Atop Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved July 29, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (August 5, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for 18th Week, Lil Tecca's 'Ran$om' Reaches Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved August 5, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (August 12, 2019). "Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' Leads Billboard Hot 100 for 19th Week, Ariana Grande & Social House's 'Boyfriend' Debuts in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved August 12, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "Bad Guy" August 24, 2019: Trust, Gary (August 19, 2019). "Billie Eilish's 'Bad Guy' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Dethroning Lil Nas X's 'Old Town Road' After Record 19 Weeks on Top". Billboard. Retrieved August 19, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "Señorita" August 31, 2019: Trust, Gary (August 26, 2019). "Shawn Mendes & Camila Cabello's 'Señorita' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Retrieved August 26, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "Truth Hurts" September 7 – October 12, 2019; October 26, 2019: Trust, Gary (September 3, 2019). "Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Taylor Swift's 'Lover' Leaps to Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved September 3, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (September 9, 2019). "Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week, Post Malone's 'Circles' Debuts in Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved September 9, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (September 16, 2019). "Lizzo Leads Billboard Hot 100, Post Malone Brings Back Ozzy Osbourne & Lewis Capaldi Lands First Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved September 16, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (September 23, 2019). "Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Billboard Hot 100 For Fourth Week, Lil Nas X's 'Panini' Hits Top 10". Billboard. Retrieved September 23, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (September 30, 2019). "Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Leads Hot 100 For 5th Week, Chris Brown's 'No Guidance' Is His First Top 5 Hit Since 2008". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (October 7, 2019). "Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Billboard Hot 100 For Sixth Week, 'Good as Hell' Becomes Her Second Top 40 Hit". Billboard. Retrieved October 7, 2019.(subscription required) Trust, Gary (October 21, 2019). "Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Hot 100 for 7th Week, Tying for Longest Reign Ever for a Rap Song by a Female Artist". Billboard. Retrieved October 21, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "Highest in the Room" October 19, 2019: Trust, Gary (October 14, 2019). "Travis Scott's 'Highest in the Room' Debuts at No. 1 on Hot 100, Dan + Shay + Justin's '10,000 Hours' Is No. 4". Billboard. Retrieved October 14, 2019.(subscription required) ^ "Someone You Loved" November 2, 2019; November 16–23, 2019: Trust, Gary (October 28, 2019). "Lewis Capaldi's 'Someone You Loved' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019. Trust, Gary (November 11, 2019). "Lewis Capaldi's 'Someone You Loved' Returns to No. 1 on Hot 100, Maroon 5 Adds 15th Top 10 With 'Memories'". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2019. Trust, Gary (November 18, 2019). "Lewis Capaldi's 'Someone You Loved' Tops Hot 100 For Third Week, Tying Capitol Records Mark Held Since 1963". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019. ^ "Lose You to Love Me" November 9, 2019: Trust, Gary (November 4, 2019). "Selena Gomez Scores First No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 With 'Lose You to Love Me'". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2019. ^ "Circles" November 30 – December 7, 2019; January 11, 2020: Trust, Gary (November 25, 2019). "Post Malone's 'Circles' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Billie Eilish's 'Everything I Wanted' Blasts to Top 10". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019. Trust, Gary (December 2, 2019). "Post Malone's 'Circles' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Hot 100, Arizona Zervas' 'Roxanne' Zooms to Top Five". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019. Trust, Gary (January 6, 2020). "Post Malone 'Circles' Back to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Maroon 5 & Roddy Ricch Reach Top Three". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020. ^ "Heartless" December 14, 2019: Trust, Gary (December 9, 2019). "The Weeknd's 'Heartless' Hits No. 1 on Hot 100, Mariah Carey's 'All I Want for Christmas Is You' Returns to No. 3 High". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019. ^ "All I Want for Christmas Is You" December 21, 2019 – January 4, 2020: Trust, Gary (December 16, 2019). "Wish Come True: Mariah Carey's 'All I Want for Christmas Is You' Hits No. 1 on Hot 100 After 25-Year Wait". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2019. Trust, Gary (December 23, 2019). "Mariah Carey No. 1, Brenda Lee No. 2 in Billboard Hot 100's First-Ever 'Christmas' Double Up". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2019. Trust, Gary (December 30, 2019). "Mariah Carey Becomes First Artist at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 in Four Decades, Thanks to 'All I Want for Christmas'". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2019. vteLists of Billboard number-one singles1940–1959 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960–1979 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980–1999 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000–2019 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020–2039 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 By decade 1940s 1950–1958 1958–1969 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s See also List of Your Hit Parade number-one songs (1930s) Top-ten singles Hot 100 Year-end List of Billboard Hot 100 chart achievements and milestones	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"physical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_single"},{"link_name":"digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay"},{"link_name":"streaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-decade-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Billboard Hot 100 is a chart that ranks the best-performing songs of the United States. Published by Billboard magazine, the data are compiled by Nielsen SoundScan based collectively on each single's weekly physical and digital sales, airplay, and, since 2012, streaming. Streaming became the dominant metric of the Hot 100 beginning in 2015, propelled by technology changes.[1]A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public every Tuesday in Billboard magazine and on its website. Each chart is dated with the \"week-ending\" date of the Saturday four days later. (Before 2018, the gap between the chart date and the date of its release was one week longer,[2] and prior to the July 25, 2015 issue, the chart was released every Thursday.[3])","title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2010s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Number-one single of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Year-End_number-one_singles_and_albums"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rihanna_Cologne_2013_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drake_and_Future_2016_Summer_Sixteen_Tour_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"One Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Dance"},{"link_name":"2018's number-one single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2018"},{"link_name":"God's Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God%27s_Plan_(song)"},{"link_name":"In My Feelings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_My_Feelings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katy_Perry_2011_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Katy Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruno_Mars,_Las_Vegas_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bruno Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Mars"},{"link_name":"Uptown Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptown_Funk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taylor_Swift_1989_Tour_at_Ford_Field_in_Detroit,_5-30-15.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taylor Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Swift"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Justin_Bieber_in_Rosemont,_Illinois_(2015).jpg"},{"link_name":"Justin Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber"},{"link_name":"number-one single of 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2016"},{"link_name":"Love Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Yourself"},{"link_name":"Despacito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Despacito#Remix_version"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adele_Live_2016_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele"},{"link_name":"number-one single of 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2011"},{"link_name":"Rolling in the Deep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_in_the_Deep"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maroon_5_Live_in_Hong_Kong_27.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maroon 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroon_5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:191125_Lil_Nas_X_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png"},{"link_name":"Old Town Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town_Road"},{"link_name":"Lil Nas X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Nas_X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billie_Eilish_2019_by_Glenn_Francis_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Billie Eilish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Eilish"},{"link_name":"Bad Guy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Guy_(Billie_Eilish_song)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MariahRAH270519-52_(49621629377)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"All I Want For Christmas Is You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Want_For_Christmas_Is_You"},{"link_name":"The Chipmunk Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chipmunk_Song"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Billy Ray Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Ray_Cyrus"}],"text":"Key\n ♪ – Number-one single of the yearRihanna scored the most number-one singles in the 2010s (nine), accumulating 41 cumulative weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100.Drake had the longest cumulative run at number one in the decade (49 weeks), aided by six number-one singles, with three songs spending over 10 weeks atop the chart: \"One Dance\", 2018's number-one single \"God's Plan\" and \"In My Feelings\".Katy Perry gathered eight number-one singles, spending 26 weeks atop the Hot 100.Bruno Mars spent 32 weeks atop the chart with seven entries, including \"Uptown Funk\", which topped the Decade-End chart.Taylor Swift accumulated five number-one singles, totalling 18 weeks at the summit of the Hot 100 chart.Justin Bieber amassed five number-one songs, including the number-one single of 2016, \"Love Yourself\", and \"Despacito\", which spent 16 weeks atop the Hot 100.Adele spent 24 weeks at number one, aided by four entries, including the number-one single of 2011, \"Rolling in the Deep\".Maroon 5 became the most successful band of the 2010s, with three songs and 20 weeks atop the chart.\"Old Town Road\" by Lil Nas X became the longest-reigning number-one in the history of the Hot 100, spending 19 weeks on top.Billie Eilish became the first artist born in the 21st century to have a number-one song on the Hot 100, with \"Bad Guy\".Mariah Carey scored her 19th chart-topper and became only the second artist to score a Christmas number-one hit, with \"All I Want For Christmas Is You\", since \"The Chipmunk Song\" in 1958. The song topped the chart for the first time, 25 years after release, and returned to number-one every holiday season since.Notes\n1 For the first five weeks that \"Perfect\" by Ed Sheeran was at number one, the duet version between Sheeran and Beyoncé was the song's billing on the Hot 100.\n2 For the first week that \"Old Town Road\" by Lil Nas X was at number one, the solo version was the song's billing on the Hot 100. The remix with Billy Ray Cyrus hit number one the following week.\n3 Across four separate holiday season runs (2019–2022), \"All I Want for Christmas Is You\" has accumulated 12 total weeks at number one. It is also the first song in the history of the Hot 100 to reach number one in at least three separate chart runs.","title":"Number-one singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Artists by total number-one singles","text":"The following artists achieved three or more number-one singles during the 2010s. A number of artists had number-one singles on their own as well as part of a collaboration.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Artists by total cumulative weeks at number-one","text":"The following artists were featured at the top of the Hot 100 for the highest cumulative number of weeks during the 2010s. Some totals include in part or in whole weeks spent at number one as part of a collaboration.","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:N.E.R.D_@_Pori_Jazz_2010_-_Pharrell_Williams_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"},{"link_name":"Blurred Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blurred_Lines"},{"link_name":"Happy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_(Pharrell_Williams_song)"}],"sub_title":"Songs by total number of weeks at number one","text":"Pharrell Williams became the first artist in the decade to have two songs spent at least 10 weeks apiece on top with \"Blurred Lines\" and \"Happy\".The following songs were featured at the top of the Hot 100 for the highest number of weeks during the 2010s.","title":"Statistics"}]	[{"image_text":"Rihanna scored the most number-one singles in the 2010s (nine), accumulating 41 cumulative weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Rihanna_Cologne_2013_05.jpg/170px-Rihanna_Cologne_2013_05.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drake had the longest cumulative run at number one in the decade (49 weeks), aided by six number-one singles, with three songs spending over 10 weeks atop the chart: \"One Dance\", 2018's number-one single \"God's Plan\" and \"In My Feelings\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Drake_and_Future_2016_Summer_Sixteen_Tour_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Drake_and_Future_2016_Summer_Sixteen_Tour_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Katy Perry gathered eight number-one singles, spending 26 weeks atop the Hot 100.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Katy_Perry_2011_2.jpg/170px-Katy_Perry_2011_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bruno Mars spent 32 weeks atop the chart with seven entries, including \"Uptown Funk\", which topped the Decade-End chart.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bruno_Mars%2C_Las_Vegas_2010.jpg/170px-Bruno_Mars%2C_Las_Vegas_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"Taylor Swift accumulated five number-one singles, totalling 18 weeks at the summit of the Hot 100 chart.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Taylor_Swift_1989_Tour_at_Ford_Field_in_Detroit%2C_5-30-15.jpg/170px-Taylor_Swift_1989_Tour_at_Ford_Field_in_Detroit%2C_5-30-15.jpg"},{"image_text":"Justin Bieber amassed five number-one songs, including the number-one single of 2016, \"Love Yourself\", and \"Despacito\", which spent 16 weeks atop the Hot 100.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Justin_Bieber_in_Rosemont%2C_Illinois_%282015%29.jpg/170px-Justin_Bieber_in_Rosemont%2C_Illinois_%282015%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adele spent 24 weeks at number one, aided by four entries, including the number-one single of 2011, \"Rolling in the Deep\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Adele_Live_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Adele_Live_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maroon 5 became the most successful band of the 2010s, with three songs and 20 weeks atop the chart.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Maroon_5_Live_in_Hong_Kong_27.jpg/170px-Maroon_5_Live_in_Hong_Kong_27.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Old Town Road\" by Lil Nas X became the longest-reigning number-one in the history of the Hot 100, spending 19 weeks on top.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/191125_Lil_Nas_X_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png/170px-191125_Lil_Nas_X_at_the_2019_American_Music_Awards.png"},{"image_text":"Billie Eilish became the first artist born in the 21st century to have a number-one song on the Hot 100, with \"Bad Guy\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Billie_Eilish_2019_by_Glenn_Francis_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Billie_Eilish_2019_by_Glenn_Francis_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mariah Carey scored her 19th chart-topper and became only the second artist to score a Christmas number-one hit, with \"All I Want For Christmas Is You\", since \"The Chipmunk Song\" in 1958. The song topped the chart for the first time, 25 years after release, and returned to number-one every holiday season since.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/MariahRAH270519-52_%2849621629377%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-MariahRAH270519-52_%2849621629377%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pharrell Williams became the first artist in the decade to have two songs spent at least 10 weeks apiece on top with \"Blurred Lines\" and \"Happy\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/N.E.R.D_%40_Pori_Jazz_2010_-_Pharrell_Williams_1.jpg/170px-N.E.R.D_%40_Pori_Jazz_2010_-_Pharrell_Williams_1.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Billboard number-one singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_singles"},{"title":"2010s in music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s_in_music"},{"title":"List of UK Singles Chart number ones of the 2010s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UK_Singles_Chart_number_ones_of_the_2010s"},{"title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of the 2020s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_the_2020s"}]	[{"reference":"Trust, Gary (November 14, 2019). \"The Decade in Charts: Mark & Bruno's 'Uptown Funk!' 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Retrieved November 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6605842/billboard-alter-chart-tracking-week-global-release-date","url_text":"\"Billboard to Alter Chart Tracking Week for Global Release Date\""}]},{"reference":"Caulfield, Keith (December 9, 2010). \"Lady Gaga Is Billboard's 2010 Artist of the Year, Ke$ha Takes Top New Act\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/949522/lady-gaga-is-billboards-2010-artist-of-the-year-keha-takes-top-new-act","url_text":"\"Lady Gaga Is Billboard's 2010 Artist of the Year, Ke$ha Takes Top New Act\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Business_Media,_Inc.","url_text":"Nielsen Business Media, Inc."}]},{"reference":"Pietroluongo, Silvio (December 23, 2009). \"Ke$ha Clocks Her First Hot 100 No. 1\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved December 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3idbd92851d6a66e359536d7ce940be00b","url_text":"\"Ke$ha Clocks Her First Hot 100 No. 1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Pietroluongo, Silvio (December 31, 2009). \"Ke$ha Controls Hot 100 Summit For A Second Week\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120525145230/http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3ib109e311f1631c0c53e32e38fdbb5e4f","url_text":"\"Ke$ha Controls Hot 100 Summit For A Second Week\""},{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/content_display/industry/e3ib109e311f1631c0c53e32e38fdbb5e4f","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pietroluongo, Silvio (January 7, 2010). \"Ke$ha's 'TiK ToK' Won't Stop On Hot 100\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved January 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/960793/kehas-tik-tok-wont-stop-on-hot-100","url_text":"\"Ke$ha's 'TiK ToK' Won't Stop On Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Pietroluongo, Silvio (January 13, 2010). \"Ke$ha Holds On Hot 100; Doubles Down On Digital Songs\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved January 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959757/keha-holds-on-hot-100-doubles-down-on-digital-songs","url_text":"\"Ke$ha Holds On Hot 100; Doubles Down On Digital Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Pietroluongo, Silvio (January 21, 2010). \"Ke$ha's Time Isn't Up on Hot 100; Train Rolls Into Top 10\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved January 21, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959667/kehas-time-isnt-up-on-hot-100-train-rolls-into-top-10","url_text":"\"Ke$ha's Time Isn't Up on Hot 100; Train Rolls Into Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Pietroluongo, Silvio (February 6, 2010). \"Taylor Swift Swipes Female Download Record; Haiti Tracks Chart\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved January 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959594/taylor-swift-swipes-female-download-record-haiti-tracks-chart","url_text":"\"Taylor Swift Swipes Female Download Record; Haiti Tracks Chart\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (February 13, 2010). \"'Hope For Haiti' Songs Climb Hot 100, Ke$ha Still No. 1\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved February 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959497/hope-for-haiti-songs-climb-hot-100-keha-still-no-1","url_text":"\"'Hope For Haiti' Songs Climb Hot 100, Ke$ha Still No. 1\""}]},{"reference":"Pietroluongo, Silvio (February 11, 2010). \"Ke$ha Holds Atop Hot 100, Pink Glows with 'Glitter'\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved February 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959416/keha-holds-atop-hot-100-pink-glows-with-glitter","url_text":"\"Ke$ha Holds Atop Hot 100, Pink Glows with 'Glitter'\""}]},{"reference":"Pietroluongo, Silvio (February 17, 2010). \"'We Are The World' Returns to the Upper Reaches of the Hot 100\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved February 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959358/we-are-the-world-returns-to-the-upper-reaches-of-the-hot-100","url_text":"\"'We Are The World' Returns to the Upper Reaches of the Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Pietroluongo, Silvio (February 25, 2010). \"Black Eyed Peas Back On Top Of Hot 100 With 'Imma Be'\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved February 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/959266/black-eyed-peas-back-on-top-of-hot-100-with-imma-be","url_text":"\"Black Eyed Peas Back On Top Of Hot 100 With 'Imma Be'\""}]},{"reference":"Pietroluongo, Silvio (March 4, 2010). \"Peas Persist on Hot 100 with \"Imma Be\"\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 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Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469254/lmfao-keeps-party-rocking-atop-hot-100","url_text":"\"LMFAO Keeps 'Party' Rocking Atop Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (July 20, 2011). \"LMFAO Still Atop Hot 100, Demi Lovato Debuts In Top 10\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 20, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/469163/lmfao-still-atop-hot-100-demi-lovato-debuts-in-top-10","url_text":"\"LMFAO Still Atop Hot 100, Demi Lovato Debuts In Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (July 27, 2011). \"Bad Meets Evil Hits Top 10 on Hot 100, LMFAO Still No. 1\". Prometheus Global Media. 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Makes Digital Sales History in Sixth Week at No. 1\". Billboard. Nielson Business Media, Inc. Retrieved April 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/496322/hot-100-fun-makes-digital-sales-history-in-sixth-week-at-no-1","url_text":"\"Hot 100: Fun. Makes Digital Sales History in Sixth Week at No. 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012: The Year In Music\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. December 14, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1481472/the-best-of-2012-the-year-in-music","url_text":"\"2012: The Year In Music\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (April 18, 2012). \"Gotye's 'Somebody That I Used to Know' Roars to No. 1 on Hot 100\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 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Billboard. Retrieved March 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5937710/pharrell-williams-tops-hot-100-again-soko-surprises-with-top-10-debut","url_text":"\"Pharrell Williams Tops Hot 100 Again; Soko Surprises With Top 10 Debut\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (March 26, 2014). \"Pharrell Williams Leads Hot 100; John Legend, Idina Menzel On the Move\". Billboard. Retrieved March 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6021173/pharrell-williams-leads-hot-100-john-legend-idina-menzel-on-the-move","url_text":"\"Pharrell Williams Leads Hot 100; John Legend, Idina Menzel On the Move\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (April 2, 2014). \"Pharrell Williams' 'Happy' Holds Atop Hot 100; DJ Snake & Lil Jon Hit Top 10\". Billboard. 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Maintains No. 1 Perch on Hot 100; 'Bang Bang,' Meghan Trainor Soar Into Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (August 13, 2014). \"MAGIC! Still No. 1 On Hot 100 as Meghan Trainor & Charli XCX Soar\". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6214513/hot-100-magic-charli-xcx-meghan-trainor","url_text":"\"MAGIC! Still No. 1 On Hot 100 as Meghan Trainor & Charli XCX Soar\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (August 20, 2014). \"Ariana Grande, Iggy Azalea Triple Up In Hot 100's Top 10, MAGIC! Still No. 1\". Billboard. Retrieved August 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6221978/hot-100-ariana-grande-iggy-azalea-top-10-magic","url_text":"\"Ariana Grande, Iggy Azalea Triple Up In Hot 100's Top 10, MAGIC! Still No. 1\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (August 27, 2014). \"Taylor Swift's 'Shake It Off' Debuts At No. 1 On Hot 100\". Billboard. 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Retrieved November 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7565848/chainsmokers-halsey-closer-hot-100-drake-rae-sremmurd","url_text":"\"The Chainsmokers' 'Closer' Tops Hot 100 for 12th Week, Rae Sremmurd & Drake Hit Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (November 14, 2016). \"Rae Sremmurd's 'Black Beatles' Blasts to No. 1 on Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved November 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7573655/hot-100-rae-sremmurd-black-beatles-number-one","url_text":"\"Rae Sremmurd's 'Black Beatles' Blasts to No. 1 on Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (November 21, 2016). \"Rae Sremmurd's 'Black Beatles' Tops Hot 100 for Second Week\". Billboard. 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Rules Billboard 200\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (January 17, 2017). \"Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With 'Shape of You' & in Top 10 With 'Castle on the Hill'\". Billboard. Retrieved January 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7655347/hot-100-ed-sheeran-shape-of-you-debuts-number-one","url_text":"\"Ed Sheeran Debuts Atop Hot 100 With 'Shape of You' & in Top 10 With 'Castle on the Hill'\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (February 6, 2017). \"Ed Sheeran Returns to Top of Hot 100, Zayn & Taylor Swift Surge to No. 3\". Billboard. Retrieved February 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7678133/hot-100-ed-sheeran-shape-of-you-zayn-taylor-swift-surge-to","url_text":"\"Ed Sheeran Returns to Top of Hot 100, Zayn & Taylor Swift Surge to No. 3\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (February 13, 2017). \"Ed Sheeran's 'Shape' Tops Hot 100, Lady Gaga's 'Reasons' Returns at No. 4\". Billboard. 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Retrieved April 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7752683/hot-100-ed-sheeran-shape-of-you-kendrick-lamar-humble-debut-sam-hunt","url_text":"\"Ed Sheeran Holds Atop Hot 100 as Kendrick Lamar Debuts at No. 2\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (April 17, 2017). \"Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 for 12th Week, as Harry Styles Starts at No. 4\". Billboard. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7760569/ed-sheeran-harry-styles-sign-times-hot-100","url_text":"\"Ed Sheeran Tops Hot 100 for 12th Week, as Harry Styles Starts at No. 4\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (April 24, 2017). \"Kendrick Lamar's 'Humble.' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved April 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7768186/kendrick-lamar-humble-number-one-billboard-hot-100","url_text":"\"Kendrick Lamar's 'Humble.' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (May 1, 2017). \"Bruno Mars' 'That's What I Like' Lifts to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved May 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7777032/bruno-mars-thats-what-i-like-lifts-to-no-1-on-billboard-hot-100","url_text":"\"Bruno Mars' 'That's What I Like' Lifts to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (May 8, 2017). \"DJ Khaled's All-Star 'I'm the One' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. Retrieved May 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7785104/dj-khaled-im-the-one-hot-100-debuts-number-one-justin-bieber","url_text":"\"DJ Khaled's All-Star 'I'm the One' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (May 15, 2017). \"Luis Fonsi & Daddy Yankee's 'Despacito,' Featuring Justin Bieber, Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. 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Retrieved October 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8015110/post-malone-rockstar-21-savage-hot-100-camila-cabello-havana-ed-sheeran-perfect","url_text":"\"Post Malone & 21 Savage Lead Hot 100, Camila Cabello & Ed Sheeran Hit Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (November 6, 2017). \"Post Malone & 21 Savage No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 for Fourth Week, Camila Cabello's 'Havana' Surges to No. 2\". Billboard. Retrieved November 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8023281/post-malone-21-savage-camila-cabello-havana-hot-100","url_text":"\"Post Malone & 21 Savage No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 for Fourth Week, Camila Cabello's 'Havana' Surges to No. 2\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (November 13, 2017). \"Post Malone Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Fifth Week, Sam Smith Hits New High, Maroon 5 & SZA Reach Top 10\". Billboard. 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Retrieved January 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8096886/drake-gods-plan-hot-100-number-one-debut-scary-hours","url_text":"\"Drake's 'God's Plan' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (February 5, 2018). \"Drake's 'God's Plan' Holds at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Justin Timberlake & Chris Stapleton's 'Say Something' Debuts in Top 10\". Billboard. Retrieved February 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8098078/drake-gods-plan-hot-100-justin-timberlake-say-something","url_text":"\"Drake's 'God's Plan' Holds at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Justin Timberlake & Chris Stapleton's 'Say Something' Debuts in Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (February 12, 2018). \"Drake's 'God's Plan' Dominates Billboard Hot 100 for Third Week & Three Songs Enter Top 10\". Billboard. 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Retrieved February 26, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8220361/drake-gods-plan-100-million-streams-blocboy-jb-look-alive","url_text":"\"Drake Leads Billboard Hot 100 With 'God's Plan' for Fifth Week, Drawing Monstrous 101.7 Million U.S. Streams\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (March 5, 2018). \"Drake's 'God's Plan' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 for Sixth Week, Post Malone's 'Psycho' Debuts at No. 2\". Billboard. Retrieved March 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8231969/drake-gods-plan-post-malone-psycho-hot-100","url_text":"\"Drake's 'God's Plan' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 for Sixth Week, Post Malone's 'Psycho' Debuts at No. 2\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (March 12, 2018). \"Drake's 'God's Plan' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week; Zedd, Maren Morris & Grey's 'The Middle' Hits Top 10\". Billboard. Retrieved March 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8240735/drake-gods-plan-hot-100-number-one-seventh-week","url_text":"\"Drake's 'God's Plan' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week; Zedd, Maren Morris & Grey's 'The Middle' Hits Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (March 19, 2018). \"Drake's 'God's Plan' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Eighth Week\". Billboard. Retrieved March 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8252366/drake-gods-plan-hot-100-eighth-week-number-one","url_text":"\"Drake's 'God's Plan' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Eighth Week\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (March 26, 2018). \"Drake's 'God's Plan' Leads Billboard Hot 100, Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line's 'Meant to Be' Rises to No. 2\". Billboard. 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Retrieved July 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8467628/drake-in-my-feelings-number-one-third-week","url_text":"\"Drake Tops Hot 100 For Third Week With 'In My Feelings,' Passes Rihanna For Most Weeks at No. 1 This Decade\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (August 6, 2018). \"Drake Dominates Hot 100 for Fourth Week With 'In My Feelings,' DJ Khaled's All-Star 'No Brainer' Debuts at No. 5\". Billboard. Retrieved August 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8468763/drake-in-my-feelings-hot-100","url_text":"\"Drake Dominates Hot 100 for Fourth Week With 'In My Feelings,' DJ Khaled's All-Star 'No Brainer' Debuts at No. 5\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (August 13, 2018). \"Drake Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Fifth Week With 'In My Feelings,' Travis Scott Debuts Two Songs in Top 10\". Billboard. 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Retrieved September 10, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8474286/drake-in-my-feelings-no-1-hot-100-ninth-week-usher-record","url_text":"\"Drake Ties Usher for Most Weeks at No. 1 in a Year On Billboard Hot 100 as 'In My Feelings' Leads for Ninth Week\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (September 17, 2018). \"Drake Breaks Record for Most Weeks at No. 1 by Any Artist in a Year on Billboard Hot 100, as 'In My Feelings' Reigns for 10th Week\". Billboard. Retrieved September 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8475427/drake-most-weeks-number-one-hot-100-in-my-feelings","url_text":"\"Drake Breaks Record for Most Weeks at No. 1 by Any Artist in a Year on Billboard Hot 100, as 'In My Feelings' Reigns for 10th Week\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (September 24, 2018). \"Maroon 5 & Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Hits No. 1 on Hot 100, Eminem & 5SOS New to Top 10\". Billboard. Retrieved September 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8476577/maroon-5-girls-like-you-hot-100-number-one-cardi-b","url_text":"\"Maroon 5 & Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Hits No. 1 on Hot 100, Eminem & 5SOS New to Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (October 1, 2018). \"Maroon 5 & Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Holds Atop Hot 100, Juice WRLD's 'Lucid Dreams' Lifts to No. 2\". Billboard. Retrieved October 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8477658/maroon-5-girls-like-you-hot-100-second-week","url_text":"\"Maroon 5 & Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Holds Atop Hot 100, Juice WRLD's 'Lucid Dreams' Lifts to No. 2\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (October 8, 2018). \"Maroon 5 & Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Leads Hot 100 for Third Week, Lil Wayne Is First to Debut Two Songs in Top Five\". Billboard. 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Retrieved October 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8481033/kodak-black-zeze-bad-bunny-drake-mia-hot-100-top-5","url_text":"\"Kodak Black's 'Zeze' & Bad Bunny & Drake's 'Mia' Launch in Billboard Hot 100's Top 5, Maroon 5 Lead For Fifth Week\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (October 29, 2018). \"Maroon 5 and Cardi B Rule Billboard Hot 100 For Sixth Week, Post Malone and Swae Lee Debut in Top 10\". Billboard. Retrieved October 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8482102/maroon-5-cardi-b-rule-hot-100-sixth-week","url_text":"\"Maroon 5 and Cardi B Rule Billboard Hot 100 For Sixth Week, Post Malone and Swae Lee Debut in Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (November 5, 2018). \"Maroon 5 & Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Leads Billboard Hot 100 For Seventh Week, Halsey & Sheck Wes Hit Top 10\". Billboard. Retrieved November 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8483229/maroon-5-girls-like-you-number-one-halsey-sheck-wes","url_text":"\"Maroon 5 & Cardi B's 'Girls Like You' Leads Billboard Hot 100 For Seventh Week, Halsey & Sheck Wes Hit Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (November 12, 2018). \"Ariana Grande Achieves First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 as 'Thank U, Next' Debuts on Top\". Billboard. Retrieved November 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8484401/ariana-grande-thank-u-next-hot-100-first-number-one-debut","url_text":"\"Ariana Grande Achieves First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 as 'Thank U, Next' Debuts on Top\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (November 19, 2018). \"Ariana Grande's 'Thank U, Next' Tops Hot 100 for Second Week, Panic! at the Disco's 'High Hopes' Hits Top 10\". Billboard. 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Retrieved January 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8495202/ariana-grande-7-rings-hot-100-number-one-debut","url_text":"\"Ariana Grande's '7 Rings' Soars In at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (February 4, 2019). \"Ariana Grande's '7 Rings' Spends Second Week Atop Billboard Hot 100, J. Cole's 'Middle Child' Charges to Top Five\". Billboard. Retrieved February 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8496315/ariana-grande-7-rings-hot-100-number-one-second-week","url_text":"\"Ariana Grande's '7 Rings' Spends Second Week Atop Billboard Hot 100, J. Cole's 'Middle Child' Charges to Top Five\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (February 11, 2019). \"Ariana Grande's '7 Rings' Spends Third Week Atop Billboard Hot 100, Marshmello Makes Fortnite-Fueled Flight to No. 2\". Billboard. Retrieved February 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8497755/ariana-grande-7-rings-hot-100-number-one-third-week","url_text":"\"Ariana Grande's '7 Rings' Spends Third Week Atop Billboard Hot 100, Marshmello Makes Fortnite-Fueled Flight to No. 2\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (February 19, 2019). \"Ariana Grande Claims Nos. 1, 2 & 3 on Billboard Hot 100, Is First Act to Achieve the Feat Since The Beatles in 1964\". Billboard. Retrieved February 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8498841/ariana-grande-top-3-spots-hot-100","url_text":"\"Ariana Grande Claims Nos. 1, 2 & 3 on Billboard Hot 100, Is First Act to Achieve the Feat Since The Beatles in 1964\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (February 25, 2019). \"Ariana Grande's '7 Rings' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Fifth Week, Cardi B & Bruno Mars' 'Please Me' Debuts at No. 5\". Billboard. 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Retrieved September 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8528901/lizzo-truth-hurts-number-one-hot-100","url_text":"\"Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Taylor Swift's 'Lover' Leaps to Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (September 9, 2019). \"Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week, Post Malone's 'Circles' Debuts in Top 10\". Billboard. Retrieved September 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8529464/lizzo-truth-hurts-number-one-hot-100-post-malone-circles","url_text":"\"Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week, Post Malone's 'Circles' Debuts in Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (September 16, 2019). \"Lizzo Leads Billboard Hot 100, Post Malone Brings Back Ozzy Osbourne & Lewis Capaldi Lands First Top 10\". Billboard. Retrieved September 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8530073/lizzo-truth-hurts-number-one-hot-100-three-weeks","url_text":"\"Lizzo Leads Billboard Hot 100, Post Malone Brings Back Ozzy Osbourne & Lewis Capaldi Lands First Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (September 23, 2019). \"Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Billboard Hot 100 For Fourth Week, Lil Nas X's 'Panini' Hits Top 10\". Billboard. Retrieved September 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8530747/lizzo-truth-hurts-number-one-fourth-week-hot-100","url_text":"\"Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Billboard Hot 100 For Fourth Week, Lil Nas X's 'Panini' Hits Top 10\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (September 30, 2019). \"Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Leads Hot 100 For 5th Week, Chris Brown's 'No Guidance' Is His First Top 5 Hit Since 2008\". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8531741/lizzo-truth-hurts-no-1-hot-100-5th-week","url_text":"\"Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Leads Hot 100 For 5th Week, Chris Brown's 'No Guidance' Is His First Top 5 Hit Since 2008\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (October 7, 2019). \"Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Billboard Hot 100 For Sixth Week, 'Good as Hell' Becomes Her Second Top 40 Hit\". Billboard. Retrieved October 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8532351/lizzo-truth-hurts-number-one-sixth-week-hot-100","url_text":"\"Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Billboard Hot 100 For Sixth Week, 'Good as Hell' Becomes Her Second Top 40 Hit\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (October 21, 2019). \"Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Hot 100 for 7th Week, Tying for Longest Reign Ever for a Rap Song by a Female Artist\". Billboard. Retrieved October 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8533646/lizzo-truth-hurts-number-one-seventh-week-hot-100","url_text":"\"Lizzo's 'Truth Hurts' Tops Hot 100 for 7th Week, Tying for Longest Reign Ever for a Rap Song by a Female Artist\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (October 14, 2019). \"Travis Scott's 'Highest in the Room' Debuts at No. 1 on Hot 100, Dan + Shay + Justin's '10,000 Hours' Is No. 4\". Billboard. Retrieved October 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8532925/travis-scott-no-1-hot-100-highest-room","url_text":"\"Travis Scott's 'Highest in the Room' Debuts at No. 1 on Hot 100, Dan + Shay + Justin's '10,000 Hours' Is No. 4\""}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (October 28, 2019). \"Lewis Capaldi's 'Someone You Loved' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214153721/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8541081/lewis-capaldi-someone-you-loved-number-one-hot-100","url_text":"\"Lewis Capaldi's 'Someone You Loved' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8541081/lewis-capaldi-someone-you-loved-number-one-hot-100","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (November 11, 2019). \"Lewis Capaldi's 'Someone You Loved' Returns to No. 1 on Hot 100, Maroon 5 Adds 15th Top 10 With 'Memories'\". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191219145919/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8543241/lewis-capaldi-someone-you-loved-number-one-second-week","url_text":"\"Lewis Capaldi's 'Someone You Loved' Returns to No. 1 on Hot 100, Maroon 5 Adds 15th Top 10 With 'Memories'\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8543241/lewis-capaldi-someone-you-loved-number-one-second-week","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (November 18, 2019). \"Lewis Capaldi's 'Someone You Loved' Tops Hot 100 For Third Week, Tying Capitol Records Mark Held Since 1963\". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 12, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200112190415/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8544015/lewis-capaldi-someone-like-you-number-one-third-week-hot-100","url_text":"\"Lewis Capaldi's 'Someone You Loved' Tops Hot 100 For Third Week, Tying Capitol Records Mark Held Since 1963\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8544015/lewis-capaldi-someone-like-you-number-one-third-week-hot-100","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (November 4, 2019). \"Selena Gomez Scores First No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 With 'Lose You to Love Me'\". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191213205550/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8542511/selena-gomez-lose-you-to-love-me-number-one-hot-100","url_text":"\"Selena Gomez Scores First No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 With 'Lose You to Love Me'\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8542511/selena-gomez-lose-you-to-love-me-number-one-hot-100","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (November 25, 2019). \"Post Malone's 'Circles' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Billie Eilish's 'Everything I Wanted' Blasts to Top 10\". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191221153542/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8544750/post-malone-circles-number-one-hot-100","url_text":"\"Post Malone's 'Circles' Hits No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Billie Eilish's 'Everything I Wanted' Blasts to Top 10\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8544750/post-malone-circles-number-one-hot-100","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (December 2, 2019). \"Post Malone's 'Circles' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Hot 100, Arizona Zervas' 'Roxanne' Zooms to Top Five\". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191204222843/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8545175/post-malone-circles-no-1-hot-100-second-week","url_text":"\"Post Malone's 'Circles' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Hot 100, Arizona Zervas' 'Roxanne' Zooms to Top Five\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8545175/post-malone-circles-no-1-hot-100-second-week","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (January 6, 2020). \"Post Malone 'Circles' Back to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Maroon 5 & Roddy Ricch Reach Top Three\". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved January 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8547374/post-malone-circles-hot-100-number-one-third-week","url_text":"\"Post Malone 'Circles' Back to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Maroon 5 & Roddy Ricch Reach Top Three\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200109150723/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8547374/post-malone-circles-hot-100-number-one-third-week","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (December 9, 2019). \"The Weeknd's 'Heartless' Hits No. 1 on Hot 100, Mariah Carey's 'All I Want for Christmas Is You' Returns to No. 3 High\". Billboard. Archived from the original on December 12, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191212071631/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8545778/the-weeknd-heartless-no-1-hot-100","url_text":"\"The Weeknd's 'Heartless' Hits No. 1 on Hot 100, Mariah Carey's 'All I Want for Christmas Is You' Returns to No. 3 High\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8545778/the-weeknd-heartless-no-1-hot-100","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (December 16, 2019). \"Wish Come True: Mariah Carey's 'All I Want for Christmas Is You' Hits No. 1 on Hot 100 After 25-Year Wait\". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200101104215/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8546418/mariah-carey-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you-number-one","url_text":"\"Wish Come True: Mariah Carey's 'All I Want for Christmas Is You' Hits No. 1 on Hot 100 After 25-Year Wait\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8546418/mariah-carey-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you-number-one","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (December 23, 2019). \"Mariah Carey No. 1, Brenda Lee No. 2 in Billboard Hot 100's First-Ever 'Christmas' Double Up\". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200102012512/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8547002/hot-100-first-ever-christmas-double-up-mariah-carey","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey No. 1, Brenda Lee No. 2 in Billboard Hot 100's First-Ever 'Christmas' Double Up\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8547002/hot-100-first-ever-christmas-double-up-mariah-carey","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Trust, Gary (December 30, 2019). \"Mariah Carey Becomes First Artist at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 in Four Decades, Thanks to 'All I Want for Christmas'\". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved December 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200102011917/http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8547157/mariah-carey-number-one-hot-100-four-decades-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you","url_text":"\"Mariah Carey Becomes First Artist at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 in Four Decades, Thanks to 'All I Want for Christmas'\""},{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8547157/mariah-carey-number-one-hot-100-four-decades-all-i-want-for-christmas-is-you","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/8543457/decade-in-charts-2010s-hot-100-billboard-200/","external_links_name":"\"The Decade in Charts: Mark & Bruno's 'Uptown Funk!' 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthilus_of_Mycenae	Penthilus of Mycenae	["1 Family","2 Mythology","3 Notes","4 References"]	Mythical son of Orestes For other uses, see Penthilus of Messenia. Penthilus (/ˈpɛnθɪləs/; Ancient Greek: Πένθιλος) is the illegitimate or legitimate son of half-siblings Orestes and Erigone in Greek mythology. Family Penthilus' grandmother was Clytemnestra. His maternal and paternal grandfathers were Aigisthos and Agamemnon respectively. Penthilus fathered two sons, Echelatus (Echelas or Archelaüs), and Damasias (Damasius), father of Agorius. Mythology Orestes killed both Clytemnestra, who was his own mother and Aigisthos. Erigone is said to have hanged herself or married Orestes after the latter's first wife, Hermione, died. Orestes was ruler over much of the Peloponnese and died of a snakebite at age 70. One story says that as a child, Penthilus was torn apart and devoured by wolves in the Taygetus mountains, near Sparta. His father established a festival of mourning, the so-called Penthilia in his honour. According to Pausanias, Penthilus grew up and founded a city either on Lesbos or in Thrace. Penthilus was the mythical ancestor of the Penthilides, an ancient dynasty of kings on Lesbos. His son, Echelas was the father of Gras, the founder of the city Aeolis, between Ionia and Mysia. In some accounts, Penthilus instead led a colony of Aeolians to Thrace. Notes ^ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 2.18.6 with Cinaethus as the authority ^ Tzetzes on Lycophron, Alexandra 1374 ^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6.28, f.n. 2 ^ a b c Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 3.2.1 ^ a b c Strabo, Geographica 13.1.3 ^ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 5.4.3 & 7.6.2 ^ Aristotle, Politics 5.8.13 = 5.1311b, f.n. 5 References Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website. Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. Strabo, The Geography of Strabo. Edition by H.L. Jones. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Strabo, Geographica edited by A. Meineke. Leipzig: Teubner. 1877. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library. This article relating to Greek mythology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penthilus of Messenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penthilus_of_Messenia"},{"link_name":"/ˈpɛnθɪləs/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Orestes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orestes_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Erigone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erigone_(daughter_of_Aegisthus)"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For other uses, see Penthilus of Messenia.Penthilus (/ˈpɛnθɪləs/; Ancient Greek: Πένθιλος) is the illegitimate or legitimate son of half-siblings Orestes and Erigone in Greek mythology.[1][2][3]","title":"Penthilus of Mycenae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clytemnestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clytemnestra"},{"link_name":"Aigisthos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegisthus"},{"link_name":"Agamemnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agamemnon"},{"link_name":"Echelatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echelatus_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Echelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echelas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pausanias.3.2.1-4"},{"link_name":"Archelaüs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archelaus_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Damasias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damasias_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agorius_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Penthilus' grandmother was Clytemnestra. His maternal and paternal grandfathers were Aigisthos and Agamemnon respectively. Penthilus fathered two sons, Echelatus (Echelas[4] or Archelaüs[5]), and Damasias (Damasius), father of Agorius.[6]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hermione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermione_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Peloponnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnese"},{"link_name":"Taygetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taygetus"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Lesbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbos"},{"link_name":"Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrace"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pausanias.3.2.1-4"},{"link_name":"Penthilides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penthilides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gras_(mythology)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aeolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolis"},{"link_name":"Ionia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia"},{"link_name":"Mysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pausanias.3.2.1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Aeolians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolians"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Orestes killed both Clytemnestra, who was his own mother and Aigisthos. Erigone is said to have hanged herself or married Orestes after the latter's first wife, Hermione, died. Orestes was ruler over much of the Peloponnese and died of a snakebite at age 70. One story says that as a child, Penthilus was torn apart and devoured by wolves in the Taygetus mountains, near Sparta. His father established a festival of mourning, the so-called Penthilia in his honour.According to Pausanias, Penthilus grew up and founded a city either on Lesbos or in Thrace.[4] Penthilus was the mythical ancestor of the Penthilides, an ancient dynasty of kings on Lesbos.[7] His son, Echelas was the father of Gras, the founder of the city Aeolis, between Ionia and Mysia.[4][5] In some accounts, Penthilus instead led a colony of Aeolians to Thrace.[5]","title":"Mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"2.18.6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.18.6&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160"},{"link_name":"Cinaethus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynaethus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Tzetzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tzetzes"},{"link_name":"Lycophron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycophron"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"f.n. 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+e.6.28&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pausanias.3.2.1_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pausanias.3.2.1_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pausanias.3.2.1_4-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_5-2"},{"link_name":"Strabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabo"},{"link_name":"Geographica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographica"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"f.n. 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aristot.+Pol.+5.1311b&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058"}],"text":"^ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 2.18.6 with Cinaethus as the authority\n\n^ Tzetzes on Lycophron, Alexandra 1374\n\n^ Apollodorus, Epitome 6.28, f.n. 2\n\n^ a b c Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 3.2.1\n\n^ a b c Strabo, Geographica 13.1.3\n\n^ Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio 5.4.3 & 7.6.2\n\n^ Aristotle, Politics 5.8.13 = 5.1311b, f.n. 5","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+2.18.6&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160","external_links_name":"2.18.6"},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+Epit.+e.6.28&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022","external_links_name":"f.n. 2"},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aristot.+Pol.+5.1311b&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0058","external_links_name":"f.n. 5"},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library."},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021","external_links_name":"Greek text available from the same website"},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library"},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0159","external_links_name":"Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library"},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D6%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library."},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0197","external_links_name":"Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library."},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penthilus_of_Mycenae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurman_Tucker	Thurman Tucker	["1 Early life","2 Minor league career","3 Chicago White Sox","4 Cleveland Indians","5 Later life","6 References","7 External links"]	American baseball player Baseball player Thurman TuckerTucker in 1950Center fielderBorn: (1917-09-26)September 26, 1917Gordon, Texas, U.S.Died: May 7, 1993(1993-05-07) (aged 75)Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: RightMLB debutApril 14, 1942, for the Chicago White SoxLast MLB appearanceApril 29, 1951, for the Cleveland IndiansMLB statisticsBatting average.255Home runs9Runs batted in179 Teams Chicago White Sox (1942–1944, 1946–1947) Cleveland Indians (1948–1951) Career highlights and awards All-Star (1944) World Series champion (1948) Thurman Lowell Tucker (September 26, 1917 – May 7, 1993) was an American professional baseball player. A center fielder, Tucker played in Major League Baseball for nine seasons in the American League with the Chicago White Sox and Cleveland Indians. In 701 career games, Tucker recorded a batting average of .255 and accumulated 24 triples, nine home runs, and 179 runs batted in (RBI). Because of his resemblance to film comedian Joe E. Brown he was nicknamed "Joe E.". Born and raised in Texas, Tucker first played professionally with the Siloam Springs Travelers. After gradually progressing through minor league baseball, he signed with the Chicago White Sox before the 1941 season. His major league debut came the following year and he spent two years as the White Sox's starting center fielder until he enlisted in the armed forces during World War II. Upon his return, Tucker played two more seasons for the White Sox. Subsequently, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians, for whom he played four years, and continued to play minor league baseball throughout the 1950s. After his retirement, he became a major league scout and insurance agent. Early life Thurman Tucker was born on September 26, 1917, and raised in Gordon, Texas. In high school, he was a three-sport athlete, playing baseball (where he was a second baseman), basketball, and track and field. After graduating in 1935, he played semi-professional baseball and enrolled in a baseball school located in Hot Springs, Arkansas. In 1936, at age 18, Tucker signed as a professional with the Fayetteville Bears of the Arkansas–Missouri League, but left the team after only two weeks, without playing a game. Soon after, he was signed by the Siloam Springs Travelers of the same league, where he began his professional career. Minor league career In 1936, his first season with the Travelers, Tucker changed fielding positions and became an outfielder. In 117 games, he had a .319 batting average and 25 doubles. The following year, he was to play for the El Dorado Lions of the Cotton States League, but a back injury caused him to miss nearly the entire season. After recovering from the injury, Tucker continued to progress through the minors, spending 1938 with two separate clubs; he played 55 games for the Abbeville A's of the Evangeline Baseball League and 50 games for the Greenville Bucks of the Cotton States League. He remained in the Cotton States League for 1939, playing for the Clarksdale Red Sox, at the time a minor league affiliate of the Boston Red Sox. In 136 games for Clarksdale, Tucker had a .298 batting average and 10 triples. During his first few years in the minor leagues, one manager asked him to take up clowning due to his resemblance to Joe E. Brown and his nickname as a result, Joe E. Tucker objected due to his serious nature and the idea was later dropped. Tucker's breakthrough minor league year came in 1940, his second with Clarksdale. By the end of June, he was leading the Cotton State League with a batting average of .374. After playing in 97 games, finishing with an average of .390, Tucker was promoted and played in 40 games for the Oklahoma City Indians. At the end of the season, Chicago White Sox farm manager Billy Webb was impressed enough to purchase Tucker's contract from Oklahoma City. At the beginning of the 1941 season, Tucker failed to win the final outfield spot on the White Sox roster from Dave Short, and consequently spent 1941 at Oklahoma City, where he was coached by Rogers Hornsby. In 141 games for the Indians, Tucker had a batting average of .246 and 12 triples. At spring training for the 1942 season, Tucker competed against Dave Philley for the final outfield spot. White Sox management liked Tucker's defensive abilities, leading to them adding Tucker to their 1942 major league roster; Tucker made his major league debut on April 14, 1942. After playing two games for the White Sox, Tucker was sent down to the Fort Worth Cats of the Texas League, where he spent most of the season and hit .313 in 144 games. When the minor league season ended, Tucker returned to the major league squad, and finished the year having played seven games for the White Sox. Chicago White Sox Of the Chicago White Sox outfielders at the beginning of the 1943 season, only Wally Moses was assured of a place on the team. During spring training, manager Jimmy Dykes was impressed by Tucker, who was competing for the starting center fielder position alongside Moose Solters. Consequently, after spring training Tucker became the starting center fielder for 1943, and the team's leadoff hitter. Partway through the season, Tucker's performance caught the eye of American League President Will Harridge, who noted him as someone the public came out to watch in the absence of stars serving in World War II. Among Tucker's achievements during the year were a walk-off home run on July 26 to win a game against the New York Yankees 2–1. Tucker finished the season with a .235 batting average, six triples, and 79 walks in 135 games. He also stole 29 bases, the third best total in the AL, and was caught stealing 17 times, which was second in the league. Tucker passed a physical examination for the United States Navy before the 1944 season began. Although expected to be called up to serve in the war that year, he was able to play the entire season for the White Sox. Tucker hit very well during the first month of 1944; he had a .403 batting average on May 16, which led the American League. His hitting and fielding abilities impressed critics: sportswriter Fred Lieb noted him as a breakout performer that year, and manager Jimmy Dykes called Tucker the finest defensive outfielder in the American League. Tucker and Dixie Walker led their respective leagues in batting average throughout June; at the end of the month, Tucker had an average of .369 in the American League while Walker had an average of .377 in the National League. Owing to his achievements, Tucker was added to the 1944 All-Star roster for the only time in his career. He was the leadoff hitter in the 1944 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, but went hitless in four at-bats. Tucker's form faded after the All-Star Game; in early July, he had a hitless streak of 28 at-bats, causing his batting average to shrink from .375 to .327, resulting in losing his status as league leader. When his average fell to .320 after recording one base hit in 35 at-bats, he was removed from the starting lineup for a weekend matchup against the Detroit Tigers in an attempt to halt his decline. Tucker returned to the starting lineup shortly after being removed, and finished the season with a batting average of .287 and six triples. At the end of July that season, both Tucker and George Case participated in a 75-yard dash as part of the White Sox's annual benefit for the war effort; Tucker lost the race to Case by a yard. After the season ended, Tucker formally joined the Navy, and spent the 1945 season serving in the war. When the players returned to their teams at the end of the war, Tucker was slated to be the starting center fielder for the 1946 season, working alongside Wally Moses and Taffy Wright. Unlike the previous season, he struggled with the bat at first, and was relegated to his original status on the White Sox roster as a good fielder but a poor hitter. At the end of June, Tucker had a batting average of .229, nearly 150 points lower than his average at the same point in 1944. His form recovered in the second half of the season and he finished the year with a batting average of .288 and 20 doubles, both career highs. As the 1947 Chicago White Sox season began, Tucker remained in his center field position after hitting .400 in the last month of the 1946 season, while rookie Dave Philley played in left field and Taffy Wright and Bob Kennedy platooned in right field. However, he started the year by missing some playing time due to a stomach ailment, and did not play regularly for the White Sox until the middle of May. After returning to regular play, Tucker alternated playing time with Philley, and he finished the season with a .236 batting average in 89 games. Cleveland Indians Tucker on a 1951 card On January 27, 1948, Tucker was traded to the Cleveland Indians for Ralph Weigel; the Indians front office regarded Tucker as "the finest defensive player in baseball." He started off the year as the starting center fielder for the Indians, and in one early matchup against the Detroit Tigers, was the only player not to record a hit in an 8–2 victory. He missed three weeks of playing time in June after breaking a finger when he was hit by a pitch. Upon returning to the lineup, Tucker spent most of the second half of the season as a fourth outfielder, splitting time with Allie Clark and playing in the outfield alongside Larry Doby and Dale Mitchell. He finished the season with a .260 batting average and 52 runs in 83 games, and ended the season with a perfect fielding percentage of 1.000. Tucker participated in game six of the 1948 World Series, scoring a run in the sixth inning on a walk en route to a 4–3 win for the Indians. The Indians planned to use Tucker as their fourth outfielder for the 1949 season when he served mostly as backup to Doby. He was relegated mostly to pinch hitting duties, and finished the season with a .244 batting average in 20 games and under 200 at-bats. Due to his hitting struggles, Indians manager Lou Boudreau tried converting Tucker to a switch hitter to start off the 1950 season. Tucker was again set to be a backup outfielder in 1950. His performances during the year included hitting a home run, the only one he hit that season, in an 8–5 victory over the Brooklyn Dodgers; the teams raised $60,000 in that game to benefit sandlot teams in Cleveland. Tucker finished the season with a .178 batting average in 54 games, the lowest mark of his career. Tucker and Allie Clark both attempted to make the Indians roster to begin the 1951 season, as the additions of Harry Simpson and Minnie Miñoso made it likely that one or both of them would be traded or released. Tucker played only one game for the Indians, on April 29 when he recorded a strikeout in his lone at-bat. In early May, the Indians sent him to their Triple-A minor league affiliate, the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League; his last major league game was April 29. Later life After being sent to the Padres, Tucker completed the 1951 season with them. In 88 games, Tucker had two triples and a .222 batting average. In the offseason, Tucker operated his own taxicab in Texas, and he contemplated retirement from baseball during a contract dispute in February 1952. He eventually played 47 games for the now-unaffiliated Padres, hitting .225 in the process. In mid-June, the Padres sold his contract to the Oklahoma City Indians. Tucker played in 72 games for the Indians that season, hitting .263. He retired from baseball before the 1953 season, and did not play with any professional team during that time. Tucker returned to baseball in 1954 to play for the Lubbock Hubbers of the West Texas–New Mexico League. He played part-time for the team, serving as a replacement when players needed time off, whether through injury or to spend time with their families. He hit .360 in 25 games for the Hubbers. The following year, he served as player-manager for the Carlsbad Potashers of the Longhorn League. Tucker hit .275 in 114 games for the Potashers, including 25 doubles and eight home runs. He continued as player-manager for the Potashers in 1956, but the management considered firing him during a 14-game losing streak. He finished the year with a .306 batting average in 128 games. The following season, he was the player-manager of the Hobbs Sports, but only played in 16 games for them, hitting .273. In 1958, he ended his playing career, and became the general manager of the Hobbs team. After retiring, Tucker became an insurance agent and lived in Oklahoma City. He married and had four children; his son Ronald served in the Vietnam War. In 1962, he also became one of the Houston Astros' first scouts. Tucker died on May 7, 1993, in Oklahoma City and is buried at Gordon Cemetery in his hometown of Gordon, Texas. References ^ a b DuVall, Bob (July 1971). "Whatever Became Of...". Baseball Digest. p. 81. ^ a b c d Vaughan, Irving (June 17, 1943). "They Laugh When Tucker Makes Joe Brown Faces, But He's No Joke to Rivals When He Runs the Bases". The Sporting News. p. 3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Thurman Tucker Minor League Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 11, 2011. ^ "Cotton States League". The Sporting News. June 27, 1940. p. 11. ^ "Dykes Checks Off For Untouchables". The Sporting News. November 14, 1940. p. 5. ^ "White Sox May Worry Other Clubs if New Talent Produces". Schenectady Gazette. March 14, 1941. p. 31. ^ Cronley, John (April 10, 1941). "Tucker, Back From White Sox, Delights Oklahoma City Fans". The Sporting News. p. 8. ^ "White Sox Need Batting Strength If They Are To Be Title Threat". Painesville Telegraph. March 31, 1942. p. 7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Thurman Tucker Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved May 8, 2011. ^ "Tucker Released". Christian Science Monitor. April 28, 1942. p. 16. ^ "Rookies Hold Key to ChiSox Fortunes". The Palm Beach Post. March 28, 1943. p. 14. ^ "Speedy Tucker ChiSox Fielder". Prescott Evening Courier. April 16, 1943. p. 5. ^ Fullerton, Jr., Hugh (June 2, 1943). "Absence of Stars Means Close Race". Ottawa Citizen. p. 14. ^ "Cardinals Continue Pennant March". Lawrence Journal-World. July 26, 1943. p. 6. ^ "Briefs From Training Camps". Warsaw Daily Times. March 23, 1944. p. 5. ^ "Yesterday's Stars". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. May 17, 1944. p. 10. ^ Lieb, Fred (May 25, 1944). "Hats Off!". The Sporting News. p. 15. ^ "Dykes Thinks Tucker's No. 1 Star of Loop". Ellensburg Daily Record. June 3, 1944. p. 6. Retrieved January 14, 2012. ^ "Walker and Tucker Continue To Lead Batters in Majors". Toledo Blade. June 27, 1944. p. 19. ^ "Tucker, Grove Win Places on All-Star Team". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 3, 1944. p. 11. ^ "July 11, 1944 All-Star Game Play by Play and Box Score". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2011. ^ "Babe O'Rourke in Hospital". The Sporting News. July 13, 1944. p. 14. ^ "3 Red Sox Holding Spots In League's Top 4 In Batting". Lewiston Daily Sun. July 18, 1944. p. 8. ^ "Case, Nat Speeder, Is First In Dash". The Milwaukee Journal. July 27, 1944. p. 11. ^ "Thurman Tucker, Sox Outfielder, Joins Navy". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 19, 1944. p. A2. ^ "White Sox Outlook is Dull Despite Return of Lyons". Beaver County Times. March 23, 1946. p. 23. ^ Einstein, Charles (May 21, 1946). "Dykes May Be On Way Out As Sox Sink Lower". The Telegraph-Herald. p. 10. ^ "Thurman Tucker 1946 Batting Gamelogs". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2011. ^ Woodard, Milt (March 12, 1947). "Balky Philley Reined By Sox". The Sporting News. p. 10. ^ Woodard, Milt (May 14, 1947). "ChiSox Flag Pulse, Gate Beat in Unison". The Sporting News. p. 8. ^ "Tribe Trades Weigel for Thurman Tucker". The Telegraph-Herald. January 28, 1948. p. 11. ^ "Indians Lead in American Loop". The Portsmouth Times. April 24, 1948. p. 15. ^ McAuley, Ed (June 9, 1948). "Tribe Finally Sours on Seerey, Welcomes Addition of Kennedy". The Sporting News. p. 4. ^ "Muncrief Hit By Line Drive". The Sporting News. June 30, 1948. p. 10. ^ "Sixth Game". The Sporting News. October 20, 1948. p. 17. ^ "Cleveland Strong But Lacks Support". Eugene Register-Guard. April 5, 1949. p. 6. ^ McAuley, Ed (March 15, 1950). "Boudreau Joins Hank In Picking Redskins". The Sporting News. p. 7. ^ Lebovitz, Hal (July 19, 1950). "47,755 at Cleveland See Tribe Beat Dodgers, 8–5". The Sporting News. p. 21. ^ Hichman, Milton (April 10, 1951). "Cleveland's Pennant Hopes Dim for '51". Greensburg Daily Tribune. p. 25. ^ "Padres Get Tucker". Eugene Register-Guard. May 8, 1951. p. 8. ^ "Padre Thurman Tucker May Quit Baseball". Los Angeles Times. February 27, 1952. p. C2. ^ "Sedgman, Rose in Tennis Finals". Los Angeles Times. June 21, 1952. p. B2. ^ "Class-C Minor League Highlights". The Sporting News. September 1, 1954. p. 35. ^ "Class C Diamond Fan Is Class A Heckler". Ocala Star-Banner. July 31, 1955. p. 14. ^ "Class-B Minor League Highlights". The Sporting News. May 16, 1956. p. 35. ^ "John Quinn, Jr., New G.M., Third Generation in Game". The Sporting News. March 5, 1958. p. 31. ^ Vanderberg, Bob (October 23, 2005). "Ex-Sox put stamp on original Colt .45s". Chicago Tribune. p. 6. External links Baseball portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thurman Tucker. Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors) vteCleveland Indians 1948 World Series champions 2 Johnny Berardino 3 Eddie Robinson 4 Joe Gordon 5 Lou Boudreau (AL MVP) 6 Ken Keltner 7 Al Rosen 10 Jim Hegan 12 Joe Tipton 14 Larry Doby 16 Ed Klieman 18 Russ Christopher 19 Bob Feller 20 Sam Zoldak 21 Bob Lemon 24 Bob Kennedy 25 Bob Muncrief 27 Steve Gromek 28 Ray Boone 29 Satchel Paige 30 Gene Bearden 31 Allie Clark 34 Dale Mitchell 35 Walt Judnich 36 Hal Peck 38 Thurman Tucker Manager 5 Lou Boudreau Coaches 41 Bill McKechnie 42 Muddy Ruel 43 Mel Harder Regular season	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"center fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_fielder"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"triples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"Joe E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_E._Brown"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digest-1"},{"link_name":"Siloam Springs Travelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloam_Springs_Travelers"},{"link_name":"minor league baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_league_baseball"}],"text":"American baseball playerBaseball playerThurman Lowell Tucker (September 26, 1917 – May 7, 1993) was an American professional baseball player. A center fielder, Tucker played in Major League Baseball for nine seasons in the American League with the Chicago White Sox and Cleveland Indians. In 701 career games, Tucker recorded a batting average of .255 and accumulated 24 triples, nine home runs, and 179 runs batted in (RBI).Because of his resemblance to film comedian Joe E. Brown he was nicknamed \"Joe E.\".[1]Born and raised in Texas, Tucker first played professionally with the Siloam Springs Travelers. After gradually progressing through minor league baseball, he signed with the Chicago White Sox before the 1941 season. His major league debut came the following year and he spent two years as the White Sox's starting center fielder until he enlisted in the armed forces during World War II. Upon his return, Tucker played two more seasons for the White Sox. Subsequently, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians, for whom he played four years, and continued to play minor league baseball throughout the 1950s. After his retirement, he became a major league scout and insurance agent.","title":"Thurman Tucker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gordon, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"second baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_baseman"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"Hot Springs, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville_Bears"},{"link_name":"Arkansas–Missouri League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas%E2%80%93Missouri_League"},{"link_name":"Siloam Springs Travelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloam_Springs_Travelers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaughan-2"}],"text":"Thurman Tucker was born on September 26, 1917, and raised in Gordon, Texas. In high school, he was a three-sport athlete, playing baseball (where he was a second baseman), basketball, and track and field. After graduating in 1935, he played semi-professional baseball and enrolled in a baseball school located in Hot Springs, Arkansas. In 1936, at age 18, Tucker signed as a professional with the Fayetteville Bears of the Arkansas–Missouri League, but left the team after only two weeks, without playing a game. Soon after, he was signed by the Siloam Springs Travelers of the same league, where he began his professional career.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaughan-2"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-3"},{"link_name":"El Dorado Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado_Lions"},{"link_name":"Cotton States League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_States_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaughan-2"},{"link_name":"Abbeville A's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeville_A%27s"},{"link_name":"Evangeline Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangeline_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"Greenville Bucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville_Bucks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-3"},{"link_name":"Clarksdale Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksdale_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"triples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-3"},{"link_name":"clowning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clowning"},{"link_name":"Joe E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_E._Brown"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vaughan-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_Indians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-3"},{"link_name":"farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dave Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Short"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Rogers Hornsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Hornsby"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-3"},{"link_name":"Dave Philley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Philley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-9"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Cats_(Texas_League)"},{"link_name":"Texas League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_League"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-9"}],"text":"In 1936, his first season with the Travelers, Tucker changed fielding positions and became an outfielder.[2] In 117 games, he had a .319 batting average and 25 doubles.[3] The following year, he was to play for the El Dorado Lions of the Cotton States League, but a back injury caused him to miss nearly the entire season.[2] After recovering from the injury, Tucker continued to progress through the minors, spending 1938 with two separate clubs; he played 55 games for the Abbeville A's of the Evangeline Baseball League and 50 games for the Greenville Bucks of the Cotton States League.[3] He remained in the Cotton States League for 1939, playing for the Clarksdale Red Sox, at the time a minor league affiliate of the Boston Red Sox. In 136 games for Clarksdale, Tucker had a .298 batting average and 10 triples.[3] During his first few years in the minor leagues, one manager asked him to take up clowning due to his resemblance to Joe E. Brown and his nickname as a result, Joe E. Tucker objected due to his serious nature and the idea was later dropped.[2]Tucker's breakthrough minor league year came in 1940, his second with Clarksdale. By the end of June, he was leading the Cotton State League with a batting average of .374.[4] After playing in 97 games, finishing with an average of .390, Tucker was promoted and played in 40 games for the Oklahoma City Indians.[3] At the end of the season, Chicago White Sox farm manager Billy Webb was impressed enough to purchase Tucker's contract from Oklahoma City.[5] At the beginning of the 1941 season, Tucker failed to win the final outfield spot on the White Sox roster from Dave Short,[6] and consequently spent 1941 at Oklahoma City, where he was coached by Rogers Hornsby.[7] In 141 games for the Indians, Tucker had a batting average of .246 and 12 triples.[3]At spring training for the 1942 season, Tucker competed against Dave Philley for the final outfield spot.[8] White Sox management liked Tucker's defensive abilities, leading to them adding Tucker to their 1942 major league roster; Tucker made his major league debut on April 14, 1942.[9] After playing two games for the White Sox, Tucker was sent down to the Fort Worth Cats of the Texas League,[10] where he spent most of the season and hit .313 in 144 games.[3] When the minor league season ended, Tucker returned to the major league squad, and finished the year having played seven games for the White Sox.[9]","title":"Minor league career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wally Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Moses"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Dykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Dykes"},{"link_name":"Moose Solters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_Solters"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"leadoff hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadoff_hitter"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Will Harridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Harridge"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"walk-off home run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk-off_home_run"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"walks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_on_balls"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-9"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Fred Lieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Lieb"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dixie Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Walker"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"1944 Major League Baseball All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-9"},{"link_name":"George Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Case_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Taffy Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taffy_Wright"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-9"},{"link_name":"1947 Chicago White Sox season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947_Chicago_White_Sox_season"},{"link_name":"Bob Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"platooned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon_system"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-9"}],"text":"Of the Chicago White Sox outfielders at the beginning of the 1943 season, only Wally Moses was assured of a place on the team. During spring training, manager Jimmy Dykes was impressed by Tucker, who was competing for the starting center fielder position alongside Moose Solters.[11] Consequently, after spring training Tucker became the starting center fielder for 1943, and the team's leadoff hitter.[12] Partway through the season, Tucker's performance caught the eye of American League President Will Harridge, who noted him as someone the public came out to watch in the absence of stars serving in World War II.[13] Among Tucker's achievements during the year were a walk-off home run on July 26 to win a game against the New York Yankees 2–1.[14] Tucker finished the season with a .235 batting average, six triples, and 79 walks in 135 games. He also stole 29 bases, the third best total in the AL, and was caught stealing 17 times, which was second in the league.[9]Tucker passed a physical examination for the United States Navy before the 1944 season began. Although expected to be called up to serve in the war that year,[15] he was able to play the entire season for the White Sox. Tucker hit very well during the first month of 1944; he had a .403 batting average on May 16, which led the American League.[16] His hitting and fielding abilities impressed critics: sportswriter Fred Lieb noted him as a breakout performer that year,[17] and manager Jimmy Dykes called Tucker the finest defensive outfielder in the American League.[18] Tucker and Dixie Walker led their respective leagues in batting average throughout June; at the end of the month, Tucker had an average of .369 in the American League while Walker had an average of .377 in the National League.[19] Owing to his achievements, Tucker was added to the 1944 All-Star roster for the only time in his career.[20] He was the leadoff hitter in the 1944 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, but went hitless in four at-bats.[21]Tucker's form faded after the All-Star Game; in early July, he had a hitless streak of 28 at-bats, causing his batting average to shrink from .375 to .327, resulting in losing his status as league leader.[22] When his average fell to .320 after recording one base hit in 35 at-bats, he was removed from the starting lineup for a weekend matchup against the Detroit Tigers in an attempt to halt his decline.[23] Tucker returned to the starting lineup shortly after being removed, and finished the season with a batting average of .287 and six triples.[9] At the end of July that season, both Tucker and George Case participated in a 75-yard dash as part of the White Sox's annual benefit for the war effort; Tucker lost the race to Case by a yard.[24] After the season ended, Tucker formally joined the Navy, and spent the 1945 season serving in the war.[25]When the players returned to their teams at the end of the war, Tucker was slated to be the starting center fielder for the 1946 season, working alongside Wally Moses and Taffy Wright.[26] Unlike the previous season, he struggled with the bat at first, and was relegated to his original status on the White Sox roster as a good fielder but a poor hitter.[27] At the end of June, Tucker had a batting average of .229, nearly 150 points lower than his average at the same point in 1944.[28] His form recovered in the second half of the season and he finished the year with a batting average of .288 and 20 doubles, both career highs.[9] As the 1947 Chicago White Sox season began, Tucker remained in his center field position after hitting .400 in the last month of the 1946 season, while rookie Dave Philley played in left field and Taffy Wright and Bob Kennedy platooned in right field.[29] However, he started the year by missing some playing time due to a stomach ailment, and did not play regularly for the White Sox until the middle of May.[30] After returning to regular play, Tucker alternated playing time with Philley, and he finished the season with a .236 batting average in 89 games.[9]","title":"Chicago White Sox"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thurman_Tucker.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"Ralph Weigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Weigel"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"fourth outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_outfielder"},{"link_name":"Allie Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allie_Clark"},{"link_name":"Larry Doby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Doby"},{"link_name":"Dale Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Mitchell_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"fielding percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_percentage"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-9"},{"link_name":"1948 World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_World_Series"},{"link_name":"walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_on_balls"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"pinch hitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_hitting"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-9"},{"link_name":"Lou Boudreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Boudreau"},{"link_name":"switch hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch_hitter"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"sandlot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandlot_ball"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-9"},{"link_name":"Harry Simpson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Minnie Miñoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Mi%C3%B1oso"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-9"},{"link_name":"Triple-A minor league affiliate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres_(PCL)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-9"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Tucker on a 1951 cardOn January 27, 1948, Tucker was traded to the Cleveland Indians for Ralph Weigel; the Indians front office regarded Tucker as \"the finest defensive player in baseball.\"[31] He started off the year as the starting center fielder for the Indians, and in one early matchup against the Detroit Tigers, was the only player not to record a hit in an 8–2 victory.[32] He missed three weeks of playing time in June after breaking a finger when he was hit by a pitch.[33] Upon returning to the lineup, Tucker spent most of the second half of the season as a fourth outfielder, splitting time with Allie Clark and playing in the outfield alongside Larry Doby and Dale Mitchell.[34] He finished the season with a .260 batting average and 52 runs in 83 games, and ended the season with a perfect fielding percentage of 1.000.[9] Tucker participated in game six of the 1948 World Series, scoring a run in the sixth inning on a walk en route to a 4–3 win for the Indians.[35]The Indians planned to use Tucker as their fourth outfielder for the 1949 season when he served mostly as backup to Doby.[36] He was relegated mostly to pinch hitting duties, and finished the season with a .244 batting average in 20 games and under 200 at-bats.[9] Due to his hitting struggles, Indians manager Lou Boudreau tried converting Tucker to a switch hitter to start off the 1950 season.[37] Tucker was again set to be a backup outfielder in 1950. His performances during the year included hitting a home run, the only one he hit that season, in an 8–5 victory over the Brooklyn Dodgers; the teams raised $60,000 in that game to benefit sandlot teams in Cleveland.[38] Tucker finished the season with a .178 batting average in 54 games, the lowest mark of his career.[9]Tucker and Allie Clark both attempted to make the Indians roster to begin the 1951 season, as the additions of Harry Simpson and Minnie Miñoso made it likely that one or both of them would be traded or released.[39] Tucker played only one game for the Indians, on April 29 when he recorded a strikeout in his lone at-bat.[9] In early May, the Indians sent him to their Triple-A minor league affiliate, the San Diego Padres of the Pacific Coast League; his last major league game was April 29.[9][40]","title":"Cleveland Indians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-3"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-3"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-3"},{"link_name":"Lubbock Hubbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock_Hubbers"},{"link_name":"West Texas–New Mexico League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texas%E2%80%93New_Mexico_League"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-3"},{"link_name":"Carlsbad Potashers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbad_Potashers"},{"link_name":"Longhorn League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhorn_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-3"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brm-3"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-digest-1"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-br-9"}],"text":"After being sent to the Padres, Tucker completed the 1951 season with them. In 88 games, Tucker had two triples and a .222 batting average.[3] In the offseason, Tucker operated his own taxicab in Texas, and he contemplated retirement from baseball during a contract dispute in February 1952.[41] He eventually played 47 games for the now-unaffiliated Padres, hitting .225 in the process.[3] In mid-June, the Padres sold his contract to the Oklahoma City Indians.[42] Tucker played in 72 games for the Indians that season, hitting .263. He retired from baseball before the 1953 season, and did not play with any professional team during that time.[3]Tucker returned to baseball in 1954 to play for the Lubbock Hubbers of the West Texas–New Mexico League. He played part-time for the team, serving as a replacement when players needed time off, whether through injury or to spend time with their families.[43] He hit .360 in 25 games for the Hubbers.[3] The following year, he served as player-manager for the Carlsbad Potashers of the Longhorn League. Tucker hit .275 in 114 games for the Potashers, including 25 doubles and eight home runs.[3][44] He continued as player-manager for the Potashers in 1956, but the management considered firing him during a 14-game losing streak.[45] He finished the year with a .306 batting average in 128 games. The following season, he was the player-manager of the Hobbs Sports, but only played in 16 games for them, hitting .273.[3] In 1958, he ended his playing career, and became the general manager of the Hobbs team.[46]After retiring, Tucker became an insurance agent and lived in Oklahoma City. He married and had four children; his son Ronald served in the Vietnam War.[1] In 1962, he also became one of the Houston Astros' first scouts.[47] Tucker died on May 7, 1993, in Oklahoma City and is buried at Gordon Cemetery in his hometown of Gordon, Texas.[9]","title":"Later life"}]	[{"image_text":"Tucker on a 1951 card","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Thurman_Tucker.jpg/220px-Thurman_Tucker.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"DuVall, Bob (July 1971). \"Whatever Became Of...\". Baseball Digest. p. 81.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_Digest","url_text":"Baseball Digest"}]},{"reference":"Vaughan, Irving (June 17, 1943). \"They Laugh When Tucker Makes Joe Brown Faces, But He's No Joke to Rivals When He Runs the Bases\". The Sporting News. p. 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_News","url_text":"The Sporting News"}]},{"reference":"\"Thurman Tucker Minor League Statistics & History\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved July 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=tucker001thu","url_text":"\"Thurman Tucker Minor League Statistics & History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Cotton States League\". The Sporting News. June 27, 1940. p. 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dykes Checks Off For Untouchables\". The Sporting News. November 14, 1940. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"White Sox May Worry Other Clubs if New Talent Produces\". Schenectady Gazette. March 14, 1941. p. 31.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CXtGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_ucMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1132,1624782","url_text":"\"White Sox May Worry Other Clubs if New Talent Produces\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady_Gazette","url_text":"Schenectady Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Cronley, John (April 10, 1941). \"Tucker, Back From White Sox, Delights Oklahoma City Fans\". The Sporting News. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"White Sox Need Batting Strength If They Are To Be Title Threat\". Painesville Telegraph. March 31, 1942. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HFdZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WkgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4106,3020088","url_text":"\"White Sox Need Batting Strength If They Are To Be Title Threat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painesville_Telegraph","url_text":"Painesville Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"Thurman Tucker Statistics and History\". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved May 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/t/tucketh01.shtml","url_text":"\"Thurman Tucker Statistics and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tucker Released\". Christian Science Monitor. April 28, 1942. p. 16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Science_Monitor","url_text":"Christian Science Monitor"}]},{"reference":"\"Rookies Hold Key to ChiSox Fortunes\". The Palm Beach Post. March 28, 1943. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post","url_text":"The Palm Beach Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Speedy Tucker ChiSox Fielder\". Prescott Evening Courier. April 16, 1943. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescott_Evening_Courier","url_text":"Prescott Evening Courier"}]},{"reference":"Fullerton, Jr., Hugh (June 2, 1943). \"Absence of Stars Means Close Race\". Ottawa Citizen. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=APouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8tsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3115,306619","url_text":"\"Absence of Stars Means Close Race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen","url_text":"Ottawa Citizen"}]},{"reference":"\"Cardinals Continue Pennant March\". Lawrence Journal-World. July 26, 1943. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tSRdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v1oNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2413,2350213","url_text":"\"Cardinals Continue Pennant March\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Journal-World","url_text":"Lawrence Journal-World"}]},{"reference":"\"Briefs From Training Camps\". Warsaw Daily Times. March 23, 1944. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o4dHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qHwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5355,4632610","url_text":"\"Briefs From Training Camps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warsaw_Daily_Times&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Warsaw Daily Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Yesterday's Stars\". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. May 17, 1944. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IK4qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=k2QEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1633,3055027","url_text":"\"Yesterday's Stars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota_Herald-Tribune","url_text":"Sarasota Herald-Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Lieb, Fred (May 25, 1944). \"Hats Off!\". The Sporting News. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Lieb","url_text":"Lieb, Fred"}]},{"reference":"\"Dykes Thinks Tucker's No. 1 Star of Loop\". Ellensburg Daily Record. June 3, 1944. p. 6. Retrieved January 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KkgKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mUoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6621,1309410","url_text":"\"Dykes Thinks Tucker's No. 1 Star of Loop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellensburg_Daily_Record","url_text":"Ellensburg Daily Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Walker and Tucker Continue To Lead Batters in Majors\". Toledo Blade. June 27, 1944. p. 19.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bdApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tf8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6948,3484759","url_text":"\"Walker and Tucker Continue To Lead Batters in Majors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_Blade","url_text":"Toledo Blade"}]},{"reference":"\"Tucker, Grove Win Places on All-Star Team\". Chicago Daily Tribune. July 3, 1944. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Daily Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"July 11, 1944 All-Star Game Play by Play and Box Score\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NLS/NLS194407110.shtml","url_text":"\"July 11, 1944 All-Star Game Play by Play and Box Score\""}]},{"reference":"\"Babe O'Rourke in Hospital\". The Sporting News. July 13, 1944. p. 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"3 Red Sox Holding Spots In League's Top 4 In Batting\". Lewiston Daily Sun. July 18, 1944. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sJggAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kGgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3822,1087541","url_text":"\"3 Red Sox Holding Spots In League's Top 4 In Batting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston_Daily_Sun","url_text":"Lewiston Daily Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Case, Nat Speeder, Is First In Dash\". The Milwaukee Journal. July 27, 1944. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v-0ZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ESMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4404,4312089","url_text":"\"Case, Nat Speeder, Is First In Dash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Milwaukee_Journal","url_text":"The Milwaukee Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Thurman Tucker, Sox Outfielder, Joins Navy\". Chicago Daily Tribune. November 19, 1944. p. A2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"White Sox Outlook is Dull Despite Return of Lyons\". Beaver County Times. March 23, 1946. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TYsiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SK8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=923,4650923","url_text":"\"White Sox Outlook is Dull Despite Return of Lyons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_County_Times","url_text":"Beaver County Times"}]},{"reference":"Einstein, Charles (May 21, 1946). \"Dykes May Be On Way Out As Sox Sink Lower\". The Telegraph-Herald. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5UdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SXUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3061,6447671","url_text":"\"Dykes May Be On Way Out As Sox Sink Lower\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph-Herald","url_text":"The Telegraph-Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Thurman Tucker 1946 Batting Gamelogs\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id=tucketh01&t=b&year=1946","url_text":"\"Thurman Tucker 1946 Batting Gamelogs\""}]},{"reference":"Woodard, Milt (March 12, 1947). \"Balky Philley Reined By Sox\". The Sporting News. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milt_Woodard","url_text":"Woodard, Milt"}]},{"reference":"Woodard, Milt (May 14, 1947). \"ChiSox Flag Pulse, Gate Beat in Unison\". The Sporting News. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tribe Trades Weigel for Thurman Tucker\". The Telegraph-Herald. January 28, 1948. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EkdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zXQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3676,4701484","url_text":"\"Tribe Trades Weigel for Thurman Tucker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indians Lead in American Loop\". The Portsmouth Times. April 24, 1948. p. 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JMJQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RtAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5274,1222276","url_text":"\"Indians Lead in American Loop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portsmouth_Times","url_text":"The Portsmouth Times"}]},{"reference":"McAuley, Ed (June 9, 1948). \"Tribe Finally Sours on Seerey, Welcomes Addition of Kennedy\". The Sporting News. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Muncrief Hit By Line Drive\". The Sporting News. June 30, 1948. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Sixth Game\". The Sporting News. October 20, 1948. p. 17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Cleveland Strong But Lacks Support\". Eugene Register-Guard. April 5, 1949. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lhw1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=0_ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6755,1027406","url_text":"\"Cleveland Strong But Lacks Support\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Register-Guard","url_text":"Eugene Register-Guard"}]},{"reference":"McAuley, Ed (March 15, 1950). \"Boudreau Joins Hank In Picking Redskins\". The Sporting News. p. 7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lebovitz, Hal (July 19, 1950). \"47,755 at Cleveland See Tribe Beat Dodgers, 8–5\". The Sporting News. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Lebovitz","url_text":"Lebovitz, Hal"}]},{"reference":"Hichman, Milton (April 10, 1951). \"Cleveland's Pennant Hopes Dim for '51\". Greensburg Daily Tribune. p. 25.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u39gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9HINAAAAIBAJ&pg=1794,938400","url_text":"\"Cleveland's Pennant Hopes Dim for '51\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greensburg_Daily_Tribune&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Greensburg Daily Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Padres Get Tucker\". Eugene Register-Guard. May 8, 1951. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AEJQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wQsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4656,6048662","url_text":"\"Padres Get Tucker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padre Thurman Tucker May Quit Baseball\". Los Angeles Times. February 27, 1952. p. C2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Sedgman, Rose in Tennis Finals\". Los Angeles Times. June 21, 1952. p. B2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Class-C Minor League Highlights\". The Sporting News. September 1, 1954. p. 35.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Class C Diamond Fan Is Class A Heckler\". Ocala Star-Banner. July 31, 1955. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EYFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ywQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5840,7906002","url_text":"\"Class C Diamond Fan Is Class A Heckler\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala_Star-Banner","url_text":"Ocala Star-Banner"}]},{"reference":"\"Class-B Minor League Highlights\". The Sporting News. May 16, 1956. p. 35.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"John Quinn, Jr., New G.M., Third Generation in Game\". The Sporting News. March 5, 1958. p. 31.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vanderberg, Bob (October 23, 2005). \"Ex-Sox put stamp on original Colt .45s\". Chicago Tribune. p. 6.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=tucker001thu","external_links_name":"\"Thurman Tucker Minor League Statistics & History\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CXtGAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_ucMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1132,1624782","external_links_name":"\"White Sox May Worry Other Clubs if New Talent Produces\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HFdZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WkgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4106,3020088","external_links_name":"\"White Sox Need Batting Strength If They Are To Be Title Threat\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/t/tucketh01.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Thurman Tucker Statistics and History\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=APouAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8tsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3115,306619","external_links_name":"\"Absence of Stars Means Close Race\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tSRdAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v1oNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2413,2350213","external_links_name":"\"Cardinals Continue Pennant March\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o4dHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qHwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5355,4632610","external_links_name":"\"Briefs From Training Camps\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IK4qAAAAIBAJ&sjid=k2QEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1633,3055027","external_links_name":"\"Yesterday's Stars\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KkgKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mUoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6621,1309410","external_links_name":"\"Dykes Thinks Tucker's No. 1 Star of Loop\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bdApAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tf8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=6948,3484759","external_links_name":"\"Walker and Tucker Continue To Lead Batters in Majors\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/NLS/NLS194407110.shtml","external_links_name":"\"July 11, 1944 All-Star Game Play by Play and Box Score\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=sJggAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kGgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3822,1087541","external_links_name":"\"3 Red Sox Holding Spots In League's Top 4 In Batting\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=v-0ZAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ESMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4404,4312089","external_links_name":"\"Case, Nat Speeder, Is First In Dash\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TYsiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SK8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=923,4650923","external_links_name":"\"White Sox Outlook is Dull Despite Return of Lyons\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5UdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=SXUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3061,6447671","external_links_name":"\"Dykes May Be On Way Out As Sox Sink Lower\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/gl.cgi?id=tucketh01&t=b&year=1946","external_links_name":"\"Thurman Tucker 1946 Batting Gamelogs\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EkdjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zXQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3676,4701484","external_links_name":"\"Tribe Trades Weigel for Thurman Tucker\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JMJQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RtAMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5274,1222276","external_links_name":"\"Indians Lead in American Loop\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lhw1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=0_ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=6755,1027406","external_links_name":"\"Cleveland Strong But Lacks Support\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u39gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9HINAAAAIBAJ&pg=1794,938400","external_links_name":"\"Cleveland's Pennant Hopes Dim for '51\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AEJQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wQsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4656,6048662","external_links_name":"\"Padres Get Tucker\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EYFPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ywQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5840,7906002","external_links_name":"\"Class C Diamond Fan Is Class A Heckler\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/t/tucketh01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1013212","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=tucker001thu","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knapton_(engineer)	John Knapton (engineer)	["1 Publications","2 External links","3 References"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for academics. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "John Knapton" engineer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "John Knapton" engineer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) John Knapton (born 10 March 1949) was Professor of structural engineering at University of Newcastle from 1991 to 2001, and has written a number of textbooks on the subject of concrete construction. He has also worked as a consultant and expert witness in matters relating to concrete, including a report for Lloyds insurers on whether the design of the World Trade Center towers had contributed to their collapse on 9/11: he concluded that "the way they were designed and built actually prevented them from falling over and thus would have saved around 100,000 lives which would have been directly in their paths had they fallen over." Publications Ground bearing concrete slabs London : Telford, 2003. ISBN 0-7277-3186-6 Single Pour Industrial Floors London : Telford, 1999. ISBN 9780727727343 In-Situ Industrial Hardstandings London : Telford, 1999. ISBN 9780727728272 External links Author biography at Thomas Telford Publishing Personal web site References ^ Tobermore Concrete. "Will it ever stop raining?". pavingexpert.com. Retrieved 21 January 2014. This article about an engineer, inventor or industrial designer from the United Kingdom or its predecessor states is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"structural engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering"},{"link_name":"University of Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_University"},{"link_name":"Lloyds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London"},{"link_name":"World Trade Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)"},{"link_name":"collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_World_Trade_Center"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tobermore-1"}],"text":"John Knapton (born 10 March 1949) was Professor of structural engineering at University of Newcastle from 1991 to 2001, and has written a number of textbooks on the subject of concrete construction. He has also worked as a consultant and expert witness in matters relating to concrete, including a report for Lloyds insurers on whether the design of the World Trade Center towers had contributed to their collapse on 9/11: he concluded that \"the way they were designed and built actually prevented them from falling over and thus would have saved around 100,000 lives which would have been directly in their paths had they fallen over.\"[1]","title":"John Knapton (engineer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7277-3186-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7277-3186-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780727727343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780727727343"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780727728272","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780727728272"}],"text":"Ground bearing concrete slabs London : Telford, 2003. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Ever_Wanted_(Brian_Melo_song)	All I Ever Wanted (Brian Melo song)	["1 Background","2 Production","3 Charts","4 References"]	2007 single by Brian Melo "All I Ever Wanted"Single by Brian Melofrom the album Livin' It ReleasedSeptember 11, 2007RecordedSeptember 2007GenrePop rockLength3:20LabelSony BMGSongwriter(s)Chris Perry, Nicole HughesBrian Melo singles chronology "All I Ever Wanted" (2007) "Shine" (2008) "All I Ever Wanted" is the "winner's single" of the fifth season of Canadian Idol. Background It was recorded by Idol winner Brian Melo. It was also recorded by runner up Jaydee Bixby; though his version was not officially released it was leaked onto the internet. Brian's version of the single has debuted at #11 on the Canadian Hot 100, as of September 29, 2007. Production The song was written by Chris Perry and Nicole Hughes. It was recorded September 2007, two months before the album's release. Charts Chart (2008) Peakposition Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 11 Canada AC (Billboard) 20 Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard) 21 Canada Hot AC (Billboard) 5 Canada Hot Digital Songs (Billboard) 5 References ^ "Brian Melo Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved June 4, 2017. ^ "Brian Melo Chart History (Canada AC)". Billboard. Retrieved August 31, 2021. ^ "Brian Melo Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)". Billboard. Retrieved August 31, 2021. ^ "Brian Melo Chart History (Canada Hot AC)". Billboard. Retrieved August 31, 2021. vteCanadian IdolSeasons 1 (2003) 2 (2004) 3 (2005) 4 (2006) 5 (2007) 6 (2008) Host Ben Mulroney Judges Jake Gold Farley Flex Sass Jordan Zack Werner Correspondents Jon Dore (2003–2005) Elena Juatco (2006) Dave Kerr (2007) Jully Black (2008) Winners Ryan Malcolm Kalan Porter Melissa O'Neil Eva Avila Brian Melo Theo Tams Winners' singles "Something More" "Awake in a Dream" "Alive" "Meant to Fly" "All I Ever Wanted" "Sing" Runners-up Gary Beals Theresa Sokyrka Rex Goudie Craig Sharpe Jaydee Bixby Mitch MacDonald Other alumni Mikey Bustos Jacob Hoggard Dwight d'Eon Audrey De Montigny Toya Alexis Alissa White-Gluz Carly Rae Jepsen Tara Oram Sebastian Pigott Billy Klippert Related articles Finalists Idol series Top selling albums This 2000s pop song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Idol_(Season_5)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Idol"}],"text":"\"All I Ever Wanted\" is the \"winner's single\" of the fifth season of Canadian Idol.","title":"All I Ever Wanted (Brian Melo song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Melo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Melo"},{"link_name":"Jaydee Bixby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaydee_Bixby"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"}],"text":"It was recorded by Idol winner Brian Melo. It was also recorded by runner up Jaydee Bixby; though his version was not officially released it was leaked onto the internet. Brian's version of the single has debuted at #11 on the Canadian Hot 100, as of September 29, 2007.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The song was written by Chris Perry and Nicole Hughes. It was recorded September 2007, two months before the album's release.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Brian-Melo/chart-history/CAN","external_links_name":"\"Brian Melo Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Brian-Melo/chart-history/CAC","external_links_name":"\"Brian Melo Chart History (Canada AC)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Brian-Melo/chart-history/CTF","external_links_name":"\"Brian Melo Chart History (Canada CHR/Top 40)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Brian-Melo/chart-history/CHT","external_links_name":"\"Brian Melo Chart History (Canada Hot AC)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_I_Ever_Wanted_(Brian_Melo_song)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huli_jing	Fox spirit	["1 Descriptions","2 Traditions","3 In popular culture","3.1 Anime/Manga","3.2 Film","3.3 TV series","3.4 Books","3.5 Music","3.6 Games","4 See also","5 References","6 Literature","7 External links"]	Chinese mythological creatures "Foxwoman" redirects here. For the Dungeons & Dragons creature, see Foxwoman (Dungeons & Dragons). Fox spiritChinese nameChinese狐狸精Literal meaningfox spiritTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinhúlijīngIPAYue: CantoneseJyutpingwu⁴lei⁴zing¹Southern MinHokkien POJhô͘-lî-chiaⁿVietnamese nameVietnamese alphabethồ ly tinhChữ Hán狐狸精Japanese nameKanji妖狐HiraganaようこTranscriptionsRomanizationyōko Huli jing (Chinese: 狐狸精) are Chinese mythological creatures usually capable of shapeshifting, who may either be benevolent or malevolent spirits. In Chinese mythology and folklore, the fox spirit takes variant forms with different meanings, powers, characteristics, and shapes, including huxian (Chinese: 狐仙; lit. 'fox immortal'), hushen (狐神; 'fox god'), husheng (狐聖; 'fox saint'), huwang (狐王; 'fox king'), huyao (狐妖; 'fox demon'), huzu (狐族; 'fox clan'), and jiuweihu (九尾狐; 'nine-tailed fox'). Fox spirits and nine-tailed foxes appear frequently in Chinese folklore, literature, and mythology. Depending on the story, the fox spirit's presence may be a good or a bad omen. The motif of nine-tailed foxes from Chinese culture was eventually transmitted and introduced to Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese cultures. Descriptions Painting of a fox spirit from Yanju's tomb, Gansu Province. Older depictions of fox spirits depict the eight other tails as branching out from the main tail rather than being separate tails of their own. The nine-tailed fox occurs in the Shanhaijing (Classic of Mountains and Seas), compiled from the Warring States period to the Western Han period (circa fourth to circa first century BC). The work states: 靑丘國在其北其人食五穀衣絲帛其狐四足九尾。The Land of Blue Hills lies to the north where the inhabitants consume the Five Grains, wear silk and worship foxes that have four legs and nine tails.— Shanhaijing In chapter 14 of the Shanhaijing, Guo Pu, a scholar of the Eastern Jin dynasty, had commented that the "nine-tailed fox was an auspicious omen that appeared during times of peace." However, in chapter 1, another aspect of the nine-tailed fox is described: Three hundred li farther east is Qingqiu Mountain, where much jade can be found on its south slope and green cinnabar on its north. There is a beast here whose form resembles a fox with nine tails. It makes a sound like a baby and is a man-eater. Whoever eats it will be protected against insect-poison (gu). In one ancient myth, Yu the Great encountered a white nine-tailed fox, which he interpreted as an auspicious sign that he would marry Nüjiao. In Han iconography, the nine-tailed fox is sometimes depicted at Mount Kunlun and along with Xi Wangmu in her role as the goddess of immortality. According to the first-century Baihutong (Debates in the White Tiger Hall), the fox's nine tails symbolize abundant progeny. During the Han dynasty (202 BC – 9 AD; 25–220 AD), the development of ideas about interspecies transformation had taken place in Chinese culture. The idea that non-human creatures with advancing age could assume human form is presented in works such as the Lunheng by Wang Chong (27–91). As these traditions developed, the fox's capacity for transformation was shaped. Describing the transformation and other features of the fox, Guo Pu (276–324) made the following comment: When a fox is fifty years old, it can transform itself into a woman; when a hundred years old, it becomes a beautiful female, or a spirit medium, or an adult male who has sexual intercourse with women. Such beings are able to know things at more than a thousand miles' distance; they can poison men by sorcery, or possess and bewilder them, so that they lose their memory and knowledge; and when a fox is thousand years old, it ascends to heaven and becomes a celestial fox. In Duìsúpiān (對俗篇) of the Baopuzi, it is written: Foxes and dholes both can be eight hundred years of age, and when they are five hundred years old, they become enlightened and are able to take up human form. 狐貍、豺狼皆壽八百歲，滿五百歲，則善變為人形。 In a Tang Dynasty story, foxes could become humans by wearing a skull and worshipping the Big Dipper. They would try multiple skulls until they found one that fit without falling off. Qing Dynasty depiction of the fox spirit. The Youyang Zazu made a connection between nine-tailed foxes and the divine: Among the arts of the Way, there is a specific doctrine of the celestial fox. says that the celestial fox has nine tails and a golden color. It serves in the Palace of the Sun and Moon and has its own fu (talisman) and a jiao ritual. It can transcend yin and yang. The fox spirits encountered in tales and legends are usually females and appear as young, beautiful women. One of the most infamous fox spirits in Chinese mythology was Daji, who is portrayed in the Ming Dynasty shenmo novel Fengshen Yanyi. A beautiful daughter of a general, she was married forcibly to the cruel tyrant King Zhou of Shang. A nine-tailed fox spirit who served Nüwa, whom King Zhou had offended, entered into and possessed her body, expelling the true Daji's soul. The spirit, as Daji, and her new husband schemed cruelly and invented many devices of torture, such as forcing righteous officials to hug red-hot metal pillars. Because of such cruelties, many people, including King Zhou's own former generals, revolted and fought against the Shang dynasty. Finally, King Wen of Zhou, one of the vassals of Shang, founded a new dynasty named after his country. The fox spirit in Daji's body was later driven out by Jiang Ziya, the first Prime Minister of the Zhou dynasty, and her spirit condemned by Nüwa herself for excessive cruelty. Traditions Popular fox worship during the Tang dynasty has been mentioned in a text entitled Hu Shen (Fox gods): Since the beginning of the Tang, many commoners have worshiped fox spirits. They make offerings in their bedchambers to beg for their favor. The foxes share people's food and drink. They do not serve a single master. At the time there was a figure of speech saying, "Where there is no fox demon, no village can be established." In the Song dynasty, fox spirit cults, such as those dedicated to Daji, became outlawed, but their suppression was unsuccessful. For example, in 1111, an imperial edict was issued for the destruction of many spirit shrines within Kaifeng, including those of Daji. On the eve of the Jurchen invasion, a fox went to the throne of Emperor Huizong of Song. This resulted in Huizong ordering the destruction of all fox temples in Kaifeng. The city was invaded the next day, and the dynasty fell after five months. In late imperial China, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, disruptions in the domestic environment could be attributed to the mischief of fox spirits, which could throw or tear apart objects in a manner similar to a poltergeist. "Hauntings" by foxes were often regarded as both commonplace and essentially harmless, with one seventeenth-century author commenting that "Out of every ten houses in the capital, six or seven have fox demons, but they do no harm and people are used to them". Typically fox spirits were seen as dangerous, but some of the stories in the Qing dynasty book Liaozhai Zhiyi by Pu Songling are love stories between a fox appearing as a beautiful girl and a young human male. In the fantasy novel The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt, a huli jing teaches a young girl magic, enabling her to conjure armies with her spells. Belief in fox spirits has also been implicated as an explanatory factor in the incidence of attacks of koro, a culture-bound syndrome found in southern China and Malaysia in particular. There is mention of the fox spirit in Chinese Chán Buddhism, when Linji Yixuan compares them to voices that speak of the Dharma, stating "the immature young monks, not understanding this, believe in these fox-spirits..." Fox spirits were thought to be able to disguise themselves as women. In this guise, they seduced young men who were scholars or merely intelligent to absorb "life essence through their semen". This allowed them to actually turn into humans, then huxian, and then, after 1,000 years, it would turn into a nine-tailed fox god which was able to navigate through higher realms of tiān. A handful of Huli jing also appear in Wu Cheng'en's late 16th-century novel, the Journey to the West: A brother-sister pair appear in the story-arc covering the demon-brothers, Golden-Horn and Silver-Horn, introduced as the demon-brother's venerable mother and maternal-uncle, respectively. In the story-arc covering Princess Iron Fan , it's revealed that Princess Iron Fan's husband, the Bull Demon King, has left her for Princess Jade Countenance, a Huli jing demoness, who lured the Bull Demon King away from Princess Iron Fan by-means of her massive dowry. In the story-arc concerning Pilgrims while they're passing through the Kingdom of Biqiu, the White Deer Spirit and his adopted-daughter, the White-Faced Vixen Spirit (also a Huli jing demoness), are plaguing the unwitting-king, who had married the White-Faced Vixen Spirit whilst she posed as a mortal young-woman and the White Deer Spirit as her mortal father; the White-Faced Vixen Spirit is later slain by Zhu Bajie. In popular culture Anime/Manga Fox Spirit Matchmaker (2015) Naruto (1999) Naruto: Shippuden (2007) Boruto: Naruto Next Generations (2017) Film Mr. Vampire IV (1988) Painted Skin (2008) and its sequel (2012) A Chinese Fairy Tale (2011) League of Gods (2016) Once Upon a Time (2017) Hanson and the Beast (2017) The Legend of Hei (2019) Jiang Ziyia (2020) Soul Snatcher (2020) Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021) Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms (2023) TV series The Legend of Nezha 哪吒传奇 (2003) Strange Tales of Liao Zhai 新聊斋志异 (2005) The Legend and the Hero (2007) and its sequel (2009) Gu Family Book 구가의 서 (2013) The Investiture of the Gods (2014) and The Investiture of the Gods 2 (2015) Legend of Nine Tails Fox (2016) Fox in the Screen 屏里狐 (2016) Eternal Love (2017) Moonshine and Valentine (2017) Beauties in the Closet 柜中美人 (2018) Investiture of the Gods (2019) Love, Death & Robots Episode 8 (2019) The Life of White Fox 白狐的人生 (2019) Eternal Love of Dream (2020) Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries Season 1 Episode 6 (2012) Tale of the Nine Tailed (2020) My Roommate Is a Gumiho (2021) Tale of the Nine Tailed 1938 (2023) Books Shanghai Immortal by A.Y. Chao (2023) The Sacred Book of the Werewolf by Victor Pelevin (2004) Music The Good Kid and the Fox Spirit イイコと妖狐, a song by Kikuo (2023) Games Yae Miko from Genshin Impact Ninetails from Ōkami Ninetales, Zororak, and Delphox from Pokemon See also Daji, a well-known character who was a fox spirit in the Fengshen Yanyi Nine-tailed fox, the most well-known fox spirit in Chinese mythology Huxian, the fox immortals, highly cultivated fox spirits in Chinese tradition Kitsune, a similar fox spirit from Japan Kumiho, a similar fox spirit from Korea Tian, the realm some fox spirits were thought to be able to go to Hồ ly tinh, a similar fox spirit from Vietnam Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio, a compilation of supernatural stories of which many have fox spirits as a theme References ^ Kang (2006). ^ Kang (2006), pp. 15–21 ^ Wallen, Martin (2006). Fox. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-1-86189-297-3. ^ a b c d e f Strassberg (2002), pp. 88–89 & 184 ^ a b c Huntington (2003), p. 9 ^ Kang (2006), p. 17 ^ a b Kang (2006) ^ Kang (2006), p. 23 ^ "Fox-spirit Daji invents the Paoluo torture". Chinese Torture/Supplice chinois. Archived from the original on 2006-11-17. Retrieved 2006-12-26. ^ Huntington (2003), p. 14 ^ Kang (2006), pp. 37–39 ^ Lin, Fu-shih (2014-12-08). ""Old Customs and New Fashions": An Examination of Features of Shamanism in Song China". Modern Chinese Religion I. Leiden: Brill. pp. 262–263. ISBN 978-90-04-27164-7. ^ Huntington (2003), p. . ^ Huntington (2003), p. 92. ^ Lu, Xun (1959). A Brief History of Chinese Fiction. Translated by Hsien-yi Yang; Gladys Yang. Foreign Language Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-7-119-05750-7. ^ Cheng, S. T. (1996). "A critical review of Chinese Koro". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 20 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1007/BF00118751. PMID 8740959. S2CID 34630225. ^ The Record of Linji. Honolulu. 2008. p. 218.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b c Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.). The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images. Köln: Taschen. p. 280. ISBN 978-3-8365-1448-4. Literature Chan, Leo Tak-hung (1998). The discourse on foxes and ghosts: Ji Yun and eighteenth-century literati storytelling. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. ISBN 978-962-201-749-8. Huntington, Rania (2003). Alien kind: Foxes and late imperial Chinese narrative. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01094-9. Kang, Xiaofei (2006). The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13338-8. Strassberg, Richard E. (2002). A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas. Berkeley: University of California press. ISBN 978-0-520-21844-4. Ting, Nai-tung. "A Comparative Study of Three Chinese and North-American Indian Folktale Types." Asian Folklore Studies 44, no. 1 (1985): 42–43. Accessed July 1, 2020. doi:10.2307/1177982. Anatole, Alex. "Tao of Celestial Foxes -The Way to Immortality" Volumes I, II, III)(2015) External links Fox Spirits in Asia 北方的民间信仰-狐仙 vteChinese mythologyOverview topics Creation myth Godly world concepts Astrology Dragons Shenmo fiction Gods and immortals Tian Pangu Ghosts Chinese folk religion Major personages Gods and immortals Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors Eight Immortals Youchao Shennong Yellow Emperor Yan Emperor Chiyou Chang'e Hou Yi Kuafu Mythological creatures Four Symbols Black Tortoise Azure Dragon White Tiger Vermilion Bird Yellow Dragon Four Holy Beasts Qilin Fenghuang Yinglong Spirit turtle Bixi Huli jing (Fox spirit) Chinese guardian lions Pixiu (Bixie) Nian Horses Hundun Xiezhi Wuzhiqi Yeren Fox spirit Four Perils (Four Evildoers) Peng (mythology) Nine-headed Bird Tianma Nine-tailed fox more... Places Buzhou Diyu Eight Pillars Gate of the Ghosts Fusang Jade Mountain Kunlun Mountain Longmen Moving Sands Penglai Red River Weak River Youdu Items Gu Peaches of Immortality Literary works Classic of Mountains and Seas Shi Yi Ji Bowuzhi Liexian Zhuan Shenxian Zhuan Shenyi Jing The Peach Blossom Spring The Four Journeys Investiture of the Gods The Sorcerer's Revolt Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio Journey to the West In Search of the Supernatural What the Master Would Not Discuss Heavenly Questions (Chu Ci) Huainanzi Records of the Grand Historian Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations Other folk tales Legend of the White Snake Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl The Magic Lotus Lantern Mulian Rescues His Mother vteInari shrinesGodsMain Deities Inari Ōkami Ukanomitama Minor gods Dakini Fox spirit Shinshi PlacesHead Shrine Fushimi Inari-taisha Other Shrines Shiwa Inari Shrine Takekoma Inari Shrine Yakyu Inari Shrine Yūtoku Inari Shrine Taikodani Inari Shrine Kasama Inari Shrine Takahashi Inari Shrine Namiyoke Inari Shrine Takayama Inari Shrine Tamatsukuri Inari Shrine Temples Toyokawa Inari Ryōhō-ji Saijo Inari Toyokawa Inari Tokyo Misc Abura-age Fox spirit	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foxwoman (Dungeons & Dragons)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxwoman_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese mythological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mythology"},{"link_name":"shapeshifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapeshifting"},{"link_name":"huxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huxian"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"nine-tailed fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-tailed_fox"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKang2006-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Foxwoman\" redirects here. For the Dungeons & Dragons creature, see Foxwoman (Dungeons & Dragons).Huli jing (Chinese: 狐狸精) are Chinese mythological creatures usually capable of shapeshifting, who may either be benevolent or malevolent spirits. In Chinese mythology and folklore, the fox spirit takes variant forms with different meanings, powers, characteristics, and shapes, including huxian (Chinese: 狐仙; lit. 'fox immortal'), hushen (狐神; 'fox god'), husheng (狐聖; 'fox saint'), huwang (狐王; 'fox king'), huyao (狐妖; 'fox demon'), huzu (狐族; 'fox clan'), and jiuweihu (九尾狐; 'nine-tailed fox').[1][page needed]Fox spirits and nine-tailed foxes appear frequently in Chinese folklore, literature, and mythology. Depending on the story, the fox spirit's presence may be a good or a bad omen.[2] The motif of nine-tailed foxes from Chinese culture was eventually transmitted and introduced to Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese cultures.[3]","title":"Fox spirit"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yanju%27s_tomb,_nine-tailed_fox.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shanhaijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanhaijing"},{"link_name":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"Western Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Han"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shanstr02-4"},{"link_name":"Land of Blue Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonggu"},{"link_name":"Five Grains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Grains"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"Shanhaijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanhaijing"},{"link_name":"Guo Pu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Pu"},{"link_name":"Eastern Jin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Jin_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shanstr02-4"},{"link_name":"Qingqiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheonggu"},{"link_name":"gu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_(poison)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shanstr02-4"},{"link_name":"Yu the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shanstr02-4"},{"link_name":"Mount Kunlun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunlun_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Xi Wangmu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi_Wangmu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shanstr02-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shanstr02-4"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunt3-9-5"},{"link_name":"Lunheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunheng"},{"link_name":"Wang Chong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Chong"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunt3-9-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunt3-9-5"},{"link_name":"Guo Pu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Pu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Baopuzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baopuzi"},{"link_name":"dholes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhole"},{"link_name":"Big Dipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Dipper"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kang_no_page-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imperial_Encyclopaedia_-_Animal_Kingdom_-_pic176_-_%E4%B9%9D%E5%B0%BE%E7%8B%90%E5%9C%96.png"},{"link_name":"Youyang Zazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youyang_Zazu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Daji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daji"},{"link_name":"Ming Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"shenmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenmo"},{"link_name":"Fengshen Yanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengshen_Yanyi"},{"link_name":"King Zhou of Shang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Zhou_of_Shang"},{"link_name":"Nüwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCwa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Shang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"King Wen of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wen_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"Jiang Ziya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Ziya"},{"link_name":"Zhou dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty"}],"text":"Painting of a fox spirit from Yanju's tomb, Gansu Province. Older depictions of fox spirits depict the eight other tails as branching out from the main tail rather than being separate tails of their own.The nine-tailed fox occurs in the Shanhaijing (Classic of Mountains and Seas), compiled from the Warring States period to the Western Han period (circa fourth to circa first century BC).[4] The work states:靑丘國在其北其人食五穀衣絲帛其狐四足九尾。The Land of Blue Hills lies to the north where the inhabitants consume the Five Grains, wear silk and worship foxes that have four legs and nine tails.— ShanhaijingIn chapter 14 of the Shanhaijing, Guo Pu, a scholar of the Eastern Jin dynasty, had commented that the \"nine-tailed fox was an auspicious omen that appeared during times of peace.\"[4] However, in chapter 1, another aspect of the nine-tailed fox is described:Three hundred li farther east is Qingqiu Mountain, where much jade can be found on its south slope and green cinnabar on its north. There is a beast here whose form resembles a fox with nine tails. It makes a sound like a baby and is a man-eater. Whoever eats it will be protected against insect-poison (gu).[4]In one ancient myth, Yu the Great encountered a white nine-tailed fox, which he interpreted as an auspicious sign that he would marry Nüjiao.[4] In Han iconography, the nine-tailed fox is sometimes depicted at Mount Kunlun and along with Xi Wangmu in her role as the goddess of immortality.[4] According to the first-century Baihutong (Debates in the White Tiger Hall), the fox's nine tails symbolize abundant progeny.[4]During the Han dynasty (202 BC – 9 AD; 25–220 AD), the development of ideas about interspecies transformation had taken place in Chinese culture.[5] The idea that non-human creatures with advancing age could assume human form is presented in works such as the Lunheng by Wang Chong (27–91).[5] As these traditions developed, the fox's capacity for transformation was shaped.[5]Describing the transformation and other features of the fox, Guo Pu (276–324) made the following comment:When a fox is fifty years old, it can transform itself into a woman; when a hundred years old, it becomes a beautiful female, or a spirit medium, or an adult male who has sexual intercourse with women. Such beings are able to know things at more than a thousand miles' distance; they can poison men by sorcery, or possess and bewilder them, so that they lose their memory and knowledge; and when a fox is thousand years old, it ascends to heaven and becomes a celestial fox.[6]In Duìsúpiān (對俗篇) of the Baopuzi, it is written:Foxes and dholes both can be eight hundred years of age, and when they are five hundred years old, they become enlightened and are able to take up human form.\n狐貍、豺狼皆壽八百歲，滿五百歲，則善變為人形。In a Tang Dynasty story, foxes could become humans by wearing a skull and worshipping the Big Dipper. They would try multiple skulls until they found one that fit without falling off.[7]Qing Dynasty depiction of the fox spirit.The Youyang Zazu made a connection between nine-tailed foxes and the divine:Among the arts of the Way, there is a specific doctrine of the celestial fox. [The doctrine] says that the celestial fox has nine tails and a golden color. It serves in the Palace of the Sun and Moon and has its own fu (talisman) and a jiao ritual. It can transcend yin and yang.[8]The fox spirits encountered in tales and legends are usually females and appear as young, beautiful women. One of the most infamous fox spirits in Chinese mythology was Daji, who is portrayed in the Ming Dynasty shenmo novel Fengshen Yanyi. A beautiful daughter of a general, she was married forcibly to the cruel tyrant King Zhou of Shang. A nine-tailed fox spirit who served Nüwa, whom King Zhou had offended, entered into and possessed her body, expelling the true Daji's soul. The spirit, as Daji, and her new husband schemed cruelly and invented many devices of torture, such as forcing righteous officials to hug red-hot metal pillars.[9] Because of such cruelties, many people, including King Zhou's own former generals, revolted and fought against the Shang dynasty. Finally, King Wen of Zhou, one of the vassals of Shang, founded a new dynasty named after his country. The fox spirit in Daji's body was later driven out by Jiang Ziya, the first Prime Minister of the Zhou dynasty, and her spirit condemned by Nüwa herself for excessive cruelty.","title":"Descriptions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Song dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Daji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daji"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kaifeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaifeng"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Emperor Huizong of Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kang_no_page-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources\|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (September_2021)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington200392-14"},{"link_name":"Liaozhai Zhiyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaozhai_Zhiyi"},{"link_name":"Pu Songling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu_Songling"},{"link_name":"The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_Sui_Quash_the_Demons%27_Revolt"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"koro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koro_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"culture-bound syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture-bound_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Chinese Chán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Ch%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Linji Yixuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linji_Yixuan"},{"link_name":"Dharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"huxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huxian"},{"link_name":"nine-tailed fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-tailed_fox"},{"link_name":"god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-18"},{"link_name":"Golden-Horn and Silver-Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Journey_to_the_West_characters#Golden_and_Silver_Horned_Kings_and_associates"},{"link_name":"Princess Iron Fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Iron_Fan"},{"link_name":"Bull Demon King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Demon_King"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"Zhu Bajie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Bajie"}],"text":"Popular fox worship during the Tang dynasty has been mentioned in a text entitled Hu Shen (Fox gods):Since the beginning of the Tang, many commoners have worshiped fox spirits. They make offerings in their bedchambers to beg for their favor. The foxes share people's food and drink. They do not serve a single master. At the time there was a figure of speech saying, \"Where there is no fox demon, no village can be established.\"[10]In the Song dynasty, fox spirit cults, such as those dedicated to Daji, became outlawed, but their suppression was unsuccessful.[11] For example, in 1111, an imperial edict was issued for the destruction of many spirit shrines within Kaifeng, including those of Daji.[12]On the eve of the Jurchen invasion, a fox went to the throne of Emperor Huizong of Song. This resulted in Huizong ordering the destruction of all fox temples in Kaifeng. The city was invaded the next day, and the dynasty fell after five months.[7]In late imperial China, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, disruptions in the domestic environment could be attributed to the mischief of fox spirits, which could throw or tear apart objects in a manner similar to a poltergeist.[13] \"Hauntings\" by foxes were often regarded as both commonplace and essentially harmless, with one seventeenth-century author commenting that \"Out of every ten houses in the capital, six or seven have fox demons, but they do no harm and people are used to them\".[14]Typically fox spirits were seen as dangerous, but some of the stories in the Qing dynasty book Liaozhai Zhiyi by Pu Songling are love stories between a fox appearing as a beautiful girl and a young human male. In the fantasy novel The Three Sui Quash the Demons' Revolt, a huli jing teaches a young girl magic, enabling her to conjure armies with her spells.[15]Belief in fox spirits has also been implicated as an explanatory factor in the incidence of attacks of koro, a culture-bound syndrome found in southern China and Malaysia in particular.[16]There is mention of the fox spirit in Chinese Chán Buddhism, when Linji Yixuan compares them to voices that speak of the Dharma, stating \"the immature young monks, not understanding this, believe in these fox-spirits...\"[17]Fox spirits were thought to be able to disguise themselves as women.[18] In this guise, they seduced young men who were scholars or merely intelligent to absorb \"life essence through their semen\".[18] This allowed them to actually turn into humans, then huxian, and then, after 1,000 years, it would turn into a nine-tailed fox god which was able to navigate through higher realms of tiān.[18]A handful of Huli jing also appear in Wu Cheng'en's late 16th-century novel, the Journey to the West:A brother-sister pair appear in the story-arc covering the demon-brothers, Golden-Horn and Silver-Horn, introduced as the demon-brother's venerable mother and maternal-uncle, respectively.\nIn the story-arc covering Princess Iron Fan , it's revealed that Princess Iron Fan's husband, the Bull Demon King, has left her for Princess Jade Countenance, a Huli jing demoness, who lured the Bull Demon King away from Princess Iron Fan by-means of her massive dowry.\nIn the story-arc concerning Pilgrims while they're passing through the Kingdom of Biqiu, the White Deer Spirit and his adopted-daughter, the White-Faced Vixen Spirit (also a Huli jing demoness), are plaguing the unwitting-king, who had married the White-Faced Vixen Spirit whilst she posed as a mortal young-woman and the White Deer Spirit as her mortal father; the White-Faced Vixen Spirit is later slain by Zhu Bajie.","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fox Spirit Matchmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Spirit_Matchmaker"},{"link_name":"Naruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto"},{"link_name":"Naruto: Shippuden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto:_Shippuden"},{"link_name":"Boruto: Naruto Next Generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boruto:_Naruto_Next_Generations"}],"sub_title":"Anime/Manga","text":"Fox Spirit Matchmaker (2015)\nNaruto (1999)\nNaruto: Shippuden (2007)\nBoruto: Naruto Next Generations (2017)","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mr. Vampire IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Vampire_IV"},{"link_name":"Painted Skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_Skin_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"its sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_Skin:_The_Resurrection"},{"link_name":"A Chinese Fairy Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Chinese_Ghost_Story_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"League of Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Gods"},{"link_name":"Once Upon a Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(2017_Chinese_film)"},{"link_name":"Hanson and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanson_and_the_Beast"},{"link_name":"Jiang Ziyia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Ziya_(film)"},{"link_name":"Soul Snatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Snatcher"},{"link_name":"Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang-Chi_and_the_Legend_of_the_Ten_Rings"},{"link_name":"Creation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_of_the_Gods_I:_Kingdom_of_Storms"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Mr. Vampire IV (1988)\nPainted Skin (2008) and its sequel (2012)\nA Chinese Fairy Tale (2011)\nLeague of Gods (2016)\nOnce Upon a Time (2017)\nHanson and the Beast (2017)\nThe Legend of Hei (2019)\nJiang Ziyia (2020)\nSoul Snatcher (2020)\nShang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021)\nCreation of the Gods I: Kingdom of Storms (2023)","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Legend and the Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_and_the_Hero"},{"link_name":"its sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_and_the_Hero_2"},{"link_name":"Gu Family Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Family_Book"},{"link_name":"The Investiture of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Investiture_of_the_Gods_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Legend of Nine Tails Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_Nine_Tails_Fox"},{"link_name":"Eternal Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_Love_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Moonshine and Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonshine_and_Valentine"},{"link_name":"Investiture of the Gods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Gods_(2019_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Love, Death & Robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Death_%26_Robots"},{"link_name":"Eternal Love of Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_Love_of_Dream"},{"link_name":"Tale of the Nine Tailed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tale_of_the_Nine_Tailed"},{"link_name":"My Roommate Is a Gumiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Roommate_Is_a_Gumiho"},{"link_name":"Tale of the Nine Tailed 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tale_of_the_Nine_Tailed_1938"}],"sub_title":"TV series","text":"The Legend of Nezha 哪吒传奇 (2003)\nStrange Tales of Liao Zhai 新聊斋志异 (2005)\nThe Legend and the Hero (2007) and its sequel (2009)\nGu Family Book 구가의 서 (2013)\nThe Investiture of the Gods (2014) and The Investiture of the Gods 2 (2015)\nLegend of Nine Tails Fox (2016)\nFox in the Screen 屏里狐 (2016)\nEternal Love (2017)\nMoonshine and Valentine (2017)\nBeauties in the Closet 柜中美人 (2018)\nInvestiture of the Gods (2019)\nLove, Death & Robots Episode 8 (2019)\nThe Life of White Fox 白狐的人生 (2019)\nEternal Love of Dream (2020)\nMiss Fisher's Murder Mysteries Season 1 Episode 6 (2012)\nTale of the Nine Tailed (2020)\nMy Roommate Is a Gumiho (2021)\nTale of the Nine Tailed 1938 (2023)","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Shanghai Immortal by A.Y. Chao (2023)\nThe Sacred Book of the Werewolf by Victor Pelevin (2004)","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The Good Kid and the Fox Spirit イイコと妖狐, a song by Kikuo (2023)","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genshin Impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genshin_Impact"},{"link_name":"Ōkami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Ckami"},{"link_name":"Ninetales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_generation_I_Pok%C3%A9mon#Ninetales"},{"link_name":"Zororak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_generation_V_Pok%C3%A9mon#Zoroark"},{"link_name":"Delphox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_generation_VI_Pok%C3%A9mon#Delphox"},{"link_name":"Pokemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(video_game_series)"}],"sub_title":"Games","text":"Yae Miko from Genshin Impact\nNinetails from Ōkami\nNinetales, Zororak, and Delphox from Pokemon","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-962-201-749-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-201-749-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-01094-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01094-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-231-13338-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13338-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-21844-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21844-4"}],"text":"Chan, Leo Tak-hung (1998). The discourse on foxes and ghosts: Ji Yun and eighteenth-century literati storytelling. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. ISBN 978-962-201-749-8.\nHuntington, Rania (2003). Alien kind: Foxes and late imperial Chinese narrative. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01094-9.\nKang, Xiaofei (2006). The cult of the fox: Power, gender, and popular religion in late imperial and modern China. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13338-8.\nStrassberg, Richard E. (2002). A Chinese Bestiary: Strange Creatures from the Guideways Through Mountains and Seas. Berkeley: University of California press. ISBN 978-0-520-21844-4.\nTing, Nai-tung. \"A Comparative Study of Three Chinese and North-American Indian Folktale Types.\" Asian Folklore Studies 44, no. 1 (1985): 42–43. Accessed July 1, 2020. doi:10.2307/1177982.\nAnatole, Alex. \"Tao of Celestial Foxes -The Way to Immortality\" Volumes I, II, III)(2015)","title":"Literature"}]	[{"image_text":"Painting of a fox spirit from Yanju's tomb, Gansu Province. Older depictions of fox spirits depict the eight other tails as branching out from the main tail rather than being separate tails of their own.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Yanju%27s_tomb%2C_nine-tailed_fox.jpg/220px-Yanju%27s_tomb%2C_nine-tailed_fox.jpg"},{"image_text":"Qing Dynasty depiction of the fox spirit.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Imperial_Encyclopaedia_-_Animal_Kingdom_-_pic176_-_%E4%B9%9D%E5%B0%BE%E7%8B%90%E5%9C%96.png/220px-Imperial_Encyclopaedia_-_Animal_Kingdom_-_pic176_-_%E4%B9%9D%E5%B0%BE%E7%8B%90%E5%9C%96.png"}]	[{"title":"Daji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daji"},{"title":"Fengshen Yanyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengshen_Yanyi"},{"title":"Nine-tailed fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine-tailed_fox"},{"title":"Huxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huxian"},{"title":"Kitsune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitsune"},{"title":"Kumiho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumiho"},{"title":"Tian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian"},{"title":"Hồ ly tinh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_ly_tinh"},{"title":"Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Stories_from_a_Chinese_Studio"}]	[{"reference":"Wallen, Martin (2006). Fox. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-1-86189-297-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/foxreaktionbooks00wall","url_text":"Fox"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaktion_Books","url_text":"Reaktion Books"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/foxreaktionbooks00wall/page/n70","url_text":"69"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-297-3","url_text":"978-1-86189-297-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Fox-spirit Daji invents the Paoluo torture\". Chinese Torture/Supplice chinois. Archived from the original on 2006-11-17. Retrieved 2006-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061117155322/http://turandot.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Textual.php?ID=190&CF=1&Fa=5","url_text":"\"Fox-spirit Daji invents the Paoluo torture\""},{"url":"http://turandot.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Textual.php?ID=190&CF=1&Fa=5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lin, Fu-shih (2014-12-08). \"\"Old Customs and New Fashions\": An Examination of Features of Shamanism in Song China\". Modern Chinese Religion I. Leiden: Brill. pp. 262–263. ISBN 978-90-04-27164-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-27164-7","url_text":"978-90-04-27164-7"}]},{"reference":"Lu, Xun (1959). A Brief History of Chinese Fiction. Translated by Hsien-yi Yang; Gladys Yang. Foreign Language Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-7-119-05750-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Chinese_Fiction","url_text":"A Brief History of Chinese Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-05750-7","url_text":"978-7-119-05750-7"}]},{"reference":"Cheng, S. T. (1996). \"A critical review of Chinese Koro\". Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry. 20 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1007/BF00118751. PMID 8740959. S2CID 34630225.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00118751","url_text":"10.1007/BF00118751"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8740959","url_text":"8740959"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34630225","url_text":"34630225"}]},{"reference":"The Record of Linji. Honolulu. 2008. p. 218.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carlson, Kathie; Flanagin, Michael N.; Martin, Kathleen; Martin, Mary E.; Mendelsohn, John; Rodgers, Priscilla Young; Ronnberg, Ami; Salman, Sherry; Wesley, Deborah A. (2010). Arm, Karen; Ueda, Kako; Thulin, Anne; Langerak, Allison; Kiley, Timothy Gus; Wolff, Mary (eds.). The Book of Symbols: Reflections on Archetypal Images. Köln: Taschen. p. 280. ISBN 978-3-8365-1448-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taschen","url_text":"Taschen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8365-1448-4","url_text":"978-3-8365-1448-4"}]},{"reference":"Chan, Leo Tak-hung (1998). The discourse on foxes and ghosts: Ji Yun and eighteenth-century literati storytelling. Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong. ISBN 978-962-201-749-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-201-749-8","url_text":"978-962-201-749-8"}]},{"reference":"Huntington, Rania (2003). Alien kind: Foxes and late imperial Chinese narrative. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astronaut_(1972_film)	The Astronaut (1972 film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	For the song by Jin, see The Astronaut (song). 1972 American TV series or program The AstronautGenreDramaWritten byGerald Di Pego (teleplay)Charles KuenstleRobert Biheller (teleplay & story)Directed byRobert Michael LewisStarringJackie CooperMonte MarkhamMusic byGil MelleCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionProducerHarve BennettProduction locationsUniversal Studios - 100 Universal City Plaza, Universal City, CaliforniaCinematographyAlric EdensEditorsLes GreenJohn KaufmanRunning time73 minutesProduction companiesSilverton ProductionsUniversal TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkABCReleaseJanuary 8, 1972 (1972-01-08) The Astronaut is a 1972 American made-for-television science fiction film directed by Robert Michael Lewis and starring Jackie Cooper and Monte Markham. It follows a man who has been hired to impersonate an astronaut who died during the first crewed mission to Mars. The movie was made for ABC for its movie of the week franchise. Real-life astronaut Wally Schirra appears in a cameo role as himself. Plot Television coverage of Brice Randolph, the first astronaut on the surface of Mars, is interrupted, indicating that the signal has been lost. Shortly afterward, Eddie Reese is recruited and shown what happened after the TV signal was interrupted: Brice reported something penetrating his EVA suit and soon expired. The other astronaut lifted off alone. NASA, fearing their project will be canceled, needs to keep it a secret until they have answers about what exactly happened. Reese undergoes surgical alterations and begins learning his role as Brice. Upon the arrival of the spacecraft back on Earth, the splashdown site is altered so that the press is unaware of Reese being brought to join the returning space crew. Reese, maintaining the cover, is now tasked with playing his role with the dead man's wife, Gail. Uneasy about being intimate with another man's wife, Reese unwittingly betrays himself to her, raising her suspicions. Eventually, NASA determines what happened on Mars and is ready to let Reese out of the masquerade. However, Reese and Gail are willing to carry on as if he is Brice Randolph. Reese then hears from a boy, who asked for an autograph, that the Soviets have just launched their own mission to land on Mars. NASA does not warn the Soviets of the dangers that await them; however, Reese and Gail decide to reveal the truth. Cast Actor Role Jackie Cooper Kurt Anderson Monte Markham Eddie Reese Col. Brice Randolph Richard Anderson Dr. Wylie Robert Lansing John Phillips Susan Clark Gail Randolph John Lupton Don Masters Walter Brooke Tom Everett James Sikking Astronaut Higgins Paul Kent Carl Samuels Reception AllMovies gave the move 2.5 out of 5 stars. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction stated that this largely-forgotten film is a major curiosity. It was aired when the Apollo missions to the Moon were still under way. The movie presents a negative view of NASA. According to the encyclopedia, a strong case can be made that Capricorn One plagiarized this film's central situation. See also List of American films of 1972 References ^ The Astronaut Review Retrieved on 6-15-2020 https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-astronaut-v123780 ^ The Astronaut SciFi Encyclopedia http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/astronaut_the Wingrove, David (1985). Science Fiction Film Source Book. Longman Group Limited. ISBN 0582892392. Pomerance, Murray (2005). Johnny Depp Starts Here. Rutgers University Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 0-8135-3565-4. Retrieved September 10, 2015. the astronaut monte markham. External links The Astronaut at IMDb The Astronaut at AllMovie	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Astronaut (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astronaut_(song)"},{"link_name":"made-for-television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"science fiction film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_film"},{"link_name":"Jackie Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Monte Markham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Markham"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Wally Schirra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Schirra"}],"text":"For the song by Jin, see The Astronaut (song).1972 American TV series or programThe Astronaut is a 1972 American made-for-television science fiction film directed by Robert Michael Lewis and starring Jackie Cooper and Monte Markham. It follows a man who has been hired to impersonate an astronaut who died during the first crewed mission to Mars. The movie was made for ABC for its movie of the week franchise. Real-life astronaut Wally Schirra appears in a cameo role as himself.","title":"The Astronaut (1972 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"}],"text":"Television coverage of Brice Randolph, the first astronaut on the surface of Mars, is interrupted, indicating that the signal has been lost. Shortly afterward, Eddie Reese is recruited and shown what happened after the TV signal was interrupted: Brice reported something penetrating his EVA suit and soon expired. The other astronaut lifted off alone.NASA, fearing their project will be canceled, needs to keep it a secret until they have answers about what exactly happened. Reese undergoes surgical alterations and begins learning his role as Brice. Upon the arrival of the spacecraft back on Earth, the splashdown site is altered so that the press is unaware of Reese being brought to join the returning space crew. Reese, maintaining the cover, is now tasked with playing his role with the dead man's wife, Gail. Uneasy about being intimate with another man's wife, Reese unwittingly betrays himself to her, raising her suspicions.Eventually, NASA determines what happened on Mars and is ready to let Reese out of the masquerade. However, Reese and Gail are willing to carry on as if he is Brice Randolph. Reese then hears from a boy, who asked for an autograph, that the Soviets have just launched their own mission to land on Mars. NASA does not warn the Soviets of the dangers that await them; however, Reese and Gail decide to reveal the truth.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Capricorn One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricorn_One"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"AllMovies gave the move 2.5 out of 5 stars.[1] The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction stated that this largely-forgotten film is a major curiosity. It was aired when the Apollo missions to the Moon were still under way. The movie presents a negative view of NASA. According to the encyclopedia, a strong case can be made that Capricorn One plagiarized this film's central situation.[2]","title":"Reception"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of American films of 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1972"}]	[{"reference":"Wingrove, David (1985). Science Fiction Film Source Book. Longman Group Limited. ISBN 0582892392.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_Film_Source_Book","url_text":"Science Fiction Film Source Book"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582892392","url_text":"0582892392"}]},{"reference":"Pomerance, Murray (2005). Johnny Depp Starts Here. Rutgers University Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 0-8135-3565-4. Retrieved September 10, 2015. the astronaut monte markham.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Pomerance","url_text":"Pomerance, Murray"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/johnnydeppstarts0000pome","url_text":"Johnny Depp Starts Here"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/johnnydeppstarts0000pome/page/140","url_text":"140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3565-4","url_text":"0-8135-3565-4"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-astronaut-v123780","external_links_name":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/the-astronaut-v123780"},{"Link":"http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/astronaut_the","external_links_name":"http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/astronaut_the"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/johnnydeppstarts0000pome","external_links_name":"Johnny Depp Starts Here"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/johnnydeppstarts0000pome/page/140","external_links_name":"140"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068229/","external_links_name":"The Astronaut"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v123780","external_links_name":"The Astronaut"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Nydia_Diaz	Alba Nydia Díaz	["1 Early years","2 Acting career on television","3 Acting career on stage","4 Producer","5 Television host","6 Filmography","7 References","8 External links"]	Puerto Rican actress This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Alba Nydia DíazBornCaguas, Puerto RicoOccupationActressYears active1969–present Alba Nydia Díaz (born April 27, 1955) is a Puerto Rican actress who has worked in Puerto Rico and Mexico. Early years Díaz was born in Caguas, Puerto Rico. The roles she portrayed in her early days and years after were not leading roles, from Conciencia Culpable (Guilty Conscience), in 1969, through Cristina Bazán, in 1977. Acting career on television During the 1970s, she appeared in Mexican soap operas including Colorina (Goldfinch), with Mexican actress Lucía Méndez, El derecho de nacer (The Right to be Born), and El maleficio (The Curse), also taped and broadcast by Televisa. By the end of the 1970s, Díaz was performing in leading roles in the telenovelas: La Jibarita (The Country Girl), taped in Dominican Republic, Modelos S.A. (Models S.A.) opposite Fernando Allende and Giselle Blondet, and Cuando Despierta un Amor (When a love arouses), opposite Braulio Castillo Jr., both taped in Puerto Rico. Acting career on stage Díaz has also performed on stage in Puerto Rico, including in La Pasión según Antígona Pérez (The Passion of Antígona Pérez), La Casa de Bernarda Alba (The House of Bernard Alba), La Carreta (The Oxcart), Zorba the Greek, Electra, Tiempo Muerto (Dead Season), and Frida Kahlo Viva la Vida. Producer Díaz has her own film production company called Copelar, with her actress partner Sonia Valentín. She has starred in and produced several television movies, such as Sudor Amargo (Bitter Sweat) and Las Combatientes (The Combatants). Television host Díaz hosted the daily talk show Entre Nosotras (Among Us) with actresses Valentin and Noris Joffre, among other personalities. It was broadcast by Televicentro in Puerto Rico and WAPA America, throughout the United States. Filmography Television performances Year Title Role 1978 Cristina Bazán Taina 1980 Colorina Liza Al final del arco iris Adriana La otra mujer Susana El ídolo Alana 1981 El derecho de nacer Virginia 1983 El maleficio Sara 1985 Tanairí Altagracia 1989 La conciencia de Lucía 1995 Señora Tentacion Azabache Al son del amor 1998 Flores de la noche Mryriam 1999 Cuando despierta el amor 2003 Psicosis Irene 2004 Las combatientes Noemi Film performances Year Title 1973 Adios, New York, adios 1993 A Flight of Hope 2003 Bitter Sweat Plaza vacante References ^ "Alba Nydia Díaz" (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico: National Foundation for Popular Culture. External links Alba Nydia Díaz at IMDb	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Alba Nydia Díaz (born April 27, 1955) is a Puerto Rican actress who has worked in Puerto Rico and Mexico.","title":"Alba Nydia Díaz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caguas, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caguas,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Cristina Bazán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Baz%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNCP-1"}],"text":"Díaz was born in Caguas, Puerto Rico. The roles she portrayed in her early days and years after were not leading roles, from Conciencia Culpable (Guilty Conscience), in 1969, through Cristina Bazán, in 1977.[1]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucía Méndez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A9ndez"},{"link_name":"El derecho de nacer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_derecho_de_nacer_(1981_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"El maleficio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_maleficio"},{"link_name":"Televisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisa"},{"link_name":"telenovelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telenovela"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Fernando Allende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Allende"},{"link_name":"Giselle Blondet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giselle_Blondet"},{"link_name":"Braulio Castillo Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braulio_Castillo_Jr."}],"text":"During the 1970s, she appeared in Mexican soap operas including Colorina (Goldfinch), with Mexican actress Lucía Méndez, El derecho de nacer (The Right to be Born), and El maleficio (The Curse), also taped and broadcast by Televisa.By the end of the 1970s, Díaz was performing in leading roles in the telenovelas: La Jibarita (The Country Girl), taped in Dominican Republic, Modelos S.A. (Models S.A.) opposite Fernando Allende and Giselle Blondet, and Cuando Despierta un Amor (When a love arouses), opposite Braulio Castillo Jr., both taped in Puerto Rico.","title":"Acting career on television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Casa de Bernarda Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Casa_de_Bernarda_Alba"},{"link_name":"La Carreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Carreta"},{"link_name":"Zorba the Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorba_the_Greek"}],"text":"Díaz has also performed on stage in Puerto Rico, including in La Pasión según Antígona Pérez (The Passion of Antígona Pérez), La Casa de Bernarda Alba (The House of Bernard Alba), La Carreta (The Oxcart), Zorba the Greek, Electra, Tiempo Muerto (Dead Season), and Frida Kahlo Viva la Vida.","title":"Acting career on stage"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Díaz has her own film production company called Copelar, with her actress partner Sonia Valentín. She has starred in and produced several television movies, such as Sudor Amargo (Bitter Sweat) and Las Combatientes (The Combatants).","title":"Producer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entre Nosotras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entre_Nosotras"},{"link_name":"Noris Joffre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noris_Joffre"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"WAPA America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WAPA_America"}],"text":"Díaz hosted the daily talk show Entre Nosotras (Among Us) with actresses Valentin and Noris Joffre, among other personalities. It was broadcast by Televicentro in Puerto Rico and WAPA America, throughout the United States.","title":"Television host"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Alba Nydia Díaz\" (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico: National Foundation for Popular Culture.","urls":[{"url":"https://prpop.org/biografias/alba-nydia-diaz/","url_text":"\"Alba Nydia Díaz\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Foundation_for_Popular_Culture","url_text":"National Foundation for Popular Culture"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://prpop.org/biografias/alba-nydia-diaz/","external_links_name":"\"Alba Nydia Díaz\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0246506/","external_links_name":"Alba Nydia Díaz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragheb_Aga	Ragheb Aga	["1 County career","2 Records","3 References","4 External links"]	Kenyan cricketer Ragheb AgaPersonal informationFull nameRagheb Gul AgaBorn (1984-07-10) 10 July 1984 (age 39)Nairobi, KenyaBattingRight-handedBowlingRight arm medium-fastRoleAll-rounderInternational information National sideKenya (2004–2014)ODI debut (cap 27)11 September 2004 v IndiaLast ODI30 January 2014 v ScotlandODI shirt no.75T20I debut (cap 16)2 August 2008 v NetherlandsLast T20I26 November 2013 v CanadaT20I shirt no.75 Domestic team information YearsTeam2007–2010Sussex (squad no. 28) Career statistics Competition ODI T20I FC LA Matches 12 20 22 33 Runs scored 150 213 443 396 Batting average 16.66 13.31 14.76 15.84 100s/50s –/1 0/1 –/1 –/1 Top score 86 52* 66* 86 Balls bowled 402 288 2,038 1,034 Wickets 8 15 34 25 Bowling average 40.00 20.40 38.44 35.52 5 wickets in innings 0 0 1 0 10 wickets in match 0 0 0 0 Best bowling 2/17 3/24 5/46 4/14 Catches/stumpings 3/0 7/0 9/0 8/0Source: Cricinfo, 12 May 2017 Ragheb Gul Aga (born 10 July 1984) is a Kenyan cricketer, who played as an all-rounder for Kenya in ODIs and T20Is and for Sussex in English domestic cricket. He became Kenya's third captain in two months in November 2004 when he captained the team at the Intercontinental Cup Finals in place of Hitesh Modi. County career In 2008, Aga signed a one-year deal to play County cricket for Sussex, having played List A cricket for the county during the 2007 season. He was, however, surprisingly recalled to the Kenya side in 2008. Aga spent a further two seasons at Sussex, finally being released by the county at the end of the 2010 season. Records Aga was the first batsman to score a T20I half-century when batting at number 8 (or lower), when he scored 52 not out against Scotland on 13 November 2013. This was the highest score at this position until it was exceeded by Simi Singh in 2018. References ^ "Ragheb Aga recalled for Europe tour". Cricinfo. 12 July 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2008. ^ "Sussex release three at end of season". Cricinfo. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2010. ^ "Records \| Twenty20 Internationals \| Batting records \| Most runs in an innings (by batting position) \| ESPN Cricinfo". Cricinfo. Retrieved 28 February 2017. External links Ragheb Aga at ESPNcricinfo Ragheb Aga at CricketArchive (subscription required) This biographical article related to Kenyan cricket is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"ODIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Day_International"},{"link_name":"T20Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty20_International"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_ICC_Intercontinental_Cup#Final_round"},{"link_name":"Hitesh Modi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitesh_Modi"}],"text":"Ragheb Gul Aga (born 10 July 1984) is a Kenyan cricketer, who played as an all-rounder for Kenya in ODIs and T20Is and for Sussex in English domestic cricket. He became Kenya's third captain in two months in November 2004 when he captained the team at the Intercontinental Cup Finals in place of Hitesh Modi.","title":"Ragheb Aga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"List A cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_A_cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In 2008, Aga signed a one-year deal to play County cricket for Sussex, having played List A cricket for the county during the 2007 season. He was, however, surprisingly recalled to the Kenya side in 2008.[1] Aga spent a further two seasons at Sussex, finally being released by the county at the end of the 2010 season.[2]","title":"County career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simi Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_Singh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Aga was the first batsman to score a T20I half-century when batting at number 8 (or lower), when he scored 52 not out against Scotland on 13 November 2013. This was the highest score at this position until it was exceeded by Simi Singh in 2018.[3]","title":"Records"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ragheb Aga recalled for Europe tour\". Cricinfo. 12 July 2008. Retrieved 23 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.cricinfo.com/kenya/content/story/360867.html","url_text":"\"Ragheb Aga recalled for Europe tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sussex release three at end of season\". Cricinfo. 17 September 2010. Retrieved 28 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/countycricket2010/content/story/477609.html","url_text":"\"Sussex release three at end of season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records \| Twenty20 Internationals \| Batting records \| Most runs in an innings (by batting position) \| ESPN Cricinfo\". Cricinfo. Retrieved 28 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/t20champions/content/records/284241.html","url_text":"\"Records \| Twenty20 Internationals \| Batting records \| Most runs in an innings (by batting position) \| ESPN Cricinfo\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/kenya/content/player/24716.html","external_links_name":"Cricinfo"},{"Link":"http://content.cricinfo.com/kenya/content/story/360867.html","external_links_name":"\"Ragheb Aga recalled for Europe tour\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/countycricket2010/content/story/477609.html","external_links_name":"\"Sussex release three at end of season\""},{"Link":"http://stats.espncricinfo.com/t20champions/content/records/284241.html","external_links_name":"\"Records \| Twenty20 Internationals \| Batting records \| Most runs in an innings (by batting position) \| ESPN Cricinfo\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/24716.html","external_links_name":"Ragheb Aga"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/46/46143/46143.html","external_links_name":"Ragheb Aga"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ragheb_Aga&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_10_(Netherlands)	Radio 10 (Netherlands)	["1 History","1.1 Radio 10 1988-1990","1.2 Radio 10 Gold rebranding, takeover by Arcade","1.3 Broadcasting on FM 103; Name change into Radio 10 FM and Talpa","1.4 Return to Gold, AM frequencies and RTL","1.5 Radio 10, the return on FM","2 Racism critique","3 Logos","4 Frequency","5 References","6 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Radio 10" Netherlands – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Radio station in HilversumRadio 10HilversumBroadcast areaNetherlandsFrequencyFM:Cell Tower: Frequency:Alkmaar: 88.1 MHzAmsterdam: 103.6 MHzArnhem: 104.1 MHzBreskens: 93.3 MHzDen Bosch: 87.9 MHzEmmen: 103.8 MHzEnschede: 103.9 MHzGoes: 103.8 MHzHaarlem: 104.0 MHzHilversum: 88.1 MHzLelystad: 87.7 MHzMaastricht: 91.1 MHzRotterdam: 103.8 MHzSmilde: 87.6 MHzTjerkgaast: 103.8 MHzUtrecht: 87.8 MHzWestdorpe: 93.0 MHzAM:828 kHz (Rotterdam)DVB-T Bouquet 2 (coded, listen with Digitenne subscription)DAB+ VHF-kanaal 11C (220.352 MHz)Satellite:Astra 3B (23.5°O) 11.915 GHz/HProgrammingLanguage(s)DutchFormatOldiesAdult contemporary music (widely 1960s-today)OwnershipOwnerTalpa RadioSubsidiary of Talpa NetworkSister stationsSky RadioRadio 538HistoryFirst air dateApril 4, 1988 (1988-04-04)Former namesRadio 10 (1988–1990)Radio 10 Gold (1990–1999)Radio 10FM (1999–2003)Radio 10 Gold (2003–2013)LinksWebcastRadio 10Radio 10 Non-StopTop 400060's & 70's Hits80's Hits90's Hits#1 HitsLove SongsDisco ClassicsGuilty PleasuresWebsiteradio10.nl Radio 10 (formerly : Radio 10 Gold and Radio 10 FM) is a Dutch commercial radio station that mostly focuses on songs from the 1970s to 2000s, with a moderate amount of mid-1960s' and 2010s' hits. It is one of the oldest, still remaining, commercial radio stations of the Netherlands. History Radio 10 1988-1990 On 4 April 1988, the station started broadcasting under the same name Radio 10. Radio 10 was an initiative of former VARA DJ Jeroen Soer. Commercial radio in the Netherlands was still not allowed, but they bypassed that with the so-called U-turn construction, using the possibility that commercial stations from abroad were allowed on the Dutch cable and Radio 10 passed the Amsterdam-made programs via satellite to Italy. Radio 10 was officially an Italian station of the company Rete Zero, with an FM frequency (105 FM) in Milan. This was allowed under the law, applying to satellite and cable broadcasts. Via an uplink station in Belgium by the subscriber television channel FilmNet the signal was sent to the Dutch cable networks. With this construction, there were some Italian jingles heard on the station. Disc jockeys from the very beginning have included Ferry Maat, Adam Curry, Daniël Dekker, Peter Rijsenbrij, Jeroen Soer and Roderick Veelo. Radio 10 Gold rebranding, takeover by Arcade On 15 August 1990 the station was taken over by the Arcade Group and the name was changed to Radio 10 Gold. The main theme of the new station was "oldies", which formerly Radio 10 had success with on Sundays. Dutch commercial radio was now permitted and Radio 10 transmitted to the north of the Netherlands through a so-called "residual frequency". These are frequencies that were not, or not yet, in use by public broadcasting. In 1994 Gold Radio 10 MW was assigned the 675 kHz. frequency. The Arcade group expanded its activities in this period with the stations Concert Radio (classical) and Power FM (youth station). During the 90s Radio 10 Gold broadcast on 675 kHz medium wave from a high powered transmitter. It could be heard in many places in the UK and the rest of Europe, particularly at night. However it had to give up the frequency to Arrow Classic Rock, which only used that frequency for a short while. Radio 10 Gold then broadcast on 1395 kHz but not for long. They then used 1008 kHz, again only for a short while, before getting the frequency of 828 kHz. This was not as powerful as 675 or 1008 kHz. Broadcasting on FM 103; Name change into Radio 10 FM and Talpa In 1998 publisher took Wegener's entertainment company Arcade over, which belonged Radio 10 Gold. On January 1, 1999, received a Gold Radio 10 FM frequency -the 103 MHz and later that year the name was changed to Radio 10 FM. Within the program were later hits a more prominent place than before. Partly for this reason that the slogan used to date "De grootste hits aller tijden" (English: The greatest hits of all time). The other two stations of Arcade were divested. De Mol with Prime Minister Balkenende. In February 2003 Talpa Radio International brought an enterprise of John de Mol, Radio 10 FM. Some sources claim that already Talpa's intention was to change the name back, but there is no further support available. Among the innovations that went through the station, included the return of Ferry Maat and strengthening by Bart van Leeuwen. A revised program and a new logo seen on May 5 that year was born. The greatest challenge facing the organization has faced that period, was to maintain the FM frequency. FM means a greater range of listeners than AM (medium wave) and thus higher advertising revenues. To no avail: just a few weeks after the start of the innovations Talpa lost "103 FM" (aka lot A3) on Sky Radio during the auction of terrestrial frequencies to it on June 1 started using for "Radio 103" . With the loss of the FM Radio frequency was 10 acute financial problems. Initially there was talk of Sky Radio transmitter and employees of Talpa over would take, but the merger fell through. Return to Gold, AM frequencies and RTL After the disappearance on the FM frequencies and the failed deal with Sky Radio Ltd., Talpa had substantial cut in the workforce and Radio 10 was forced to move into the studios of sister station Noordzee FM. Exactly a month after the loss of 103 FM could Talpa Radio 10 ("gold" instead of "FM") hire an AM frequency of the former owner. Radio 10 Gold would use this wavelength until 1 August 2004. In June 2004 Talpa Radio knew license for AM 1008 kHz, 298 m from Radio London to take over and to receive from the end of July 2004 was Radio 10 Gold in the Netherlands and abroad at this wavelength. Additionally sent Radio 10 Gold via cable and now also via the internet and ASTRA (satellite). Tom Mulder in 2009. In December 2005 Radio 10 Gold aired for the first time the Top 4000 on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Dutch Top 40 and possibly as a result of the success of the Top 2000 Radio 2. The list has since a permanent place gotten into programming in December. The station was in 2005 the Marconi Award for best radio station because, despite the lack of an FM frequency has ever large numbers of listeners are able to bind. In 2006 and 2007 included the following DJs connected to the station: Jos van Heerden, Peter Holland, Peter Rijsenbrij and Thorvald de Geus. In 2005 also was Albert Verlinde attracted to a show section. The station lost in this period Dave Donkervoort to 100% NL and weatherman Jan Visser in cuts, while Tom Mulder had to thank for health reasons. Not long after the departure of the weatherman several employees had left the company, Talpa there on 5 March 2007 announced to have to cut back considerably. A combination of high costs for the use of the frequency and disappointing advertising revenues brought the mother company to these procedures. Again, the transmitter had to switch to more recent music, hoping to attract more advertisers, but also make room for hours of non-stop music to reduce costs. In mid-2007 Talpa sold a sister station of Radio 10 (538) to RTL Nederland and they even decided to waive the AM frequency, by selling it to GrootNieuwsMedia BV. At that time the station was only listen through cable, Internet, satellite and DVB-T (coded only to subscribers of KPN's Digitenne), although Talpa also experimented briefly with FMeXtra, a technique that uses the remaining capacity on the FM band. On 5 January 2010 it was announced that Radio 10 Gold had been sold to RTL Nederland, which planned her one of the vacant FM frequencies of Arrow Classic Rock assign. In mid-October of that year, however, opted for an AM frequency: 828 kHz. The station had been owned, since 2003, by Talpa Radio. John de Mol is also a shareholder of RTL Nederland. RTL also drew up future plans for Radio 10 Gold to use one of the vacant FM frequencies of Arrow Classic Rock but the Dutch authorities did not allow Radio 10 Gold to do this and gave the station permission to broadcast on AM 828 kHz instead. This replaced sister stations Radio 538 and SLAM!FM who now broadcasts on new frequencies. From 1 January 2012, John de Mol was obliged to say goodbye to the RTL Group withdrawal from the merger, but the wavelength if they continue to use. This was in connection with the termination of the collaboration between John de Mol and RTL due to the acquisition of SBS in 2011. Radio 10, the return on FM On 2 August 2013, Radio 10 Gold returned on the FM band nationally as Radio 10 after a deal between the Talpa and Radiocorp was made. RadioCorp, the company behind radio station 100% NL, got the airwave frequency package A7 plot allotted. On this plot sent to 11 March 2009 Arrow Classic Rock out. Radio 10 Gold was among the 538 Group, which is owned by Talpa Media. Because the 538 Group already has the maximum number of radio frequencies in use, the station was sold to RadioCorp, and broadcast it back to FM. The agreement Talpa acquired a minority stake in RadioCorp. The station has stayed with the Oldies format and the same jingles (without the Gold in the jingles), Radio 10 Gold (538 Group) temporarily continued its own programming and broadcasting on 828 kHz till 22 September 2013. On FM frequencies was in the meantime to hear all non-stop version of Radio 10. Because negotiations were still ongoing at all Radio 10 Gold remained until 23 September 2013 broadcast on 828 AM. On FM frequencies was in the meantime to hear all non-stop version of Radio 10. Due to the cooperation between Talpa (which consist of Radio 538 and SLAM! at that time) and the Telegraaf Media Groep (which consist of Sky Radio and Radio Veronica), which was announced in January 2016 to start a new joint venture between the radio stations, it became known in May 2016 that Talpa has fully owned RadioCorp BV (100% NL and Radio 10) and in turn added Radio 10 to the 538 Group, then SLAM! and 100% NL were sold to the Austrian entrepreneur Karl von Habsburg. In January 2017, the 538 Group was rebranded to Talpa Radio. For the period May–July 2018 the station has a market share around 8% at all ages. Racism critique Dutch artist Toon has presented a satirical Carnaval song named 'Voorkomen is beter dan Chinezen' (Prevention is better than Chinese people) on national radio channel Radio 10. Which includes lyrics such as "We don't need the virus in our country, it is all caused by these stinking Chinese people" and "It will be in the fried rice soon. Don't eat Chinese food". After many complaints against the radio channel and radio DJ Lex Gaarthuis, formal apologies has been made on both accounts. A petition has been made in protest of racism against Chinese and other people of Asian descent named Wij zijn geen virussen (We are not viruses), which was signed 12,000 times within a day. The radio show host has not seen any punishment despite the petitions that were sent. Logos Used from December 2003 to 22 September 2013 Used from 23 September 2013 to 3 September 2017 Used from 4 September 2017 to 31 August 2019 Used since 1 September 2019 Frequency 828 kHz, broadcasting from Heinenoord near Rotterdam on AM, and could be heard in the South-West of the Netherlands and the North-West of Belgium.Also in Northern Germany. References ^ Actuele etherfrequentielijst van Radio 10, fmscan.org ^ Radio 10 Gold 25 jaar, NOS.nl, April 4, 2013. ^ Rechtszaken, ruilpartijen en restfrequenties. Tussenkopje: Een doorbraak, soundscapes.info, March 2001. ^ Sky Radio ziet af van aankoop Radio 10 FM en start eigen zender, radiofreak.nl, June 5, 2003. ^ Marconi Awards voor 3FM, Trouw, September 29, 2005. ^ ̪ Radio 10 Gold niet langer via 1008 AM, radiovisie.eu, August 2, 2007. ^ Lindström, Johan. "Radiocorp Launches Radio 10 on FM". Radio Intelligence. Retrieved 2 August 2013. ^ 100% NL neemt Radio 10 over en start in september, Radiofreak.nl, August 2, 2013 ^ Radio 10 maandag helemaal over op FM, Radiofreak.nl, September 20, 2013 ^ "Talpa stoot SLAM! Af en gaat verder met Radio 10". 3 May 2016. ^ "Luistercijfers juni-juli: Radio 538 terug aan kop". 28 August 2018. ^ den Blanken, Mark (2020-02-08). "Radio 10 diep door het stof na golf van kritiek op lied over coronavirus". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-11-22. External links Official website vteRadio stations in the NetherlandsNationalPublic (NPO) NPO Radio 1 NPO Radio 2 NPO 3FM NPO Klassiek NPO Radio 5 NPO Radio 2 Soul & Jazz FunX Tweede Kamerlijn Radio Netherlands Worldwide Commercial 100% NL Radio 538 Arrow Caz Arrow Classic Rock BNR Nieuwsradio Classicnl Kink FM Q-Music Radio 10 Radio Maria Radio Veronica Sky Radio SLAM! SubLime FM RegionalPublic (NPO) NH Omroep Brabant Omroep Zeeland Omrop Fryslân Radio Gelderland Commercial Fresh FM RadioNL Waterstad FM	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"}],"text":"Radio station in HilversumRadio 10 (formerly : Radio 10 Gold and Radio 10 FM) is a Dutch commercial radio station that mostly focuses on songs from the 1970s to 2000s, with a moderate amount of mid-1960s' and 2010s' hits. It is one of the oldest, still remaining, commercial radio stations of the Netherlands.","title":"Radio 10 (Netherlands)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omroepvereniging_VARA"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"FilmNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FilmNet"},{"link_name":"Ferry Maat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferry_Maat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adam Curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Curry"},{"link_name":"Daniël Dekker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_Dekker"},{"link_name":"Peter Rijsenbrij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Rijsenbrij&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Roderick Veelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roderick_Veelo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Radio 10 1988-1990","text":"On 4 April 1988, the station started broadcasting under the same name Radio 10. Radio 10 was an initiative of former VARA DJ Jeroen Soer. Commercial radio in the Netherlands was still not allowed, but they bypassed that with the so-called U-turn construction, using the possibility that commercial stations from abroad were allowed on the Dutch cable and Radio 10 passed the Amsterdam-made programs via satellite to Italy. Radio 10 was officially an Italian station of the company Rete Zero, with an FM frequency (105 FM) in Milan. This was allowed under the law, applying to satellite and cable broadcasts. Via an uplink station in Belgium by the subscriber television channel FilmNet the signal was sent to the Dutch cable networks. With this construction, there were some Italian jingles heard on the station. Disc jockeys from the very beginning have included Ferry Maat, Adam Curry, Daniël Dekker, Peter Rijsenbrij, Jeroen Soer and Roderick Veelo.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Concert Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concert_Radio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Power FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_FM"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Radio 10 Gold rebranding, takeover by Arcade","text":"On 15 August 1990 the station was taken over by the Arcade Group and the name was changed to Radio 10 Gold. The main theme of the new station was \"oldies\", which formerly Radio 10 had success with on Sundays. Dutch commercial radio was now permitted and Radio 10 transmitted to the north of the Netherlands through a so-called \"residual frequency\". These are frequencies that were not, or not yet, in use by public broadcasting. In 1994 Gold Radio 10 MW was assigned the 675 kHz. frequency. The Arcade group expanded its activities in this period with the stations Concert Radio (classical) and Power FM (youth station).[3]During the 90s Radio 10 Gold broadcast on 675 kHz medium wave from a high powered transmitter. It could be heard in many places in the UK and the rest of Europe, particularly at night. However it had to give up the frequency to Arrow Classic Rock, which only used that frequency for a short while. Radio 10 Gold then broadcast on 1395 kHz but not for long. They then used 1008 kHz, again only for a short while, before getting the frequency of 828 kHz. This was not as powerful as 675 or 1008 kHz.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wegener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegener_(company)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balkenende_en_John_de_Mol_jr.jpg"},{"link_name":"John de Mol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Mol"},{"link_name":"Bart van Leeuwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_van_Leeuwen"},{"link_name":"Sky Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Radio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Broadcasting on FM 103; Name change into Radio 10 FM and Talpa","text":"In 1998 publisher took Wegener's entertainment company Arcade over, which belonged Radio 10 Gold. On January 1, 1999, received a Gold Radio 10 FM frequency -the 103 MHz and later that year the name was changed to Radio 10 FM. Within the program were later hits a more prominent place than before. Partly for this reason that the slogan used to date \"De grootste hits aller tijden\" (English: The greatest hits of all time). The other two stations of Arcade were divested.De Mol with Prime Minister Balkenende.In February 2003 Talpa Radio International brought an enterprise of John de Mol, Radio 10 FM. Some sources claim that already Talpa's intention was to change the name back, but there is no further support available. Among the innovations that went through the station, included the return of Ferry Maat and strengthening by Bart van Leeuwen. A revised program and a new logo seen on May 5 that year was born. \nThe greatest challenge facing the organization has faced that period, was to maintain the FM frequency. FM means a greater range of listeners than AM (medium wave) and thus higher advertising revenues. To no avail: just a few weeks after the start of the innovations Talpa lost \"103 FM\" (aka lot A3) on Sky Radio during the auction of terrestrial frequencies to it on June 1 started using for \"Radio 103\" . With the loss of the FM Radio frequency was 10 acute financial problems. Initially there was talk of Sky Radio transmitter and employees of Talpa over would take, but the merger fell through.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noordzee FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noordzee_FM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Talpa Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpa_Radio"},{"link_name":"Radio London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_L_1395"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"ASTRA (satellite)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SES_Astra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tommulder.jpg"},{"link_name":"Top 4000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_4000&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marconi Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jos van Heerden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos_van_Heerden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Rijsenbrij","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Rijsenbrij&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thorvald de Geus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thorvald_de_Geus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albert Verlinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Verlinde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"100% NL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_NL"},{"link_name":"Jan Visser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Visser&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tom Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Mulder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_538"},{"link_name":"RTL Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_Nederland"},{"link_name":"GrootNieuwsMedia BV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GrootNieuwsMedia_BV&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"FMeXtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMeXtra"},{"link_name":"RTL Nederland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_Nederland"},{"link_name":"Arrow Classic Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Classic_Rock"},{"link_name":"John de Mol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Mol"},{"link_name":"Radio 538","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_538"},{"link_name":"SLAM!FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAM!FM"},{"link_name":"RTL Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_Group"}],"sub_title":"Return to Gold, AM frequencies and RTL","text":"After the disappearance on the FM frequencies and the failed deal with Sky Radio Ltd., Talpa had substantial cut in the workforce and Radio 10 was forced to move into the studios of sister station Noordzee FM. Exactly a month after the loss of 103 FM could Talpa Radio 10 (\"gold\" instead of \"FM\") hire an AM frequency of the former owner. Radio 10 Gold would use this wavelength until 1 August 2004.\nIn June 2004 Talpa Radio knew license for AM 1008 kHz, 298 m from Radio London to take over and to receive from the end of July 2004 was Radio 10 Gold in the Netherlands and abroad at this wavelength. Additionally sent Radio 10 Gold via cable and now also via the internet and ASTRA (satellite).Tom Mulder in 2009.In December 2005 Radio 10 Gold aired for the first time the Top 4000 on the occasion of the 40th anniversary of the Dutch Top 40 and possibly as a result of the success of the Top 2000 Radio 2. The list has since a permanent place gotten into programming in December. The station was in 2005 the Marconi Award for best radio station because, despite the lack of an FM frequency has ever large numbers of listeners are able to bind.[5]\nIn 2006 and 2007 included the following DJs connected to the station: Jos van Heerden, Peter Holland, Peter Rijsenbrij and Thorvald de Geus. In 2005 also was Albert Verlinde attracted to a show section. The station lost in this period Dave Donkervoort to 100% NL and weatherman Jan Visser in cuts, while Tom Mulder had to thank for health reasons.Not long after the departure of the weatherman several employees had left the company, Talpa there on 5 March 2007 announced to have to cut back considerably. A combination of high costs for the use of the frequency and disappointing advertising revenues brought the mother company to these procedures. Again, the transmitter had to switch to more recent music, hoping to attract more advertisers, but also make room for hours of non-stop music to reduce costs. In mid-2007 Talpa sold a sister station of Radio 10 (538) to RTL Nederland and they even decided to waive the AM frequency, by selling it to GrootNieuwsMedia BV.[6] At that time the station was only listen through cable, Internet, satellite and DVB-T (coded only to subscribers of KPN's Digitenne), although Talpa also experimented briefly with FMeXtra, a technique that uses the remaining capacity on the FM band.On 5 January 2010 it was announced that Radio 10 Gold had been sold to RTL Nederland, which planned her one of the vacant FM frequencies of Arrow Classic Rock assign. In mid-October of that year, however, opted for an AM frequency: 828 kHz. The station had been owned, since 2003, by Talpa Radio. John de Mol is also a shareholder of RTL Nederland. RTL also drew up future plans for Radio 10 Gold to use one of the vacant FM frequencies of Arrow Classic Rock but the Dutch authorities did not allow Radio 10 Gold to do this and gave the station permission to broadcast on AM 828 kHz instead. This replaced sister stations Radio 538 and SLAM!FM who now broadcasts on new frequencies. From 1 January 2012, John de Mol was obliged to say goodbye to the RTL Group withdrawal from the merger, but the wavelength if they continue to use. This was in connection with the termination of the collaboration between John de Mol and RTL due to the acquisition of SBS in 2011.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Talpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tien_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Radiocorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiocorp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"100% NL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_NL"},{"link_name":"Arrow Classic Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Classic_Rock"},{"link_name":"538 Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/538_Group"},{"link_name":"Talpa Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpa_Media"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Telegraaf Media Groep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraaf_Media_Groep"},{"link_name":"Karl von Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Talpa Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpa_Radio"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Radio 10, the return on FM","text":"On 2 August 2013, Radio 10 Gold returned on the FM band nationally as Radio 10 after a deal between the Talpa and Radiocorp was made. RadioCorp, the company behind radio station 100% NL, got the airwave frequency package A7 plot allotted. On this plot sent to 11 March 2009 Arrow Classic Rock out. Radio 10 Gold was among the 538 Group, which is owned by Talpa Media. Because the 538 Group already has the maximum number of radio frequencies in use, the station was sold to RadioCorp, and broadcast it back to FM. The agreement Talpa acquired a minority stake in RadioCorp. The station has stayed with the Oldies format and the same jingles (without the Gold in the jingles), Radio 10 Gold (538 Group) temporarily continued its own programming and broadcasting on 828 kHz till 22 September 2013. On FM frequencies was in the meantime to hear all non-stop version of Radio 10.[7]Because negotiations were still ongoing at all Radio 10 Gold remained until 23 September 2013 broadcast on 828 AM. On FM frequencies was in the meantime to hear all non-stop version of Radio 10.[8][9]Due to the cooperation between Talpa (which consist of Radio 538 and SLAM! at that time) and the Telegraaf Media Groep (which consist of Sky Radio and Radio Veronica), which was announced in January 2016 to start a new joint venture between the radio stations, it became known in May 2016 that Talpa has fully owned RadioCorp BV (100% NL and Radio 10) and in turn added Radio 10 to the 538 Group, then SLAM! and 100% NL were sold to the Austrian entrepreneur Karl von Habsburg. In January 2017, the 538 Group was rebranded to Talpa Radio.[10] For the period May–July 2018 the station has a market share around 8% at all ages.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Dutch artist Toon has presented a satirical Carnaval song named 'Voorkomen is beter dan Chinezen' (Prevention is better than Chinese people) on national radio channel Radio 10. Which includes lyrics such as \"We don't need the virus in our country, it is all caused by these stinking Chinese people\" and \"It will be in the fried rice soon. Don't eat Chinese food\". After many complaints against the radio channel and radio DJ Lex Gaarthuis, formal apologies has been made on both accounts. A petition has been made in protest of racism against Chinese and other people of Asian descent named Wij zijn geen virussen (We are not viruses), which was signed 12,000 times within a day. The radio show host has not seen any punishment despite the petitions that were sent.[12]","title":"Racism critique"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radio_10_Gold_logo.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radio10.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radio_10_logo_2017.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radio_10_logo_2019.svg"}],"text":"Used from December 2003 to 22 September 2013\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUsed from 23 September 2013 to 3 September 2017\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUsed from 4 September 2017 to 31 August 2019\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tUsed since 1 September 2019","title":"Logos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"}],"text":"828 kHz, broadcasting from Heinenoord near Rotterdam on AM, and could be heard in the South-West of the Netherlands and the North-West of Belgium.Also in Northern Germany.","title":"Frequency"}]	[{"image_text":"De Mol with Prime Minister Balkenende.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Balkenende_en_John_de_Mol_jr.jpg/220px-Balkenende_en_John_de_Mol_jr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tom Mulder in 2009.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tommulder.jpg/220px-Tommulder.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Lindström, Johan. \"Radiocorp Launches Radio 10 on FM\". Radio Intelligence. Retrieved 2 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiointelligence.com/radiocorp-launches-radio-10-on-fm/","url_text":"\"Radiocorp Launches Radio 10 on FM\""}]},{"reference":"\"Talpa stoot SLAM! Af en gaat verder met Radio 10\". 3 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiofreak.nl/talpa-neemt-radio-10-over-100-nl-en-slam-in-de-verkoop/","url_text":"\"Talpa stoot SLAM! Af en gaat verder met Radio 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Luistercijfers juni-juli: Radio 538 terug aan kop\". 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.radiofreak.nl/luistercijfers-juni-juli-radio-538-terug-aan-kop/","url_text":"\"Luistercijfers juni-juli: Radio 538 terug aan kop\""}]},{"reference":"den Blanken, Mark (2020-02-08). \"Radio 10 diep door het stof na golf van kritiek op lied over coronavirus\". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-11-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ad.nl/show/radio-10-diep-door-het-stof-na-golf-van-kritiek-op-lied-over-coronavirus~a74fe284/","url_text":"\"Radio 10 diep door het stof na golf van kritiek op lied over coronavirus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algemeen_Dagblad","url_text":"Algemeen Dagblad"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Radio+10%22+Netherlands","external_links_name":"\"Radio 10\" Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Radio+10%22+Netherlands+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Radio+10%22+Netherlands&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Radio+10%22+Netherlands+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Radio+10%22+Netherlands","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Radio+10%22+Netherlands&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://player.talparadio.nl/brand/radio-10/radio-10","external_links_name":"Radio 10"},{"Link":"https://player.talparadio.nl/brand/radio-10/radio-10-non-stop","external_links_name":"Radio 10 Non-Stop"},{"Link":"https://player.talparadio.nl/brand/radio-10/radio-10-top-4000","external_links_name":"Top 4000"},{"Link":"https://player.talparadio.nl/brand/radio-10/radio-10-60s-70s-hits","external_links_name":"60's & 70's Hits"},{"Link":"https://player.talparadio.nl/brand/radio-10/radio-10-80s-hits","external_links_name":"80's Hits"},{"Link":"https://player.talparadio.nl/brand/radio-10/radio-10-90s-hits","external_links_name":"90's Hits"},{"Link":"https://player.talparadio.nl/brand/radio-10/radio-10-number-1","external_links_name":"#1 Hits"},{"Link":"https://player.talparadio.nl/brand/radio-10/radio-10-love-songs","external_links_name":"Love Songs"},{"Link":"https://player.talparadio.nl/brand/radio-10/radio-10-disco-classics","external_links_name":"Disco Classics"},{"Link":"https://player.talparadio.nl/brand/radio-10/radio-10-guilty-pleasures","external_links_name":"Guilty Pleasures"},{"Link":"http://www.radio10.nl/","external_links_name":"radio10.nl"},{"Link":"http://fmscan.org/net.php?r=f&m=s&itu=HOL&pxf=Radio+10","external_links_name":"Actuele etherfrequentielijst van Radio 10"},{"Link":"http://nos.nl/artikel/492008-radio-10-gold-25-jaar.html","external_links_name":"Radio 10 Gold 25 jaar"},{"Link":"http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/VOLUME03/Rechtszaken.shtml","external_links_name":"Rechtszaken, ruilpartijen en restfrequenties. Tussenkopje: Een doorbraak"},{"Link":"http://www.radiofreak.nl/nieuws/878/Sky-Radio-ziet-af-van-aankoop-Radio-10-FM-en-start-eigen-zender/","external_links_name":"Sky Radio ziet af van aankoop Radio 10 FM en start eigen zender"},{"Link":"https://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/4324/Nieuws/article/detail/1567374/2005/09/29/Marconi-Awards-voor-3FM.dhtml","external_links_name":"Marconi Awards voor 3FM"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070526214502/http://www.radiovisie.eu/nl/nieuws.rvsp?art=00069953","external_links_name":"Radio 10 Gold niet langer via 1008 AM"},{"Link":"http://www.radiointelligence.com/radiocorp-launches-radio-10-on-fm/","external_links_name":"\"Radiocorp Launches Radio 10 on FM\""},{"Link":"http://www.radiofreak.nl/nieuws/12577/100p-NL-neemt-Radio-10-over-en-start-over-enkele-weken/","external_links_name":"100% NL neemt Radio 10 over en start in september"},{"Link":"http://www.radiofreak.nl/nieuws/12663/Radio-10-Gold-stopt-maandag-en-start-Radio-10/","external_links_name":"Radio 10 maandag helemaal over op FM"},{"Link":"https://www.radiofreak.nl/talpa-neemt-radio-10-over-100-nl-en-slam-in-de-verkoop/","external_links_name":"\"Talpa stoot SLAM! Af en gaat verder met Radio 10\""},{"Link":"https://www.radiofreak.nl/luistercijfers-juni-juli-radio-538-terug-aan-kop/","external_links_name":"\"Luistercijfers juni-juli: Radio 538 terug aan kop\""},{"Link":"https://www.ad.nl/show/radio-10-diep-door-het-stof-na-golf-van-kritiek-op-lied-over-coronavirus~a74fe284/","external_links_name":"\"Radio 10 diep door het stof na golf van kritiek op lied over coronavirus\""},{"Link":"http://www.radio10.nl/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boniface_Campbell	Boniface Campbell	["1 References","2 External links"]	United States Army general Boniface Campbell (September 27, 1895 – March 25, 1988) was a United States Army Major General. He was commander of V Corps in 1951. In 1953 he was commandant of Fort Holabird, in the Army Counterintelligence Corps. In April 1957, he was awarded a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Award of the Legion of Merit for "exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States from November 1945 to December 1956". He was the eldest son of the film director Colin Campbell. References ^ "Major General Boniface Campbell". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved November 27, 2014. ^ "Valor Awards for Boniface Campbell". Hall of Valor. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2014. External links Generals of World War II United States Army Officers 1939−1945 This biographical article related to the United States Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-findagrave-1"},{"link_name":"V Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Fort Holabird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Holabird"},{"link_name":"Counterintelligence Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)"},{"link_name":"Legion of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Colin Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Campbell_(director)"}],"text":"Boniface Campbell (September 27, 1895 – March 25, 1988) was a United States Army Major General.[1]He was commander of V Corps in 1951. In 1953 he was commandant of Fort Holabird, in the Army Counterintelligence Corps.In April 1957, he was awarded a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Award of the Legion of Merit for \"exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the Government of the United States from November 1945 to December 1956\".[2]He was the eldest son of the film director Colin Campbell.","title":"Boniface Campbell"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Major General Boniface Campbell\". www.findagrave.com. Retrieved November 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/33468831","url_text":"\"Major General Boniface Campbell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valor Awards for Boniface Campbell\". Hall of Valor. Archived from the original on December 5, 2014. Retrieved November 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/99389","url_text":"\"Valor Awards for Boniface Campbell\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205075954/http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=99389","url_text":"Archived"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/33468831","external_links_name":"\"Major General Boniface Campbell\""},{"Link":"https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/99389","external_links_name":"\"Valor Awards for Boniface Campbell\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205075954/http://projects.militarytimes.com/citations-medals-awards/recipient.php?recipientid=99389","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://generals.dk/general/Campbell/Boniface/USA.html","external_links_name":"Generals of World War II"},{"Link":"https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_C01.html#Campbell_B","external_links_name":"United States Army Officers 1939−1945"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boniface_Campbell&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Lawrence	Edith Lawrence	["1 Biography","2 References"]	British artist Edith LawrenceBornEdith Mary Lawrence22 March 1890Walton-on-Thames, Surrey, EnglandDied2 October 1973(1973-10-02) (aged 83)Salisbury, Wiltshire, EnglandEducationSlade School of ArtKnown forPainting, print-making Edith Mary Lawrence (22 March 1890 – 2 October 1973) was a British artist known for her landscape and portrait paintings, her colour linocuts and her textile designs. Biography Lawrence was born in Walton-on-Thames in Surrey and was the youngest daughter of George Adams Lawrence the owner of a grocery store in central London. She attended Queen's College, London until 1908 and then studied at the Slade School of Art in London between 1910 and 1914. At the Slade, Lawrence was a prize winning student, gaining first-class certificates for both painting and drawing. In 1917 she first exhibited paintings at both the Royal Academy and with the New English Art Club. Also in 1917 Lawrence began teaching art at Runston Hill School. In 1922 Lawrence met the painter and linocut artist Claude Flight and the two became lifelong companions. After living at his studio in St John's Wood for a time, the couple set up a new studio in 1927 off Baker Street from where they run an interior decoration business and produced murals, textiles and decorative household objects. Lawrence also exhibited on a regular basis throughout the 1930s at both the Ward and Redfern galleries. During her career Lawrence also exhibited with the Society of Women Artists, the National Portrait Society and with the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-colours. A joint exhibition of Lawrence and Flight's work was held at the Embroiderer's Guild in 1937 and they wrote and illustrated three books for children together. In June Lawrence and Flight moved to a village in Wiltshire but retained their London studio which was subsequently destroyed in the Blitz. Lawrence nursed Flight from 1947, when he suffered a stroke, until his death in 1955. By then Lawrence's eye-sight was failing but a cataract operation allowed her to continue painting. A career retrospective of Lawrence's work was held at the University of Hull in the summer of 1973 and a memorial exhibition in her honour was held at the Parkin Gallery in London later that year, following her death at a nursing home in Salisbury. References ^ a b c d e f g HCG Matthew & Brian Harrison, ed. (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Vol 20 (Flattisbury-Freston). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861370-9. ^ a b c David Buckman (2006). Artists in Britain Since 1945 Vol 1, A to L. Art Dictionaries Ltd. ISBN 0-953260-95-X. ^ a b Grant M. Waters (1975). Dictionary of British Artists Working 1900-1950. Eastbourne Fine Art. ^ a b Robin Garton (1992). British Printmakers 1855-1955 A Century of Printmaking from the Etching Revival to St Ives. Garton & Co / Scolar Press. ISBN 0-85967-968-3. vteGrosvenor School of Modern ArtEmployees at the School Sybil Andrews (secretary) Claude Flight (linocut tutor) Iain Macnab (founder) Cyril Power (lecturer on architecture) Frank Rutter (lecturer on art history) Major alumni Sybil Andrews Margaret Barnard Dorrit Black William Greengrass Cyril Power Lill Tschudi Ethel Spowers Eveline Syme Related artists Leonard Beaumont Edith Lawrence Eileen Mayo Leonard Potter Thea Proctor Related art movements Dadaism Cubism Futurism Seven and Five Society Vorticism Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists Auckland RKD Artists ULAN Other Te Papa (New Zealand)	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Edith Mary Lawrence (22 March 1890 – 2 October 1973) was a British artist known for her landscape and portrait paintings, her colour linocuts and her textile designs.","title":"Edith Lawrence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walton-on-Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walton-on-Thames"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB20-1"},{"link_name":"Queen's College, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_London"},{"link_name":"Slade School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuckmanVol1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMWaters-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"New English Art Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_English_Art_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuckmanVol1-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BuckmanVol1-2"},{"link_name":"linocut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linocut"},{"link_name":"Claude Flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Flight"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RGarton-4"},{"link_name":"St John's Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood"},{"link_name":"Baker Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Street"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB20-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RGarton-4"},{"link_name":"Society of Women Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Women_Artists"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute of Painters in Water-colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Painters_in_Water-colours"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMWaters-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB20-1"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB20-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB20-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB20-1"},{"link_name":"University of Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hull"},{"link_name":"Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB20-1"}],"text":"Lawrence was born in Walton-on-Thames in Surrey and was the youngest daughter of George Adams Lawrence the owner of a grocery store in central London.[1] She attended Queen's College, London until 1908 and then studied at the Slade School of Art in London between 1910 and 1914.[2] At the Slade, Lawrence was a prize winning student, gaining first-class certificates for both painting and drawing.[3] In 1917 she first exhibited paintings at both the Royal Academy and with the New English Art Club.[2] Also in 1917 Lawrence began teaching art at Runston Hill School.[2] In 1922 Lawrence met the painter and linocut artist Claude Flight and the two became lifelong companions.[4] After living at his studio in St John's Wood for a time, the couple set up a new studio in 1927 off Baker Street from where they run an interior decoration business and produced murals, textiles and decorative household objects.[1] Lawrence also exhibited on a regular basis throughout the 1930s at both the Ward and Redfern galleries.[4] During her career Lawrence also exhibited with the Society of Women Artists, the National Portrait Society and with the Royal Institute of Painters in Water-colours.[3] A joint exhibition of Lawrence and Flight's work was held at the Embroiderer's Guild in 1937 and they wrote and illustrated three books for children together.[1] In June Lawrence and Flight moved to a village in Wiltshire but retained their London studio which was subsequently destroyed in the Blitz.[1]Lawrence nursed Flight from 1947, when he suffered a stroke, until his death in 1955.[1] By then Lawrence's eye-sight was failing but a cataract operation allowed her to continue painting.[1] A career retrospective of Lawrence's work was held at the University of Hull in the summer of 1973 and a memorial exhibition in her honour was held at the Parkin Gallery in London later that year, following her death at a nursing home in Salisbury.[1]","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"HCG Matthew & Brian Harrison, ed. (2004). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Vol 20 (Flattisbury-Freston). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861370-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Harrison_(historian)","url_text":"Brian Harrison"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861370-9","url_text":"0-19-861370-9"}]},{"reference":"David Buckman (2006). Artists in Britain Since 1945 Vol 1, A to L. Art Dictionaries Ltd. ISBN 0-953260-95-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-953260-95-X","url_text":"0-953260-95-X"}]},{"reference":"Grant M. Waters (1975). Dictionary of British Artists Working 1900-1950. Eastbourne Fine Art.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Robin Garton (1992). British Printmakers 1855-1955 A Century of Printmaking from the Etching Revival to St Ives. Garton & Co / Scolar Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport_and_Cosham_lines	Gosport and Cosham lines	["1 Gosport branch","2 Royal Clarence Yard","3 Lines to Portsmouth","4 Portsmouth Railway","5 Admiralty connections on the Gosport line","6 Stokes Bay","6.1 Lee-on-the-Solent","6.2 Bishop's Waltham","6.3 Netley to Fareham","6.4 Meon Valley Line and Knowle Tunnel","7 Grouping of the railways","8 Decline of the Gosport line","9 Electrification","10 The present day","11 Fareham and Gosport busway","12 Notes","13 References"]	vteFareham–Gosport line Legend Eastleigh–Fareham line to Eastleigh Meon Valley Line to Alton West Coastway line to St Denys Fareham West Coastway line to Portchester South East Hampshire Bus Rapid Transit Bedenham Armaments Depot Fort Brockhurst Lee-on-Solent Line Stokes Bay line Gosport Gosport Clarence Yard The Gosport and Cosham lines were a collection of railway lines in southern Hampshire. Most of the lines are now closed but some elements are still in use, forming part of the West Coastway line. The lines originally linked to the main London to Southampton line via the Eastleigh–Fareham line and subsequently with a line from Southampton via Bursledon, both of which are still in use. The London and Southampton Railway constructed a first class main line from London to Southampton, opened in 1839. After a name change to the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) it opened a branch from Bishopstoke (later known as Eastleigh to Gosport through Fareham, serving Portsmouth by a ferry crossing, in 1840. The LSWR later extended its line to Portsmouth itself by a branch line from Fareham, and joined forces with a competitor, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, meeting it at Cosham; this connection opened in 1848. There was a jointly operated Portsmouth station. Leisure travel to the Isle of Wight developed, but the Portsmouth station was not at all close to the steamer terminal; the Gosport station was also awkwardly located. A new pier at Stokes Bay was opened, with a branch line off the Fareham to Gosport line; this offered a direct transfer from train to steamer, but the railway transit from London was rather circuitous, and the opening of the Portsmouth Direct line in 1859 and the extension of the railway at Portsmouth to Portsmouth Harbour station and the steamer berth there, negated the advantage. Also branching from the Gosport line was a branch to Lee-on-the-Solent, in support of a new seaside resort with its own pleasure pier. The development was not commercially successful. More prosaic branch openings followed: the Netley branch from Southampton was extended to Fareham in 1889; the Bishops Waltham branch from Botley opened in 1863, but was extremely unsuccessful in commercial terms. The Meon Valley Railway from Alton, intended as a secondary main line, opened in 1904, in association with repairs to the troublesome Knowle Tunnel, a short distance north of Fareham. The Eastleigh and Southampton lines to Fareham and Cosham continue in operation, and were electrified in 1990, transforming the passenger train service pattern. Gosport branch The Fareham lines in 1841 Main article: Eastleigh–Fareham line One of the earliest of long-distance railways, the London and Southampton Railway opened its line between those places on 11 May 1840. During the construction period, the Portsmouth Junction Railway was promoted: it would build a branch line from Bishopstoke (later known as Eastleigh) on the London and Southampton Railway, via Botley, Fareham and Cosham to Portsmouth. Influential residents of Portsmouth opposed the idea; there was considerable hostility between Portsmouth and Southampton, and it seemed to them unthinkable for Portsmouth to be on a branch line of a main line to Southampton. In November 1838 a meeting in Portsmouth discussed a railway to London; an independent line all the way was considered, but the cost -- £1.5 million -- made it daunting, and in a remarkable change of mind a deputation from Portsmouth was sent to ask the L&SR to reinstate the branch project. With some vindictiveness this was turned down. The L&SR was now planning an 18 mile branch line from Bishopstoke to Gosport, relying on a "floating bridge" – that is, a ferry – that was being planned to cross the body of water known as Portsmouth Harbour. Gosport ferryThe decision to go to Gosport had considerable significance, condemning Portsmouth passengers and goods to a ferry crossing to start their journey. A railway from Bishopstoke to Portsmouth, round the head of Portsmouth Harbour, would only have been three miles longer. Williams briefly explains the reasoning: By taking their own line just over fifteen miles to Gosport. The L&S directors hoped to save £120,000, land and earthworks being cheaper than on the eighteen-mile route round the harbour to Portsmouth. The L&SR got the authorising Act of Parliament for its Gosport branch on 4 June 1839, capital £300,000; the branch would run from Bishopstoke through Botley and Fareham to Gosport. As a concession to Portsmouth sensitivities, the Act also authorised changing the name of the L&SR to the London and South Western Railway. Work was proceeding well and a planned opening on 26 July 1841 was announced, but on 11 July 1841 Knowle Tunnel partly collapsed. About 40 yards of tunnel lining needed to be remade. It transpired that the ground through which the tunnel was being constructed was of a particularly unstable clay. The trouble extended and cutting slopes outside the tunnel were affected too. The line reopened on 29 November 1841 but fresh slips closed it again on 3 December 1841; it finally opened on 7 February 1842. Gosport station was "a remarkably fine building, described as one of the finest pieces of external railway architecture... from the beginning of the railway age." The architect William Tite designed a massive station with arrival and departure platforms fronted on one side by an equally impressive stone colonnade. The station cost over £10,980, equal to about £1.25 million today (2022) compared with the £1,509 spent on Bishopstoke and £1,391 at Fareham. However it suffered from the major disadvantage of not being on the waterside, due to being excluded from the fortified area surrounding the Royal Navy establishments at Portsmouth Harbour. In consequence the station was over half a mile from the landing stage for the ferry to Portsmouth. The construction of the branch from Bishopstoke had cost £404,271, or 25% more than the estimated cost. A train service of two fast, four mixed and two goods trains daily was operated; two mixed trains ran on Sundays. Through carriages avoided a change of trains at Bishopstoke on some services. Intending Isle of Wight passengers from London transferred from Gosport to the Quebec Tavern, Portsmouth, before embarking on the Portsmouth & Ryde Steam Company's vessel, the Union, which made five daily return trips to Ryde. The 1841 daily summer service had been eight trips by two vessels, but when the Gosport branch opened they used a new pier there for six daily and four Sunday sailings, connecting with trains and crossing within half an hour. Royal Clarence Yard Main article: Royal Clarence Yard Clarence Yard viewed from Portsmouth HarbourA large area within the Portsmouth fortifications was used for the supply of stores to naval vessels, and in 1831 this was formalised and the area was named the Royal Clarence Victualling Yard. In October 1844 the King of France, Louis Philippe I, made a state visit to Windsor. He arrived from France at Portsmouth in the French steamer Gomer, and disembarked at the Victualling Yard, on 8 October. Prince Albert met him there and they travelled together by special train to Farnborough, and then by road to Windsor Castle where Queen Victoria received him. On 14 October 1844 King Louis Philippe made the return journey from Farnborough to Gosport, accompanied by the Queen and Prince Albert. On arrival at Gosport station, they drove to the victualing yard to embark for France. The public part of the arrival and departure of the French King involved considerable and lengthy formalities, including a long speech of address from Portsmouth Corporation. By contrast, once berthed at the Clarence Yard, the public were excluded and the disembarkation could proceed without delay. Prince Albert considered that the use of the Victualling Yard for transfer from train to steamer was convenient because of its privacy within the Portsmouth fortifications, and asked if the Gosport station railway line could be extended into it. It was found to be practicable to do so. An extension line was made and on 13 September 1845 Major Pasley of the Board of Trade visited, reporting that the line was an "Extension into the Royal Clarence Yard, thereby obtaining a communication with Portsmouth Harbour for the use of Her Majesty and for government purposes exclusively. The extension is 605 yards in length proceeding from the terminus station. A reception road for the accommodation of Her Majesty is proposed to be built at the extremity of the extension." The extension was opened on 13 September 1845. The extension line had cost £8,000. In fact the line was heavily used for bringing consumable supplies to the Clarence Yard, including cattle, which were slaughtered within the Royal Navy dockyard. The Royal Navy used large quantities of bunkering coal, mostly brought in on the line. In 1845 Queen Victoria acquired Osborne House on the Isle of Wight and spent much time there, extending and improving it. The journeys of the royal family habitually involved the use of the Clarence Yard station; it was never available to the public. After the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, there was less travel to Osborne as King Edward VII was uninterested in staying there. In 1971 the station was demolished. The station was known as Clarence Yard Gosport or alternatively Gosport Royal Victoria Station; it was open from 21 September 1845 until 1 February 1901. Lines to Portsmouth The Fareham lines in 1848 -- extending to Cosham Portsmouth had a railway, of sorts, but the ferry crossing to Gosport, the road transfer between Gosport station and the ferry berth, and the roundabout railway route via Bishopstoke, continued to be a source of dissatisfaction. Independent promoters put forward a more direct line from London, while the Brighton and Chichester Railway, connected with the London and Brighton Railway, talked of extending from Chichester to Portsmouth, forming a route from London via Brighton. This came to a head in 1845, at the height of the Railway Mania, when a huge number of proposed railways were being put to Parliament, not all of them realistic. Parliament commissioned an Advisory Board headed by Lord Dalhousie, that came to be known as the Five Kings, or more formally Lord Dalhousie's Board. The purpose of the Board was to sift the applications for railway schemes and recommend which should proceed. Dalhousie's Board looked at the several schemes for a railway to Portsmouth and approved a line from Guildford via Chichester to Portsmouth and Fareham, but rejected several others. When the Bills in question came to Parliament, things were different and Parliament approved a Direct Portsmouth scheme from Epsom to Portsmouth, possibly using the atmospheric system. Another proposed line from Guildford to Portsmouth was cut back to include only a section from Fareham to Portsmouth and the Brighton and Chichester Railway's extension to Portsmouth was approved. Accordingly three lines into Portsmouth were set to proceed, and two were authorised between Cosham and Fareham. However the approvals were deferred, and only the Brighton and Chichester Railway extension to Portsmouth was actually authorised. Cosham crossing In the 1846 session, some of the stalled projects reappeared. In particular a line from Fareham to Portsmouth line was passed on 27 July 1846 as part of the very truncated Guildford Extension and Portsmouth & Fareham Railway. The reduction of the through main route to just a stub was a grave disappointment to its promoters, and on 26 August 1846 they met and agreed to sell their (unbuilt) line to the LSWR. So the LSWR now inherited authorisation for a branch from Fareham to Portsmouth, while two other lines in Portsmouth had Parliamentary approval. The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) was formed in 1846 by the amalgamation of the London and Brighton Railway, the London and Croydon Railway, Brighton and Chichester Railway and others. In October 1846 the LSWR and the LBSCR agreed instead of their two routes between Cosham and Portsmouth, one line would be jointly constructed and jointly managed. On 22 July 1847 an Act was passed in which a minor clause arranged that the part of the Brighton and Chichester Railway (now LBSCR) extension west of Havant was to be operated jointly, and would be known as the Joint Line. The Brighton and Chichester extension opened from Chichester to Havant on 15 March 1847 and to Portsmouth on 14 June 1847. Both companies met in September 1848, reaching yet another agreement to transfer the Cosham to Portsmouth line to Joint control. The LSWR now withdrew its proposed independent line to Portsmouth. The LBSCR had opened the Portcreek Junction and Farlington Junction lines to Cosham Junction on 26 July 1848, though LSWR passenger trains did not run until 1 October 1848. The LBSCR dropped its separate Fareham to Cosham branch in favour of the LSW line, which opened between those points on 1 September 1848. Portsmouth Railway Trains pass at Fareham station The construction of the Portsmouth Railway (most of the present-day Portsmouth Direct Line) reopened the tensions between the LSWR and the LBSCR, and among other things a rate-cutting war developed. This was ended by agreement from 8 August 1859 and the LSWR agreed to pay the LBSCR £2.500 annually to use the Havant to Portcreek line, instead of the toll payable by the Portsmouth company under its Act of 1858. This included the Farlington Junction to Cosham Junction line, which the LBSCR had uplifted as useless. It now undertook to relay it, and the line re-opened on 2 January 1860 with a weekday service of one train each way between Cosham and Havant, and two trains (increased to three in February) each way between Portsmouth and Havant via Cosham. The LSWR obtained powers on 6 August 1860 to abandon the proposed parallel Havant to Portcreek and Cosham lines and an independent Portsmouth station. Admiralty connections on the Gosport line During the First World War railway wagons used the Gosport & Fareham Electric Tramway's line to reach the naval yard at Bedenham. This was because its gauge of 4 feet 7+1⁄2 inches allowed railway wheels to run in the tramway track grooves with their tyres clear of the running surface. Bedenham Magazine Depot was served by a siding, opened in June 1911 from the main line and extended in March 1914 to another magazine depot at Priddy's Yard. The logistics facilities supporting the Royal Navy at Portsmouth were increased over time, and for heavy materials arriving and being removed, the railway was an essential partner. Between Fareham and Fort Brockhurst there was a connection to Bedenham on the north side of the line. This was opened in April 1911 serving the Bedenham Magazine depot with the main line. There was a dense complex of internal sidings, including some pre-existing narrow gauge lines. The standard gauge sidings were worked by fireless locomotives because of the danger of explosion, although in later years an ordinary steam engine was used, fitted with a chimney spark arrester. The internal sidings were extended northwards about March 1914 to a Magazine Depot at Priddy's Hard, still within the complex. The last standard gauge train from Priddy's Hard ran on 14 January 1986 and the track was taken up soon afterwards. The Navy vacated the depot in 1988 and the site was redeveloped for housing. Stokes Bay Main article: Stokes Bay line As the popularity of the Isle of Wight as a holiday destination increased, the inconvenience of transferring from trains to the ferry became more prominent. In 1863 the Stokes Bay Railway and Pier company opened its line, from Fort Brockhurst, near Gosport on the LSWR line, to a new pier at Stokes Bay. The LSWR worked the line and provided through coaches from Bishopstoke. At first train movements had to reverse at Gosport to reach the branch, but in 1865 a western spur was opened and two trains daily ran direct from Bishopstoke to Stokes Bay. Although passengers transferred directly on the pier from trains to the ferry, the train journey from London was rather roundabout; and unreliability of the ferry operator counted against the reputation of the route. The pier was exposed and in bad weather the ferries were unable to berth. The opening of the Portsmouth Harbour extension railway in 1876 negated the advantage of the transfer at Stokes Bay, but the line continued in use until 1915. Lee-on-the-Solent Main article: Lee-on-Solent Line A landowner, Sir John C. Robinson, decided to develop the area at Lee-on-the-Solent, intending to create a watering place to rival Bournemouth. He realised that a railway connection was needed, and he arranged with business associates to create the Lee-on-the-Solent Railway Company. It opened in 1894 as a light railway, making a connection with the LSWR Gosport branch at (Fort) Brockhurst. There was no through running at Fort Brockhurst. Despite poor patronage and loss-making finances, the line continued in use until passenger services were withdrawn in 1930, and the line closed completely in 1935. Bishop's Waltham Main article: Bishops Waltham branch The Fareham lines in 1866 The Bishops Waltham Railway Company obtained an authorising Act of Parliament on 17 July 1862 to build a line from a junction with the LSWR to Bishops Waltham. The main line junction was to be near Botley, on the Bishopstoke to Fareham line. Captain Rich of the Board of Trade inspected the line on 28 May 1863, and passed it with some reservations. A public opening of the line took place on 1 June 1863. Six trains ran each way on weekdays, three on Sundays, the journey taking 12 minutes. The company was perpetually short of money, and when an engine shed was needed at Bishop's Waltham in January 1866, the LSWR was persuaded to ptovide one, charging the company 6% interest on the £500 cost of the construction. A series of writs for payment of debts plunged the company further into financial embarrassment, and on 27 February 1869 the entire board of directors resigned. The LSWR continued to work the line for the time being and the Bishop’s Waltham board of newly elected directors met on 30 December 1881, to confirm the sale of their company to the LSW for £20,000. The branch continued under the LSWR and later the Southern Railway, but revenue was so meagre – trains are recorded as running without a single fare-paying passenger – that closure was inevitable. The line closed on 1 January 1933. Netley to Fareham Main article: Southampton–Fareham line The Fareham lines in 1894 In 1866 the Southampton and Netley Railway had opened, designed chiefly to serve the Royal Victoria Hospital, planned to treat wounded soldiers. The branch ran from St Denys, at first known as Portswood, on the original London and Southampton main line. This left a gap from Netley to the Fareham area, and a Fareham and Netley Railway gained authorisation on 29 June 1865. However the company was unable to raise the necessary capital and it failed to make progress. The military authorities approached the LSWR in 1882 and requested the LSWR Company to close the railway gap as a matter of national security. The company was quick to comply, obtaining Parliamentary authority on 20 August 1883. The line was to extend from Netley to enter Fareham from the north. It opened on 2 September 1889. Meon Valley Line and Knowle Tunnel Main article: Meon Valley Railway The Fareham lines in 1904A nominally independent concern promoted a railway from Basingstoke to Fareham down the valley of the River Meon, in 1895. The rival Great Western Railway had a branch line from Reading to Basingstoke, and this proposal was interpreted by the LSWR as an obvious attempt by the Great Western Railway to get access to The Solent, and probably Portsmouth itself. This would be a major loss of primacy in the locality, and although the proposal was defeated in Parliament, the LSWR was alarmed. As a defensive measure it immediately promoted its own lines covering the route, and this resulted in the Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway, opened in 1901, and the Meon Valley Railway. The latter was authorised on 3 June 1897 and opened on 1 June 1904. It was conceived by the LSWR as a potential main line route to Gosport and the general area, and it was laid out accordingly. At the south-western end it joined the Bishopstoke (Eastleigh) to Fareham line at Knowle Junction. Knowle Tunnel intervened between the junction and Fareham station, and the tunnel had long given trouble. Earlier repairs had included lining it, reducing its clearances and making it unsatisfactory for main line trains, As part of the work of constructing the Meon Valley line, the Knowle Tunnel was dealt with. The work involved the construction of a single-track deviation line which by-passed the tunnel. On 2 October 1904 this was commissioned for up trains; down trains used the tunnel which had been reduced to single track, overcoming the limited clearance problem. Double track was laid on the deviation line, and from September 1906 that was brought into service and used exclusively. The tunnel was closed for repairs. The work was completed on 2 June 1907 and the single line in the tunnel was reopened. A third line had been laid between the Bishopstoke end of the tunnel and the junction for the Meon Valley line. The junction points at Knowle were abolished, so that the tunnel single line continued directly on the Meon Valley line to Wickham; the double line on the deviation continued directly towards Botley. In fact the gradients on the deviation line were severe, and this caused difficulty for the heavy freight traffic on the Botley main line, and in 1921 Knowle junction was reinstated to enable running on the moderate gradient through the tunnel. There was a mental hospital close to the line near Knowle; it was referred to at the time as the County Lunatic Asylum. In 1907 Knowle Asylum Halt opened at Knowle Junction; this was in the three-track section, but only serving the single track for the Meon Valley line. The name of the halt was changed to Knowle Halt in 1942. In the 1950s it had the distinction of being illuminated by two electric lights, when Botley still depended on oil lamps. Grouping of the railways In 1923 most of the main line railways of Great Britain were "grouped" -- compulsorily reorganised into one or other of four new large companies, the "groups", following the Railways Act 1921. Both the LSWR and the LBSCR were incorporated into the new Southern Railway. The former hostility between them had diminished in recent years, but now was abolished altogether. Decline of the Gosport line On 4 March 1934 the Fareham to Gosport line was reduced to single track, except for a passing loop at Fort Brockhurst. On 6 June 1953 the Gosport branch was closed to passengers, and on 6 January 1969 the line closed completely south of the Admiralty siding at Bedenham. Electrification In 1937 the Southern Railway implemented the Portsmouth Electrification No. 1 Scheme. This was financed by low-interest loans from the government, under the Railways (Agreement) Act 1935. The scheme was to electrify the line between London and Portsmouth via Guildford and Havant. So far as the scope of this article is concerned, that included Farlington Junction to Portsmouth Harbour. Public services started on 4 July 1937. Authorisation of this scheme was quickly followed by Portsmouth Electrification No 2 Scheme, which involved the line from Horsham via Arundel and Chichester to Havant. In 1967 the Bournemouth line from London was electrified; the scheme passed through Eastleigh and Southampton. Like the Portsmouth schemes, this was a third-rail direct current system. The Bournemouth scheme was at 750v in comparison to the nominal 660v of the Portsmouth projects. The scheme was commissioned on 10 July 1967. Since 1958 most of the passenger service on the intervening network between Portsmouth and Southampton and Eastleigh (and Salisbury) had been operated by Southern Region diesel electric multiple units. The triangular enclave from the junctions at Cosham to Southampton (actually St Denys) and Eastleigh remained unelectrified, and in the 1980s it was decided to rectify the omission. A £22 million scheme was authorised enabling a new passenger timetable with electric traction to be introduced on 14 May 1990. An official opening had taken place on 9 May when Cecil Parkinson the Secretary of State for Transport visited Hedge End, a new station built to serve an emerging residential area. Parkinson visited the station using an electric train. Actual commissioning had taken place some time previously; there was a Gala Day at Eastleigh on 6 May and an electric train was photographed at Fareham. This event changed the timetable pattern significantly, as hitherto few passenger trains had used the Farlington Junction to Cosham Junction chord, avoiding Portsmouth. Indeed that had been limited to trains from Brighton to points beyond Southampton, in fact most often to Cardiff. In steam days these trains had often attached a Portsmouth portion at Fareham, but latterly diesel trains ran through. In any case the new timetable included many more trains running direct from Havant to Fareham. Off-peak in October 2022 that includes an hourly Victoria to Southampton and an hourly Brighton to Southampton train. Hourly electric services also run from Portsmouth to Waterloo via Eastleigh. The present day The remaining operational routes among the earlier network are from Portsmouth via Cosham to Fareham, Netley and Southampton; and from Fareham to Eastleigh. The other branch lines have closed. Fareham and Gosport busway Main article: South East Hampshire Bus Rapid Transit A busway was laid along part of the disused Fareham to Gosport line, opening in 2012 and extended in December 2021, under the brand name Eclipse. Notes ^ Williams refers to the tunnel as Fareham Tunnel. References ^ R A Williams, The London and South Western Railway: volume 1: The Formative Years, David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 1968, ISBN 0-7153-4188-X, page 40 ^ a b c d e f g Williams, volume 1, pages 121 to 123 ^ a b c d e f E Course, Gosport's Most Private Station, Gosport Records No 5, pages 11 to 17, 1972, The Gosport Society ^ a b Colin G Maggs, The Branch Lines of Hampshire, Amberley Books, Stroud, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84868-343-3, page 138 ^ a b Kevin Robertson and Leslie Oppitz, Hampshire Railways Remembered, Countryside Books, Newbury, 1988, ISBN 0-905392-93-0, pages 37 and 38 ^ a b c Peter J Keat, Rails to the Yards, Gosport Railway Society, 1992 fourth impression 2012, ASIN B00BE2TS2O, Kindle book not paginated ^ a b Williams, volume 1, page 124 ^ The Visit of the King of the French, in The Times newspaper, London, 9 October 1844 ^ The Departure of the King of the French, in The Times newspaper, London, 15 October 1844 ^ Dave Marden, The Hidden Railways of Portsmouth and Gosport, Kestrel Railway Books, Southampton, 2011, ISBN 978-1-905505-22-7, page 43 ^ Godfrey Croughton, R W Kidner, Alan Young, Private and Untimetabled Railway Stations, Oakwood Press, Tisbury, 1982, ISBN 0-85361-281-1, page 59 ^ Henry Grote Lewin, The Railway Mania and its Aftermath, 1845 to 1852, 1936 new edition 1968, David and Charles, Newton Abbot, ISBN 0-7153-4262-2, pages 11 and 12 ^ J T Howard Turner, The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, volume 1: Origins and Formation, B T Batsford Ltd, London, 1977, ISBN 0-7134-0275-X, page 235 ^ Williams, volume 1, pages 132 and 133 ^ Williams, volume 1, page 137 ^ Turner, volume 1, page 277 ^ a b Williams, volume 1, page 138 ^ a b c Turner, volume 1, pages 237 and 238 ^ Williams, volume 1, page 139 ^ Williams, volume 1, page 140 ^ Williams, volume 1, page 149 ^ a b Maggs, page 143 ^ a b Kevin Robertson, The Railways of Gosport, Noodle Books, Southampton, 1986, new edition 2009, ISBN 978-1-906419-25-7, page 33 ^ Marden, page 47 ^ Marden, page 49 ^ Robertson, page 101 ^ a b Robertson, Railways of Gosport, page 25 ^ Donald J Grant, Directory of the Railway Companies of Great Britain, Matador, Kibworth Beauchamp, 2017, ISBN 978-1-78589-353-7, page 312 ^ Robertson, page 105 ^ a b Williams, volume 2, pages 88 to 91 ^ Roger Simmonds and Kevin Robertson, The Bishops Waltham Branch, Wild Swan Publications Ltd, Didcot, 1988, ISBN 0-906867-67-3, page 3 ^ Simmonds and Robertson, page 5 ^ Simmonds and Robertson, page 12 ^ Simmonds and Robertson, page 19 ^ Williams, volume 2, page 133 ^ Martin Dean, Kevin Robertson and Roger Simmonds, The Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway, Barton Publishing, Southampton, 2003, ISBN 0-9545617-0-8, page 39 ^ R A Stone, The Meon Valley Railway, Kingfisher Railway Productions, Southampton, 1983, ISBN 0-946184-04-6, page 4 ^ White, page 124 ^ Edwin Course, The Railways of Southern England: Secondary and Branch Lines, B T Batsford Ltd, London, 1974, ISBN 0 7134 2835 X, page 228 ^ a b Stone, page 33 ^ a b Course, pages 211 and 212 ^ Michael R Bonavia, The History of the Southern Railway, Unwin Hyman, London, 1987, ISBN 0-04-385107-X, pages 3, 7, 10 and 15 ^ David Brown, Southern Electric: volume 2, Capital Transport Publishing, 2010, ISBN 978-1-85414-340-2, pages 26 and 27 ^ Brown, volume 2, page 34 ^ J C Gillham, The Age of the Electric Train, Ian Allan Ltd, Shepperton, 1988, ISBN 0-7110-1392-6, page 118 ^ White, page 140 ^ £22 million Solent Link Opening Celebrated in Style, in Railway Magazine, July 1990, pages 454 and 455 ^ Southern and South Western Trains publicity ^ Now for a Total Eclipse, at Bus and Train User website, https://busandtrainuser.com/2021/12/06/now-for-a-total-eclipse-in-hampshire/ vteClosed railway stations in HampshireBasingstoke and Alton Light Railway Cliddesden Herriard Bentworth and Lasham Bordon Light Railway Kingsley Halt Bordon Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway Woodhay Highclere Burghclere Litchfield Whitchurch Town Barton Stacey Sutton Scotney Worthy Down Halt King's Worthy Winchester (Chesil) Gosport and Cosham Railway lines Fort Brockhurst Gosport Fawley Branch Line Marchwood Hythe Hardley Halt Fawley Hayling Island Branch Line Langston North Hayling Hayling Island Lee-on-the-Solent Branch Line Fort Gomer Halt Browndown Halt Elmore Halt Lee-on-the-Solent Lymington Branch Line Shirley Holms Halt Ampress Works Halt Meon Valley Railway Farringdon Halt Tisted Privett West Meon Droxford Wickham Salisbury and Dorset Junction Railway Breamore Fordingbridge Southampton and Dorchester Railway Ringwood Holmsley Southsea Railway Jessie Road Bridge Halt Albert Road Bridge Halt East Southsea Sprat and Winkle Line Fullerton to Hurstbourne Line Andover Town Clatford Fullerton Junction Stockbridge Horsebridge Mottisfont Longparish Wherwell Stokes Bay Line Gosport Road and Alverstone Stokes Bay West of England Main Line Hurstbourne Oakley Other stations Basingstoke Bishops Waltham Havant New Durley Halt Farlington Halt Itchen Abbas Knowle Halt Northam Nursling Paulsgrove Halt Southampton Terminus Weyhill Woodcroft Halt Stations in Dorset since 1974Ringwood, Christchurch and Bournemouth Railway Bournemouth East Boscombe Christchurch Hurn Avon Lodge Southampton and Dorchester Railway Bournemouth West Meyrick Park Halt	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"West Coastway line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coastway_line"},{"link_name":"Eastleigh–Fareham line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastleigh%E2%80%93Fareham_line"},{"link_name":"London and Southampton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Southampton_Railway"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"London and South Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_South_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Bishopstoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopstoke"},{"link_name":"Eastleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastleigh"},{"link_name":"Gosport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosport"},{"link_name":"Fareham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fareham"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"London, Brighton and South Coast Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Brighton_and_South_Coast_Railway"},{"link_name":"Cosham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosham"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Stokes Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokes_Bay"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Direct line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Direct_line"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Harbour station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lee-on-the-Solent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee-on-the-Solent"},{"link_name":"Netley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netley"},{"link_name":"Bishops Waltham branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops_Waltham_branch"},{"link_name":"Botley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botley,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Meon Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meon_Valley_Railway"},{"link_name":"Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton,_Hampshire"}],"text":"The Gosport and Cosham lines were a collection of railway lines in southern Hampshire. Most of the lines are now closed but some elements are still in use, forming part of the West Coastway line. The lines originally linked to the main London to Southampton line via the Eastleigh–Fareham line and subsequently with a line from Southampton via Bursledon, both of which are still in use.The London and Southampton Railway constructed a first class main line from London to Southampton, opened in 1839. After a name change to the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) it opened a branch from Bishopstoke (later known as Eastleigh to Gosport through Fareham, serving Portsmouth by a ferry crossing, in 1840. The LSWR later extended its line to Portsmouth itself by a branch line from Fareham, and joined forces with a competitor, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, meeting it at Cosham; this connection opened in 1848. There was a jointly operated Portsmouth station.Leisure travel to the Isle of Wight developed, but the Portsmouth station was not at all close to the steamer terminal; the Gosport station was also awkwardly located. A new pier at Stokes Bay was opened, with a branch line off the Fareham to Gosport line; this offered a direct transfer from train to steamer, but the railway transit from London was rather circuitous, and the opening of the Portsmouth Direct line in 1859 and the extension of the railway at Portsmouth to Portsmouth Harbour station and the steamer berth there, negated the advantage. Also branching from the Gosport line was a branch to Lee-on-the-Solent, in support of a new seaside resort with its own pleasure pier. The development was not commercially successful.More prosaic branch openings followed: the Netley branch from Southampton was extended to Fareham in 1889; the Bishops Waltham branch from Botley opened in 1863, but was extremely unsuccessful in commercial terms. The Meon Valley Railway from Alton, intended as a secondary main line, opened in 1904, in association with repairs to the troublesome Knowle Tunnel, a short distance north of Fareham.The Eastleigh and Southampton lines to Fareham and Cosham continue in operation, and were electrified in 1990, transforming the passenger train service pattern.","title":"Gosport and Cosham lines"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fareham_lines_1841.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-40-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-121-2"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Harbour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-121-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gosport_ferry.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-121-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-121-2"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-121-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-private-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maggs138-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppitz37-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-private-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppitz37-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keat-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-121-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-124-8"}],"text":"The Fareham lines in 1841One of the earliest of long-distance railways, the London and Southampton Railway opened its line between those places on 11 May 1840.[1] During the construction period, the Portsmouth Junction Railway was promoted: it would build a branch line from Bishopstoke (later known as Eastleigh) on the London and Southampton Railway, via Botley, Fareham and Cosham to Portsmouth. Influential residents of Portsmouth opposed the idea; there was considerable hostility between Portsmouth and Southampton, and it seemed to them unthinkable for Portsmouth to be on a branch line of a main line to Southampton.[2]In November 1838 a meeting in Portsmouth discussed a railway to London; an independent line all the way was considered, but the cost -- £1.5 million -- made it daunting, and in a remarkable change of mind a deputation from Portsmouth was sent to ask the L&SR to reinstate the branch project. With some vindictiveness this was turned down. The L&SR was now planning an 18 mile branch line from Bishopstoke to Gosport, relying on a \"floating bridge\" – that is, a ferry – that was being planned to cross the body of water known as Portsmouth Harbour.[2]Gosport ferryThe decision to go to Gosport had considerable significance, condemning Portsmouth passengers and goods to a ferry crossing to start their journey. A railway from Bishopstoke to Portsmouth, round the head of Portsmouth Harbour, would only have been three miles longer. Williams briefly explains the reasoning:By taking their own line just over fifteen miles to Gosport. The L&S directors hoped to save £120,000, land and earthworks being cheaper than on the eighteen-mile route round the harbour to Portsmouth.[2]The L&SR got the authorising Act of Parliament for its Gosport branch on 4 June 1839, capital £300,000; the branch would run from Bishopstoke through Botley and Fareham to Gosport. As a concession to Portsmouth sensitivities, the Act also authorised changing the name of the L&SR to the London and South Western Railway.[2]Work was proceeding well and a planned opening on 26 July 1841 was announced, but on 11 July 1841 Knowle Tunnel[note 1] partly collapsed. About 40 yards of tunnel lining needed to be remade. It transpired that the ground through which the tunnel was being constructed was of a particularly unstable clay. The trouble extended and cutting slopes outside the tunnel were affected too. The line reopened on 29 November 1841 but fresh slips closed it again on 3 December 1841; it finally opened on 7 February 1842.[2]Gosport station was \"a remarkably fine building, described as one of the finest pieces of external railway architecture... from the beginning of the railway age.\"[3] The architect William Tite designed a massive station with arrival and departure platforms fronted on one side by an equally impressive stone colonnade. The station cost over £10,980, equal to about £1.25 million today (2022) compared with the £1,509 spent on Bishopstoke and £1,391 at Fareham.[4][5] However it suffered from the major disadvantage of not being on the waterside, due to being excluded from the fortified area surrounding the Royal Navy establishments at Portsmouth Harbour.[3] In consequence the station was over half a mile from the landing stage for the ferry to Portsmouth.[5]The construction of the branch from Bishopstoke had cost £404,271, or 25% more than the estimated cost.[6] A train service of two fast, four mixed and two goods trains daily was operated; two mixed trains ran on Sundays. Through carriages avoided a change of trains at Bishopstoke on some services.[2] Intending Isle of Wight passengers from London transferred from Gosport to the Quebec Tavern, Portsmouth, before embarking on the Portsmouth & Ryde Steam Company's vessel, the Union, which made five daily return trips to Ryde. The 1841 daily summer service had been eight trips by two vessels, but when the Gosport branch opened they used a new pier there for six daily and four Sunday sailings, connecting with trains and crossing within half an hour.[7]","title":"Gosport branch"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clarence_Yard_(viewed_from_Portsmouth_Harbour).jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis Philippe I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort"},{"link_name":"Farnborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnborough_(Main)_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Windsor Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Castle"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philippe1-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philippe2-10"},{"link_name":"Major Pasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pasley"},{"link_name":"Board of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Trade"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keat-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-private-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maggs138-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marden43-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-keat-7"},{"link_name":"Osborne House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_House"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-private-4"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-private-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-croughton59-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-124-8"}],"text":"Clarence Yard viewed from Portsmouth HarbourA large area within the Portsmouth fortifications was used for the supply of stores to naval vessels, and in 1831 this was formalised and the area was named the Royal Clarence Victualling Yard.In October 1844 the King of France, Louis Philippe I, made a state visit to Windsor. He arrived from France at Portsmouth in the French steamer Gomer, and disembarked at the Victualling Yard, on 8 October. Prince Albert met him there and they travelled together by special train to Farnborough, and then by road to Windsor Castle where Queen Victoria received him.[8] On 14 October 1844 King Louis Philippe made the return journey from Farnborough to Gosport, accompanied by the Queen and Prince Albert. On arrival at Gosport station, they drove to the victualing yard to embark for France.[9]The public part of the arrival and departure of the French King involved considerable and lengthy formalities, including a long speech of address from Portsmouth Corporation. By contrast, once berthed at the Clarence Yard, the public were excluded and the disembarkation could proceed without delay. Prince Albert considered that the use of the Victualling Yard for transfer from train to steamer was convenient because of its privacy within the Portsmouth fortifications, and asked if the Gosport station railway line could be extended into it. It was found to be practicable to do so. An extension line was made and on 13 September 1845 Major Pasley of the Board of Trade visited, reporting that the line was an\"Extension into the Royal Clarence Yard, thereby obtaining a communication with Portsmouth Harbour for the use of Her Majesty and for government purposes exclusively. The extension is 605 yards in length proceeding from the terminus station. A reception road for the accommodation of Her Majesty is proposed to be built at the extremity of the extension.\"[6][3] The extension was opened on 13 September 1845.[4]The extension line had cost £8,000.[10] In fact the line was heavily used for bringing consumable supplies to the Clarence Yard, including cattle, which were slaughtered within the Royal Navy dockyard. The Royal Navy used large quantities of bunkering coal, mostly brought in on the line.[6]In 1845 Queen Victoria acquired Osborne House on the Isle of Wight and spent much time there, extending and improving it. The journeys of the royal family habitually involved the use of the Clarence Yard station; it was never available to the public.[3] After the death of Queen Victoria in 1901, there was less travel to Osborne as King Edward VII was uninterested in staying there. In 1971 the station was demolished.[3]The station was known as Clarence Yard Gosport or alternatively Gosport Royal Victoria Station; it was open from 21 September 1845 until 1 February 1901.[11][7]","title":"Royal Clarence Yard"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fareham_lines_1848.png"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Chichester Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Chichester_Railway"},{"link_name":"London and Brighton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Brighton_Railway"},{"link_name":"Chichester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichester"},{"link_name":"Railway Mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Mania"},{"link_name":"Lord Dalhousie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lewin11-13"},{"link_name":"Guildford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford"},{"link_name":"Epsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsom"},{"link_name":"atmospheric system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_railway"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turner1-235-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-132-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cosham_crossing.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-137-16"},{"link_name":"London and Croydon Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_Croydon_Railway"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turner1-277-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-138-18"},{"link_name":"Havant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havant"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-138-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turner1-237-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turner1-237-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-139-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-140-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-turner1-237-19"}],"text":"The Fareham lines in 1848 -- extending to CoshamPortsmouth had a railway, of sorts, but the ferry crossing to Gosport, the road transfer between Gosport station and the ferry berth, and the roundabout railway route via Bishopstoke, continued to be a source of dissatisfaction. Independent promoters put forward a more direct line from London, while the Brighton and Chichester Railway, connected with the London and Brighton Railway, talked of extending from Chichester to Portsmouth, forming a route from London via Brighton.This came to a head in 1845, at the height of the Railway Mania, when a huge number of proposed railways were being put to Parliament, not all of them realistic. Parliament commissioned an Advisory Board headed by Lord Dalhousie, that came to be known as the Five Kings, or more formally Lord Dalhousie's Board.[12] The purpose of the Board was to sift the applications for railway schemes and recommend which should proceed. Dalhousie's Board looked at the several schemes for a railway to Portsmouth and approved a line from Guildford via Chichester to Portsmouth and Fareham, but rejected several others. When the Bills in question came to Parliament, things were different and Parliament approved a Direct Portsmouth scheme from Epsom to Portsmouth, possibly using the atmospheric system. Another proposed line from Guildford to Portsmouth was cut back to include only a section from Fareham to Portsmouth and the Brighton and Chichester Railway's extension to Portsmouth was approved. Accordingly three lines into Portsmouth were set to proceed, and two were authorised between Cosham and Fareham.[13] However the approvals were deferred, and only the Brighton and Chichester Railway extension to Portsmouth was actually authorised.[14]Cosham crossingIn the 1846 session, some of the stalled projects reappeared. In particular a line from Fareham to Portsmouth line was passed on 27 July 1846 as part of the very truncated Guildford Extension and Portsmouth & Fareham Railway. The reduction of the through main route to just a stub was a grave disappointment to its promoters, and on 26 August 1846 they met and agreed to sell their (unbuilt) line to the LSWR. So the LSWR now inherited authorisation for a branch from Fareham to Portsmouth, while two other lines in Portsmouth had Parliamentary approval.[15]The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) was formed in 1846 by the amalgamation of the London and Brighton Railway, the London and Croydon Railway, Brighton and Chichester Railway and others.[16] In October 1846 the LSWR and the LBSCR agreed instead of their two routes between Cosham and Portsmouth, one line would be jointly constructed and jointly managed.[17] On 22 July 1847 an Act was passed in which a minor clause arranged that the part of the Brighton and Chichester Railway (now LBSCR) extension west of Havant was to be operated jointly, and would be known as the Joint Line.[17][18] The Brighton and Chichester extension opened from Chichester to Havant on 15 March 1847 and to Portsmouth on 14 June 1847.[18]Both companies met in September 1848, reaching yet another agreement to transfer the Cosham to Portsmouth line to Joint control. The LSWR now withdrew its proposed independent line to Portsmouth.[19] The LBSCR had opened the Portcreek Junction and Farlington Junction lines to Cosham Junction on 26 July 1848, though LSWR passenger trains did not run until 1 October 1848. The LBSCR dropped its separate Fareham to Cosham branch in favour of the LSW line, which opened between those points on 1 September 1848.[20][18]","title":"Lines to Portsmouth"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fareham_railway_station_geograph-2978302-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-149-22"}],"text":"Trains pass at Fareham stationThe construction of the Portsmouth Railway (most of the present-day Portsmouth Direct Line) reopened the tensions between the LSWR and the LBSCR, and among other things a rate-cutting war developed. This was ended by agreement from 8 August 1859 and the LSWR agreed to pay the LBSCR £2.500 annually to use the Havant to Portcreek line, instead of the toll payable by the Portsmouth company under its Act of 1858. This included the Farlington Junction to Cosham Junction line, which the LBSCR had uplifted as useless. It now undertook to relay it, and the line re-opened on 2 January 1860 with a weekday service of one train each way between Cosham and Havant, and two trains (increased to three in February) each way between Portsmouth and Havant via Cosham. The LSWR obtained powers on 6 August 1860 to abandon the proposed parallel Havant to Portcreek and Cosham lines and an independent Portsmouth station.[21]","title":"Portsmouth Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maggs143-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kevin33-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marden47-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kevin33-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marden49-26"}],"text":"During the First World War railway wagons used the Gosport & Fareham Electric Tramway's line to reach the naval yard at Bedenham. This was because its gauge of 4 feet 7+1⁄2 inches allowed railway wheels to run in the tramway track grooves with their tyres clear of the running surface. Bedenham Magazine Depot was served by a siding, opened in June 1911 from the main line and extended in March 1914 to another magazine depot at Priddy's Yard.[22]The logistics facilities supporting the Royal Navy at Portsmouth were increased over time, and for heavy materials arriving and being removed, the railway was an essential partner. Between Fareham and Fort Brockhurst there was a connection to Bedenham on the north side of the line. This was opened in April 1911 serving the Bedenham Magazine depot with the main line. There was a dense complex of internal sidings, including some pre-existing narrow gauge lines. The standard gauge sidings were worked by fireless locomotives because of the danger of explosion, although in later years an ordinary steam engine was used, fitted with a chimney spark arrester.[23][24]The internal sidings were extended northwards about March 1914 to a Magazine Depot at Priddy's Hard, still within the complex.[23] The last standard gauge train from Priddy's Hard ran on 14 January 1986 and the track was taken up soon afterwards. The Navy vacated the depot in 1988 and the site was redeveloped for housing.[25]","title":"Admiralty connections on the Gosport line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kevin101-27"}],"text":"As the popularity of the Isle of Wight as a holiday destination increased, the inconvenience of transferring from trains to the ferry became more prominent. In 1863 the Stokes Bay Railway and Pier company opened its line, from Fort Brockhurst, near Gosport on the LSWR line, to a new pier at Stokes Bay. The LSWR worked the line and provided through coaches from Bishopstoke. At first train movements had to reverse at Gosport to reach the branch, but in 1865 a western spur was opened and two trains daily ran direct from Bishopstoke to Stokes Bay.Although passengers transferred directly on the pier from trains to the ferry, the train journey from London was rather roundabout; and unreliability of the ferry operator counted against the reputation of the route. The pier was exposed and in bad weather the ferries were unable to berth. The opening of the Portsmouth Harbour extension railway in 1876 negated the advantage of the transfer at Stokes Bay, but the line continued in use until 1915.[26]","title":"Stokes Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kevin25-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grant312-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kevin25-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-robertson105-30"}],"sub_title":"Lee-on-the-Solent","text":"A landowner, Sir John C. Robinson, decided to develop the area at Lee-on-the-Solent, intending to create a watering place to rival Bournemouth. He realised that a railway connection was needed, and he arranged with business associates to create the Lee-on-the-Solent Railway Company.[27]It opened in 1894 as a light railway, making a connection with the LSWR Gosport branch at (Fort) Brockhurst.[28][27] There was no through running at Fort Brockhurst.Despite poor patronage and loss-making finances, the line continued in use until passenger services were withdrawn in 1930, and the line closed completely in 1935.[29]","title":"Stokes Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fareham_lines_1866.png"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams2-88-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waltham3-32"},{"link_name":"Captain Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Rich"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waltham5-33"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams2-88-31"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waltham12-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-waltham19-35"}],"sub_title":"Bishop's Waltham","text":"The Fareham lines in 1866The Bishops Waltham Railway Company obtained an authorising Act of Parliament on 17 July 1862 to build a line from a junction with the LSWR to Bishops Waltham. The main line junction was to be near Botley, on the Bishopstoke to Fareham line.[30][31] Captain Rich of the Board of Trade inspected the line on 28 May 1863, and passed it with some reservations. A public opening of the line took place on 1 June 1863. Six trains ran each way on weekdays, three on Sundays, the journey taking 12 minutes.[32]The company was perpetually short of money, and when an engine shed was needed at Bishop's Waltham in January 1866, the LSWR was persuaded to ptovide one, charging the company 6% interest on the £500 cost of the construction. A series of writs for payment of debts plunged the company further into financial embarrassment, and on 27 February 1869 the entire board of directors resigned. The LSWR continued to work the line for the time being and the Bishop’s Waltham board of newly elected directors met on 30 December 1881, to confirm the sale of their company to the LSW for £20,000.[30][33]The branch continued under the LSWR and later the Southern Railway, but revenue was so meagre – trains are recorded as running without a single fare-paying passenger – that closure was inevitable. The line closed on 1 January 1933.[34]","title":"Stokes Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fareham_lines_1894.png"},{"link_name":"Royal Victoria Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netley_Hospital"},{"link_name":"St Denys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Denys_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams2-133-36"}],"sub_title":"Netley to Fareham","text":"The Fareham lines in 1894In 1866 the Southampton and Netley Railway had opened, designed chiefly to serve the Royal Victoria Hospital, planned to treat wounded soldiers. The branch ran from St Denys, at first known as Portswood, on the original London and Southampton main line. This left a gap from Netley to the Fareham area, and a Fareham and Netley Railway gained authorisation on 29 June 1865. However the company was unable to raise the necessary capital and it failed to make progress. The military authorities approached the LSWR in 1882 and requested the LSWR Company to close the railway gap as a matter of national security. The company was quick to comply, obtaining Parliamentary authority on 20 August 1883. The line was to extend from Netley to enter Fareham from the north. It opened on 2 September 1889. [35]","title":"Stokes Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fareham_lines_1904.png"},{"link_name":"Basingstoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke"},{"link_name":"River Meon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Meon"},{"link_name":"Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"The Solent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Solent"},{"link_name":"Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke_and_Alton_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dean39-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stone4-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white124-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-course228-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stone33-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stone33-41"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-williams1-121-2"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-course211-42"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-course211-42"}],"sub_title":"Meon Valley Line and Knowle Tunnel","text":"The Fareham lines in 1904A nominally independent concern promoted a railway from Basingstoke to Fareham down the valley of the River Meon, in 1895. The rival Great Western Railway had a branch line from Reading to Basingstoke, and this proposal was interpreted by the LSWR as an obvious attempt by the Great Western Railway to get access to The Solent, and probably Portsmouth itself. This would be a major loss of primacy in the locality, and although the proposal was defeated in Parliament, the LSWR was alarmed.As a defensive measure it immediately promoted its own lines covering the route, and this resulted in the Basingstoke and Alton Light Railway, opened in 1901,[36] and the Meon Valley Railway. The latter was authorised on 3 June 1897[37] and opened on 1 June 1904.[38] It was conceived by the LSWR as a potential main line route to Gosport and the general area, and it was laid out accordingly.[39]At the south-western end it joined the Bishopstoke (Eastleigh) to Fareham line at Knowle Junction. Knowle Tunnel intervened between the junction and Fareham station, and the tunnel had long given trouble. Earlier repairs had included lining it, reducing its clearances and making it unsatisfactory for main line trains, As part of the work of constructing the Meon Valley line, the Knowle Tunnel was dealt with. The work involved the construction of a single-track deviation line which by-passed the tunnel. On 2 October 1904 this was commissioned for up trains; down trains used the tunnel which had been reduced to single track, overcoming the limited clearance problem.[40]Double track was laid on the deviation line, and from September 1906 that was brought into service and used exclusively. The tunnel was closed for repairs. The work was completed on 2 June 1907 and the single line in the tunnel was reopened. A third line had been laid between the Bishopstoke end of the tunnel and the junction for the Meon Valley line. The junction points at Knowle were abolished, so that the tunnel single line continued directly on the Meon Valley line to Wickham; the double line on the deviation continued directly towards Botley.[40][2] In fact the gradients on the deviation line were severe, and this caused difficulty for the heavy freight traffic on the Botley main line, and in 1921 Knowle junction was reinstated to enable running on the moderate gradient through the tunnel.[41]There was a mental hospital close to the line near Knowle; it was referred to at the time as the County Lunatic Asylum. In 1907 Knowle Asylum Halt opened at Knowle Junction; this was in the three-track section, but only serving the single track for the Meon Valley line. The name of the halt was changed to Knowle Halt in 1942. In the 1950s it had the distinction of being illuminated by two electric lights, when Botley still depended on oil lamps.[41]","title":"Stokes Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Railways Act 1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_Act_1921"},{"link_name":"Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railway_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bonavia-43"}],"text":"In 1923 most of the main line railways of Great Britain were \"grouped\" -- compulsorily reorganised into one or other of four new large companies, the \"groups\", following the Railways Act 1921. Both the LSWR and the LBSCR were incorporated into the new Southern Railway. The former hostility between them had diminished in recent years, but now was abolished altogether.[42]","title":"Grouping of the railways"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maggs143-23"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-private-4"}],"text":"On 4 March 1934 the Fareham to Gosport line was reduced to single track, except for a passing loop at Fort Brockhurst. On 6 June 1953 the Gosport branch was closed to passengers, and on 6 January 1969 the line closed completely south of the Admiralty siding at Bedenham.[22][3]","title":"Decline of the Gosport line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Railways (Agreement) Act 1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railways_(Agreement)_Act_1935&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown26-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown34-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gillham118-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white140-47"},{"link_name":"Cecil Parkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Parkinson"},{"link_name":"Hedge End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_End_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rlymagelec-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timetables-49"}],"text":"In 1937 the Southern Railway implemented the Portsmouth Electrification No. 1 Scheme. This was financed by low-interest loans from the government, under the Railways (Agreement) Act 1935. The scheme was to electrify the line between London and Portsmouth via Guildford and Havant. So far as the scope of this article is concerned, that included Farlington Junction to Portsmouth Harbour. Public services started on 4 July 1937.[43]Authorisation of this scheme was quickly followed by Portsmouth Electrification No 2 Scheme, which involved the line from Horsham via Arundel and Chichester to Havant.[44]In 1967 the Bournemouth line from London was electrified; the scheme passed through Eastleigh and Southampton. Like the Portsmouth schemes, this was a third-rail direct current system. The Bournemouth scheme was at 750v in comparison to the nominal 660v of the Portsmouth projects. The scheme was commissioned on 10 July 1967.[45]Since 1958 most of the passenger service on the intervening network between Portsmouth and Southampton and Eastleigh (and Salisbury) had been operated by Southern Region diesel electric multiple units.[46]The triangular enclave from the junctions at Cosham to Southampton (actually St Denys) and Eastleigh remained unelectrified, and in the 1980s it was decided to rectify the omission. A £22 million scheme was authorised enabling a new passenger timetable with electric traction to be introduced on 14 May 1990. An official opening had taken place on 9 May when Cecil Parkinson the Secretary of State for Transport visited Hedge End, a new station built to serve an emerging residential area. Parkinson visited the station using an electric train. Actual commissioning had taken place some time previously; there was a Gala Day at Eastleigh on 6 May and an electric train was photographed at Fareham.[47]This event changed the timetable pattern significantly, as hitherto few passenger trains had used the Farlington Junction to Cosham Junction chord, avoiding Portsmouth. Indeed that had been limited to trains from Brighton to points beyond Southampton, in fact most often to Cardiff. In steam days these trains had often attached a Portsmouth portion at Fareham, but latterly diesel trains ran through. In any case the new timetable included many more trains running direct from Havant to Fareham. Off-peak in October 2022 that includes an hourly Victoria to Southampton and an hourly Brighton to Southampton train. Hourly electric services also run from Portsmouth to Waterloo via Eastleigh.[48]","title":"Electrification"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The remaining operational routes among the earlier network are from Portsmouth via Cosham to Fareham, Netley and Southampton; and from Fareham to Eastleigh. The other branch lines have closed.","title":"The present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eclipse-50"}],"text":"A busway was laid along part of the disused Fareham to Gosport line, opening in 2012 and extended in December 2021, under the brand name Eclipse.[49]","title":"Fareham and Gosport busway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Williams refers to the tunnel as Fareham Tunnel.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The Fareham lines in 1841","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Fareham_lines_1841.png/220px-Fareham_lines_1841.png"},{"image_text":"Gosport ferry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gosport_ferry.jpg/220px-Gosport_ferry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clarence Yard viewed from Portsmouth Harbour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Clarence_Yard_%28viewed_from_Portsmouth_Harbour%29.jpg/220px-Clarence_Yard_%28viewed_from_Portsmouth_Harbour%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Fareham lines in 1848 -- extending to Cosham","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Fareham_lines_1848.png/220px-Fareham_lines_1848.png"},{"image_text":"Cosham crossing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cosham_crossing.jpg/220px-Cosham_crossing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trains pass at Fareham station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fareham_railway_station_geograph-2978302-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg/220px-Fareham_railway_station_geograph-2978302-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Fareham lines in 1866","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Fareham_lines_1866.png/220px-Fareham_lines_1866.png"},{"image_text":"The Fareham lines in 1894","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fareham_lines_1894.png/220px-Fareham_lines_1894.png"},{"image_text":"The Fareham lines in 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fareham_lines_1904.png/220px-Fareham_lines_1904.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://busandtrainuser.com/2021/12/06/now-for-a-total-eclipse-in-hampshire/","external_links_name":"https://busandtrainuser.com/2021/12/06/now-for-a-total-eclipse-in-hampshire/"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepcza	Trepcza	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 49°35′N 22°12′E / 49.583°N 22.200°E / 49.583; 22.200Village in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, PolandTrepczaVillageChurch of the DormitionTrepczaCoordinates: 49°35′N 22°12′E / 49.583°N 22.200°E / 49.583; 22.200Country PolandVoivodeshipSubcarpathianCountySanokGminaSanokPopulation • Total800 Trepcza is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sanok, within Sanok County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Sanok and 52 km (32 mi) south of the regional capital Rzeszów. "Hic erat olim Manasterium O.S.B.M (Ordo Sancti Basilii Magni) in Monte alto, sed pridem abolitum, cujus rudera solummodo manserunt. See also Walddeutsche References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. ^ Szematyzm 1830 str. 72 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trepcza. vteGmina SanokSeat (not part of the gmina) Sanok Villages Bykowce Czerteż Dębna Dobra Falejówka Hłomcza Jędruszkowce Jurowce Kostarowce Lalin Liszna Łodzina Markowce Międzybrodzie Mrzygłód Niebieszczany Pakoszówka Pisarowce Płowce Prusiek Raczkowa Sanoczek Srogów Dolny Srogów Górny Strachocina Stróże Małe Stróże Wielkie Trepcza Tyrawa Solna Wujskie Zabłotce Załuż This Sanok County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈtrɛpt͡ʂa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Sanok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Sanok"},{"link_name":"Sanok County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanok_County"},{"link_name":"Subcarpathian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcarpathian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Sanok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanok"},{"link_name":"Rzeszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, PolandTrepcza [ˈtrɛpt͡ʂa] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sanok, within Sanok County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland.[1] It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Sanok and 52 km (32 mi) south of the regional capital Rzeszów.\"Hic erat olim Manasterium O.S.B.M (Ordo Sancti Basilii Magni) in Monte alto, sed pridem abolitum, cujus rudera solummodo manserunt.[2]","title":"Trepcza"}]	[]	[{"title":"Walddeutsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walddeutsche"}]	[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trepcza&params=49_35_N_22_12_E_region:PL_type:city(800)","external_links_name":"49°35′N 22°12′E / 49.583°N 22.200°E / 49.583; 22.200"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Trepcza&params=49_35_N_22_12_E_region:PL_type:city(800)","external_links_name":"49°35′N 22°12′E / 49.583°N 22.200°E / 49.583; 22.200"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) – TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trepcza&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Salas	Tito Salas	["1 References","2 Further reading"]	Venezuelan painter (1887–1974) Tito SalasTito Salas in the mid-1930sBornBritánico Antonio Salas Díaz(1887-05-08)8 May 1887Caracas, VenezuelaDied18 March 1974(1974-03-18) (aged 86)Caracas, VenezuelaNationalityVenezuelanKnown forPainting Británico Antonio Salas Díaz, better known as Tito Salas (8 May 1887 – 18 March 1974), was a Venezuelan painter, considered a significant contributor in the development of Venezuelan modern art. References ^ (in Spanish) Tito Salas ^ (in Spanish) José Guillermo Carrillo Foundation ^ (in Spanish) CentroHistóricodePetare.com Further reading Fundación Polar (1998). Diccionario multimedia de historia de Venezuela . Caracas. Galería de Arte Nacional (1984). Diccionario de las artes visuales en Venezuela. (Vol. 2). Caracas. Méndez Sereno, C. (1995). Petare a través del tiempo. Los Teques: Biblioteca de Autores y Temas Mirandinos. Museo de Arte Popular de Petare (1988) Tito Salas. Una vida por el arte. Miranda. Pineda, R (1969). La pintura de Tito Salas. Caracas: Ernesto Armitano, Editor. Vargas Mendoza, L. (1980). El tiempo está puesto en Petare. Miranda: Concejo Municipal del Distrito Sucre. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Vatican Artists ULAN	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venezuelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Británico Antonio Salas Díaz, better known as Tito Salas (8 May 1887 – 18 March 1974), was a Venezuelan painter, considered a significant contributor in the development of Venezuelan modern art.[1][2][3]","title":"Tito Salas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3466695#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/437071/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000066392116"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/44432186"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4hFrCRkWXbgjMDcbWXd"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1726979"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13002089n"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13002089n"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1019069880"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no99057812"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/110826"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500117636"}],"text":"Fundación Polar (1998). Diccionario multimedia de historia de Venezuela [CD-Rom]. Caracas.\nGalería de Arte Nacional (1984). Diccionario de las artes visuales en Venezuela. (Vol. 2). Caracas.\nMéndez Sereno, C. (1995). Petare a través del tiempo. Los Teques: Biblioteca de Autores y Temas Mirandinos.\nMuseo de Arte Popular de Petare (1988) Tito Salas. Una vida por el arte. Miranda.\nPineda, R (1969). La pintura de Tito Salas. Caracas: Ernesto Armitano, Editor.\nVargas Mendoza, L. (1980). El tiempo está puesto en Petare. Miranda: Concejo Municipal del Distrito Sucre.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nUnited States\nVatican\nArtists\nULAN","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.venezuelatuya.com/biografias/salas.htm","external_links_name":"Tito Salas"},{"Link":"http://www.fundacionjoseguillermocarrillo.com/sitio/testitosalas.php","external_links_name":"José Guillermo Carrillo Foundation"},{"Link":"http://www.centrohistoricodepetare.com/website/pintores/tito-salas.html","external_links_name":"CentroHistóricodePetare.com"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/437071/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066392116","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/44432186","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB4hFrCRkWXbgjMDcbWXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1726979","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13002089n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13002089n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1019069880","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99057812","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/110826","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500117636","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Football_League_Trophy_Final	1992 Associate Members' Cup final	["1 Background","2 Route to the final","2.1 Stoke City","2.2 Stockport County","3 Match review","4 Match details","5 References"]	Football match1992 Associate Members' Cup FinalEvent1991–92 Associate Members' Cup Stoke City Stockport County 1 0 Date16 May 1992VenueWembley Stadium, LondonRefereeRobbie Hart (Darlington)Attendance48,339← 1991 1993 → The 1992 Associate Members' Cup Final, known as the Autoglass Trophy for sponsorship reasons, was the 9th final of the domestic football cup competition for teams from the Third Division and Fourth Division. The final was played at Wembley Stadium, London on 16 May 1992, and was contested by Stoke City and Stockport County. Stoke won the match 1–0, with Mark Stein scoring the only goal of the game. Background The 1991–92 season saw both Stockport County and Stoke City involved in the race for promotion to the Second Division. The season ended with Stoke in 4th position and Stockport in 5th with just a point separating the two sides. They faced each other in the end of season play-offs. The first leg saw Stockport win 1–0 thanks to a Lee Todd free-kick and in the second leg at the Victoria Ground Stockport scored in the first few minutes and despite Mark Stein pulling one back Stockport went through 2–1 on aggregate. Route to the final Stoke began the competition in the southern section whilst Stockport where in the northern section. Stoke advanced past Walsall 2–0 and Birmingham City 3–1 and Stockport recovered from a 4–0 defeat at Carlisle United to beat York City 3–0. In the first round Stoke beat Cardiff City 3–0 whilst County gained revenge on Carlisle beating them 3–1. The quarter finals saw Stoke beat Walsall 3–1 and Stockport record a 3–0 win over Hartlepool United. Both sides where then involved in close semi-finals City beating Leyton Orient and County getting the better of Crewe Alexandra winning 2–1. In the area finals Stoke and Peterborough United shared three goals in an exciting 3–3 and a Paul Ware goal earned Stoke a 2nd leg victory. Stockport had an easier tie beating Burnley 3–1. Home teams listed first. Stoke City Preliminary round: Walsall 0–2 Stoke City Preliminary round: Stoke City 3–1 Birmingham City First round: Stoke City 3–0 Cardiff City Quarter final: Stoke City 3–1 Walsall Semi final: Leyton Orient 0–1 Stoke City Area final 1st leg: Stoke City 3–3 Peterborough United Area final 2nd leg: Peterborough United 0–1 Stoke City Stockport County Preliminary round: Carlisle United 4–0 Stockport County Preliminary round: Stockport County 3–0 York City First round: Carlisle United 1–3 Stockport County Quarter final: Stockport County 3–0 Hartlepool United Semi final: Crewe Alexandra 1–2 Stockport County Area final 1st leg: Burnley 0–1 Stockport County Area final 2nd leg: Stockport County 2–1 Burnley Match review The two sides had met just three days prior the final in the Football League play-offs with Stockport coming out on top. County began the first half the better of the two teams and Paul Wheeler had the ball in the back of the Stoke net after six minutes but was disallowed for a foul on Stoke 'keeper Peter Fox. The rest of the first half was end-to-end with Wayne Biggins and Lee Sandford going close for City whilst Fox had to pull off a fine save to deny Wheeler. In the second half, Stockport began to tire and Stoke took full advantage, Ian Cranson hit a long ball forward on 65 minutes only for Lee Todd to clear away but was returned by Vince Overson, leaving Lee Sandford free to flick the ball on to Mark Stein on the edge of the County area. Stein beat two Stockport defenders before smashing a powerful shot past Neil Edwards. Stoke had to withstand pressure from Stockport attacks but held firm to claim their first Associate Members' Cup victory. Match details 16 May 1992 Stoke City1–0Stockport County Stein 65' Wembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 48,339Referee: Robbie Hart (Darlington) GK 1 Peter Fox DF 2 John Butler DF 3 Dave Kevan DF 4 Ian Cranson DF 5 Vince Overson DF 6 Lee Sandford MF 7 Tony Kelly MF 8 Steve Foley FW 9 Mark Stein FW 10 Wayne Biggins MF 11 Adrian Heath Substitutes: DF 12 Ashley Grimes FW 13 Paul Barnes Manager: Lou Macari GK 1 Neil Edwards DF 2 Darren Knowles DF 3 Lee Todd DF 4 David Frain DF 5 Tony Barras MF 6 Bill Williams MF 7 Jim Gannon MF 8 Peter Ward MF 9 Kevin Francis FW 10 Chris Beaumont FW 11 Paul Wheeler Substitutes: DF 12 Andy Thorpe DF 13 Paul Williams Manager: Danny Bergara References ^ a b c d e f g "Revenge in Wembley sun for Macari's men". The Sentinel. 26 March 2013. vteEFL TrophyFootball League Group Cup/Football League Trophy (1981–1983)Seasons 1981–82 1982–83 Finals 1982 1983 Associate Members' Cup (1983–1992)Seasons 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 Finals 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Football League Trophy (1992–2016)Seasons 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 Finals 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 EFL Trophy (2016–present)Seasons 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Finals 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of finals vte1991–92 in English football « 1990–91 1992–93 » National teams Graham Taylor UEFA Euro 1992 qualification Group 7 League competitionsLevels 1–4 Football League (First Division, Second Division, Third Division, Fourth Division, play-offs) Level 5 Football Conference Levels 6–7 Isthmian League (Premier, One) Northern Premier League (Premier, One) Southern League (Premier, Midland, Southern) Levels 8–9 Isthmian League (Two, Three) Combined Counties League (level 8 only) Eastern Counties League (Premier, One) Essex Senior League (level 8 only) Hellenic League (Premier, One) Kent League (level 8 only) Midland Football Combination (level 8 only) North West Counties League (One, Two) Northern Counties East League (Premier, One) Northern League (One, Two) South Midlands League (Premier, One) Spartan League (Premier, One) Sussex County League (One, Two) United Counties League (Premier, One) Wessex League (level 8 only) West Midlands (Regional) League (level 8 only) Western League (Premier, One) Cup competitionsFA cups FA Cup (Qualifying rounds, Final) Charity Shield FA Trophy (Final) Football League cups League Cup (Final) Full Members' Cup (Final) Associate Members' Cup (Final) European competitions European Cup UEFA Cup Cup Winners' Cup European Super Cup Club seasonsFirst Division Arsenal Aston Villa Chelsea Coventry City Crystal Palace Everton Leeds United Liverpool Luton Town Manchester City Manchester United Norwich City Nottingham Forest Notts County Oldham Athletic Queens Park Rangers Sheffield United Sheffield Wednesday Southampton Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Wimbledon Second Division Barnsley Blackburn Rovers Brighton & Hove Albion Bristol City Bristol Rovers Cambridge United Charlton Athletic Derby County Grimsby Town Ipswich Town Leicester City Middlesbrough Millwall Newcastle United Oxford United Plymouth Argyle Port Vale Portsmouth Southend United Sunderland Swindon Town Tranmere Rovers Watford Wolverhampton Wanderers Third Division Birmingham City Bolton Wanderers Bournemouth Bradford City Brentford Bury Chester City Darlington Exeter City Fulham Hartlepool United Huddersfield Town Hull City Leyton Orient Peterborough United Preston North End Reading Shrewsbury Town Stockport County Stoke City Swansea City Torquay United West Bromwich Albion Wigan Athletic Fourth Division Aldershot Barnet Blackpool Burnley Cardiff City Carlisle United Chesterfield Crewe Alexandra Doncaster Rovers Gillingham Halifax Town Hereford United Lincoln City Maidstone United Mansfield Town Northampton Town Rochdale Rotherham United Scarborough Scunthorpe United Walsall Wrexham York City Others Colchester United vteStockport County Football ClubStadium Green Lane (1889–1902) Edgeley Park (1902–present) Seasons 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2003–04 2007–08 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2022–23 2023–24 Related articles History of Stockport County F.C. Seasons Supporters' Co-op List of Stockport County F.C. managers vteStoke City F.C. matchesFA Cup Final 2011 League Cup Finals 1964 1972 Football League play-off Finals 2002 Second Division Football League Trophy Finals 1992 2000 Other matches Stoke City 10–3 West Bromwich Albion (1937)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"Fourth Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Fourth_Division"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stockport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mark Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stein_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Sentinel-1"}],"text":"Football matchThe 1992 Associate Members' Cup Final, known as the Autoglass Trophy for sponsorship reasons, was the 9th final of the domestic football cup competition for teams from the Third Division and Fourth Division. The final was played at Wembley Stadium, London on 16 May 1992, and was contested by Stoke City and Stockport County. Stoke won the match 1–0, with Mark Stein scoring the only goal of the game.[1]","title":"1992 Associate Members' Cup final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1991–92 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_Stoke_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Stockport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_play-offs"},{"link_name":"Lee Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Todd_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Victoria Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Ground"},{"link_name":"Mark Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stein_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Sentinel-1"}],"text":"The 1991–92 season saw both Stockport County and Stoke City involved in the race for promotion to the Second Division. The season ended with Stoke in 4th position and Stockport in 5th with just a point separating the two sides. They faced each other in the end of season play-offs. The first leg saw Stockport win 1–0 thanks to a Lee Todd free-kick and in the second leg at the Victoria Ground Stockport scored in the first few minutes and despite Mark Stein pulling one back Stockport went through 2–1 on aggregate.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsall_F.C."},{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cardiff City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hartlepool United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leyton Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyton_Orient_F.C."},{"link_name":"Crewe Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_Alexandra_F.C."},{"link_name":"Peterborough United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Paul Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ware"},{"link_name":"Burnley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_F.C."}],"text":"Stoke began the competition in the southern section whilst Stockport where in the northern section. Stoke advanced past Walsall 2–0 and Birmingham City 3–1 and Stockport recovered from a 4–0 defeat at Carlisle United to beat York City 3–0. In the first round Stoke beat Cardiff City 3–0 whilst County gained revenge on Carlisle beating them 3–1. The quarter finals saw Stoke beat Walsall 3–1 and Stockport record a 3–0 win over Hartlepool United. Both sides where then involved in close semi-finals City beating Leyton Orient and County getting the better of Crewe Alexandra winning 2–1. In the area finals Stoke and Peterborough United shared three goals in an exciting 3–3 and a Paul Ware goal earned Stoke a 2nd leg victory. Stockport had an easier tie beating Burnley 3–1.Home teams listed first.","title":"Route to the final"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_play-offs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Sentinel-1"},{"link_name":"Paul Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wheeler_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Peter Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fox_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Sentinel-1"},{"link_name":"Wayne Biggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Biggins"},{"link_name":"Lee Sandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Sandford"},{"link_name":"Ian Cranson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Cranson"},{"link_name":"Lee Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Todd_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Vince Overson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Overson"},{"link_name":"Lee Sandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Sandford"},{"link_name":"Mark Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stein_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Sentinel-1"},{"link_name":"Neil Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Edwards_(footballer_born_1970)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Sentinel-1"},{"link_name":"Associate Members' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Members%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Sentinel-1"}],"text":"The two sides had met just three days prior the final in the Football League play-offs with Stockport coming out on top.[1] County began the first half the better of the two teams and Paul Wheeler had the ball in the back of the Stoke net after six minutes but was disallowed for a foul on Stoke 'keeper Peter Fox.[1] The rest of the first half was end-to-end with Wayne Biggins and Lee Sandford going close for City whilst Fox had to pull off a fine save to deny Wheeler. In the second half, Stockport began to tire and Stoke took full advantage, Ian Cranson hit a long ball forward on 65 minutes only for Lee Todd to clear away but was returned by Vince Overson, leaving Lee Sandford free to flick the ball on to Mark Stein on the edge of the County area.[1] Stein beat two Stockport defenders before smashing a powerful shot past Neil Edwards.[1] Stoke had to withstand pressure from Stockport attacks but held firm to claim their first Associate Members' Cup victory.[1]","title":"Match review"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stockport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockport_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Stein_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_(1923)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Robbie Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie_Hart"},{"link_name":"Darlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington"}],"text":"16 May 1992\nStoke City1–0Stockport County\nStein 65'\n\n\nWembley Stadium, LondonAttendance: 48,339Referee: Robbie Hart (Darlington)","title":"Match details"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Revenge in Wembley sun for Macari's men\". The Sentinel. 26 March 2013.","urls":[]}]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_R._Mitchell	Alfred R. Mitchell	["1 Early life","2 Life","3 Career","4 Death","5 Awards","6 Memberships","7 Galleries and Public Collections","8 References"]	American painter Alfred R. Mitchell (1888-1972) was an American landscape painter. He was an early California Impressionist painter. Educated at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, he was the president of the San Diego Art Guild and the La Jolla Art Association. He became known as the "Dean of San Diego County artists". Early life Alfred R. "Fred" Mitchell was born on June 18, 1888, in York, Pennsylvania. His father George Mitchell (ca. 1855-1927) worked as a waiter, an insurance man, and a farmer, while his mother Carrie Swazey Mitchell (1858-1928) was a college-educated schoolteacher. Mitchell had two siblings: George Rankin Mitchell (1895-1986) and Carrie Mitchell (1898-1968). The family migrated west in 1903 and set themselves up in the hotel business in the gold country of west central Nevada. In 1908, the Mitchells moved to San Diego, California and opened what would become a successful cafeteria, "Mitchell’s." Mitchell left home as a teenager. At age 17, he was living on his own and making a living driving a stagecoach and working on the railroad in western Nevada. After a few years, however, he returned to work in the cafeteria and make up for the years of education that he had lost. In 1913, Mitchell took up the serious study of art, having approached San Diego’s most distinguished artist, landscape painter Maurice Braun, for lessons. He decided to pursue a career as a professional artist after winning a silver medal for "Coldwater Canyon, Arrowhead Hot Springs" (ca. 1914) at the 1915 Panama–California Exposition. In 1916, he enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and won the Cresson Traveling Scholarship and the Edward Bok Philadelphia Prize to visit museums in Europe in 1920; he graduated from the academy in 1921. He served in the United States Army between April 1918 and February 1919 during World War I. Life Mitchell met his future wife Dorothea Webster (1894-1985) in 1920 and married her on July 1, 1922. Dorothea was the daughter of Dr. Isaac Daniel Webster, and his wife Anna Jenkins Webster, both members of the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers. An intelligent and highly articulate woman, Dorothea matriculated at Pomona College in 1912 and graduated from the University of California, Berkeley. Dorothea Webster Mitchell helped to manage her husband’s career. She hung his first one-man show at the La Jolla Art Association’s gallery in 1923. She traveled with him, hosted picture showings at their home studio, monitored sales, and encouraged potential buyers. The Mitchells carved out studio space in apartments and rented houses before building their own house in the Golden Hill neighborhood of San Diego in 1937. Architect Lloyd Ruocco, working in the office of Richard S. Requa, designed an inexpensive but unique house that incorporated two studios. Career Mitchell produced carefully rendered realist paintings in a style known as California Impressionism or California Plein-Air Painting. Early works include "Sunset Glow, California" (1924), "Morning on the Bay" (1923-25), and "Summer Hills" (1929) that captured the beginning of San Diegoʻs suburban sprawl. In the 1920s, Mitchell and his wife took regular trips to Pennsylvania to visit family in Bucks County. His paintings of the Pennsylvania landscape include "The Delaware Valley" (1926-27) that was purchased for the San Diego Fine Arts Gallery. Mitchell exhibited with local arts organizations such as the San Diego Art Guild, founded in 1915, and the La Jolla Art Association, founded in 1918. He served as president of the San Diego Art Guild in 1922-23 and helped in the establishment of the San Diego Museum of Art. He was a member of the museum’s first board of directors. He exhibited at the San Diego Fine Arts Gallery (later the San Diego Museum of Art); the La Jolla Library; the Pacific Southwest Exposition in Long Beach, 1928; the California State Fair, 1930; the California-Pacific International Exposition, 1935; the California Art Club; the Laguna Beach Museum of Art; the Buck Hills Falls Art Association; and the Golden Gate Exposition in San Francisco. To promote the work of professional artists, Mitchell collaborated with colleagues to form the Contemporary Artists of San Diego in 1929. Founding members were Charles Reiffel, Maurice Braun, Charles A. Fries, Elliot Torrey, Otto Schneider, Leslie W. Lee, and James T. Porter, and Alfred R. Mitchell. Everett Gee Jackson, Leon Bonnet, and Donal Hord joined later. The group held six major exhibitions at the Fine Arts Gallery with a final show in 1937. Starting in 1933, Mitchell and other members of the San Diego Art Guild organized an annual Art Mart, an outdoor market on the lawn of the San Diego Public Library. Outdoor sales continued into the 1960s. Mitchell helped to establish the Chula Vista Art Guild in Chula Vista, California in 1945. He served as president of the La Jolla Art Association from 1951 to 1961. Mitchell taught painting and drawing through the Adult Education Program of the San Diego City Schools between 1922 and 1953. He offered private classes from 1923 to 1966. Mitchell’s championship of the San Diego’s art and cultural scene caused him to acknowledged as the "Dean of San Diego County artists" in 1950. Death Mitchell died on November 9, 1972, at the age of 84. His wife Dorothea Webster Mitchell survived him, living until 1984. Awards Silver Medal, Panama-California Exposition, 1915 The Cresson European Traveling Scholarship, 1920 The Philadelphia Prize, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, 1920 The Leisser-Farnham Prize, San Diego, 1937 Purchase Prize, Buck Hill Falls Art Association, Pennsylvania, 1939 Highest Award, Laguna Beach Art Association, 1940 First Prize, San Diego County Fair, 1950 and 1951 Award of Distinction, San Diego Art Institute Fiesta Del Pacifico, 1956 Invited Honorary Invitational Exhibition, Laguna Beach, 1948 Invited California Exhibition, Golden Gate International Exposition, 1939 and 1940 First Award and Purchase Prize for Oil Painting, San Diego Art Institute Annual Exhibition, 1960 Memberships California Art Club Laguna Beach Art Association San Diego Art Guild La Jolla Art Association Contemporary Artists of San Diego Chula Vista Art Guild Galleries and Public Collections Irvine Museum, Irvine, California San Diego Museum of Art San Diego Museum of Man (San Diego Museum of Us) San Diego History Center San Diego Public Library Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego Blanden Memorial Art Museum, Fort Dodge, Iowa University of West Virginia The Reading Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania Ohio Wesleyan University References ^ a b c d e f g h i j Petersen, Martin E. (Fall 1973). "ALFRED R. MITCHELL". The Journal of San Diego History. 19 (4). Retrieved February 19, 2017. ^ Petersen, Martin E. (1991). Second Nature: Four Early San Diego Landscape Painters. San Diego: San Diego Museum of Art. p. 36-45. ISBN 093710812X. ^ a b c d e Anderson, Thomas R.; Kamerling, Bruce A. (1988). Sunlight and Shadow: The Art of Alfred R. Mitchell. San Diego Historical Society. p. 3-4. ISBN 9780918740083. ^ a b "Alfred R. Mitchell- La Jolla Cove". San Diego Museum of Art. Archived from the original on February 19, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017. ^ a b c d e McClain, Molly (2022). "Portrait of the Artist's Wife: Dorothea Webster Mitchell, 1894-1985". The Journal of San Diego History. 68 (3–4): 138-182. Retrieved 21 April 2024. ^ McClain, Molly (2023). "Home: Where the Art Was". Timekeeper: The Official Newsletter of the la Jolla Historical Society. 5 (2): 9. ^ Peterson, Martin E. (1970). "Contemporary Artists of San Diego". The Journal of San Diego History. 16 (4). Retrieved 21 April 2024. ^ "CV Art Guild Will Honor Its Founder". Chula Vista Star-News. August 4, 1966. p. 14. Retrieved February 19, 2017 – via Newspapers.com. Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists RKD Artists ULAN This article about a painter from the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journalofsdhistorypetersen-1"}],"text":"Alfred R. Mitchell (1888-1972) was an American landscape painter. He was an early California Impressionist painter. Educated at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, he was the president of the San Diego Art Guild and the La Jolla Art Association. He became known as the \"Dean of San Diego County artists\".[1]","title":"Alfred R. Mitchell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"York, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journalofsdhistorypetersen-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-secondnature-2"},{"link_name":"San Diego, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunlight-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunlight-3"},{"link_name":"Maurice Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Braun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journalofsdhistorypetersen-1"},{"link_name":"Panama–California Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93California_Exposition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journalofsdhistorypetersen-1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Cresson Traveling Scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresson_Traveling_Scholarship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdmartbio-4"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journalofsdhistorypetersen-1"}],"text":"Alfred R. \"Fred\" Mitchell was born on June 18, 1888, in York, Pennsylvania.[1] His father George Mitchell (ca. 1855-1927) worked as a waiter, an insurance man, and a farmer, while his mother Carrie Swazey Mitchell (1858-1928) was a college-educated schoolteacher. Mitchell had two siblings: George Rankin Mitchell (1895-1986) and Carrie Mitchell (1898-1968).[2] The family migrated west in 1903 and set themselves up in the hotel business in the gold country of west central Nevada. In 1908, the Mitchells moved to San Diego, California and opened what would become a successful cafeteria, \"Mitchell’s.\"[3]Mitchell left home as a teenager. At age 17, he was living on his own and making a living driving a stagecoach and working on the railroad in western Nevada. After a few years, however, he returned to work in the cafeteria and make up for the years of education that he had lost.[3]In 1913, Mitchell took up the serious study of art, having approached San Diego’s most distinguished artist, landscape painter Maurice Braun, for lessons.[1] He decided to pursue a career as a professional artist after winning a silver medal for \"Coldwater Canyon, Arrowhead Hot Springs\" (ca. 1914) at the 1915 Panama–California Exposition.[1] In 1916, he enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts and won the Cresson Traveling Scholarship and the Edward Bok Philadelphia Prize to visit museums in Europe in 1920; he graduated from the academy in 1921.[4] He served in the United States Army between April 1918 and February 1919 during World War I.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"},{"link_name":"Pomona College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_College"},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorothea-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorothea-5"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Ruocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//friendsofsdarch.com/lloyd-ruocco-1907-1981/"},{"link_name":"Richard S. Requa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Requa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorothea-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Home-6"}],"text":"Mitchell met his future wife Dorothea Webster (1894-1985) in 1920 and married her on July 1, 1922. Dorothea was the daughter of Dr. Isaac Daniel Webster, and his wife Anna Jenkins Webster, both members of the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers. An intelligent and highly articulate woman, Dorothea matriculated at Pomona College in 1912 and graduated from the University of California, Berkeley.[5]Dorothea Webster Mitchell helped to manage her husband’s career. She hung his first one-man show at the La Jolla Art Association’s gallery in 1923. She traveled with him, hosted picture showings at their home studio, monitored sales, and encouraged potential buyers.[5]The Mitchells carved out studio space in apartments and rented houses before building their own house in the Golden Hill neighborhood of San Diego in 1937. Architect Lloyd Ruocco, working in the office of Richard S. Requa, designed an inexpensive but unique house that incorporated two studios.[5][6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California Impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Impressionism"},{"link_name":"California Plein-Air Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Plein-Air_Painting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunlight-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunlight-3"},{"link_name":"San Diego Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journalofsdhistorypetersen-1"},{"link_name":"San Diego Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"California-Pacific International Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California-Pacific_International_Exposition"},{"link_name":"California Art Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Art_Club"},{"link_name":"Laguna Beach Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Golden Gate Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Gate_Exposition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journalofsdhistorypetersen-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorothea-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunlight-3"},{"link_name":"Charles Reiffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Reiffel"},{"link_name":"Maurice Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Braun"},{"link_name":"Charles A. Fries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_A._Fries"},{"link_name":"Otto Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Schneider_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Everett Gee Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everett_Gee_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Donal Hord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donal_Hord"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"San Diego Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journalofsdhistorypetersen-1"},{"link_name":"Chula Vista, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chula_Vista,_California"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cvfounder-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journalofsdhistorypetersen-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dorothea-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-journalofsdhistorypetersen-1"}],"text":"Mitchell produced carefully rendered realist paintings in a style known as California Impressionism or California Plein-Air Painting. Early works include \"Sunset Glow, California\" (1924), \"Morning on the Bay\" (1923-25), and \"Summer Hills\" (1929) that captured the beginning of San Diegoʻs suburban sprawl.[3]In the 1920s, Mitchell and his wife took regular trips to Pennsylvania to visit family in Bucks County. His paintings of the Pennsylvania landscape include \"The Delaware Valley\" (1926-27) that was purchased for the San Diego Fine Arts Gallery.[3]Mitchell exhibited with local arts organizations such as the San Diego Art Guild, founded in 1915, and the La Jolla Art Association, founded in 1918. He served as president of the San Diego Art Guild in 1922-23 and helped in the establishment of the San Diego Museum of Art. He was a member of the museum’s first board of directors.[1] He exhibited at the San Diego Fine Arts Gallery (later the San Diego Museum of Art); the La Jolla Library; the Pacific Southwest Exposition in Long Beach, 1928; the California State Fair, 1930; the California-Pacific International Exposition, 1935; the California Art Club; the Laguna Beach Museum of Art; the Buck Hills Falls Art Association; and the Golden Gate Exposition in San Francisco.[1][5][3]To promote the work of professional artists, Mitchell collaborated with colleagues to form the Contemporary Artists of San Diego in 1929. Founding members were Charles Reiffel, Maurice Braun, Charles A. Fries, Elliot Torrey, Otto Schneider, Leslie W. Lee, and James T. Porter, and Alfred R. Mitchell. Everett Gee Jackson, Leon Bonnet, and Donal Hord joined later. The group held six major exhibitions at the Fine Arts Gallery with a final show in 1937.[7]Starting in 1933, Mitchell and other members of the San Diego Art Guild organized an annual Art Mart, an outdoor market on the lawn of the San Diego Public Library. Outdoor sales continued into the 1960s.[1]Mitchell helped to establish the Chula Vista Art Guild in Chula Vista, California in 1945.[8] He served as president of the La Jolla Art Association from 1951 to 1961.[1]Mitchell taught painting and drawing through the Adult Education Program of the San Diego City Schools between 1922 and 1953. He offered private classes from 1923 to 1966.[5]Mitchell’s championship of the San Diego’s art and cultural scene caused him to acknowledged as the \"Dean of San Diego County artists\" in 1950.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdmartbio-4"}],"text":"Mitchell died on November 9, 1972, at the age of 84. His wife Dorothea Webster Mitchell survived him, living until 1984.[4]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panama-California Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama-California_Exposition"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Laguna Beach Art Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Beach_Art_Association"}],"text":"Silver Medal, Panama-California Exposition, 1915\nThe Cresson European Traveling Scholarship, 1920\nThe Philadelphia Prize, Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, 1920\nThe Leisser-Farnham Prize, San Diego, 1937\nPurchase Prize, Buck Hill Falls Art Association, Pennsylvania, 1939\nHighest Award, Laguna Beach Art Association, 1940\nFirst Prize, San Diego County Fair, 1950 and 1951\nAward of Distinction, San Diego Art Institute Fiesta Del Pacifico, 1956\nInvited Honorary Invitational Exhibition, Laguna Beach, 1948\nInvited California Exhibition, Golden Gate International Exposition, 1939 and 1940\nFirst Award and Purchase Prize for Oil Painting, San Diego Art Institute Annual Exhibition, 1960","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"California Art Club\nLaguna Beach Art Association\nSan Diego Art Guild\nLa Jolla Art Association\nContemporary Artists of San Diego\nChula Vista Art Guild","title":"Memberships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irvine Museum, Irvine, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.irvinemuseum.org/"},{"link_name":"San Diego Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"San Diego Museum of Us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Museum_of_Us"},{"link_name":"San Diego History Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sandiegohistory.org/"},{"link_name":"San Diego Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Sharp Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"University of West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_West_Virginia"}],"text":"Irvine Museum, Irvine, California\nSan Diego Museum of Art\nSan Diego Museum of Man (San Diego Museum of Us)\nSan Diego History Center\nSan Diego Public Library\nSharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego\nBlanden Memorial Art Museum, Fort Dodge, Iowa\nUniversity of West Virginia\nThe Reading Museum, Reading, Pennsylvania\nOhio Wesleyan University","title":"Galleries and Public Collections"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Petersen, Martin E. (Fall 1973). \"ALFRED R. MITCHELL\". The Journal of San Diego History. 19 (4). Retrieved February 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1973/october/mitchell/","url_text":"\"ALFRED R. MITCHELL\""}]},{"reference":"Petersen, Martin E. (1991). Second Nature: Four Early San Diego Landscape Painters. San Diego: San Diego Museum of Art. p. 36-45. ISBN 093710812X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/093710812X","url_text":"093710812X"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Thomas R.; Kamerling, Bruce A. (1988). Sunlight and Shadow: The Art of Alfred R. Mitchell. San Diego Historical Society. p. 3-4. ISBN 9780918740083.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780918740083","url_text":"9780918740083"}]},{"reference":"\"Alfred R. Mitchell- La Jolla Cove\". San Diego Museum of Art. Archived from the original on February 19, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170219183208/http://www.sdmart.org/education/video-library/alfred-r-mitchell-la-jolla-cove","url_text":"\"Alfred R. Mitchell- La Jolla Cove\""},{"url":"http://www.sdmart.org/education/video-library/alfred-r-mitchell-la-jolla-cove","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McClain, Molly (2022). \"Portrait of the Artist's Wife: Dorothea Webster Mitchell, 1894-1985\". The Journal of San Diego History. 68 (3–4): 138-182. Retrieved 21 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/2023/april/fall-winter-2022/","url_text":"\"Portrait of the Artist's Wife: Dorothea Webster Mitchell, 1894-1985\""}]},{"reference":"McClain, Molly (2023). \"Home: Where the Art Was\". Timekeeper: The Official Newsletter of the la Jolla Historical Society. 5 (2): 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Peterson, Martin E. (1970). \"Contemporary Artists of San Diego\". The Journal of San Diego History. 16 (4). Retrieved 21 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/1970/october/artists/","url_text":"\"Contemporary Artists of San Diego\""}]},{"reference":"\"CV Art Guild Will Honor Its Founder\". Chula Vista Star-News. August 4, 1966. p. 14. Retrieved February 19, 2017 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/116214649/?terms=%22Alfred%2BR.%2BMitchell%22","url_text":"\"CV Art Guild Will Honor Its Founder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://friendsofsdarch.com/lloyd-ruocco-1907-1981/","external_links_name":"Lloyd Ruocco"},{"Link":"http://www.irvinemuseum.org/","external_links_name":"Irvine Museum, Irvine, California"},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegohistory.org/","external_links_name":"San Diego History Center"},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1973/october/mitchell/","external_links_name":"\"ALFRED R. MITCHELL\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170219183208/http://www.sdmart.org/education/video-library/alfred-r-mitchell-la-jolla-cove","external_links_name":"\"Alfred R. Mitchell- La Jolla Cove\""},{"Link":"http://www.sdmart.org/education/video-library/alfred-r-mitchell-la-jolla-cove","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/2023/april/fall-winter-2022/","external_links_name":"\"Portrait of the Artist's Wife: Dorothea Webster Mitchell, 1894-1985\""},{"Link":"https://sandiegohistory.org/journal/1970/october/artists/","external_links_name":"\"Contemporary Artists of San Diego\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/116214649/?terms=%22Alfred%2BR.%2BMitchell%22","external_links_name":"\"CV Art Guild Will Honor Its Founder\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/226868/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/26149842","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMB6jmvrHGqCxJ6QDg8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88079272","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/207445","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500117032","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_R._Mitchell&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_National_Liberation_Army	Kaminski Brigade	["1 History","1.1 In Russia","1.2 Russian People's Liberation Army","1.3 In Belarus","1.4 Volksheer-Brigade","1.5 Waffen-Sturm-Brigade","1.6 In Warsaw","1.7 In Slovakia","2 Dissolution","3 After the war","4 Ranks and insignia","5 Commanders","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Footnotes","7.2 Bibliography"]	Nazi collaborationist unit in Axis-occupied Russia This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (January 2010) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONABrigade's commanding officers during the suppression of the Warsaw Uprising, August 1944ActiveNovember 1941 – October 1944DisbandedOctober 19441951Allegiance Nazi GermanyBranch Waffen-SS (1944)TypeAuxiliary policeRoleBandenbekämpfungSizeBrigadeColorsWhite, Blue, and RedCommandersNotablecommandersBronislav KaminskiChristoph DiehmInsigniaShoulder patchMilitary unit The RONA insignia Kaminski Brigade, also known as Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA, was a collaborationist formation composed of Russian nationals from the territory of the Lokot Autonomy in Axis-occupied areas of the RSFSR, Soviet Union on the Eastern Front. It was known for loose discipline, drunkenness and extreme brutality, which shocked even hardened SS veterans. It was founded in late 1941 as auxiliary police with 200 personnel. By mid-1943 it had grown to 10,000–12,000 men, equipped with captured Soviet tanks and artillery. Bronislav Kaminski, the unit's leader, named it the Russian People's Liberation Army (Russian: Русская освободительная народная армия (РОНА), romanized: Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya, (RONA)). After the Wehrmacht lost the Battle of Kursk in August 1943, RONA personnel retreated to the territory of Byelorussia, especially to the Lepel area of Vitebsk, where they participated in German security operations, committing numerous atrocities against the civilian population. The unit was absorbed into the Waffen-SS in June 1944. After Operation Bagration (June to August 1944), the RONA retreated further west, and by the end of July 1944, the remains of the Kaminski unit (3 to 4 thousand—some sources estimate 6 to 7 thousand) assembled at the SS training camp at Neuhammer (now Świętoszów). On the base of the Kaminski unit, SS leaders planned to form an SS division – the 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS RONA (1st Russian). The Warsaw Uprising began on the same day that Heinrich Himmler signed an order for the establishment of the division (1 August 1944). The division formation was never implemented and part of the brigade was sent to Warsaw, where the unit again committed numerous atrocities. It murdered 10,000 Poles on the 19th of August alone. Kaminski was later executed on the orders of Himmler. By August 27, 1944, having found the brigade too undisciplined and unreliable, the German commanders removed it from Warsaw. The unit was sent to Slovakia, and deployed against Slovak partisans. After the end of October 1944 the brigade was disbanded and the remaining personnel absorbed into General Andrey Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army. After the war, former members of the brigade and supporters of the Lokot Autonomy formed a partisan movement, which slowly degenerated into organized crime groups and was suppressed in 1951. History In Russia Main article: Lokot Autonomy In October 1941, the Nazi Germany military advance into the Soviet Union reached Lokot area near the city of Bryansk and captured it on October 6, 1941. In November 1941, an engineer at the local alcohol plant, Bronislav Kaminski, and a local technical school teacher, Konstantin Voskoboinik, approached the German military administration with proposals to assist them in establishing a civil administration and local police. The Lokot area was, before the beginning of the war on the Eastern Front, designated for the incarceration of people forbidden to return to their previous homes in major cities of the Soviet Union – as Kaminski himself was. Voskoboinik was appointed by the Germans as starosta of the "Lokot volost" and head of the local militia unit. The militia headed by Voskoboinik began with 200 men, and was to assist the Germans in conducting their different activities, which included murders of civilians loyal to or accused of loyalty to the Soviet authorities or Soviet partisans. By January 1942 militia numbers were increased to 400–500. During a targeted raid under the command of Alexander Saburov on January 8, 1942, Voskoboinik was mortally wounded. After his death Kaminski took over command and expanded the militia. In co-operation with German forces, the militia began anti-partisan operations and by the spring of 1942, its number increased to 1,400 armed personnel. The estimated number of Soviet partisans in this area was as high as 20,000 – they controlled almost the entire rear area of Army Group Center's area of operations. In mid-March 1942, Kaminski's representative assured the German Second Panzer Army at Orel that Kaminski's unit was "ready to actively fight the guerillas" and to carry on a propaganda campaign against "Jew-Bolshevism" and Soviet partisans. Thereafter, commander of 2nd Army Generaloberst Rudolf Schmidt appointed Kaminski as mayor of the Army Rear Area 532 with its center in the town of Lokot. On 19 July 1942, after approval from Commander of Army Group Centre,Field Marshal Günther von Kluge, Schmidt and 532 Area commander Volksdeutsche, Kaminski received a certain degree of autonomy and nominal self-rule and self-governing powers under the supervision of Major von Veltheim and Colonel Rübsam. Kaminski was made a chief major of the Autonomous Administration of Lokot (comprising eight raions) and brigade commander of the local militia. Emblem of the 29th SS Division RONA (stylized Cross of St. George) Starting in June 1942, Kaminski's militia took part in the major action codenamed Operation Vogelsang as a part of Generalleutnant Werner Freiherr von und zu Gilsa's Kampfgruppe (taskforce) Gilsa II. This unit included one Panzer regiment from 5th Panzer Division, elements of 216th Infantery Division, the Kaminski militia, and elements of the Hungarian 102nd Light Division and 108th Light Division. The militia, serving as guides, scouts and translators, stayed with Kampfgruppe Gilsa II until it was disbanded in October 1942. The official results of this operation, the first major one where Kaminski's troops participated, were 1,193 alleged partisans killed, 1,400 wounded, 498 captured, 12,531 civilians "evacuated". The Kampfgruppe suffered 58 killed and 130 wounded from a strength of over 6,500. Russian People's Liberation Army Kaminski now decided to give his militia an official title. He decided on the Russian People's Liberation Army (Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya, RONA). In autumn 1942 Kaminski ordered an obligatory draft into the militia of all able-bodied men. Units were also reinforced from the "volunteers" drafted among Soviet POWs at nearby Nazi concentration camps. From 1941 on, due to lack of fuel and minor mechanical failures, Kaminski's unit was ordered to collect abandoned Soviet tanks and armored cars, and by November 1942, his unit was in possession of at least two BT-7 tanks and one 76 mm artillery system. Due to the lack of military dress and boots (some units were barefoot), the Germans provided used uniforms for Kaminski's brigade, sufficient for only 4 battalions. By late 1942, the militia of the Lokot Autonomy had expanded to the size of a 14-battalion brigade, close to 8,000 armed men. From November 19, 1942 till December 1942, Lokot was inspected under the orders of Alfred Rosenberg. As of January 1943, the brigade numbered 9828 men; the armoured unit of the brigade had one heavy KV-II, two medium T-34, three BT-7 and two BT-5 light tanks, and three armored cars (BA-10, 2 BA-20). In the spring of 1943, the brigade's structure was reorganized – there were 5 regiments created with 3 battalions each, an anti-aircraft battalion (3 AAA guns and 4 heavy machine guns), and an armoured unit. A separate "guard" battalion was created; brigade strength was estimated up to 12,000 in total. Prior to Operation Citadel, the massive offensive to destroy the Kursk salient, in May–June 1943 the brigade took part in Operation Zigeunerbaron ("Gypsy Baron") together with other German units. This operation was followed by similar operations – Freischütz and Tannhäuser. The brigade, together with other units under German command, was involved in action against partisans and also took part in reprisal operations against the civilian population. In the summer of 1943, the brigade began to suffer major desertions due in part to the recent Soviet victories and to the efforts of the partisans to "turn" as many of Kaminski's troops as possible. As a part of these efforts, several attempts on Kaminski's life were made. Each time, Kaminski narrowly avoided death and punished the conspirators with execution. Several German officers passing through Lokot reported seeing bodies hanging from gallows outside Kaminski's headquarters. Fearing a breakdown in command, a German liaison staff was attached to Kaminski's HQ to restructure the brigade and return stability to the unit. At this time the strength of the unit was estimated at up to 8,500 men. The armoured unit of the brigade had one heavy KV-II, four medium T-34, three BT-5 light tanks, one T-37 amphibious tank, one armoured car (BA-10) and two armoured carriers. After the failure of Citadel, the Soviet counter-offensives forced the brigade, along with their families, to flee with the retreating Germans. On July 29, 1944, Kaminski issued orders for the evacuation of property and families of RONA brigade members and Lokot authorities. Up to 30,000 persons (10-11,000 of them brigade members) were transferred by the Germans to the Lepel area of Vitebsk in Belarus by the end of August 1943. According to post-war Soviet estimates up to 10,000 civilians were killed during the existence of the Kaminski formation. In Belarus The brigade finally settled in the Lepel area of Vitebsk. This area was overrun by partisans, and the brigade was involved in heavy combat in this area for the rest of the year. During the retreat, desertions from the brigade increased greatly, and the entire formation seemed close to disintegration. When the commander of the Second Regiment, Major Tarasov, decided to join the partisans with all his regiment (he was offered amnesty if his entire regiment joined the partisans), Kaminski flew to Tarosov's headquarters and, according to one account, strangled him and 8 others in front of his men. Despite the threat of repercussions up to 200 men deserted within the following two days. By the beginning of October 1943 the brigade had lost 2/3 of its personnel, while still being in possession of 12 tanks (8 of them T-34's), one 122-mm, 3– 76 mm and 8 45 mm artillery systems. On January 27, 1944, Himmler rewarded Kaminski's "achievements" by decorating him with the Iron Cross 2nd Class and on the same day the Iron Cross 1st Class. On February 15, 1944, Kaminski issued an order to relocate the brigade and administration further west to the Dzyatlovo area of West Belarus. Volksheer-Brigade Bronislav Kaminski and personnel of the Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski operation "Frühlingsfest", Belarus, May 1944 At this point, the brigade's ranks were replenished by the addition of police forces from Belarus. In March 1944, the brigade was renamed Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski. Starting on April 11, 1944, it was attached to SS-Kampfgruppe von Gottberg, which also included the notorious Dirlewanger Brigade, and participated in a series of anti-partisan operations: Regenschauer (up to 7,000 partisans reported as killed), Frühlingsfest (7,011 partisans reported as killed and 1,065 weapons captured) and Kormoran (7,697 partisans reported as killed and 325 weapons captured). During these operations local civilians were shot as "suspected partisans" or deported as slave laborers, their villages burned down. Waffen-Sturm-Brigade In June 1944, the brigade was absorbed as part of the Waffen-SS. With its transfer to the Waffen-SS, the brigade was renamed Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA, and Kaminski was given the rank of Waffen-Brigadeführer der SS, as the only man with such rank. As a result of the Operation Bagration, anti-partisan activities of the brigade were halted and its personnel (3,000-7,000, sources vary) collected at the SS training camp Neuhammer and plans were made for a non-German SS division, and the structure was laid down for the 29.Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr.1) based on the brigade by an order issued August 1, 1944. On the same day, Kaminski received a new rank of Waffen-Brigadeführer and General-Major of Waffen-SS. In Warsaw The Warsaw Uprising, which started on August 1, 1944, changed Himmler's plans and, on August 4, 1944, a combat ready regiment of the brigade was ordered to assist the efforts in crushing the uprising. SS-Gruppenführer Heinz Reinefarth was placed in charge of Kampfgruppe Reinfarth, a pacification unit which consisted of the Kaminski Brigade along with the Dirlewanger Brigade, several other Ordnungspolizei and SS rear area units. Himmler personally requested Kaminski's assistance, and the latter obliged by gathering a task force of 1,700 unmarried men and sending them (some sources state they had four T-34 tanks, one SU-76 and a few artillery pieces) to Warsaw as the mixed regiment under field command of Kaminski's chief-of-staff, SS-Sturmbannführer Ivan Frolov. Frolov in 1945 stated that regiment had up to 1600 men and seven artillery pieces and four mortars. Kaminski volunteers were first given the task of clearing the Ochota district defended by only 300 poorly armed Poles. Their attack was planned for the morning of August 5, but when the time came, Kaminski's men could not be found. After some searching, they were found looting abandoned houses in the rear. The attack finally got underway shortly before noon and it went poorly, with the brigade advancing only 275 meters before nightfall. The men had neither training for nor prior experience in urban combat. For many it was the first time they had even seen a major city and they fought poorly while suffering high casualties. At the same time, thousands of Polish civilians were killed by the RONA SS men during the events known as the Ochota massacre; many of the victims were also raped. In the middle of the month, the Kaminski was moved north to the Wola sector, but it fared no better in combat there than in Ochota. In one incident, a sub-unit had stopped their advance to loot a captured building on the front line and was consequently cut off and destroyed by the Poles. By August 27, the German commanders decided the brigade was too undisciplined and unreliable. In almost a month of fighting, the brigade had still not achieved any of its major objectives. The German commander in Warsaw, SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, stated in post war trials that the unit "had no military combat value whatsoever, with both officers and soldiers having not even a hint of tactical understanding. "I saw Kaminski's men removing entire cartloads of stolen jewellery, gold watches, and precious stones. The capture of a liquor supply was more important for the brigade than the seizure of a position commanding the same street. Each assault was instantly stopped, because after taking the objective over, units dispersed into loose, plundering hordes." Kaminski himself was involved in the looting in Warsaw, claiming he was collecting for his "Russian Liberation Fund". Major General Günter Rohr, commander of Warsaw's southern sector, demanded that the brigade be removed from his command. Bach-Zelewski agreed as the troublesome unit was slowing his efforts to suppress the uprising. As soon as replacement units were available, the Kaminski was pulled out of the line after losing about 500 men in combat during the fighting in Warsaw. The RONA volunteers, now decimated and infamous even among the SS, were then assigned to the Kampinos Forest to help seal off Warsaw. During their stay in the forest, the unit's artillery battery and one of its infantry battalions were suddenly attacked by 80 Polish partisans led by Lieutenant Colonel "Dolina" (Adolf Pilch) while stationed at the emptied village of Truskaw. Nearly 100 Russian and German SS-men died in the midnight assault. The remnants of the battalion, which was mostly drunk at the time of the attack, fled in disarray, abandoning their weapons as they fled. In Truskaw, the 1st Regiment lost its entire artillery and much of the stolen merchandise from the city. According to some Polish sources, 250 RONA troops were killed during the night of September 2–3 in the raid on Truskaw, and 100 more in the raid on the village of Marianów the next night. A captured diary of the Kaminski brigade soldier, Ivan Vashenko, (killed at Truskaw) was published in Poland in 1947. At the time of the Warsaw actions, Kaminski was called to Łódź to attend a leadership conference. He never reached it. Officially, Polish partisans were blamed for an alleged ambush in which Kaminski and a few RONA officials (including brigade chief-of-staff Obersturmbannführer Ilya Shavykin) were killed. Some sources say he was placed in front of a military tribunal and then shot by a firing squad, others that he was shot when he was captured by the Gestapo. The death of Kaminski and the unreliability of his troops as a combat unit brought the plans to expand the Kaminski Brigade to a division to an end. After Kaminski's death, his unit was placed under the command of the SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor der Polizei Christoph Diehm. In Slovakia As the front line approached again, the remnants of the brigade and accompanying civilian refugees were due to be evacuated to Hungary, but the start of the Slovak National Uprising left it stranded in railway trains near Racibórz in southern Poland. From September 27, 1944 the brigade was under overall command of SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Jürs . In October, after inspection of the brigade personnel in the Raum Kattowitz, the Germans decided to absorb the remnants of Kaminski's brigade into General Andrey Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army. Dissolution From November 1944, remnants of the brigade (some sources estimated its strength at up to 2,000) forwarded into the military training camp Münsingen, with a formation of the 600. Infanterie-Division (russisch) as part of Andrey Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army. The former RONA were used to form one of the division's regiments. Accompanying civilians were sent to work in Pomerania. After the war After the end of World War II in Europe, some of the former RONA and Lokot personnel were repatriated by Western Allies to the Soviet Union. At the end of 1946 a Military Court of the USSR handed death sentences to Ivan Frolov and several others. Some of the returned members of the brigade and supporters of the Lokot Autonomy formed partisan groups around Lokot; the movement slowly degenerated into crime groups, and the last large group was eliminated in 1951. In the 1950s and 1960s in the USSR, dozens of other former members were found, some of them also convicted and sentenced to death. The last member of Lokot/RONA personnel to be prosecuted was Antonina Makarova, who was responsible for at least 168 executions, but likely about 1500 executions. Makarova was arrested in 1978. She was convicted of treason, sentenced to death, and executed in 1979. Ranks and insignia The ranks from May 1943 to June, 1944 were: Insignia Rank Transliteration Comparative rank in the German Army Collar Shoulder Полковник Polkovnik Oberst Подполковник Podpolkovnik Oberstleutnant Майор Mayor Major Капитан Kapitan Hauptmann Старший лейтенант Starshiy leytenant Oberleutnant Лейтенант Leytenant Leutnant Фельдфебель Fel'dfebel' Feldwebel Унтер-офицер Unter-ofitser Unteroffizier Ефрейтор Yefreytor Gefreiter Рядовой Ryadovoy Grenadier Source: In 1942 – white arm bands with a St. George's cross. From May 1943 – arm-badge white shield with red borders with black St. George's cross. In the upper part a yellow abbreviation "POHA". Some sources noted that the Nazi swastika also appeared on the brigade banner. Commanders No. Portrait Commander Took office Left office Time in office 1 Voskoboinik, KonstantinKonstantin Voskoboinik(1895–1942)16 October 19418 January 1942 †84 days 2 Kaminski, BronislavWaffen-Brigadeführer der SSBronislav Kaminski(1899–1944)8 January 194218 August 19442 years, 223 days 3 Diehm, ChristophSS-BrigadeführerChristoph Diehm(1892–1960)20 August 194427 September 194440 days 4 Jürs, HeinrichSS-GruppenführerHeinrich Jürs (1897–1945)27 September 1944October 1944<1 month See also List of German divisions in World War II List of Waffen-SS divisions Ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts References Footnotes ^ a b Rolf-Dieter Mueller, The Unknown Eastern Front, (Palgrave Macmillan, New York 2012), p. 222. ^ Finder, Gabriel N.; Prusin, Alexander V. (2018). Justice Behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on Trial in Communist Poland. University of Toronto Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-4875-2268-1. ^ Bishop, Chris (2003). SS: Hell on the Western Front. Staplehurst: Spellmount. p. 91–92. ISBN 1-86227-185-2. ^ Bishop, Chris (2003). SS: Hell on the Western Front. Staplehurst: Spellmount. p. 91–92. ISBN 1-86227-185-2. ^ a b Чуев, Сергей (2004). Проклятые солдаты (in Russian). Эксмо. ISBN 9785699059706. Отдельные очаги сопротивления на Брянщине продолжали партизанскую войну до 1951 года, постепенно вырождаясь в бандгруппы... В бою с одной из таких групп при задержании её главаря был тяжело ранен начальник Комаричского отделения госбезопасности капитан Ковалёв. ^ a b Грибков, Иван (2008). Хозяин брянских лесов (in Russian). Москва. ISBN 9785880670734. Действуя мелкими разрозненными группами, повстанцы, тем не менее, причиняют серьезное беспокойство советским властям. <...> Однако изолированное от внешних сил повстанчество постепенно вырождается в бандитизм. Последняя крупная банда, действовавшая несколько лет, была ликвидирована в 1951 г. в деревне Лагеревка («Финляндия»).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ "Between the two dictatorships". Military Literature (in Russian). Retrieved 21 April 2013. ^ a b c Феликс ДУНАЕВ. "Guerilla Republic". The administration of the Bryansk region (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 May 2013 – via Internet Archive, 3 May 2013. ^ Willis, Major Bob E. "After the Blitzkrieg: The German Army's Transition to Defeat in the East". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013. ^ Howell, Edgar M. (1997). The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941-1944. Merriam Press. p. 99. ISBN 9781576380147. ^ (in Polish) Rosyjska Narodowa Armia Wyzwoleńcza Archived 2008-04-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in Polish) VII Obwód "Obroża" Okręgu Warszawskiego Armii Krajowej Archived 2009-01-16 at the Wayback Machine ^ (in Polish) Dziennik Iwana Waszenko — Dzieje Najnowsze, zesz. 2, 1947, p. 324—335 ^ "29". Lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de. Retrieved 2013-10-25. ^ "хГ ХЯРНПХХ нРЕВЕЯРБЕММНИ БНИМШ: ЯНБЕРЯЙЮЪ ДЕБСЬЙЮ рНМЪ ПЮЯЯРПЕКЪКЮ 1500 ДЕРЕИ, ФЕМЫХМ Х ЯРЮПХЙНБ — апъмяй.RU". Briansk.ru. Retrieved 2013-10-25. ^ "OKH/GenStdH/GenQu/IVa/Tgb No 14124/43 von 29. Mai 1943." Русское Освободительное Движение 1917 - 1945 Retrieved 2020-04-24. Bibliography Untermenschen in SS Uniforms: 30th Waffen-Grenadier Division of Waffen SS Leonid Rein The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 1556–3006, Volume 20, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 329–345 Bishop C. Zagraniczne formacje SS. Zagraniczni ochotnicy w Waffen-SS w latach 1940–1945. Warszawa, 2006 GEORG TESSIN Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945 VIERTER BAND: Die Landstreitkräfte 15–30 VERLAG E. S. MITTLER & SOHN GMBH. – FRANKFURT/MAIN 1970 GEORG TESSIN Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945 SECHSTER BAND: Die Landstreitkräfte 71-13 0 BIBLI O VERLAG OSNABRÜCK 1972 vteWaffen-SS brigadesPanzer Gross Westfalen 150 Panzer-grenadier Schuldt 4 Nederland 49 51 Sturmbrigade Wallonia Langemarck Reichsführer SS France Dirlewanger Kaminski Cavalry SS Cavalry Brigade Infantry 1st SS Infantry Brigade 2nd SS Infantry Brigade 3 Estonian Landstorm Nederland 1 Italian Charlemagne (1 French) 1 Belarussian Police Schutzmannschaft-Brigade Siegling Units marked in bold were officially named "volunteer". See also: List of Waffen-SS units, List of Waffen-SS brigades vteSchutzstaffel (SS)Branches Allgemeine SS SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV) Waffen-SS Leadership Reichsführer-SS SS and police leader SS commands Allgemeine-SS regional commands Leaders Julius Schreck Joseph Berchtold Erhard Heiden Heinrich Himmler Karl Hanke Main departments Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS Command Staff Reichsführer-SS SS Main Office SS Medical Corps Head Operational Office Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Economics and Administration Office Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA) Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI) Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV) Courts Office Personnel Office Education Office Ideological institutions Ahnenerbe Das Schwarze Korps SS-Junker Schools Lebensborn Police and security services Uniformed police (Orpo) Schutzpolizei (Schupo) Criminal police (Kripo) Secret State Police (Gestapo) State Security Police (SiPo) SS Security Service (SD) Customs Border Guards (ZGS) Führer protection SS-Begleitkommando des Führers Reichssicherheitsdienst Waffen-SS unitsParamilitary Einsatzgruppen Schutzmannschaft Byelorussian Latvian Lithuanian Ukrainian Estonian Rollkommando Hamann Arajs Kommando Selbstschutz Volksdeutscher Trawnikis Order Police battalions Hiwi Security Battalions (Greece) Waffen-SS divisions SS-Verfügungstruppe (SS-VT) Leibstandarte (LSSAH) SS Division Das Reich SS Division Totenkopf SS Polizei Division SS Division Wiking Foreign SS units Austrian SS Germanic-SS Germaansche SS in Nederland Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen Germanske SS Norge Schalburg Corps British Free Corps Kaminski Brigade Finnish Volunteer Battalion SS-controlled enterprises Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe German Earth and Stone Works (DEST) Ostindustrie German Equipment Works Klinker-Zement Allach porcelain Apollinaris Mattoni Sudetenquell Anton Loibl vteRussian collaborationism with the Axis powersPolitical organizations Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (KONR) Lokot Autonomy National Socialist Party of Russia Russian People's Labour Party Zuyev Republic Combat formations Russian Liberation Army Kaminski Brigade XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps 1st Cossack Cavalry Division First Russian National Army Russian National People's Army Russian Protective Corps 1st SS Special Regiment Waräger 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS People Sergei Bunyachenko Vladimir Gil Bronislav Kaminski Sultan Klych-Girey Pyotr Krasnov Constantine Kromiadi Antonina Makarova Vasily Malyshkin Viktor Maltsev Mikhail Meandrov Vyacheslav Naumenko Mikhail Oktan Anatoly Rogozhin Igor Sakharov Andrei Shkuro Boris Shteifon Wilfried Strik-Strikfeldt Sergey Taboritsky Fyodor Truhin Andrey Vlasov Konstantin Voskoboinik See also Eastern Front of World War II Prague uprising Lienz extradition Russian Fascist Party National Alliance of Russian Solidarists Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaminski%27s_RONAshevron_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"collaborationist formation composed of Russian nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Lokot Autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy"},{"link_name":"Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"RSFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolf-Dieter_Mueller_2012_p._222-1"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"auxiliary police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzmannschaft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolf-Dieter_Mueller_2012_p._222-1"},{"link_name":"Bronislav Kaminski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk"},{"link_name":"the territory of Byelorussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Lepel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepel"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"German security operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop-3"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"Operation Bagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"Świętoszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tosz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bishop2-4"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Slovak partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_partisans"},{"link_name":"Andrey Vlasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Vlasov"},{"link_name":"Russian Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gr-6"}],"text":"Military unitThe RONA insigniaKaminski Brigade, also known as Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA, was a collaborationist formation composed of Russian nationals from the territory of the Lokot Autonomy in Axis-occupied areas of the RSFSR, Soviet Union on the Eastern Front.[1] It was known for loose discipline, drunkenness and extreme brutality, which shocked even hardened SS veterans.[2]It was founded in late 1941 as auxiliary police with 200 personnel. By mid-1943 it had grown to 10,000–12,000 men, equipped with captured Soviet tanks and artillery.[1] Bronislav Kaminski, the unit's leader, named it the Russian People's Liberation Army (Russian: Русская освободительная народная армия (РОНА), romanized: Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya, (RONA)).After the Wehrmacht lost the Battle of Kursk in August 1943, RONA personnel retreated to the territory of Byelorussia, especially to the Lepel area of Vitebsk, where they participated in German security operations, committing numerous atrocities against the civilian population.[3] The unit was absorbed into the Waffen-SS in June 1944. After Operation Bagration (June to August 1944), the RONA retreated further west, and by the end of July 1944, the remains of the Kaminski unit (3 to 4 thousand—some sources estimate 6 to 7 thousand) assembled at the SS training camp at Neuhammer (now Świętoszów). On the base of the Kaminski unit, SS leaders planned to form an SS division – the 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS RONA (1st Russian).The Warsaw Uprising began on the same day that Heinrich Himmler signed an order for the establishment of the division (1 August 1944). The division formation was never implemented and part of the brigade was sent to Warsaw, where the unit again committed numerous atrocities. It murdered 10,000 Poles on the 19th of August alone.[4] Kaminski was later executed on the orders of Himmler. By August 27, 1944, having found the brigade too undisciplined and unreliable, the German commanders removed it from Warsaw. The unit was sent to Slovakia, and deployed against Slovak partisans. After the end of October 1944 the brigade was disbanded and the remaining personnel absorbed into General Andrey Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army.After the war, former members of the brigade and supporters of the Lokot Autonomy formed a partisan movement, which slowly degenerated into organized crime groups and was suppressed in 1951.[5][6]","title":"Kaminski Brigade"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Lokot area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy"},{"link_name":"Bryansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryansk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)"},{"link_name":"Bronislav Kaminski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Voskoboinik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Voskoboinik"},{"link_name":"war on the Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"starosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starosta"},{"link_name":"volost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volost"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debryansk-8"},{"link_name":"Soviet partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_partisans"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debryansk-8"},{"link_name":"Alexander Saburov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Saburov"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debryansk-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Second Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"Orel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryol"},{"link_name":"2nd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Generaloberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaloberst"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"Army Group Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Centre"},{"link_name":"Günther von Kluge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge"},{"link_name":"Volksdeutsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksdeutsche"},{"link_name":"autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy"},{"link_name":"raions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:29._Waffen-SS-_Grenadier-Division_%E2%80%9ERona%E2%80%9D_(1._russisch).svg"},{"link_name":"Cross of St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_St._George"},{"link_name":"Generalleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalleutnant"},{"link_name":"Werner Freiherr von und zu Gilsa's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Gilsa"},{"link_name":"5th Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"216th Infantery Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/216th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"scouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"}],"sub_title":"In Russia","text":"In October 1941, the Nazi Germany military advance into the Soviet Union reached Lokot area near the city of Bryansk and captured it on October 6, 1941.[7] In November 1941, an engineer at the local alcohol plant, Bronislav Kaminski, and a local technical school teacher, Konstantin Voskoboinik, approached the German military administration with proposals to assist them in establishing a civil administration and local police. The Lokot area was, before the beginning of the war on the Eastern Front, designated for the incarceration of people forbidden to return to their previous homes in major cities of the Soviet Union – as Kaminski himself was. Voskoboinik was appointed by the Germans as starosta of the \"Lokot volost\" and head of the local militia unit.[8]The militia headed by Voskoboinik began with 200 men, and was to assist the Germans in conducting their different activities, which included murders of civilians loyal to or accused of loyalty to the Soviet authorities or Soviet partisans. By January 1942 militia numbers were increased to 400–500.[8]During a targeted raid under the command of Alexander Saburov on January 8, 1942, Voskoboinik was mortally wounded. After his death Kaminski took over command and expanded the militia.[8][9]In co-operation with German forces, the militia began anti-partisan operations and by the spring of 1942, its number increased to 1,400 armed personnel. The estimated number of Soviet partisans in this area was as high as 20,000 – they controlled almost the entire rear area of Army Group Center's area of operations.[10]In mid-March 1942, Kaminski's representative assured the German Second Panzer Army at Orel that Kaminski's unit was \"ready to actively fight the guerillas\" and to carry on a propaganda campaign against \"Jew-Bolshevism\" and Soviet partisans. Thereafter, commander of 2nd Army Generaloberst Rudolf Schmidt appointed Kaminski as mayor of the Army Rear Area 532 with its center in the town of Lokot. On 19 July 1942, after approval from Commander of Army Group Centre,Field Marshal Günther von Kluge, Schmidt and 532 Area commander Volksdeutsche, Kaminski received a certain degree of autonomy and nominal self-rule and self-governing powers under the supervision of Major von Veltheim and Colonel Rübsam.Kaminski was made a chief major of the Autonomous Administration of Lokot (comprising eight raions) and brigade commander of the local militia.Emblem of the 29th SS Division RONA (stylized Cross of St. George)Starting in June 1942, Kaminski's militia took part in the major action codenamed Operation Vogelsang as a part of Generalleutnant Werner Freiherr von und zu Gilsa's Kampfgruppe (taskforce) Gilsa II. This unit included one Panzer regiment from 5th Panzer Division, elements of 216th Infantery Division, the Kaminski militia, and elements of the Hungarian 102nd Light Division and 108th Light Division. The militia, serving as guides, scouts and translators, stayed with Kampfgruppe Gilsa II until it was disbanded in October 1942. The official results of this operation, the first major one where Kaminski's troops participated, were 1,193 alleged partisans killed, 1,400 wounded, 498 captured, 12,531 civilians \"evacuated\". The Kampfgruppe suffered 58 killed and 130 wounded from a strength of over 6,500.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BT-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT-7"},{"link_name":"Lokot Autonomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigade"},{"link_name":"Alfred Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Operation Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Citadel"},{"link_name":"Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk"},{"link_name":"salient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets"},{"link_name":"Operation Zigeunerbaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_anti-partisan_operations_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Freischütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Scherhorn"},{"link_name":"reprisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprisal"},{"link_name":"gallows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallows"},{"link_name":"KV-II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov_tank"},{"link_name":"BT-5 light tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_tank"},{"link_name":"Lepel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepel"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"}],"sub_title":"Russian People's Liberation Army","text":"Kaminski now decided to give his militia an official title. He decided on the Russian People's Liberation Army (Russkaya Osvoboditelnaya Narodnaya Armiya, RONA). In autumn 1942 Kaminski ordered an obligatory draft into the militia of all able-bodied men. Units were also reinforced from the \"volunteers\" drafted among Soviet POWs at nearby Nazi concentration camps. From 1941 on, due to lack of fuel and minor mechanical failures, Kaminski's unit was ordered to collect abandoned Soviet tanks and armored cars, and by November 1942, his unit was in possession of at least two BT-7 tanks and one 76 mm artillery system.Due to the lack of military dress and boots (some units were barefoot), the Germans provided used uniforms for Kaminski's brigade, sufficient for only 4 battalions.By late 1942, the militia of the Lokot Autonomy had expanded to the size of a 14-battalion brigade, close to 8,000 armed men. From November 19, 1942 till December 1942, Lokot was inspected under the orders of Alfred Rosenberg.\nAs of January 1943, the brigade numbered 9828 men; the armoured unit of the brigade had one heavy KV-II, two medium T-34, three BT-7 and two BT-5 light tanks, and three armored cars (BA-10, 2 BA-20).In the spring of 1943, the brigade's structure was reorganized – there were 5 regiments created with 3 battalions each, an anti-aircraft battalion (3 AAA guns and 4 heavy machine guns), and an armoured unit. A separate \"guard\" battalion was created; brigade strength was estimated up to 12,000 in total.Prior to Operation Citadel, the massive offensive to destroy the Kursk salient, in May–June 1943 the brigade took part in Operation Zigeunerbaron (\"Gypsy Baron\") together with other German units.This operation was followed by similar operations – Freischütz and Tannhäuser. The brigade, together with other units under German command, was involved in action against partisans and also took part in reprisal operations against the civilian population.In the summer of 1943, the brigade began to suffer major desertions due in part to the recent Soviet victories and to the efforts of the partisans to \"turn\" as many of Kaminski's troops as possible. As a part of these efforts, several attempts on Kaminski's life were made. Each time, Kaminski narrowly avoided death and punished the conspirators with execution. Several German officers passing through Lokot reported seeing bodies hanging from gallows outside Kaminski's headquarters. Fearing a breakdown in command, a German liaison staff was attached to Kaminski's HQ to restructure the brigade and return stability to the unit.At this time the strength of the unit was estimated at up to 8,500 men. The armoured unit of the brigade had one heavy KV-II, four medium T-34, three BT-5 light tanks, one T-37 amphibious tank, one armoured car (BA-10) and two armoured carriers.After the failure of Citadel, the Soviet counter-offensives forced the brigade, along with their families, to flee with the retreating Germans. On July 29, 1944, Kaminski issued orders for the evacuation of property and families of RONA brigade members and Lokot authorities. Up to 30,000 persons (10-11,000 of them brigade members) were transferred by the Germans to the Lepel area of Vitebsk in Belarus by the end of August 1943. According to post-war Soviet estimates up to 10,000 civilians were killed during the existence of the Kaminski formation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lepel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepel"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk"},{"link_name":"Dzyatlovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dzyatlovo&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"In Belarus","text":"The brigade finally settled in the Lepel area of Vitebsk. This area was overrun by partisans, and the brigade was involved in heavy combat in this area for the rest of the year.During the retreat, desertions from the brigade increased greatly, and the entire formation seemed close to disintegration. When the commander of the Second Regiment, Major Tarasov, decided to join the partisans with all his regiment (he was offered amnesty if his entire regiment joined the partisans), Kaminski flew to Tarosov's headquarters and, according to one account, strangled him and 8 others in front of his men. Despite the threat of repercussions up to 200 men deserted within the following two days. By the beginning of October 1943 the brigade had lost 2/3 of its personnel, while still being in possession of 12 tanks (8 of them T-34's), one 122-mm, 3– 76 mm and 8 45 mm artillery systems.On January 27, 1944, Himmler rewarded Kaminski's \"achievements\" by decorating him with the Iron Cross 2nd Class and on the same day the Iron Cross 1st Class.On February 15, 1944, Kaminski issued an order to relocate the brigade and administration further west to the Dzyatlovo area of West Belarus.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-280-1075-10A,_Russland,_Borislaw_Kaminski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bronislav Kaminski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski"},{"link_name":"von Gottberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curt_von_Gottberg"},{"link_name":"Dirlewanger Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirlewanger_Brigade"}],"sub_title":"Volksheer-Brigade","text":"Bronislav Kaminski and personnel of the Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski operation \"Frühlingsfest\", Belarus, May 1944At this point, the brigade's ranks were replenished by the addition of police forces from Belarus. In March 1944, the brigade was renamed Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski. Starting on April 11, 1944, it was attached to SS-Kampfgruppe von Gottberg, which also included the notorious Dirlewanger Brigade, and participated in a series of anti-partisan operations: Regenschauer (up to 7,000 partisans reported as killed), Frühlingsfest (7,011 partisans reported as killed and 1,065 weapons captured) and Kormoran (7,697 partisans reported as killed and 325 weapons captured). During these operations local civilians were shot as \"suspected partisans\" or deported as slave laborers, their villages burned down.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"Operation Bagration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bagration"},{"link_name":"Neuhammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tosz%C3%B3w"}],"sub_title":"Waffen-Sturm-Brigade","text":"In June 1944, the brigade was absorbed as part of the Waffen-SS. With its transfer to the Waffen-SS, the brigade was renamed Waffen-Sturm-Brigade RONA, and Kaminski was given the rank of Waffen-Brigadeführer der SS, as the only man with such rank.As a result of the Operation Bagration, anti-partisan activities of the brigade were halted and its personnel (3,000-7,000, sources vary) collected at the SS training camp Neuhammer and plans were made for a non-German SS division, and the structure was laid down for the 29.Waffen-Grenadier-Division der SS (russische Nr.1) based on the brigade by an order issued August 1, 1944. On the same day, Kaminski received a new rank of Waffen-Brigadeführer and General-Major of Waffen-SS.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warsaw Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Gruppenführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Heinz Reinefarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Reinefarth"},{"link_name":"Dirlewanger Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirlewanger_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Ordnungspolizei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnungspolizei"},{"link_name":"SU-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU-76"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Sturmbannführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Ochota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochota"},{"link_name":"urban combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_combat"},{"link_name":"Ochota massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochota_massacre"},{"link_name":"raped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"},{"link_name":"Wola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wola"},{"link_name":"front line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_line"},{"link_name":"Obergruppenführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach-Zelewski"},{"link_name":"trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Günter Rohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_Rohr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kampinos Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampinos_Forest"},{"link_name":"artillery battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel"},{"link_name":"Adolf Pilch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Pilch"},{"link_name":"Truskaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truskaw"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"raid on Truskaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Truskaw"},{"link_name":"raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raid_on_Marian%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wypad_na_Marian%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Marianów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian%C3%B3w,_Warsaw_West_County"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"Christoph Diehm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Diehm"}],"sub_title":"In Warsaw","text":"The Warsaw Uprising, which started on August 1, 1944, changed Himmler's plans and, on August 4, 1944, a combat ready regiment of the brigade was ordered to assist the efforts in crushing the uprising. SS-Gruppenführer Heinz Reinefarth was placed in charge of Kampfgruppe Reinfarth, a pacification unit which consisted of the Kaminski Brigade along with the Dirlewanger Brigade, several other Ordnungspolizei and SS rear area units. Himmler personally requested Kaminski's assistance, and the latter obliged by gathering a task force of 1,700 unmarried men and sending them (some sources state they had four T-34 tanks, one SU-76 and a few artillery pieces) to Warsaw as the mixed regiment under field command of Kaminski's chief-of-staff, SS-Sturmbannführer Ivan Frolov. Frolov in 1945 stated that regiment had up to 1600 men and seven artillery pieces and four mortars.Kaminski volunteers were first given the task of clearing the Ochota district defended by only 300 poorly armed Poles. Their attack was planned for the morning of August 5, but when the time came, Kaminski's men could not be found. After some searching, they were found looting abandoned houses in the rear. The attack finally got underway shortly before noon and it went poorly, with the brigade advancing only 275 meters before nightfall. The men had neither training for nor prior experience in urban combat. For many it was the first time they had even seen a major city and they fought poorly while suffering high casualties. At the same time, thousands of Polish civilians were killed by the RONA SS men during the events known as the Ochota massacre; many of the victims were also raped. In the middle of the month, the Kaminski was moved north to the Wola sector, but it fared no better in combat there than in Ochota. In one incident, a sub-unit had stopped their advance to loot a captured building on the front line and was consequently cut off and destroyed by the Poles.By August 27, the German commanders decided the brigade was too undisciplined and unreliable. In almost a month of fighting, the brigade had still not achieved any of its major objectives. The German commander in Warsaw, SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, stated in post war trials that the unit \"had no military combat value whatsoever, with both officers and soldiers having not even a hint of tactical understanding. \"I saw Kaminski's men removing entire cartloads of stolen jewellery, gold watches, and precious stones. The capture of a liquor supply was more important for the brigade than the seizure of a position commanding the same street. Each assault was instantly stopped, because after taking the objective over, units dispersed into loose, plundering hordes.\" Kaminski himself was involved in the looting in Warsaw, claiming he was collecting for his \"Russian Liberation Fund\". Major General Günter Rohr, commander of Warsaw's southern sector, demanded that the brigade be removed from his command. Bach-Zelewski agreed as the troublesome unit was slowing his efforts to suppress the uprising. As soon as replacement units were available, the Kaminski was pulled out of the line after losing about 500 men in combat during the fighting in Warsaw.The RONA volunteers, now decimated and infamous even among the SS, were then assigned to the Kampinos Forest to help seal off Warsaw. During their stay in the forest, the unit's artillery battery and one of its infantry battalions were suddenly attacked by 80 Polish partisans led by Lieutenant Colonel \"Dolina\" (Adolf Pilch) while stationed at the emptied village of Truskaw. Nearly 100 Russian and German SS-men died in the midnight assault. The remnants of the battalion, which was mostly drunk at the time of the attack, fled in disarray, abandoning their weapons as they fled. In Truskaw, the 1st Regiment lost its entire artillery and much of the stolen merchandise from the city.[11] According to some Polish sources, 250 RONA troops were killed during the night of September 2–3 in the raid on Truskaw, and 100 more in the raid [pl] on the village of Marianów the next night.[12] A captured diary of the Kaminski brigade soldier, Ivan Vashenko, (killed at Truskaw) was published in Poland in 1947.[13]At the time of the Warsaw actions, Kaminski was called to Łódź to attend a leadership conference. He never reached it. Officially, Polish partisans were blamed for an alleged ambush in which Kaminski and a few RONA officials (including brigade chief-of-staff Obersturmbannführer Ilya Shavykin) were killed. Some sources say he was placed in front of a military tribunal and then shot by a firing squad, others that he was shot when he was captured by the Gestapo.The death of Kaminski and the unreliability of his troops as a combat unit brought the plans to expand the Kaminski Brigade to a division to an end. After Kaminski's death, his unit was placed under the command of the SS-Brigadeführer and Generalmajor der Polizei Christoph Diehm.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Slovak National Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Racibórz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racib%C3%B3rz"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Jürs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_J%C3%BCrs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_J%C3%BCrs_(SS-Mitglied)"},{"link_name":"Andrey Vlasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Vlasov"},{"link_name":"Russian Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lexikon-der-wehrmacht1-14"}],"sub_title":"In Slovakia","text":"As the front line approached again, the remnants of the brigade and accompanying civilian refugees were due to be evacuated to Hungary, but the start of the Slovak National Uprising left it stranded in railway trains near Racibórz in southern Poland.From September 27, 1944 the brigade was under overall command of SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Jürs [de]. In October, after inspection of the brigade personnel in the Raum Kattowitz, the Germans decided to absorb the remnants of Kaminski's brigade into General Andrey Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"600. Infanterie-Division (russisch)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/600th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Andrey Vlasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Vlasov"},{"link_name":"Russian Liberation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomerania"}],"text":"From November 1944, remnants of the brigade (some sources estimated its strength at up to 2,000) forwarded into the military training camp Münsingen, with a formation of the 600. Infanterie-Division (russisch) as part of Andrey Vlasov's Russian Liberation Army. The former RONA were used to form one of the division's regiments. \nAccompanying civilians were sent to work in Pomerania.","title":"Dissolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ch-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gr-6"},{"link_name":"Antonina Makarova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonina_Makarova"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"After the end of World War II in Europe, some of the former RONA and Lokot personnel were repatriated by Western Allies to the Soviet Union. At the end of 1946 a Military Court of the USSR handed death sentences to Ivan Frolov and several others. Some of the returned members of the brigade and supporters of the Lokot Autonomy formed partisan groups around Lokot; the movement slowly degenerated into crime groups, and the last large group was eliminated in 1951.[5][6] In the 1950s and 1960s in the USSR, dozens of other former members were found, some of them also convicted and sentenced to death. The last member of Lokot/RONA personnel to be prosecuted was Antonina Makarova, who was responsible for at least 168 executions, but likely about 1500 executions. Makarova was arrested in 1978. She was convicted of treason, sentenced to death, and executed in 1979.[15]","title":"After the war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. George's cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Cross"}],"text":"The ranks from May 1943 to June, 1944 were:In 1942 – white arm bands with a St. George's cross. From May 1943 – arm-badge \nwhite shield with red borders with black St. George's cross. In the upper part a yellow abbreviation \"POHA\". Some sources noted that the Nazi swastika also appeared on the brigade banner.","title":"Ranks and insignia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Commanders"}]	[{"image_text":"The RONA insignia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Kaminski%27s_RONAshevron_2.jpg/220px-Kaminski%27s_RONAshevron_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emblem of the 29th SS Division RONA (stylized Cross of St. George)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/29._Waffen-SS-_Grenadier-Division_%E2%80%9ERona%E2%80%9D_%281._russisch%29.svg/220px-29._Waffen-SS-_Grenadier-Division_%E2%80%9ERona%E2%80%9D_%281._russisch%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Bronislav Kaminski and personnel of the Volksheer-Brigade Kaminski operation \"Frühlingsfest\", Belarus, May 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-280-1075-10A%2C_Russland%2C_Borislaw_Kaminski.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-280-1075-10A%2C_Russland%2C_Borislaw_Kaminski.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of German divisions in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_divisions_in_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of Waffen-SS divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_divisions"},{"title":"Ranks and insignia of the Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Waffen-SS"},{"title":"Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts"}]	[{"reference":"Finder, Gabriel N.; Prusin, Alexander V. (2018). Justice Behind the Iron Curtain: Nazis on Trial in Communist Poland. University of Toronto Press. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-4875-2268-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_N._Finder","url_text":"Finder, Gabriel N."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prusin","url_text":"Prusin, Alexander V."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-2268-1","url_text":"978-1-4875-2268-1"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Chris (2003). SS: Hell on the Western Front. Staplehurst: Spellmount. p. 91–92. ISBN 1-86227-185-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sshellonwesternf0000bish_g9o4/page/92/mode/2up","url_text":"SS: Hell on the Western Front"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86227-185-2","url_text":"1-86227-185-2"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Chris (2003). SS: Hell on the Western Front. Staplehurst: Spellmount. p. 91–92. ISBN 1-86227-185-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sshellonwesternf0000bish_g9o4/page/92/mode/2up","url_text":"SS: Hell on the Western Front"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86227-185-2","url_text":"1-86227-185-2"}]},{"reference":"Чуев, Сергей (2004). Проклятые солдаты (in Russian). Эксмо. ISBN 9785699059706. Отдельные очаги сопротивления на Брянщине продолжали партизанскую войну до 1951 года, постепенно вырождаясь в бандгруппы... В бою с одной из таких групп при задержании её главаря был тяжело ранен начальник Комаричского отделения госбезопасности капитан Ковалёв.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785699059706","url_text":"9785699059706"}]},{"reference":"Грибков, Иван (2008). Хозяин брянских лесов (in Russian). Москва. ISBN 9785880670734. Действуя мелкими разрозненными группами, повстанцы, тем не менее, причиняют серьезное беспокойство советским властям. <...> Однако изолированное от внешних сил повстанчество постепенно вырождается в бандитизм. Последняя крупная банда, действовавшая несколько лет, была ликвидирована в 1951 г. в деревне Лагеревка («Финляндия»).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785880670734","url_text":"9785880670734"}]},{"reference":"\"Between the two dictatorships\". Military Literature (in Russian). Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://militera.lib.ru/research/sokolov3/03.html","url_text":"\"Between the two dictatorships\""}]},{"reference":"Феликс ДУНАЕВ. \"Guerilla Republic\". The administration of the Bryansk region (in Russian). Archived from the original on 3 May 2013 – via Internet Archive, 3 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130503103556/http://www.admin.debryansk.ru/region/history/guerilla/pril3_collaboration.php","url_text":"\"Guerilla Republic\""},{"url":"http://www.admin.debryansk.ru/region/history/guerilla/pril3_collaboration.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Willis, Major Bob E. \"After the Blitzkrieg: The German Army's Transition to Defeat in the East\". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003529/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3116523/AFTER-THE-BLITZKRIEG","url_text":"\"After the Blitzkrieg: The German Army's Transition to Defeat in the East\""},{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/3116523/AFTER-THE-BLITZKRIEG","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Howell, Edgar M. (1997). The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941-1944. Merriam Press. p. 99. ISBN 9781576380147.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4O-0WaSL9XwC&q=Kaminski&pg=PT104","url_text":"The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941-1944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576380147","url_text":"9781576380147"}]},{"reference":"\"29\". Lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de. Retrieved 2013-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Gliederungen/GrenadierdivisionenSS/29SSGD-R.htm","url_text":"\"29\""}]},{"reference":"\"хГ ХЯРНПХХ нРЕВЕЯРБЕММНИ БНИМШ: ЯНБЕРЯЙЮЪ ДЕБСЬЙЮ рНМЪ ПЮЯЯРПЕКЪКЮ 1500 ДЕРЕИ, ФЕМЫХМ Х ЯРЮПХЙНБ — апъмяй.RU\". Briansk.ru. Retrieved 2013-10-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://briansk.ru/society/2005124/1792.html","url_text":"\"хГ ХЯРНПХХ нРЕВЕЯРБЕММНИ БНИМШ: ЯНБЕРЯЙЮЪ ДЕБСЬЙЮ рНМЪ ПЮЯЯРПЕКЪКЮ 1500 ДЕРЕИ, ФЕМЫХМ Х ЯРЮПХЙНБ — апъмяй.RU\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaminski_Brigade&action=edit","external_links_name":"You can help"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sshellonwesternf0000bish_g9o4/page/92/mode/2up","external_links_name":"SS: Hell on the Western Front"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sshellonwesternf0000bish_g9o4/page/92/mode/2up","external_links_name":"SS: Hell on the Western Front"},{"Link":"http://militera.lib.ru/research/sokolov3/03.html","external_links_name":"\"Between the two dictatorships\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130503103556/http://www.admin.debryansk.ru/region/history/guerilla/pril3_collaboration.php","external_links_name":"\"Guerilla Republic\""},{"Link":"http://www.admin.debryansk.ru/region/history/guerilla/pril3_collaboration.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003529/http://www.scribd.com/doc/3116523/AFTER-THE-BLITZKRIEG","external_links_name":"\"After the Blitzkrieg: The German Army's Transition to Defeat in the East\""},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/3116523/AFTER-THE-BLITZKRIEG","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4O-0WaSL9XwC&q=Kaminski&pg=PT104","external_links_name":"The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941-1944"},{"Link":"http://wilk.wpk.p.lodz.pl/~whatfor/rona.htm","external_links_name":"Rosyjska Narodowa Armia Wyzwoleńcza"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080418091700/http://wilk.wpk.p.lodz.pl/~whatfor/rona.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ibprs.pl/ak_obroza_kampinos/44.html","external_links_name":"VII Obwód \"Obroża\" Okręgu Warszawskiego Armii Krajowej"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090116053944/http://www.ibprs.pl/ak_obroza_kampinos/44.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de/Gliederungen/GrenadierdivisionenSS/29SSGD-R.htm","external_links_name":"\"29\""},{"Link":"http://briansk.ru/society/2005124/1792.html","external_links_name":"\"хГ ХЯРНПХХ нРЕВЕЯРБЕММНИ БНИМШ: ЯНБЕРЯЙЮЪ ДЕБСЬЙЮ рНМЪ ПЮЯЯРПЕКЪКЮ 1500 ДЕРЕИ, ФЕМЫХМ Х ЯРЮПХЙНБ — апъмяй.RU\""},{"Link":"https://kaminec.livejournal.com/187066.html","external_links_name":"\"OKH/GenStdH/GenQu/IVa/Tgb No 14124/43 von 29. Mai 1943.\" Русское Освободительное Движение 1917 - 1945"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158420234","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4657731-2","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92113485","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWRL	KWRL	["1 History","2 Construction permit","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 45°7′21″N 117°46′44″W / 45.12250°N 117.77889°W / 45.12250; -117.77889For the airport near Worland, Wyoming, assigned ICAO code KWRL, see Worland Municipal Airport. Radio station in La Grande, OregonKWRLLa Grande, OregonFrequency102.3 MHzBranding102.3 The RiverProgrammingFormatHot ACOwnershipOwnerElkhorn Media Group(KWRL, LLC)Sister stationsKCMB, KTEL, KTIX, KUMA, KUMA-FM, KWHT, KWVN-FMHistoryFirst air dateMay 2, 1988 (at 100.1)Former frequencies100.1 MHz (1988–1996)99.9 MHz (1996–2017)Technical informationFacility ID24797ClassC1ERP25,000 wattsHAAT505 meters (1,657 feet)Transmitter coordinates45°7′21″N 117°46′44″W / 45.12250°N 117.77889°W / 45.12250; -117.77889Translator(s)99.5 K258BM (La Grande)LinksWebcastListen LiveWebsitemyeasternoregon.com KWRL (102.3 FM, "The River") is a radio station licensed to serve La Grande, in the U.S. state of Oregon. The station is owned by Elkhorn Media Group and the broadcast license is held by KWRL, LLC. KWRL broadcasts a hot adult contemporary music format. History This station received its original construction permit for a new FM station broadcasting with 3,000 watts of effective radiated power on 100.1 MHz from the Federal Communications Commission on May 2, 1988. The new station was assigned the call letters KWRL by the FCC on June 27, 1988. KWRL received its license to cover from the FCC on November 25, 1988. In January 1996, KWRL received authorization to move to 99.9 MHz and upgrade from a class A to a class C1 station with 60,000 watts of effective radiated power. In October 1998, original license holder Grande Ronde Broadcasting, Inc., reached an agreement to sell this station to Capps Broadcast Group through their KSRV, Inc., subsidiary. The deal was approved by the FCC on December 14, 1998, and the transaction was consummated on December 18, 1998. Effective August 28, 2012, KWRL was sold by Capps Broadcast Group to KWRL, LLC for $750,000. In 2017, KWRL moved from 99.9 MHz to 102.3 MHz with no other changes in power and transmitter location. Construction permit The FCC granted KWRL a new construction permit on March 13, 2009, to raise the antenna's height above average terrain to 505 meters (1,657 feet), unify the effective radiated power at 25,000 watts, and move the transmitter southeast to 45°07'21"N, 117°46'44"W. The station was issued a license to cover for the permit on October 13, 2009. References ^ "Station Information Profile". Arbitron. ^ "Application Search Details (BPH-19850712QL)". FCC Media Bureau. May 2, 1988. ^ "Call Sign History". FCC Media Bureau CDBS Public Access Database. ^ "Application Search Details (BLH-19881006KA)". FCC Media Bureau. November 25, 1988. ^ "Application Search Details (BPH-19951013IE)". FCC Media Bureau. January 25, 1996. ^ "Application Search Details (BALH-19981016GE)". FCC Media Bureau. December 18, 1998. ^ a b "Application Search Details (BMPH-20080409ACO)". FCC Media Bureau. March 13, 2009. External links KWRL official website KWRL in the FCC FM station database KWRL in Nielsen Audio's FM station database K258BM in the FCC FM station database K258BM at FCCdata.org vteAdult Contemporary radio stations in the state of OregonStations KCGB-FM – Hood River KCMX-FM – Ashland KCST-FM – Florence KDEP – Garibaldi KDUN – Reedsport KEHK – Brownsville KIFS – Ashland KKCW – Beaverton/Portland KKRB – Klamath Falls KLCR – Lakeview KMGE – Eugene KOOS – Coos Bay KQFM – Hermiston KRSK – Molalla/Portland KTEE – North Bend KWPK-FM – Sisters KWRL – La Grande See also adult contemporary classic hits college country news/talk NPR oldies religious rock sports top 40 urban other radio stations in Oregon	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worland Municipal Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worland_Municipal_Airport"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"licensed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_license"},{"link_name":"La Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Grande,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"broadcast license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_license"},{"link_name":"hot adult contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arb1-1"}],"text":"For the airport near Worland, Wyoming, assigned ICAO code KWRL, see Worland Municipal Airport.Radio station in La Grande, OregonKWRL (102.3 FM, \"The River\") is a radio station licensed to serve La Grande, in the U.S. state of Oregon. The station is owned by Elkhorn Media Group and the broadcast license is held by KWRL, LLC.KWRL broadcasts a hot adult contemporary music format.[1]","title":"KWRL"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"construction permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_permit"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"effective radiated power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_radio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fccp-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fcc1-3"},{"link_name":"license to cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_license"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flic-4"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"effective radiated power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"},{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHz"}],"text":"This station received its original construction permit for a new FM station broadcasting with 3,000 watts of effective radiated power on 100.1 MHz from the Federal Communications Commission on May 2, 1988.[2] The new station was assigned the call letters KWRL by the FCC on June 27, 1988.[3] KWRL received its license to cover from the FCC on November 25, 1988.[4]In January 1996, KWRL received authorization to move to 99.9 MHz and upgrade from a class A to a class C1 station with 60,000 watts of effective radiated power.[5]In October 1998, original license holder Grande Ronde Broadcasting, Inc., reached an agreement to sell this station to Capps Broadcast Group through their KSRV, Inc., subsidiary. The deal was approved by the FCC on December 14, 1998, and the transaction was consummated on December 18, 1998.[6]Effective August 28, 2012, KWRL was sold by Capps Broadcast Group to KWRL, LLC for $750,000.In 2017, KWRL moved from 99.9 MHz to 102.3 MHz with no other changes in power and transmitter location.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccp-7"},{"link_name":"license to cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_license"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccp-7"}],"text":"The FCC granted KWRL a new construction permit on March 13, 2009, to raise the antenna's height above average terrain to 505 meters (1,657 feet), unify the effective radiated power at 25,000 watts, and move the transmitter southeast to 45°07'21\"N, 117°46'44\"W.[7] The station was issued a license to cover for the permit on October 13, 2009.[7]","title":"Construction permit"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Station Information Profile\". Arbitron.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arbitron.com/radio_stations/station_information.htm","url_text":"\"Station Information Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Application Search Details (BPH-19850712QL)\". FCC Media Bureau. May 2, 1988.","urls":[{"url":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=80128","url_text":"\"Application Search Details (BPH-19850712QL)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Call Sign History\". FCC Media Bureau CDBS Public Access Database.","urls":[{"url":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=24797&Callsign=KWRL","url_text":"\"Call Sign History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Application Search Details (BLH-19881006KA)\". FCC Media Bureau. November 25, 1988.","urls":[{"url":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=119260","url_text":"\"Application Search Details (BLH-19881006KA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Application Search Details (BPH-19951013IE)\". FCC Media Bureau. January 25, 1996.","urls":[{"url":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=215338","url_text":"\"Application Search Details (BPH-19951013IE)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Application Search Details (BALH-19981016GE)\". FCC Media Bureau. December 18, 1998.","urls":[{"url":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=275623","url_text":"\"Application Search Details (BALH-19981016GE)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Application Search Details (BMPH-20080409ACO)\". FCC Media Bureau. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=1242186","url_text":"\"Application Search Details (BMPH-20080409ACO)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KWRL&params=45_7_21_N_117_46_44_W_type:landmark_region:US-OR_source:usfcc","external_links_name":"45°7′21″N 117°46′44″W / 45.12250°N 117.77889°W / 45.12250; -117.77889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=KWRL&params=45_7_21_N_117_46_44_W_type:landmark_region:US-OR_source:usfcc","external_links_name":"45°7′21″N 117°46′44″W / 45.12250°N 117.77889°W / 45.12250; -117.77889"},{"Link":"http://player.listenlive.co/36501/en","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"http://www.myeasternoregon.com/","external_links_name":"myeasternoregon.com"},{"Link":"http://www.arbitron.com/radio_stations/station_information.htm","external_links_name":"\"Station Information Profile\""},{"Link":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=80128","external_links_name":"\"Application Search Details (BPH-19850712QL)\""},{"Link":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/call_hist.pl?Facility_id=24797&Callsign=KWRL","external_links_name":"\"Call Sign History\""},{"Link":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=119260","external_links_name":"\"Application Search Details (BLH-19881006KA)\""},{"Link":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=215338","external_links_name":"\"Application Search Details (BPH-19951013IE)\""},{"Link":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=275623","external_links_name":"\"Application Search Details (BALH-19981016GE)\""},{"Link":"http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/ws.exe/prod/cdbs/pubacc/prod/app_det.pl?Application_id=1242186","external_links_name":"\"Application Search Details (BMPH-20080409ACO)\""},{"Link":"http://www.myeasternoregon.com/","external_links_name":"KWRL official website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=KWRL","external_links_name":"KWRL"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=fm&callLetter=KWRL","external_links_name":"KWRL"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=K258BM","external_links_name":"K258BM"},{"Link":"https://fccdata.org/?facid=&call=K258BM&ccode=1&city=&state=&country=US&zip=&arn=&party=&lmspf=&lmspl=&party_type=LICEN&latd=&lond=&lang=en","external_links_name":"K258BM"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeiss_Batis_Sonnar_T*_85mm_F1.8	Zeiss Batis Sonnar T* 85mm F1.8	["1 Build quality","2 Image quality","3 See also","4 References","5 External links","5.1 Official sites","5.2 Reviews of this lens"]	Photographic lens Zeiss Batis Sonnar T* 1.8/85mmInternal focussing. Weight and length without lens caps. Wherever values from referenced sources differ, values stated by manufacturer will prevail.MakerZeissLens mount(s)Sony E-mountTechnical dataTypePrimeFocus driveLinear MotorFocal length85Image format35mm full-frameAperture (max/min)f1.8 – f/22Close focus distance0.80 metres (2.6 ft)Max. magnification1:7.9Diaphragm blades9 (circular)Construction11 elements in 8 groupsFeaturesManual focus override YesWeather-sealing YesLens-based stabilization YesAperture ring NoUnique featuresDigital focus OLED distance scale displays both distance and depth of fieldOptical image stabilizerInternal focussing elementApplicationPortrait, Low LightPhysicalMax. length92 millimetres (3.6 in)Diameter95 millimetres (3.7 in)Weight452 grams (0.996 lb)Filter diameterM67 x 0.75AccessoriesLens hoodsuppliedCasenot suppliedAngle of viewHorizontal24°Vertical16°Diagonal29°HistoryIntroduction2015Retail infoMSRP1199 USD USDReferences The Zeiss Batis Sonnar T* 1.8/85mm is a full-frame (FE) portrait prime lens for the Sony E-mount, announced by Zeiss on April 22, 2015. Though designed for Sony's full frame E-mount cameras, the lens can be used on Sony's APS-C E-mount camera bodies, with an equivalent full-frame field-of-view of 127.5mm. Build quality The lens designer is Takahiko Sakai of Tamron. The lens features a minimalist weather resistant plastic construction with a matte black finish and a rubber focus ring. Along with the Zeiss Batis Distagon T* 25mm F2, the Batis Sonnar 85mm was one of the first two lenses in which the traditional distance scale on the lens is replaced with an OLED display. The OLED display is integrated into the top of the lens barrel, and highlights the focus distance and depth of field range of the lens, which can be set to display at all times, never, or only when focusing manually. Image quality The lens is renowned for having exceptional sharpness and creamy smooth bokeh. See also List of Zeiss Batis lenses List of third-party E-mount lenses Zeiss Sonnar Sony FE 85mm F1.8 Sony FE 85mm F1.4 GM References ^ "ZEISS Batis 1.8/85: product page of manufacturer, chapters Performance, Features, and Physical: Zeiss". Carl Zeiss AG. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "Carl Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8 Sony FE, Specifications". DxOMark. Retrieved 2021-05-17. ^ "Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8: Digital Photography Review: specifications". dpreview. Retrieved 2017-06-18. ^ "Tamron patent". ^ a b Visuals (2015-05-27). "Zeiss Launches New BATIS Family Lenses with OLED Display For Sony E-Mount + Q&A \| Visual Impact Blog". Visuals.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-12. External links Official sites "Official product page: ZEISS Batis 1.8/85 - The telephoto lens for a new era". Carl Zeiss AG. Retrieved 2021-05-18. Reviews of this lens "Digital Photography Review: Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8 Overview". dpreview. 2015-04-22. Retrieved 2021-05-18. "Photography Blog: Zeiss Batis 85mm f/1.8 Review". Photography Blog. 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2021-05-20. "Zeiss Batis 85mm f/1.8 (Sony) - Review / Test Report". opticallimits. 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2021-05-18. Gordon Laing (2018-12-04). "Zeiss Batis 85mm f1.8". Camera Labs. Retrieved 2021-05-20. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl Zeiss Batis Sonnar T* 1.8/85.	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Along with the Zeiss Batis Distagon T 25mm F2, the Batis Sonnar 85mm was one of the first two lenses in which the traditional distance scale on the lens is replaced with an OLED display.[5] The OLED display is integrated into the top of the lens barrel, and highlights the focus distance and depth of field range of the lens,[5] which can be set to display at all times, never, or only when focusing manually.","title":"Build quality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sharpness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acutance#Sharpness"},{"link_name":"bokeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh"}],"text":"The lens is renowned for having exceptional sharpness and creamy smooth bokeh.","title":"Image quality"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Zeiss Batis lenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG#Batis"},{"title":"List of third-party E-mount lenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_third-party_E-mount_lenses"},{"title":"Zeiss Sonnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeiss_Sonnar"},{"title":"Sony FE 85mm F1.8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_FE_85mm_F1.8"},{"title":"Sony FE 85mm F1.4 GM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_FE_85mm_F1.4_GM"}]	[{"reference":"\"ZEISS Batis 1.8/85: product page of manufacturer, chapters Performance, Features, and Physical: Zeiss\". Carl Zeiss AG. Retrieved 2021-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeiss.com/consumer-products/int/photography/batis/batis-1885.html#Performance","url_text":"\"ZEISS Batis 1.8/85: product page of manufacturer, chapters Performance, Features, and Physical: Zeiss\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG","url_text":"Carl Zeiss AG"}]},{"reference":"\"Carl Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8 Sony FE, Specifications\". DxOMark. Retrieved 2021-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dxomark.com/Lenses/Zeiss/Zeiss-Carl-Zeiss-Batis-85mm-F18-Sony-FE---Specifications","url_text":"\"Carl Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8 Sony FE, Specifications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DxOMark","url_text":"DxOMark"}]},{"reference":"\"Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8: Digital Photography Review: specifications\". dpreview. Retrieved 2017-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpreview.com/products/zeiss/lenses/zeiss_batis_85_1p8/specifications","url_text":"\"Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8: Digital Photography Review: specifications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dpreview","url_text":"dpreview"}]},{"reference":"\"Tamron patent\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ipforce.jp/patent-jp-A-2015-121649","url_text":"\"Tamron patent\""}]},{"reference":"Visuals (2015-05-27). \"Zeiss Launches New BATIS Family Lenses with OLED Display For Sony E-Mount + Q&A \| Visual Impact Blog\". Visuals.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visuals.co.uk/visualsblog/zeiss-launches-new-batis-family-lenses-with-oled-display-qa/","url_text":"\"Zeiss Launches New BATIS Family Lenses with OLED Display For Sony E-Mount + Q&A \| Visual Impact Blog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official product page: ZEISS Batis 1.8/85 - The telephoto lens for a new era\". Carl Zeiss AG. Retrieved 2021-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zeiss.com/consumer-products/int/photography/batis/batis-1885.html","url_text":"\"Official product page: ZEISS Batis 1.8/85 - The telephoto lens for a new era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG","url_text":"Carl Zeiss AG"}]},{"reference":"\"Digital Photography Review: Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8 Overview\". dpreview. 2015-04-22. Retrieved 2021-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dpreview.com/products/zeiss/lenses/zeiss_batis_85_1p8/overview","url_text":"\"Digital Photography Review: Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8 Overview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dpreview","url_text":"dpreview"}]},{"reference":"\"Photography Blog: Zeiss Batis 85mm f/1.8 Review\". Photography Blog. 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2021-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.photographyblog.com/reviews/zeiss_batis_85mm_f1_8_review","url_text":"\"Photography Blog: Zeiss Batis 85mm f/1.8 Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zeiss Batis 85mm f/1.8 (Sony) - Review / Test Report\". opticallimits. 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2021-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opticallimits.com/sonyalphaff/1032-zeissbatis85f18","url_text":"\"Zeiss Batis 85mm f/1.8 (Sony) - Review / Test Report\""}]},{"reference":"Gordon Laing (2018-12-04). \"Zeiss Batis 85mm f1.8\". Camera Labs. Retrieved 2021-05-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cameralabs.com/zeiss-batis-85mm-f1-8-review/","url_text":"\"Zeiss Batis 85mm f1.8\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.zeiss.com/consumer-products/int/photography/batis/batis-1885.html#Performance","external_links_name":"\"ZEISS Batis 1.8/85: product page of manufacturer, chapters Performance, Features, and Physical: Zeiss\""},{"Link":"https://www.dxomark.com/Lenses/Zeiss/Zeiss-Carl-Zeiss-Batis-85mm-F18-Sony-FE---Specifications","external_links_name":"\"Carl Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8 Sony FE, Specifications\""},{"Link":"http://www.dpreview.com/products/zeiss/lenses/zeiss_batis_85_1p8/specifications","external_links_name":"\"Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8: Digital Photography Review: specifications\""},{"Link":"http://ipforce.jp/patent-jp-A-2015-121649","external_links_name":"\"Tamron patent\""},{"Link":"http://www.visuals.co.uk/visualsblog/zeiss-launches-new-batis-family-lenses-with-oled-display-qa/","external_links_name":"\"Zeiss Launches New BATIS Family Lenses with OLED Display For Sony E-Mount + Q&A \| Visual Impact Blog\""},{"Link":"https://www.zeiss.com/consumer-products/int/photography/batis/batis-1885.html","external_links_name":"\"Official product page: ZEISS Batis 1.8/85 - The telephoto lens for a new era\""},{"Link":"https://www.dpreview.com/products/zeiss/lenses/zeiss_batis_85_1p8/overview","external_links_name":"\"Digital Photography Review: Zeiss Batis 85mm F1.8 Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.photographyblog.com/reviews/zeiss_batis_85mm_f1_8_review","external_links_name":"\"Photography Blog: Zeiss Batis 85mm f/1.8 Review\""},{"Link":"https://www.opticallimits.com/sonyalphaff/1032-zeissbatis85f18","external_links_name":"\"Zeiss Batis 85mm f/1.8 (Sony) - Review / Test Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.cameralabs.com/zeiss-batis-85mm-f1-8-review/","external_links_name":"\"Zeiss Batis 85mm f1.8\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Bragantino	Red Bull Bragantino	["1 History","2 Stadium","3 Season records","4 Current squad","4.1 Reserve team","4.2 Out on loan","5 Personnel","5.1 Current staff","6 Honours","6.1 Continental","6.2 National","6.3 State","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Not to be confused with Red Bull Brasil or Bragantino Clube do Pará. Association football team in Brazil Football clubRed Bull BragantinoFull nameRed Bull BragantinoNickname(s)RB BragantinoMassa Bruta (Brute Mass) BragaBraga boysFounded8 January 1928; 96 years ago (1928-01-08) (as Clube Atlético Bragantino)GroundNabi Abi ChedidCapacity17,724OwnerRed Bull GmbHCEODiego CerriHead coachPedro CaixinhaLeagueCampeonato Brasileiro Série ACampeonato Paulista20232023Série A, 6th of 20Paulistão, 3rd of 16WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Third colours Current season Red Bull Bragantino is a Brazilian football club based in Bragança Paulista, São Paulo. It competes in the Série A, the top tier of the Brazilian football league system, as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1, the highest level of the São Paulo state football league. The club was known as Clube Atlético Bragantino, before club administration was taken over by Red Bull GmbH in 2020 who renamed the club and changed its colours from its traditional black and white to red and white. Although the partnership began in April 2019, during the 2019 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B (second division of Brazilian football), the team was called 'Bragantino' and Red Bull appeared only as a sponsor. In the 2020 season the name changed to 'Red Bull Bragantino'. In their first season, they were champions of the 2019 Série B being promoted to the Série A and qualifying for the 2020 Copa do Brasil round of 16. History Former badge of Clube Atlético Bragantino. On 8 January 1928, former Bragança Futebol Clube members founded the Clube Atlético Bragantino. In 1949 the club played in the Campeonato Paulista Second Division for the first time. In 1965, Bragantino was promoted to the Campeonato Paulista First Division for the first time. In 1966, however, the club was relegated to the Campeonato Paulista Second Division. In 1988 Bragantino was the Campeonato Paulista Second Division champion. In 1989, the club was promoted to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A for the first time after winning the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. In 1990 Bragantino defeated the Novorizontino to win the Campeonato Paulista First Division. The final was nicknamed the caipira final (final caipira, in Portuguese language). In 1991, the club was the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A runner-up. In the final, Bragantino was defeated by São Paulo. In 1992 the club competed in the Copa CONMEBOL, debuting in international competitions. In 1993 Bragantino competed in the Copa CONMEBOL for the second time. In 1995 the club was relegated to the Campeonato Paulista Second Division. In 1996 Bragantino competed in the Copa CONMEBOL for the third time. In 1998, the club was relegated to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. In 2002, after a poor campaign, Bragantino were relegated to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C. In 2005 the club was promoted to the Campeonato Paulista First Division. In 2007 Bragantino won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C thus being promoted to the following year's Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. In April 2019, Bragantino signed a deal with Red Bull GmbH handling over management of all their football-related assets. From 2020 a new logo and the name of Red Bull Bragantino was introduced. Stadium Main article: Estádio Nabi Abi Chedid Red Bull Bragantino's stadium is the Estádio Nabi Abi Chedid, built in 1949 with a maximum capacity of 21,210 people. The stadium, owned by the Clube Atlético Bragantino, honors Nabi Abi Chedid, a former president of the club and father of present president Marco Antônio Abi Chedid. It had previously been named the Estádio Marcelo Stéfani, in honor of Marcelo Stéfani, a player and former president of the club. As Estádio Marcelo Stéfani, the stadium was also known by the nickname Marcelão. The name change was effected on 6 January 2009 amid criticism from the Bragança Paulista population. Season records As of 13 November 2022 Season Div. Pos. Pl. W D L GS GA Pts. Copa do Brasil CONMEBOL As Clube Atlético Bragantino 2002 Série B 26 25 4 5 16 23 54 17 First round DNP 2003 Série C 6 12 7 2 3 20 15 23 DNP DNP 2004 DNP DNP DNP 2005 DNP DNP DNP 2006 DNP DNP DNP 2007 Série C 1 32 16 7 9 46 32 55 DNP DNP 2008 Série B 7 38 16 9 13 47 41 57 Second round DNP 2009 Série B 9 38 15 8 15 52 51 53 DNP DNP 2010 Série B 8 38 13 14 11 52 37 53 DNP DNP 2011 Série B 6 38 16 10 12 65 53 58 DNP DNP 2012 Série B 14 38 12 8 18 45 53 44 DNP DNP 2013 Série B 16 38 13 8 17 37 43 47 Second round DNP 2014 Série B 16 38 13 7 18 45 55 46 Round of 16 DNP 2015 Série B 6 38 19 3 16 56 66 60 Second round DNP 2016 Série B 19 38 8 8 22 30 54 32 Third round DNP 2017 Série C 7 18 4 9 5 16 19 21 Second round DNP 2018 Série C 4 22 9 8 5 25 18 35 Third round DNP 2019 Série B 1 38 22 9 7 64 27 78 DNP DNP As Red Bull Bragantino 2020 Série A 10 38 13 14 11 50 40 53 First round DNP 2021 Série A 6 38 14 14 10 55 46 56 Third round CS Runners-up 2022 Série A 14 38 11 11 16 49 59 44 Third round CL Group stage 2023 Série A 6 38 17 11 10 49 35 62 Second round DNP Current squad As of 13 June 2024 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK BRA Cleiton (vice-captain) 2 DF ECU Leonardo Realpe 4 DF BRA Lucas Cunha 5 MF BRA Jadsom 7 MF BRA Eric Ramires 8 MF BRA Lucas Evangelista 10 MF BRA Lincoln (on loan from Fenerbahçe) 11 FW BRA Helinho 14 DF BRA Pedro Henrique 17 FW BRA Bruninho 18 FW URU Thiago Borbas 19 FW BRA Eduardo Sasha 21 FW BRA Talisson 22 FW BRA Gustavinho 23 MF BRA Raul (captain) No. Pos. Nation Player 26 DF BRA Eduardo Santos 28 FW BRA Vitinho (on loan from Dynamo Kyiv) 29 DF BRA Juninho Capixaba 30 FW COL Henry Mosquera 31 DF BRA Guilherme 33 FW URU Ignacio Laquintana 34 DF ECU Andrés Hurtado 35 MF BRA Matheus Fernandes 36 DF BRA Luan Cândido 37 GK BRA Fabrício 39 DF BRA Douglas Mendes (on loan from Red Bull Salzburg) 40 GK BRA Lucão 45 DF BRA Nathan Mendes 48 MF BRA Nathan Camargo Reserve team Main article: Red Bull Bragantino II Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 12 GK BRA Rubens 13 MF BRA Alexandre Pena 15 MF BRA Gabriel Lopes 16 FW BRA Rai 20 DF BRA Isac 27 MF BRA Yuri Leles 38 DF BRA Kevyn Monteiro 41 FW COL Kelvin Flórez 44 FW BRA Filipe 46 FW BRA João Tilápia 54 FW BRA Vinicius Pereira No. Pos. Nation Player 55 MF BRA Everton 57 MF BRA Caetano 58 DF BRA Dija — DF BRA Gustavo Henrique — DF BRA Henrique Halls — DF BRA Marcos Paulo (on loan from Nova Iguaçu) — MF COL Johan Caicedo (on loan from Deportivo Pasto) — MF BRA Marcelinho Braz — MF BRA Rafael Lima — FW BRA Kawê Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — GK BRA Maycon Cleiton (at Vitória until 31 December 2024) — DF COL César Haydar (at Deportes Tolima until 30 June 2024) — DF ARG Kevin Lomónaco (at Tigre until 30 June 2024) — DF BRA Weverton (at Goiás until 30 November 2024) — MF MEX Alejandro Viniegra (at CRB until 30 November 2024) — MF BRA Bruno Praxedes (at Vasco da Gama until 31 December 2024) No. Pos. Nation Player — MF BRA Thonny Anderson (at Ituano until 30 November 2024) — FW BRA Alerrandro (at Vitória until 31 December 2024) — FW BRA Gabriel Novaes (at Ponte Preta until 30 November 2024) — FW BRA Sorriso (at Famalicão until 30 June 2024) — FW BRA Werik Popó (at Juventude until 31 December 2024) Personnel Current staff As of 22 December 2022 Position Name Coaching staff Manager Pedro Caixinha Assistant manager Pedro Malta Fitness coach Fred Pozzebon Goalkeeping coach José Belman Physiotherapist Polyvios Kyritsis Honours Continental Copa Sudamericana Runners-up: 2021 National Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Runners-up: 1991* Campeonato Brasileiro Série B Winners (2): 1989, 2019 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C Winners (1): 2007* State Campeonato Paulista Winners (1): 1990* Campeonato Paulista Série A2 Winners (2): 1965, 1988 Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão Winners (1): 1979* Campeonato Paulista do Interior Winners (1): 2020 Torneio Início Winners (1): 1991* *Titles before 2020, as Clube Atlético Bragantino See also RB Leipzig New York Red Bulls FC Red Bull Salzburg FC Liefering Red Bull Ghana Red Bull Brasil References ^ Superesportes (2021-11-13). "Bragantino e Fortaleza fazem confronto direto pelo G4 no Brasileiro". Superesportes (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-05-07. ^ "Red Bull expands global football empire, takes over at Bragantino". SportBusiness SPONSORSHIP. 28 March 2019. ^ "Bragantino anuncia acordo com o RB Brasil para gestão do time na Série B" (in Portuguese). Globo. 26 March 2019. ^ "Bragantino divulga mudança de nome e novo escudo para 2020" (in Portuguese). Globo. 1 January 2020. ^ "Bragantino empata com Criciúma e conquista a Série B do Brasileirão" (in Portuguese). CBF. 15 November 2019. ^ "Pode vir, 2020! Estamos #ProntosParaOMundo". X (formerly twitter). 2020-01-01. Retrieved 2023-12-20. ^ "Elenco" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Red Bull Bragantino. Retrieved 25 June 2021. ^ "Português Pedro Caixinha é o novo técnico do Red Bull Bragantino" (in Portuguese). Red Bull Bragantino. 10 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022. External links Official website vteCampeonato Brasileiro Série A2024 clubs Athletico Paranaense Atlético Goianiense Atlético Mineiro Bahia Botafogo Corinthians Criciúma Cruzeiro Cuiabá Flamengo Fluminense Fortaleza Grêmio Internacional Juventude Palmeiras Red Bull Bragantino São Paulo Vasco da Gama Vitória Copa dos Campeões Estaduais (FBF) 1937 Taça Brasil 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa 1967 1968 1969 1970 Campeonato Nacional de Clubes 1971 1972 1973 1974 Copa Brasil 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1984 1986 Taça de Ouro 1980 1981 1982 1983 1985 Copa União 1987 1988 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Copa João Havelange 2000 Champions Top Scorers 1987 Copa União Bola de Ouro Prêmio Craque do Brasileirão Troféu Osmar Santos Troféu João Saldanha Triple Crown Winning managers 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Red Bull Arena (Salzburg) Other AlphaTauri The Art of Flight Flying Bulls Aerobatics Team Hangar-7 New York Red Bulls Academy Red Bull New Year No Limits Red Bull Records Red Bull Ring Red Bull X2010 Red Bulls (esports) ServusTV The Red Bulletin	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Bull Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Brasil"},{"link_name":"Bragantino Clube do Pará","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragantino_Clube_do_Par%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Brazilian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bragança Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragan%C3%A7a_Paulista"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)"},{"link_name":"Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Brazilian football league system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista Série A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"state football league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_football_leagues_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Red Bull GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_GmbH"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2019 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2019 Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2020 Copa do Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Copa_do_Brasil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Red Bull Brasil or Bragantino Clube do Pará.Association football team in BrazilFootball clubRed Bull Bragantino is a Brazilian football club based in Bragança Paulista, São Paulo. It competes in the Série A, the top tier of the Brazilian football league system, as well as in the Campeonato Paulista Série A1, the highest level of the São Paulo state football league.The club was known as Clube Atlético Bragantino, before club administration was taken over by Red Bull GmbH in 2020 who renamed the club and changed its colours from its traditional black and white to red and white.[2][3]Although the partnership began in April 2019, during the 2019 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B (second division of Brazilian football), the team was called 'Bragantino' and Red Bull appeared only as a sponsor. In the 2020 season the name changed to 'Red Bull Bragantino'.[4]In their first season, they were champions of the 2019 Série B being promoted to the Série A and qualifying for the 2020 Copa do Brasil round of 16.[5]","title":"Red Bull Bragantino"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bragantino_football.png"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_S%C3%A9rie_A2"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Novorizontino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%AAmio_Esportivo_Novorizontino"},{"link_name":"caipira final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caipira"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Futebol_Clube"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Copa_CONMEBOL"},{"link_name":"Copa CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_CONMEBOL"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Copa_CONMEBOL"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Copa_CONMEBOL"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C"},{"link_name":"following year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Red Bull GmbH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_GmbH"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Former badge of Clube Atlético Bragantino.On 8 January 1928, former Bragança Futebol Clube members founded the Clube Atlético Bragantino.In 1949 the club played in the Campeonato Paulista Second Division for the first time. In 1965, Bragantino was promoted to the Campeonato Paulista First Division for the first time. In 1966, however, the club was relegated to the Campeonato Paulista Second Division.In 1988 Bragantino was the Campeonato Paulista Second Division champion. In 1989, the club was promoted to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A for the first time after winning the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. In 1990 Bragantino defeated the Novorizontino to win the Campeonato Paulista First Division. The final was nicknamed the caipira final (final caipira, in Portuguese language).In 1991, the club was the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A runner-up. In the final, Bragantino was defeated by São Paulo. In 1992 the club competed in the Copa CONMEBOL, debuting in international competitions. In 1993 Bragantino competed in the Copa CONMEBOL for the second time. In 1995 the club was relegated to the Campeonato Paulista Second Division. In 1996 Bragantino competed in the Copa CONMEBOL for the third time.In 1998, the club was relegated to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série B. In 2002, after a poor campaign, Bragantino were relegated to the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C. In 2005 the club was promoted to the Campeonato Paulista First Division. In 2007 Bragantino won the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C thus being promoted to the following year's Campeonato Brasileiro Série B.In April 2019, Bragantino signed a deal with Red Bull GmbH handling over management of all their football-related assets. From 2020 a new logo and the name of Red Bull Bragantino was introduced.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Red Bull Bragantino's stadium is the Estádio Nabi Abi Chedid, built in 1949 with a maximum capacity of 21,210 people. The stadium, owned by the Clube Atlético Bragantino, honors Nabi Abi Chedid, a former president of the club and father of present president Marco Antônio Abi Chedid. It had previously been named the Estádio Marcelo Stéfani, in honor of Marcelo Stéfani, a player and former president of the club. As Estádio Marcelo Stéfani, the stadium was also known by the nickname Marcelão. The name change was effected on 6 January 2009 amid criticism from the Bragança Paulista population.","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copa do Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_do_Brasil"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C"},{"link_name":"Série C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C"},{"link_name":"Série C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C"},{"link_name":"Série C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C"},{"link_name":"Série C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"CS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Copa_Sudamericana"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"CL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Copa_Libertadores"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"}],"text":"As of 13 November 2022Season\n\nDiv.\n\nPos.\n\nPl.\n\nW\n\nD\n\nL\n\nGS\n\nGA\n\nPts.\n\nCopa do Brasil\n\nCONMEBOL\n\n\nAs Clube Atlético Bragantino\n\n\n2002\n\nSérie B\n\n26\n\n25\n\n4\n\n5\n\n16\n\n23\n\n54\n\n17\n\nFirst round\n\nDNP\n\n\n2003\n\nSérie C\n\n6\n\n12\n\n7\n\n2\n\n3\n\n20\n\n15\n\n23\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\n\n2004\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\n\n2005\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\n\n2006\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\n\n2007\n\nSérie C\n\n1\n\n32\n\n16\n\n7\n\n9\n\n46\n\n32\n\n55\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\n\n2008\n\nSérie B\n\n7\n\n38\n\n16\n\n9\n\n13\n\n47\n\n41\n\n57\n\nSecond round\n\nDNP\n\n\n2009\n\nSérie B\n\n9\n\n38\n\n15\n\n8\n\n15\n\n52\n\n51\n\n53\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\n\n2010\n\nSérie B\n\n8\n\n38\n\n13\n\n14\n\n11\n\n52\n\n37\n\n53\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\n\n2011\n\nSérie B\n\n6\n\n38\n\n16\n\n10\n\n12\n\n65\n\n53\n\n58\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\n\n2012\n\nSérie B\n\n14\n\n38\n\n12\n\n8\n\n18\n\n45\n\n53\n\n44\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\n\n2013\n\nSérie B\n\n16\n\n38\n\n13\n\n8\n\n17\n\n37\n\n43\n\n47\n\nSecond round\n\nDNP\n\n\n2014\n\nSérie B\n\n16\n\n38\n\n13\n\n7\n\n18\n\n45\n\n55\n\n46\n\nRound of 16\n\nDNP\n\n\n2015\n\nSérie B\n\n6\n\n38\n\n19\n\n3\n\n16\n\n56\n\n66\n\n60\n\nSecond round\n\nDNP\n\n\n2016\n\nSérie B\n\n19\n\n38\n\n8\n\n8\n\n22\n\n30\n\n54\n\n32\n\nThird round\n\nDNP\n\n\n2017\n\nSérie C\n\n7\n\n18\n\n4\n\n9\n\n5\n\n16\n\n19\n\n21\n\nSecond round\n\nDNP\n\n\n2018\n\nSérie C\n\n4\n\n22\n\n9\n\n8\n\n5\n\n25\n\n18\n\n35\n\nThird round\n\nDNP\n\n\n2019\n\nSérie B\n\n1\n\n38\n\n22\n\n9\n\n7\n\n64\n\n27\n\n78\n\nDNP\n\nDNP\n\n\nAs Red Bull Bragantino\n\n\n2020\n\nSérie A\n\n10\n\n38\n\n13\n\n14\n\n11\n\n50\n\n40\n\n53\n\nFirst round\n\nDNP\n\n\n2021\n\nSérie A\n\n6\n\n38\n\n14\n\n14\n\n10\n\n55\n\n46\n\n56\n\nThird round\n\nCS\n\nRunners-up\n\n\n2022\n\nSérie A\n\n14\n\n38\n\n11\n\n11\n\n16\n\n49\n\n59\n\n44\n\nThird round\n\nCL\n\nGroup stage\n\n\n2023\n\nSérie A\n\n6\n\n38\n\n17\n\n11\n\n10\n\n49\n\n35\n\n62\n\nSecond round\n\nDNP","title":"Season records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"As of 13 June 2024[7]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Reserve team","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Current staff","text":"As of 22 December 2022","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Copa Sudamericana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_Sudamericana"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Copa_Sudamericana"}],"sub_title":"Continental","text":"Copa Sudamericana\nRunners-up: 2021","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_A"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_B"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Campeonato_Brasileiro_S%C3%A9rie_C"}],"sub_title":"National","text":"Campeonato Brasileiro Série A\nRunners-up: 1991\nCampeonato Brasileiro Série B\nWinners (2): 1989, 2019\nCampeonato Brasileiro Série C\nWinners (1): 2007","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Campeonato_Paulista"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista Série A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_S%C3%A9rie_A2"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_Segunda_Divis%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Campeonato Paulista do Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeonato_Paulista_do_Interior"},{"link_name":"Torneio Início","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneio_In%C3%ADcio_Paulista"}],"sub_title":"State","text":"Campeonato Paulista\nWinners (1): 1990\nCampeonato Paulista Série A2\nWinners (2): 1965, 1988\nCampeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão\nWinners (1): 1979\nCampeonato Paulista do Interior\nWinners (1): 2020\nTorneio Início\nWinners (1): 1991**Titles before 2020, as Clube Atlético Bragantino","title":"Honours"}]	[{"image_text":"Former badge of Clube Atlético Bragantino.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fc/Bragantino_football.png"}]	[{"title":"RB Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RB_Leipzig"},{"title":"New York Red Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Red_Bulls"},{"title":"FC Red Bull Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Red_Bull_Salzburg"},{"title":"FC Liefering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Liefering"},{"title":"Red Bull Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Ghana"},{"title":"Red Bull Brasil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Brasil"}]	[{"reference":"Superesportes (2021-11-13). \"Bragantino e Fortaleza fazem confronto direto pelo G4 no Brasileiro\". Superesportes (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-05-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mg.superesportes.com.br/app/noticias/futebol/bragantino/2021/11/13/noticia_bragantino,3947541/bragantino-e-fortaleza-fazem-confronto-direto-pelo-g4-no-brasileiro.shtml","url_text":"\"Bragantino e Fortaleza fazem confronto direto pelo G4 no Brasileiro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Red Bull expands global football empire, takes over at Bragantino\". SportBusiness SPONSORSHIP. 28 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sponsorship.sportbusiness.com/news/red-bull-expands-global-football-empire-takes-over-at-bragantino/","url_text":"\"Red Bull expands global football empire, takes over at Bragantino\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bragantino anuncia acordo com o RB Brasil para gestão do time na Série B\" (in Portuguese). Globo. 26 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://globoesporte.globo.com/sp/vale-do-paraiba-regiao/futebol/noticia/bragantino-anuncia-acordo-com-o-rb-brasil-para-gestao-do-time-na-serie-b.ghtml","url_text":"\"Bragantino anuncia acordo com o RB Brasil para gestão do time na Série B\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bragantino divulga mudança de nome e novo escudo para 2020\" (in Portuguese). Globo. 1 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://globoesporte.globo.com/sp/vale-do-paraiba-regiao/futebol/times/bragantino/noticia/bragantino-divulga-mudanca-de-nome-e-novo-escudo-para-2020.ghtml","url_text":"\"Bragantino divulga mudança de nome e novo escudo para 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bragantino empata com Criciúma e conquista a Série B do Brasileirão\" (in Portuguese). CBF. 15 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbf.com.br/futebol-brasileiro/noticias/campeonato-brasileiro-serie-b/bragantino-empata-com-criciuma-e-conquista-a-serie-b-do-brasileirao","url_text":"\"Bragantino empata com Criciúma e conquista a Série B do Brasileirão\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pode vir, 2020! Estamos #ProntosParaOMundo\". X (formerly twitter). 2020-01-01. Retrieved 2023-12-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/RedBullBraga/status/1212374014976561160","url_text":"\"Pode vir, 2020! Estamos #ProntosParaOMundo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elenco\" [Squad] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Red Bull Bragantino. Retrieved 25 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redbullbragantino.com.br/red-bull-bragantino-masculino#elenco","url_text":"\"Elenco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Português Pedro Caixinha é o novo técnico do Red Bull Bragantino\" [Portuguese Pedro Caixinha is the new head coach of Red Bull Bragantino] (in Portuguese). Red Bull Bragantino. 10 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redbullbragantino.com.br/noticia/massa-bruta-tem-novo-treinador-10-12-2022","url_text":"\"Português Pedro Caixinha é o novo técnico do Red Bull Bragantino\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.redbullbragantino.com.br/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://www.mg.superesportes.com.br/app/noticias/futebol/bragantino/2021/11/13/noticia_bragantino,3947541/bragantino-e-fortaleza-fazem-confronto-direto-pelo-g4-no-brasileiro.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Bragantino e Fortaleza fazem confronto direto pelo G4 no Brasileiro\""},{"Link":"https://sponsorship.sportbusiness.com/news/red-bull-expands-global-football-empire-takes-over-at-bragantino/","external_links_name":"\"Red Bull expands global football empire, takes over at Bragantino\""},{"Link":"https://globoesporte.globo.com/sp/vale-do-paraiba-regiao/futebol/noticia/bragantino-anuncia-acordo-com-o-rb-brasil-para-gestao-do-time-na-serie-b.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Bragantino anuncia acordo com o RB Brasil para gestão do time na Série B\""},{"Link":"https://globoesporte.globo.com/sp/vale-do-paraiba-regiao/futebol/times/bragantino/noticia/bragantino-divulga-mudanca-de-nome-e-novo-escudo-para-2020.ghtml","external_links_name":"\"Bragantino divulga mudança de nome e novo escudo para 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbf.com.br/futebol-brasileiro/noticias/campeonato-brasileiro-serie-b/bragantino-empata-com-criciuma-e-conquista-a-serie-b-do-brasileirao","external_links_name":"\"Bragantino empata com Criciúma e conquista a Série B do Brasileirão\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/RedBullBraga/status/1212374014976561160","external_links_name":"\"Pode vir, 2020! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitfield_Camp	Whitfield Barracks	["1 History","2 Remaining buildings","3 Kowloon West II Battery","4 Conservation","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	Coordinates: 22°17′58″N 114°10′11″E / 22.299321°N 114.16977°E / 22.299321; 114.16977Barracks in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong Whitfield Barracks威菲路兵房Hong Kong Heritage Discovery CentreGeneral informationClassificationGrade I historic buildingsLocationTsim Sha Tsui, KowloonCountryHong KongNamed forHenry Wase WhitfieldConstruction started1890s Whitfield BarracksTraditional Chinese威菲路兵房TranscriptionsYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationWāi fēi louh bīng fòhngJyutpingWai1 fei2 lou6 bing1 fong4 Aerial view of Tsim Sha Tsui in the 1930s. Whitfield Barracks are visible in the top left area. Health Education Exhibition and Resources Centre, former Block S4. Nathan Road entrance. Former Block 58 Kowloon West II Battery Whitfield Barracks were barracks in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It was named after Henry Wase Whitfield, who was appointed commander of the British Army in Hong Kong in 1869. The area is now the site of Kowloon Park, where four reconverted barrack blocks and parts of the former Kowloon West II Battery remain. History The site was designated a military area in 1864. In the 1890s, the barracks were first built for the British Indian garrisons. Twenty-five barrack blocks were built by 1906; the barracks were developed in subsequent years. By 1910, there had been 85 barrack buildings constructed. A mosque was also built at the southeastern corner of the site for worship by the garrison. It belonged to the British Military Force when Hong Kong was under British rule. The premises was later returned to the Government of Hong Kong in 1967. In 1970, the Urban Council redeveloped the site into the Kowloon Park. The Government was criticised when the Executive Council approved plans in 1982 for a strip of retail premises fronting Nathan Road to be carved into the hill of Kowloon Park. The move was first proposed when the barracks were converted into public open space in 1970, and ignited some controversy. It was opposed by the Urban Council, as well as the Muslim community, whose mosque was close by. The rights for the development of the 5,410 sq metre strip were sold in February 1983 to a subsidiary of New World Development for $218 million. Remaining buildings Four reconverted military barrack blocks remain: Blocks 58, S4, S61 and S62. Blocks S61 and S62 were constructed in circa 1910. They are a pair of identical two storied colonial military barrack blocks, and were originally part of six barrack blocks built parallel to one another. The roofs are pitched with Chinese tiles with tar finish. They housed the former Hong Kong Museum of History from 1983 to 1998 before the completion of the present Museum at Chatham Road South. An extension block linking the two historical barracks was constructed in the 1980s to provide more space for the museum facilities. The blocks now house the Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre. Block S4 (formerly Block G) is situated at the southeast corner of Kowloon Park, along Haiphong Road, and is accessed through its entrance on Nathan Road. It is a two-storied colonial military barrack building which is similar in type to Blocks S61 and S62. It now houses Health Education Exhibition and Resource Centre. Block 58 (formerly Block A) is situated at the southwest corner of Kowloon Park, along Haiphong Road. It is used as a godown of the Hong Kong Museum of History. Kowloon West II Battery Kowloon West II Battery was situated in the northwestern part of today's Kowloon Park. It was built between 1878 and 1880, and was probably decommissioned by 1916. It commanded the entrance to Victoria Harbour between Stonecutters Island and Green Island. When Whitfield Barracks was converted into Kowloon Park, the battery was converted into a children's adventure playground; it is still recognisable for what it was, however. The gun emplacements have been renovated. Naval guns have been mounted in each emplacement after they were discovered at a construction site at Chatham Road in Tsim Sha Tsui in 1980. Conservation The remaining Blocks 58, S4, S61 and S62 of the former barracks were listed as Grade III historic buildings from 1997 to 2009. They have been listed as Grade I historic buildings since 2009. The Kowloon West II Battery has been listed as a Grade I historic building since 1997. The conversion of Blocks S61 and S62 into the Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre won the 2007 UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards Jury Commendation for Innovation. See also British Forces Overseas Hong Kong Victoria Barracks were located at the site of the current Hong Kong Park List of army barracks in Hong Kong References ^ a b c d e Brief Information on proposed Grade I Items. Items No. 43 and No. 44 ^ a b c The Geographical Information System on Hong Kong Heritage: Former Whitfield Barracks, Block S61 ^ Michael Chugani, Kowloon Park land sale plan tipped to spark row, South China Morning Post, 10 January 1982 ^ Jim Gilchrist, "'Bargain' $218m for park site", South China Morning Post, 6 February 1983. ^ a b UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards: Whitfield Barracks ^ Brief Information on proposed Grade I Items. Items No. 48 ^ Brief Information on proposed Grade I Items. Items No. 51 ^ Brief Information on proposed Grade I Items. Items No. 133 ^ a b The Geographical Information System on Hong Kong Heritage: Former Whitfield Barracks, KLN West II Battery ^ Leisure and Cultural Services Department: Kowloon Park: Discovery Playground ^ List of the 1,444 Historic Buildings in Building Assessment (as of 10 September 2013) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whitfield Barracks. List of barracks in Hong Kong (in Chinese) Maps showing the location of the historic buildings within Kowloon Park Gwulo.com entry vte Heritage conservation in Hong KongGovernment Antiquities and Monuments Office Antiquities Advisory Board Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance Urban Renewal Authority Lists Declared monuments Grade I buildings Grade II buildings Grade III buildings Oldest buildings Museums Heritage Discovery Centre Heritage Museum Museum of History Government Records Service Heritage trails Central and Western Dr Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail Lung Yeuk Tau Pinewood Battery Ping Shan Tai Tam Waterworks Wan Chai Schemes Revitalising Historic Buildings Through Partnership Scheme Old industrial buildings revitalization Notable casesDemolished Kowloon Station (1978) Hong Kong Club Building (1980) Edinburgh Place Ferry Pier (2006) Queen's Pier (2007) Lee Tung Street (2007) Ho Tung Gardens (2013) Tung Tak Pawn Shop (2015) Union Church (2017) Preserved Ohel Leah Synagogue (1987) Morrison Building (2003) Jessville (2007) King Yin Lei (2007) Wing Lee Street (2011) State Theatre (2017) Ex-Sham Shui Po Service Reservoir (2020) Relocated Murray House (2002) Blake Pier (2007) Pending Nam Koo Terrace Nga Tsin Wai Tsuen Stone House (Diamond Hill) Wan Chai Police Station Adaptive reuseCompleted Blue House Bridges Street Market Central Market Chai Wan Factory Estate Dairy Farm cowsheds Dairy Farm Depot District Office North Former Explosives Magazine Fanling Magistracy Former French Mission Building Island House Kowloon British School Kowloon Fire Station Lai Chi Kok Hospital Lui Seng Chun Ma Tau Kok Animal Quarantine Depot Marine Police Headquarters Mei Ho House North Kowloon Magistracy Old House, Hoi Pa Village PMQ Former RAF Kai Tak station buildings Former Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club Shek Kip Mei Factory Estate Sheung Shui Police Station Stanley Police Station Tai Kwun (Central Police Station, Central Magistracy, Victoria Prison) Tai O Police Station Tai Po Police Station Tsan Yuk Maternity Hospital Blocks of Victoria Barracks Wan Chai Post Office Western Market Blocks of Whitfield Barracks Yau Ma Tei Theatre Pending British Military Hospital Engineer's Office of the Former Pumping Station Fong Yuen Study Hall Haw Par Mansion Homi Villa King Yin Lei Luen Wo Market No. 27 Lugard Road Tai Tam Tuk Raw Water Pumping Station Staff Quarters Compound Old House, Wong Uk Village Facadism Old Mental Hospital Wan Chai Market 22°17′58″N 114°10′11″E / 22.299321°N 114.16977°E / 22.299321; 114.16977	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TST_aerophoto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tsim Sha Tsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsim_Sha_Tsui"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HEERC1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Health Education Exhibition and Resources Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Education_Exhibition_and_Resources_Centre"},{"link_name":"Nathan Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Road"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Block_58_Kowloon_Park.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kowloon_Park_Battery7.jpg"},{"link_name":"barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracks"},{"link_name":"Tsim Sha Tsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsim_Sha_Tsui"},{"link_name":"Kowloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon"},{"link_name":"Henry Wase Whitfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Wase_Whitfield"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brief43-1"},{"link_name":"Kowloon Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Park"},{"link_name":"reconverted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_reuse"}],"text":"Barracks in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong KongAerial view of Tsim Sha Tsui in the 1930s. Whitfield Barracks are visible in the top left area.Health Education Exhibition and Resources Centre, former Block S4. Nathan Road entrance.Former Block 58Kowloon West II BatteryWhitfield Barracks were barracks in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong. It was named after Henry Wase Whitfield, who was appointed commander of the British Army in Hong Kong in 1869.[1] The area is now the site of Kowloon Park, where four reconverted barrack blocks and parts of the former Kowloon West II Battery remain.","title":"Whitfield Barracks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brief43-1"},{"link_name":"garrisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrison"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIS61-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brief43-1"},{"link_name":"A mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Mosque_and_Islamic_Centre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIS61-2"},{"link_name":"British Military Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"British rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Government of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Urban Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Council"},{"link_name":"Kowloon Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brief43-1"},{"link_name":"Executive Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Nathan Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Road"},{"link_name":"Urban Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Council"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowloon_Masjid_and_Islamic_Centre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New World Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_Development"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The site was designated a military area in 1864.[1] In the 1890s, the barracks were first built for the British Indian garrisons. Twenty-five barrack blocks were built by 1906;[2] the barracks were developed in subsequent years. By 1910, there had been 85 barrack buildings constructed.[1] A mosque was also built at the southeastern corner of the site for worship by the garrison.[2]It belonged to the British Military Force when Hong Kong was under British rule. The premises was later returned to the Government of Hong Kong in 1967. In 1970, the Urban Council redeveloped the site into the Kowloon Park.[1]The Government was criticised when the Executive Council approved plans in 1982 for a strip of retail premises fronting Nathan Road to be carved into the hill of Kowloon Park. The move was first proposed when the barracks were converted into public open space in 1970, and ignited some controversy. It was opposed by the Urban Council, as well as the Muslim community, whose mosque was close by.[3] The rights for the development of the 5,410 sq metre strip were sold in February 1983 to a subsidiary of New World Development for $218 million.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reconverted military barrack blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_reuse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brief43-1"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Museum of History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History"},{"link_name":"Chatham Road South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Road_South"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GIS61-2"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Heritage_Discovery_Centre"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APHA-5"},{"link_name":"Haiphong Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiphong_Road"},{"link_name":"Nathan Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Road"},{"link_name":"Health Education Exhibition and Resource Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Education_Exhibition_and_Resource_Centre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"godown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godown"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Four reconverted military barrack blocks remain: Blocks 58, S4, S61 and S62.Blocks S61 and S62 were constructed in circa 1910. They are a pair of identical two storied colonial military barrack blocks, and were originally part of six barrack blocks built parallel to one another.[1] The roofs are pitched with Chinese tiles with tar finish. They housed the former Hong Kong Museum of History from 1983 to 1998 before the completion of the present Museum at Chatham Road South.[2] An extension block linking the two historical barracks was constructed in the 1980s to provide more space for the museum facilities. The blocks now house the Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre.[5]Block S4 (formerly Block G) is situated at the southeast corner of Kowloon Park, along Haiphong Road, and is accessed through its entrance on Nathan Road. It is a two-storied colonial military barrack building which is similar in type to Blocks S61 and S62. It now houses Health Education Exhibition and Resource Centre.[6]Block 58 (formerly Block A) is situated at the southwest corner of Kowloon Park, along Haiphong Road. It is used as a godown of the Hong Kong Museum of History.[7]","title":"Remaining buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Victoria Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Stonecutters Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonecutters_Island"},{"link_name":"Green Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Island,_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GISbattery-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chatham Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_Road"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GISbattery-9"}],"text":"Kowloon West II Battery was situated in the northwestern part of today's Kowloon Park. It was built between 1878 and 1880, and was probably decommissioned by 1916.[8] It commanded the entrance to Victoria Harbour between Stonecutters Island and Green Island.[9] When Whitfield Barracks was converted into Kowloon Park, the battery was converted into a children's adventure playground;[10] it is still recognisable for what it was, however. The gun emplacements have been renovated. Naval guns have been mounted in each emplacement after they were discovered at a construction site at Chatham Road in Tsim Sha Tsui in 1980.[9]","title":"Kowloon West II Battery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grade III historic buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grade_III_historic_buildings_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Grade I historic buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Grade_I_historic_buildings_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Heritage_Discovery_Centre"},{"link_name":"UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Asia_Pacific_Heritage_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APHA-5"}],"text":"The remaining Blocks 58, S4, S61 and S62 of the former barracks were listed as Grade III historic buildings from 1997 to 2009. They have been listed as Grade I historic buildings since 2009. The Kowloon West II Battery has been listed as a Grade I historic building since 1997.[11]The conversion of Blocks S61 and S62 into the Hong Kong Heritage Discovery Centre won the 2007 UNESCO Asia Pacific Heritage Awards Jury Commendation for Innovation.[5]","title":"Conservation"}]	[{"image_text":"Aerial view of Tsim Sha Tsui in the 1930s. Whitfield Barracks are visible in the top left area.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/TST_aerophoto.jpg/220px-TST_aerophoto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Health Education Exhibition and Resources Centre, former Block S4. Nathan Road entrance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/HEERC1.jpg/220px-HEERC1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former Block 58","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Block_58_Kowloon_Park.JPG/220px-Block_58_Kowloon_Park.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kowloon West II Battery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kowloon_Park_Battery7.jpg/220px-Kowloon_Park_Battery7.jpg"}]	[{"title":"British Forces Overseas Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Forces_Overseas_Hong_Kong"},{"title":"Victoria Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Barracks,_Hong_Kong"},{"title":"Hong Kong Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Park"},{"title":"List of army barracks in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_army_barracks_in_Hong_Kong"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Whitfield_Barracks&params=22.299321_N_114.16977_E_","external_links_name":"22°17′58″N 114°10′11″E / 22.299321°N 114.16977°E / 22.299321; 114.16977"},{"Link":"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/form/Brief_Information_on_proposed_Grade_I_Items.pdf","external_links_name":"Brief Information on proposed Grade I Items"},{"Link":"http://www5.lcsd.gov.hk/gishinter/history.jsp?SYSID=1084&LANG=ENAME","external_links_name":"Former Whitfield Barracks, Block S61"},{"Link":"http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/12_03.02/115067.pdf","external_links_name":"Kowloon Park land sale plan tipped to spark row"},{"Link":"http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/world-heritage-and-immovable-heritage/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/previous-heritage-awards-2000-2010/2007/award-winners/whitfield-barracks/","external_links_name":"Whitfield Barracks"},{"Link":"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/form/Brief_Information_on_proposed_Grade_I_Items.pdf","external_links_name":"Brief Information on proposed Grade I Items"},{"Link":"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/form/Brief_Information_on_proposed_Grade_I_Items.pdf","external_links_name":"Brief Information on proposed Grade I Items"},{"Link":"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/form/Brief_Information_on_proposed_Grade_I_Items.pdf","external_links_name":"Brief Information on proposed Grade I Items"},{"Link":"http://www5.lcsd.gov.hk/gishinter/history.jsp?SYSID=1086&LANG=ENAME","external_links_name":"Former Whitfield Barracks, KLN West II Battery"},{"Link":"http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kp/en/discovery_layground.php","external_links_name":"Kowloon Park: Discovery Playground"},{"Link":"http://www.aab.gov.hk/form/AAB-SM-chi.pdf","external_links_name":"List of the 1,444 Historic Buildings in Building Assessment (as of 10 September 2013)"},{"Link":"http://www.hk-place.com/view.php?id=230","external_links_name":"List of barracks in Hong Kong"},{"Link":"http://www.epd.gov.hk/eia/register/report/eiareport/eia_1542008/EIA%20Report/pdf/Appendices/App_8-1_20080826A.pdf","external_links_name":"Maps showing the location of the historic buildings within Kowloon Park"},{"Link":"http://gwulo.com/node/2375","external_links_name":"Gwulo.com entry"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Whitfield_Barracks&params=22.299321_N_114.16977_E_","external_links_name":"22°17′58″N 114°10′11″E / 22.299321°N 114.16977°E / 22.299321; 114.16977"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Lazarov	Petar Lazarov	["1 External links"]	Bulgarian footballer This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2023) Petar LazarovPersonal informationFull name Petar Ivanov LazarovDate of birth (1985-08-27) 27 August 1985 (age 38)Place of birth Plovdiv, BulgariaHeight 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team Pirin RazlogNumber 8Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2006–2008 Sportist Svoge 39 (3)2008–2009 Lokomotiv Plovdiv 4 (0)2009–2010 Spartak Plovdiv 11 (1)2010–2013 Pirin Gotse Delchev 104 (11)2014 Montana 9 (0)2014 Chernomorets Burgas 15 (0)2015 Pirin Gotse Delchev 13 (0)2015 Pirin Razlog 16 (1)2016–2019 Bansko 108 (8)2020– Pirin Razlog 0 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 1 February 2020 Petar Lazarov (Bulgarian: Петър Лазаров; born 23 November 1985) is a Bulgarian footballer, currently playing as a midfielder for Pirin Razlog. External links Petar Lazarov at Soccerway This biographical article related to association football in Bulgaria, about a midfielder, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_people"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Pirin Razlog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Pirin_Razlog"}],"text":"Petar Lazarov (Bulgarian: Петър Лазаров; born 23 November 1985) is a Bulgarian footballer, currently playing as a midfielder for Pirin Razlog.","title":"Petar Lazarov"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/petar-lazarov/89115/","external_links_name":"Petar Lazarov"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petar_Lazarov&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Fork_(Big_South_Fork_Cumberland_River_tributary)	Clear Fork (Big South Fork Cumberland River tributary)	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 36°25′27″N 84°37′25″W / 36.42424°N 84.62355°W / 36.42424; -84.62355River in USClear ForkEarly spring view near Peter’s Bridge.LocationCountryUSPhysical characteristicsSource • locationFentress County, Tennessee Mouth • locationBig South Fork of the Cumberland River in Scott County • elevation1,004 ft (306 m)Length27.2 mi (43.8 km) The Clear Fork (also known as the Clear Fork River or Clear Fork Creek) is a 27.2-mile-long (43.8 km) stream draining part of the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee, United States. It is a tributary of the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River. By that river, the Cumberland River, and the Ohio River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed. The Clear Fork rises on the Cumberland Plateau in southern Fentress County, Tennessee. It is composed of two major components, the North Prong and the South Prong, and numerous smaller tributaries. The North Prong drains an area adjacent to and east of U.S. Highway 127. The South Prong is slightly further east; it and its tributaries form an important portion of the border between Fentress County and Morgan County. The former English settlement of Rugby, Tennessee, promoted in the late 19th century as a settlement for the "second sons" of English nobility who did not receive hereditary peerages, is located on the Plateau above the Clear Fork valley; swimming in its pools provided the "Rugby Colony" with an important recreational diversion. The stream crosses into Scott County through an oil field developed by the petroleum industry and reaches its confluence with the New River. From this point the combined stream is known as the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River; the upper reaches of the stream are the focal point of a National Recreation Area. See also List of rivers of Tennessee References ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Clear Fork ^ U.S. Geological Survey. Oneida South quadrangle, Tennessee. 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series. Washington D.C.: USGS, 1988. ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2016-06-30 at the Wayback Machine, accessed June 8, 2011 36°25′27″N 84°37′25″W / 36.42424°N 84.62355°W / 36.42424; -84.62355	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-3"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Big South Fork of the Cumberland River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_South_Fork_of_the_Cumberland_River"},{"link_name":"Cumberland River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_River"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"Cumberland Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Fentress County, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentress_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_127"},{"link_name":"Morgan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Rugby, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"peerages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"Scott County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"petroleum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum"},{"link_name":"New River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_River_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Big South Fork of the Cumberland River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_South_Fork_of_the_Cumberland_River"},{"link_name":"National Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Recreation_Area"}],"text":"River in USThe Clear Fork (also known as the Clear Fork River or Clear Fork Creek[1]) is a 27.2-mile-long (43.8 km)[3] stream draining part of the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee, United States. It is a tributary of the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River. By that river, the Cumberland River, and the Ohio River, it is part of the Mississippi River watershed.The Clear Fork rises on the Cumberland Plateau in southern Fentress County, Tennessee. It is composed of two major components, the North Prong and the South Prong, and numerous smaller tributaries. The North Prong drains an area adjacent to and east of U.S. Highway 127. The South Prong is slightly further east; it and its tributaries form an important portion of the border between Fentress County and Morgan County.The former English settlement of Rugby, Tennessee, promoted in the late 19th century as a settlement for the \"second sons\" of English nobility who did not receive hereditary peerages, is located on the Plateau above the Clear Fork valley; swimming in its pools provided the \"Rugby Colony\" with an important recreational diversion. The stream crosses into Scott County through an oil field developed by the petroleum industry and reaches its confluence with the New River. From this point the combined stream is known as the Big South Fork of the Cumberland River; the upper reaches of the stream are the focal point of a National Recreation Area.","title":"Clear Fork (Big South Fork Cumberland River tributary)"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of rivers of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Tennessee"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clear_Fork_(Big_South_Fork_Cumberland_River_tributary)&params=36.42424_N_84.62355_W_source:GNIStemplate_region:US-TN","external_links_name":"36°25′27″N 84°37′25″W / 36.42424°N 84.62355°W / 36.42424; -84.62355"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1305959","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Clear Fork"},{"Link":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","external_links_name":"The National Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160630110913/http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clear_Fork_(Big_South_Fork_Cumberland_River_tributary)&params=36.42424_N_84.62355_W_source:GNIStemplate_region:US-TN","external_links_name":"36°25′27″N 84°37′25″W / 36.42424°N 84.62355°W / 36.42424; -84.62355"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Yarborough	Emmanuel Yarbrough	["1 Background","2 Amateur sumo career","3 Mixed martial arts career","4 Professional wrestling career","5 Acting","6 Death","7 Mixed martial arts record","8 Championships and accomplishments","8.1 Sumo","8.2 Collegiate wrestling","8.3 Judo","8.4 College football","9 References","10 External links"]	American sumo wrestler, judoka, American footballer and mixed martial arts fighter Emmanuel YarbroughBorn(1964-09-05)September 5, 1964Rahway, New Jersey, U.S.DiedDecember 21, 2015(2015-12-21) (aged 51)Richmond, Virginia, U.S.Other namesMannyNationalityAmericanHeight6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)Weight600 lb (272 kg; 42 st 12 lb)DivisionSuper HeavyweightStyleSumoRankBrown Belt in judoWrestlingNCAA Division I WrestlingMixed martial arts recordTotal3Wins1By submission1Losses2By knockout1By submission1 Mixed martial arts record from Sherdog Emmanuel Yarbrough (September 5, 1964 – December 21, 2015) was an American martial artist, professional wrestler, football player and actor. He was particularly known for his career in amateur sumo, and held the Guinness World Record for the heaviest living athlete. Background Yarbrough started his sports career at Morgan State University, where he became an offensive tackle for the college football team before joining the college wrestling team. He was given the ironic nickname "Tiny" due to his large size. He achieved NCAA All-American Division II wrestler status in 1983 and 1985, the university later ascending to Division I in 1986, while in football he was a Division I athlete in 1982 and 1983. After college, Yarbrough trained in judo under Yoshisada Yonezuka, who coached him to a silver medal victory at the US Nationals tournament at brown belt level. This experience would lead him to take a further interest in martial arts, exploring amateur sumo and mixed martial arts. Amateur sumo career Yarbrough started competing in amateur sumo in 1992. He won silver medals in the Sumo World Championships in 1992 and 1994, as well as a bronze medal in 1993. Two years later, after his appearance in Ultimate Fighting Championship, Yarbrough increased his previous weight by 282 lbs. Eventually, Yarbrough reached 704 lbs, which gave him the Guinness World Record for the heaviest living athlete. He quickly became the World Amateur Sumo Champion, leading him to be one of the most famous sumo wrestlers outside Japan. In 2007, he intended to drop from 750 to 550 lbs in order to improve his health, still hoping to participate in the next Sumo World Championships and the US Olympic judo tryouts. Mixed martial arts career In 1994, Yarbrough applied to mixed martial arts promotion Ultimate Fighting Championship and took part in the event UFC 3 representing sumo. He was pitted against the much smaller Keith Hackney, a kempo representative, who opened the match by immediately knocking Yarborough down with a palm strike. Emmanuel recovered, pulled Hackney towards his chest and unloaded strikes on his neck, and then literally pushed him out the cage through the door in spectacular fashion. However, when the match was restarted, Hackney knocked Yarbrough again and followed with hand strikes for the TKO. Keith since took the nickname "The Giant Killer" for this victory. Emmanuel's second MMA fight would be in Japan for the promotion Shooto. He faced Tatsuo Nakano, a former shoot-style professional wrestler whom Yarbrough outsized greatly. This time, the sumo wrestler got advantage of fighting in a ring and cornered Nakano against the turnbuckle, taking dominant position over him. When the contenders were relocated on the center of the ring, Yarbrough just shifted his abdomen over Nakano's head. Unable to get out from under his opponent and being smothered by the weight, the Japanese fighter tapped out, giving Yarbrough his first and only victory. Only months later, Emmanuel fought his third and last bout, for the Japanese promotion Pride Fighting Championships, facing his smallest opponent in the form of Japanese grappler Daiju Takase. Takase avoided engaging Yarbrough and earned a yellow card for inactivity in the second round. Eventually, Takase attempted a takedown, which Yarbrough was able to deny and gain dominant position; however, Takase managed to escape and landed numerous punches to Yarbrough’s head and body, forcing him to submit. Professional wrestling career From 1996 to 1997, Yarbrough competed in professional wrestling for Catch Wrestling Association in Germany, where he had gimmick matches based around his sumo career. He took part in a sumo tournament against the entire staff of the promotion, being declared winner after beating everybody except August Smisl and Terminator Mastino. He later won another tournament, beating the likes of Osamu Nishimura and Jason Neidhart, Jim Neidhart's storyline cousin. Acting He appeared in a 1997 Bollywood film Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi which features Bollywood action hero Akshay Kumar and has appeared on several talk shows, as well as in a commercial for Motorola. He has also appeared on the HBO drama Oz as an inmate named Clarence Seroy. In 2000, he played himself in the German wrestling film Sumo Bruno. Death On December 21, 2015, Yarbrough died at the age of 51, from a heart attack. His manager said that he had battled all his life with food addiction and "he always said, 'I am a prisoner in my own body.'" By the age of 14 he already weighed 320 pounds, which he attributed to a poor diet of fried foods. In 2007, he was hospitalized for a week due to heart failure, and after seeing an obesity specialist and changing his diet he reduced his weight from over 800 to around 670 pounds. Mixed martial arts record Professional record breakdown 3 matches 1 win 2 losses By knockout 0 2 By submission 1 0 By decision 0 0 Res. Record Opponent Method Event Date Round Time Location Notes Loss 1–2 Daiju Takase TKO (submission to punches) Pride 3 June 24, 1998 2 3:22 Tokyo, Japan Win 1–1 Tatsuo Nakano Submission (smother) Shooto - Shoot the Shooto XX April 26, 1998 1 1:17 Yokohama, Japan Loss 0–1 Keith Hackney TKO (punches) UFC 3 September 9, 1994 1 1:59 Charlotte, North Carolina, United States Championships and accomplishments Sumo 1995 World Amateur Sumo Champion 1992 1st Sumo World Championships Open Division 2nd Place 1993 2nd Sumo World Championships Open Division 3rd Place 1994 3rd Sumo World Championships Open Division 2nd Place 1996 5th Sumo World Championships Open Division 2nd Place Collegiate wrestling NCAA All American, 1983, 1985 and 1986, Morgan State University Judo Second place, U.S. Nationals 1989 College football NCAA Division I-AA All-American offensive tackle, Morgan State University, 1982, 1983 References ^ a b "Heaviest living athlete". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. ^ a b "'Disabled' Sumo Wrestler Slimming Down to Improve Health". Fox News. Retrieved 30 December 2015. ^ a b "Emmanuel Yarbrough Passes at Age 51". Vice. Retrieved 20 November 2019. ^ Scott Newman (2005-06-11). "MMA Review: #52: UFC 3: The American Dream". The Oratory. Archived from the original on 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2016-09-17. ^ Scott Newman (2013-10-06). "MMA Review: #412: PRIDE 3". The Oratory. Archived from the original on 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2019-11-20. ^ a b "Sumo wrestling champ Emmanuel Yarbrough dies at 51". nj.com. December 23, 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015. ^ a b "Ex-Sumo wrestler winning battle of the bulge". nj.com. November 24, 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2015. External links Amateur Sumo Profile Professional MMA record for Emmanuel Yarbrough from Sherdog Emmanuel Yarbrough at UFC	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"martial artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_artist"},{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestler"},{"link_name":"football player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"amateur sumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_sumo"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heav-1"}],"text":"Emmanuel Yarbrough (September 5, 1964 – December 21, 2015) was an American martial artist, professional wrestler, football player and actor. He was particularly known for his career in amateur sumo, and held the Guinness World Record for the heaviest living athlete.[1]","title":"Emmanuel Yarbrough"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morgan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_State_University"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"college wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_wrestling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dis-2"},{"link_name":"NCAA All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_All-American"},{"link_name":"Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II"},{"link_name":"Division I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"Yoshisada Yonezuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshisada_Yonezuka"},{"link_name":"amateur sumo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_sumo"},{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-3"}],"text":"Yarbrough started his sports career at Morgan State University, where he became an offensive tackle for the college football team before joining the college wrestling team. He was given the ironic nickname \"Tiny\" due to his large size.[2] He achieved NCAA All-American Division II wrestler status in 1983 and 1985, the university later ascending to Division I in 1986, while in football he was a Division I athlete in 1982 and 1983. After college, Yarbrough trained in judo under Yoshisada Yonezuka, who coached him to a silver medal victory at the US Nationals tournament at brown belt level. This experience would lead him to take a further interest in martial arts, exploring amateur sumo and mixed martial arts.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heav-1"},{"link_name":"Amateur Sumo Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vice-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dis-2"}],"text":"Yarbrough started competing in amateur sumo in 1992. He won silver medals in the Sumo World Championships in 1992 and 1994, as well as a bronze medal in 1993. Two years later, after his appearance in Ultimate Fighting Championship, Yarbrough increased his previous weight by 282 lbs. Eventually, Yarbrough reached 704 lbs, which gave him the Guinness World Record for the heaviest living athlete.[1] He quickly became the World Amateur Sumo Champion, leading him to be one of the most famous sumo wrestlers outside Japan.[3]In 2007, he intended to drop from 750 to 550 lbs in order to improve his health, still hoping to participate in the next Sumo World Championships and the US Olympic judo tryouts.[2]","title":"Amateur sumo career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mixed martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts"},{"link_name":"Ultimate Fighting Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship"},{"link_name":"UFC 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFC_3"},{"link_name":"Keith Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Hackney"},{"link_name":"kempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenp%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Shooto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooto"},{"link_name":"shoot-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot-style"},{"link_name":"professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestler"},{"link_name":"Pride Fighting Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_Fighting_Championships"},{"link_name":"Daiju Takase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiju_Takase"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1994, Yarbrough applied to mixed martial arts promotion Ultimate Fighting Championship and took part in the event UFC 3 representing sumo. He was pitted against the much smaller Keith Hackney, a kempo representative, who opened the match by immediately knocking Yarborough down with a palm strike. Emmanuel recovered, pulled Hackney towards his chest and unloaded strikes on his neck, and then literally pushed him out the cage through the door in spectacular fashion. However, when the match was restarted, Hackney knocked Yarbrough again and followed with hand strikes for the TKO.[4] Keith since took the nickname \"The Giant Killer\" for this victory.Emmanuel's second MMA fight would be in Japan for the promotion Shooto. He faced Tatsuo Nakano, a former shoot-style professional wrestler whom Yarbrough outsized greatly. This time, the sumo wrestler got advantage of fighting in a ring and cornered Nakano against the turnbuckle, taking dominant position over him. When the contenders were relocated on the center of the ring, Yarbrough just shifted his abdomen over Nakano's head. Unable to get out from under his opponent and being smothered by the weight, the Japanese fighter tapped out, giving Yarbrough his first and only victory.Only months later, Emmanuel fought his third and last bout, for the Japanese promotion Pride Fighting Championships, facing his smallest opponent in the form of Japanese grappler Daiju Takase. Takase avoided engaging Yarbrough and earned a yellow card for inactivity in the second round. Eventually, Takase attempted a takedown, which Yarbrough was able to deny and gain dominant position; however, Takase managed to escape and landed numerous punches to Yarbrough’s head and body, forcing him to submit.[5]","title":"Mixed martial arts career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Catch Wrestling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"August Smisl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Smisl"},{"link_name":"Terminator Mastino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Hallick"},{"link_name":"Osamu Nishimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osamu_Nishimura"},{"link_name":"Jason Neidhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Neidhart"},{"link_name":"Jim Neidhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Neidhart"}],"text":"From 1996 to 1997, Yarbrough competed in professional wrestling for Catch Wrestling Association in Germany, where he had gimmick matches based around his sumo career. He took part in a sumo tournament against the entire staff of the promotion, being declared winner after beating everybody except August Smisl and Terminator Mastino. He later won another tournament, beating the likes of Osamu Nishimura and Jason Neidhart, Jim Neidhart's storyline cousin.","title":"Professional wrestling career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._and_Mrs._Khiladi"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Akshay Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshay_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Motorola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sumo Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumo_Bruno"}],"text":"He appeared in a 1997 Bollywood film Mr. and Mrs. Khiladi which features Bollywood action hero Akshay Kumar and has appeared on several talk shows, as well as in a commercial for Motorola. He has also appeared on the HBO drama Oz as an inmate named Clarence Seroy. In 2000, he played himself in the German wrestling film Sumo Bruno.","title":"Acting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njadvancemedia-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njadvancemedia-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-battle-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-battle-7"}],"text":"On December 21, 2015, Yarbrough died at the age of 51, from a heart attack.[6] His manager said that he had battled all his life with food addiction and \"he always said, 'I am a prisoner in my own body.'\"[6] By the age of 14 he already weighed 320 pounds, which he attributed to a poor diet of fried foods.[7] In 2007, he was hospitalized for a week due to heart failure, and after seeing an obesity specialist and changing his diet he reduced his weight from over 800 to around 670 pounds.[7]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mixed martial arts record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sumo","text":"1995 World Amateur Sumo Champion\n1992 1st Sumo World Championships Open Division 2nd Place\n1993 2nd Sumo World Championships Open Division 3rd Place\n1994 3rd Sumo World Championships Open Division 2nd Place\n1996 5th Sumo World Championships Open Division 2nd Place","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Collegiate wrestling","text":"NCAA All American, 1983, 1985 and 1986, Morgan State University","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Judo","text":"Second place, U.S. Nationals 1989","title":"Championships and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College football","text":"NCAA Division I-AA All-American offensive tackle, Morgan State University, 1982, 1983","title":"Championships and accomplishments"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Heaviest living athlete\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Barenger	James Barenger	["1 Life","2 References","3 Sources","4 External links"]	English painter James Barenger (1780–1831) was an English animal painter and illustrator. Life Claret, a hunter (1822) Pointers going out with sportsmen (engraving by John Scott after Barenger) Barenger was born in Kentish Town, London, the son of James Barenger Snr., a metal chaser and artist who exhibited paintings of insects at the Society of Artists and Royal Academy, and Sarah Woollett, the daughter of the engraver, William Woollett. His brother Samuel Barenger (christened Major Samuel Barenger) also became an engraver. Beginning as a landscape artist, Barenger went on to specialise in painting horses, dogs and other animals, and hunting scenes. In 1807, at the age of 28, he exhibited at the Royal Academy for the first time. At this stage, he was living with his father in Kentish Town, but later moved to Camden Town. He went on to exhibit 48 paintings at the Royal Academy and eight at the British Institution. He acquired numerous wealthy and aristocratic patrons, and his pictures were also engraved for sporting publications such as W. H. Scott's British Field Sports, The Sporting Repository, The Annals of Sporting and The Sporting Magazine. For the last of these, Scott engraved Barenger's painting of the racehorse Blucher (ca. 1814). As well as painting, Barenger also bred pointer dogs. He died on 1 October 1831 and was buried in Old St Pancras churchyard. References ^ a b c d Sir Walter Gilbey, F. Babbage, Animal painters of England from the year 1650, Volume 1 - Alken to Gooch (London: Vinton & Co., 1900) pp. 34–39. ^ "Samuel Barenger (Biographical details)". British Museum. Retrieved 6 June 2014. ^ William Henry Scott. British field sports (London: Sherwood, Neely, and Jones, 2nd ed., 1820). ^ The Sporting Repository (1822 - reprinted by London: Kegan, Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1904). ^ The Sporting Magazine, October 1816, p. 1 ^ "Obituary". The New Sporting Magazine. 2: 145. December 1831. Sources This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). "Barenger, James". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Barenger. Art UK Paintings in British Public Collections. James Barenger online (ArtCyclopedia) Race Horses (oil on canvas - Julian Simon Fine Art, London) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists Scientific illustrators RKD Artists ULAN	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"animal painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_painter"}],"text":"James Barenger (1780–1831) was an English animal painter and illustrator.","title":"James Barenger"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barenger_-_Claret.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barenger_-_Going_out.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott_(engraver)"},{"link_name":"Kentish Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentish_Town"},{"link_name":"chaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing"},{"link_name":"Society of Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Artists_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"William Woollett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Woollett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gilbey-1"},{"link_name":"Samuel Barenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Barenger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"Kentish Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentish_Town"},{"link_name":"Camden Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town"},{"link_name":"British Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Institution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gilbey-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Sporting Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Blucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blucher_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pointer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(dog_breed)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gilbey-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Old St Pancras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gilbey-1"}],"text":"Claret, a hunter (1822)Pointers going out with sportsmen (engraving by John Scott after Barenger)Barenger was born in Kentish Town, London, the son of James Barenger Snr., a metal chaser and artist who exhibited paintings of insects at the Society of Artists and Royal Academy, and Sarah Woollett, the daughter of the engraver, William Woollett.[1] His brother Samuel Barenger (christened Major Samuel Barenger) also became an engraver.[2]Beginning as a landscape artist, Barenger went on to specialise in painting horses, dogs and other animals, and hunting scenes. In 1807, at the age of 28, he exhibited at the Royal Academy for the first time. At this stage, he was living with his father in Kentish Town, but later moved to Camden Town. He went on to exhibit 48 paintings at the Royal Academy and eight at the British Institution.[1]He acquired numerous wealthy and aristocratic patrons, and his pictures were also engraved for sporting publications such as W. H. Scott's British Field Sports,[3] The Sporting Repository,[4] The Annals of Sporting and The Sporting Magazine. For the last of these, Scott engraved Barenger's painting of the racehorse Blucher (ca. 1814).[5]As well as painting, Barenger also bred pointer dogs.[1] He died on 1 October 1831[6] and was buried in Old St Pancras churchyard.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Bryan, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bryan_(art_historian)"},{"link_name":"\"Barenger, James\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n6/mode/1up"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Barenger, James\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Claret, a hunter (1822)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Barenger_-_Claret.jpg/220px-Barenger_-_Claret.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pointers going out with sportsmen (engraving by John Scott after Barenger)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Barenger_-_Going_out.jpg/220px-Barenger_-_Going_out.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Samuel Barenger (Biographical details)\". British Museum. Retrieved 6 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=133370","url_text":"\"Samuel Barenger (Biographical details)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary\". The New Sporting Magazine. 2: 145. December 1831.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vlMCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA145","url_text":"\"Obituary\""}]},{"reference":"Bryan, Michael (1886). \"Barenger, James\". In Graves, Robert Edmund (ed.). Bryan's Dictionary of Painters and Engravers (A–K). Vol. I (3rd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bryan_(art_historian)","url_text":"Bryan, Michael"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n6/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Barenger, James\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/animalpaintersof01gilb","external_links_name":"Animal painters of England from the year 1650, Volume 1 - Alken to Gooch"},{"Link":"https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/term_details.aspx?bioId=133370","external_links_name":"\"Samuel Barenger (Biographical details)\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/britishfieldspor00lawr#page/n10/mode/1up","external_links_name":"British field sports"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sportingreposito00lond","external_links_name":"The Sporting Repository"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vlMCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA145","external_links_name":"\"Obituary\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092716962#page/n6/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Barenger, James\""},{"Link":"https://artuk.org/search/search/search/keyword:james-barenger_artists","external_links_name":"Art UK"},{"Link":"http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/barenger_james.html","external_links_name":"James Barenger online"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707060415/http://www.19thcenturypaintings.com/details.asp?stockID=88","external_links_name":"Race Horses"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000067064026","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/44251012","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmMkRGXxHBBqd9QHYpT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2004024946","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=243","external_links_name":"Scientific illustrators"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/4445","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500022343","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University_Libraries	Pennsylvania State University Libraries	["1 History","2 Pattee Library","3 Paterno Library","4 Other Libraries","5 References"]	Coordinates: 40°47′54″N 77°51′58″W / 40.79822°N 77.86609°W / 40.79822; -77.86609Library system Penn State University LibrariesLocationMain Library, Penn State University Park, Pennsylvania, United StatesTypeAcademic libraryEstablished1857Branches14 subject libraries at Penn State University Park and libraries at 22 other Pennsylvania locationsCollectionSize6 millionAccess and useCirculation894,155Other informationDirectorFaye Chadwell, Dean of University Libraries and Scholarly CommunicationsEmployees576Websitehttps://libraries.psu.edu/ Pattee Library The Penn State University Libraries consists of 36 libraries at 22 locations in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The two main buildings on Penn State's University Park campus are the Pattee and Paterno libraries. History The library's first permanent location was in Old Main, with 1,500 books in agriculture and the sciences. In 1904, the library was moved to the Carnegie Building (then "Carnegie Library"), which provided a 50,000 book capacity. By 1940, the library's collection had grown to 150,000, overcrowding Carnegie by three times its capacity. The library was permanently moved to the Pattee Library building. By the 1960s, the collection had grown to 800,000 books. The Pattee Library was renovated in the late 1990s, and in 2000, it was rededicated along with the new Paterno Library, a portion of which comprises the former East Wing of Pattee. Today, there are 14 libraries at the University Park campus alone, and the Libraries boast a collection of more than 5.4 million volumes. Pattee Library The Stacks Pattee Library is named for Fred Lewis Pattee, regarded as the first professor of American Literature (1895–1928) and author of the Penn State Alma Mater. Pattee Library was built as part of a Public Works Administration-General State Authority project. Construction took place over 1937–1940. Between 1940 and 1973, the library was expanded three times. The "Stacks" or Stack Building was added in 1953, "West Pattee" in 1966, and "East Pattee" in 1973. A renovation which included the construction of the Paterno Library began in 1998, and was completed in 2000. The Pattee Library includes the circulation area for both libraries, which connects the original mall entrance with the Curtin Road entrance. In fall 2010, a Reading Room housing the Leisure Reading Collection on the first floor of Pattee Library opened in the Tombros/McWhirter Knowledge Commons. Another major feature of Pattee, on the second floor, is the Paterno Family Humanities Reading Room, a large reading room reminiscent of historical libraries, and the design was based on images of the New York Public Library legal collections room. Pattee Library is home to the Arts and Humanities Library, Music and Media Center, Library Learning Services, Maps Library, Media Commons, Digitization and Preservation, Course Reserves Services, Disabilities Services, and News and Microforms Library. It is located in the Farmers' High School Historic District added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. Paterno Library In 1983, as Penn State football coach Joe Paterno was being honored for his first national championship, he gave a speech challenging the university's board of trustees to make Penn State number one in academics as well as athletics. He specifically targeted the need for a top-quality library, stating, "Without a great library, you can't have a great university." In 1993, he and his wife Sue began a campaign which raised $13.75 million for the construction of a new library. The groundbreaking for the library, named the Paterno Library in their honor, took place in April 1997. Paterno has also donated several million of his own money towards the library. Construction was completed in fall 2000, and the building was dedicated on September 8, 2000. The building is connected to the Pattee Library, and shares a common circulation desk. The former East Wing of Pattee forms a portion of the Paterno Library. Paterno Library is home to the Business, Education and Behavioral Sciences, Life Sciences, Social Sciences, and Special Collections libraries. Following Paterno's death in 2012 and the release of a report by former FBI Director Louis Freeh that concluded that Paterno concealed knowledge of assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky's sexual abuse of multiple children, some called for his name to be removed from the library. The university removed a statue of Paterno from outside Beaver Stadium, but university President Rodney Erickson did not order the library to be renamed, saying it "remains a tribute to Joe and Sue Paterno's commitment to Penn State's student body and academic success, and it highlights the positive impacts Coach Paterno had on the University." Other Libraries Other libraries at the University Park campus include: Architecture and Landscape Architecture Library (Stuckeman Family Building) Earth and Mineral Sciences Library (Deike Building) This library is named in honor of Fletcher L. Byrom, a college alumnus. Engineering Library (Hammond Building) Physical and Mathematical Sciences Library (Davey Building) There are 22 additional libraries in the system, each in a separate campus location of the Penn State University. Penn State Harrisburg Library References ^ "History". Archived from the original on 2010-11-30. Retrieved 2011-05-16. ^ Statistics Archived 2008-11-15 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved ^ Author biographies Retrieved May 31, 2008. ^ a b New Library Wired For Future Challenges. Penn State Intercom Online. 7 September 2000. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "Sources: Statue of Paterno will remain for now". ESPN.com. 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2024-05-27. ^ Pianovich, Stephen (2012-07-22). "Paterno statue removed, name to remain on library". The Daily Collegian. Retrieved 2024-05-26. ^ Johnson, Jenna (2023-06-29). "Joe Paterno statue removed, name left on Penn State library". Washington Post. Retrieved 2024-05-27. Pattee Library and Paterno Library University Park Libraries History vtePennsylvania State UniversityLocated in State College, PennsylvaniaAcademics Agricultural Sciences Arts and Architecture Business Communications Dickinson Law Earth and Mineral Sciences Education Engineering Science Health and Human Development Hospitality Management Honors Information Sciences and Technology International Affairs Law Liberal Arts Medicine Nursing Technology Graduate Graduate Professional Studies AthleticsSports Penn State Nittany Lions Baseball Men's basketball Women's basketball Field hockey Football Men's ice hockey Women's ice hockey Men's lacrosse Women's lacrosse Men's soccer Women's soccer Softball Men's volleyball Women's volleyball Wrestling Facilities Beaver Stadium Bryce Jordan Center Golf Courses Pegula Ice Arena Penn State Ice Pavilion Medlar Field at Lubrano Park Rec Hall Rivalries Alabama Maryland Michigan State Ohio State Pittsburgh Syracuse West Virginia Spirit Legion of Blue Park Avenue Army Alma Mater Blue Band "Fight On, State" Nittany Lion (mascot) "The Nittany Lion" Buildings Academic buildings Berkey Creamery Nittany Lion Inn Old Main Palmer Museum of Art IST Building Mehalso Observatory Radiation Science & Engineering Center Residence halls University libraries Campuses: Commonwealth Abington Altoona Berks Beaver Brandywine DuBois Erie (Behrend College) Fayette (Eberly Campus) Greater Allegheny Harrisburg (Capital College) Hazleton Lehigh Valley Mont Alto New Kensington Schuylkill Shenango University Park (Main campus) Wilkes-Barre Scranton York Campuses:Special Mission Dickinson Law Graduate Professional Studies Medical Center (Children's Hospital) Law World Campus Technology Departments Cancer Institute Harold and Inge Marcus Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Research Applied Research Laboratory Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel Penn State Lunar Lion Team Correlates of War Media Daily Collegian Penn State Law Review Dickinson Law Review Penn State University Press WKPS (90.7 FM) WPSU (91.5 FM) WPSU-TV Onward State La Vie Phroth People Alumni Athletic directors Coaches Faculty Olympians Presidents George W. Atherton Neeli Bendapudi (current president) Joe Paterno Fred Lewis Pattee Jerry Sandusky Graham Spanier Student life Army ROTC Air Force ROTC Penn State Dance Marathon (THON) Penn State Thespians Penn State women's ice hockey club Penn State Glee Club Mount Nittany Nittany Lion Shrine Old Coaly State College Related History Joe Paterno statue Nittany Lion Shrine Child sex abuse scandal Death of Tim Piazza Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Australia People ISIL 40°47′54″N 77°51′58″W / 40.79822°N 77.86609°W / 40.79822; -77.86609	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pattee_Mall_PSU.jpg"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"University Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Park,_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Library systemPattee LibraryThe Penn State University Libraries consists of 36 libraries at 22 locations in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The two main buildings on Penn State's University Park campus are the Pattee and Paterno libraries.","title":"Pennsylvania State University Libraries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Main_(Pennsylvania_State_University)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The library's first permanent location was in Old Main, with 1,500 books in agriculture and the sciences.[1] In 1904, the library was moved to the Carnegie Building (then \"Carnegie Library\"), which provided a 50,000 book capacity.By 1940, the library's collection had grown to 150,000, overcrowding Carnegie by three times its capacity. The library was permanently moved to the Pattee Library building. By the 1960s, the collection had grown to 800,000 books.The Pattee Library was renovated in the late 1990s, and in 2000, it was rededicated along with the new Paterno Library, a portion of which comprises the former East Wing of Pattee. Today, there are 14 libraries at the University Park campus alone, and the Libraries boast a collection of more than 5.4 million volumes.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pattee_library_stacks.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fred Lewis Pattee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Lewis_Pattee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Penn State Alma Mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Alma_Mater"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intercom-4"},{"link_name":"New York Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Farmers' High School Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers%27_High_School"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-5"}],"text":"The StacksPattee Library is named for Fred Lewis Pattee, regarded as the first professor of American Literature[3] (1895–1928) and author of the Penn State Alma Mater. Pattee Library was built as part of a Public Works Administration-General State Authority project. Construction took place over 1937–1940. Between 1940 and 1973, the library was expanded three times. The \"Stacks\" or Stack Building was added in 1953, \"West Pattee\" in 1966, and \"East Pattee\" in 1973. A renovation which included the construction of the Paterno Library began in 1998, and was completed in 2000.[4]The Pattee Library includes the circulation area for both libraries, which connects the original mall entrance with the Curtin Road entrance. In fall 2010, a Reading Room housing the Leisure Reading Collection on the first floor of Pattee Library opened in the Tombros/McWhirter Knowledge Commons. Another major feature of Pattee, on the second floor, is the Paterno Family Humanities Reading Room, a large reading room reminiscent of historical libraries, and the design was based on images of the New York Public Library legal collections room.Pattee Library is home to the Arts and Humanities Library, Music and Media Center, Library Learning Services, Maps Library, Media Commons, Digitization and Preservation, Course Reserves Services, Disabilities Services, and News and Microforms Library.It is located in the Farmers' High School Historic District added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981.[5]","title":"Pattee Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Paterno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Paterno"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Intercom-4"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Louis Freeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Freeh"},{"link_name":"Jerry Sandusky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Sandusky"},{"link_name":"sexual abuse of multiple children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_child_sex_abuse_scandal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1983, as Penn State football coach Joe Paterno was being honored for his first national championship, he gave a speech challenging the university's board of trustees to make Penn State number one in academics as well as athletics. He specifically targeted the need for a top-quality library, stating, \"Without a great library, you can't have a great university.\"[4] In 1993, he and his wife Sue began a campaign which raised $13.75 million for the construction of a new library. The groundbreaking for the library, named the Paterno Library in their honor, took place in April 1997. Paterno has also donated several million of his own money towards the library.Construction was completed in fall 2000, and the building was dedicated on September 8, 2000. The building is connected to the Pattee Library, and shares a common circulation desk. The former East Wing of Pattee forms a portion of the Paterno Library. Paterno Library is home to the Business, Education and Behavioral Sciences, Life Sciences, Social Sciences, and Special Collections libraries.Following Paterno's death in 2012 and the release of a report by former FBI Director Louis Freeh that concluded that Paterno concealed knowledge of assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky's sexual abuse of multiple children, some called for his name to be removed from the library.[6] The university removed a statue of Paterno from outside Beaver Stadium, but university President Rodney Erickson did not order the library to be renamed, saying it \"remains a tribute to Joe and Sue Paterno's commitment to Penn State's student body and academic success, and it highlights the positive impacts Coach Paterno had on the University.\"[7][8]","title":"Paterno Library"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fletcher L. Byrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fletcher_L._Byrom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Penn State Harrisburg Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State_Harrisburg_Library"}],"text":"Other libraries at the University Park campus include:\nArchitecture and Landscape Architecture Library (Stuckeman Family Building)\nEarth and Mineral Sciences Library (Deike Building) This library is named in honor of Fletcher L. Byrom, a college alumnus.\nEngineering Library (Hammond Building)\nPhysical and Mathematical Sciences Library (Davey Building)\nThere are 22 additional libraries in the system, each in a separate campus location of the Penn State University.\nPenn State Harrisburg Library","title":"Other Libraries"}]	[{"image_text":"Pattee Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Pattee_Mall_PSU.jpg/250px-Pattee_Mall_PSU.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Stacks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Pattee_library_stacks.jpg/250px-Pattee_library_stacks.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"History\". Archived from the original on 2010-11-30. Retrieved 2011-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101130070225/http://www.libraries.psu.edu/psul/about/history.html","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.libraries.psu.edu/psul/about/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Sources: Statue of Paterno will remain for now\". ESPN.com. 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2024-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/8166643/joe-paterno-statue-remain-penn-state-sources-say","url_text":"\"Sources: Statue of Paterno will remain for now\""}]},{"reference":"Pianovich, Stephen (2012-07-22). \"Paterno statue removed, name to remain on library\". The Daily Collegian. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Seahawk	Curtiss SC Seahawk	["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Variants","4 Specifications (SC-1, float-equipped)","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]	For the earlier biplane also designated the SC, see Curtiss CS. SC Seahawk A U.S. Navy SC-1 at Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida, in 1946 Role Scout seaplaneType of aircraft Manufacturer Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company First flight 16 February 1944 Introduction 1944 Retired 1949 Primary user United States Navy Number built 577 The Curtiss SC Seahawk was a scout seaplane designed by the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company for the United States Navy during World War II. The existing Curtiss SO3C Seamew and Vought OS2U Kingfisher were gradually replaced by the Seahawk in the late stages of the war and into peacetime. Design and development USS Alaska recovering a SC-1 in March 1945, during the Iwo Jima operation. The aircraft is awaiting pickup by the ship's crane after taxiing onto a landing mat. A U.S. Navy SC-1 from USS Duluth over Shanghai, China in 1948 An SC-1 Seahawk being hoisted aboard USS Manchester during a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea from in 1947/1948 Seahawk on board USS Birmingham Work began in June 1942, following a US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics request for observation seaplane proposals. Curtiss submitted the Seahawk design on 1 August 1942, with a contract for two prototypes and five service test aircraft awarded on 25 August. A production order for 500 SC-1s followed in June 1943, prior to the first flight of the prototypes. While only intended to seat the pilot, a bunk was provided in the aft fuselage for rescue or personnel transfer. Two 0.5 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns were fitted in the wings, and two underwing hardpoints allowed carriage of 250 lb (113 kg) bombs or, on the right wing, surface-scan radar. The wings were foldable. The main float, designed to incorporate a bomb bay, suffered substantial leaks when used in that fashion, and was modified to carry an auxiliary fuel tank. The first flight of a prototype XSC-1 took place 16 February 1944 at the Columbus, Ohio Curtiss plant. Flight testing continued through 28 April, when the last of the seven pre-production aircraft took to the air. Nine further prototypes were later built, with a second seat and modified cockpit, under the designation SC-2; series production was not undertaken. Operational history The first serial production Seahawks were delivered on 22 October 1944, to USS Guam. All 577 aircraft eventually produced for the Navy were delivered on conventional landing gear and flown to the appropriate Naval Air Station, where floats were fitted for service as needed. Capable of being fitted with either float or wheeled landing gear, the Seahawk was arguably America's best floatplane scout of World War II. However, its protracted development time meant it entered service too late to see significant action in the war. It was not until June 1945, during the pre-invasion bombardment of Borneo, that the Seahawk was involved in military action. By the end of the war, seaplanes were becoming less desirable, with the Seahawk being replaced soon afterward by helicopters. Tri-color camouflage and markings on the Seahawk were in accordance with US Navy regulations from 1944, 1945, and later postwar regulations. There are no known surviving examples of the Seahawk today. Variants XSC-1 Prototype SC-1 Equipped with single-stage, single-speed R-1820-62 engine, 1300 hp at 2600 rpm at 1,100 feet :Top speed in level flight 235 miles per hour (378 km/h) at 2,200 feet (670 m) with two wing bomb racks equipped and droppable AN/APS-4 radar on right wing rack SC-2 Upgraded engine for improved altitude performance: Equipped with single-stage, two-speed R-1820-76 engine, 1425 hp at 2700 rpm at 1,000 feet, 1,100 hp at 2700 rpm at 11,600 feet:Top speed in level flight 261 miles per hour (420 km/h) at 17,400 feet (5.3 km) with two wing bomb racks equipped and undroppable AN/APS-4 radar on special fitting Specifications (SC-1, float-equipped) Data from Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947General characteristics Crew: 1 Capacity: Facility for single stretcher patient Length: 36 ft 4.5 in (11.087 m) Wingspan: 41 ft 0 in (12.50 m) Height: 16 ft 0 in (4.88 m) on beaching gear Wing area: 280 sq ft (26 m2) Airfoil: root: NACA 23017; tip: NACA 23010 Empty weight: 6,320 lb (2,867 kg) Gross weight: 9,000 lb (4,082 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-1820-62 Cyclone 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,300 hp (970 kW) Propellers: 4-bladed constant-speed propeller Performance Maximum speed: 235 mph (378 km/h, 204 kn) at 2,200 ft (670 m) Cruise speed: 125 mph (201 km/h, 109 kn) Range: 625 mi (1,006 km, 543 nmi) Service ceiling: 37,300 ft (11,400 m) Rate of climb: 2,500 ft/min (13 m/s) Armament Guns: 2 × .50 in (12.70 mm) M2 Browning machine guns Bombs: 2 × 325 lb (147 kg) bombs under-wing See also Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Vought OS2U Kingfisher Nakajima A6M2-N Related lists List of aircraft of World War II List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962) References Notes ^ a b c d e Bridgeman 1946, pp. 221–222. ^ Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p. 153. ^ "Fleet Has Fast New Scout Seaplane in Curtiss Seahawk". Popular Science. 147 (2). New York: Popular Science Publishing: 72. August 1945. ^ Green 1962, p. 166. ^ Green 1962, p. 167. ^ "Navy SAC, SC-1 "Seahawk"" (PDF). ^ "NAVY SAC, SC-2 "Seahawk"" (PDF). ^ Bowers, Peter M. (1979). Curtiss aircraft, 1907-1947. London: Putnam. pp. 446–449. ISBN 0370100298. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019. Bibliography Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947. London: Putnam, 1979. ISBN 0-370-10029-8. Bridgeman, Leonard. "The Curtiss Seahawk". Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. ISBN 1-85170-493-0. Green, William. War Planes of the Second World War: Volume Six: Floatplanes. London: Macdonald, 1962. Mondey, David. American Aircraft of World War II (Hamlyn Concise Guide). London: Bounty Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7537-1461-4. Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. London: Putnam, Second Edition 1976. ISBN 0-370-10054-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Curtiss SC Seahawk. Review by Richard Stracey of the SMER model of the Curtiss SC Seahawk vteCurtiss and Curtiss-Wright aircraftManufacturer designationsEarly types Golden Flier Reims Racer Beachey Special Model letters C D E F FL GS H HA HS J JN -5 -6H K L MF N NC O R S T Model numbers 1 B F 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 K/P 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 A B 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 I P S 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 "L" series L-17 L-18 L-19 L-22 L-41 L-44 L-72 L-79 L-85 L-115 L-117 L-710 "CA" series CA-1 "CR" series CR-1 CR-2 "CW" series CW-1 CW-2 CW-3 CW-4 CW-5 CW-6 CW-8 CW-9 CW-10 CW-11 CW-12 CW-14 CW-15 CW-16 CW-17 CW-182 CW-19 CW-20 CW-21 CW-22 CW-23 CW-24 CW-25 CW-26 CW-27 CW-28 CW-29 CW-32 CW-33 CW-40 "P" series P-200 P-202 P-212 P-218 P-219 P-222 P-223 P-224 P-225 P-227 P-228 P-229 P-232 P-235 P-238 P-239 P-240 P-241 P-243 P-244 P-245 P-247 P-248 P-249 P-250 P-251 P-252 P-253 P-254 P-255 P-256 P-257 P-259 P-261 P-264 P-268 P-269 P-272 P-273 P-274 P-275 P-276 P-277 P-278 P-279 P-280 P-282 P-283 P-291 P-292 P-293 P-295 P-296 P-297 P-298 P-299 P-302 P-303 P-304 P-305 P-306 P-307 P-509 P-517 P-518 P-538 P-539 P-541 P-545 P-551 P-558 P-565 P-586 P-588 P-592 "X" series X-100 X-200 X-300 X-410 X-425 Operator and roleCivilExperimental No. 1 Model C SX-5-1 Tanager Racers and record No. 2 Cox Racer CW-B-14R Airliners Eagle Condor 18 Condor II Kingbird Thrush Commando Utility Model D Model E Model F Carrier Pigeon Falcon Robin Lark 6B CW-12 CW-14 Sportsman CW-15 Sedan CW-16 CW-19W Army Ground attack A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-8 YA-10 A-12 YA-14 A-18 A-25 A-40 XA-43 Bombers NBS-1 B-2 XNBS-4 Transports XC-10 C-30 Condor C-46 Commando C-55 Commando C-76 C-113 Commando Fighters S 18 PN-1 PW-8 P-1 to P-5 P-6 XP-10 P-11 P-142 P-17 XP-182 XP-192 YP-20 XP-21 XP-22 XP-23 XP-31 P-36 YP-37 P-40 XP-42 XP-46 XP-53 XP-55 YP-60 XP-62 XP-71 XP-87 Observation O-1 O-11 O-12 O-13 O-16 O-18 O-242 O-26 XO-302 O-39 O-40 O-52 Racers R-6 R-8 Trainers J L JN Fledgling AT-4 Hawk AT-5 Hawk BT-4 AT-9 Jeep Experimental X-19 Licensed USAO-1 NBS-1/Model 30 NavyBombers CT BFC BF2C SBC SB2C XSB3C2 XBTC XBT2C Fighters HA GS TS-1 FC F2C F3C F4C F5C1 F6C F7C F8C F9C F10C F11C XF12C F13C XF14C XF15C Observation/scout CS/SC S2C XS3C S4C SC OC O2C O3C SOC SO2C SO3C Trainers N-9 N2C SNC Transports RC R4C R5C Maritime patrol H-16 F5L HS-1L & HS-2L Racers and record NC CR R2C R3C ExportBombers Canada CW-14 Osprey Maritime patrol H-2, H-4, H-8 and H-16 F5L HS-2L Fighters CW-17 Pursuit Osprey2 CW-21 Demon Trainers Canuck CW-14 Osprey CW-16 CW-182 CW-22 1 Designation skipped 2 Not built vteUSN scout aircraft designationsScoutAeromarine AS Curtiss CS S2C S3C S4C SC3 Dayton-Wright SDW Bellanca SE Edo Aircraft SE2 S2E Grumman SF Great Lakes SG Handley Page HPS Loening SL S2L Martin MS Sikorsky SS Vought SU Cox-Klemin XS Scout BomberBrewster SBA SB2A Curtiss-Wright SBC SB2C SB3C Douglas SBD SB2D Grumman SBF Fairchild SBF Naval Aircraft Factory SBN Vought SBU SB2U SB3U Canadian Car and Foundry SBW Scout ObservationCurtiss SOC SO2C SO3C Bellanca SOE Edo Aircraft SOE2 SO2E Fairchild SOK Naval Aircraft Factory SON Ryan SOR Vought SOU1 SO2U Scout TrainerBeechcraft SNB Curtiss-Wright SNC North American SNJ SN2J Vultee SNV 1 Not assigned 2 Assigned to a different manufacturer's type 3 Sequence restarted	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curtiss CS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_CS"},{"link_name":"scout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scout_plane"},{"link_name":"seaplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane"},{"link_name":"Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_Aeroplane_and_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Curtiss SO3C Seamew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_SO3C_Seamew"},{"link_name":"Vought OS2U Kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janes-1"}],"text":"For the earlier biplane also designated the SC, see Curtiss CS.The Curtiss SC Seahawk was a scout seaplane designed by the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company for the United States Navy during World War II. The existing Curtiss SO3C Seamew and Vought OS2U Kingfisher were gradually replaced by the Seahawk in the late stages of the war and into peacetime.[1]","title":"Curtiss SC Seahawk"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Alaska_(CB-1)_recovering_SC-1_recce_plane.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Alaska_(CB-1)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SC-1_CL-87_EnsBaar_Shanghai_NAN6-48.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Duluth_(CL-87)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curtiss_SC-1_Seahawk_is_craned_aboard_USS_Manchester_(CL-83),_circa_in_1947.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Manchester_(CL-83)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Curtiss_SC_Seahawk_on_USS_Birmingham-SLV-H91.108-2420.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Birmingham_(CL-62)"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"observation seaplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_seaplane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janes-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USNavy_p153-2"},{"link_name":"M2 Browning machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janes-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bomb bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_bay"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janes-1"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_v6_p166-4"}],"text":"USS Alaska recovering a SC-1 in March 1945, during the Iwo Jima operation. The aircraft is awaiting pickup by the ship's crane after taxiing onto a landing mat.A U.S. Navy SC-1 from USS Duluth over Shanghai, China in 1948An SC-1 Seahawk being hoisted aboard USS Manchester during a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea from in 1947/1948Seahawk on board USS BirminghamWork began in June 1942, following a US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics request for observation seaplane proposals. Curtiss submitted the Seahawk design on 1 August 1942, with a contract for two prototypes and five service test aircraft awarded on 25 August.[1] A production order for 500 SC-1s followed in June 1943, prior to the first flight of the prototypes.[2]While only intended to seat the pilot, a bunk was provided in the aft fuselage for rescue or personnel transfer. Two 0.5 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns were fitted in the wings, and two underwing hardpoints allowed carriage of 250 lb (113 kg) bombs or, on the right wing, surface-scan radar.[1] The wings were foldable.[3] The main float, designed to incorporate a bomb bay, suffered substantial leaks[citation needed] when used in that fashion, and was modified to carry an auxiliary fuel tank.[1]The first flight of a prototype XSC-1 took place 16 February 1944 at the Columbus, Ohio Curtiss plant.[4] Flight testing continued through 28 April, when the last of the seven pre-production aircraft took to the air. Nine further prototypes were later built, with a second seat and modified cockpit, under the designation SC-2; series production was not undertaken.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Guam_(CB-2)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_v6_p167-5"},{"link_name":"conventional landing gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station"},{"link_name":"floats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"floatplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"pre-invasion bombardment of Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo_Campaign_(1945)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-janes-1"},{"link_name":"helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The first serial production Seahawks were delivered on 22 October 1944, to USS Guam.[5] All 577 aircraft eventually produced for the Navy were delivered on conventional landing gear and flown to the appropriate Naval Air Station, where floats were fitted for service as needed.Capable of being fitted with either float or wheeled landing gear, the Seahawk was arguably America's best floatplane scout of World War II. However, its protracted development time meant it entered service too late to see significant action in the war. It was not until June 1945, during the pre-invasion bombardment of Borneo, that the Seahawk was involved in military action.[1] By the end of the war, seaplanes were becoming less desirable, with the Seahawk being replaced soon afterward by helicopters.Tri-color camouflage and markings on the Seahawk were in accordance with US Navy regulations from 1944, 1945, and later postwar regulations.There are no known surviving examples of the Seahawk today.[citation needed]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"XSC-1\nPrototype\nSC-1\nEquipped with single-stage, single-speed R-1820-62 engine, 1300 hp at 2600 rpm at 1,100 feet[6] :Top speed in level flight 235 miles per hour (378 km/h) at 2,200 feet (670 m) with two wing bomb racks equipped and droppable AN/APS-4 radar on right wing rack\nSC-2\nUpgraded engine for improved altitude performance: Equipped with single-stage, two-speed R-1820-76 engine, 1425 hp at 2700 rpm at 1,000 feet, 1,100 hp at 2700 rpm at 11,600 feet[7]:Top speed in level flight 261 miles per hour (420 km/h) at 17,400 feet (5.3 km) with two wing bomb racks equipped and undroppable AN/APS-4 radar on special fitting","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowers-8"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 23017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 23010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-9"},{"link_name":"Wright R-1820-62 Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-1820-62_Cyclone"},{"link_name":"M2 Browning machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning_machine_gun"}],"text":"Data from Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947[8]General characteristicsCrew: 1\nCapacity: Facility for single stretcher patient\nLength: 36 ft 4.5 in (11.087 m)\nWingspan: 41 ft 0 in (12.50 m)\nHeight: 16 ft 0 in (4.88 m) on beaching gear\nWing area: 280 sq ft (26 m2)\nAirfoil: root: NACA 23017; tip: NACA 23010[9]\nEmpty weight: 6,320 lb (2,867 kg)\nGross weight: 9,000 lb (4,082 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Wright R-1820-62 Cyclone 9-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 1,300 hp (970 kW)\nPropellers: 4-bladed constant-speed propellerPerformanceMaximum speed: 235 mph (378 km/h, 204 kn) at 2,200 ft (670 m)\nCruise speed: 125 mph (201 km/h, 109 kn)\nRange: 625 mi (1,006 km, 543 nmi)\nService ceiling: 37,300 ft (11,400 m)\nRate of climb: 2,500 ft/min (13 m/s)ArmamentGuns: 2 × .50 in (12.70 mm) M2 Browning machine guns\nBombs: 2 × 325 lb (147 kg) bombs under-wing","title":"Specifications (SC-1, float-equipped)"}]	[{"image_text":"USS Alaska recovering a SC-1 in March 1945, during the Iwo Jima operation. The aircraft is awaiting pickup by the ship's crane after taxiing onto a landing mat.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/USS_Alaska_%28CB-1%29_recovering_SC-1_recce_plane.jpg/170px-USS_Alaska_%28CB-1%29_recovering_SC-1_recce_plane.jpg"},{"image_text":"A U.S. Navy SC-1 from USS Duluth over Shanghai, China in 1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/SC-1_CL-87_EnsBaar_Shanghai_NAN6-48.jpg/220px-SC-1_CL-87_EnsBaar_Shanghai_NAN6-48.jpg"},{"image_text":"An SC-1 Seahawk being hoisted aboard USS Manchester during a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea from in 1947/1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Curtiss_SC-1_Seahawk_is_craned_aboard_USS_Manchester_%28CL-83%29%2C_circa_in_1947.jpg/170px-Curtiss_SC-1_Seahawk_is_craned_aboard_USS_Manchester_%28CL-83%29%2C_circa_in_1947.jpg"},{"image_text":"Seahawk on board USS Birmingham","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Curtiss_SC_Seahawk_on_USS_Birmingham-SLV-H91.108-2420.jpg/220px-Curtiss_SC_Seahawk_on_USS_Birmingham-SLV-H91.108-2420.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Vought OS2U Kingfisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_OS2U_Kingfisher"},{"title":"Nakajima A6M2-N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakajima_A6M2-N"},{"title":"List of aircraft of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_designations_(pre-1962)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Fleet Has Fast New Scout Seaplane in Curtiss Seahawk\". Popular Science. 147 (2). New York: Popular Science Publishing: 72. August 1945.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GSEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA72","url_text":"\"Fleet Has Fast New Scout Seaplane in Curtiss Seahawk\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science","url_text":"Popular Science"}]},{"reference":"\"Navy SAC, SC-1 \"Seahawk\"\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aahs-online.org/images/Navy_SAC/SC-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Navy SAC, SC-1 \"Seahawk\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"NAVY SAC, SC-2 \"Seahawk\"\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aahs-online.org/images/Navy_SAC/SC-2.pdf","url_text":"\"NAVY SAC, SC-2 \"Seahawk\"\""}]},{"reference":"Bowers, Peter M. (1979). Curtiss aircraft, 1907-1947. London: Putnam. pp. 446–449. ISBN 0370100298.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0370100298","url_text":"0370100298"}]},{"reference":"Lednicer, David. \"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","url_text":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GSEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA72","external_links_name":"\"Fleet Has Fast New Scout Seaplane in Curtiss Seahawk\""},{"Link":"https://www.aahs-online.org/images/Navy_SAC/SC-1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Navy SAC, SC-1 \"Seahawk\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.aahs-online.org/images/Navy_SAC/SC-2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NAVY SAC, SC-2 \"Seahawk\"\""},{"Link":"https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html","external_links_name":"\"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120319105317/http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/portland/971/Reviews/usaaf/sc-1-seahawk.htm","external_links_name":"Review by Richard Stracey of the SMER model of the Curtiss SC Seahawk"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_North_(Trinity)	John North (Trinity)	["1 References"]	For other people named John North, see John North (disambiguation). John North (4 September 1645, Westminster - April 1683, Cambridge) was the fifth of fourteen children of Sir Dudley North, 4th Baron North. He was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1672 to 1674, and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge from 1677 to 1683. John North was educated in Bury St Edmunds and entered Jesus College, Cambridge as a fellow-commoner in February 1660/1. He graduated BA in 1663/4, and (by Royal mandate) became a fellow of Jesus in 1664. In 1672 he migrated to Trinity College, Cambridge, and was Regius Professor of Greek from 1672 to 1674. Made Clerk of the Closet in 1673, he was a prebendary of Westminster from 1673 to 1683 and chaplain to the King from 1676 to 1683. He was Master of Trinity from 1677 to 1683. He is buried in Trinity College Chapel. References ^ a b "North, John (NRT660J)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. The Master of Trinity at Trinity College, Cambridge Academic offices Preceded byIsaac Barrow Master of Trinity College, Cambridge 1677–1683 Succeeded byJohn Montagu vteMasters of Trinity College, Cambridge John Redman William Bill John Christopherson Robert Beaumont John Whitgift John Still Thomas Nevile John Richardson Leonard Mawe Samuel Brooke Thomas Comber Thomas Hill John Arrowsmith John Wilkins Henry Ferne John Pearson Isaac Barrow John North John Montagu Richard Bentley Robert Smith John Hinchliffe Thomas Postlethwaite William Lort Mansel Christopher Wordsworth William Whewell William Hepworth Thompson Henry Montagu Butler J. J. Thomson G. M. Trevelyan Edgar Adrian Rab Butler Alan Hodgkin Andrew Huxley Michael Atiyah Amartya Sen Martin Rees Gregory Winter Sally Davies vteRegius Professors of Greek, Cambridge UniversityCambridge University 1540 John Cheke 1547 Nicholas Carr 1549 Francisco de Enzinas, alias Dryander 1562 Bartholomew Dodington 1585 Andrew Downes 1625 Robert Creighton, sr. 1639 James Duport 1654 Ralph Widdrington 1660 Isaac Barrow 1663 James Valentine 1666 Robert Creighton, jr. 1672 Thomas Gale 1672 John North 1674 Benjamin Pulleyn 1686 Michael Payne 1695 Joshua Barnes 1712 Thomas Pilgrim 1726 Walter Taylor 1743 William Fraigneau 1750 Thomas Francklin 1759 Michael Lort 1771 James Lambert 1780 William Cooke 1792 Richard Porson 1808 James Henry Monk 1823 Peter Paul Dobree 1825 James Scholefield 1853 William Hepworth Thompson 1867 Benjamin Hall Kennedy 1889 Richard Claverhouse Jebb 1906 Henry Jackson 1921 Alfred Chilton Pearson 1928 Donald Struan Robertson 1950 Denys Lionel Page 1974 Geoffrey Stephen Kirk 1984 Eric Handley 1994 Patricia Elizabeth Easterling 2001 Richard Lawrence Hunter Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Italy Israel United States Netherlands People Trove Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John North (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_North_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Dudley North, 4th Baron North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_North,_4th_Baron_North"},{"link_name":"Regius Professor of Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Greek_(Cambridge)"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"Jesus College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"fellow-commoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow-commoner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Venn-1"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Regius Professor of Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Greek_(Cambridge)"},{"link_name":"Clerk of the Closet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Closet"},{"link_name":"prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Venn-1"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Chapel,_Cambridge"}],"text":"For other people named John North, see John North (disambiguation).John North (4 September 1645, Westminster - April 1683, Cambridge) was the fifth of fourteen children of Sir Dudley North, 4th Baron North. He was Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge from 1672 to 1674, and Master of Trinity College, Cambridge from 1677 to 1683.John North was educated in Bury St Edmunds and entered Jesus College, Cambridge as a fellow-commoner in February 1660/1. He graduated BA in 1663/4, and (by Royal mandate) became a fellow of Jesus in 1664.[1] In 1672 he migrated to Trinity College, Cambridge, and was Regius Professor of Greek from 1672 to 1674. Made Clerk of the Closet in 1673, he was a prebendary of Westminster from 1673 to 1683 and chaplain to the King from 1676 to 1683.[1] He was Master of Trinity from 1677 to 1683. He is buried in Trinity College Chapel.","title":"John North (Trinity)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"North, John (NRT660J)\". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.","urls":[{"url":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=NRT660J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","url_text":"\"North, John (NRT660J)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=NRT660J&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50","external_links_name":"\"North, John (NRT660J)\""},{"Link":"http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=172","external_links_name":"The Master of Trinity"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/135886/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066650840","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/5278680","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgH9kgGJtv7Qfv6FKKyBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1057656690","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV071336","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279929105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84169622","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p241619807","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1140521","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/127459871","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gray_(DJ)	Michael Gray (DJ)	["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","2.2 Singles","2.3 Selected remixes","3 References"]	This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Michael Gray" DJ – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Michael GrayGray performing in 2011Background informationBirth nameMichael Anthony Shefford GrayAlso known asMike Gray, MBorn (1966-07-25) 25 July 1966 (age 57)Dumbarton ScotlandOriginCroydon, London, EnglandGenresDance-pop, nu-disco, houseOccupation(s)DJ, record producerInstrument(s)Keyboards, synthesizer, music sequencer, samplers, drum machineYears active1990–presentLabelsAltra Moda MusicMusical artist Michael Anthony Gray (born 25 July 1966), better known as Michael Gray, is a British DJ and house music producer. He is also half of the dance music production and remixing duo Full Intention. Biography Michael Gray created a megamix entitled "The Brits 1990 (Dance Medley)" for that year's awards ceremony which peaked at #2 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2002, he released the single "So Fly" for Defected Records under the name M, which peaked at number 96 on the UK charts. In 2004, he began issuing records under his own name, the first being "The Weekend", a worldwide hit in late that year. It peaked at #7 on the UK Singles Chart when licensed through UMTV on Eye Industries, and also notched up over 20,000 plays on the radio. In the United States, "The Weekend" was a top 10 hit on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart in 2005, where it was released on Ultra Records. It featured in a Honda commercial and also in an Ugly Betty episode, "Sofia's Choice", in 2007. The follow-up to "The Weekend" was "Borderline" featuring vocals from Shelly Poole, formerly of Alisha's Attic, released on 24 July 2006. The track peaked at #3 on the ARIA Club Chart and at #12 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2007, an album, Analog Is On, was released briefly only in Japan. A third single, "Somewhere Beyond", peaked at #5 on the Australian ARIA Club Chart. Gray's 2000s productions include: Full Intention's "I Believe in You" (2005), Miami Ice's "Better Than Perfect" (2005), "Whatcha Gonna Do" as Hi Fashion featuring Maria Lawson (2005), and "Ready for This" as Robot Man featuring Nanchang Nancy (2008). In 2009, with the new label Full Intention Records, he released Full Intention's "Once in a Lifetime", "I Will Follow" and "Forever". His early 2010s productions include: Michael Gray, Paul Harris, Kid Massive & Sam Obernik's "Home" (2010), Michael Gray, Paul Harris & Jon Pearn feat. Amanda Wilson's "Caught Up" (2010) and Michael Gray, Jon Pearn, Rob Roar & Cassandra Fox's "Lights Down Low" (2010). In 2010, Gray appeared at Belgrade Arena DJing alongside David Guetta. In late 2010, Gray made a remix of the song "It's OK" by Cee Lo Green. In 2011, he released a single titled "Remember" with Marco Lys. In 2013, he released another single with Marco Lys titled "The Underground". In 2013, he released under the name MGNY the single "My World" featuring the vocalist NY. With Full Intention, the most popular tracks he released recently were "Keep Pushing" in 2016 and "I Miss You" in 2017. In 2016, Michael Gray released new versions of his hit "Walk Into The Sun", notably with a Full Intention remix. In 2018, Full Intention made a remix of a David Penn's song featuring Lisa Millett entitled "Join Us". In 2018, Michael Gray released a single entitled "Keep Moving On", featuring the vocalists Kimberley Brown and Shirley Marie Graham. In 2019, he released the tracks "24 7 People", "Take Me Back" and "Brother Brother". The same year, his remix of Sylvester's hit "You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)" was real success on the charts and was played by many DJs in clubs and concerts. In 2020, Gray released a new "Sultra Mix" of his song "The Weekend". The same year, he worked with vocalist RoRoe to produce a track titled "The One", released on Sultra Records. In September 2020, he released a track titled "The Sun" with the Melody Men. Gray was ranked #1 on the "Top Artists of 2020" by Traxsource. 2023 saw Gray release his educational music production course Making a Modern Disco Classic. In April 2024, nearly 30 years after its original mix, Gray released an official remix of Jamiroquai's "Space Cowboy". Gray has played DJ sets in many countries, notably in Poland, Germany, the Philippines, Australia, Russia, Brazil, Georgia, Spain and the Netherlands. Discography Studio albums Analog Is On (2007) Singles Year Single Peak chart positions Album UK AUS AUT BEL FIN GER IRE NED SWI 1990 "The Brits 1990 (Dance Medley)" (credited to Various Artists) 2 — — — — — — — — Singles only 2004 "Whatcha Gonna Do" (featuring Maria Lawson) 193 — — — — — — — — "The Weekend" 7 14 49 11 19 22 22 29 49 Analog Is On 2006 "Borderline" (featuring Shelly Poole) 12 49 63 52 — 42 42 78 75 2007 "Somewhere Beyond" (featuring Steve Edwards) — 100 — — — 86 — — — 2008 "Ready for This" (featuring Nanchang Nancy) — — — — — — — — — Singles only 2011 "Piece of You" (featuring Laura Kidd) — — — — — — — — — 2012 "Can't Wait for the Weekend" (featuring Roll Deep) — — — — — — — — — X 2013 "My World" (featuring NY) — — — — — — — — — Singles only 2016 "Walk into the Sun" (featuring Ann Saunderson) — — — — — — — — — 2018 "Keep Moving On" (featuring Kimberley Brown and Shirley Marie Graham) — — — — — — — — — 2019 "24 7 People" — — — — — — — — — "Take Me Back" — — — — — — — — — "Brother Brother" (featuring Kimberley Brown) — — — — — — — — — 2020 "The One" (featuring RoRoe) — — — — — — — — — "The Sun" (featuring The Melody Men) — — — — — — — — — "MacArthur Park" (featuring Kelli Sae) — — — — — — — — — 2021 "Over & Over" (featuring Kelli Sae) — — — — — — — — — "Jump In" (featuring RoRoe) — — — — — — — — — "—" denotes releases that did not chart. Selected remixes 2004 Scape featuring D´Empress – Be My Friend (Michael Gray Remix) 2005 Yanou – Sun Is Shining (Michael Gray Remix) 2007 Splittr – All Alone (Michael Gray Remix) 2008 Seamus Haji, Lords Of Flatbush – 24 Hours (Michael Gray Remix) 2008 Cicada – Beautiful (Michael Gray Remix) 2008 Priors – What You Need (Michael Gray Remix) 2008 Danism – Strike (Michael Gray Remix) 2009 Kläder & Vapen Featuring Anna Ternheim – What Have I Done (Michael Gray Remix) 2009 Gary Go – Open Arms (Michael Gray Remix) 2009 Visage – Fade to Grey (Michael Gray Remix) 2010 Izzy Stardust and Dumb Dan – Looking Out For A Bigger Love (Michael Gray Remix) 2010 Valeriya – All That I Want (Michael Gray Remix) 2010 Cee Lo Green – It's OK (Michael Gray Remix) 2011 Sterling Void – Runaway Girl (Michael Gray Remix) 2012 Tara McDonald – Give Me More (Michael Gray Remix) 2013 Kamaliya – Love Me Like (Michael Gray Remix) 2015 Electronic Youth – Be Right There (Michael Gray Remix) 2019 Advance – Take Me To The Top (Michael Gray Remix) 2019 Sylvester – You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real) (Michael Gray Remix) 2019 Alton Edwards – I Just Wanna (Spend Some Time with You) (Michael Gray Remix) 2019 Mahogany – Ride On The Rhythm (Michael Gray Remix) 2019 Raw Silk – Just In Time (Michael Gray Remix) 2019 Billy Porter – Love Yourself (Michael Gray Club Remix) 2019 Husky, Brazen – Only One Way (Michael Gray Remix) 2019 Karen Harding and Who – I Don't Need Love (Mark Knight and Michael Gray Remix) 2020 Bobby D'Ambrosio featuring Lasala – Runaway Love (Michael Gray Remix) 2020 Jasper Street Co. – Paradise (Mark Knight & Michael Gray Remix) 2020 Glen Horsborough & IDA fLO – Switched On (Michael Gray Remix) 2020 Chevals – Thank You For The Ride (Michael Gray Remix) 2020 World Premiere – Share The Night (Michael Gray Remix) 2020 Vicky D – The Beat Is Mine (Michael Gray Remix) 2020 Homero Espinosa feat. Tobirus Mozelle – Love Is The Cure (Michael Gray Remix) 2020 Serious Intentions – You Don't Know (Michael Gray Remix) 2020 Chanelle, Eric Kupper – One Man (Michael Gray Remix) 2020 Anané – Get On The Funk Train (Michael Gray & Mark Knight Mix) 2020 Lou Casablanca – Move With The Beat (Michael Gray Remix) 2020 Kelli Sae – Good Love (Michael Gray Extended Mix) 2020 Hi Voltage – Let's Get Horny (Michael Gray Remix) 2021 Supakings – Back and Forth (Michael Gray Remix) 2021 Raze – Break 4 Love (Michael Gray Remix) 2021 Cultural Vibe – Ma Foom Bey (Michael Gray Remix) 2021 Brian Power – Optimistic (feat. Lucita Jules) (Michael Gray Remix) 2021 The S.O.S Band – Just Get Ready (Michael Gray Remix) 2021 Ingram – D.J.'s Delight (Mark Knight & Michael Gray Extended) 2024 Jamiroquai – Space Cowboy (Good Vibe Zone) References ^ "Michael Gray Biography". IMO Records. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2011. ^ "Michael Gray talks about Full Intention, the Weekend, the Scottish House & Disco Festival, remixing classics, Number 1 singles, his studio and much more (Audio Interview) - le Visiteur Online". April 2022. ^ "Search \| Official Charts". Official Charts. ^ M/Defected Records 2002 Cat No: M001 ^ a b Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 235. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ "Top Artists Of 2020". Traxsource. Retrieved 20 February 2021. ^ "Making a Modern Disco Classic". FaderPro. Retrieved 4 December 2023. ^ "Jamiroquai – Space Cowboy (Michael Gray's Good Vibe Zone)". Discogs. 20 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024. ^ a b Space Cowboy (Michael Gray's Good Vibe Zone) - Single by Jamiroquai & Michael Gray on Apple Music, 19 April 2024, retrieved 20 April 2024 ^ a b "Space Cowboy (Michael Gray's Good Vibe Dub) - Jamiroquai". www.traxsource.com. Retrieved 20 April 2024. ^ a b 1001Tracklists. "Jamiroquai - Space Cowboy (Michael Gray Dub Mix) ". 1001Tracklists. Retrieved 20 April 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 119. ^ "I Don't Need Love (Mark Knight & Michael Gray Remix) - Single by Karen Harding on Apple Music". iTunes Store. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019. vteMichael GraySingles "The Weekend" "Borderline" Related articles Full Intention Steve Edwards Maria Lawson Roll Deep Shena Shelly Poole Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Czech Republic Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"house music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"remixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"duo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duet_(music)"},{"link_name":"Full Intention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Intention"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Musical artistMichael Anthony Gray (born 25 July 1966), better known as Michael Gray, is a British DJ and house music producer. He is also half of the dance music production and remixing duo Full Intention.[1][2]","title":"Michael Gray (DJ)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"megamix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megamix"},{"link_name":"that year's awards ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Brit_Awards"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weekend_(Michael_Gray_song)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-5"},{"link_name":"UMTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTV"},{"link_name":"Eye Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eye_Industries&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"plays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplay_(radio)"},{"link_name":"radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"Billboard's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Airplay"},{"link_name":"Ultra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Records"},{"link_name":"Ugly Betty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_Betty"},{"link_name":"Sofia's Choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia%27s_Choice"},{"link_name":"Borderline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borderline_(Michael_Gray_song)"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"Shelly Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Poole"},{"link_name":"Alisha's Attic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisha%27s_Attic"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"Full Intention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Intention"},{"link_name":"Jon Pearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Pearn"},{"link_name":"David Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Guetta"},{"link_name":"It's OK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_OK_(CeeLo_Green_song)"},{"link_name":"Cee Lo Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeeLo_Green"},{"link_name":"David Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Penn_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jamiroquai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamiroquai"},{"link_name":"Space Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Cowboy_(Jamiroquai_song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"Michael Gray created a megamix entitled \"The Brits 1990 (Dance Medley)\" for that year's awards ceremony which peaked at #2 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2002, he released the single \"So Fly\" for Defected Records under the name M, which peaked at number 96 on the UK charts.[3][4] In 2004, he began issuing records under his own name, the first being \"The Weekend\", a worldwide hit in late that year. It peaked at #7 on the UK Singles Chart[5] when licensed through UMTV on Eye Industries, and also notched up over 20,000 plays on the radio. In the United States, \"The Weekend\" was a top 10 hit on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart in 2005, where it was released on Ultra Records. It featured in a Honda commercial and also in an Ugly Betty episode, \"Sofia's Choice\", in 2007.The follow-up to \"The Weekend\" was \"Borderline\" featuring vocals from Shelly Poole, formerly of Alisha's Attic, released on 24 July 2006. The track peaked at #3 on the ARIA Club Chart and at #12 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2007, an album, Analog Is On, was released briefly only in Japan. A third single, \"Somewhere Beyond\", peaked at #5 on the Australian ARIA Club Chart.Gray's 2000s productions include: Full Intention's \"I Believe in You\" (2005), Miami Ice's \"Better Than Perfect\" (2005), \"Whatcha Gonna Do\" as Hi Fashion featuring Maria Lawson (2005), and \"Ready for This\" as Robot Man featuring Nanchang Nancy (2008). In 2009, with the new label Full Intention Records, he released Full Intention's \"Once in a Lifetime\", \"I Will Follow\" and \"Forever\".His early 2010s productions include: Michael Gray, Paul Harris, Kid Massive & Sam Obernik's \"Home\" (2010), Michael Gray, Paul Harris & Jon Pearn feat. Amanda Wilson's \"Caught Up\" (2010) and Michael Gray, Jon Pearn, Rob Roar & Cassandra Fox's \"Lights Down Low\" (2010). In 2010, Gray appeared at Belgrade Arena DJing alongside David Guetta. In late 2010, Gray made a remix of the song \"It's OK\" by Cee Lo Green. In 2011, he released a single titled \"Remember\" with Marco Lys. In 2013, he released another single with Marco Lys titled \"The Underground\". In 2013, he released under the name MGNY the single \"My World\" featuring the vocalist NY.With Full Intention, the most popular tracks he released recently were \"Keep Pushing\" in 2016 and \"I Miss You\" in 2017. In 2016, Michael Gray released new versions of his hit \"Walk Into The Sun\", notably with a Full Intention remix. In 2018, Full Intention made a remix of a David Penn's song featuring Lisa Millett entitled \"Join Us\". In 2018, Michael Gray released a single entitled \"Keep Moving On\", featuring the vocalists Kimberley Brown and Shirley Marie Graham. In 2019, he released the tracks \"24 7 People\", \"Take Me Back\" and \"Brother Brother\". The same year, his remix of Sylvester's hit \"You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)\" was real success on the charts and was played by many DJs in clubs and concerts.In 2020, Gray released a new \"Sultra Mix\" of his song \"The Weekend\". The same year, he worked with vocalist RoRoe to produce a track titled \"The One\", released on Sultra Records. In September 2020, he released a track titled \"The Sun\" with the Melody Men. Gray was ranked #1 on the \"Top Artists of 2020\" by Traxsource.[6]2023 saw Gray release his educational music production course Making a Modern Disco Classic.[7]In April 2024, nearly 30 years after its original mix, Gray released an official remix of Jamiroquai's \"Space Cowboy\".[8][9][10][11]Gray has played DJ sets in many countries, notably in Poland, Germany, the Philippines, Australia, Russia, Brazil, Georgia, Spain and the Netherlands.[clarification needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Analog Is On (2007)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cicada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicada_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"Gary Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Go"},{"link_name":"Visage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visage_(band)"},{"link_name":"Cee Lo Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cee_Lo_Green"},{"link_name":"Tara McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Alton Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Raw Silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_Silk"},{"link_name":"Karen Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Harding"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Eric Kupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Kupper"},{"link_name":"Jamiroquai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamiroquai"},{"link_name":"Space Cowboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Cowboy_(Jamiroquai_song)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-11"}],"sub_title":"Selected remixes","text":"2004 Scape featuring D´Empress – Be My Friend (Michael Gray Remix)\n2005 Yanou – Sun Is Shining (Michael Gray Remix)\n2007 Splittr – All Alone (Michael Gray Remix)\n2008 Seamus Haji, Lords Of Flatbush – 24 Hours (Michael Gray Remix)\n2008 Cicada – Beautiful (Michael Gray Remix)\n2008 Priors – What You Need (Michael Gray Remix)\n2008 Danism – Strike (Michael Gray Remix)\n2009 Kläder & Vapen Featuring Anna Ternheim – What Have I Done (Michael Gray Remix)\n2009 Gary Go – Open Arms (Michael Gray Remix)\n2009 Visage – Fade to Grey (Michael Gray Remix)\n2010 Izzy Stardust and Dumb Dan – Looking Out For A Bigger Love (Michael Gray Remix)\n2010 Valeriya – All That I Want (Michael Gray Remix)\n2010 Cee Lo Green – It's OK (Michael Gray Remix)\n2011 Sterling Void – Runaway Girl (Michael Gray Remix)\n2012 Tara McDonald – Give Me More (Michael Gray Remix)\n2013 Kamaliya – Love Me Like (Michael Gray Remix)\n2015 Electronic Youth – Be Right There (Michael Gray Remix)\n2019 Advance – Take Me To The Top (Michael Gray Remix)\n2019 Sylvester – You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real) (Michael Gray Remix)\n2019 Alton Edwards – I Just Wanna (Spend Some Time with You) (Michael Gray Remix)\n2019 Mahogany – Ride On The Rhythm (Michael Gray Remix)\n2019 Raw Silk – Just In Time (Michael Gray Remix)\n2019 Billy Porter – Love Yourself (Michael Gray Club Remix)\n2019 Husky, Brazen – Only One Way (Michael Gray Remix)\n2019 Karen Harding and Who – I Don't Need Love (Mark Knight and Michael Gray Remix)[13]\n2020 Bobby D'Ambrosio featuring Lasala – Runaway Love (Michael Gray Remix)\n2020 Jasper Street Co. – Paradise (Mark Knight & Michael Gray Remix)\n2020 Glen Horsborough & IDA fLO – Switched On (Michael Gray Remix)\n2020 Chevals – Thank You For The Ride (Michael Gray Remix)\n2020 World Premiere – Share The Night (Michael Gray Remix)\n2020 Vicky D – The Beat Is Mine (Michael Gray Remix)\n2020 Homero Espinosa feat. Tobirus Mozelle – Love Is The Cure (Michael Gray Remix)\n2020 Serious Intentions – You Don't Know (Michael Gray Remix)\n2020 Chanelle, Eric Kupper – One Man (Michael Gray Remix)\n2020 Anané – Get On The Funk Train (Michael Gray & Mark Knight Mix)\n2020 Lou Casablanca – Move With The Beat (Michael Gray Remix)\n2020 Kelli Sae – Good Love (Michael Gray Extended Mix)\n2020 Hi Voltage – Let's Get Horny (Michael Gray Remix)\n2021 Supakings – Back and Forth (Michael Gray Remix)\n2021 Raze – Break 4 Love (Michael Gray Remix)\n2021 Cultural Vibe – Ma Foom Bey (Michael Gray Remix)\n2021 Brian Power – Optimistic (feat. Lucita Jules) (Michael Gray Remix)\n2021 The S.O.S Band – Just Get Ready (Michael Gray Remix)\n2021 Ingram – D.J.'s Delight (Mark Knight & Michael Gray Extended)\n2024 Jamiroquai – Space Cowboy (Good Vibe Zone) [edit, dub, and extended mix][9][10][11]","title":"Discography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Michael Gray Biography\". IMO Records. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120803090943/http://www.imorecords.co.uk/house-2/house-artists/michael-gray-biography/","url_text":"\"Michael Gray Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMO_Records","url_text":"IMO Records"},{"url":"http://www.imorecords.co.uk/house-2/house-artists/michael-gray-biography/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Gray talks about Full Intention, the Weekend, the Scottish House & Disco Festival, remixing classics, Number 1 singles, his studio and much more (Audio Interview) - le Visiteur Online\". April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://levisiteuronline.com/featured-artists/michael-gray-talks-disco/","url_text":"\"Michael Gray talks about Full Intention, the Weekend, the Scottish House & Disco Festival, remixing classics, Number 1 singles, his studio and much more (Audio Interview) - le Visiteur Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search \| Official Charts\". 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Retrieved 4 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://faderpro.com/programs/making-modern-disco-classic","url_text":"\"Making a Modern Disco Classic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jamiroquai – Space Cowboy (Michael Gray's Good Vibe Zone)\". Discogs. 20 April 2024. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/release/30384062-Jamiroquai-Space-Cowboy-Michael-Grays-Good-Vibe-Zone-","url_text":"\"Jamiroquai – Space Cowboy (Michael Gray's Good Vibe Zone)\""}]},{"reference":"Space Cowboy (Michael Gray's Good Vibe Zone) - Single by Jamiroquai & Michael Gray on Apple Music, 19 April 2024, retrieved 20 April 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/gb/album/space-cowboy-michael-grays-good-vibe-zone-single/1738873349","url_text":"Space Cowboy (Michael Gray's Good Vibe Zone) - Single by Jamiroquai & Michael Gray on Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Space Cowboy (Michael Gray's Good Vibe Dub) - Jamiroquai\". www.traxsource.com. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.traxsource.com/track/12160915/space-cowboy-michael-grays-good-vibe-dub","url_text":"\"Space Cowboy (Michael Gray's Good Vibe Dub) - Jamiroquai\""}]},{"reference":"1001Tracklists. \"Jamiroquai - Space Cowboy (Michael Gray Dub Mix) [SONY]\". 1001Tracklists. Retrieved 20 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.1001tracklists.com/track/1cryuqux/jamiroquai-space-cowboy-michael-gray-dub-mix/index.html","url_text":"\"Jamiroquai - Space Cowboy (Michael Gray Dub Mix) [SONY]\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 119.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"I Don't Need Love (Mark Knight & Michael Gray Remix) - Single by Karen Harding on Apple Music\". iTunes Store. 11 October 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomniac_(Green_Day_album)	Insomniac (Green Day album)	["1 Background","2 Recording","3 Composition","3.1 Musical style","3.2 Songs","4 Title and artwork","5 Release","5.1 Promotion and commercial performance","5.2 Critical reception","6 Aftermath and touring","7 Track listing","8 Personnel","9 Charts","9.1 Weekly charts","9.2 Year-end charts","10 Certifications and sales","10.1 Singles","11 In popular culture","12 References","13 External links"]	"Tight Wad Hill" redirects here. For the hills, see Tightwad Hill. "Armatage Shanks" redirects here. For the toilet company, see Armitage Shanks. 1995 studio album by Green DayInsomniacStudio album by Green DayReleasedOctober 10, 1995 (1995-10-10)RecordedDecember 1994 – May 1995StudioHyde Street, San Francisco, CaliforniaGenre Punk rock hardcore punk pop-punk Length32:49LabelRepriseProducer Rob Cavallo Green Day Green Day chronology Dookie(1994) Insomniac(1995) Bowling Bowling Bowling Parking Parking(1996) Singles from Insomniac "Geek Stink Breath"Released: September 25, 1995 "Stuck with Me"Released: December 27, 1995 "Brain Stew / Jaded"Released: July 3, 1996 Insomniac is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Green Day, released on October 10, 1995, by Reprise Records. It was recorded at Hyde Street in San Francisco, and the band prioritized high-energy takes during the recording sessions. Released as the follow-up to the band's multi-platinum breakthrough Dookie, Insomniac featured a heavier, hardcore punk sound, with bleaker lyrics than its predecessor. Lyrically, the album discusses themes such as alienation, anxiety, boredom, and drug use. Insomniac also served as a reaction to many early fans who had turned their backs on the band after it achieved mainstream success with Dookie. The album received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the singer Billie Joe Armstrong's songwriting and sarcastic sense of humor. Three songs were released as singles, "Geek Stink Breath", "Stuck with Me", and "Brain Stew / Jaded". Though it peaked at number 2 on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1996, Insomniac did not have the sales endurance of its predecessor Dookie, largely due to its slightly darker lyrical tone and its heavier and more abrasive sound. Insomniac has sold over 2.1 million copies in the United States as of 2012. The album was reissued on vinyl on May 12, 2009. In 2021, a deluxe version of the album was released for its 25th anniversary, including previously unreleased live tracks. Background "The fact that that album came out, like, a year and a half after Dookie was us trying to cut off the bullshit in its tracks and just keep making music. That’s all we wanted to do, keep making music. Sometimes I feel that Insomniac is the most honest record I ever made at the particular moment that it was written and recorded." —Billie Joe Armstrong on Insomniac Green Day's previous album Dookie (1994), their first for a major label, was approaching the ten-million sales mark by the time of recording Insomniac, and the band's success saw them rejected by the punk circles in which the group got their start. The group also began performing at large venues such as coliseums and hockey arenas. The singer and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong was stung by criticisms of being a "sell out", telling an interviewer: "I think I was just lost. I couldn't find the strength to convince myself that what I was doing was a good thing. I was in a band that was huge because it was supposed to be huge, because our songs were that good. But I couldn't even feel that I was doing the right thing, because it felt like I was making so many people angry." The band's state of discombobulation inspired them to prove themselves with Insomniac. The bassist Mike Dirnt later said: "I felt at the time that there was a real urgency to what we were doing. There was a real urgency to stake our claim and say, 'No, we belong here.' It was really important to us to make sure people knew that we weren’t just a flash in the pan." During this period the band members also underwent changes in their personal lives; Armstrong married and had a son, while the drummer Tré Cool and his wife had a daughter. For Armstrong, reaching all these milestones was a surreal experience and he struggled to process these sudden changes, noting that "what I really wanted to do was keep working, and keep writing songs...I didn't really stop and smell the roses". Recording Much of the album was written and rehearsed in a small, Cape Cod-style home in East Oakland, California. The band decorated the walls with notes underneath song titles jokingly providing instructions for achieving the intended tempo for each track; these included "Must pop Valium for this one" and "Must take crank for this one". After the birth of Cool and his wife's first child, and Cool noted that "I can hit the drums harder than I ever thought I could. Having a kid is trying – you have to watch your temper all the time – but it enhances the experience of playing in the band." Eschewing the typical punk rock ethos of creating cheap, low-quality recordings, the band strove to perfect its sound on the record, drawing inspiration from bands such as the Beatles and Cheap Trick. Cool experimented with different cymbal sounds on nearly every song on the album, while Armstrong and producer Rob Cavallo developed the ritual of lining up several guitar amps and testing each one to achieve the desired sound. Much of Insomniac was recorded in short, high-energy bursts. Before takes, the group would drink excessive amounts of coffee, "squeeze every last drop of energy" into the recordings, and then rest immediately afterward. Bob Bradshaw of Custom Audio Electronics was employed to apply a thicker guitar sound to the songs. Composition Musical style "Geek Stink Breath" "Geek Stink Breath" is the lead single from the album. Problems playing this file? See media help. "Brain Stew/Jaded" "Brain Stew/Jaded" is the third single from the album. Problems playing this file? See media help. David Browne of Entertainment Weekly described Insomniac as "14 slices of hearty anarchy, played with a follow-the-bouncing-spitball compactness and vigor." Ian Winwood of Kerrang! wrote of the album's "master class in buzzsaw efficiency, the songs are so economical, not to mention harsh, that the removal of even a single chord would cause each composition to collapse in on itself," calling it "the album on which its creators lost their baby teeth." The album features bleaker, more pessimistic lyrics than those of Dookie. However, Rolling Stone noted that the lyrics exemplify "cold-eyed realism, not trendy nihilism or bleak despair." Armstrong's vocal delivery on the album has been described as an "adenoidal vocal whine." Songs The album begins with "Armatage Shanks", which explores disassociation and the lack of identity, with Armstrong feeling "Stranded / Lost inside myself." "When I wrote that song it was right before Dookie came out, and I was really at odds with myself," Armstrong said of it in an interview with Spin. "Brat" takes the perspective of a "snot-nosed slob without a job" waiting for his parents to die in order to receive his inheritance. "Stuck with Me", the second single of the album, talks about the band's experiences with fame and the "elite" after releasing Dookie. "I'm not part of your elite, I'm just alright". "Geek Stink Breath", the first single, discusses methamphetamine use, including side effects such as the formation of facial scabs and an accelerated pulse. "No Pride" talks about a narrator at the bottom of society, who doesn't mind being there, since he has no pride. The angst-ridden "Bab's Uvula Who?" begins with the lyric, "I've got a knack for fucking everything up," backed by a "brutal, unforgiving wall of sound." It is followed by "86", which discusses the rejection Green Day faced from the 924 Gilman Street music club in Berkeley after the band's rise to fame in 1994. "Panic Song" exhibits a pessimistic view of the world, describing it as "a sick machine breeding a mass of shit." It begins with a "pummeling" instrumental introduction that has been compared to the Who, which lasts for roughly the first two minutes of the 3:36 long song. It was inspired by Armstrong's panic attacks caused by his anxiety issues and Dirnt's panic attacks, which were suffered as a result of being born with an enlarged mitral valve in his heart. Cool tore the calluses on his hand while recording the instrumental intro, and slumped against a wall between takes. Cavallo recalled the musician's hands resembled "a bloody mess". "Brain Stew", the third and biggest single off of Insomniac, talks about insomnia and is quickly followed by "Jaded". "Westbound Sign" is about Billie's wife, Adrienne, moving to California with him. "Tight Wad Hill" talks about how the activities teens once did (like getting high) are not fun anymore. The final track, "Walking Contradiction" was described as an anthem for "anyone who has chafed against the bounds of the demographically correct, computer-coded, image-conscious mid-'90s." Title and artwork "God Told Me to Skin You Alive" redirects here. For the Dead Kennedys song, see I Kill Children. God Told Me to Skin You Alive Before the name Insomniac was decided on, the band considered naming the album Jesus Christ Supermarket and Tight Wad Hill. Insomniac was originally the working title song for "Brain Stew" on demo. After visiting collage artist Winston Smith for the album cover, Billie Joe Armstrong asked him how he managed to make such intricate pieces in such short times. Smith answered: "It's easy for me. I am an insomniac." Armstrong himself has said that the album title comes from his own insomnia, after having been woken up frequently during the night due to his son's screams. Armstrong also mentions his insomnia from the perspective of methamphetamine use in the song "Brain Stew". The collage on the album cover was created by Smith and is called God Told Me to Skin You Alive, a reference to the Dead Kennedys song "I Kill Children". The cover art contains an image (the dentist) that was originally used in a collage featured in the inside cover art of Dead Kennedys' album Plastic Surgery Disasters (1982). Smith knew drummer Tré Cool from Green Day's time at Lookout! Records and told Cool that if he ever needed album artwork that he should call him. The cover art features several hidden images: a naked woman, three fairies, and several other ghostly faces in the flames. There are also three skulls on the entire album cover and back, one for each member of Green Day. One of the skulls requires the viewer to tilt the piece at an angle. The hidden skull is taken from Hans Holbein's 1533 painting The Ambassadors. Green Day's version, however, is slightly different from the original, with the woman holding Armstrong's iconic Sonic Blue Fernandes imitation Stratocaster rather than an acoustic guitar. Release Promotion and commercial performance Promotion for Insomniac was limited, with a "virtual press blackout". All of the album's singles contained the words "fuck" or "shit" and the music video for "Geek Stink Breath", showing a methamphetamine addict having his tooth removed, was removed from MTV playlists. This, combined with the God Told Me to Skin You Alive cover collage, led Winwood to comment that "everything about Insomniac was noticeably different from Dookie, yet fully informed by the vast shadow it cast." Larry Livermore, co-founder of the band's former label Lookout Records, found Insomniac to be "depressing", and recalls that he "was even a bit worried about them" upon hearing the single "Brain Stew". A staff writer for People compared the release of Insomniac to Nirvana's In Utero (1993), which featured a darker, less accessible sound in the wake of the success of the band's multi-platinum album Nevermind. Insomniac debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200, selling over 171,000 copies its first week of release. The first single released from Insomniac was "Geek Stink Breath". The song was successful on both Top 40 and rock radio stations and peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay. The second single, released exclusively in the United Kingdom, was "Stuck with Me". The song was moderately successful in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand, but was not one of the group's bigger hits in the US. The third single from the album was "Brain Stew/Jaded". The two were separate songs (tracks 10 and 11 on Insomniac), but they were released together as a single and a music video. The song "Walking Contradiction" was released as a promotional single in August to promote the album. While "86" was only released as a promotional single in Spain and Germany. Critical reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicAlternative PressEntertainment WeeklyBThe GuardianHouston ChronicleKnoxville News SentinelLos Angeles TimesRolling StoneThe Rolling Stone Album GuideSpin8/10The Village VoiceA− Insomniac did not have the big sales or airplay as the singles from Dookie, but it was generally well received by critics. It earned three and a half out of five stars from Rolling Stone, which said "In punk the good stuff actually unfolds and gains meaning as you listen without sacrificing any of its electric, haywire immediacy. And Green Day are as good as this stuff gets". Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B with particular praise for Billie Joe Armstrong, stating that: "Fans needn't worry about Armstrong, a new father, rhapsodizing over the joys of changing diapers or whining about being a wealthy rock star. Once more, the songs relate the travails of a pathetic, self-loathing goofball whose sense of self-worth is continually reduced to rubble by sundry jerks, authority figures, and cultural elitists." However, Green Day was slightly criticized for not progressing as much as their predecessors. Entertainment Weekly stated that: "Insomniac does make you wonder about Green Day's growth, though. Between albums one and four, The Clash, to take an old-school example, branched out from guitar crunch to reggae, dub, and Spectorized pop. By comparison, Green Day sound exactly the same as on their first album, albeit with crisper production and, ominously, a palpable degeneration in their sense of humor. The few hints of growth are fairly microscopic: a tougher metallic edge to a few of the songs ... and lyrics that are bleaker than Dookie's." AllMusic similarly noted that "they kept their blueprint and made it a shade darker. Throughout Insomniac, there are vague references to the band's startling multi-platinum breakthrough, but the album is hardly a stark confessional on the level of Nirvana's In Utero. ... While nothing on the album is as immediate as "Basket Case" or "Longview," the band has gained a powerful sonic punch, which goes straight for the gut but sacrifices the raw edge they so desperately want to keep and makes the record slightly tame. Billie Joe hasn't lost much of his talent for simple, tuneful hooks, but after a series of songs that all sound pretty much the same, it becomes clear that he needs to push himself a little bit more if Green Day ever want to be something more than a good punk-pop band. As it is, they remain a good punk-pop band, and Insomniac is a good punk-pop record, but nothing more." Robert Christgau opined " songs conceptualize his natural whine with a musicality that undercuts his defeatism." The album was included at number 8 on Rock Sound's "The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time" list. Aftermath and touring Despite being considered a commercial disappointment, Armstrong noted, "Insomniac did a lot better than I thought it was going to do...From the sound of it, we knew it wasn't going to sell as much as Dookie." The group embarked on an extensive world tour to promote Insomniac in early 1996, which saw the band performing in sports arenas that contrasted with the small clubs the group was accustomed to playing. The members became increasingly uncomfortable with the level of stardom they had attained; Armstrong recalled, "We were becoming the things we hated, playing those big arenas. It was beginning to be not fun anymore." Green Day also became homesick because touring forced the members to leave behind their families. The band eventually decided to cancel the late 1996 European leg of the Insomniac tour to take time off to spend at home. During this time, the band continued to write, and eventually completed over three dozen new songs by the beginning of 1997 for the upcoming album, Nimrod. Although the group's last effort with producer Rob Cavallo was considered a disappointment, the band did not contemplate choosing anyone else to work with on Nimrod, because the members viewed Cavallo as a "mentor". Track listing All lyrics are written by Billie Joe Armstrong, except where noted; all music is composed by Green Day, except where notedNo.TitleLength1."Armatage Shanks"2:172."Brat"1:433."Stuck with Me"2:164."Geek Stink Breath"2:155."No Pride"2:196."Bab's Uvula Who?"2:087."86"2:478."Panic Song" (lyrics written by Mike Dirnt and Armstrong)3:359."Stuart and the Ave."2:0310."Brain Stew"3:1311."Jaded"1:3012."Westbound Sign"2:1213."Tight Wad Hill"2:0114."Walking Contradiction"2:31Total length:32:49 Japanese versionNo.TitleLength15."I Want to Be on T.V." (written by Sam McBride and Tom Flynn; originally performed by Fang)1:17Total length:34:06 Australian tour Souvenir Edition live EP (also known as the Live Tracks EP)No.TitleLength1."Welcome to Paradise" (live)4:062."One of My Lies" (live)2:253."Chump" (live)2:394."Longview" (live)3:305."Burnout" (live)2:036."2000 Light Years Away" (live)2:49Total length:17:11 25th Anniversary Edition Bonus Vinyl: Live from Prague, March 26, 1996No.TitleLength1."Armatage Shanks"2:272."Brat"1:553."Geek Stink Breath"2:074."Stuck with Me"2:125."Brain Stew"2:566."Jaded"1:327."Walking Contradiction"2:278."86"4:26Total length:20:36 Personnel Green Day Billie Joe Armstrong – lead vocals, guitar Mike Dirnt – bass, backing vocals Tré Cool – drums Production Rob Cavallo; Green Day – producers Kevin Army – engineer Jerry Finn – mixing Richard Huredia; Bernd Burgdorf – additional engineers Bob Ludwig - mastering Artwork Winston Smith – cover art Dirk Walter - art direction David Harlan - typographic design Charts Weekly charts Chart (1995) Peakposition Australian Albums (ARIA) 5 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 2 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 17 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 12 Canada Albums (The Record) 2 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 22 Europe (European Top 100 Albums) 5 Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista) 1 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 12 Italian Albums (FIMI) 14 New Zealand Albums (RMNZ) 5 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 27 Scottish Albums (OCC) 12 Spanish Albums (AFYVE) 14 Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan) 5 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 8 UK Albums (OCC) 8 US Billboard 200 2 Chart (2021) Peakposition Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 6 Year-end charts Chart (1995) Position Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 53 European Top 100 Albums (Music & Media) 57 US Billboard 200 146 Chart (1996) Position US Billboard 200 48 Certifications and sales Region Certification Certified units/sales Argentina (CAPIF) Gold 30,000^ Australia (ARIA) Platinum 70,000^ Austria (IFPI Austria) Gold 25,000* Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) Gold 100,000* Canada (Music Canada) 2× Platinum 200,000^ Finland (Musiikkituottajat) Gold 21,350 Germany (BVMI) Gold 250,000^ Japan (RIAJ) Platinum 200,000^ Mexico — 20,000 New Zealand (RMNZ) Gold 7,500^ Spain (PROMUSICAE) Gold 50,000^ United Kingdom (BPI) Platinum 300,000^ United States (RIAA) 2× Platinum 2,000,000^ * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. Singles Year Song Peak chart positions US Airplay US Alt US Main CAN CANAlt AUS UK 1995 "Geek Stink Breath" 27 3 9 22 1 40 16 1995 "Stuck with Me" — — — — — 46 24 1995 "86" — — — — — — — 1996 "Brain Stew/Jaded" 35 3 8 35 1 — 28 1996 "Walking Contradiction" 70 21 25 — 19 — — In popular culture The song "Westbound Sign" was used in the 2005 teaser trailer for the 2006 Disney/Pixar film Cars. The title "Bab's Uvula Who?" comes from a 1976 Saturday Night Live sketch with Gilda Radner and Chevy Chase. "86" was featured in the 1996 MTV film Joe's Apartment. The songs "Geek Stink Breath", "Brain Stew", and "Jaded" are featured in the music game Green Day: Rock Band. A remix of the song "Brain Stew" was made for the soundtrack of the 1998 movie, Godzilla. References Citations ^ a b c Spence, Matthew (October 9, 2020). ""Insomniac": Green Day's Follow Up". Medium. Retrieved October 10, 2020. ^ Brophy, Christine (October 27, 1995). "Insomniac will keep you up all night rockin'". The Daily Item. Retrieved June 4, 2023. ^ "RIAA Certificates for Insomniac" Archived 2007-06-26 at the Wayback Machine. riaa.com. ^ Green Day: Behind the Music ^ Gallo, Phil (July 16, 2012). "Green Day: The Billboard Cover Story". Billboard. Retrieved January 20, 2024. ^ Fitzmaurice, Larry (March 13, 2009). "Green Day Reissue Entire Catalog on Vinyl". Spin. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017. ^ "Green Day's remastered 25th anniversary edition of Insomniac to be released this Friday". March 17, 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Winwood, Ian (2018). "Green Day: The Inside Story of Insomniac". Kerrang. Retrieved October 22, 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h "Green Day: From Punk to Platinum". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. December 28, 1995. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2018. ^ a b "Billie Joe Armstrong on the Success of Dookie: "I Remember Being Pretty Freaked Out"". Kerrang. October 30, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2020. ^ a b c d e f g Browne, David (October 20, 1995). "Insomniac". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h Coleman, Mark (November 2, 1995). "Insomniac". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2012. ^ Marks, Craig (December 1995). "Green Day: Boys to Men". Spin. 11 (9): 138. ISSN 0886-3032. ^ Case, Wesley (May 3, 2013). "A brief guide to Green Day". The Baltimore Sun. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2016. ^ Myers, 2006. p. 22 ^ Armstrong, Billie Joe (February 6, 2011). "One regret? Insomniac was going to be called "jesus christ supermarket". JCSM is a much better title. Oh well." Retrieved November 4, 2019. ^ a b c d e "Winston Smith Gallery: God Told Me to Skin You Alive (Insomniac), 1995". Archived from the original on November 29, 2001. Retrieved October 12, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). winstonsmith.com. ^ "The Montage Art of Winston Smith" Archived 2006-03-23 at the Wayback Machine. winstonsmith.com. ^ People Staff (October 30, 1995). "Picks and Pans Review: Insomniac". People. Retrieved May 28, 2020. ^ "Billboard". October 28, 1995. ^ "Green Day 86 - Eighty Six Spain Promo CD single (CD5 / 5") (72974)". Eil.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013. ^ a b Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Insomniac – Green Day". AllMusic. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2012. ^ Raub, Jesse (June 22, 2010). "Green Day – Insomniac". Alternative Press. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2016. ^ Smith, Andrew (October 13, 1995). "Green Day: Insomniac (WEA)". The Guardian. Retrieved February 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Arnold, Gina (October 15, 1995). "Green Day's Fourth More of the Same". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved June 16, 2019. ^ "Music". Knoxville News Sentinel. October 20, 1995. p. 10. Retrieved June 4, 2023. ^ Ali, Lorraine (October 8, 1995). "Green Day: Something for All". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016. ^ Catucci, Nick (2004). "Green Day". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 347–48. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. ^ Weisbard, Eric (December 1995). "Green Day: Insomniac". Spin. Vol. 11, no. 9. p. 118. Retrieved February 12, 2016. ^ a b Christgau, Robert (November 14, 1995). "Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016. ^ Bird, ed. 2014, p. 73 ^ Rosen, Craig (September 20, 1997). "Green Day Grows Beyond Punk On 'Nimrod'". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 8, 2012. ^ Spitz, 2006, p. 123 ^ Spitz, 2006, p. 126 ^ Myers, 2006. p. 130. ^ a b Spitz, 2006, p. 127 ^ a b Insomniac liner notes. Retrieved 2011-10-13 ^ "Australiancharts.com – Green Day – Insomniac". Hung Medien. Retrieved March 4, 2021. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Green Day – Insomniac" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Ultratop.be – Green Day – Insomniac" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Ultratop.be – Green Day – Insomniac" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "HITS OF THE WORLD". Billboard. November 11, 1995. Retrieved December 21, 2018. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Green Day – Insomniac" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Eurochart Top 100 Albums - October 28, 1995" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 12, no. 43. October 28, 1995. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2021. ^ "Green Day: Insomniac" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Green Day – Insomniac" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Classifica settimanale WK 42 (dal 13.10.1995 al 19.10.1995)" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved October 30, 2021. ^ "Charts.nz – Green Day – Insomniac". Hung Medien. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Green Day – Insomniac". Hung Medien. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959-2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Green Day – Insomniac". Hung Medien. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Green Day – Insomniac". Hung Medien. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 4, 2021. ^ "Green Day Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved March 4, 2021. ^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2021. 12. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved April 1, 2021. ^ "Top Albums/CDs – Volume 62, No. 20, December 18 1995". RPM. December 18, 1995. Retrieved June 3, 2021. ^ "Year End Sales Charts – European Top 100 Albums 1995" (PDF). Music & Media. December 23, 1995. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2021. ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1995". Billboard. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1996". Billboard. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Discos de Oro y Platino" (in Spanish). Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2021. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1995 Albums" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved July 13, 2021. ^ "Austrian album certifications – Green Day – Insomniac" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ "Brazilian album certifications – Green Day – Insominiac" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ "Canadian album certifications – Green Day – Insomniac". Music Canada. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ a b "Green Day" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Green Day; 'Insomniac')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ "Japanese album certifications – Green Day – Insomniac" (in Japanese). Recording Industry Association of Japan. Retrieved March 5, 2020. Select 1995年5月 on the drop-down menu ^ "¡Vaya con esta Gente!". La Opinión (in Spanish). December 8, 1995. p. 18. Retrieved February 24, 2024. ^ "New Zealand album certifications – Green Day – Insomniac". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ Salaverrie, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: Fundación Autor/SGAE. p. 941. ISBN 84-8048-639-2. Retrieved October 3, 2019. ^ "British album certifications – Green Day – Insomniac". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ "American album certifications – Green Day – Insomniac". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ a b "Green Day single chart history". Billboard. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2007. ^ "Green Day - Billboard Singles". AllMusic. Retrieved October 26, 2010. ^ "Top Singles - Volume 62, No. 21, January 08 1996". RPM. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2010. ^ "Top Singles - Volume 63, No. 3, March 04 1996". RPM. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2010. ^ "Rock/Alternative - Volume 62, No. 11, October 16, 1995". RPM. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2010. ^ "Rock/Alternative - Volume 62, No. 24, January 29, 1996". RPM. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2010. ^ "Rock/Alternative - Volume 63, No. 24, July 29, 1996". RPM. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2010. ^ Steffen Hung. "Australian charts portal". australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on August 13, 2009. Retrieved September 27, 2012. ^ "SNL Transcripts: Elliot Gould: 05/29/76: Babs' Uvula" Archived 2006-12-30 at the Wayback Machine. snltranscripts.jt.org. Sources Bird, Ryan, ed. (September 2014). "The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time". Rock Sound (191). London: Freeway Press Inc. ISSN 1465-0185. External links Insomniac at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed) vteGreen Day Billie Joe Armstrong Mike Dirnt Tré Cool John Kiffmeyer Sean Hughes Raj Punjabi Studio albums 39/Smooth Kerplunk Dookie Insomniac Nimrod Warning American Idiot 21st Century Breakdown ¡Uno! ¡Dos! ¡Tré! Revolution Radio Father of All Motherfuckers Saviors Live albums Bullet in a Bible Awesome as Fuck Woodstock 1994 BBC Sessions Compilations 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours International Superhits! Shenanigans Demolicious Greatest Hits: God's Favorite Band EPs 1,000 Hours Slappy Sweet Children Tune In, Tokyo... Last Night on Earth: Live in Tokyo 21 Guns Tours Pop Disaster Tour American Idiot World Tour 21st Century Breakdown World Tour 99 Revolutions Tour Revolution Radio Tour Hella Mega Tour The Saviors Tour Associated acts Foxboro Hot Tubs The Network Pinhead Gunpowder The Frustrators The Lookouts The Big Cats The Influents The Longshot The Coverups Related articles Discography List of songs Awards and nominations Adeline Records Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc Punk Bunny Coffee Cigarettes and Valentines Money Money 2020 Stop Drop and Roll!!! American Edit Green Day's American Idiot soundtrack Green Day: Rock Band songs ¡Cuatro! Foreverly "Boulevard of Broken Songs" Ordinary World Love Is for Losers No Fun Mondays Money Money 2020 Part II: We Told Ya So! Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tightwad Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tightwad_Hill"},{"link_name":"Armitage Shanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armitage_Shanks"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Green Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Day"},{"link_name":"Reprise Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_Records"},{"link_name":"Hyde Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Street_Studios"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Dookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dookie"},{"link_name":"hardcore punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_punk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spence-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brophy-2"},{"link_name":"alienation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_alienation"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spence-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spence-1"},{"link_name":"Billie Joe Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Joe_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Geek Stink Breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geek_Stink_Breath"},{"link_name":"Stuck with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck_with_Me"},{"link_name":"Brain Stew / Jaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Stew_/_Jaded"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"2× Platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dookie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"\"Tight Wad Hill\" redirects here. For the hills, see Tightwad Hill.\"Armatage Shanks\" redirects here. For the toilet company, see Armitage Shanks.1995 studio album by Green DayInsomniac is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Green Day, released on October 10, 1995, by Reprise Records. It was recorded at Hyde Street in San Francisco, and the band prioritized high-energy takes during the recording sessions. Released as the follow-up to the band's multi-platinum breakthrough Dookie, Insomniac featured a heavier, hardcore punk sound, with bleaker lyrics than its predecessor.[1][2] Lyrically, the album discusses themes such as alienation, anxiety, boredom, and drug use.[1] Insomniac also served as a reaction to many early fans who had turned their backs on the band after it achieved mainstream success with Dookie.[1]The album received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the singer Billie Joe Armstrong's songwriting and sarcastic sense of humor. Three songs were released as singles, \"Geek Stink Breath\", \"Stuck with Me\", and \"Brain Stew / Jaded\". Though it peaked at number 2 on the Billboard 200 chart and was certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America[3] in 1996, Insomniac did not have the sales endurance of its predecessor Dookie, largely due to its slightly darker lyrical tone and its heavier and more abrasive sound.[4] Insomniac has sold over 2.1 million copies in the United States as of 2012.[5] The album was reissued on vinyl on May 12, 2009.[6] In 2021, a deluxe version of the album was released for its 25th anniversary, including previously unreleased live tracks.[7]","title":"Insomniac (Green Day album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winwood-8"},{"link_name":"Dookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dookie"},{"link_name":"major label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_label"},{"link_name":"punk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winwood-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stonecover-9"},{"link_name":"Billie Joe Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Joe_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"sell out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sell_out"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winwood-8"},{"link_name":"Mike Dirnt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Dirnt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winwood-8"},{"link_name":"Tré Cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9_Cool"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-successofdookiekerrang-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stonecover-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-successofdookiekerrang-10"}],"text":"\"The fact that that album came out, like, a year and a half after Dookie was us trying to cut off the bullshit in its tracks and just keep making music. That’s all we wanted to do, keep making music. Sometimes I feel that Insomniac is the most honest record I ever made at the particular moment that it was written and recorded.\"\n\n\n—Billie Joe Armstrong on Insomniac[8]Green Day's previous album Dookie (1994), their first for a major label, was approaching the ten-million sales mark by the time of recording Insomniac, and the band's success saw them rejected by the punk circles in which the group got their start.[8] The group also began performing at large venues such as coliseums and hockey arenas.[9] The singer and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong was stung by criticisms of being a \"sell out\", telling an interviewer: \"I think I was just lost. I couldn't find the strength to convince myself that what I was doing was a good thing. I was in a band that was huge because it was supposed to be huge, because our songs were that good. But I couldn't even feel that I was doing the right thing, because it felt like I was making so many people angry.\"[8]The band's state of discombobulation inspired them to prove themselves with Insomniac. The bassist Mike Dirnt later said: \"I felt at the time that there was a real urgency to what we were doing. There was a real urgency to stake our claim and say, 'No, we belong here.' It was really important to us to make sure people knew that we weren’t just a flash in the pan.\"[8] During this period the band members also underwent changes in their personal lives; Armstrong married and had a son, while the drummer Tré Cool and his wife had a daughter.[10][9] For Armstrong, reaching all these milestones was a surreal experience and he struggled to process these sudden changes, noting that \"what I really wanted to do was keep working, and keep writing songs...I didn't really stop and smell the roses\".[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_(house)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stonecover-9"},{"link_name":"Valium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valium"},{"link_name":"crank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stonecover-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stonecover-9"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Cheap Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Trick"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stonecover-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stonecover-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stonecover-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winwood-8"}],"text":"Much of the album was written and rehearsed in a small, Cape Cod-style home in East Oakland, California.[9] The band decorated the walls with notes underneath song titles jokingly providing instructions for achieving the intended tempo for each track; these included \"Must pop Valium for this one\" and \"Must take crank for this one\".[9] After the birth of Cool and his wife's first child, and Cool noted that \"I can hit the drums harder than I ever thought I could. Having a kid is trying – you have to watch your temper all the time – but it enhances the experience of playing in the band.\"[9]Eschewing the typical punk rock ethos of creating cheap, low-quality recordings, the band strove to perfect its sound on the record, drawing inspiration from bands such as the Beatles and Cheap Trick.[9] Cool experimented with different cymbal sounds on nearly every song on the album, while Armstrong and producer Rob Cavallo developed the ritual of lining up several guitar amps and testing each one to achieve the desired sound.[9] Much of Insomniac was recorded in short, high-energy bursts. Before takes, the group would drink excessive amounts of coffee, \"squeeze every last drop of energy\" into the recordings, and then rest immediately afterward.[9] Bob Bradshaw of Custom Audio Electronics was employed to apply a thicker guitar sound to the songs.[8]","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Geek Stink Breath\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geek_Stik_Breath.ogg"},{"link_name":"Geek Stink Breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geek_Stink_Breath"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"\"Brain Stew/Jaded\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_Stew_Jaded.ogg"},{"link_name":"Brain Stew/Jaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Stew/Jaded"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-11"},{"link_name":"Kerrang!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrang!"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winwood-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-12"}],"sub_title":"Musical style","text":"\"Geek Stink Breath\"\n\n\"Geek Stink Breath\" is the lead single from the album.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\"Brain Stew/Jaded\"\n\n\"Brain Stew/Jaded\" is the third single from the album.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.David Browne of Entertainment Weekly described Insomniac as \"14 slices of hearty anarchy, played with a follow-the-bouncing-spitball compactness and vigor.\"[11] Ian Winwood of Kerrang! wrote of the album's \"master class in buzzsaw efficiency, the songs are so economical, not to mention harsh, that the removal of even a single chord would cause each composition to collapse in on itself,\" calling it \"the album on which its creators lost their baby teeth.\"[8] The album features bleaker, more pessimistic lyrics than those of Dookie.[11] However, Rolling Stone noted that the lyrics exemplify \"cold-eyed realism, not trendy nihilism or bleak despair.\"[12] Armstrong's vocal delivery on the album has been described as an \"adenoidal vocal whine.\"[12]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-12"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-12"},{"link_name":"924 Gilman Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/924_Gilman_Street"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brief-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-11"},{"link_name":"the Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-11"},{"link_name":"panic attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_attack"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"mitral valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_valve"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myers22-15"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winwood-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-12"}],"sub_title":"Songs","text":"The album begins with \"Armatage Shanks\", which explores disassociation and the lack of identity, with Armstrong feeling \"Stranded / Lost inside myself.\"[12] \"When I wrote that song it was right before Dookie came out, and I was really at odds with myself,\" Armstrong said of it in an interview with Spin.[13] \"Brat\" takes the perspective of a \"snot-nosed slob without a job\" waiting for his parents to die in order to receive his inheritance.[11] \"Stuck with Me\", the second single of the album, talks about the band's experiences with fame and the \"elite\" after releasing Dookie. \"I'm not part of your elite, I'm just alright\". \"Geek Stink Breath\", the first single, discusses methamphetamine use, including side effects such as the formation of facial scabs and an accelerated pulse.[12] \"No Pride\" talks about a narrator at the bottom of society, who doesn't mind being there, since he has no pride. The angst-ridden \"Bab's Uvula Who?\" begins with the lyric, \"I've got a knack for fucking everything up,\" backed by a \"brutal, unforgiving wall of sound.\"[12] It is followed by \"86\", which discusses the rejection Green Day faced from the 924 Gilman Street music club in Berkeley after the band's rise to fame in 1994.[14]\"Panic Song\" exhibits a pessimistic view of the world, describing it as \"a sick machine breeding a mass of shit.\"[11] It begins with a \"pummeling\" instrumental introduction that has been compared to the Who, which lasts for roughly the first two minutes of the 3:36 long song.[11] It was inspired by Armstrong's panic attacks caused by his anxiety issues and Dirnt's panic attacks, which were suffered as a result of being born with an enlarged mitral valve in his heart.[15] Cool tore the calluses on his hand while recording the instrumental intro, and slumped against a wall between takes. Cavallo recalled the musician's hands resembled \"a bloody mess\".[8] \"Brain Stew\", the third and biggest single off of Insomniac, talks about insomnia and is quickly followed by \"Jaded\". \"Westbound Sign\" is about Billie's wife, Adrienne, moving to California with him. \"Tight Wad Hill\" talks about how the activities teens once did (like getting high) are not fun anymore. The final track, \"Walking Contradiction\" was described as an anthem for \"anyone who has chafed against the bounds of the demographically correct, computer-coded, image-conscious mid-'90s.\"[12]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Kill Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Kill_Children"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winston_Smith_-_God_Told_Me_to_Skin_You_Alive_(1995).jpg"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Brain Stew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Stew_/_Jaded"},{"link_name":"collage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage"},{"link_name":"Winston Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Smith_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Billie Joe Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Joe_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"insomniac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dead Kennedys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Kennedys"},{"link_name":"I Kill Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Kill_Children"},{"link_name":"Dead Kennedys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Kennedys"},{"link_name":"Plastic Surgery Disasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Surgery_Disasters"},{"link_name":"Tré Cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9_Cool"},{"link_name":"Lookout! Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout!_Records"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-17"},{"link_name":"Hans Holbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"The Ambassadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ambassadors_(Holbein)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-17"},{"link_name":"Fernandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernandes_Guitars"},{"link_name":"Stratocaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocaster"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-17"}],"text":"\"God Told Me to Skin You Alive\" redirects here. For the Dead Kennedys song, see I Kill Children.God Told Me to Skin You AliveBefore the name Insomniac was decided on, the band considered naming the album Jesus Christ Supermarket[16] and Tight Wad Hill. Insomniac was originally the working title song for \"Brain Stew\" on demo. After visiting collage artist Winston Smith for the album cover, Billie Joe Armstrong asked him how he managed to make such intricate pieces in such short times. Smith answered: \"It's easy for me. I am an insomniac.\"[17] Armstrong himself has said that the album title comes from his own insomnia, after having been woken up frequently during the night due to his son's screams. Armstrong also mentions his insomnia from the perspective of methamphetamine use in the song \"Brain Stew\".The collage on the album cover was created by Smith[18] and is called God Told Me to Skin You Alive, a reference to the Dead Kennedys song \"I Kill Children\". The cover art contains an image (the dentist) that was originally used in a collage featured in the inside cover art of Dead Kennedys' album Plastic Surgery Disasters (1982). Smith knew drummer Tré Cool from Green Day's time at Lookout! Records and told Cool that if he ever needed album artwork that he should call him.[17] The cover art features several hidden images: a naked woman, three fairies, and several other ghostly faces in the flames.[17] There are also three skulls on the entire album cover and back, one for each member of Green Day. One of the skulls requires the viewer to tilt the piece at an angle. The hidden skull is taken from Hans Holbein's 1533 painting The Ambassadors.[17] Green Day's version, however, is slightly different from the original, with the woman holding Armstrong's iconic Sonic Blue Fernandes imitation Stratocaster rather than an acoustic guitar.[17]","title":"Title and artwork"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"virtual press blackout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_blackout"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winwood-8"},{"link_name":"methamphetamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Dookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dookie"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winwood-8"},{"link_name":"Larry Livermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Livermore"},{"link_name":"Lookout Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winwood-8"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"In Utero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Utero_(album)"},{"link_name":"Nevermind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevermind"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peoplereview-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Geek Stink Breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geek_Stink_Breath"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100 Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100_Airplay_(Radio_Songs)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Stuck with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck_with_Me"},{"link_name":"Brain Stew/Jaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Stew/Jaded"},{"link_name":"Walking Contradiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_Contradiction"},{"link_name":"promotional single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_recording"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Promotion and commercial performance","text":"Promotion for Insomniac was limited, with a \"virtual press blackout\".[8] All of the album's singles contained the words \"fuck\" or \"shit\" and the music video for \"Geek Stink Breath\", showing a methamphetamine addict having his tooth removed, was removed from MTV playlists. This, combined with the God Told Me to Skin You Alive cover collage, led Winwood to comment that \"everything about Insomniac was noticeably different from Dookie, yet fully informed by the vast shadow it cast.\"[8] Larry Livermore, co-founder of the band's former label Lookout Records, found Insomniac to be \"depressing\", and recalls that he \"was even a bit worried about them\" upon hearing the single \"Brain Stew\".[8] A staff writer for People compared the release of Insomniac to Nirvana's In Utero (1993), which featured a darker, less accessible sound in the wake of the success of the band's multi-platinum album Nevermind.[19]Insomniac debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200, selling over 171,000 copies its first week of release.[20] The first single released from Insomniac was \"Geek Stink Breath\". The song was successful on both Top 40 and rock radio stations and peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay. The second single, released exclusively in the United Kingdom, was \"Stuck with Me\". The song was moderately successful in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand, but was not one of the group's bigger hits in the US. The third single from the album was \"Brain Stew/Jaded\". The two were separate songs (tracks 10 and 11 on Insomniac), but they were released together as a single and a music video. The song \"Walking Contradiction\" was released as a promotional single in August to promote the album. While \"86\" was only released as a promotional single in Spain and Germany.[21]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS-12"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"The Clash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Clash"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW-11"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"In Utero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Utero_(album)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-22"},{"link_name":"Robert Christgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Christgau-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"Insomniac did not have the big sales or airplay as the singles from Dookie, but it was generally well received by critics. It earned three and a half out of five stars from Rolling Stone, which said \"In punk the good stuff actually unfolds and gains meaning as you listen without sacrificing any of its electric, haywire immediacy. And Green Day are as good as this stuff gets\".[12] Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B with particular praise for Billie Joe Armstrong, stating that: \"Fans needn't worry about Armstrong, a new father, rhapsodizing over the joys of changing diapers or whining about being a wealthy rock star. Once more, the songs relate the travails of a pathetic, self-loathing goofball whose sense of self-worth is continually reduced to rubble by sundry jerks, authority figures, and cultural elitists.\"However, Green Day was slightly criticized for not progressing as much as their predecessors. Entertainment Weekly stated that: \"Insomniac does make you wonder about Green Day's growth, though. Between albums one and four, The Clash, to take an old-school example, branched out from guitar crunch to reggae, dub, and Spectorized pop. By comparison, Green Day sound exactly the same as on their first album, albeit with crisper production and, ominously, a palpable degeneration in their sense of humor. The few hints of growth are fairly microscopic: a tougher metallic edge to a few of the songs ... and lyrics that are bleaker than Dookie's.\"[11]AllMusic similarly noted that \"they kept their blueprint and made it a shade darker. Throughout Insomniac, there are vague references to the band's startling multi-platinum breakthrough, but the album is hardly a stark confessional on the level of Nirvana's In Utero. ... While nothing on the album is as immediate as \"Basket Case\" or \"Longview,\" the band has gained a powerful sonic punch, which goes straight for the gut but sacrifices the raw edge they so desperately want to keep and makes the record slightly tame. Billie Joe hasn't lost much of his talent for simple, tuneful hooks, but after a series of songs that all sound pretty much the same, it becomes clear that he needs to push himself a little bit more if Green Day ever want to be something more than a good punk-pop band. As it is, they remain a good punk-pop band, and Insomniac is a good punk-pop record, but nothing more.\"[22] Robert Christgau opined \"[Armstrong's] songs conceptualize his natural whine with a musicality that undercuts his defeatism.\"[30]The album was included at number 8 on Rock Sound's \"The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time\" list.[31]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beyondpunk-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spitz123-33"},{"link_name":"homesick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homesickness"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spitz126-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod_(album)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spitz127-36"},{"link_name":"Rob Cavallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Cavallo"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spitz127-36"}],"text":"Despite being considered a commercial disappointment, Armstrong noted, \"Insomniac did a lot better than I thought it was going to do...From the sound of it, we knew it wasn't going to sell as much as Dookie.\"[32] The group embarked on an extensive world tour to promote Insomniac in early 1996, which saw the band performing in sports arenas that contrasted with the small clubs the group was accustomed to playing. The members became increasingly uncomfortable with the level of stardom they had attained; Armstrong recalled, \"We were becoming the things we hated, playing those big arenas. It was beginning to be not fun anymore.\"[33]Green Day also became homesick because touring forced the members to leave behind their families. The band eventually decided to cancel the late 1996 European leg of the Insomniac tour to take time off to spend at home.[34][35] During this time, the band continued to write, and eventually completed over three dozen new songs by the beginning of 1997 for the upcoming album, Nimrod.[36] Although the group's last effort with producer Rob Cavallo was considered a disappointment, the band did not contemplate choosing anyone else to work with on Nimrod, because the members viewed Cavallo as a \"mentor\".[36]","title":"Aftermath and touring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billie Joe Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Joe_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Stuck with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuck_with_Me"},{"link_name":"Geek Stink Breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geek_Stink_Breath"},{"link_name":"Mike Dirnt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Dirnt"},{"link_name":"Brain Stew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Stew_/_Jaded"},{"link_name":"Jaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Stew_/_Jaded"},{"link_name":"Walking Contradiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_Contradiction"},{"link_name":"Fang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fang_(band)"},{"link_name":"Live Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Tracks"},{"link_name":"Welcome to Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_Paradise"},{"link_name":"Longview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longview_(song)"}],"text":"All lyrics are written by Billie Joe Armstrong, except where noted; all music is composed by Green Day, except where notedNo.TitleLength1.\"Armatage Shanks\"2:172.\"Brat\"1:433.\"Stuck with Me\"2:164.\"Geek Stink Breath\"2:155.\"No Pride\"2:196.\"Bab's Uvula Who?\"2:087.\"86\"2:478.\"Panic Song\" (lyrics written by Mike Dirnt and Armstrong)3:359.\"Stuart and the Ave.\"2:0310.\"Brain Stew\"3:1311.\"Jaded\"1:3012.\"Westbound Sign\"2:1213.\"Tight Wad Hill\"2:0114.\"Walking Contradiction\"2:31Total length:32:49Japanese versionNo.TitleLength15.\"I Want to Be on T.V.\" (written by Sam McBride and Tom Flynn; originally performed by Fang)1:17Total length:34:06Australian tour Souvenir Edition live EP (also known as the Live Tracks EP)No.TitleLength1.\"Welcome to Paradise\" (live)4:062.\"One of My Lies\" (live)2:253.\"Chump\" (live)2:394.\"Longview\" (live)3:305.\"Burnout\" (live)2:036.\"2000 Light Years Away\" (live)2:49Total length:17:1125th Anniversary Edition Bonus Vinyl: Live from Prague, March 26, 1996No.TitleLength1.\"Armatage Shanks\"2:272.\"Brat\"1:553.\"Geek Stink Breath\"2:074.\"Stuck with Me\"2:125.\"Brain Stew\"2:566.\"Jaded\"1:327.\"Walking Contradiction\"2:278.\"86\"4:26Total length:20:36","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billie Joe Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Joe_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Mike Dirnt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Dirnt"},{"link_name":"Tré Cool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A9_Cool"},{"link_name":"Rob Cavallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Cavallo"},{"link_name":"producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"Jerry Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Finn"},{"link_name":"mixing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)"},{"link_name":"Richard Huredia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Huredia"},{"link_name":"Bob Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Ludwig"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_(audio)"},{"link_name":"Winston Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Smith_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liner_notes-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liner_notes-37"}],"text":"Green DayBillie Joe Armstrong – lead vocals, guitar\nMike Dirnt – bass, backing vocals\nTré Cool – drumsProductionRob Cavallo; Green Day – producers\nKevin Army – engineer\nJerry Finn – mixing\nRichard Huredia; Bernd Burgdorf – additional engineers\nBob Ludwig - masteringArtworkWinston Smith – cover art\nDirk Walter - art direction[37]\nDavid Harlan - typographic design[37]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insomniac_(Green_Day_album)&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Australia_Green_Day-38"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Austria_Green_Day-39"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Flanders_Green_Day-40"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Wallonia_Green_Day-41"},{"link_name":"Canada Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"The Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Record_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Album Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Album_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Netherlands_Green_Day-43"},{"link_name":"European Top 100 Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Suomen virallinen lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Finnish_Charts"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Finland_Green_Day-45"},{"link_name":"Offizielle Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Germany4_Green_Day-46"},{"link_name":"FIMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_New_Zealand_Green_Day-48"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Norway_Green_Day-49"},{"link_name":"Scottish Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Scotland_-50"},{"link_name":"AFYVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Sweden_Green_Day-52"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Switzerland_Green_Day-53"},{"link_name":"UK Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_UK2_-54"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Billboard200_Green_Day-55"},{"link_name":"MAHASZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ac_Hungary_Green_Day-56"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insomniac_(Green_Day_album)&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1995)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralian Albums (ARIA)[38]\n\n5\n\n\nAustrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[39]\n\n2\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[40]\n\n17\n\n\nBelgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[41]\n\n12\n\n\nCanada Albums (The Record)[42]\n\n2\n\n\nDutch Albums (Album Top 100)[43]\n\n22\n\n\nEurope (European Top 100 Albums)[44]\n\n5\n\n\nFinnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[45]\n\n1\n\n\nGerman Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[46]\n\n12\n\n\nItalian Albums (FIMI)[47]\n\n14\n\n\nNew Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[48]\n\n5\n\n\nNorwegian Albums (VG-lista)[49]\n\n27\n\n\nScottish Albums (OCC)[50]\n\n12\n\n\nSpanish Albums (AFYVE)[51]\n\n14\n\n\nSwedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[52]\n\n5\n\n\nSwiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[53]\n\n8\n\n\nUK Albums (OCC)[54]\n\n8\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[55]\n\n2\n\n\n\n\nChart (2021)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nHungarian Albums (MAHASZ)[56]\n\n6\n\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (1995)\n\nPosition\n\n\nCanada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)[57]\n\n53\n\n\nEuropean Top 100 Albums (Music & Media)[58]\n\n57\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[59]\n\n146\n\n\n\n\nChart (1996)\n\nPosition\n\n\nUS Billboard 200[60]\n\n48","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications and sales"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Certifications and sales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Gilda Radner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilda_Radner"},{"link_name":"Chevy Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevy_Chase"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Joe's Apartment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%27s_Apartment"},{"link_name":"Green Day: Rock Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Day:_Rock_Band"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla_(1998_film)"}],"text":"The song \"Westbound Sign\" was used in the 2005 teaser trailer for the 2006 Disney/Pixar film Cars.\nThe title \"Bab's Uvula Who?\" comes from a 1976 Saturday Night Live sketch with Gilda Radner and Chevy Chase.[82]\n\"86\" was featured in the 1996 MTV film Joe's Apartment.\nThe songs \"Geek Stink Breath\", \"Brain Stew\", and \"Jaded\" are featured in the music game Green Day: Rock Band.\nA remix of the song \"Brain Stew\" was made for the soundtrack of the 1998 movie, Godzilla.","title":"In popular culture"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"God Told Me to Skin You Alive","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8d/Winston_Smith_-_God_Told_Me_to_Skin_You_Alive_%281995%29.jpg/220px-Winston_Smith_-_God_Told_Me_to_Skin_You_Alive_%281995%29.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Spence, Matthew (October 9, 2020). \"\"Insomniac\": Green Day's Follow Up\". Medium. Retrieved October 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@mattsp17spence/insomniac-green-days-follow-up-969a49732e7a","url_text":"\"\"Insomniac\": Green Day's Follow Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(website)","url_text":"Medium"}]},{"reference":"Brophy, Christine (October 27, 1995). \"Insomniac will keep you up all night rockin'\". The Daily Item. Retrieved June 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/483369019/?terms=Green%20Day%20insomniac","url_text":"\"Insomniac will keep you up all night rockin'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Item_(Sunbury)","url_text":"The Daily Item"}]},{"reference":"Gallo, Phil (July 16, 2012). \"Green Day: The Billboard Cover Story\". Billboard. Retrieved January 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/green-day-the-billboard-cover-story-481423/","url_text":"\"Green Day: The Billboard Cover Story\""}]},{"reference":"Fitzmaurice, Larry (March 13, 2009). \"Green Day Reissue Entire Catalog on Vinyl\". Spin. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spin.com/2009/03/green-day-reissue-entire-catalog-vinyl/","url_text":"\"Green Day Reissue Entire Catalog on Vinyl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170308140820/http://www.spin.com/2009/03/green-day-reissue-entire-catalog-vinyl/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Green Day's remastered 25th anniversary edition of Insomniac to be released this Friday\". March 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kerrang.com/the-news/green-days-remastered-25th-anniversary-edition-of-insomniac-to-be-released-this-friday/","url_text":"\"Green Day's remastered 25th anniversary edition of Insomniac to be released this Friday\""}]},{"reference":"Winwood, Ian (2018). \"Green Day: The Inside Story of Insomniac\". Kerrang. Retrieved October 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kerrang.com/features/green-day-the-inside-story-of-insomniac/","url_text":"\"Green Day: The Inside Story of Insomniac\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green Day: From Punk to Platinum\". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. December 28, 1995. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/green-day-from-punk-to-platinum-19951228","url_text":"\"Green Day: From Punk to Platinum\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171003075818/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/green-day-from-punk-to-platinum-19951228","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Billie Joe Armstrong on the Success of Dookie: \"I Remember Being Pretty Freaked Out\"\". Kerrang. October 30, 2019. Retrieved May 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kerrang.com/the-news/billie-joe-armstrong-on-the-success-of-dookie-i-remember-being-pretty-freaked-out/","url_text":"\"Billie Joe Armstrong on the Success of Dookie: \"I Remember Being Pretty Freaked Out\"\""}]},{"reference":"Browne, David (October 20, 1995). \"Insomniac\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Browne_(journalist)","url_text":"Browne, David"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190412190650/https://ew.com/article/1995/10/20/insomniac-2/","url_text":"\"Insomniac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/1995/10/20/insomniac","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coleman, Mark (November 2, 1995). \"Insomniac\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/insomniac-19951102","url_text":"\"Insomniac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130402184752/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/insomniac-19951102","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Marks, Craig (December 1995). \"Green Day: Boys to Men\". Spin. 11 (9): 138. ISSN 0886-3032.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3032","url_text":"0886-3032"}]},{"reference":"Case, Wesley (May 3, 2013). \"A brief guide to Green Day\". The Baltimore Sun. Tribune Publishing. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-05-03/entertainment/bs-ae-american-idiot-sidebar-20130503_1_green-day-geek-stink-breath-gilman-street-punk-scene","url_text":"\"A brief guide to Green Day\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191612/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-05-03/entertainment/bs-ae-american-idiot-sidebar-20130503_1_green-day-geek-stink-breath-gilman-street-punk-scene","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Billie Joe (February 6, 2011). \"One regret? Insomniac was going to be called \"jesus christ supermarket\". JCSM is a much better title. Oh well.\" Retrieved November 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/billiejoe/status/34349567428268032","url_text":"\"One regret? Insomniac was going to be called \"jesus christ supermarket\". JCSM is a much better title. Oh well.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Winston Smith Gallery: God Told Me to Skin You Alive (Insomniac), 1995\". Archived from the original on November 29, 2001. Retrieved October 12, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011129004117/http://www.winstonsmith.com/gallery/book2/big/insomniac.html","url_text":"\"Winston Smith Gallery: God Told Me to Skin You Alive (Insomniac), 1995\""}]},{"reference":"People Staff (October 30, 1995). \"Picks and Pans Review: Insomniac\". People. Retrieved May 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/archive/picks-and-pans-review-insomniac-vol-44-no-18/","url_text":"\"Picks and Pans Review: Insomniac\""}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard\". October 28, 1995.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rA4EAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green Day 86 - Eighty Six Spain Promo CD single (CD5 / 5\") (72974)\". Eil.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=72974","url_text":"\"Green Day 86 - Eighty Six Spain Promo CD single (CD5 / 5\") (72974)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211134348/http://eil.com/shop/moreinfo.asp?catalogid=72974","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"Insomniac – Green Day\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on September 16, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine","url_text":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas"},{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/insomniac-mw0000645577","url_text":"\"Insomniac – Green Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120916210932/http://www.allmusic.com/album/insomniac-mw0000645577","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Raub, Jesse (June 22, 2010). \"Green Day – Insomniac\". Alternative Press. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved February 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20100829201337/http://www.altpress.com/reviews/entry/insomniac","url_text":"\"Green Day – Insomniac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Press_(magazine)","url_text":"Alternative Press"},{"url":"http://www.altpress.com/reviews/entry/insomniac","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andrew (October 13, 1995). \"Green Day: Insomniac (WEA)\". The Guardian. Retrieved February 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96532835/the-guardian/","url_text":"\"Green Day: Insomniac (WEA)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Gina (October 15, 1995). \"Green Day's Fourth More of the Same\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved June 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Arnold","url_text":"Arnold, Gina"},{"url":"https://www.chron.com/entertainment/article/POP-CDS-Janet-Rises-Above-Other-Jacksons-3022400.php","url_text":"\"Green Day's Fourth More of the Same\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Music\". Knoxville News Sentinel. October 20, 1995. p. 10. Retrieved June 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/775772655/?terms=Green%20Day&match=1","url_text":"\"Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_News_Sentinel","url_text":"Knoxville News Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Ali, Lorraine (October 8, 1995). \"Green Day: Something for All\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_Ali","url_text":"Ali, Lorraine"},{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1995-10-08/entertainment/ca-54498_1_green-day","url_text":"\"Green Day: Something for All\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160113142853/http://articles.latimes.com/1995-10-08/entertainment/ca-54498_1_green-day","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Catucci, Nick (2004). \"Green Day\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 347–48. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/347","url_text":"347–48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"Weisbard, Eric (December 1995). \"Green Day: Insomniac\". Spin. Vol. 11, no. 9. p. 118. Retrieved February 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dtbUh9Aju4IC&pg=PA118","url_text":"\"Green Day: Insomniac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)","url_text":"Spin"}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (November 14, 1995). \"Consumer Guide\". The Village Voice. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv1195-95.php","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Village_Voice","url_text":"The Village Voice"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055019/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cg/cgv1195-95.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rosen, Craig (September 20, 1997). \"Green Day Grows Beyond Punk On 'Nimrod'\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CQoEAAAAMBAJ&q=green+day+good+riddance+acoustic&pg=PA11","url_text":"\"Green Day Grows Beyond Punk On 'Nimrod'\""}]},{"reference":"\"HITS OF THE WORLD\". Billboard. November 11, 1995. Retrieved December 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw0EAAAAMBAJ&q=hits+of+the+world&pg=PT43","url_text":"\"HITS OF THE WORLD\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Top 100 Albums - October 28, 1995\" (PDF). Music & Media. Vol. 12, no. 43. October 28, 1995. p. 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-10-28.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Top 100 Albums - October 28, 1995\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200716005429/https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1995/MM-1995-10-28.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Classifica settimanale WK 42 (dal 13.10.1995 al 19.10.1995)\" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved October 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/classifiche.kl#/charts/1/1995/42","url_text":"\"Classifica settimanale WK 42 (dal 13.10.1995 al 19.10.1995)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana","url_text":"Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana"}]},{"reference":"Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959-2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-639-2","url_text":"84-8048-639-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Albums/CDs – Volume 62, No. 20, December 18 1995\". RPM. December 18, 1995. 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Retrieved June 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/90s/95/MM-1995-12-23-OCR-Page-0014.pdf#search=","url_text":"\"Year End Sales Charts – European Top 100 Albums 1995\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126125601/https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-UK/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/90s/95/MM-1995-12-23-OCR-Page-0014.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1995\". Billboard. Retrieved April 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1995/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1995\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1996\". Billboard. Retrieved April 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/1996/top-billboard-200-albums","url_text":"\"Top Billboard 200 Albums – Year-End 1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Discos de Oro y Platino\" (in Spanish). Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20110706084844/http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=&album=&LanDesde_MM=1&LanDesde_AA=1980&LanHasta_MM=12&LanHasta_AA=2010&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP","url_text":"\"Discos de Oro y Platino\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_Argentina_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas","url_text":"Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas"},{"url":"http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=&album=&LanDesde_MM=1&LanDesde_AA=1980&LanHasta_MM=12&LanHasta_AA=2010&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1995 Albums\" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved July 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dropbox.com/sh/k9o2q7p7o4awhqx/AACqiVS2PUOBjbCba4ok1S91a/1995%20Accreds.pdf","url_text":"\"ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 1995 Albums\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Austrian album certifications – Green Day – Insomniac\" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved March 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ifpi.at/auszeichnungen/?fwp_per_page=100&fwp_interpret=Green+Day&fwp_titel=Insomniac&fwp_format=album&","url_text":"\"Austrian album certifications – Green Day – Insomniac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"Brazilian album certifications – Green Day – Insominiac\" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved March 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pro-musicabr.org.br/home/certificados/?busca_artista=Green+Day&busca_tipo_produto=%C3%81LBUM","url_text":"\"Brazilian album certifications – Green Day – Insominiac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil","url_text":"Pro-Música Brasil"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian album certifications – Green Day – Insomniac\". Music Canada. Retrieved March 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?_gp_search=Insomniac%20Green+Day","url_text":"\"Canadian album certifications – Green Day – Insomniac\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Canada","url_text":"Music Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Green Day\" (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat – IFPI Finland. 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Retrieved October 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020005503/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2906&type=1&interval=30&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5","url_text":"\"Top Singles - Volume 63, No. 3, March 04 1996\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"},{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.2906&type=1&interval=30&PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rock/Alternative - Volume 62, No. 11, October 16, 1995\". RPM. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. 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ISSN 1465-0185.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1465-0185","url_text":"1465-0185"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://medium.com/@mattsp17spence/insomniac-green-days-follow-up-969a49732e7a","external_links_name":"\"\"Insomniac\": Green Day's Follow Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/483369019/?terms=Green%20Day%20insomniac","external_links_name":"\"Insomniac will keep you up all night rockin'\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS","external_links_name":"\"RIAA Certificates for Insomniac\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070626051113/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/green-day-the-billboard-cover-story-481423/","external_links_name":"\"Green Day: The Billboard Cover Story\""},{"Link":"http://www.spin.com/2009/03/green-day-reissue-entire-catalog-vinyl/","external_links_name":"\"Green Day Reissue Entire Catalog on Vinyl\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170308140820/http://www.spin.com/2009/03/green-day-reissue-entire-catalog-vinyl/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kerrang.com/the-news/green-days-remastered-25th-anniversary-edition-of-insomniac-to-be-released-this-friday/","external_links_name":"\"Green Day's remastered 25th anniversary edition of Insomniac to be released this Friday\""},{"Link":"https://www.kerrang.com/features/green-day-the-inside-story-of-insomniac/","external_links_name":"\"Green Day: The Inside Story of Insomniac\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/green-day-from-punk-to-platinum-19951228","external_links_name":"\"Green Day: From Punk to Platinum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171003075818/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/green-day-from-punk-to-platinum-19951228","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kerrang.com/the-news/billie-joe-armstrong-on-the-success-of-dookie-i-remember-being-pretty-freaked-out/","external_links_name":"\"Billie Joe Armstrong on the Success of Dookie: \"I Remember Being Pretty Freaked Out\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190412190650/https://ew.com/article/1995/10/20/insomniac-2/","external_links_name":"\"Insomniac\""},{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/article/1995/10/20/insomniac","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/insomniac-19951102","external_links_name":"\"Insomniac\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130402184752/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/insomniac-19951102","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3032","external_links_name":"0886-3032"},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-05-03/entertainment/bs-ae-american-idiot-sidebar-20130503_1_green-day-geek-stink-breath-gilman-street-punk-scene","external_links_name":"\"A brief guide to Green Day\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305191612/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2013-05-03/entertainment/bs-ae-american-idiot-sidebar-20130503_1_green-day-geek-stink-breath-gilman-street-punk-scene","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/billiejoe/status/34349567428268032","external_links_name":"\"One regret? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Moock	Joe Moock	["1 External links"]	American baseball player (born 1944) Baseball player Joe MoockThird BasemanBorn: (1944-03-12) March 12, 1944 (age 80)Plaquemine, LouisianaBatted: LeftThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 1, 1967, for the New York MetsLast MLB appearanceOctober 1, 1967, for the New York MetsMLB statisticsBatting average.225Home runs0Runs batted in5Hits9Runs2 Teams New York Mets (1967) Joseph Geoffrey Moock (born March 12, 1944) is an American former professional baseball infielder who appeared in 13 games as a third baseman and pinch hitter in the Major Leagues for the New York Mets in 1967. Born in Plaquemine, Louisiana, he batted left-handed and threw right-handed, stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 180 pounds (82 kg). Moock attended Louisiana State University and was selected in the third round of the initial June amateur draft, held in 1965. In his second pro season, 1966 with the Auburn Mets, Moock led the New York–Penn League in hits with 146. He spent most of the first five months of the 1967 campaign on the MLB Mets' military list, in force during the Vietnam War period. He made his debut with New York on September 1, and started ten games during the waning months of the 1967 season, collecting nine hits, including two doubles, and five runs batted in. Returning to the minor leagues for more playing time in 1968, he was acquired by the expansion Montreal Expos in 1969, but was never recalled to the majors. Moock retired after the 1970 minor-league season. After his pro baseball days were over, Moock was a baseball coach at a private school in Louisiana. External links Baseball Reference This biographical article relating to a baseball third baseman is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"infielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infielder"},{"link_name":"games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_played"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"pinch hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_hitter"},{"link_name":"Major Leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Plaquemine, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaquemine,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"left-handed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-handed"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"June amateur draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"Auburn Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Mets"},{"link_name":"New York–Penn League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93Penn_League"},{"link_name":"hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"minor leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_leagues"},{"link_name":"expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_team"},{"link_name":"Montreal Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Expos"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"}],"text":"Baseball playerJoseph Geoffrey Moock (born March 12, 1944) is an American former professional baseball infielder who appeared in 13 games as a third baseman and pinch hitter in the Major Leagues for the New York Mets in 1967. Born in Plaquemine, Louisiana, he batted left-handed and threw right-handed, stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 180 pounds (82 kg).Moock attended Louisiana State University and was selected in the third round of the initial June amateur draft, held in 1965. In his second pro season, 1966 with the Auburn Mets, Moock led the New York–Penn League in hits with 146. He spent most of the first five months of the 1967 campaign on the MLB Mets' military list, in force during the Vietnam War period. He made his debut with New York on September 1, and started ten games during the waning months of the 1967 season, collecting nine hits, including two doubles, and five runs batted in.Returning to the minor leagues for more playing time in 1968, he was acquired by the expansion Montreal Expos in 1969, but was never recalled to the majors. Moock retired after the 1970 minor-league season.After his pro baseball days were over, Moock was a baseball coach at a private school in Louisiana.","title":"Joe Moock"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/m/moock-002jos","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Moock&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6teborg_Opera	Gothenburg opera house	["1 History","2 Building and capacity","3 Architecture","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 57°42′40″N 11°57′51″E / 57.71111°N 11.96417°E / 57.71111; 11.96417Opera house in Gothenburg, Sweden You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish. (March 2024) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Swedish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated\|sv\|Göteborgsoperan}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Gothenburg opera houseGeneral informationTypeArts complexArchitectural stylePost-modernistAddressChristina Nilssons gataTown or cityGothenburgCountrySwedenCompleted1994Opened1 October 1994Design and constructionArchitect(s)Jan Izikowitz of Lund & Valentin The Gothenburg opera house (Swedish: Göteborgsoperan) is an opera house at Lilla Bommen in Gothenburg, Sweden. The Artistic Director for opera is Henning Ruhe since 2019, while Katrín Hall leads the ballet and dance company. History The Gothenburg opera house is relatively new: construction started in September 1989 after significant local commitment in the late 1980s (with as many as 6,000 contributors to the new house) and it was completed with great speed. Ground breaking took place in June 1991, and the building was inaugurated in October 1994. It hosted Melodifestivalen 2000, the Swedish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest. Building and capacity The result was an auditorium built in the classical style. With its stalls and balconies, it has 1,276 seats. The orchestra pit has room for about 100 musicians. The House is shared by opera, ballet, musicals and operettas so the architects had to meet a number of challenges. It is a large house – 160 metres long and 85 metres wide at its widest – and the building is 32 metres high. The floor area is 28,700 square metres. The main stage is 500 square metres, while the stage opening is 20 metres (66 ft) high and 9 metres (30 ft) wide. There are four movable platforms that each can carry a weight of 15 tons. The stage can be lit by 1000 spotlights with 250 automatic color scrollers and 900 dimmer lights. Architecture The Göteborg Opera house, northern facade The architect, Jan Izikowitz, shares his vision of the house: The building should be possessed by an airiness that sends your mind soaring across the meandering landscape like wings of seagulls. Its shape should be inspired by its location, from the magnificent but elusive landscape with its light and open spaces, to the harbor's more tangible technical constructions; the bridges gracefully suspended across the water, the transparent framework of the harbor cranes, the strength, softness and elegance of the ships' hulls, the wings of seagulls and the flawless aerodynamic shape of sails. He reflects on the operatic aspect of the design: "The world of opera should also be visible in the architecture: the rear stage wall as a large set piece, the colonnade as a series of symbolic gates and stage openings, the fly towers as gigantic lighting towers, the shape and color of the auditorium as an allusion to old traditions." The overall size of the building is a reflection of the company's growth and its spread throughout the city. Therefore, the building attempts to encompass all the activities that were earlier spread out at six different locations are now housed in one building. Another reason is that the Göteborg Opera should be able to offer as wide a selection of productions as possible, with the possibility of changing performance and art form from one night to another. There can be five assembled stage sets stored in the house at the same time, in five different areas the same size as the main stage. With the help of advanced modern technology, whole stage sets can be moved around, exchanged and assembled for the next performance. References ^ O'Yeah, Zac (8 March 2019). "Gothenburg: A City Built on Rock 'n' Roll". natgeotraveller.in. National Geographic Traveller India. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ Göteborgsoperan. "Ledning och styrelse". ^ "Our Stages". Göteborgs Operan. Retrieved 29 November 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Göteborg Opera. Official website vteGothenburgGeography Metropolitan Gothenburg Gothenburg Hisingen Partille Mölndal Gothenburg Municipality Inom Vallgraven Canals Gothenburg archipelago Boroughs and districts Port Lilla Bommen Bohuslän Västergötland Västra Götaland County West Sweden Götaland Kammarrätten i Göteborg History Timeline of Gothenburg Bragebacken William Chalmers Comediehuset Discothèque fire Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad Fortifications of Gothenburg Gothenburg Riots Gothenburg Exhibition Kungsporten Lindholmen Castle New Älvsborg Old Älvsborg Älvsborg Fortress Götheborg Sjukhusspionaffären Societetsskolan Swedish East India Company Säröbanan Torslanda Airport Vauxhall Transport andcommunications Angeredsbron Fattighusån Central Station Göta älvbron Kungsportsplatsen Götatunneln Chalmerstunneln Lundbytunneln Tingstadstunneln Gothenburg tram network Västtrafik Västtågen Landvetter airport Säve airport Denmark ferry Public transport West Link Commuter rail Gårdatunneln Lisebergslinjen Hisingsbron Stombussarna Nils Ericson Terminal Styr & Ställ Marieholmstunneln Älvsborg Bridge Älvsnabben Locations (squares,streets and parks) Allum Avenyn Backaplan Eriksberg Frölunda Torg Heden Nordstan Gustaf Adolfs torg Järntorget Kungstorget Kungsgatan Linnégatan Drottningtorget Götaplatsen Korsvägen Kungsportsplatsen Brunnsparken Bältesspännarparken Botanical Garden Ramberget Slottsskogen Feskekôrka Vinga Lighthouse Wieselgrensplatsen Garden Society Delsjön Buildings Eriksberg Crane Gasklockan Gothenburg Cathedral Gothenburg Synagogue Gothia Towers Gunnebo House Haga Church Hotel Eggers Kronhuset Lilla Bommen Oscar Fredrik Church Nasir Mosque Sahlgrenska University Hospital Skansen Kronan Skansen Lejonet Torstenson Palace Facilities (sport, cultureand entertainment) Barken Viking Bergakungen Draken Palladium Göteborgs Konsthall Museum of Art Röhsska Museum Gamla Ullevi Ullevi Scandinavium Frihamnen Liseberg The Göteborg Opera Stora teatern City Theatre City Museum Röda sten Universeum Museum of World Culture Sports andcultural events Gothia Cup Gothenburg Culture Festival Gothenburg Book Fair Partille Cup Gothenburg Film Festival Hammarkullekarnevalen Swedish Exhibition and Congress Centre Main category 57°42′40″N 11°57′51″E / 57.71111°N 11.96417°E / 57.71111; 11.96417 Authority control databases: Geographic EUTA theatre MusicBrainz place	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"opera house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_house"},{"link_name":"Lilla Bommen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilla_Bommen"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ON-2"}],"text":"Opera house in Gothenburg, SwedenThe Gothenburg opera house (Swedish: Göteborgsoperan) is an opera house at Lilla Bommen in Gothenburg, Sweden.[1] The Artistic Director for opera is Henning Ruhe since 2019, while Katrín Hall leads the ballet and dance company.[2]","title":"Gothenburg opera house"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melodifestivalen 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodifestivalen_2000"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"}],"text":"The Gothenburg opera house is relatively new: construction started in September 1989 after significant local commitment in the late 1980s (with as many as 6,000 contributors to the new house) and it was completed with great speed. Ground breaking took place in June 1991, and the building was inaugurated in October 1994.It hosted Melodifestivalen 2000, the Swedish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The result was an auditorium built in the classical style. With its stalls and balconies, it has 1,276 seats.[3] The orchestra pit has room for about 100 musicians. The House is shared by opera, ballet, musicals and operettas so the architects had to meet a number of challenges.It is a large house – 160 metres long and 85 metres wide at its widest – and the building is 32 metres high. The floor area is 28,700 square metres. The main stage is 500 square metres, while the stage opening is 20 metres (66 ft) high and 9 metres (30 ft) wide. There are four movable platforms that each can carry a weight of 15 tons. The stage can be lit by 1000 spotlights with 250 automatic color scrollers and 900 dimmer lights.","title":"Building and capacity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G%C3%B6teborg_Opera_northern_facade.jpg"}],"text":"The Göteborg Opera house, northern facadeThe architect, Jan Izikowitz, shares his vision of the house:The building should be possessed by an airiness that sends your mind soaring across the meandering landscape like wings of seagulls. Its shape should be inspired by its location, from the magnificent but elusive landscape with its light and open spaces, to the harbor's more tangible technical constructions; the bridges gracefully suspended across the water, the transparent framework of the harbor cranes, the strength, softness and elegance of the ships' hulls, the wings of seagulls and the flawless aerodynamic shape of sails.He reflects on the operatic aspect of the design: \"The world of opera should also be visible in the architecture: the rear stage wall as a large set piece, the colonnade as a series of symbolic gates and stage openings, the fly towers as gigantic lighting towers, the shape and color of the auditorium as an allusion to old traditions.\"The overall size of the building is a reflection of the company's growth and its spread throughout the city. Therefore, the building attempts to encompass all the activities that were earlier spread out at six different locations are now housed in one building. Another reason is that the Göteborg Opera should be able to offer as wide a selection of productions as possible, with the possibility of changing performance and art form from one night to another. There can be five assembled stage sets stored in the house at the same time, in five different areas the same size as the main stage. With the help of advanced modern technology, whole stage sets can be moved around, exchanged and assembled for the next performance.","title":"Architecture"}]	[{"image_text":"The Göteborg Opera house, northern facade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/G%C3%B6teborg_Opera_northern_facade.jpg/220px-G%C3%B6teborg_Opera_northern_facade.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"O'Yeah, Zac (8 March 2019). \"Gothenburg: A City Built on Rock 'n' Roll\". natgeotraveller.in. National Geographic Traveller India. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildor	Noldor	["1 Etymology and origins","2 Attributes","3 Fictional history","3.1 Early history","3.2 Flight of the Noldor: exile to Middle-earth","3.3 Second and Third Ages","4 House of Finwë","5 Analysis","5.1 Tuatha Dé Danaan","5.2 Germanic influence","5.3 Sub-creation","5.4 Decline and fall","5.5 Colonialism","6 In culture","7 Notes","8 References","8.1 Primary","8.2 Secondary","8.3 Sources"]	Group of Elves in Tolkien's Middle-earth NoldorIn-universe informationOther name(s)High Elves,Deep Elves,TatyarCreated byEru IlúvatarCreation dateFirst AgeHome worldMiddle-earthLanguageQuenyaLeaderKings of the Noldor In the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, the Noldor (also spelled Ñoldor, meaning those with knowledge in his constructed language Quenya) are a kindred of Elves who migrate west to the blessed realm of Valinor from the continent of Middle-earth, splitting from other groups of Elves as they went. They then settle in the coastal region of Eldamar. The Dark Lord Morgoth murders their first leader, Finwë. The majority of the Noldor, led by Finwë's eldest son Fëanor, then return to Beleriand in the northwest of Middle-earth. This makes them the only group to return and then play a major role in Middle-earth's history; much of The Silmarillion is about their actions. They are the second clan of the Elves in both order and size, the other clans being the Vanyar and the Teleri. Among Elves, the Noldor show the greatest talents for intellectual pursuits, technical skills and physical strength, yet are prone to unchecked ambition and pride in their ability to create. Scholars such as Tom Shippey have commented that these attributes lead to their decline and fall, especially through Fëanor who creates and covets the magical jewels, the Silmarils. Others including Dimitra Fimi have linked the Noldor to the mythical Irish warriors and sorcerers, the Tuatha Dé Danann. Etymology and origins "Noldor" or "Ñoldor" means those who have great knowledge and understanding. The Noldor are called Golodhrim or Gódhellim in Sindarin, and Goldui by another kindred of Elves, the Teleri of Tol Eressëa. The singular form of the Quenya noun is Noldo and the adjective is Noldorin, which is also the name of their dialect of Quenya. In early drafts of his legendarium, Tolkien used the name "Gnomes" for the group later called the Noldor, and their language, the Noldorin dialect of Sindarin, was called "Gnomish" or "Noldorin". Tolkien had chosen "gnome" thinking that it derived from the Greek γνῶσις, gnōsis (knowledge), and hence was a good name for the wisest of the elves. However, because of its common association with garden gnomes, Tolkien abandoned the term. Attributes The Noldor are counted among the Calaquendi ("Elves of the Light") or High Elves, as they had seen the light of the Two Trees of Valinor. The most distinctive aspect of Noldorin culture is their fondness for craftwork and skill of their workmanship, which ranges from lapidary to embroidery to the craft of language. Among the Elven kindreds, the Noldor are the most beloved by the Vala Aulë, who originally taught them craftsmanship. As a result of their renown as the most skilled of all peoples in lore, warfare and crafts, the Noldor are sometimes called the "Deep Elves". Following their return to Middle-earth at the end of the First Age, the Noldor build great cities within their realms in the land of Beleriand, such as Nargothrond and Gondolin. When the Noldor are in Valinor they speak Quenya; in Middle-earth they also speak Sindarin. Among the wisest of the Noldor is Rúmil, creator of the first writing system, Sarati, and author of many books of lore. Fëanor, son of Finwë and Míriel, is the greatest of their craftsmen, "mightiest in skill of word and of hand", and creator of the Silmarils. Fëanor also devised the Tengwar script. Emblem of Finwë, King of the Noldor, his highest of ranks signified in Elvish heraldry by sixteen points touching the rim Tolkien gave some Noldorin leaders like Finwë and Fingolfin their own heraldic devices, carefully distinguishing their ranks by the number of points touching the rim. The Noldor are the proudest of the Elves, as they vaunt in particular their ability to create: by the words of the Sindar, "they needed room to quarrel in". Equally, this causes in them an arrogance that plagues their history and causes them great suffering. The Noldor are tall and physically strong. Their hair colour is usually a very dark shade of brown; Tolkien hesitated over whether their hair might be black. Red and even white ("silver") hair occasionally exists among some individuals. Their eyes are usually grey or dark, with the inner light of Valinor reflected in their eyes; the Sindarin term Lachend means "flame-eyed". Fictional history Early history Arda in the First Age. The Elves awaken at Cuiviénen, on the Sea of Helcar (right) in Middle-earth, and migrate westwards towards Valinor in Aman, some not arriving there. Fëanor's people of the Noldor, return to Beleriand (top) in stolen Falmari ships, leaving an angry Fingolfin to return over the Grinding Ice. Locations are diagrammatic. The Silmarillion tells the history of the Noldor. The Elves are placed, asleep, in Cuiviénen on Middle-earth by the creator, Ilúvatar. According to Elven-lore, the Noldor as a clan is founded by Tata, the second Elf to awaken, his spouse Tatië and their 54 companions. The fate of Tata and Tatië is not recorded; it is Finwë who leads the Noldor to Valinor, where he becomes their King, and their chief dwelling-place is the city of Tirion upon Túna. In Valinor "great became their knowledge and their skill; yet even greater was their thirst for more knowledge, and in many things they soon surpassed their teachers. They were changeful in speech, for they had great love of words, and sought ever to find names more fit for all things they knew or imagined." The Noldor draw the ire of the rogue Vala Melkor, who envies their prosperity and, most of all, the Silmarils crafted by Fëanor. So he often goes among them, offering advice, and the Noldor listen, being eager for knowledge. But Melkor sows lies, and in the end the peace in Tirion is poisoned. Fëanor, having assaulted his half-brother Fingolfin and thus broken the laws of the Valar, is banished to his fortress Formenos, and with him goes Finwë his father. Fingolfin remains as the ruler of the Noldor of Tirion. With the aid of the spider spirit Ungoliant, Melkor destroys the Two Trees of Valinor, slays Finwë, steals the Silmarils and departs from Aman. Driven by vengeance, Fëanor rebels against the Valar and rouses the Noldor to leave Valinor, follows Melkor to Middle-earth and wages war against him for the recovery of the Silmarils. Though the greater part of the Noldor still hold Fingolfin as the rightful leader, they follow Fëanor out of kinship and to avenge Finwë. Fëanor and his sons swear an oath of vengeance against Melkor (whom Fëanor renames Morgoth) or anyone who comes into possession of a Silmaril. Flight of the Noldor: exile to Middle-earth Further information: Sundering of the Elves In the port city of Alqualondë, the Noldor hosts led by Fëanor demand that the Falmari, those of the Teleri who had come to Valinor, let them use their ships. When the Teleri refuse, Fëanor's forces take the ships by force, committing the first Kinslaying. A messenger from the Valar comes later and delivers the Prophecy of the North, pronouncing the Doom of Mandos on the Noldor for the Kinslaying, and warning that a grim fate awaits them should they proceed with their rebellion. Some of the Noldor who had had no hand in the Kinslaying, including Finarfin son of Finwë and Indis, return to Valinor, and the Valar forgive them. The majority of the Noldor, some blameless for the Kinslaying, remain determined to leave Valinor for Middle-earth. Among them are Finarfin's children, Finrod and Galadriel, who choose to follow Fingolfin instead of Fëanor and his sons. The Noldor cross the sea to Middle-earth in the stolen ships, leaving Fingolfin and his people behind. Upon his arrival in Middle-earth, Fëanor has the ships burned. When the Noldor led by Fingolfin discover their betrayal, they go far to the north and cross the sea at the Grinding Ice or Helcaraxë. Suffering substantial losses along the way, this greatly adds to their animosity for Fëanor and his sons. The deaths of the Two Trees and the departure of the Noldor out of the Undying Lands mark the end of the Years of the Trees, and the beginning of the Years of the Sun, when the Valar create the Moon and the Sun out of Telperion's last flower and Laurelin's last fruit. Fëanor's company is soon attacked by Morgoth in the Battle under Stars or Dagor-nuin-Giliath. Fëanor himself is mortally wounded by Balrogs, who had issued forth from Morgoth's fortress of Angband and captured his eldest son Maedhros. Fingon, the eldest son of Fingolfin, saves Maedhros (his half-cousin) from captivity, which settles the rift between their houses for a time. Maedhros is due to succeed Fëanor, but he regrets his part in the Kinslaying as well as the abandonment of Fingolfin, and leaves the leadership of the Noldor in Middle-earth to his uncle Fingolfin, who becomes High King of the Noldor. Maedhros's brothers dissent and begin to call themselves the Dispossessed, paying little deference to Fingolfin or his successors, and are still determined to fulfil the oath they swore to recover the Silmarils on behalf of their father. Sketch map of Beleriand in the First Age. Fingolfin's land of Hithlum is at upper left; Turgon's city of Gondolin is more central, Finrod's city of Nargothrond below it. Morgoth is based in the Iron Mountains, in the top centre. In Beleriand, in the north-west of Middle-earth, the Noldor make alliances with the Sindar and later with Men of the Three Houses of the Edain. Fingolfin reigns long in the land of Hithlum, and his younger son Turgon builds the hidden city of Gondolin. The Sons of Fëanor rule the lands in Eastern Beleriand, while Finrod Finarfin's son is the King of Nargothrond and his brothers Angrod and Aegnor hold Dorthonion. Fingolfin's reign is marked by warfare against Morgoth; in the year 60 of the First Age, after their victory in the battle of Dagor Aglareb, the Noldor start the Siege of Angband, the great fortress of Morgoth. In 455 the siege is broken by Morgoth in the Dagor Bragollach, or Battle of Sudden Flame, in which the north-eastern Elvish realms are conquered, with the exception of Maedhros' fortress at Himring. A man, Barahir, saves Finrod's life; Finrod gives him a ring which had been made in Valinor. Fingolfin in despair rides to Angband and challenges Morgoth to single combat, dealing the Dark Lord seven wounds before perishing. Fingolfin is succeeded by his eldest son Fingon the Valiant, who becomes the second High King of the Noldor in Beleriand. In 472, Maedhros organises an attack on Morgoth, which leads to the Nírnaeth Arnoediad, the Battle of Unnumbered Tears. The Noldor and their allies are utterly defeated when they are betrayed by the Easterlings and surrounded by Morgoth's forces. Fingon is killed by Gothmog the Lord of Balrogs, and is succeeded by his brother Turgon. Morgoth scatters the remaining forces led by the sons of Fëanor, and in 495 Nargothrond too is conquered. Turgon had already withdrawn to Gondolin, which had been kept hidden from both Morgoth and other Elves; his realm is betrayed to Morgoth by his nephew Maeglin in 510. Turgon dies during the Fall of Gondolin, though his daughter Idril leads many of his people to escape and find their way south. Gil-galad, son of Fingon, succeeds Turgon and becomes the fourth and last High King of the Noldor in Middle-earth. Between 545 and 583, the War of Wrath is fought between Morgoth and the host of the Valar. As the result of the cataclysmic destruction from the war, Beleriand sinks into the sea, except for a part of Ossiriand later known as Lindon, and a few islands. The defeat of Morgoth marks the end of the First Age and the start of the Second, when most of the Noldor return to Aman, though some like Galadriel or Celebrimbor, grandson of Fëanor, refuse the pardon of the Valar and remain in Middle-earth. Second and Third Ages Further information: Gil-galad and Celebrimbor Gil-galad founds a new kingdom at Lindon and rules throughout the Second Age, longer than any of the High Kings before him. After Sauron re-emerges and manipulates Celebrimbor and the smiths of Eregion into forging the Rings of Power, he fortifies Mordor and begins the long war with the remaining Elves in Middle-earth. His forces attack Eregion, destroying it, but are repelled at Rivendell and Lindon. With the aid of the Númenóreans, the Noldor manage to defeat him for a time. In the year 3319 of the Second Age, Sauron manipulates the Númenóreans and their King, Ar-Pharazôn, to rebel against the Valar. Númenor is destroyed. Elendil escapes to the mainland with his sons Anárion and Isildur, who establish the realms of Arnor and Gondor. Gil-galad sets out for Mordor in the Last Alliance of Elves and Men with Elendil's forces and defeats Sauron in the Siege of Barad-dûr, though Gil-galad himself perishes with no successors as High King of the Noldor. Among the lineal descendants of Finwë in Middle-earth, only Galadriel and some Half-elven remain. In the Third Age, the Noldor in Middle-earth dwindle, and at the end of the Third Age the remaining Noldor depart to Valinor. In The Fellowship of the Ring Frodo meets a band of Elves led by Gildor Inglorion from the House of Finrod who are returning from a pilgrimage at the White Towers. House of Finwë House of Finwë family tree Míriel"broideress"Finwëof the NoldorIndisof the Vanyar Fëanor,maker of SilmarilsFindis FingolfinIrimëFinarfin MaedhrosFive sonsCurufin Fingon TurgonAredhelArgonFinrodAngrodAegnorGaladriel Celebrimbor,maker of Rings Gil‑galadIdrilMaeglinOrodreth EärendilFinduilas ElrosElrondCelebrían AragornArwenElladanElrohir Eldarion Colour key: Colour Description Elves Men Maiar Half-Elven Half-Elven who chose the fate of Elves Half-Elven who chose the fate of mortal Men Kings of the Noldor in Valinor High Kings of the Noldor in exile in Middle-earth The Sons of Fëanor are (in the order of their birth) Maedhros, Maglor, Celegorm, Curufin, Caranthir, Amras, and Amrod. The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey comments that the family tree of the House of Finwë is "essential", as Tolkien allocates character by ancestry; thus, Fëanor is pure Noldor, and so excellent as a craftsman, but his half-brothers Fingolfin and Finarfin have Vanyar blood from their mother, Indis. They are accordingly less skilful as craftsmen, but superior "in restraint and generosity". Analysis Tuatha Dé Danaan The Tuatha Dé Danann depicted in John Duncan's 1911 Riders of the Sidhe Scholars including Dimitra Fimi, Anne Kinniburgh, and John Garth have connected the Noldor with the Irish Tuatha Dé Danaan as a possible influence. The parallels are both thematic and direct. In Irish mythology, the Tuatha Dé Danaan invade Ireland as a tall pale fair-haired race of immortal warriors and sorcerers. They have godlike attributes but human social organisation. They enter Ireland with what Kinniburgh calls a "historical trajectory", entering in triumph, living with a high status, and leaving diminished, just as the Noldor do in Middle-earth. They are semi-divine as Sons of Danu, just as the Noldor are counted among the first of the sentient races, the Children of Ilúvatar. Their immortality keeps them from disease and the frailty of age, but not from death in battle, an exact parallel with the Noldor. Nuada Airgetlám, the Tuatha Dé Danaan's first high king, is killed by Balor of the Evil Eye; Fëanor is killed by Gothmog, Lord of Balrogs. Celebrimbor's name means "Silver Hand" in Sindarin, the same meaning as Nuada's epithet Airgetlám in Irish Gaelic. Celebrimbor's making of powerful but dangerous rings, too, has been linked with the finding of a curse on a ring at the temple of Nodens, a Roman god whom Tolkien in his work as a philologist identified with Nuada. Like Nuada, Maedhros loses a hand. Germanic influence The Noldor have skill in weaving and needlework through Finwë's marriage to Míriel. Tolkien was aware that Germanic women were called weavers or embroiderers. Baldishol Tapestry pictured. The Tolkien scholar Leslie A. Donovan notes that Tolkien's concept of exile, as principally exemplified by the Noldor, derives in part from Anglo-Saxon culture, in which he was an expert. The medievalist Elizabeth Solopova makes a connection between Middle English and Tolkien's description of Finwë's first wife Míriel as the most skilful of the Noldor at weaving and needlework; Solopova notes that Tolkien had proposed an etymology for the Middle English term burde, meaning lady or damsel, linking it to Old English borde, embroidery, and that he had given examples from both Old English and Old Norse where women were called weavers or embroiderers. Sub-creation Further information: Christianity in Middle-earth Shippey writes that Tolkien was himself fascinated with artefacts and their "sub-creation". He comments that in The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion, Tolkien consistently chooses to write about the "restless desire to make things". This is not quite, he notes, the same as the Christian sin of avarice or possessiveness. This made sense in the case of the Noldor, as for consistency their besetting sin ought not to be the same as Adam and Eve's, which was pride. In Valinor, Shippey writes, the equivalent of the Fall "came when conscious creatures became 'more interested in their own creations than in God's'", with Fëanor's forging of the Silmarils. He adds that the smith-Vala Aulë is not only the patron of all craftsmen but the Vala most like Melkor, the first Dark Lord. The kinds of craftsmanship he encouraged among the Noldor was not only of physical things, but "'those that make not, but seek only for the understanding of what is' — the philologists, one might say", writes Shippey, including Tolkien's profession along with the Noldor's skill with letters and poetry. Decline and fall Further information: Decline and fall in Middle-earth The Tolkien scholar Bradford Lee Eden states that in The Silmarillion, Tolkien focused on the Noldor as their history is "filled with the doom and fate so typical of medieval literature that determines the entire history of Middle-earth from the First Age to the time of The Lord of the Rings." He notes that in many "parallel stories and tales" the fates of Elves and Men are tightly interwoven, leading inexorably to the decline and fading of the Elves and the rise of Men as the dominant race in the modern Earth. The Tolkien scholar Matthew Dickerson writes that the theft of the Silmarils by Morgoth leads Fëanor and his sons into swearing their dreadful oath and leading the Noldor out of Valinor back to Middle-earth. This is, he comments, at once a free choice and a self-imposed exile. Colonialism Further information: Tolkien and race The Swedish archaeologist Martin Rundkvist writes that Tolkien's account of Finrod Felagund includes "a transparently colonial passage" where the Elf, having arrived in a new country, "immediately takes up the White Man's Burden and spends a year educating the humans about his religious beliefs ('true knowledge'). They think this is great and become his feudal subjects. Then to avoid conflict with the Green-elves he re-settles the new arrivals in a thinly populated area ruled by some of his relatives." In culture Nightfall in Middle-Earth, a 1998 studio album by the German power metal band Blind Guardian, contained multiple references to the Noldor and the events they experience within the narrative of The Silmarillion. For example, "Face the Truth" has Fingolfin tell how he crossed the icy Helcaraxë, while in "Noldor (Dead Winter Reigns)" he regrets having left Valinor; "Battle of Sudden Flame" recalls the battle of Dagor Bragollach, which marked the turning point of the Noldor's war against Morgoth in the Dark Lord's favour; "The Dark Elf" recounts the birth of Maeglin, the son of Fingolfin's daughter Aredhel and Eöl the titular Dark Elf; "Nom the Wise" is an elegy by Beren to his friend Finrod Felagund. The Tolkien scholar Bradford Lee Eden writes that "although one can assume that Tolkien was not a headbanger", he finds that in the opinion of his students, the "driving energy" of the power metal sound is appropriate for the stories: "The music conveys rage and despair, which fits lyrics such as 'The doom of the Noldor drew near/ The words of a banished king, “I swear revenge!”'" Eden adds that this facilitates discussion of Tolkien's Christian view of the fall of man. Notes ^ The ring survives in Rivendell. In the Third Age, the Ring of Barahir passes to Aragorn, who gives it to Arwen when they are betrothed. ^ Celebrimbor is a Noldo in some of Tolkien's versions, a Sinda in others. References Primary ^ a b Tolkien 1994, part 4, "Quendi and Eldar" C: The Clan-names "Noldor" ^ Tolkien 1977, ch. 15 "Of the Noldor in Beleriand" ^ a b Tolkien 1977, ch. 5 "Of Eldamar and the Princes of the Eldalië" ^ a b Tolkien 1994, Part 4, "Quendi and Eldar" ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. "Changes Affecting Silmarillion Nomenclature". Parma Eldalamberon (17): 125. ^ Tolkien 1996, part 2, Late Writings (1968 or later): "The Shibboleth of Fëanor", p. 365, note 61 ^ Tolkien 1977, ch. 6 "Of Fëanor and the Unchaining of Melkor" ^ a b Tolkien 1977, ch. 7 "Of the Silmarils and the Unrest of the Noldor" ^ Tolkien 1977, ch. 8 "Of the Darkening of Valinor" ^ a b Tolkien 1977, ch. 9 "Of the Flight of the Noldor" ^ Tolkien 1993, pp. 194, 294 ^ a b c d e Tolkien 1977, ch. 13 "Of the Return of the Noldor" ^ a b Tolkien 1977, ch. 20 "Of the Fifth Battle: Nirnaeth Arnoediad" ^ Tolkien 1977, ch. 23 "Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin" ^ Tolkien 1977, ch. 24 "Of the Voyage of Eärendil and the War of Wrath" ^ a b Tolkien 1977 "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age" ^ Tolkien 1977, "Akallabêth" ^ Tolkien 1954a, book 1, ch. 3 "Three is Company" ^ a b Tolkien 1977, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age": Family Trees I and II: "The house of Finwë and the Noldorin descent of Elrond and Elros", and "The descendants of Olwë and Elwë" ^ Tolkien 1955, Appendix A: Annals of the Kings and Rulers, I The Númenórean Kings Secondary ^ a b c Fimi, Dimitra (August 2006). ""Mad" Elves and "elusive beauty": some Celtic strands of Tolkien's mythology". Folklore. 117 (2): 156–170. doi:10.1080/00155870600707847. S2CID 162292626. ^ Hemmi, Yoko (2010). "Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and His Concept of Native Language: Sindarin and British-Welsh". Tolkien Studies. 7 (1): 147–174. doi:10.1353/tks.0.0063. S2CID 170366632. ^ Tolkien, Christopher (1983). The Book of Lost Tales. Vol. 1. George Allen & Unwin. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-04-823238-0. ^ a b Shippey 2005, pp. 282–284 ^ Tolkien 2007, p. 133. ^ a b c Dickerson, Matthew (2013) . "Elves: Kindreds and Migrations". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 152–154. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1. ^ a b Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (1995). J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 191–196. ISBN 978-0-395-74816-9. ^ a b Kinniburgh, Anne (2009). "The Noldor and the Tuatha Dé Danaan: J.R.R. Tolkien's Irish Influences". Mythlore. 28 (1). article 3. ^ Garth, John (2003). Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth. Houghton Mifflin. p. 222. ISBN 0-618-33129-8. ^ Anger, Don N. (2013) . "Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 563–564. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1. ^ Armstrong, Helen (May 1997). "And Have an Eye to That Dwarf". Amon Hen: The Bulletin of the Tolkien Society (145): 13–14. ^ Bowers, John M. (2019). Tolkien's Lost Chaucer. Oxford University Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-19-884267-5. ^ a b Solopova, Elizabeth (2014). "Middle English". In Lee, Stuart D. (ed.). A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien. John Wiley & Sons. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-470-65982-3. ^ Donovan, Leslie A. (2013) . "Exile". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1. ^ a b Shippey 2005, pp. 273–274 ^ a b Eden, Bradford Lee (2013) . "Elves". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 150–152. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1. ^ Rundkvist, Martin (26 March 2023). "Finrod Felagund Takes Up The White Man's Burden". Aardvarchaeology – by Dr. Martin Rundkvist. Retrieved 30 March 2023. ^ Ferretti, Marco. "Blind Guardian – Nightfall In Middle-Earth". Souterraine (in Italian). Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2021. ^ Nightfall in Middle Earth: AllMusic Guide Review ^ a b c Eden, Bradford Lee (2010). Middle-earth Minstrel: Essays on Music in Tolkien. McFarland. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7864-4814-2. Sources Shippey, Tom (2005) . The Road to Middle-Earth (Third ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0261102750. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 9552942. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 519647821. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Silmarillion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1993). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). Morgoth's Ring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-68092-1. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1994). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The War of the Jewels. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-71041-3. Tolkien, J. R. R. (1996). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Peoples of Middle-earth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-82760-4. Tolkien, J. R. R. (2007). Gilson, Christopher (ed.). "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings". Parma Eldalamberon (17). vteMiddle-earth J. R. R. Tolkien Bibliography Canon Legendarium Outline WorksIn Tolkien'slifetime 1937 The Hobbit 1954-55 The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring "The Shadow of the Past" "The Council of Elrond" The Two Towers The Return of the King "The Scouring of the Shire" "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen" 1962 The Adventures of Tom Bombadil Posthumous 1977 The Silmarillion "Ainulindalë" 1980 Unfinished Tales 1981 The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien 1990 Bilbo's Last Song The three "Great Tales" 2007 The Children of Húrin 2017 Beren and Lúthien 2018 The Fall of Gondolin 2022 The Fall of Númenor History ofcompositionHistory ofMiddle-earth 1983–84 The Book of Lost Tales Ælfwine 1985 The Lays of Beleriand 1986 The Shaping of Middle-earth 1987 The Lost Road and Other Writings The Etymologies Lhammas 1988–92 The History of The Lord of the Rings The Notion Club Papers 1993 Morgoth's Ring 1994 The War of the Jewels 1996 The Peoples of Middle-earth Others John D. Rateliff 2007 The History of The Hobbit Carl F. Hostetter 2021 The Nature of Middle-earth FictionaluniversePeoples,monsters Ainur Maiar Balrogs Wizards Valar Dragons Ancalagon Smaug Dwarves Eagles Elves Half-elven Noldor Sundering Ents Hobbits Men Beornings Drúedain Dúnedain Orcs Trolls Characters First and Second Ages Celebrimbor Eärendil and Elwing Elendil Fëanor Fingolfin Finwë and Míriel Gil-galad Húrin Isildur Lúthien and Beren Melian Morgoth Thingol Tuor and Idril Túrin Turambar Ungoliant Third Age Elrond Galadriel Gandalf Glorfindel Goldberry Gollum Saruman Sauron Tom Bombadil Places First and Second Ages Beleriand Númenor Valinor Third Age Bree Esgaroth Gondor Harad Isengard Lonely Mountain Lothlórien Mirkwood Mordor Moria Rivendell Rohan The Shire Bag End Objects Mithril Palantír Red Book of Westmarch Rings of Power One Ring Silmarils Two Trees of Valinor List of weapons and armour AnalysisElements Artwork Family trees Heraldry Languages Adûnaic Black Speech Elvish Quenya Sindarin Khuzdul Maps Poetry Scripts Cirth Sarati Tengwar Themes Anachronism Ancestry as guide to character Architecture Christianity Cosmology Round World version Death and immortality Decline and fall Economy England Environmentalism First World War Forests Frame stories Heroism Light Luck and fate Magic Mental illness Modernism Moral dilemma Music Naming of weapons Northern courage Old Straight Road Paganism Plants Psychological journeys Quests Sound and language Time Trees Literary Tolkien's impact on fantasy Influences Beowulf Celtic Classical world Finnish language and literature Medieval Modern Norse Philology Shakespeare Prose style Ambiguity A mythology for England Geographic The Atlas of Middle-earth Journeys of Frodo A Map of Middle-earth Adaptations,legacyArtists Pauline Baynes Cor Blok Anke Eißmann Brothers Hildebrandt Jenny Dolfen Mary Fairburn Donato Giancola John Howe Tove Jansson Alexander Korotich Alan Lee Tom Loback Margrethe II of Denmark Ted Nasmith Composers Bo Hansson Johan de Meij Symphony No. 1 The Lord of the Rings Howard Shore Music of The Lord of the Rings film series Music of The Hobbit film series Music of The Rings of Power TV series Blind Guardian Nightfall in Middle-Earth Settings Donald Swann The Road Goes Ever On Poems and Songs of Middle Earth The Tolkien Ensemble An Evening in Rivendell A Night in Rivendell At Dawn in Rivendell Leaving Rivendell Other media Middle-earth Enterprises Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien Film Tolkien Calendars Video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Literarycriticism The Complete Guide to Middle-earth A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien Master of Middle-Earth Picturing Tolkien J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion Perilous Realms The Road to Middle-Earth Splintered Light Tolkien's Art: 'A Mythology for England' Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings A Tolkien Compass Tolkien: Maker of Middle-earth Tolkien, Race and Cultural History Tolkien's Legendarium Tolkien and the Great War The Worlds of J. R. R. Tolkien The Ring of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English Dictionary vteElvesNorse mythologyand Germanic folklore Types of elves Alp Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar Huldufólk Svartálfar Notable elves Elegast Erlking Queen of Elphame Völundr Figures associated with Alberich Freyr Helgi Högni Skuld Locations Álfheimr Niðavellir Svartálfaheimr Phenomena Álfablót Álfröðull Elf-arrow Elf-locks Elfshot Half-elf Tolkien's Middle-earth Sundering of the Elves Noldor Celebrimbor Fëanor Finwë and Míriel Glorfindel Maedhros Half-elves Arwen Eärendil Elrond Fingolfin Finrod Galadriel Gil-galad Idril Legolas Lúthien Thingol Thranduil Other modern Elves in fiction Christmas elf Icelandic Elf School Machine elf See also Dwarf Fairy Rå Hulder Witte Wieven Dames blanches Weiße Frauen	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"Quenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenya"},{"link_name":"Elves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elf_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Valinor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valinor"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"splitting from other groups of Elves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves"},{"link_name":"Dark Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Lord"},{"link_name":"Morgoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgoth"},{"link_name":"Finwë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel"},{"link_name":"Fëanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABanor"},{"link_name":"Beleriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleriand"},{"link_name":"The Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"Vanyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanyar"},{"link_name":"Teleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleri"},{"link_name":"Tom Shippey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey"},{"link_name":"decline and fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Silmarils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmarils"},{"link_name":"Dimitra Fimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi"},{"link_name":"Tuatha Dé Danann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann"}],"text":"Group of Elves in Tolkien's Middle-earthIn the works of J. R. R. Tolkien, the Noldor (also spelled Ñoldor, meaning those with knowledge in his constructed language Quenya) are a kindred of Elves who migrate west to the blessed realm of Valinor from the continent of Middle-earth, splitting from other groups of Elves as they went. They then settle in the coastal region of Eldamar. The Dark Lord Morgoth murders their first leader, Finwë. The majority of the Noldor, led by Finwë's eldest son Fëanor, then return to Beleriand in the northwest of Middle-earth. This makes them the only group to return and then play a major role in Middle-earth's history; much of The Silmarillion is about their actions. They are the second clan of the Elves in both order and size, the other clans being the Vanyar and the Teleri.Among Elves, the Noldor show the greatest talents for intellectual pursuits, technical skills and physical strength, yet are prone to unchecked ambition and pride in their ability to create. Scholars such as Tom Shippey have commented that these attributes lead to their decline and fall, especially through Fëanor who creates and covets the magical jewels, the Silmarils. Others including Dimitra Fimi have linked the Noldor to the mythical Irish warriors and sorcerers, the Tuatha Dé Danann.","title":"Noldor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Teleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmari"},{"link_name":"Tol Eressëa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tol_Eress%C3%ABa"},{"link_name":"Quenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenya"},{"link_name":"their dialect of Quenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvish_languages_(Middle-earth)#Noldorin"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan-names-1"},{"link_name":"his legendarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium"},{"link_name":"Gnomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fimi_2006-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hemmi_2010-3"},{"link_name":"γνῶσις","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CE%BD%E1%BF%B6%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82"},{"link_name":"garden gnomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_gnome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"\"Noldor\" or \"Ñoldor\" means those who have great knowledge and understanding. The Noldor are called Golodhrim or Gódhellim in Sindarin, and Goldui by another kindred of Elves, the Teleri of Tol Eressëa. The singular form of the Quenya noun is Noldo and the adjective is Noldorin, which is also the name of their dialect of Quenya.[T 1]In early drafts of his legendarium, Tolkien used the name \"Gnomes\" for the group later called the Noldor, and their language, the Noldorin dialect of Sindarin, was called \"Gnomish\" or \"Noldorin\".[1][2] Tolkien had chosen \"gnome\" thinking that it derived from the Greek γνῶσις, gnōsis (knowledge), and hence was a good name for the wisest of the elves. However, because of its common association with garden gnomes, Tolkien abandoned the term.[3]","title":"Etymology and origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Two Trees of Valinor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shippey_2005_Light_and_Dark-5"},{"link_name":"craftwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft"},{"link_name":"lapidary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapidary"},{"link_name":"embroidery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery"},{"link_name":"language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language"},{"link_name":"Vala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valar_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"First Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Age"},{"link_name":"Beleriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleriand"},{"link_name":"Gondolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondolin"},{"link_name":"[T 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noldor_in_Beleriand-6"},{"link_name":"Quenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenya"},{"link_name":"Sindarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindarin#Noldorin_Sindarin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien2007133-7"},{"link_name":"Sarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarati"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickerson_2013-8"},{"link_name":"Fëanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABanor"},{"link_name":"Finwë and Míriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel"},{"link_name":"[T 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eldamar-9"},{"link_name":"Silmarils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silmaril"},{"link_name":"Tengwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengwar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickerson_2013-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finw%C3%AB_Lozenge.png"},{"link_name":"Finwë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel"},{"link_name":"Elvish heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvish_heraldry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammond_Scull_1995-10"},{"link_name":"Fingolfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingolfin"},{"link_name":"heraldic devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvish_heraldry"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hammond_Scull_1995-10"},{"link_name":"Sindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindar"},{"link_name":"[T 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quendi_and_Eldar-11"},{"link_name":"[T 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clan-names-1"},{"link_name":"[T 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[T 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[T 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quendi_and_Eldar-11"}],"text":"The Noldor are counted among the Calaquendi (\"Elves of the Light\") or High Elves, as they had seen the light of the Two Trees of Valinor.[4] The most distinctive aspect of Noldorin culture is their fondness for craftwork and skill of their workmanship, which ranges from lapidary to embroidery to the craft of language. Among the Elven kindreds, the Noldor are the most beloved by the Vala Aulë, who originally taught them craftsmanship. As a result of their renown as the most skilled of all peoples in lore, warfare and crafts, the Noldor are sometimes called the \"Deep Elves\". Following their return to Middle-earth at the end of the First Age, the Noldor build great cities within their realms in the land of Beleriand, such as Nargothrond and Gondolin.[T 2]When the Noldor are in Valinor they speak Quenya; in Middle-earth they also speak Sindarin.[5] Among the wisest of the Noldor is Rúmil, creator of the first writing system, Sarati, and author of many books of lore.[6] Fëanor, son of Finwë and Míriel, is the greatest of their craftsmen, \"mightiest in skill of word and of hand\",[T 3] and creator of the Silmarils. Fëanor also devised the Tengwar script.[6]Emblem of Finwë, King of the Noldor, his highest of ranks signified in Elvish heraldry by sixteen points touching the rim[7]Tolkien gave some Noldorin leaders like Finwë and Fingolfin their own heraldic devices, carefully distinguishing their ranks by the number of points touching the rim.[7]The Noldor are the proudest of the Elves, as they vaunt in particular their ability to create: by the words of the Sindar, \"they needed room to quarrel in\".[T 4] Equally, this causes in them an arrogance that plagues their history and causes them great suffering.[T 1]The Noldor are tall and physically strong. Their hair colour is usually a very dark shade of brown; Tolkien hesitated over whether their hair might be black.[T 5][T 6] Red and even white (\"silver\") hair occasionally exists among some individuals. Their eyes are usually grey or dark, with the inner light of Valinor reflected in their eyes; the Sindarin term Lachend means \"flame-eyed\".[T 4]","title":"Attributes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elvish_Migrations_and_Kindreds.svg"},{"link_name":"Arda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arda_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"First Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Age"},{"link_name":"Helcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helcar"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Valinor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valinor"},{"link_name":"Fëanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABanor"},{"link_name":"Beleriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleriand"},{"link_name":"Falmari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmari"},{"link_name":"Fingolfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingolfin"},{"link_name":"The Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Ilúvatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%BAvatar"},{"link_name":"Valinor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valinor"},{"link_name":"[T 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eldamar-9"},{"link_name":"Melkor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melkor"},{"link_name":"[T 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F%C3%ABanor_and_the_Unchaining_of_Melkor-14"},{"link_name":"[T 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silmarils_and_the_Unrest_of_the_Noldor-15"},{"link_name":"Fingolfin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingolfin"},{"link_name":"[T 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silmarils_and_the_Unrest_of_the_Noldor-15"},{"link_name":"Ungoliant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungoliant"},{"link_name":"Two Trees of Valinor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Trees_of_Valinor"},{"link_name":"[T 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Darkening_of_Valinor-16"},{"link_name":"Aman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aman_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_F%C3%ABanor"},{"link_name":"[T 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight_of_the_Noldor-17"},{"link_name":"[T 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgoth's_Ring-18"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Arda in the First Age. The Elves awaken at Cuiviénen, on the Sea of Helcar (right) in Middle-earth, and migrate westwards towards Valinor in Aman, some not arriving there. Fëanor's people of the Noldor, return to Beleriand (top) in stolen Falmari ships, leaving an angry Fingolfin to return over the Grinding Ice. Locations are diagrammatic.The Silmarillion tells the history of the Noldor. The Elves are placed, asleep, in Cuiviénen on Middle-earth by the creator, Ilúvatar. According to Elven-lore, the Noldor as a clan is founded by Tata, the second Elf to awaken, his spouse Tatië and their 54 companions. The fate of Tata and Tatië is not recorded; it is Finwë who leads the Noldor to Valinor, where he becomes their King, and their chief dwelling-place is the city of Tirion upon Túna. In Valinor \"great became their knowledge and their skill; yet even greater was their thirst for more knowledge, and in many things they soon surpassed their teachers. They were changeful in speech, for they had great love of words, and sought ever to find names more fit for all things they knew or imagined.\"[T 3]The Noldor draw the ire of the rogue Vala Melkor, who envies their prosperity and, most of all, the Silmarils crafted by Fëanor. So he often goes among them, offering advice, and the Noldor listen, being eager for knowledge.[T 7][T 8] But Melkor sows lies, and in the end the peace in Tirion is poisoned. Fëanor, having assaulted his half-brother Fingolfin and thus broken the laws of the Valar, is banished to his fortress Formenos, and with him goes Finwë his father. Fingolfin remains as the ruler of the Noldor of Tirion.[T 8]With the aid of the spider spirit Ungoliant, Melkor destroys the Two Trees of Valinor,[T 9] slays Finwë, steals the Silmarils and departs from Aman. Driven by vengeance, Fëanor rebels against the Valar and rouses the Noldor to leave Valinor, follows Melkor to Middle-earth and wages war against him for the recovery of the Silmarils. Though the greater part of the Noldor still hold Fingolfin as the rightful leader, they follow Fëanor out of kinship and to avenge Finwë. Fëanor and his sons swear an oath of vengeance against Melkor (whom Fëanor renames Morgoth) or anyone who comes into possession of a Silmaril.[T 10][T 11]","title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sundering of the Elves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundering_of_the_Elves"},{"link_name":"Falmari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falmari"},{"link_name":"Valar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vala_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Prophecy of the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophecy_of_the_North"},{"link_name":"Galadriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galadriel"},{"link_name":"[T 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Return_of_the_Noldor-19"},{"link_name":"Grinding Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding_Ice"},{"link_name":"[T 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight_of_the_Noldor-17"},{"link_name":"[T 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Return_of_the_Noldor-19"},{"link_name":"Undying Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undying_Lands"},{"link_name":"Years of the Trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_of_the_Trees"},{"link_name":"Years of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"Balrogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balrog"},{"link_name":"Angband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angband_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"[T 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Return_of_the_Noldor-19"},{"link_name":"[T 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Return_of_the_Noldor-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sketch_Map_of_Beleriand.svg"},{"link_name":"Beleriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleriand"},{"link_name":"First Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Age"},{"link_name":"Finrod's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finrod_Felagund"},{"link_name":"Morgoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgoth"},{"link_name":"Beleriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleriand"},{"link_name":"Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Edain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edain"},{"link_name":"Hithlum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hithlum"},{"link_name":"Gondolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondolin"},{"link_name":"Nargothrond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nargothrond"},{"link_name":"Dagor Aglareb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagor_Aglareb"},{"link_name":"Siege of Angband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Angband"},{"link_name":"Dagor Bragollach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagor_Bragollach"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"single combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_combat"},{"link_name":"[T 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Return_of_the_Noldor-19"},{"link_name":"Nírnaeth Arnoediad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ADrnaeth_Arnoediad"},{"link_name":"[T 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Fifth_Battle:_Nirnaeth_Arnoediad-21"},{"link_name":"Gothmog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothmog"},{"link_name":"Balrogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balrog"},{"link_name":"[T 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Fifth_Battle:_Nirnaeth_Arnoediad-21"},{"link_name":"the Fall of Gondolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_Gondolin"},{"link_name":"Gil-galad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil-galad"},{"link_name":"[T 14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tuor_and_the_Fall_of_Gondolin-22"},{"link_name":"War of Wrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Wrath"},{"link_name":"First Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Age"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Age"},{"link_name":"Celebrimbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrimbor"},{"link_name":"[T 15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-War_of_Wrath-23"}],"sub_title":"Flight of the Noldor: exile to Middle-earth","text":"Further information: Sundering of the ElvesIn the port city of Alqualondë, the Noldor hosts led by Fëanor demand that the Falmari, those of the Teleri who had come to Valinor, let them use their ships. When the Teleri refuse, Fëanor's forces take the ships by force, committing the first Kinslaying. A messenger from the Valar comes later and delivers the Prophecy of the North, pronouncing the Doom of Mandos on the Noldor for the Kinslaying, and warning that a grim fate awaits them should they proceed with their rebellion. Some of the Noldor who had had no hand in the Kinslaying, including Finarfin son of Finwë and Indis, return to Valinor, and the Valar forgive them. The majority of the Noldor, some blameless for the Kinslaying, remain determined to leave Valinor for Middle-earth. Among them are Finarfin's children, Finrod and Galadriel, who choose to follow Fingolfin instead of Fëanor and his sons.[T 12]The Noldor cross the sea to Middle-earth in the stolen ships, leaving Fingolfin and his people behind. Upon his arrival in Middle-earth, Fëanor has the ships burned. When the Noldor led by Fingolfin discover their betrayal, they go far to the north and cross the sea at the Grinding Ice or Helcaraxë.[T 10] Suffering substantial losses along the way, this greatly adds to their animosity for Fëanor and his sons.[T 12] The deaths of the Two Trees and the departure of the Noldor out of the Undying Lands mark the end of the Years of the Trees, and the beginning of the Years of the Sun, when the Valar create the Moon and the Sun out of Telperion's last flower and Laurelin's last fruit. Fëanor's company is soon attacked by Morgoth in the Battle under Stars or Dagor-nuin-Giliath. Fëanor himself is mortally wounded by Balrogs, who had issued forth from Morgoth's fortress of Angband and captured his eldest son Maedhros.[T 12]Fingon, the eldest son of Fingolfin, saves Maedhros (his half-cousin) from captivity, which settles the rift between their houses for a time. Maedhros is due to succeed Fëanor, but he regrets his part in the Kinslaying as well as the abandonment of Fingolfin, and leaves the leadership of the Noldor in Middle-earth to his uncle Fingolfin, who becomes High King of the Noldor. Maedhros's brothers dissent and begin to call themselves the Dispossessed, paying little deference to Fingolfin or his successors, and are still determined to fulfil the oath they swore to recover the Silmarils on behalf of their father.[T 12]Sketch map of Beleriand in the First Age. Fingolfin's land of Hithlum is at upper left; Turgon's city of Gondolin is more central, Finrod's city of Nargothrond below it. Morgoth is based in the Iron Mountains, in the top centre.In Beleriand, in the north-west of Middle-earth, the Noldor make alliances with the Sindar and later with Men of the Three Houses of the Edain. Fingolfin reigns long in the land of Hithlum, and his younger son Turgon builds the hidden city of Gondolin. The Sons of Fëanor rule the lands in Eastern Beleriand, while Finrod Finarfin's son is the King of Nargothrond and his brothers Angrod and Aegnor hold Dorthonion. Fingolfin's reign is marked by warfare against Morgoth; in the year 60 of the First Age, after their victory in the battle of Dagor Aglareb, the Noldor start the Siege of Angband, the great fortress of Morgoth. In 455 the siege is broken by Morgoth in the Dagor Bragollach, or Battle of Sudden Flame, in which the north-eastern Elvish realms are conquered, with the exception of Maedhros' fortress at Himring. A man, Barahir, saves Finrod's life; Finrod gives him a ring which had been made in Valinor.[a] Fingolfin in despair rides to Angband and challenges Morgoth to single combat, dealing the Dark Lord seven wounds before perishing. Fingolfin is succeeded by his eldest son Fingon the Valiant, who becomes the second High King of the Noldor in Beleriand.[T 12]In 472, Maedhros organises an attack on Morgoth, which leads to the Nírnaeth Arnoediad, the Battle of Unnumbered Tears.[T 13] The Noldor and their allies are utterly defeated when they are betrayed by the Easterlings and surrounded by Morgoth's forces. Fingon is killed by Gothmog the Lord of Balrogs, and is succeeded by his brother Turgon. Morgoth scatters the remaining forces led by the sons of Fëanor,[T 13] and in 495 Nargothrond too is conquered. Turgon had already withdrawn to Gondolin, which had been kept hidden from both Morgoth and other Elves; his realm is betrayed to Morgoth by his nephew Maeglin in 510. Turgon dies during the Fall of Gondolin, though his daughter Idril leads many of his people to escape and find their way south. Gil-galad, son of Fingon, succeeds Turgon and becomes the fourth and last High King of the Noldor in Middle-earth.[T 14]Between 545 and 583, the War of Wrath is fought between Morgoth and the host of the Valar. As the result of the cataclysmic destruction from the war, Beleriand sinks into the sea, except for a part of Ossiriand later known as Lindon, and a few islands. The defeat of Morgoth marks the end of the First Age and the start of the Second, when most of the Noldor return to Aman, though some like Galadriel or Celebrimbor, grandson of Fëanor, refuse the pardon of the Valar and remain in Middle-earth.[T 15]","title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gil-galad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil-galad"},{"link_name":"Celebrimbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrimbor"},{"link_name":"Gil-galad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil-galad"},{"link_name":"Lindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindon_(Middle-earth)"},{"link_name":"Second Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Age"},{"link_name":"Rings of Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Power"},{"link_name":"Mordor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordor"},{"link_name":"Rivendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivendell"},{"link_name":"Númenóreans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmen%C3%B3reans"},{"link_name":"[T 16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rings_of_Power_and_the_Third_Age-24"},{"link_name":"Númenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAmenor"},{"link_name":"Elendil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elendil"},{"link_name":"Isildur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isildur"},{"link_name":"Gondor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondor"},{"link_name":"Last Alliance of Elves and Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Alliance_of_Elves_and_Men"},{"link_name":"Half-elven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-elf"},{"link_name":"[T 17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Akallab%C3%AAth-25"},{"link_name":"Third Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Age"},{"link_name":"[T 16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rings_of_Power_and_the_Third_Age-24"},{"link_name":"The Fellowship of the Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring"},{"link_name":"[T 18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Three_is_Company-26"}],"sub_title":"Second and Third Ages","text":"Further information: Gil-galad and CelebrimborGil-galad founds a new kingdom at Lindon and rules throughout the Second Age, longer than any of the High Kings before him. After Sauron re-emerges and manipulates Celebrimbor and the smiths of Eregion into forging the Rings of Power, he fortifies Mordor and begins the long war with the remaining Elves in Middle-earth. His forces attack Eregion, destroying it, but are repelled at Rivendell and Lindon. With the aid of the Númenóreans, the Noldor manage to defeat him for a time.[T 16]In the year 3319 of the Second Age, Sauron manipulates the Númenóreans and their King, Ar-Pharazôn, to rebel against the Valar. Númenor is destroyed. Elendil escapes to the mainland with his sons Anárion and Isildur, who establish the realms of Arnor and Gondor. Gil-galad sets out for Mordor in the Last Alliance of Elves and Men with Elendil's forces and defeats Sauron in the Siege of Barad-dûr, though Gil-galad himself perishes with no successors as High King of the Noldor. Among the lineal descendants of Finwë in Middle-earth, only Galadriel and some Half-elven remain.[T 17]In the Third Age, the Noldor in Middle-earth dwindle, and at the end of the Third Age the remaining Noldor depart to Valinor.[T 16] In The Fellowship of the Ring Frodo meets a band of Elves led by Gildor Inglorion from the House of Finrod who are returning from a pilgrimage at the White Towers.[T 18]","title":"Fictional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maedhros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maedhros"},{"link_name":"[T 19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Temp_Silm-27"},{"link_name":"Tolkien scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_research"},{"link_name":"Tom Shippey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey"},{"link_name":"family tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_trees_of_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Tolkien allocates character by ancestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry_as_guide_to_character_in_Tolkien%27s_legendarium"},{"link_name":"Vanyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanyar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shippey_2005_Light_and_Dark-5"}],"text":"The Sons of Fëanor are (in the order of their birth) Maedhros, Maglor, Celegorm, Curufin, Caranthir, Amras, and Amrod.[T 19]The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey comments that the family tree of the House of Finwë is \"essential\", as Tolkien allocates character by ancestry; thus, Fëanor is pure Noldor, and so excellent as a craftsman, but his half-brothers Fingolfin and Finarfin have Vanyar blood from their mother, Indis. They are accordingly less skilful as craftsmen, but superior \"in restraint and generosity\".[4]","title":"House of Finwë"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22The_Riders_of_the_Sidhe%22_John_Duncan_1911_McManus_Galleries,_Dundee.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tuatha Dé Danann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann"},{"link_name":"John Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Duncan_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Dimitra Fimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi"},{"link_name":"John Garth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garth_(author)"},{"link_name":"Tuatha Dé Danaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danaan"},{"link_name":"Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Ilúvatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%BAvatar"},{"link_name":"Nuada Airgetlám","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuada_Airgetl%C3%A1m"},{"link_name":"Balor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balor"},{"link_name":"Fëanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ABanor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fimi_2006-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinniburgh_2009-29"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Celebrimbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrimbor"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Sindarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindarin"},{"link_name":"Nodens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nodens"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anger_2013-32"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowers_2019-34"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fimi_2006-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kinniburgh_2009-29"}],"sub_title":"Tuatha Dé Danaan","text":"The Tuatha Dé Danann depicted in John Duncan's 1911 Riders of the SidheScholars including Dimitra Fimi, Anne Kinniburgh, and John Garth have connected the Noldor with the Irish Tuatha Dé Danaan as a possible influence. The parallels are both thematic and direct. In Irish mythology, the Tuatha Dé Danaan invade Ireland as a tall pale fair-haired race of immortal warriors and sorcerers. They have godlike attributes but human social organisation. They enter Ireland with what Kinniburgh calls a \"historical trajectory\", entering in triumph, living with a high status, and leaving diminished, just as the Noldor do in Middle-earth. They are semi-divine as Sons of Danu, just as the Noldor are counted among the first of the sentient races, the Children of Ilúvatar. Their immortality keeps them from disease and the frailty of age, but not from death in battle, an exact parallel with the Noldor. Nuada Airgetlám, the Tuatha Dé Danaan's first high king, is killed by Balor of the Evil Eye; Fëanor is killed by Gothmog, Lord of Balrogs.[1][8][9] Celebrimbor's[b] name means \"Silver Hand\" in Sindarin, the same meaning as Nuada's epithet Airgetlám in Irish Gaelic. Celebrimbor's making of powerful but dangerous rings, too, has been linked with the finding of a curse on a ring at the temple of Nodens, a Roman god whom Tolkien in his work as a philologist identified with Nuada.[10][11][12] Like Nuada, Maedhros loses a hand.[1][8]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baldisholteppet_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Finwë's marriage to Míriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finw%C3%AB_and_M%C3%ADriel"},{"link_name":"Baldishol Tapestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldishol_Tapestry"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Solopova_2014-35"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donovan_2013-36"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Solopova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova"},{"link_name":"Middle English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Solopova_2014-35"}],"sub_title":"Germanic influence","text":"The Noldor have skill in weaving and needlework through Finwë's marriage to Míriel. Tolkien was aware that Germanic women were called weavers or embroiderers. Baldishol Tapestry pictured.[13]The Tolkien scholar Leslie A. Donovan notes that Tolkien's concept of exile, as principally exemplified by the Noldor, derives in part from Anglo-Saxon culture, in which he was an expert.[14]The medievalist Elizabeth Solopova makes a connection between Middle English and Tolkien's description of Finwë's first wife Míriel as the most skilful of the Noldor at weaving and needlework; Solopova notes that Tolkien had proposed an etymology for the Middle English term burde, meaning lady or damsel, linking it to Old English borde, embroidery, and that he had given examples from both Old English and Old Norse where women were called weavers or embroiderers.[13]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christianity in Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"sub-creation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-creation"},{"link_name":"avarice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avarice"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve"},{"link_name":"pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins#Pride"},{"link_name":"Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_man"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shippey_2005_p273-37"},{"link_name":"philologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philology"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shippey_2005_p273-37"}],"sub_title":"Sub-creation","text":"Further information: Christianity in Middle-earthShippey writes that Tolkien was himself fascinated with artefacts and their \"sub-creation\". He comments that in The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion, Tolkien consistently chooses to write about the \"restless desire to make things\". This is not quite, he notes, the same as the Christian sin of avarice or possessiveness. This made sense in the case of the Noldor, as for consistency their besetting sin ought not to be the same as Adam and Eve's, which was pride. In Valinor, Shippey writes, the equivalent of the Fall \"came when conscious creatures became 'more interested in their own creations than in God's'\", with Fëanor's forging of the Silmarils.[15] He adds that the smith-Vala Aulë is not only the patron of all craftsmen but the Vala most like Melkor, the first Dark Lord. The kinds of craftsmanship he encouraged among the Noldor was not only of physical things, but \"'those that make not, but seek only for the understanding of what is' — the philologists, one might say\", writes Shippey, including Tolkien's profession along with the Noldor's skill with letters and poetry.[15]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decline and fall in Middle-earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"Bradford Lee Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Eden"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eden_2013-38"},{"link_name":"decline and fading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_fall_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eden_2013-38"},{"link_name":"Matthew Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Dickerson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dickerson_2013-8"}],"sub_title":"Decline and fall","text":"Further information: Decline and fall in Middle-earthThe Tolkien scholar Bradford Lee Eden states that in The Silmarillion, Tolkien focused on the Noldor as their history is \"filled with the doom and fate so typical of medieval literature that determines the entire history of Middle-earth from the First Age to the time of The Lord of the Rings.\"[16] He notes that in many \"parallel stories and tales\" the fates of Elves and Men are tightly interwoven, leading inexorably to the decline and fading of the Elves and the rise of Men as the dominant race in the modern Earth.[16] The Tolkien scholar Matthew Dickerson writes that the theft of the Silmarils by Morgoth leads Fëanor and his sons into swearing their dreadful oath and leading the Noldor out of Valinor back to Middle-earth. This is, he comments, at once a free choice and a self-imposed exile.[6]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tolkien and race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_and_race"},{"link_name":"Martin Rundkvist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rundkvist"},{"link_name":"colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialism"},{"link_name":"the White Man's Burden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Man%27s_Burden"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rundkvist_2023-39"}],"sub_title":"Colonialism","text":"Further information: Tolkien and raceThe Swedish archaeologist Martin Rundkvist writes that Tolkien's account of Finrod Felagund includes \"a transparently colonial passage\" where the Elf, having arrived in a new country, \"immediately takes up the White Man's Burden and spends a year educating the humans about his religious beliefs ('true knowledge'). They think this is great and become his feudal subjects. Then to avoid conflict with the Green-elves he re-settles the new arrivals in a thinly populated area ruled by some of his relatives.\"[17]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nightfall in Middle-Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightfall_in_Middle-Earth"},{"link_name":"power metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_metal"},{"link_name":"Blind Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Guardian"},{"link_name":"The Silmarillion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion"},{"link_name":"Beren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beren"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferretti-40"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Bradford Lee Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Eden"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eden_2010-42"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eden_2010-42"},{"link_name":"Tolkien's Christian view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Middle-earth"},{"link_name":"fall of man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_man"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eden_2010-42"}],"text":"Nightfall in Middle-Earth, a 1998 studio album by the German power metal band Blind Guardian, contained multiple references to the Noldor and the events they experience within the narrative of The Silmarillion. For example, \"Face the Truth\" has Fingolfin tell how he crossed the icy Helcaraxë, while in \"Noldor (Dead Winter Reigns)\" he regrets having left Valinor; \"Battle of Sudden Flame\" recalls the battle of Dagor Bragollach, which marked the turning point of the Noldor's war against Morgoth in the Dark Lord's favour; \"The Dark Elf\" recounts the birth of Maeglin, the son of Fingolfin's daughter Aredhel and Eöl the titular Dark Elf; \"Nom the Wise\" is an elegy by Beren to his friend Finrod Felagund.[18][19] The Tolkien scholar Bradford Lee Eden writes that \"although one can assume that Tolkien was not a headbanger\",[20] he finds that in the opinion of his students, the \"driving energy\" of the power metal sound is appropriate for the stories: \"The music conveys rage and despair, which fits lyrics such as 'The doom of the Noldor drew near/ The words of a banished king, “I swear revenge!”'\"[20] Eden adds that this facilitates discussion of Tolkien's Christian view of the fall of man.[20]","title":"In culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Rivendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivendell"},{"link_name":"Aragorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragorn"},{"link_name":"Arwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arwen"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Sinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindar"}],"text":"^ The ring survives in Rivendell. In the Third Age, the Ring of Barahir passes to Aragorn, who gives it to Arwen when they are betrothed.\n\n^ Celebrimbor is a Noldo in some of Tolkien's versions, a Sinda in others.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Emblem of Finwë, King of the Noldor, his highest of ranks signified in Elvish heraldry by sixteen points touching the rim[7]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Finw%C3%AB_Lozenge.png/170px-Finw%C3%AB_Lozenge.png"},{"image_text":"Arda in the First Age. The Elves awaken at Cuiviénen, on the Sea of Helcar (right) in Middle-earth, and migrate westwards towards Valinor in Aman, some not arriving there. Fëanor's people of the Noldor, return to Beleriand (top) in stolen Falmari ships, leaving an angry Fingolfin to return over the Grinding Ice. Locations are diagrammatic.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Elvish_Migrations_and_Kindreds.svg/550px-Elvish_Migrations_and_Kindreds.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Sketch map of Beleriand in the First Age. Fingolfin's land of Hithlum is at upper left; Turgon's city of Gondolin is more central, Finrod's city of Nargothrond below it. Morgoth is based in the Iron Mountains, in the top centre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sketch_Map_of_Beleriand.svg/440px-Sketch_Map_of_Beleriand.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Tuatha Dé Danann depicted in John Duncan's 1911 Riders of the Sidhe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%22The_Riders_of_the_Sidhe%22_John_Duncan_1911_McManus_Galleries%2C_Dundee.jpg/220px-%22The_Riders_of_the_Sidhe%22_John_Duncan_1911_McManus_Galleries%2C_Dundee.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Noldor have skill in weaving and needlework through Finwë's marriage to Míriel. Tolkien was aware that Germanic women were called weavers or embroiderers. Baldishol Tapestry pictured.[13]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Baldisholteppet_2.jpg/220px-Baldisholteppet_2.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. \"Changes Affecting Silmarillion Nomenclature\". Parma Eldalamberon (17): 125.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_Eldalamberon","url_text":"Parma Eldalamberon"}]},{"reference":"Fimi, Dimitra (August 2006). \"\"Mad\" Elves and \"elusive beauty\": some Celtic strands of Tolkien's mythology\". Folklore. 117 (2): 156–170. doi:10.1080/00155870600707847. S2CID 162292626.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitra_Fimi","url_text":"Fimi, Dimitra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_(journal)","url_text":"Folklore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00155870600707847","url_text":"10.1080/00155870600707847"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162292626","url_text":"162292626"}]},{"reference":"Hemmi, Yoko (2010). \"Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings and His Concept of Native Language: Sindarin and British-Welsh\". Tolkien Studies. 7 (1): 147–174. doi:10.1353/tks.0.0063. S2CID 170366632.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_Studies","url_text":"Tolkien Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftks.0.0063","url_text":"10.1353/tks.0.0063"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170366632","url_text":"170366632"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, Christopher (1983). The Book of Lost Tales. Vol. 1. George Allen & Unwin. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-04-823238-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, Christopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Allen_%26_Unwin","url_text":"George Allen & Unwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-823238-0","url_text":"978-0-04-823238-0"}]},{"reference":"Dickerson, Matthew (2013) [2007]. \"Elves: Kindreds and Migrations\". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 152–154. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Dickerson","url_text":"Dickerson, Matthew"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout","url_text":"Drout, Michael D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1","url_text":"978-0-415-86511-1"}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Wayne G.; Scull, Christina (1995). J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 191–196. ISBN 978-0-395-74816-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond","url_text":"Hammond, Wayne G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Scull","url_text":"Scull, Christina"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618083619","url_text":"J. R. R. Tolkien: Artist and Illustrator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-74816-9","url_text":"978-0-395-74816-9"}]},{"reference":"Kinniburgh, Anne (2009). \"The Noldor and the Tuatha Dé Danaan: J.R.R. Tolkien's Irish Influences\". Mythlore. 28 (1). article 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol28/iss1/3","url_text":"\"The Noldor and the Tuatha Dé Danaan: J.R.R. Tolkien's Irish Influences\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythlore","url_text":"Mythlore"}]},{"reference":"Garth, John (2003). Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth. Houghton Mifflin. p. 222. ISBN 0-618-33129-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garth_(author)","url_text":"Garth, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Great_War:_The_Threshold_of_Middle-earth","url_text":"Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-33129-8","url_text":"0-618-33129-8"}]},{"reference":"Anger, Don N. (2013) [2007]. \"Report on the Excavation of the Prehistoric, Roman and Post-Roman Site in Lydney Park, Gloucestershire\". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 563–564. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout","url_text":"Drout, Michael D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia","url_text":"J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1","url_text":"978-0-415-86511-1"}]},{"reference":"Armstrong, Helen (May 1997). \"And Have an Eye to That Dwarf\". Amon Hen: The Bulletin of the Tolkien Society (145): 13–14.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_Hen_(journal)","url_text":"Amon Hen: The Bulletin of the Tolkien Society"}]},{"reference":"Bowers, John M. (2019). Tolkien's Lost Chaucer. Oxford University Press. pp. 131–132. ISBN 978-0-19-884267-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eGOtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132","url_text":"Tolkien's Lost Chaucer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884267-5","url_text":"978-0-19-884267-5"}]},{"reference":"Solopova, Elizabeth (2014). \"Middle English\". In Lee, Stuart D. (ed.). A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien. John Wiley & Sons. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-470-65982-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Solopova","url_text":"Solopova, Elizabeth"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vsPXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA231","url_text":"\"Middle English\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_D._Lee","url_text":"Lee, Stuart D."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Companion_to_J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"A Companion to J. R. R. Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65982-3","url_text":"978-0-470-65982-3"}]},{"reference":"Donovan, Leslie A. (2013) [2007]. \"Exile\". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout","url_text":"Drout, Michael D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1","url_text":"978-0-415-86511-1"}]},{"reference":"Eden, Bradford Lee (2013) [2007]. \"Elves\". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 150–152. ISBN 978-0-415-86511-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Eden","url_text":"Eden, Bradford Lee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout","url_text":"Drout, Michael D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-86511-1","url_text":"978-0-415-86511-1"}]},{"reference":"Rundkvist, Martin (26 March 2023). \"Finrod Felagund Takes Up The White Man's Burden\". Aardvarchaeology – by Dr. Martin Rundkvist. Retrieved 30 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rundkvist","url_text":"Rundkvist, Martin"},{"url":"https://aardvarchaeology.wordpress.com/2023/03/26/finrod-felagund-takes-up-the-white-mans-burden/","url_text":"\"Finrod Felagund Takes Up The White Man's Burden\""}]},{"reference":"Ferretti, Marco. \"Blind Guardian – Nightfall In Middle-Earth\". Souterraine (in Italian). Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200919211038/https://souterraine.org/portfolio/blind-guardian-nightfall-in-middle-earth/","url_text":"\"Blind Guardian – Nightfall In Middle-Earth\""},{"url":"https://souterraine.org/portfolio/blind-guardian-nightfall-in-middle-earth/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eden, Bradford Lee (2010). Middle-earth Minstrel: Essays on Music in Tolkien. McFarland. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-7864-4814-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_Lee_Eden","url_text":"Eden, Bradford Lee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4814-2","url_text":"978-0-7864-4814-2"}]},{"reference":"Shippey, Tom (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-Earth (Third ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0261102750.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Shippey","url_text":"Shippey, Tom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_to_Middle-Earth","url_text":"The Road to Middle-Earth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0261102750","url_text":"978-0261102750"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 9552942.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring","url_text":"The Fellowship of the Ring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings","url_text":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942","url_text":"9552942"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955). The Return of the King. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 519647821.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King","url_text":"The Return of the King"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings","url_text":"The Lord of the Rings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/519647821","url_text":"519647821"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Silmarillion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien","url_text":"Christopher Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silmarillion","url_text":"The Silmarillion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-25730-2","url_text":"978-0-395-25730-2"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1993). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). Morgoth's Ring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-68092-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien","url_text":"Christopher Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgoth%27s_Ring","url_text":"Morgoth's Ring"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-68092-1","url_text":"0-395-68092-1"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1994). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The War of the Jewels. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-71041-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. R."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien","url_text":"Christopher Tolkien"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_of_the_Jewels","url_text":"The War of the Jewels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-71041-3","url_text":"0-395-71041-3"}]},{"reference":"Tolkien, J. R. R. (1996). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Peoples of Middle-earth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-82760-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien","url_text":"Tolkien, J. R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_Montgomery	Auburn University at Montgomery	["1 History","2 Academics","3 Lecture series","4 Student life","4.1 Housing","5 Athletics","5.1 History","5.2 Nickname","5.3 Accomplishments","6 Notable people","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 32°22′11″N 86°10′37″W / 32.369723°N 86.176910°W / 32.369723; -86.176910 Public university in Montgomery, Alabama, U.S. Auburn University at MontgomeryMotto"Wisdom, Excellence, Service"TypePublic universityEstablishedSeptember 8, 1967; 56 years ago (September 8, 1967)Parent institutionAuburn UniversityAccreditationSACSEndowment$24 millionChancellorCarl A. StocktonAcademic staff318 (2006-2007)Students5,211 (Fall 2018)Undergraduates4,091 (Fall 2021)Postgraduates982 (Fall 2021)LocationMontgomery, Alabama, United States32°22′11″N 86°10′37″W / 32.369723°N 86.176910°W / 32.369723; -86.176910CampusMidsize City, 500 acres (2.0 km2)Colors Black OrangeNicknameWarhawksSporting affiliationsNCAA Division II - Gulf SouthMascotCurtissWebsitewww.aum.edu Auburn University at Montgomery (AUM) is a public university in Montgomery, Alabama. Established by an act of the Alabama Legislature in 1967, it is governed by the Auburn University Board of Trustees as a member of the Auburn University system. AUM offers more than 90 programs of study leading to bachelor's, master's, specialist, and doctoral degrees. As of 2018, the university enrolled more than 5,200 students. History AUM was established in 1967 by Act 403 of the Alabama Legislature. The 500 acres of land on which it is built were acquired by the McLemore family, descendants of James McLemore, which owned 7000 acres of land farmed first by enslaved people, then by sharecroppers and tenant farmers. In March 1968, Dr. H. Hanly Funderburk, Jr., was appointed vice president and chief administrator of the newly created university. AUM opened its doors in September 1969 with nearly 600 students in the old Alabama Extension Center on Bell Street, next to Maxwell AFB. Two years later, the university relocated to a 500-acre (2.0 km2) campus on the McLemore Plantation tract, 7 miles (11 km) east of downtown Montgomery. The campus' first two buildings were the Administration/Library building and Goodwyn Hall with classrooms and faculty offices. AUM has been accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) as an operationally separate institution from Auburn University since 1978. Academics Ida Belle Young Library Tower (left) and Taylor Center (right) Auburn University at Montgomery earned recognition from U.S. News & World Report and Princeton Review for the quality of its academic programs in 2018. U.S. News ranked AUM 22nd among regional universities in the South for the quality of its undergraduate teaching and 38th among public comprehensive universities in the South. For the 2018-19 academic year, AUM enrolled 4,632 undergraduate and 579 graduate students. The student body is 65 percent female and 34 percent male. Forty-five percent of students are white, 40 percent are black, 2 percent are Asian, 1 percent are Hispanic, and 5 percent are international students. AUM comprises five Colleges (Business, Education, Nursing and Health Sciences, Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, and Sciences) that offer bachelor, master and specialist degree programs. The most popular bachelor's degrees granted are business administration, nursing, liberal arts, biology, elementary education and secondary education. The university's nursing and medical laboratory sciences programs boast placement rates of more than 90 percent. AUM offers a joint doctorate program with Auburn University in Public Administration, and now offers a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree. AUM has a continuing education program that enrolls over 10,000 students annually. Continuing Education curricula include certificate programs, corporate education, community education, computer training, languages (including English as a Foreign or Second Language), online training, and youth programs. AUM's College of Business ranks in the top 5% of business schools in the world, as accredited by The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International, and was rated a "Best Business School" by The Princeton Review. Lecture series Annual lectures include the Durr Lectures (since 1992), named for Clifford and Virginia Durr, Montgomery lawyers and civil rights activists; and the Ingram Lectures (since 1989), named for Robert Ingram, noted political analyst and journalist. Student life Housing AUM offers apartment-style residence halls with floor plans including up to four bedrooms. Housing is divided into four communities: P40 Place, The Courtyards, The Commons, and Warhawk Hall. P40 Place, which opened in the Fall of 2016, is named after the P-40 Warhawk aircraft of the World War II era that served as the inspiration for AUM's Curtiss The Warhawk mascot. The Courtyards residence opened in fall 1979 and is made up of seven two-story buildings. In 2003 the eight-story complex known as The Commons, featuring private 4-bedroom suites, was opened, and in fall 2013, Warhawk Hall was opened. Approximately 10 percent to 15 percent of AUM students live on campus during the regular school year. Athletics Main article: Auburn Montgomery Warhawks The Auburn–Montgomery (AUM) athletic teams are called the Warhawks. The university is a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Gulf South Conference (GSC) as a provisional member since the 2017–18 academic year (which achieved D-II full member status in 2019–20). The Warhawks previously competed as an NCAA D-II Independent during the 2016–17 school year; and in the Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC; formerly known as Georgia–Alabama–Carolina Conference (GACC) until after the 2003–04 school year) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1999–2000 to 2015–16. AUM competes in 11 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer and tennis; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, tennis and volleyball. History AUM participated in the NAIA for approximately 30 years. However, AUM has routinely explored possible future participation in NCAA Division II. AUM was accepted into the membership process to NCAA Division II on July 12, 2013, but the decision was then reversed on July 26, 2013. AUM was expected to join the Peach Belt Conference in 2014–15, but this will apparently be set aside with the NCAA's refusal to admit the school. However, the school re-applied and was approved to begin the three-year Division II membership process on July 17, 2015 and will begin the transition beginning with the 2015–16 season, while joining the Gulf South Conference for all sports effective in the 2017–18 season. Nickname On August 18, 2011, AUM officially changed the name of its sports teams from the Senators to the Warhawks. Accomplishments While participating in the NAIA, AUM teams won 25 national championship, 14 by the women's tennis team (1992, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015), nine by the men's tennis team (1987, 1995, 1996, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010) and most-recently consecutive championships by the softball team (2014, 2015). In addition, 22 teams finished as national runners-up. Individually, a student-athlete was named to a NAIA All-America team 451 times and 135 times a student-athlete was selected a NAIA Scholar-Athlete for their work in the classroom. On 32 occasions, an AUM head coach was selected National Coach of the Year. AUM teams have won a combined 107 conference or district championships and made 107 NAIA National Tournament appearances. Notable people This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tarana Burke, civil rights activist and "Me Too" movement founder (majored in political science at AUM) Larry Chapman, former Auburn University at Montgomery basketball coach Amir Eshel, Israeli general Hanley Funderburk, former chief administrator of Auburn University at Montgomery Orlando Graham, former professional basketball player Alan Gribben, Mark Twain scholar and retired AUM professor Perry O. Hooper, Jr., Republican member of the Alabama House of Representatives from Montgomery (1984-2003) John E. Hyten, U.S. Air Force general and head of U.S. Strategic Command James L. Jamerson, general, former Deputy Commander in Chief for United States European Command (MBA, 1972) Terry Lathan, Chairman of the Alabama Republican Party Q. V. Lowe, former baseball coach for AUM and former Chicago Cubs assistant coach Richard Marcinko, author and former U.S. Navy SEAL commander Jessica Meuse, musician Masego Ntshingane, former member of Botswana national soccer team Blake Percival, whistleblower Jack Rabin, public administration scholar Stephanie Reynolds, co-founder of HIP Haiti, a non-profit organization Michael Ritch, former Major League Soccer player for Columbus Crew William A. Roosma, U.S. Army major general, MA and MS, 1977 Michael Simmons, Anglican clergyman and history professor Octavia Spencer, actress Khalid bin Sultan, Saudi royal family member and former defense official Brandon Taylor, novelist and author of Real Life Barbara Wiedemann, poet and retired English professor References ^ "At A Glance". Auburn Montgomery. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved August 20, 2007. ^ "Common Data Set - 2006-2007" (PDF). Auburn Montgomery. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2007. ^ a b c d "Summary of Enrollment" (PDF). Auburn University at Montgomery, Office of Institutional Effectiveness. Fall 2018. Retrieved May 19, 2019. ^ a b c "THE UNIVERSITY: GENERAL INFORMATION" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2015. ^ "AUM and the McLemore Plantation". AUM. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ "Why choose the Auburn Montgomery School of Business?". Auburn Montgomery. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011. ^ "Durr Lectures". Auburn Montgomery. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2010. ^ a b "Ingram Lectures". Auburn Montgomery. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010. ^ a b "Housing". Auburn Montgomery. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011. ^ Josh Looney (July 12, 2013). "Division II adds new conference, members". NCAA. Archived from the original on July 18, 2013. ^ "AUM accepted into NCAA Division II membership process". The Montgomery Advertiser. July 15, 2013. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015. ^ "Auburn Montgomery Accepts Invitation to Gulf South Conference". Auburn University at Montgomery Athletics. June 16, 2016. Archived from the original on July 2, 2016. ^ "Total of 633 Grads Getting AUM Degrees". Montgomery Advertiser. Montgomery, AL. June 5, 1977. p. 5B – via Newspapers.com. ^ Elton, Robert M. (May 15, 1985). Department of the Army Pamphlet 360-10: Army Executive Biographies. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Army. p. 833 – via Google Books. External links Official website Official athletics website vteGulf South ConferenceMembers Alabama–Huntsville Chargers Auburn Montgomery Warhawks Christian Brothers Buccaneers and Lady Buccaneers Delta State Statesmen and Lady Statesmen Lee Flames Mississippi College Choctaws Montevallo Falcons Shorter Hawks (leaving in 2024) Union University Bulldogs Valdosta State Blazers West Alabama Tigers West Florida Argonauts West Georgia Wolves (leaving in 2024) Future member Trevecca Nazarene Trojans (joining in 2024) Football affiliates Chowan Hawks North Greenville Trailblazers Other affiliates Flagler Saints (women's lacrosse) Lander Bearcats (women's lacrosse) Spring Hill Badgers (golf, men's & women's soccer) vteColleges and universities in AlabamaPublic institutions Alabama Alabama A&M Alabama State Auburn Auburn Montgomery Jacksonville State Montevallo North Alabama South Alabama Troy UAB UAH West Alabama Private institutions Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine Amridge Birmingham School of Law Columbia Southern VCOM-Auburn Faulkner Heritage Christian Huntingdon Huntsville Bible College Miles Miles Law Mobile Oakwood Samford Selma Spring Hill Stillman Talladega Tuskegee United States Sports Academy Community/junior colleges Alabama Community College System Bevill State CC Bishop State CC Calhoun CC Central Alabama CC Chattahoochee Valley CC Coastal Alabama CC Enterprise State CC Gadsden State CC H. Council Trenholm State CC J. F. Drake State CTC J. F. Ingram State TC Jefferson State CC Lawson State CC Lurleen B. Wallace CC Marion Military Institute Northeast Alabama CC Northwest Shoals CC Reid State TC Shelton State CC Snead State CC Southern Union State CC Wallace CC Wallace State Wallace Selma Upper level colleges Athens State University Federal institutions Air University Community College of the Air Force Defunct colleges Birmingham–Southern Concordia Daniel Payne Judson Southeastern Bible College Southern Benedictine Virginia College Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi"},{"link_name":"public university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"Montgomery, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alabama Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Auburn University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_University"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auburn_University_at_Montgomery&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-data2018-3"}],"text":"Public university in Montgomery, Alabama, U.S.Auburn University at Montgomery (AUM) is a public university in Montgomery, Alabama. Established by an act of the Alabama Legislature in 1967, it is governed by the Auburn University Board of Trustees as a member of the Auburn University system. AUM offers more than 90 programs of study leading to bachelor's, master's, specialist, and doctoral degrees. As of 2018[update], the university enrolled more than 5,200 students.[3]","title":"Auburn University at Montgomery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-4"},{"link_name":"James McLemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McLemore"},{"link_name":"sharecroppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharecroppers"},{"link_name":"tenant farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenant_farmers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-4"},{"link_name":"Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools_Commission_on_Colleges"},{"link_name":"Auburn University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-4"}],"text":"AUM was established in 1967 by Act 403 of the Alabama Legislature.[4] The 500 acres of land on which it is built were acquired by the McLemore family, descendants of James McLemore, which owned 7000 acres of land farmed first by enslaved people, then by sharecroppers and tenant farmers.[5] In March 1968, Dr. H. Hanly Funderburk, Jr., was appointed vice president and chief administrator of the newly created university. AUM opened its doors in September 1969 with nearly 600 students in the old Alabama Extension Center on Bell Street, next to Maxwell AFB. Two years later, the university relocated to a 500-acre (2.0 km2) campus on the McLemore Plantation tract, 7 miles (11 km) east of downtown Montgomery. The campus' first two buildings were the Administration/Library building and Goodwyn Hall with classrooms and faculty offices.[4]AUM has been accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) as an operationally separate institution from Auburn University since 1978.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auburn_University_Montgomery.JPG"},{"link_name":"22nd among regional universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aum.edu/us-news-world-report-ranks-aum-among-south%E2%80%99s-top-regional-universities"},{"link_name":"English as a Foreign or Second Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_as_a_Foreign_or_Second_Language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ida Belle Young Library Tower (left) and Taylor Center (right)Auburn University at Montgomery earned recognition from U.S. News & World Report and Princeton Review for the quality of its academic programs in 2018. U.S. News ranked AUM 22nd among regional universities in the South for the quality of its undergraduate teaching and 38th among public comprehensive universities in the South.For the 2018-19 academic year, AUM enrolled 4,632 undergraduate and 579 graduate students. The student body is 65 percent female and 34 percent male. Forty-five percent of students are white, 40 percent are black, 2 percent are Asian, 1 percent are Hispanic, and 5 percent are international students.\nAUM comprises five Colleges (Business, Education, Nursing and Health Sciences, Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, and Sciences) that offer bachelor, master and specialist degree programs. The most popular bachelor's degrees granted are business administration, nursing, liberal arts, biology, elementary education and secondary education. The university's nursing and medical laboratory sciences programs boast placement rates of more than 90 percent. AUM offers a joint doctorate program with Auburn University in Public Administration, and now offers a Doctor of Nursing Practice degree.AUM has a continuing education program that enrolls over 10,000 students annually. Continuing Education curricula include certificate programs, corporate education, community education, computer training, languages (including English as a Foreign or Second Language), online training, and youth programs.AUM's College of Business ranks in the top 5% of business schools in the world, as accredited by The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International, and was rated a \"Best Business School\" by The Princeton Review.[6]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Durr"},{"link_name":"Virginia Durr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Foster_Durr"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Annual lectures include the Durr Lectures (since 1992), named for Clifford and Virginia Durr, Montgomery lawyers and civil rights activists;[7] and the Ingram Lectures (since 1989),[8] named for Robert Ingram, noted political analyst and journalist.[8]","title":"Lecture series"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Housing-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Housing-9"}],"sub_title":"Housing","text":"AUM offers apartment-style residence halls with floor plans including up to four bedrooms. Housing is divided into four communities: P40 Place, The Courtyards, The Commons, and Warhawk Hall. P40 Place, which opened in the Fall of 2016, is named after the P-40 Warhawk aircraft of the World War II era that served as the inspiration for AUM's Curtiss The Warhawk mascot. The Courtyards residence opened in fall 1979 and is made up of seven two-story buildings.[9] In 2003 the eight-story complex known as The Commons, featuring private 4-bedroom suites, was opened,[9] and in fall 2013, Warhawk Hall was opened. Approximately 10 percent to 15 percent of AUM students live on campus during the regular school year.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II"},{"link_name":"National Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Gulf South Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_South_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA D-II Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_II_independent_schools"},{"link_name":"Southern States Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_States_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics"}],"text":"The Auburn–Montgomery (AUM) athletic teams are called the Warhawks. The university is a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Gulf South Conference (GSC) as a provisional member since the 2017–18 academic year (which achieved D-II full member status in 2019–20). The Warhawks previously competed as an NCAA D-II Independent during the 2016–17 school year; and in the Southern States Athletic Conference (SSAC; formerly known as Georgia–Alabama–Carolina Conference (GACC) until after the 2003–04 school year) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1999–2000 to 2015–16.AUM competes in 11 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, soccer and tennis; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, tennis and volleyball.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Peach Belt Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach_Belt_Conference"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Gulf South Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_South_Conference"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"AUM participated in the NAIA for approximately 30 years. However, AUM has routinely explored possible future participation in NCAA Division II. AUM was accepted into the membership process to NCAA Division II on July 12, 2013, but the decision was then reversed on July 26, 2013.[10] AUM was expected to join the Peach Belt Conference in 2014–15, but this will apparently be set aside with the NCAA's refusal to admit the school.[11] However, the school re-applied and was approved to begin the three-year Division II membership process on July 17, 2015 and will begin the transition beginning with the 2015–16 season, while joining the Gulf South Conference for all sports effective in the 2017–18 season.[12]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Nickname","text":"On August 18, 2011, AUM officially changed the name of its sports teams from the Senators to the Warhawks.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accomplishments","text":"While participating in the NAIA, AUM teams won 25 national championship, 14 by the women's tennis team (1992, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015), nine by the men's tennis team (1987, 1995, 1996, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010) and most-recently consecutive championships by the softball team (2014, 2015). In addition, 22 teams finished as national runners-up. Individually, a student-athlete was named to a NAIA All-America team 451 times and 135 times a student-athlete was selected a NAIA Scholar-Athlete for their work in the classroom. On 32 occasions, an AUM head coach was selected National Coach of the Year. AUM teams have won a combined 107 conference or district championships and made 107 NAIA National Tournament appearances.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tarana Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarana_Burke"},{"link_name":"Larry Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Amir Eshel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Eshel"},{"link_name":"Hanley Funderburk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanley_Funderburk"},{"link_name":"Orlando Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Graham"},{"link_name":"Alan Gribben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gribben"},{"link_name":"Perry O. Hooper, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_O._Hooper,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Alabama House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"John E. Hyten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Hyten"},{"link_name":"James L. Jamerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Jamerson"},{"link_name":"Terry Lathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Lathan"},{"link_name":"Q. V. Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q._V._Lowe"},{"link_name":"Richard Marcinko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Marcinko"},{"link_name":"Jessica Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Meuse"},{"link_name":"Masego Ntshingane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masego_Ntshingane"},{"link_name":"Blake Percival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_Percival"},{"link_name":"Jack Rabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Rabin"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIP_Haiti"},{"link_name":"Michael Ritch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ritch_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"Columbus Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_Crew_SC"},{"link_name":"William A. Roosma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_A._Roosma"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Executive-14"},{"link_name":"Michael Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Simmons_(clergyman)"},{"link_name":"Octavia Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Khalid bin Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_bin_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Brandon Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Taylor_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Barbara Wiedemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Wiedemann"}],"text":"Tarana Burke, civil rights activist and \"Me Too\" movement founder (majored in political science at AUM)\nLarry Chapman, former Auburn University at Montgomery basketball coach\nAmir Eshel, Israeli general\nHanley Funderburk, former chief administrator of Auburn University at Montgomery\nOrlando Graham, former professional basketball player\nAlan Gribben, Mark Twain scholar and retired AUM professor\nPerry O. Hooper, Jr., Republican member of the Alabama House of Representatives from Montgomery (1984-2003)\nJohn E. Hyten, U.S. Air Force general and head of U.S. Strategic Command\nJames L. Jamerson, general, former Deputy Commander in Chief for United States European Command (MBA, 1972)\nTerry Lathan, Chairman of the Alabama Republican Party\nQ. V. Lowe, former baseball coach for AUM and former Chicago Cubs assistant coach\nRichard Marcinko, author and former U.S. Navy SEAL commander\nJessica Meuse, musician\nMasego Ntshingane, former member of Botswana national soccer team\nBlake Percival, whistleblower\nJack Rabin, public administration scholar\nStephanie Reynolds, co-founder of HIP Haiti, a non-profit organization\nMichael Ritch, former Major League Soccer player for Columbus Crew\nWilliam A. Roosma, U.S. Army major general, MA and MS, 1977[13][14]\nMichael Simmons, Anglican clergyman and history professor\nOctavia Spencer, actress\nKhalid bin Sultan, Saudi royal family member and former defense official\nBrandon Taylor, novelist and author of Real Life\nBarbara Wiedemann, poet and retired English professor","title":"Notable people"}]	[{"image_text":"Ida Belle Young Library Tower (left) and Taylor Center (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Auburn_University_Montgomery.JPG/250px-Auburn_University_Montgomery.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"At A Glance\". Auburn Montgomery. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved August 20, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drglance_8310_brief.php","url_text":"\"At A Glance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184704/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/directory/brief/drglance_8310_brief.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Common Data Set - 2006-2007\" (PDF). Auburn Montgomery. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 1, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043210/http://www.aum.edu/uploadedfiles/CDS2006_2007.pdf","url_text":"\"Common Data Set - 2006-2007\""},{"url":"http://www.aum.edu/uploadedfiles/CDS2006_2007.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Enrollment\" (PDF). Auburn University at Montgomery, Office of Institutional Effectiveness. Fall 2018. 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Retrieved July 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719142930/http://www.aum.edu/indexm.aspx?id=952","url_text":"\"Why choose the Auburn Montgomery School of Business?\""},{"url":"http://www.aum.edu/indexm.aspx?id=952","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Durr Lectures\". Auburn Montgomery. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120724013221/http://www.aum.edu/durr","url_text":"\"Durr Lectures\""},{"url":"http://www.aum.edu/durr","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ingram Lectures\". Auburn Montgomery. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved November 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101122161235/http://aum.edu/indexm_ektid3564.aspx","url_text":"\"Ingram Lectures\""},{"url":"http://www.aum.edu/indexm_ektid3564.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Housing\". Auburn Montgomery. Archived from the original on July 19, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110719142918/http://www.aum.edu/indexm_ektid1492.aspx","url_text":"\"Housing\""},{"url":"http://www.aum.edu/indexm_ektid1492.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Josh Looney (July 12, 2013). \"Division II adds new conference, members\". NCAA. Archived from the original on July 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130718102645/http://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/ncaa/resources/latest%2Bnews/2013/july/division%2Bii%2Badds%2Bnew%2Bconference%2Bmembers","url_text":"\"Division II adds new conference, members\""},{"url":"http://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/ncaa/resources/latest%2Bnews/2013/july/division%2Bii%2Badds%2Bnew%2Bconference%2Bmembers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AUM accepted into NCAA Division II membership process\". The Montgomery Advertiser. July 15, 2013. Archived from the original on July 23, 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haralson_County_Courthouse	Haralson County Courthouse	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 33°48′6″N 85°11′23″W / 33.80167°N 85.18972°W / 33.80167; -85.18972 United States historic placeHaralson County CourthouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places Photo in 1980 by Calvin BealeShow map of GeorgiaShow map of the United StatesLocationCourthouse Sq., Buchanan, GeorgiaCoordinates33°48′6″N 85°11′23″W / 33.80167°N 85.18972°W / 33.80167; -85.18972Arealess than one acreBuilt1891ArchitectBruce, Alexander C.; Morgan, Thomas H.Architectural styleQueen AnneMPSGeorgia County Courthouses TR (AD)NRHP reference No.74000688Added to NRHPJune 7, 1974 The Haralson County Courthouse, located on Courthouse Square in Buchanan, Georgia, is a historic Queen Anne style building built in 1891–92. It was designed by Alexander C. Bruce and Thomas H. Morgan, Bruce & Morgan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The courthouse served as the county courthouse from 1892 to 1972; a modern courthouse less than a mile away has since replaced it. The old courthouse building currently serves as a museum and the location of the Haralson County Historical Society. References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ a b "Old Haralson County Courthouse". georgia info. vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category This article about a property in Georgia on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buchanan, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchanan,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Queen Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Alexander C. Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_C._Bruce_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas H. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Morgan"},{"link_name":"Bruce & Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_%26_Morgan"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldch-2"},{"link_name":"Haralson County Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haralson_County_Historical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldch-2"}],"text":"United States historic placeThe Haralson County Courthouse, located on Courthouse Square in Buchanan, Georgia, is a historic Queen Anne style building built in 1891–92. It was designed by Alexander C. Bruce and Thomas H. Morgan, Bruce & Morgan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.[1] The courthouse served as the county courthouse from 1892 to 1972; a modern courthouse less than a mile away has since replaced it.[2]The old courthouse building currently serves as a museum and the location of the Haralson County Historical Society.[2]","title":"Haralson County Courthouse"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Old Haralson County Courthouse\". georgia info.","urls":[{"url":"http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/courthouses/haralsonoldCH.htm","url_text":"\"Old Haralson County Courthouse\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haralson_County_Courthouse&params=33_48_6_N_85_11_23_W_type:landmark_region:US-GA","external_links_name":"33°48′6″N 85°11′23″W / 33.80167°N 85.18972°W / 33.80167; -85.18972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haralson_County_Courthouse&params=33_48_6_N_85_11_23_W_type:landmark_region:US-GA","external_links_name":"33°48′6″N 85°11′23″W / 33.80167°N 85.18972°W / 33.80167; -85.18972"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74000688","external_links_name":"74000688"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/courthouses/haralsonoldCH.htm","external_links_name":"\"Old Haralson County Courthouse\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haralson_County_Courthouse&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironman_(computer_gaming)	Permadeath	["1 In single-player video games","2 In multiplayer video games","2.1 In massively multiplayer online role-playing games","3 In tabletop games","4 In other games","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"]	Video game mechanic "Permanent death" redirects here. For the permanent death of living organisms, see Clinical death. This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (February 2016) Permadeath or permanent death is a game mechanic in both tabletop games and video games in which player characters who lose all of their health are considered dead and cannot be used anymore. Depending on the situation, this could require the player to create a new character to continue, or completely restart the game potentially losing nearly all progress made. Other terms include persona death and player death. Some video games offer a hardcore mode that features this mechanic, rather than making it part of the core game. Permadeath contrasts with games that allow the player to continue in some manner, such as their character respawning at a checkpoint on "death", resurrection of their character by a magic item or spell, or being able to load and restore a saved game state to avoid the death situation. The mechanic is frequently associated with both tabletop and computer-based role-playing games, and is considered an essential element of the roguelike genre of video games. The implementation of permadeath can vary depending on the type of game. In single-player video games A player, having died in NetHack, is asked if they would like to know more about the unidentified possessions they had been carrying. Permadeath was common in the golden age of arcade video games. Most arcade games (such as Space Invaders and Pac-Man) feature permanent death as a mechanic by default because they lack the technical ability to save the game state. Early home gaming mimicked this gameplay, including a simulation of entering coins to continue playing. As home computers and game consoles became more popular, games evolved to have less abstract protagonists, giving the death of a character more impact. When developers added the ability to replay a failed level, games become more complex to compensate, and stronger narratives were added, which focused on progressing characters through a linear story without repeated restarts. Inspired by the dungeon crawls in the first wave of Dungeons & Dragons adventures, early role-playing video games on home computers often lacked much narrative content and had a cavalier attitude toward killing off characters; players were expected to have little emotional connection to their characters, though many allowed players to save their characters' progress. Few single-player RPGs exhibit death that is truly permanent, as most allow the player to load a previously saved game and continue from the stored position. The subgenre of roguelike games is an exception, where permadeath is a high-value factor. While players can save their state and continue at a later time, the save file is generally erased or overwritten, preventing players from restarting at that same state. They work around this by backing up save files, but this tactic, called "save scumming", is considered cheating. The use of the permadeath mechanic in roguelikes arose from the namesake of the genre, Rogue. The developers initially did not implement save capabilities, requiring players to finish the game in one session. When they added a save feature, they found that players would repeatedly reload a save file to obtain the best results, which was contrary to the game design—they "wanted "—so they implemented code to delete the save file on reloading. This feature is retained in nearly all derivatives of Rogue and other games more loosely inspired by its gameplay. Implementations of permadeath may vary widely. Casual forms of permanent death may allow players to retain money or items while introducing repercussions for failure, reducing the frustration associated with permanent death. More hardcore implementations delete all progress made. In some games, permadeath is an optional mode or feature of higher difficulty levels. Extreme forms may further punish players, such as The Castle Doctrine, which has the option of permanently banning users from servers upon death. Players may prefer to play games with permadeath for the excitement, the desire to test their skill or understanding of the game's mechanics, or out of boredom with standard game design. When their actions have repercussions, they must make more strategic and tactical decisions. At the same time, games using permadeath may encourage players to rely on emotional, intuitive or other non-deductive decision-making as they attempt, with less information, to minimize the risk to characters which they have bonded with. Games using permadeath more closely simulate real life, though games with a strong narrative element frequently avoid permadeath. Permadeath of individual characters can be a factor in party-based tactical role-playing games like the games from the Fire Emblem Series. In these games, the player generally manages a roster of characters and controls their actions in turn-based battles while building their attributes, skills, and specializations over time. If these characters fall in combat, the character is considered dead for the remainder of the game. It is possible to return to a previous save game state in these games before the death of the character, but require the player to invest more time in order to repeat the battle and continue, risking the loss of the same or other characters. Square's 1986 fantasy shoot 'em up game King's Knight featured four characters, each of which had to clear their own level before rejoining the others. If one of them died, they were lost permanently. In multiplayer video games In massively multiplayer online role-playing games Permadeath in multiplayer video games is controversial. Due to player desires and the resulting market forces involved, massively multiplayer online role-playing games (such as World of Warcraft) and other multiplayer-focused RPGs rarely implement it nowadays - despite permadeath being a key component of early virtual worlds such as MUD1. Generally speaking, there is little support in multiplayer culture for permadeath. Summarizing academic Richard Bartle's comments on player distaste for permadeath, Engadget characterized fans of MMORPGs as horrified by the concept. For games that charge an ongoing fee to play, permadeath may drive players away, creating a financial disincentive to permadeath. Diablo II, Diablo III, Diablo IV, Minecraft, Terraria, and Torchlight II are mainstream exceptions that include support for an optional "hardcore" mode that subjects characters to permadeath. Star Wars Galaxies had permadeath for Jedi characters for a short period but later eliminated that functionality after other players targeted them. Even World of Warcraft has a following of players who call it the "Hardcore Challenge". Players who join this challenge use an addon in their game to track their combat. If their character ever dies, the rule is they must delete their character. Proponents attribute a number of reasons why others oppose permadeath. Some attribute tainted perceptions to poor early implementations. They also believe that confusion exists between "player killing" and permadeath, when the two do not need to be used together. Proponents also believe that players initially exposed to games without permadeath consider new games from that point of view. Those players are attributed as eventually "maturing", to a level of accepting permadeath, but only for other players' characters. The majority of MMORPG players are unwilling to accept the penalty of losing their characters. MMORPGs have experimented with permadeath in an attempt to simulate a more realistic world, but a majority of players preferred not to risk permadeath for their characters. As a result, while they occasionally announce games that feature permadeath, most either remove or never ship with it so as to increase the game's mass appeal. Proponents of permadeath claim the risk gives additional significance to their in-game actions. While games without it often impose an in-game penalty for restoring a dead character, the penalty is relatively minor compared to being forced to create a new character. Therefore, the primary change permadeath creates is to make a player's decisions more significant; without it there is less incentive for the player to consider in-game actions seriously. Those seeking to risk permanent death feel that the more severe consequences heighten the sense of involvement and achievement derived from their characters. The increased risk renders acts of heroism and bravery within the gameworld significant; the player has risked a much larger investment of time. Without permadeath, such actions are "small actions". However, in an online game, permadeath generally means starting over from the beginning, isolating the player of the now-dead character from former comrades. Richard Bartle described advantages of permanent death: restriction of early adopters from permanently held positions of power, content reuse as players repeat early sections, its embodiment of the "default fiction of real life", improved player immersion from more frequent character changes, and reinforcement of high level achievement. Bartle also believes that in the absence of permanent death, game creators must continually create new content for top players, which discourages those not at the top from even bothering to advance. Those players who prefer not to play with permadeath are unwilling to accept the risk of the large penalties associated with it. The penalty often means a great deal of time spent to regain lost levels, power, influence, or emotional investment that the previous character possessed. This increased investment of time can dissuade non-hardcore players. Depending on the design of the game, this may involve playing through content that the player has already experienced. Players no longer interested in those aspects of the game will not want to spend time playing through them again in the hope of reaching others to which they previously had access. Players may dislike the way that permadeath causes others to be more wary than they would in regular games, reducing the heroic atmosphere that games seek to provide. Ultimately this can reduce play to slow, repetitive, low-risk play, commonly called "grinding". Most MMORPGs do not allow character creation at an arbitrary experience level, even if the player has already achieved that level with a now-dead character, providing a powerful disincentive for permadeath. Permadeath guilds may exist in multiplayer games without this feature. Players voluntarily delete their characters based on the honor system. In tabletop games Permadeath can be used as a mechanic in tabletop role-playing games like Dungeons & Dragons. In these games, players create their own characters and level through campaigns, but these characters can be permanently killed in more difficult encounters, which would force players to recreate a new character. These games typically have rules to stave off this permadeath, such as through resurrection spells, since this would allow players to remain committed to their character. In other games Although permadeath mechanic is primarily used for role-playing and rogue-like video games, both platform games made in Flash, You Only Live Once (2009) and One Chance (2010), has together been frequently cited in video game literature as an example of the permanent death mechanic that they used. Survival horror video games such as Sweet Home (1989) and Resident Evil (1996); and interactive drama games such as Heavy Rain (2010), Until Dawn (2015), and Detroit: Become Human (2018) also use permadeath mechanic as the game will adapt to these changes and story continues forward to approach multiple endings whether any characters survive or not. See also Game over References ^ "Never-to-return death is called permanent death or PD." (Bartle 2003, p416) ^ "Some old-timers prefer the expansion persona death. Exceedingly old-timers might even use player death, but at least we're trying to break the habit." (Bartle 2003, p416) ^ Hosie, Ewen (30 December 2013). "YOLO: The Potential of Permanent Death". IGN. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ Douall, Andrew (27 July 2009). "Analysis: The Game Design Lessons Of Permadeath". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014. ^ a b c Griffin, Ben (7 March 2014). "Why permadeath is alive and well in video games". GamesRadar. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014. ^ a b c Groen, Andrew (27 November 2012). "In These Games, Death Is Forever, and That's Awesome". Wired. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2016. ^ Stobbart, Dawn (2019). Videogames and Horror. University of Wales Press. pp. 174–175. ISBN 978-1-78683-436-2. ^ Harris, John. "Game Design Essentials: 20 RPGs". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ Parker, Rob (1 June 2017). "The culture of permadeath: Roguelikes and Terror Management Theory". Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds. 9 (2): 123–141. doi:10.1386/jgvw.9.2.123_1. ^ Craddock, David L (5 August 2015). "Chapter 2: "Procedural Dungeons of Doom: Building Rogue, Part 1"". In Magrath, Andrew (ed.). Dungeon Hacks: How NetHack, Angband, and Other Roguelikes Changed the Course of Video Games. Press Start Press. ISBN 978-0-692-50186-3. ^ Meer, Alec (5 June 2013). "Die Hardest: Perma-Perma-death in The Castle Doctrine". Rock Paper Shotgun. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014. ^ Schreler, Jason (1 February 2016). "The Problem With Permanent Death". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016. ^ Cobbett, Richard (16 February 2015). "Darkest Dungeon might not be fun, but it is fascinating". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016. ^ Gems In The Rough: Yesterday's Concepts Mined For Today Archived 1 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Gamasutra ^ "It's the single most controversial subject in virtual worlds." (Bartle 2003, p415) ^ "Existing virtual world culture is anti-PD." (Bartle 2003, p444) ^ "Dr. Bartle finally interrupted the conversation by trying to bring the conversation back to a player's perspective: 'Do you want permadeath or pedophilia? Both seem equally attractive to most players.'" Woleslagle, Jeff. "Slaughtering Sacred Cows". Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2007. (Quote is on second page Archived 20 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine) ^ Axon, Samuel (15 November 2007). "Dofus embraces permadeath with new hardcore servers". Engadget. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2016. ^ "The most frequently cited reason against permadeath is, of course, player investment, which put succinctly says, 'We never want to give players a reason to stop paying us $10 bucks a month.' … Due to the intricate coding complexities and the… unique nature of sharing a space with other players, it’s hard enough to prevent these catastrophic events from occurring. Why on earth would we want to give you a choice as to whether or not to start a new character, or cancel your account altogether?" (Schubert 2005) ^ "Not only will they say they'll leave when it happens, some of them actually will leave." (Bartle 2003, p424) ^ Stay, Jesse; Stay, Thomas; Cordeiro, Jacob (2015). Minecraft For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 287, Chapter 16: Understanding the Minecraft Game Modes. ISBN 9781118968239. ^ Senior, Tom (16 June 2011). "Terraria sells 432,000 in one month, hardcore mode revealed". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015. ^ Farrell, Dennis. "Permadeath: The Best Terrible Decision You Can Make". 1up.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2014. ^ "For a few months, one type of "Star Wars" character, the rare and powerful Jedi, could be permanently killed. But when players began singling out Jedi characters for vicious attacks, Jedi players cried out for help, and last month LucasArts abandoned permadeath, a company spokeswoman said." (Glater 2004) ^ "World First "No Death" Hardcore Ragnaros Kill Confirmed on WoW Season of Mastery". FictionTalk. 23 January 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022. ^ "This is primarily due to imperfect early implementations and bad customers service decisions; nevertheless, the legacy is there." (Bartle 2003, p444) ^ "Many of the benefits that advocates of PKing cite are primarily due to PD; some of the strongest objections to PKing are due to its PvP element, rather than to PD." (Bartle 2003, p416) ^ "If they began with a virtual world that had no PD, they'll judge your virtual world from that standpoint." (Bartle 2003, p424) ^ "Even if they are 'mature enough' for PD, they're attitude is analogous to the way that people in the real world view public transport. … So it is with PD: It's fine when it happens to you, but not so fine when it happens to me. (Bartle 2003, p424) ^ "Certain high level monsters would also have the ability to perma-kill a player character. In retrospect, though, that one just seems crazy." Ludwig, Joe (31 May 2007). "Whatever Happened to Middle-Earth Online? (Part 2 – The Bellevue Months)". Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 15 July 2007. ^ "Then, the fact that the whole experience is vacuous begins to nag at them." (Bartle 2003, p431) ^ "Without PD (it can also mean "permadeath"), there's no sense of achievement in a game." (Bartle, "Column 2") ^ "Without PD, 'small actions' are steps on a treadmill and 'done well' means you move slightly faster than people who have 'done badly.' Heroism is no such thing—it's just another example of a 'small action.'" (Bartle 2003, p431) ^ "In virtual worlds , this is called sandboxing — the people who are first to positions of power keep them. There is no opportunity for change." (Bartle 2003, p426) ^ "In a virtual world with no PD, you only get to experience a body of content once." (Bartle 2003, p427) ^ Bartle summarizes these points in Bartle, Richard (6–8 December 2004). "Newbie Induction: How Poor Design Triumphs in Virtual Worlds" (PDF). Other Players Conference Proceedings. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007. ^ Powerful PCs aren't retired because "That , however, is too much like PD for many players to stomach." To satisfy these players, additional high end content is continuously added. When this is done, "Newbies (and not-so-newbies) feel they can never catch up. The people in front will always be in front, and there's no way to overtake them. The horizon advances at the speed you approach it." (Bartle 2003, p426) ^ "It leaves no room for error, and the tension of the game kills the enjoyment for casual gamers." Mortensen, Torill Elvira (October 2006). "WoW is the New MUD: Social Gaming from Text to Video". Games and Culture. Vol. 1, no. 4. pp. 397–413. doi:10.1177/1555412006292622. Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2007. ^ "The more harsh your death penalties are, the less likely that your player base will take risks and interesting chances." (Schubert 2005) ^ "And just like that, your game is considered grindalicious, as your players bore themselves to death." (Schubert 2005) ^ Olivetti, Justin (30 August 2014). "The Game Archaeologist: Ironman modes and elective permadeath". Engadget. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2015. ^ Sidhu, Premeet; Carter, Marcus (2021). "Pivotal Play: Rethinking Meaningful Play in Games Through Death in Dungeons & Dragons". Games and Culture. 16 (8): 1044–1064. doi:10.1177/15554120211005231. S2CID 234830888. ^ Reynolds, Matthew (14 August 2014). "Until Dawn has hundreds of ending variations". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022. ^ Kollar, Philip (13 June 2016). "Detroit: Become Human channels Blade Runner in new trailer". Polygon. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2022. ^ "in detroit theres a tonne of ways to mess up a hostage negotiation". Kotaku. Archived from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2022. ^ "Detroit Become Human New Details: ARI 2.0, Dialog Options, QTE And More". GamingBolt. Archived from the original on 25 July 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2022. Bibliography Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. ISBN 978-0-13-101816-7. Bartle, Richard. "Column 2". Retrieved 26 May 2007. Glater, Jonathan D. (4 March 2004). "50 First Deaths: A Chance to Play (and Pay) Again". New York Times. Schubert, Damion (12 April 2005). "Please, Not the Permadeath Debate Again". Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2014. Schubert is game designer whose massive multi-player game credits include Lead Designer on Meridian 59, work on Ultima Online, Lead Designer for the sequel to Ultima Online. "Damion Schubert". MobyGames. Retrieved 26 May 2007. vteVideo game conceptsGlossary of video game termsAttributes Health Life Experience point Magic Critical hit Characters Boss Bot Non-player character Player character Mechanics Item Power-up HUD Warp Fast travel Fog of war Invisible wall Cutscene Paper doll Loading screen Replay value Saved game Scripted sequence Password Line of sight Stats Permadeath Status effect Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems Collision detection Quick time event Random encounter Tank controls Dialogue tree Quest Game over Scenery Destructible environment Instance dungeon Level Bonus stage Minigame Mini-map Open world Persistent world Procedural generation Map seed Overworld Skybox Movement techniques Rocket jumping Strafing Forms of play Emergent Nonlinear Twitch Multiplayer Cooperative Competitive Single-player Speedrunning Game modes Advance And Secure Capture the flag Deathmatch Last man standing New Game Plus Survival King of the hill	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clinical death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_death"},{"link_name":"tabletop games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabletop_game"},{"link_name":"player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"respawning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawning_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"role-playing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yolo-3"},{"link_name":"roguelike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roguelike"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roguelike-4"}],"text":"\"Permanent death\" redirects here. For the permanent death of living organisms, see Clinical death.Permadeath or permanent death is a game mechanic in both tabletop games and video games in which player characters who lose all of their health are considered dead and cannot be used anymore.[1] Depending on the situation, this could require the player to create a new character to continue, or completely restart the game potentially losing nearly all progress made. Other terms include persona death and player death.[2] Some video games offer a hardcore mode that features this mechanic, rather than making it part of the core game.Permadeath contrasts with games that allow the player to continue in some manner, such as their character respawning at a checkpoint on \"death\", resurrection of their character by a magic item or spell, or being able to load and restore a saved game state to avoid the death situation. The mechanic is frequently associated with both tabletop and computer-based role-playing games,[3] and is considered an essential element of the roguelike genre of video games.[4] The implementation of permadeath can vary depending on the type of game.","title":"Permadeath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nethack-dywypi.png"},{"link_name":"NetHack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetHack"},{"link_name":"golden age of arcade video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alive-5"},{"link_name":"Space Invaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Invaders"},{"link_name":"Pac-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Man"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-6"},{"link_name":"dungeon crawls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeon_crawl"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-essentials-8"},{"link_name":"single-player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-player_video_game"},{"link_name":"saved game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saved_game"},{"link_name":"roguelike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roguelike"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"save scumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_scumming"},{"link_name":"roguelikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roguelike"},{"link_name":"Rogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alive-5"},{"link_name":"The Castle Doctrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Castle_Doctrine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alive-5"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_(role-playing_games)"},{"link_name":"tactical role-playing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactical_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"Fire Emblem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Emblem"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)"},{"link_name":"shoot 'em up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_%27em_up"},{"link_name":"King's Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Knight"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"A player, having died in NetHack, is asked if they would like to know more about the unidentified possessions they had been carrying.Permadeath was common in the golden age of arcade video games.[5] Most arcade games (such as Space Invaders and Pac-Man) feature permanent death as a mechanic by default because they lack the technical ability to save the game state.[6] Early home gaming mimicked this gameplay, including a simulation of entering coins to continue playing. As home computers and game consoles became more popular, games evolved to have less abstract protagonists, giving the death of a character more impact.[7] When developers added the ability to replay a failed level, games become more complex to compensate, and stronger narratives were added, which focused on progressing characters through a linear story without repeated restarts.[6] Inspired by the dungeon crawls in the first wave of Dungeons & Dragons adventures, early role-playing video games on home computers often lacked much narrative content and had a cavalier attitude toward killing off characters; players were expected to have little emotional connection to their characters, though many allowed players to save their characters' progress.[8]Few single-player RPGs exhibit death that is truly permanent, as most allow the player to load a previously saved game and continue from the stored position. The subgenre of roguelike games is an exception,[9] where permadeath is a high-value factor. While players can save their state and continue at a later time, the save file is generally erased or overwritten, preventing players from restarting at that same state. They work around this by backing up save files, but this tactic, called \"save scumming\", is considered cheating. The use of the permadeath mechanic in roguelikes arose from the namesake of the genre, Rogue. The developers initially did not implement save capabilities, requiring players to finish the game in one session. When they added a save feature, they found that players would repeatedly reload a save file to obtain the best results, which was contrary to the game design—they \"wanted [realism]\"—so they implemented code to delete the save file on reloading. This feature is retained in nearly all derivatives of Rogue and other games more loosely inspired by its gameplay.[10]Implementations of permadeath may vary widely. Casual forms of permanent death may allow players to retain money or items while introducing repercussions for failure, reducing the frustration associated with permanent death. More hardcore implementations delete all progress made. In some games, permadeath is an optional mode or feature of higher difficulty levels.[5] Extreme forms may further punish players, such as The Castle Doctrine, which has the option of permanently banning users from servers upon death.[11] Players may prefer to play games with permadeath for the excitement, the desire to test their skill or understanding of the game's mechanics, or out of boredom with standard game design. When their actions have repercussions, they must make more strategic and tactical decisions. At the same time, games using permadeath may encourage players to rely on emotional, intuitive or other non-deductive decision-making as they attempt, with less information, to minimize the risk to characters which they have bonded with. Games using permadeath more closely simulate real life, though games with a strong narrative element frequently avoid permadeath.[5]Permadeath of individual characters can be a factor in party-based tactical role-playing games like the games from the Fire Emblem Series. In these games, the player generally manages a roster of characters and controls their actions in turn-based battles while building their attributes, skills, and specializations over time. If these characters fall in combat, the character is considered dead for the remainder of the game. It is possible to return to a previous save game state in these games before the death of the character, but require the player to invest more time in order to repeat the battle and continue, risking the loss of the same or other characters.[6][12][13] Square's 1986 fantasy shoot 'em up game King's Knight featured four characters, each of which had to clear their own level before rejoining the others. If one of them died, they were lost permanently.[14]","title":"In single-player video games"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In multiplayer video games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplayer video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"massively multiplayer online role-playing games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"World of Warcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Warcraft"},{"link_name":"MUD1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUD1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Richard Bartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Engadget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Diablo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo_II"},{"link_name":"Diablo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo_III"},{"link_name":"Diablo IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diablo_IV"},{"link_name":"Minecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minecraft"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MfD-21"},{"link_name":"Terraria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraria"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Torchlight II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchlight_II"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1up-23"},{"link_name":"Star Wars Galaxies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Galaxies"},{"link_name":"Jedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedi"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jedi_2004-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"player killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_killing"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ludwig-2_07-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"grinding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grind_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"experience level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_level"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"In massively multiplayer online role-playing games","text":"Permadeath in multiplayer video games is controversial.[15] Due to player desires and the resulting market forces involved, massively multiplayer online role-playing games (such as World of Warcraft) and other multiplayer-focused RPGs rarely implement it nowadays - despite permadeath being a key component of early virtual worlds such as MUD1. Generally speaking, there is little support in multiplayer culture for permadeath.[16] Summarizing academic Richard Bartle's comments on player distaste for permadeath,[17] Engadget characterized fans of MMORPGs as horrified by the concept.[18] For games that charge an ongoing fee to play, permadeath may drive players away, creating a financial disincentive to permadeath.[19][20]Diablo II, Diablo III, Diablo IV, Minecraft,[21] Terraria,[22] and Torchlight II are mainstream exceptions that include support for an optional \"hardcore\" mode that subjects characters to permadeath.[23] Star Wars Galaxies had permadeath for Jedi characters for a short period but later eliminated that functionality after other players targeted them.[24] Even World of Warcraft has a following of players who call it the \"Hardcore Challenge\".[25] Players who join this challenge use an addon in their game to track their combat. If their character ever dies, the rule is they must delete their character.Proponents attribute a number of reasons why others oppose permadeath. Some attribute tainted perceptions to poor early implementations.[26] They also believe that confusion exists between \"player killing\" and permadeath, when the two do not need to be used together.[27] Proponents also believe that players initially exposed to games without permadeath consider new games from that point of view.[28] Those players are attributed as eventually \"maturing\", to a level of accepting permadeath, but only for other players' characters.[29]The majority of MMORPG players are unwilling to accept the penalty of losing their characters. MMORPGs have experimented with permadeath in an attempt to simulate a more realistic world, but a majority of players preferred not to risk permadeath for their characters. As a result, while they occasionally announce games that feature permadeath, most either remove or never ship with it so as to increase the game's mass appeal.[30]Proponents of permadeath claim the risk gives additional significance to their in-game actions. While games without it often impose an in-game penalty for restoring a dead character, the penalty is relatively minor compared to being forced to create a new character. Therefore, the primary change permadeath creates is to make a player's decisions more significant; without it there is less incentive for the player to consider in-game actions seriously.[31] Those seeking to risk permanent death feel that the more severe consequences heighten the sense of involvement and achievement derived from their characters.[32] The increased risk renders acts of heroism and bravery within the gameworld significant; the player has risked a much larger investment of time. Without permadeath, such actions are \"small actions\".[33] However, in an online game, permadeath generally means starting over from the beginning, isolating the player of the now-dead character from former comrades.Richard Bartle described advantages of permanent death: restriction of early adopters from permanently held positions of power,[34] content reuse as players repeat early sections,[35] its embodiment of the \"default fiction of real life\", improved player immersion from more frequent character changes, and reinforcement of high level achievement.[36] Bartle also believes that in the absence of permanent death, game creators must continually create new content for top players, which discourages those not at the top from even bothering to advance.[37]Those players who prefer not to play with permadeath are unwilling to accept the risk of the large penalties associated with it. The penalty often means a great deal of time spent to regain lost levels, power, influence, or emotional investment that the previous character possessed. This increased investment of time can dissuade non-hardcore players.[38] Depending on the design of the game, this may involve playing through content that the player has already experienced. Players no longer interested in those aspects of the game will not want to spend time playing through them again in the hope of reaching others to which they previously had access. Players may dislike the way that permadeath causes others to be more wary than they would in regular games, reducing the heroic atmosphere that games seek to provide.[39] Ultimately this can reduce play to slow, repetitive, low-risk play, commonly called \"grinding\".[40] Most MMORPGs do not allow character creation at an arbitrary experience level, even if the player has already achieved that level with a now-dead character, providing a powerful disincentive for permadeath.Permadeath guilds may exist in multiplayer games without this feature. Players voluntarily delete their characters based on the honor system.[41]","title":"In multiplayer video games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Permadeath can be used as a mechanic in tabletop role-playing games like Dungeons & Dragons. In these games, players create their own characters and level through campaigns, but these characters can be permanently killed in more difficult encounters, which would force players to recreate a new character. These games typically have rules to stave off this permadeath, such as through resurrection spells, since this would allow players to remain committed to their character.[42]","title":"In tabletop games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash"},{"link_name":"You Only Live Once","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Only_Live_Once_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"One Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Chance_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Sweet Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Home_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Resident Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident_Evil_(1996_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Heavy Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Rain"},{"link_name":"Until Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Until_Dawn"},{"link_name":"Detroit: Become Human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit:_Become_Human"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Although permadeath mechanic is primarily used for role-playing and rogue-like video games, both platform games made in Flash, You Only Live Once (2009) and One Chance (2010), has together been frequently cited in video game literature as an example of the permanent death mechanic that they used. Survival horror video games such as Sweet Home (1989) and Resident Evil (1996); and interactive drama games such as Heavy Rain (2010), Until Dawn (2015), and Detroit: Become Human (2018) also use permadeath mechanic as the game will adapt to these changes and story continues forward to approach multiple endings whether any characters survive or not.[43][44][45][46]","title":"In other games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bartle, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle"},{"link_name":"Designing Virtual Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-13-101816-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-101816-7"},{"link_name":"Bartle, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle"},{"link_name":"\"Column 2\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mud.co.uk/richard/edge2.htm"},{"link_name":"\"50 First Deaths: A Chance to Play (and Pay) Again\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2004/03/04/technology/circuits/04dead.html?ex=1394341200&en=665cc565e0388432&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND"},{"link_name":"\"Please, Not the Permadeath Debate Again\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111001091820/http://www.zenofdesign.com/2005/04/12/please-not-the-permadeath-debate-again/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zenofdesign.com/2005/04/12/please-not-the-permadeath-debate-again/"},{"link_name":"Meridian 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_59"},{"link_name":"Ultima Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultima_Online"},{"link_name":"\"Damion Schubert\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,41468/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Video_game_gameplay"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_gameplay"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_gameplay"},{"link_name":"Video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Glossary of video game terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_video_game_terms"},{"link_name":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_(game_terminology)"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Experience point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_point"},{"link_name":"Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(game_terminology)"},{"link_name":"Critical hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_hit"},{"link_name":"Boss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Bot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_bot"},{"link_name":"Non-player character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_character"},{"link_name":"Player character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player_character"},{"link_name":"Mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_mechanics"},{"link_name":"Item","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Item_(game_terminology)"},{"link_name":"Power-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-up"},{"link_name":"HUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUD_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"Warp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Fast travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_travel"},{"link_name":"Fog of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog_of_war#In_video_games"},{"link_name":"Invisible wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_wall"},{"link_name":"Cutscene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutscene"},{"link_name":"Paper doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_doll_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Loading screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loading_screen"},{"link_name":"Replay value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replay_value"},{"link_name":"Saved game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saved_game"},{"link_name":"Scripted sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripted_sequence"},{"link_name":"Password","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Line of sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_of_sight_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Stats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistic_(role-playing_games)"},{"link_name":"Permadeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Status effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_effect"},{"link_name":"Turns, rounds and time-keeping systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turns,_rounds_and_time-keeping_systems_in_games"},{"link_name":"Collision detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_detection"},{"link_name":"Quick time event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_time_event"},{"link_name":"Random encounter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_encounter"},{"link_name":"Tank controls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_controls"},{"link_name":"Dialogue tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue_tree"},{"link_name":"Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Game over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_over"},{"link_name":"Destructible environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructible_environment"},{"link_name":"Instance dungeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instance_dungeon"},{"link_name":"Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Bonus stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_stage"},{"link_name":"Minigame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigame"},{"link_name":"Mini-map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-map"},{"link_name":"Open world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_world"},{"link_name":"Persistent world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_world"},{"link_name":"Procedural generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_generation"},{"link_name":"Map seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map_seed"},{"link_name":"Overworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overworld"},{"link_name":"Skybox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skybox_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Rocket jumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_jumping"},{"link_name":"Strafing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafing_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Emergent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_gameplay"},{"link_name":"Nonlinear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_gameplay"},{"link_name":"Twitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitch_gameplay"},{"link_name":"Multiplayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game"},{"link_name":"Cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_video_game"},{"link_name":"Competitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports"},{"link_name":"Single-player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-player_video_game"},{"link_name":"Speedrunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedrunning"},{"link_name":"Advance And Secure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_And_Secure"},{"link_name":"Capture the flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_the_flag"},{"link_name":"Deathmatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathmatch_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"Last man standing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_man_standing_(video_games)"},{"link_name":"New Game Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Game_Plus"},{"link_name":"Survival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_mode"},{"link_name":"King of the hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_hill_(game)"}],"text":"Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. ISBN 978-0-13-101816-7.\nBartle, Richard. \"Column 2\". Retrieved 26 May 2007.\nGlater, Jonathan D. (4 March 2004). \"50 First Deaths: A Chance to Play (and Pay) Again\". New York Times.\nSchubert, Damion (12 April 2005). \"Please, Not the Permadeath Debate Again\". Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 7 November 2014. Schubert is game designer whose massive multi-player game credits include Lead Designer on Meridian 59, work on Ultima Online, Lead Designer for the sequel to Ultima Online.\n\"Damion Schubert\". MobyGames. Retrieved 26 May 2007.vteVideo game conceptsGlossary of video game termsAttributes\nHealth\nLife\nExperience point\nMagic\nCritical hit\nCharacters\nBoss\nBot\nNon-player character\nPlayer character\nMechanics\nItem\nPower-up\nHUD\nWarp\nFast travel\nFog of war\nInvisible wall\nCutscene\nPaper doll\nLoading screen\nReplay value\nSaved game\nScripted sequence\nPassword\nLine of sight\nStats\nPermadeath\nStatus effect\nTurns, rounds and time-keeping systems\nCollision detection\nQuick time event\nRandom encounter\nTank controls\nDialogue tree\nQuest\nGame over\nScenery\nDestructible environment\nInstance dungeon\nLevel\nBonus stage\nMinigame\nMini-map\nOpen world\nPersistent world\nProcedural generation\nMap seed\nOverworld\nSkybox\nMovement techniques\nRocket jumping\nStrafing\nForms of play\nEmergent\nNonlinear\nTwitch\nMultiplayer\nCooperative\nCompetitive\nSingle-player\nSpeedrunning\nGame modes\nAdvance And Secure\nCapture the flag\nDeathmatch\nLast man standing\nNew Game Plus\nSurvival\nKing of the hill","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"A player, having died in NetHack, is asked if they would like to know more about the unidentified possessions they had been carrying.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nethack-dywypi.png/220px-Nethack-dywypi.png"}]	[{"title":"Game over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_over"}]	[{"reference":"Hosie, Ewen (30 December 2013). \"YOLO: The Potential of Permanent Death\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lummis	Charles Fletcher Lummis	["1 Early life and career","1.1 Transcontinental walk","1.2 Editor at the Los Angeles Times","1.3 New Mexico","1.4 Pueblo People of Isleta","1.5 Preservationist","1.6 Magazine editor","1.7 Native American rights activist","2 Later life","3 Death","4 Legacy and honors","4.1 El Alisal (Lummis House)","4.2 Southwest Museum","4.3 Lummis Day Festival","5 Publications","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 Further reading","9 External links","9.1 Archival collections","9.2 Other"]	American journalist Charles Fletcher Lummis (March 1, 1859, in Lynn, Massachusetts – November 25, 1928, in Los Angeles, California) was a United States journalist, and an activist for Native American rights and historic preservation. A traveler in the American Southwest, he settled in Los Angeles, California, where he also became known as a historian, photographer, ethnographer, archaeologist, poet, and librarian. Lummis founded the Southwest Museum of the American Indian. Early life and career Charles Fletcher Lummis was born in 1859, in Lynn, Massachusetts. He lost his mother at age 2 and was homeschooled by his father, who was a schoolmaster and a Methodist minister. Lummis enrolled in Harvard for college and was a classmate of Theodore Roosevelt's, but dropped out during his senior year. While at Harvard he worked during the summer as a printer and published his first work, Birch Bark Poems. This small volume was printed on paper-thin sheets of birch bark; he won acclaim from Life magazine and recognition from some of the day's leading poets. He sold the books by subscription and used the money to pay for college. A poem from this work, "My Cigarette", highlighted tobacco as one of his life's obsessions. In 1880, at the age of 21, Lummis married Dorothea Rhodes of Cincinnati, Ohio. Transcontinental walk In 1884, Lummis was working for a newspaper in Cincinnati and was offered a job with the Los Angeles Times. At that time, Los Angeles had a population of only 12,000. Lummis decided to make the 3,507-mile journey from Cincinnati to Los Angeles on foot, taking 143 days, all the while sending weekly dispatches to the paper chronicling his trip. One of his dispatches chronicled his meeting and interview with famed outlaw Frank James. The trip began in September and lasted through the winter. Lummis suffered a broken arm and struggled in the heavy winter snows of New Mexico. He became enamored with the American Southwest, and its Spanish and Native American inhabitants. Several years later, he published his account of this journey in A Tramp Across the Continent (1892). Editor at the Los Angeles Times Upon his arrival, Lummis was offered the job of the first City Editor of the Los Angeles Times. He covered a multitude of interesting stories from the new and growing community. Work was hard and demanding under the pace set by publisher Harrison Gray Otis. Lummis was happy until he suffered from a mild stroke that left his left side paralyzed. New Mexico In 1888, Lummis moved to San Mateo, New Mexico to recuperate from his paralysis. He rode on the Plains while holding a rifle in one good hand and shooting jack rabbits. Here, he began a new career as a prolific freelance writer, writing on everything that was particularly special about the Southwest and Native American cultures. His articles about corrupt bosses committing murders in San Mateo drew threats on his life, so he moved to a new location in the Pueblo Indian village of Isleta, New Mexico, on the Rio Grande. Pueblo People of Isleta Somewhat recovered from his paralysis, Lummis was able to win over the confidence of the Isleta Pueblo, a Tiwa people, by his outgoing and generous nature. But a hit man from San Mateo was sent up to Isleta, where he shot Lummis but failed to kill him. In Isleta, Lummis divorced his first wife and married Eva Douglas, who lived in the village and was the sister-in-law of an English trader. Somehow he convinced Eva to stay with Dorothea in Los Angeles until the divorce went through. In the meantime, Lummis became entangled in fights with the U.S. government agents over Native American education. In this period, the government was pushing assimilation and had established Native American boarding schools. It charged its agents with recruiting Native American children for the schools, where they were usually forced to give up traditional clothing and hair styles, and prevented from speaking their own languages or using their own customs. They were often prohibited from returning home during holidays or vacation periods, or their families were too poor to afford such travel. Lummis persuaded the government to allow 36 children from the Albuquerque Indian School to return to their homes. While in Isleta, he made friends with Father Anton Docher from France; he was the missionary Padre of Isleta. They both also befriended Adolph Bandelier. While living in Isleta, Lummis boarded in the home of Juan Rey Abeita. In 1890, he traveled with Bandelier to study the indigenous people of the area. Preservationist As president of the Landmarks Club of Southern California (an all-volunteer, privately funded group dedicated to the preservation of California's Spanish missions), Lummis noted that the historic structures "...were falling to ruin with frightful rapidity, their roofs being breached or gone, the adobe walls melting under the winter rains." Lummis wrote in 1895, "In ten years from now—unless our intelligence shall awaken at once—"there will remain of these noble piles nothing but a few indeterminable heaps of adobe. We shall deserve and shall have the contempt of all thoughtful people if we suffer our noble missions to fall." Magazine editor Lummis in 1897 In 1892, Lummis published Some Strange Corners of Our Country, recounting some of the areas and sights he had discovered. Between 1893 and 1894, he spent 10 months traveling in Peru with Bandelier. After the men's return, Lummis and Eva returned to Los Angeles with their year-old daughter, Turbese. Unemployed, Lummis landed the position of editor of a regional magazine, Land of Sunshine. The magazine was renamed Out West in 1901. He published works by famous authors such as Jack London and John Muir. Over his 11 years as editor, Lummis also wrote more than 500 pieces for the magazine, as well as a popular monthly commentary called "In the Lion's Den". Native American rights activist Lummis also established a new Native American rights group called the "Sequoya League", after the noted early 19th-century Cherokee leader Sequoyah who developed a writing system for the Cherokee language. Lummis fought against the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs and called on his classmate President Teddy Roosevelt to help change their manner of operating. He found a home for a small group of Native Americans who had been evicted from their property in the Palm Springs, California area. The Sequoya League began a battle against Indian Agent Charles Burton, accusing him of imposing a "reign of terror" on the Hopi pueblo in Oraibi by requiring Hopi men to cut their long hair. It was their custom to wear it long, a practice with spiritual meaning. Lummis was accused of overstating the case against Burton and lost his welcome at the White House. (However, subsequent social pressure on Burton led him to reverse the haircutting policy.) Later life In 1905, Lummis took the position as City Librarian of the Los Angeles Public Library. Lummis replaced Mary Jones as City Librarian even though he had no prior library training. He was criticized for the way he ran the library and insisted on doing most of the work at home. He resigned from that sole source of income in 1911, and worked to establish the Southwest Museum while engaged in a bitter and public divorce with his wife Eva. In that year Lummis went blind, which he attributed to a "jungle fever" contracted while in Guatemala exploring the Mayan ruins of Quiriguá. After more than a year of blindness, during which he might appear in public with his eyes covered by a bandanna or wearing dark amber glasses, he regained his sight. Some privately doubted Lummis actually went blind. Among them was John Muir, who said so in a letter to him and encouraged him to get more rest. In 1915, Lummis married his third wife, Gertrude, at El Alisal. By 1918, he was destitute. In 1923, the Southwest Museum Board named him founder emeritus and gave him a small stipend. In 1925, Lummis also decided to enlarge, revise, and republish Some Strange Corners of Our Country as Mesa, Canyon and Pueblo. He also engaged in a renewed civil rights crusade on behalf of the Pueblo Indians. Death Lummis died November 25, 1928. He was cremated, and his ashes were placed in a vault in a wall at El Alisal. Supporters bought his home El Alisal, which was until 2015 used as the headquarters of the Historical Society of Southern California. Legacy and honors Lummis' cultural influence remains today, including a lasting imprint on the Mount Washington neighborhood of Los Angeles. The home he built, The Lummis House, and the museum he founded, The Southwest Museum, are located within 0.7 miles of each other and remain open to the public for limited hours on weekends. El Alisal (Lummis House) El Alisal in 2007 Lummis purchased a 3-acre plot around 1895 and spent 13 years building what would become a 4,000-square-foot stone home with an exhibition hall, calling it El Alisal. He frequently entertained, with parties he called "noises" for various writers, artists, and other prominent figures. The parties usually included a lavish Spanish dinner with dancing and music performed by his own private troubadour. The extravaganzas wore out a number of female assistants or "secretaries" conscripted into working on them. The Lummis House was donated to the Southwest Museum in 1910 and then sold in 1943 to the state of California, which transferred it to the city in 1971. The Historical Society of Southern California took occupancy in 1965, using it as headquarters and helping manage the property, eventually leaving in 2014. Open to the public as a museum and park on Saturdays and Sundays, the site also serves as a focus for Lummis Day activities (see below). Southwest Museum By 1907, Lummis had founded the Southwest Museum of Los Angeles, California. He had led the fundraising campaign to build a new structure for it and saw the building open in August 1914. The Southwest Museum operated independently until 2003, when it was merged into the Autry Museum of the American West. The Autry launched a multi-year conservation project to preserve the enormous collection amassed by Lummis and his successors. Much of the material was moved off-site, but The Southwest Museum has maintained an ongoing public exhibit on Pueblo pottery that is free of charge and open on Saturdays only. Lummis Day Festival Beginning in 2006, the annual Lummis Day Festival was established by the Lummis Day Community Foundation. It holds the festival in Lummis' honor on the first Sunday in June, drawing people to El Alisal and Heritage Square Museum for poetry readings, art exhibits, music, dance performances, and family activities. The foundation is a non-profit organization of community activists and arts organization leaders. Publications The Spanish Pioneers And The California Missions. BNE. Birch Bark Poems. C F Lummis. 1883 A New Mexico David and Other Stories & Sketches of The Southwest. Scribner's. 1891 Some strange corners of our country: the wonderland of the Southwest. 1892 A Tramp Across The Continent (1892) My Friend Will. 1894 The Gold Fish of Gran Chimu: A Novel. Lamson, Wolffe. 1896 The Enchanted Burro: Stories of New Mexico & South America. 1897 The awakening of a nation: Mexico of to-day. 1898 The Landmarks Club Cook Book: A California Collection of the Choicest Recepes from Everywhere. The Out West Company. 1903 Pueblo Indian Folk Stories. The Century Company. 1910 The King Of The Broncos and Other Stories of New Mexico. Scribner's. 1915 The Spanish Pioneers And The California Missions (1936) Full book online at The Internet Archive. 1920 The Prose of It (poem on Geronimo). c. 1926 A Bronco Pegasus: Poems. Houghton Mifflin. 1928 Flowers Of Our Lost Romance (1909) Full book online at The Internet Archive Houghton Mifflin. 1929 New Mexican Folk Songs. UNM Press. 1952 General Crook and the Apache Wars. 1966 Bullying The Moqui. 1968 Dateline Fort Bowie: Charles Fletcher Lummis Reports on an Apache War. 1979 A Tramp Across the Continent. University of Nebraska Press. 1982. ISBN 0-8032-7908-6 Letters From The Southwest: September 20, 1884 to March 14, 1885. 1989 Mesa, Cañon and Pueblo. University Press of the Pacific. 2004. ISBN 1-4102-1543-1 Pueblo Indian Folk-Stories. Forgotten Books. 2008. ISBN 978-0-8032-7938-4 The Land of Poco Tiempo. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1897. The Man Who Married the Moon and Other Pueblo Indian Folk Tales. (1891) References ^ "Charles Fletcher Lummis". Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University. ^ "Guide to the Charles F. Lummis Papers". Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries. Irvine, California. ^ "LUMMIS, Charles Fletcher". The International Who's Who in the World. 1912. p. 720. ^ Lummis, Charles F., A Tramp Across the Continent. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1920), p.2 ^ "A Newspaper Tramp". Los Angeles Times. November 16, 1884. p. 3. ^ Pool, Bob (November 11, 2014). "Historic Lummis House faces an uncertain future". Los Angeles Times. ^ Gance, Samuel (2013). Anton ou la trajectoire d'un père. L'Harmattan. pp. 155–159. ^ Julia Keleher; Elsie Ruth Chant (2009). The Padre of Isleta. Sunstone Press. pp. 22, 37, 88. ^ Charles F. Lummis: The Man and His West. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 49, 51 and 70. ^ Thompson, pp. 185–186 ^ Lummis, Charles Fletcher (1895). Past Campaigns. ^ OCLC 3687761 and OCLC 702604648 ^ "Corduroys In Library". Los Angeles Times. June 28, 1905. p. I7. ^ Orlean, Susan (2018). The Library Book. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-4767-4018-8. ^ "The Curious Blindness of Charles F. Lummis". Archives of Ophthalmology. 129. May 2011. ^ a b c "Historic Tree Nuptial Bower". Los Angeles Times. May 10, 1915. p. II1. ^ Orlean, Susan (2018). The Library Book. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-4767-4018-8. ^ "Lummis Rites Tomorrow". Los Angeles Times. November 27, 1928. p. A1. ^ "Southwest Museum". Met News. 2014. ^ "Four Centuries of Pueblo Pottery". Autry Museum of the American West. 10 May 2016. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2018. 21. “Messages from the Promised Land: Bohemian Los Angeles, 1880-1920” Author Sharyn Wiley Yeoman Contributor Braun Research Library (Southwest Museum, Los Angeles, Calif.) Publisher University of Colorado, 2003 Bibliography Bingham, Edwin R. (2006). Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest. Huntington Library. ISBN 978-0-87328-221-5. California Missions Foundation (2005). "Past Campaigns". Missionsofcalifornia.org/. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2007. Deverell, William (2004). Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. ISBN 0-520-21869-8. Fleming, Robert E. (2001). "Charles F. Lummis". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 8, 2007. Gance, Samuel (2013). Anton ou la trajectoire d'un père. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-336-29016-4. 208 p. (Devotes chapter XIV "Chas" to Lummis) Historical novel. Gordon, Dudley (1972). Charles F. Lummis: crusader in corduroy. Cultural Assets Press. p. 290. Keleher, Julia M.; Chant, Elsie Ruth (2009). The Padre of Isleta: The Story of Father Anton Docher. Sunstone press Publishing. ISBN 978-0-86534-714-4. Padget, Martin (2006). Indian Country: Travels in the American Southwest, 1840-1935. university of New Mexico Press. Simmons, Marc (2008). Charles F. Lummis: Author and Adventurer: A Gathering. Sunstone Books. ISBN 978-0-86534-639-0. Thompson, Mark (2001). American Character: The Curious Life of Charles Fletcher Lummis and the Rediscovery of the Southwest. Arcade Publishing, New York. ISBN 1-55970-550-7. Further reading Wild, Peter (1999). The Opal Desert: Explorations of Fantasy and Reality in the American Southwest. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 219. ISBN 0-292-79128-3. LCCN 99006113. OCLC 40762502. LCC F786 .W73 1999 (devotes chapter 4 "The Showman with the Shining Right Hand" to Lummis) Orlean, Susan (2018). The Library Book. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 132–155. ISBN 978-1-4767-4018-8. LCCN 2018-22454. OCLC 1029886122. LCC Z733.L8742 O75 2018 External links "Institute for the Study of Los Angeles". Occidental College. 17 September 2018. "Lummis Day Community Foundation & Festival". Lummis Day. Official website "Southwest Museum". theautry.org. Mt. Washington Campus. Official website "The Lummis House and Gardens". laparks.org. 20 August 2015. Official site Archival collections "Finding Aid to the Charles Fletcher Lummis Papers". Braun Research Library Collection, Autry National Center; MS.1. Los Angeles, California. "Guide to the Charles F. Lummis Papers". Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries. Irvine, California. "Finding Aid for the Charles Fletcher Lummis Papers, 1889-1928". UCLA, Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library. "Guide to the Charles Lummis Photographs". Special Collections, The Claremont Colleges Library, Claremont, California. Other Wikisource has original works by or about:Charles Fletcher Lummis Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Fletcher Lummis. Works by Charles F. Lummis at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Charles Fletcher Lummis at Internet Archive Works by Charles Fletcher Lummis at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Mark Thompson, author of American Character, a biography of Charles Fletcher Lummis Charles Fletcher Lummis Manuscript Collection at the Autry National Center Charles F. Lummis Page at Spirit of America "Charles F. Lummis" by Robert E. Fleming in the Western Writers Series Digital Editions at Boise State University Article, with archival photos, about Charles Fletcher Lummis – L.A. as Subject/KCET Joe Walker (February 11, 2003). "Charles Fletcher Lummis". Journalist. Find a Grave. Retrieved December 11, 2011. "Sunday's Lummis Fest Recalls Infancy of Los Angeles Cultural Venues" Los Angeles Times, May 30, 2012 "Sunday's Lummis Day fest recalls infancy of L.A. cultural venues - Los Angeles Times". articles.latimes.com. 30 May 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2020. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii Artists Musée d'Orsay Photographers' Identities RKD Artists ULAN People Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Fletcher_Lummis_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lynn, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activist"},{"link_name":"American Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Southwest Museum of the American Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Museum_of_the_American_Indian"}],"text":"Charles Fletcher Lummis (March 1, 1859, in Lynn, Massachusetts – November 25, 1928, in Los Angeles, California) was a United States journalist, and an activist for Native American rights and historic preservation. A traveler in the American Southwest, he settled in Los Angeles, California, where he also became known as a historian, photographer, ethnographer, archaeologist, poet, and librarian.[1][2][3] Lummis founded the Southwest Museum of the American Indian.","title":"Charles Fletcher Lummis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lynn, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"homeschooled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschool"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Rhodes_Lummis_Moore"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio"}],"text":"Charles Fletcher Lummis was born in 1859, in Lynn, Massachusetts. He lost his mother at age 2 and was homeschooled by his father, who was a schoolmaster and a Methodist minister. Lummis enrolled in Harvard for college and was a classmate of Theodore Roosevelt's, but dropped out during his senior year. While at Harvard he worked during the summer as a printer and published his first work, Birch Bark Poems. This small volume was printed on paper-thin sheets of birch bark; he won acclaim from Life magazine and recognition from some of the day's leading poets. He sold the books by subscription and used the money to pay for college. A poem from this work, \"My Cigarette\", highlighted tobacco as one of his life's obsessions.In 1880, at the age of 21, Lummis married Dorothea Rhodes of Cincinnati, Ohio.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Frank James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_James"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"}],"sub_title":"Transcontinental walk","text":"In 1884, Lummis was working for a newspaper in Cincinnati and was offered a job with the Los Angeles Times. At that time, Los Angeles had a population of only 12,000. Lummis decided to make the 3,507-mile journey from Cincinnati to Los Angeles on foot, taking 143 days, all the while sending weekly dispatches to the paper chronicling his trip.[4] One of his dispatches chronicled his meeting and interview with famed outlaw Frank James.[5] The trip began in September and lasted through the winter. Lummis suffered a broken arm and struggled in the heavy winter snows of New Mexico. He became enamored with the American Southwest, and its Spanish and Native American inhabitants. Several years later, he published his account of this journey in A Tramp Across the Continent (1892).","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Harrison Gray Otis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-6"}],"sub_title":"Editor at the Los Angeles Times","text":"Upon his arrival, Lummis was offered the job of the first City Editor of the Los Angeles Times. He covered a multitude of interesting stories from the new and growing community. Work was hard and demanding under the pace set by publisher Harrison Gray Otis. Lummis was happy until he suffered from a mild stroke that left his left side paralyzed.[6]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Mateo, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Mateo,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"paralysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralysis"},{"link_name":"jack rabbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_rabbit"},{"link_name":"Pueblo Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_Indian"},{"link_name":"Isleta, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleta,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"}],"sub_title":"New Mexico","text":"In 1888, Lummis moved to San Mateo, New Mexico to recuperate from his paralysis. He rode on the Plains while holding a rifle in one good hand and shooting jack rabbits. Here, he began a new career as a prolific freelance writer, writing on everything that was particularly special about the Southwest and Native American cultures. His articles about corrupt bosses committing murders in San Mateo drew threats on his life, so he moved to a new location in the Pueblo Indian village of Isleta, New Mexico, on the Rio Grande.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isleta Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleta_Pueblo"},{"link_name":"Isleta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isleta"},{"link_name":"Anton Docher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Docher"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Adolph Bandelier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Bandelier"},{"link_name":"Juan Rey Abeita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan_Rey_Abeita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Pueblo People of Isleta","text":"Somewhat recovered from his paralysis, Lummis was able to win over the confidence of the Isleta Pueblo, a Tiwa people, by his outgoing and generous nature. But a hit man from San Mateo was sent up to Isleta, where he shot Lummis but failed to kill him.In Isleta, Lummis divorced his first wife and married Eva Douglas, who lived in the village and was the sister-in-law of an English trader. Somehow he convinced Eva to stay with Dorothea in Los Angeles until the divorce went through. In the meantime, Lummis became entangled in fights with the U.S. government agents over Native American education. In this period, the government was pushing assimilation and had established Native American boarding schools. It charged its agents with recruiting Native American children for the schools, where they were usually forced to give up traditional clothing and hair styles, and prevented from speaking their own languages or using their own customs. They were often prohibited from returning home during holidays or vacation periods, or their families were too poor to afford such travel. Lummis persuaded the government to allow 36 children from the Albuquerque Indian School to return to their homes.While in Isleta, he made friends with Father Anton Docher from France;[7] he was the missionary Padre of Isleta.[8] They both also befriended Adolph Bandelier. While living in Isleta, Lummis boarded in the home of Juan Rey Abeita.[9] In 1890, he traveled with Bandelier to study the indigenous people of the area.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"California's Spanish missions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Preservationist","text":"As president of the Landmarks Club of Southern California (an all-volunteer, privately funded group dedicated to the preservation of California's Spanish missions), Lummis noted that the historic structures \"...were falling to ruin with frightful rapidity, their roofs being breached or gone, the adobe walls melting under the winter rains.\"[10] Lummis wrote in 1895, \"In ten years from now—unless our intelligence shall awaken at once—\"there will remain of these noble piles nothing but a few indeterminable heaps of adobe. We shall deserve and shall have the contempt of all thoughtful people if we suffer our noble missions to fall.\"[11]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Fletcher_Lummis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Out West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_West_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"John Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir"}],"sub_title":"Magazine editor","text":"Lummis in 1897In 1892, Lummis published Some Strange Corners of Our Country, recounting some of the areas and sights he had discovered. Between 1893 and 1894, he spent 10 months traveling in Peru with Bandelier.After the men's return, Lummis and Eva returned to Los Angeles with their year-old daughter, Turbese. Unemployed, Lummis landed the position of editor of a regional magazine, Land of Sunshine. The magazine was renamed Out West[12] in 1901. He published works by famous authors such as Jack London and John Muir. Over his 11 years as editor, Lummis also wrote more than 500 pieces for the magazine, as well as a popular monthly commentary called \"In the Lion's Den\".","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_people"},{"link_name":"Sequoyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoyah"},{"link_name":"Cherokee language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_language"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Teddy Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs,_California"},{"link_name":"Hopi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"}],"sub_title":"Native American rights activist","text":"Lummis also established a new Native American rights group called the \"Sequoya League\", after the noted early 19th-century Cherokee leader Sequoyah who developed a writing system for the Cherokee language. Lummis fought against the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs and called on his classmate President Teddy Roosevelt to help change their manner of operating. He found a home for a small group of Native Americans who had been evicted from their property in the Palm Springs, California area. The Sequoya League began a battle against Indian Agent Charles Burton, accusing him of imposing a \"reign of terror\" on the Hopi pueblo in Oraibi by requiring Hopi men to cut their long hair. It was their custom to wear it long, a practice with spiritual meaning. Lummis was accused of overstating the case against Burton and lost his welcome at the White House. (However, subsequent social pressure on Burton led him to reverse the haircutting policy.)","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mary Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Letitia_Jones"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Southwest Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Museum_of_the_American_Indian"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Quiriguá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirigu%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"John Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir"},{"link_name":"El Alisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lummis_House"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bower-16"}],"text":"In 1905, Lummis took the position as City Librarian of the Los Angeles Public Library.[13] Lummis replaced Mary Jones as City Librarian even though he had no prior library training.[14] He was criticized for the way he ran the library and insisted on doing most of the work at home. He resigned from that sole source of income in 1911, and worked to establish the Southwest Museum while engaged in a bitter and public divorce with his wife Eva.In that year Lummis went blind, which he attributed to a \"jungle fever\" contracted while in Guatemala exploring the Mayan ruins of Quiriguá.[15] After more than a year of blindness, during which he might appear in public with his eyes covered by a bandanna or wearing dark amber glasses, he regained his sight. Some privately doubted Lummis actually went blind. Among them was John Muir, who said so in a letter to him and encouraged him to get more rest.In 1915, Lummis married his third wife, Gertrude, at El Alisal.[16]By 1918, he was destitute. In 1923, the Southwest Museum Board named him founder emeritus and gave him a small stipend. In 1925, Lummis also decided to enlarge, revise, and republish Some Strange Corners of Our Country as Mesa, Canyon and Pueblo. He also engaged in a renewed civil rights crusade on behalf of the Pueblo Indians.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rites-18"}],"text":"Lummis died November 25, 1928.[17] He was cremated, and his ashes were placed in a vault in a wall at El Alisal.[18] Supporters bought his home El Alisal, which was until 2015 used as the headquarters of the Historical Society of Southern California.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washington,_Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Lummis' cultural influence remains today, including a lasting imprint on the Mount Washington neighborhood of Los Angeles. The home he built, The Lummis House, and the museum he founded, The Southwest Museum, are located within 0.7 miles of each other and remain open to the public for limited hours on weekends.","title":"Legacy and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lummis_House,_Los_Angeles_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"El Alisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lummis_House"},{"link_name":"troubadour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troubadour"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bower-16"}],"sub_title":"El Alisal (Lummis House)","text":"El Alisal in 2007Lummis purchased a 3-acre plot around 1895 and spent 13 years building what would become a 4,000-square-foot stone home with an exhibition hall, calling it El Alisal. He frequently entertained, with parties he called \"noises\" for various writers, artists, and other prominent figures. The parties usually included a lavish Spanish dinner with dancing and music performed by his own private troubadour. The extravaganzas wore out a number of female assistants or \"secretaries\" conscripted into working on them.[16]The Lummis House was donated to the Southwest Museum in 1910 and then sold in 1943 to the state of California, which transferred it to the city in 1971. The Historical Society of Southern California took occupancy in 1965, using it as headquarters and helping manage the property, eventually leaving in 2014. Open to the public as a museum and park on Saturdays and Sundays, the site also serves as a focus for Lummis Day activities (see below).","title":"Legacy and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southwest Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Museum"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bower-16"},{"link_name":"Autry Museum of the American West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autry_Museum_of_the_American_West"},{"link_name":"Pueblo pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puebloans#Pottery"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Southwest Museum","text":"By 1907, Lummis had founded the Southwest Museum of Los Angeles, California. He had led the fundraising campaign to build a new structure for it and saw the building open in August 1914.[16]The Southwest Museum operated independently until 2003, when it was merged into the Autry Museum of the American West. The Autry launched a multi-year conservation project to preserve the enormous collection amassed by Lummis and his successors. Much of the material was moved off-site, but The Southwest Museum has maintained an ongoing public exhibit on Pueblo pottery that is free of charge and open on Saturdays only.[19][20]","title":"Legacy and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lummis Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lummis_Day"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Lummis Day Festival","text":"Beginning in 2006, the annual Lummis Day Festival was established by the Lummis Day Community Foundation. It holds the festival in Lummis' honor on the first Sunday in June, drawing people to El Alisal and Heritage Square Museum for poetry readings, art exhibits, music, dance performances, and family activities. The foundation is a non-profit organization of community activists and arts organization leaders.[citation needed]","title":"Legacy and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Spanish_pioneers_1929_Lummis.jpg"},{"link_name":"A Tramp Across The Continent (1892)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/contitrampacross00lummrich"},{"link_name":"The Spanish Pioneers And The California Missions (1936)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/spanishpioneersa009682mbp"},{"link_name":"The Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"Flowers Of Our Lost Romance (1909)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/flowersofourlost000925mbp"},{"link_name":"The Internet Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Internet_Archive"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8032-7908-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7908-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4102-1543-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4102-1543-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8032-7938-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7938-4"}],"text":"The Spanish Pioneers And The California Missions. BNE.Birch Bark Poems. C F Lummis. 1883\nA New Mexico David and Other Stories & Sketches of The Southwest. Scribner's. 1891\nSome strange corners of our country: the wonderland of the Southwest. 1892\nA Tramp Across The Continent (1892)\nMy Friend Will. 1894\nThe Gold Fish of Gran Chimu: A Novel. Lamson, Wolffe. 1896\nThe Enchanted Burro: Stories of New Mexico & South America. 1897\nThe awakening of a nation: Mexico of to-day. 1898\nThe Landmarks Club Cook Book: A California Collection of the Choicest Recepes from Everywhere. The Out West Company. 1903\nPueblo Indian Folk Stories. The Century Company. 1910\nThe King Of The Broncos and Other Stories of New Mexico. Scribner's. 1915\nThe Spanish Pioneers And The California Missions (1936) Full book online at The Internet Archive. 1920\nThe Prose of It (poem on Geronimo). c. 1926\nA Bronco Pegasus: Poems. Houghton Mifflin. 1928\nFlowers Of Our Lost Romance (1909) Full book online at The Internet Archive Houghton Mifflin. 1929\nNew Mexican Folk Songs. UNM Press. 1952\nGeneral Crook and the Apache Wars. 1966\nBullying The Moqui. 1968\nDateline Fort Bowie: Charles Fletcher Lummis Reports on an Apache War. 1979\nA Tramp Across the Continent. University of Nebraska Press. 1982. ISBN 0-8032-7908-6\nLetters From The Southwest: September 20, 1884 to March 14, 1885. 1989\nMesa, Cañon and Pueblo. University Press of the Pacific. 2004. ISBN 1-4102-1543-1\nPueblo Indian Folk-Stories. Forgotten Books. 2008. ISBN 978-0-8032-7938-4\nThe Land of Poco Tiempo. Charles Scribner's Sons. 1897.\nThe Man Who Married the Moon and Other Pueblo Indian Folk Tales. (1891)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87328-221-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87328-221-5"},{"link_name":"\"Past Campaigns\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070813222258/http://www.missionsofcalifornia.org/foundation/past_campaigns.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//missionsofcalifornia.org/foundation/past_campaigns.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-520-21869-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21869-8"},{"link_name":"\"Charles F. Lummis\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=2820"},{"link_name":"Anton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Docher"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-336-29016-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-336-29016-4"},{"link_name":"Anton Docher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Docher"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86534-714-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86534-714-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86534-639-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86534-639-0"},{"link_name":"American Character: The Curious Life of Charles Fletcher Lummis and the Rediscovery of the Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/americancharacte00thom"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55970-550-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55970-550-7"}],"text":"Bingham, Edwin R. (2006). Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest. Huntington Library. ISBN 978-0-87328-221-5.\nCalifornia Missions Foundation (2005). \"Past Campaigns\". Missionsofcalifornia.org/. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2007.\nDeverell, William (2004). Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. ISBN 0-520-21869-8.\nFleming, Robert E. (2001). \"Charles F. Lummis\". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 8, 2007.\nGance, Samuel (2013). Anton ou la trajectoire d'un père. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-336-29016-4. 208 p. (Devotes chapter XIV \"Chas\" to Lummis) Historical novel.\nGordon, Dudley (1972). Charles F. Lummis: crusader in corduroy. Cultural Assets Press. p. 290.\nKeleher, Julia M.; Chant, Elsie Ruth (2009). The Padre of Isleta: The Story of Father Anton Docher. Sunstone press Publishing. ISBN 978-0-86534-714-4.\nPadget, Martin (2006). Indian Country: Travels in the American Southwest, 1840-1935. university of New Mexico Press.\nSimmons, Marc (2008). Charles F. Lummis: Author and Adventurer: A Gathering. Sunstone Books. ISBN 978-0-86534-639-0.\nThompson, Mark (2001). American Character: The Curious Life of Charles Fletcher Lummis and the Rediscovery of the Southwest. Arcade Publishing, New York. ISBN 1-55970-550-7.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wild, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wild"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-292-79128-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-79128-3"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"99006113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/99006113"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40762502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/40762502"},{"link_name":"LCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"F786 .W73 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=CALL%2B&searchArg=F786+.W73+1999&searchType=1&recCount=25"},{"link_name":"Orlean, Susan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Orlean"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4767-4018-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-4018-8"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2018-22454","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/2018-22454"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1029886122","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1029886122"},{"link_name":"LCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Z733.L8742 O75 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=CALL%2B&searchArg=Z733.L8742+O75+2018&searchType=1&recCount=25"}],"text":"Wild, Peter (1999). The Opal Desert: Explorations of Fantasy and Reality in the American Southwest. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 219. ISBN 0-292-79128-3. LCCN 99006113. OCLC 40762502. LCC F786 .W73 1999 (devotes chapter 4 \"The Showman with the Shining Right Hand\" to Lummis)\nOrlean, Susan (2018). The Library Book. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 132–155. ISBN 978-1-4767-4018-8. LCCN 2018-22454. OCLC 1029886122. LCC Z733.L8742 O75 2018","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Charles_Fletcher_Lummis_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lummis in 1897","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Charles_Fletcher_Lummis.jpg/170px-Charles_Fletcher_Lummis.jpg"},{"image_text":"El Alisal in 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lummis_House%2C_Los_Angeles_2.JPG/220px-Lummis_House%2C_Los_Angeles_2.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Spanish Pioneers And The California Missions. BNE.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/The_Spanish_pioneers_1929_Lummis.jpg/220px-The_Spanish_pioneers_1929_Lummis.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Charles Fletcher Lummis\". Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University.","urls":[{"url":"https://peabody.harvard.edu/node/166","url_text":"\"Charles Fletcher Lummis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the Charles F. Lummis Papers\". Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries. Irvine, California.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt9z09r4s7","url_text":"\"Guide to the Charles F. Lummis Papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"LUMMIS, Charles Fletcher\". The International Who's Who in the World. 1912. p. 720.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I-wRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA720","url_text":"\"LUMMIS, Charles Fletcher\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Newspaper Tramp\". Los Angeles Times. November 16, 1884. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pool, Bob (November 11, 2014). \"Historic Lummis House faces an uncertain future\". Los Angeles Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-lummis-house-20141111-story.html","url_text":"\"Historic Lummis House faces an uncertain future\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Gance, Samuel (2013). Anton ou la trajectoire d'un père. L'Harmattan. pp. 155–159.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Julia Keleher; Elsie Ruth Chant (2009). The Padre of Isleta. Sunstone Press. pp. 22, 37, 88.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Charles F. Lummis: The Man and His West. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 49, 51 and 70.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lummis, Charles Fletcher (1895). Past Campaigns.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Corduroys In Library\". Los Angeles Times. June 28, 1905. p. I7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Orlean, Susan (2018). The Library Book. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-4767-4018-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-4018-8","url_text":"978-1-4767-4018-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The Curious Blindness of Charles F. Lummis\". Archives of Ophthalmology. 129. May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://archopht.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/129/5/655","url_text":"\"The Curious Blindness of Charles F. Lummis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Tree Nuptial Bower\". Los Angeles Times. May 10, 1915. p. II1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Orlean, Susan (2018). The Library Book. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-4767-4018-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-4018-8","url_text":"978-1-4767-4018-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Lummis Rites Tomorrow\". Los Angeles Times. November 27, 1928. p. A1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Southwest Museum\". Met News. 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metnews.com/articles/2014/conf052214.htm","url_text":"\"Southwest Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Four Centuries of Pueblo Pottery\". Autry Museum of the American West. 10 May 2016. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved May 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624022113/https://theautry.org/exhibitions/four-centuries-pueblo-pottery","url_text":"\"Four Centuries of Pueblo Pottery\""},{"url":"https://theautry.org/exhibitions/four-centuries-pueblo-pottery","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bingham, Edwin R. (2006). Charles F. Lummis: Editor of the Southwest. Huntington Library. ISBN 978-0-87328-221-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87328-221-5","url_text":"978-0-87328-221-5"}]},{"reference":"California Missions Foundation (2005). \"Past Campaigns\". Missionsofcalifornia.org/. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070813222258/http://www.missionsofcalifornia.org/foundation/past_campaigns.html","url_text":"\"Past Campaigns\""},{"url":"http://missionsofcalifornia.org/foundation/past_campaigns.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Deverell, William (2004). Whitewashed Adobe: The Rise of Los Angeles and the Remaking of Its Mexican Past. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. ISBN 0-520-21869-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21869-8","url_text":"0-520-21869-8"}]},{"reference":"Fleming, Robert E. (2001). \"Charles F. Lummis\". The Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 8, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=2820","url_text":"\"Charles F. Lummis\""}]},{"reference":"Gance, Samuel (2013). Anton ou la trajectoire d'un père. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-336-29016-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Docher","url_text":"Anton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-336-29016-4","url_text":"978-2-336-29016-4"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Dudley (1972). Charles F. Lummis: crusader in corduroy. Cultural Assets Press. p. 290.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Keleher, Julia M.; Chant, Elsie Ruth (2009). The Padre of Isleta: The Story of Father Anton Docher. Sunstone press Publishing. ISBN 978-0-86534-714-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Docher","url_text":"Anton Docher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86534-714-4","url_text":"978-0-86534-714-4"}]},{"reference":"Padget, Martin (2006). Indian Country: Travels in the American Southwest, 1840-1935. university of New Mexico Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Simmons, Marc (2008). Charles F. Lummis: Author and Adventurer: A Gathering. Sunstone Books. ISBN 978-0-86534-639-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86534-639-0","url_text":"978-0-86534-639-0"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Mark (2001). American Character: The Curious Life of Charles Fletcher Lummis and the Rediscovery of the Southwest. Arcade Publishing, New York. ISBN 1-55970-550-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/americancharacte00thom","url_text":"American Character: The Curious Life of Charles Fletcher Lummis and the Rediscovery of the Southwest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55970-550-7","url_text":"1-55970-550-7"}]},{"reference":"Wild, Peter (1999). The Opal Desert: Explorations of Fantasy and Reality in the American Southwest. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 219. ISBN 0-292-79128-3. LCCN 99006113. OCLC 40762502.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wild","url_text":"Wild, Peter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-79128-3","url_text":"0-292-79128-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/99006113","url_text":"99006113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40762502","url_text":"40762502"}]},{"reference":"Orlean, Susan (2018). The Library Book. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 132–155. ISBN 978-1-4767-4018-8. LCCN 2018-22454. OCLC 1029886122.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Orlean","url_text":"Orlean, Susan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-4018-8","url_text":"978-1-4767-4018-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2018-22454","url_text":"2018-22454"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1029886122","url_text":"1029886122"}]},{"reference":"\"Institute for the Study of Los Angeles\". Occidental College. 17 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxy.edu/institute-study-los-angeles","url_text":"\"Institute for the Study of Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lummis Day Community Foundation & Festival\". Lummis Day.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lummisday.org/","url_text":"\"Lummis Day Community Foundation & Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southwest Museum\". theautry.org. Mt. Washington Campus.","urls":[{"url":"https://theautry.org/visit/mt-washington-campus","url_text":"\"Southwest Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Lummis House and Gardens\". laparks.org. 20 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.laparks.org/historic/lummis-home-and-gardens","url_text":"\"The Lummis House and Gardens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finding Aid to the Charles Fletcher Lummis Papers\". Braun Research Library Collection, Autry National Center; MS.1. Los Angeles, California.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c81g0nqx/","url_text":"\"Finding Aid to the Charles Fletcher Lummis Papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the Charles F. Lummis Papers\". Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries. Irvine, California.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt9z09r4s7","url_text":"\"Guide to the Charles F. Lummis Papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finding Aid for the Charles Fletcher Lummis Papers, 1889-1928\". UCLA, Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://findaid.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf6n39p0x7/","url_text":"\"Finding Aid for the Charles Fletcher Lummis Papers, 1889-1928\""}]},{"reference":"Joe Walker (February 11, 2003). \"Charles Fletcher Lummis\". Journalist. Find a Grave. Retrieved December 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7177560","url_text":"\"Charles Fletcher Lummis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_a_Grave","url_text":"Find a Grave"}]},{"reference":"\"Sunday's Lummis Day fest recalls infancy of L.A. cultural venues - Los Angeles Times\". articles.latimes.com. 30 May 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/may/30/entertainment/la-et-cm-lummis-day-celebration-recalls-infancy-of-la-cultural-venues-20120529","url_text":"\"Sunday's Lummis Day fest recalls infancy of L.A. cultural venues - Los Angeles Times\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/contitrampacross00lummrich","external_links_name":"A Tramp Across The Continent (1892)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/spanishpioneersa009682mbp","external_links_name":"The Spanish Pioneers And The California Missions (1936)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/flowersofourlost000925mbp","external_links_name":"Flowers Of Our Lost Romance (1909)"},{"Link":"https://peabody.harvard.edu/node/166","external_links_name":"\"Charles Fletcher Lummis\""},{"Link":"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt9z09r4s7","external_links_name":"\"Guide to the Charles F. 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Lummis\""},{"Link":"http://www.metnews.com/articles/2014/conf052214.htm","external_links_name":"\"Southwest Museum\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624022113/https://theautry.org/exhibitions/four-centuries-pueblo-pottery","external_links_name":"\"Four Centuries of Pueblo Pottery\""},{"Link":"https://theautry.org/exhibitions/four-centuries-pueblo-pottery","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070813222258/http://www.missionsofcalifornia.org/foundation/past_campaigns.html","external_links_name":"\"Past Campaigns\""},{"Link":"http://missionsofcalifornia.org/foundation/past_campaigns.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=2820","external_links_name":"\"Charles F. Lummis\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/americancharacte00thom","external_links_name":"American Character: The Curious Life of Charles Fletcher Lummis and the Rediscovery of the Southwest"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/99006113","external_links_name":"99006113"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40762502","external_links_name":"40762502"},{"Link":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=CALL%2B&searchArg=F786+.W73+1999&searchType=1&recCount=25","external_links_name":"F786 .W73 1999"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2018-22454","external_links_name":"2018-22454"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1029886122","external_links_name":"1029886122"},{"Link":"https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=CALL%2B&searchArg=Z733.L8742+O75+2018&searchType=1&recCount=25","external_links_name":"Z733.L8742 O75 2018"},{"Link":"https://www.oxy.edu/institute-study-los-angeles","external_links_name":"\"Institute for the Study of Los Angeles\""},{"Link":"http://www.lummisday.org/","external_links_name":"\"Lummis Day Community Foundation & Festival\""},{"Link":"https://theautry.org/visit/mt-washington-campus","external_links_name":"\"Southwest Museum\""},{"Link":"https://www.laparks.org/historic/lummis-home-and-gardens","external_links_name":"\"The Lummis House and Gardens\""},{"Link":"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c81g0nqx/","external_links_name":"\"Finding Aid to the Charles Fletcher Lummis Papers\""},{"Link":"http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt9z09r4s7","external_links_name":"\"Guide to the Charles F. Lummis Papers\""},{"Link":"http://findaid.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf6n39p0x7/","external_links_name":"\"Finding Aid for the Charles Fletcher Lummis Papers, 1889-1928\""},{"Link":"https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt1q2nc9w8/","external_links_name":"\"Guide to the Charles Lummis Photographs\""},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/36200","external_links_name":"Works by Charles F. 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Lummis Page at Spirit of America"},{"Link":"http://digital.boisestate.edu/u?/western,34","external_links_name":"\"Charles F. Lummis\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172645/http://library.boisestate.edu/westernwriters/","external_links_name":"Western Writers Series Digital Editions"},{"Link":"http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/30808-charles-lummis.html","external_links_name":"Article, with archival photos, about Charles Fletcher Lummis"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7177560","external_links_name":"\"Charles Fletcher Lummis\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/may/30/entertainment/la-et-cm-lummis-day-celebration-recalls-infancy-of-la-cultural-venues-20120529","external_links_name":"\"Sunday's Lummis Day fest recalls infancy of L.A. cultural venues - Los Angeles Times\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/14788/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080776319","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/66548614","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmpcKpyQgFjJYVqQpyPQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98043886","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1008895","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12388238s","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12388238s","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521799906706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119211297","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274862805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50043005","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2018987187&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35315933","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p130163082","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810544074105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/110897","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12087924?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/22658","external_links_name":"Musée d'Orsay"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/2710","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/385604","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500026095","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/908898","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tt52br","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/032957785","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Competence_Order	Legislative Competence Order	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	This article is part of a series within thePolitics of the United Kingdom on thePolitics of Wales The CrownThe Monarch Charles III Heir Apparent William, Prince of Wales Prerogative Royal family Succession Privy Council King-in-Parliament Lord-lieutenant Llwynywermod England and Wales Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 Principality of Wales Welsh republicanism GovernmentWelsh GovernmentGething government (list) First Minister (list) Rt Hon Vaughan Gething MS (L) Cabinet Civil Service Welsh Budget Taxation Directorates Sponsored bodies State-owned enterprises Crown Buildings, Cathays Park Counsel General – Mick Antoniw MS (L) Chief Whip and Trefnydd – Jane Hutt MS (L) International relations Internal diplomatic missions Welsh Government international offices LegislatureSenedd Sixth Senedd Llywydd (Presiding Officer) Elin Jones MS (PC) Leader of the Opposition Andrew RT Davies MS (C) Shadow Cabinet (current) Primary legislation (list) ActsMeasuresStatutory instruments Members (MSs) Current members Elections (by-elections) Constituencies and electoral regions First Minister's Questions Devolution referendum (2011 referendum) Government of Wales Act 1998 2006 Act2014 Act2017 Act Senedd estate, Cardiff Bay (Senedd buildingTŷ HywelPierhead Building) Wales and the United KingdomHM Government Sunak ministry Prime Minister Rt Hon Rishi Sunak MP (C) Secretary of State for Wales Rt Hon David TC Davies MP (C) UK Parliament 58th ParliamentHouse of Commons Wales Office Under-Secretary Welsh Grand Committee Welsh Affairs Select Committee Interministerial Standing Committee Government of Wales Act 2006 Elections Constituencies Current Westminster MPs Diplomatic missions Barnett formula Devolution Devolved matters Reserved matters Legislative consent motion Unionism Independence Politics of the United Kingdom Law and justice Welsh law English law Wales-only laws Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 Wales and Berwick Act 1746 Capital of Wales: Cardiff Supreme Court of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales President of Welsh Tribunals Police forces Police and crime commissioner (list) Local administrationHistory Subdivisions of Wales Historic counties (list) Preserved counties (list) Principal areas (list) Former districts list pre-1973list 1974-1996 Communities (list) Local government Principal councils (leader list) Corporate Joint Committees Cities (list) Cardiff (Mayor / Council) Swansea (Mayor / Council) Newport (Mayor / Council) Wrexham (Mayor / Council) Community council (list) Communities with city status BangorSt AsaphSt Davids Local twinning see also: Regional terms and Regional economy Elections and referendumsSenedd elections 1999 2003 2007 2011 2016 2021 Next United Kingdom Parliament elections 1801 co-option 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 (Jan) 1910 (Dec) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 (Feb) 1974 (Oct) 1979 1983 1987 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 2015 2017 2019 2024 European Parliament elections (1979–2020) 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 Local elections 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1999 2004 2008 2012 2017 2022 Police and crime commissioner elections 2012 2016 2021 Referendums 1975 1979 1997 2011 2011 2016 1915–16 Anglican border polls 2004 Ceredigion mayoral Senedd constituencies and electoral regions UK parliamentary constituencies in Wales Political parties Represented in the Senedd (Labour Conservatives Plaid Cymru Liberal Democrats) Think tanks Category Wales portal Other countries vte In Wales, a Legislative Competence Order (LCO; pronounced 'elco') was a piece of constitutional legislation in the form of an Order in Council. It transferred legislative authority from the Parliament of the United Kingdom to the National Assembly for Wales. The LCO had to be approved by the Assembly, the Secretary of State for Wales, both Houses of Parliament, and then the Queen in Council. Each LCO added a 'Matter' to one of the 'Fields' stated in Schedule 5 of the Government of Wales Act 2006. This is the list of areas in which the National Assembly for Wales may legislate. The only other way that Schedule 5 can be amended is by the inclusion of provisions in UK Parliamentary Bills (referred to as 'Framework Powers' by the UK Government and 'Measure-making powers' by the National Assembly). Each Matter then gave the National Assembly for Wales permission to pass legislation known as an Assembly Measure, which operates in Wales just as an Act of Parliament operates across the UK (i.e. can be enforced by the Courts). An Assembly Measure allows provisions to be made in a certain area, e.g., Health and Social Services, Education, for the Assembly to pass. The text that came with the LCO contains the actual title of the legislation (Measure) that would be passed by the Welsh Assembly later on, for example "Provision about the curriculum in schools maintained by local education authorities" would appear on the LCO and would later form the title of the Measure once written up. Following a referendum held in March 2011, the assembly gained the ability to pass bills for Acts of the Assembly in all twenty devolved areas without the need for the consent of the UK parliament. The assembly also lost the ability to pass Assembly Measures resulting in the LCO process becoming redundant. In total, fifteen LCOs were made between 2007 and 2011. See also Measure of the National Assembly for Wales - the laws passed by the National Assembly for Wales once the LCO is passed. Act of Parliament Statutory Instruments Welsh law References ^ "Guide to the Legislative Process (2007 - 2011)". National Assembly for Wales. Retrieved 7 February 2019. ^ "Orders not in progress". National Assembly for Wales. Retrieved 7 February 2019. External links OPSI list of LCOs approved Current list of LCOs Consolidated List of Matters Conferred on the Assembly	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Order in Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_in_Council"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"National Assembly for Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"Houses of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Queen in Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"Schedule 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schedule_5_of_the_Government_of_Wales_Act_2006"},{"link_name":"Government of Wales Act 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Wales_Act_2006"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"UK Parliamentary Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament#Bills"},{"link_name":"National Assembly for Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"Assembly Measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_of_the_National_Assembly_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081123024553/http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/buslegislation/business-legislation-schedule-5.htm"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Welsh_devolution_referendum"},{"link_name":"Acts of the Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_the_National_Assembly_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In Wales, a Legislative Competence Order (LCO; pronounced 'elco') was a piece of constitutional legislation in the form of an Order in Council. It transferred legislative authority from the Parliament of the United Kingdom to the National Assembly for Wales. The LCO had to be approved by the Assembly, the Secretary of State for Wales, both Houses of Parliament, and then the Queen in Council.Each LCO added a 'Matter' to one of the 'Fields' stated in Schedule 5 of the Government of Wales Act 2006.[1] This is the list of areas in which the National Assembly for Wales may legislate. The only other way that Schedule 5 can be amended is by the inclusion of provisions in UK Parliamentary Bills (referred to as 'Framework Powers' by the UK Government and 'Measure-making powers' by the National Assembly).Each Matter then gave the National Assembly for Wales permission to pass legislation known as an Assembly Measure, which operates in Wales just as an Act of Parliament operates across the UK (i.e. can be enforced by the Courts). An Assembly Measure allows provisions to be made in a certain area, e.g., Health and Social Services, Education, for the Assembly to pass.The text that came with the LCO contains the actual title of the legislation (Measure) that would be passed by the Welsh Assembly later on, for example \"Provision about the curriculum in schools maintained by local education authorities\"[1] would appear on the LCO and would later form the title of the Measure once written up.Following a referendum held in March 2011, the assembly gained the ability to pass bills for Acts of the Assembly in all twenty devolved areas without the need for the consent of the UK parliament. The assembly also lost the ability to pass Assembly Measures resulting in the LCO process becoming redundant. In total, fifteen LCOs were made between 2007 and 2011.[2]","title":"Legislative Competence Order"}]	[]	[{"title":"Measure of the National Assembly for Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_of_the_National_Assembly_for_Wales"},{"title":"Act of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"title":"Statutory Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_Instruments"},{"title":"Welsh law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_law"}]	[{"reference":"\"Guide to the Legislative Process (2007 - 2011)\". National Assembly for Wales. Retrieved 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assembly.wales/en/bus-home/bus-third-assembly/bus-legislation-third-assembly/bus-legislation-guidance-third-assembly/Pages/bus-legislation-guidance-third-assembly.aspx","url_text":"\"Guide to the Legislative Process (2007 - 2011)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orders not in progress\". National Assembly for Wales. Retrieved 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assembly.wales/en/bus-home/bus-third-assembly/bus-legislation-third-assembly/bus-leg-legislative-competence-orders/Pages/bus-legislation-legislative-competence-orders-notinprogress.aspx","url_text":"\"Orders not in progress\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081123024553/http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/buslegislation/business-legislation-schedule-5.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.assembly.wales/en/bus-home/bus-third-assembly/bus-legislation-third-assembly/bus-legislation-guidance-third-assembly/Pages/bus-legislation-guidance-third-assembly.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Guide to the Legislative Process (2007 - 2011)\""},{"Link":"http://www.assembly.wales/en/bus-home/bus-third-assembly/bus-legislation-third-assembly/bus-leg-legislative-competence-orders/Pages/bus-legislation-legislative-competence-orders-notinprogress.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Orders not in progress\""},{"Link":"http://opsi.gov.uk/legislation/wales/walesact.htm","external_links_name":"OPSI list of LCOs approved"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071015154140/http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/buslegislation/bus-legislation-lco.htm","external_links_name":"Current list of LCOs"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081123024553/http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/buslegislation/business-legislation-schedule-5.htm","external_links_name":"Consolidated List of Matters Conferred on the Assembly"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_76ers_draft_history	Philadelphia 76ers draft history	["1 Key","2 Philadelphia 76ers (1964–present)","3 Syracuse Nationals (1950–1963)","4 References"]	Following is a list of the professional National Basketball Association Draft selections of the Philadelphia 76ers, beginning in 1950. Key Naismith Basketball Hall of Famer First Overall NBA Draft Pick Selected for an NBA All-Star Game Philadelphia 76ers (1964–present) Year Round Pick Player Nationality Position College/High School/Club 2022 1 23 David Roddy United States SF Colorado State 2021 1 28 Jaden Springer United States SG Tennessee 2021 2 50 Filip Petrušev Serbia C Mega Basket (Serbia) 2021 2 53 Charles Bassey Nigeria C Western Kentucky 2020 1 21 Tyrese Maxey United States PG University of Kentucky 2020 2 34 Théo Maledon France PG ASVEL Villerbaune (France) 2020 2 36 Tyler Bey United States SF University of Colorado 2020 2 49 Isaiah Joe United States SG University of Arkansas 2020 2 58 Paul Reed United States PF DePaul University 2019 1 24 Ty Jerome United States PG University of Virginia 2019 2 33 Carsen Edwards United States PG Purdue University 2019 2 34 Bruno Fernando Angola C University of Maryland 2019 2 42 Admiral Schofield United States SF University of Tennessee 2019 2 54 Marial Shayok Canada SG Iowa State University 2018 1 10 Mikal Bridges United States SF Villanova University 2018 1 26 Landry Shamet United States PG Wichita State University 2018 2 38 Khyri Thomas United States PG Creighton University 2018 2 56 Ray Spalding United States PF University of Louisville 2018 2 60 Kostas Antetokounmpo Greece SF University of Dayton 2017 1 1 Markelle Fultz United States PG University of Washington 2017 2 36 Jonah Bolden Australia PF KK FMP Beograd (Serbia) 2017 2 39 Jawun Evans United States PG Oklahoma State University–Stillwater 2017 2 46 Sterling Brown United States PG Southern Methodist University 2017 2 50 Mathias Lessort France PF/C Nanterre 92 (France) 2016 1 1 Ben Simmons Australia PF Louisiana State University 2016 1 24 Timothé Luwawu-Cabarrot France SG/SF KK Mega Basket (Serbia) 2016 1 26 Furkan Korkmaz Turkey SG Yeşilyurt Spor Kulübü 2015 1 3 Jahlil Okafor United States C Duke University 2015 2 35 Willy Hernangómez Spain C Baloncesto Sevilla (Spain) 2015 2 37 Richaun Holmes United States SF/PF Bowling Green State University 2015 2 47 Artūras Gudaitis Lithuania C Žalgiris Kaunas (Lithuania) 2015 2 58 J. P. Tokoto United States SG/SF University of North Carolina 2015 2 60 Luka Mitrović Serbia PF Red Star Belgarde (Serbia) 2014 1 3 Joel Embiid Cameroon C University of Kansas 2014 1 10 Elfrid Payton United States PG University of Louisiana–Lafayette 2014 2 32 K. J. McDaniels United States SF Clemson University 2014 2 39 Jerami Grant United States SF Syracuse University 2014 2 47 Russ Smith United States PG University of Louisville 2014 2 52 Vasilije Micić Serbia PG KK Mega Basket (Serbia) 2014 2 54 Nemanja Dangubić Serbia PG KK Mega Basket (Serbia) 2013 1 11 Michael Carter-Williams United States PG Syracuse University 2013 2 35 Glen Rice Jr. United States PG Georgia Institute of Technology 2013 2 42 Pierre Jackson United States PG Baylor University 2012 1 15 Maurice Harkless United States SF St. John's University 2012 2 45 Justin Hamilton United States C LSU 2012 2 54 Tornike Shengelia Georgia PF Spirou Charleroi (Belgium) 2011 1 16 Nikola Vučević Montenegro C/PF USC 2011 2 50 Lavoy Allen United States PF Temple University 2010 1 2 Evan Turner United States SF Ohio State University 2009 1 17 Jrue Holiday United States PG University of California, Los Angeles 2008 1 16 Marreese Speights United States PF University of Florida 2007 1 12 Thaddeus Young United States PF Georgia Institute of Technology 2007 1 21 Daequan Cook United States PG Ohio State University 2007 1 30 Petteri Koponen Finland Espoon Honka (Finland) 2007 2 38 Kyrylo Fesenko Ukraine Cherkaski Mavpy (Ukraine) 2006 1 13 Thabo Sefolosha Switzerland SG Pallacanestro Biella (Italy) 2005 2 45 Louis Williams United States PG South Gwinnett High School (Snellville, Georgia) 2004 1 9 Andre Iguodala United States SG/SF University of Arizona 2003 2 50 Paccelis Morlende France JDA Dijon Basket (France) 2002 1 16 Jiří Welsch Czech Republic KK Olimpija (Slovenia) 2002 2 44 Sam Clancy Jr. United States University of Southern California 2001 1 26 Samuel Dalembert Haiti/ Canada C Seton Hall University 2001 2 36 Damone Brown Syracuse University 2001 2 56 Ethan Sherwood Georgia Institute of Technology 2000 1 20 Speedy Claxton Hofstra University 2000 2 48 Mark Karcher Temple University 1999 2 47 Todd MacCulloch Canada University of Washington 1998 1 8 Larry Hughes Saint Louis University 1998 2 37 Casey Shaw University of Toledo 1997 1 2 Keith Van Horn University of Utah 1997 2 33 Marko Milič Slovenia KK Olimpija (Slovenia) 1997 2 35 Kebu Stewart California State University, Bakersfield 1997 2 36 James Collins Florida State University 1996 1 1 Allen Iverson PG Georgetown University 1996 2 31 Mark Hendrickson Washington State University 1996 2 32 Ryan Minor University of Oklahoma 1996 2 48 Jamie Feick Michigan State University 1995 1 3 Jerry Stackhouse University of North Carolina 1994 1 6 Sharone Wright Clemson University 1994 1 20 B. J. Tyler University of Texas at Austin 1994 2 33 Derrick Alston Duquesne University 1993 1 2 Shawn Bradley Brigham Young University 1993 2 32 Alphonso Ford Mississippi Valley State University 1992 1 9 Clarence Weatherspoon University of Southern Mississippi 1991 2 17 Álvaro Teherán Colombia University of Houston 1990 2 44 Brian Oliver Georgia Institute of Technology 1990 2 47 Derek Strong Xavier University 1989 1 19 Kenny Payne University of Louisville 1989 2 44 Reggie Cross University of Hawaii 1989 2 54 Toney Mack University of Georgia 1988 1 3 Charles Smith University of Pittsburgh 1988 2 31 Everette Stephens Purdue University 1988 3 57 Hernán Montenegro Argentina Louisiana State University 1987 1 16 Christian Welp West Germany University of Washington 1987 2 39 Vincent Askew University of Memphis 1987 2 43 Andrew Kennedy University of Virginia 1987 3 57 Hansi Gnad West Germany University of Alaska Anchorage 1987 3 62 Eric Riggins Rutgers University 1987 4 85 Brian Rahilly University of Tulsa 1987 5 108 Frank Ross American University 1987 6 131 Tracy Foster University of Alabama at Birmingham 1987 7 154 Eric Semisch West Virginia University 1986 2 44 David Wingate Georgetown University 1986 3 56 Keith Colbert Virginia Tech 1986 3 67 Ron Rowan St. John's University 1986 4 90 Wes Stallings East Tennessee State University 1986 5 113 Kevin Holmes DePaul University 1986 6 136 Andre McCloud Seton Hall University 1986 7 159 Dan Palombizio Ball State University 1985 1 21 Terry Catledge University of South Alabama 1985 2 33 Greg Stokes University of Iowa 1985 2 44 Voise Winters Bradley University 1985 3 67 Steve Black La Salle University 1985 4 90 Derrick Gervin University of Texas at San Antonio 1985 5 113 Carl Wright Southern Methodist University 1985 6 136 Daryl Lloyd Drake University 1985 7 159 Jaye Andrews Bucknell University 1984 1 5 Charles Barkley Auburn University 1984 1 10 Leon Wood California State University, Fullerton 1984 1 22 Tom Sewell Lamar University 1984 3 48 James Banks University of Georgia 1984 3 68 Butch Graves Yale University 1984 4 91 Earl Harrison Morehead State University 1984 5 114 Dan Federman University of Tennessee 1984 6 137 Gary Springer Iona College 1984 7 160 Rich Congo Drexel University 1984 8 183 Frank Dobbs Villanova University 1984 9 205 Michael Mitchell Drexel University 1984 10 227 Martin Clark Boston College 1983 1 17 Leo Rautins Canada Syracuse University 1983 2 47 Ken Lyons North Texas State University 1983 3 64 Claude Riley Texas A&M University 1983 3 70 Dan Ruland James Madison University 1983 4 74 Kalpatrick Wells Mississippi State University 1983 4 93 Craig Robinson Princeton University 1983 5 116 Mike Milligan Tennessee State University 1983 6 139 Sedale Threatt West Virginia University Institute of Technology 1983 7 162 Tony Bruin Syracuse University 1983 8 184 Gordon Austin American University 1983 9 206 Charles Fisher James Madison University 1982 1 22 Mark McNamara University of California 1982 2 36 J. J. Anderson Bradley University 1982 2 45 Russ Schoene University of Tennessee at Chattanooga 1982 3 68 Dale Solomon Virginia Tech 1982 4 91 Bruce Atkins Duquesne University 1982 5 114 Donald Mason California State University, Fresno 1982 6 137 Kevin Boyle University of Iowa 1982 7 160 Keith Hilliard Missouri State University 1982 8 183 Donald Seals Jackson State University 1982 9 204 George Melton Cheyney University of Pennsylvania 1982 10 224 Randy Burkert Drexel University 1981 1 22 Franklin Edwards Cleveland State University 1981 2 46 Vernon Smith Texas A&M University 1981 3 68 Ernest Graham University of Maryland, College Park 1981 4 92 Rynn Wright Texas A&M University 1981 5 114 Steve Craig Brigham Young University 1981 6 138 Michael Thomas North Park University 1981 7 160 John Crawford University of Kansas 1981 8 183 Frank Gilroy St. John's University 1981 9 202 Ron Wister Temple University 1981 10 223 Pete Mullenberg University of Delaware 1980 1 8 Andrew Toney University of Louisiana at Lafayette 1980 1 21 Monti Davis Tennessee State University 1980 2 44 Clyde Austin North Carolina State University 1980 3 67 Reggie Gaines Winston-Salem State University 1980 4 85 Billy Bryant Western Kentucky University 1980 4 90 Harold Hubbard Savannah State University 1980 5 113 Jim Swaney University of Toledo 1980 6 136 Donald Cooper Saint Augustine's College (North Carolina) 1980 7 159 Richard Smith Weber State University 1980 8 177 Martin Lemelle Grambling State University 1980 9 198 Luke Griffin Saint Joseph's University 1980 10 213 Joe Hand King's College 1979 1 16 Jim Spanarkel Duke University 1979 2 36 Clint Richardson Seattle University 1979 2 37 Bernard Toone Marquette University 1979 3 58 Earl Cureton University of Detroit Mercy 1979 4 83 Mike Niles California State University, Fullerton 1979 5 103 Carl McPipe University of Nebraska 1979 6 123 Dan Hartshorne University of Oregon 1979 7 142 Bobby Willis University of Pennsylvania 1979 8 163 Rick Raivio University of Portland 1979 9 180 Coby Leavitt University of Utah 1979 10 198 Keith McCord University of Alabama at Birmingham 1978 2 36 Maurice Cheeks West Texas A&M University 1978 2 43 Glenn Hagan St. Bonaventure University 1978 4 87 Brett Vroman University of Nevada, Las Vegas 1978 5 109 Mark Haymoore University of Massachusetts Amherst 1978 6 130 Osborne Lockhart University of Minnesota 1978 7 151 Anthony Murray University of Alabama 1978 8 169 Alan Cunningham Colorado State University 1978 10 201 Dennis James Widener University 1977 1 20 Glenn Mosley Seton Hall University 1977 2 25 Wilson Washington Old Dominion University 1977 2 42 Bob Elliott University of Arizona 1977 2 43 Herm Harris University of Arizona 1977 3 64 Arnold Dugger Oral Roberts University 1977 4 86 Jack Jones University of Utah 1977 5 108 Teko Wynder University of Tulsa 1977 6 129 George Gibson Winston-Salem State University 1977 7 149 Dennin Forest University of Nebraska Omaha 1977 8 168 John Olive Villanova University 1976 1 12 Terry Furlow Michigan State University 1976 3 47 Ron Norwood DePaul University 1976 4 64 Freeman Blade Montana State University Billings 1976 5 81 Jeff Browne Missouri Western State College 1976 6 99 Mike Dunleavy Sr. University of South Carolina 1976 7 117 Phil Walker Millersville University of Pennsylvania 1976 8 135 Lee Dixon Hardin–Simmons University 1976 9 152 Fly Williams Austin Peay State University 1976 10 168 Ed Stefanski University of Pennsylvania 1975 1 5 Darryl Dawkins Maynard Evans High School (Orlando, Florida) 1975 2 23 World B. Free Guilford College 1975 3 39 Jimmie Baker University of Hawaii 1975 3 41 Charles Cleveland University of Alabama 1975 4 59 Louis Dunbar University of Houston 1975 5 77 Ken Tyler Gonzaga University 1975 6 95 Ken Alston Valdosta State University 1975 7 113 Mike Flynn University of Kentucky 1975 8 131 Freeman Blade Montana State University Billings 1975 9 148 Larry Harralson Drake University 1975 10 164 Rick Reed Azusa Pacific University 1974 1 2 Marvin Barnes Providence College 1974 2 19 Don Smith University of Dayton 1974 3 37 Coniel Norman University of Arizona 1974 3 42 Harvey Catchings Hardin–Simmons University 1974 4 55 Butch Taylor Jacksonville University 1974 5 73 Gary Crowthers Hardin–Simmons University 1974 6 91 Mark Westra University of Southern California 1974 7 109 Dave Stoczynski Gannon University 1974 8 127 Jimmy Powell Middle Tennessee State University 1974 9 145 Perry Warbington Georgia Southern University 1974 10 162 Larry Witherspoon Towson University 1973 1 1 Doug Collins Illinois State University 1973 1 18 Raymond Lewis California State University, Los Angeles 1973 2 21 Allan Bristow Virginia Tech 1973 2 22 George McGinnis Indiana University 1973 2 32 Caldwell Jones Albany State University 1973 4 53 Darrel Minniefield University of New Mexico 1973 5 70 Reggie Royals Florida State University 1973 6 87 Sterling Wright Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) 1973 7 104 James Greene Kentucky Wesleyan College 1973 8 121 Dave Langston Drake University 1973 9 138 Harvey Catchings Hardin–Simmons University 1973 10 152 Abe Steward Jacksonville University 1973 11 166 Rod Freeman Vanderbilt University 1973 12 175 Connie Warren Xavier University 1973 13 183 Jim Crawford La Salle University 1973 14 189 Ernie Johnson University of Michigan 1973 15 194 Lionel Harris University of Cincinnati 1973 16 199 Larry Robinson University of Tennessee 1973 17 203 Tony Prince St. John's University 1972 1 5 Fred Boyd Oregon State University 1972 3 36 Charlie Tharpe Belhaven College 1972 4 52 Marshall Wingate Niagara University 1972 5 69 Joe Bynes University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff 1972 6 85 John Glover Wiley College 1972 7 103 Curtis Pritchett Saint Augustine's College (NC) 1972 8 118 Jim Kopp Rockhurst University 1972 9 135 Rod Murray University of California, Los Angeles 1972 10 147 Gary Watson University of Wisconsin–Madison 1971 1 12 Dana Lewis University of Tulsa 1971 2 33 Marvin Stewart University of Nebraska 1971 3 46 Dave Wohl University of Pennsylvania 1971 4 63 Erwin Johnson Augusta State University 1971 5 80 Richard Hood Phillips University 1971 6 97 Jake Jones Assumption College 1971 7 114 Curtis Ford Northeastern State University 1971 8 131 Barry Yates University of Maryland, College Park 1971 9 147 Tom Lee University of Arizona 1971 10 163 Jim Dinwiddie University of Kentucky 1971 11 178 Dana Pagett University of Southern California 1971 12 191 Ken Kowall Ohio University 1971 13 203 Hank Commodore Northwestern Oklahoma State University 1970 1 12 Al Henry University of Wisconsin–Madison 1970 3 46 Dennis Awtrey Santa Clara University 1970 4 63 Dan Crenshaw Alabama State University 1970 5 80 Perry Wallace Vanderbilt University 1970 6 97 Jerry Venable Kansas State University 1970 7 114 Carlton Poole Philadelphia University 1970 8 131 Fran O'Hanlon Villanova University 1970 9 148 Mike Hauer Saint Joseph's University 1970 10 165 Gordon Stiles American University 1970 11 180 David Whitley Tufts University 1969 1 13 Bud Ogden Santa Clara University 1969 2 28 Willie Taylor Le Moyne College 1969 3 42 Mike Grosso University of Louisville 1969 4 56 Dave Scholz University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1969 5 70 Joe Cromer Temple University 1969 6 84 John Jones Villanova University 1969 7 98 Dave Hamilton West Virginia State University 1969 8 112 Jim Bowles Trinity University 1969 9 126 Larry Lewis Saint Francis University 1969 10 140 Bill Justus University of Tennessee 1969 11 154 Bruce Sloan University of Kansas 1969 12 167 Roland Taylor La Salle University 1968 1 14 Shaler Halimon Utah State University 1968 5 62 Larry Miller University of North Carolina 1968 6 76 Chuck Williams University of Colorado 1968 7 90 Bill Jones Fairfield University 1968 8 104 Melvin Jones Albany State University 1968 9 118 Clarence Brookins Temple University 1968 10 132 Greg Cisson Rider University 1968 11 145 Bill Soens University of Miami 1968 12 158 Ted Campbell North Carolina A&T State University 1968 13 170 Earl Seyfert Kansas State University 1968 14 181 Tom Youngdale Davidson College 1968 15 189 George Mack North Carolina A&T State University 1968 16 197 Joe Crews Villanova University 1968 17 203 Nate Ware Tennessee State University 1967 1 12 Craig Raymond Brigham Young University 1967 5 53 James Reid Winston-Salem State University 1967 6 65 Tim Powers Creighton University 1967 7 77 Frank Card South Carolina State University 1967 8 89 Jim Conley University of Virginia 1967 9 100 Ron Filipek Tennessee Technological University 1967 10 111 Butch Ervin Niagara University 1967 11 121 Ted Campbell North Carolina A&T State University 1967 12 131 Hubie Marshall La Salle University 1967 13 139 George Mack North Carolina A&T State University 1967 14 145 Wayne Brabender University of Minnesota Morris 1967 15 151 Sherman Dillard University of Tulsa 1967 16 156 Wayne Chapman Western Kentucky University 1967 17 159 Gary Paulk Oklahoma State University 1966 1 9 Matt Guokas Saint Joseph's University 1966 2 19 Bill Melchionni Villanova University 1966 3 29 Donnie Freeman University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1966 4 39 Ken Wilburn Central State University 1966 5 49 Tom Duff Saint Joseph's University 1966 6 59 Red Robbins University of Tennessee 1966 9 83 Pat Caldwell Rockhurst University 1966 10 90 Bob Bedell Stanford University 1965 1 5 Billy Cunningham University of North Carolina 1965 2 13 Jesse Branson Elon University 1965 3 22 Bob Weiss Pennsylvania State University 1965 4 31 Hank Finkel University of Dayton 1965 5 40 Richie Moore Villanova University 1965 6 49 Mitch Edwards University of Texas–Pan American 1965 7 57 John Young Midwestern State University 1965 8 65 Bob Barnek St. Bonaventure University 1965 9 71 Gene West Drake University 1965 10 77 Dean Church University of Louisiana at Lafayette 1965 11 83 Curt Fromal La Salle University 1965 12 89 Dan Anderson Augsburg College 1965 13 94 Rich Parks University of Tulsa 1965 14 98 Jack Morgenthal University of Houston 1965 15 102 James Pitts University of Georgia 1965 16 106 Larry Rafferty Fairfield University 1964 1 4 Lucious Jackson University of Texas–Pan American 1964 2 11 Ira Harge University of New Mexico 1964 3 20 Larry Jones University of Toledo 1964 4 29 Frank Corace La Salle University 1964 5 38 Lou Skurcenski Westminster College (Pennsylvania) 1964 6 47 Ricky Kaminsky Yale University 1964 7 56 Gordon Hatton University of Dayton 1964 8 65 Bob Pelkington Xavier University 1964 9 73 Jim Brennan Clemson University 1964 10 80 Wally Briggs North Carolina A&T State University 1964 11 87 Thomas Lowry West Virginia University 1964 12 91 Julius Myers Morris Brown College Syracuse Nationals (1950–1963) Year Round Pick Player College/High School/Club 1963 1 6 Tom Hoover Villanova University 1963 2 15 Hershell West Grambling State University 1963 3 24 Jerry Greenspan University of Maryland, College Park 1963 4 33 Ray Flynn Providence College 1963 5 42 Tony Cerkvenik Arizona State University 1963 6 51 Vince Brewer Iowa State University 1963 7 60 Bill Brown Howard Payne University 1962 1 4 Len Chappell Wake Forest University 1962 2 12 Chet Walker Bradley University 1962 3 21 Porter Meriwether Tennessee State University 1962 4 30 Bob McCully St. Bonaventure University 1962 5 39 John Windsor Stanford University 1962 6 48 Larry Van Eman Wichita State University 1962 7 57 Bob Sharpenter Georgetown University 1962 8 65 Jerry Harkness Loyola University Chicago 1962 9 74 Vince Brewer Iowa State University 1961 1 6 Ben Warley Tennessee State University 1961 2 14 Chris Smith Virginia Tech 1961 3 28 Chuck Osborne Western Kentucky University 1961 4 37 Hank Whitney Iowa State University 1961 5 46 Don Jacobson University of South Dakota 1961 6 55 Billy Joe Price New Mexico State University 1961 7 64 Roger Newman University of Kentucky 1961 8 73 Dave Mills Seattle University 1961 9 81 Rex Tippitt Grambling State University 1961 10 88 Pete Chudy Syracuse University 1961 11 96 Dick Sammons Le Moyne College 1960 1 5 Lee Shaffer University of North Carolina 1960 2 13 Wilbur Trosch Saint Francis University 1960 3 21 Joe Roberts Ohio State University 1960 4 29 Carl Cole Eastern Kentucky University 1960 5 37 Jim Mudd North Texas State University 1960 6 45 Herschell Turner University of Nebraska 1960 7 53 Bernie Kauffman University of Kentucky 1960 8 67 Don Lynch Le Moyne College 1960 9 67 Bernie Findlay San Diego State University 1959 1 4 Dick Barnett Tennessee State University 1959 2 11 Bumper Tormohlen University of Tennessee 1959 3 19 Jon Cincebox Syracuse University 1959 4 27 Paul Neumann Stanford University 1959 5 35 Roger Taylor University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1959 6 43 Bob Dalton University of California 1959 7 51 Darnell Haney United States Naval Academy 1958 1 5 Connie Dierking University of Cincinnati 1958 2 13 Hal Greer Marshall University 1958 3 21 John Nacincik University of Maryland, College Park 1958 4 29 Tommy Kearns University of North Carolina 1958 5 37 Fred Grim University of Arkansas 1958 6 45 Jack Mimitz Saint Louis University 1958 7 53 Pete Tillotson University of Michigan 1958 8 61 Ruel Tucker Rockhurst University 1957 1 7 George Bon Salle University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1957 2 15 Jim Morgan University of Louisville 1957 3 23 Vince Cohen Syracuse University 1957 4 31 Jerry Mallett Baylor University 1957 5 39 Frank Nimmo University of Cincinnati 1957 6 47 Lyndon Lee Oklahoma City University 1957 7 54 Dick Gaines Seton Hall University 1957 8 61 Cebe Prince Marshall University 1957 9 68 Jim Brown Syracuse University 1957 10 74 Jack Nichols Colgate University 1957 12 81 Jim Weeks New York Institute of Technology 1956 1 5 Joe Holup George Washington University 1956 Forest Able Western Kentucky University 1956 Willie Bergines West Virginia University 1956 Milt Graham Colgate University 1956 Swede Halbrook Oregon State University 1956 Bob Hopkins Grambling State University 1956 Paul Judson University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1956 Dick Julio University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 1956 Dick Kenyon Le Moyne College 1956 Jim McLaughlin Saint Louis University 1956 Jim Ray University of Toledo 1956 Jess Roh Idaho State University 1956 Chuck Rolles Cornell University 1956 Chester Webb Georgia Southern University 1955 1 5 Ed Conlin Fordham University 1955 2 14 Don Schlundt Indiana University 1955 3 21 Jack Sallee University of Dayton 1955 4 30 Frank Ehmann Northwestern University 1955 5 37 Mal Duffy St. Bonaventure University 1955 Cliff Dwyer North Carolina State University 1955 Ed Galvin Loyola University New Orleans 1955 Stan Glowaski Seattle University 1955 Russ Lawler Stanford University 1955 Marty Satalino St. John's University 1955 Ron Tomsic Stanford University 1954 1 6 Red Kerr University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1954 2 15 Dick Farley Indiana University 1954 3 24 Jim Tucker Duquesne University 1954 4 33 Don McLane Duquesne University 1954 5 42 Paul Pottenburgh Siena College 1954 6 51 Norman Pott Wheaton College 1954 7 60 Gus Levett Franklin & Marshall College 1954 8 69 Mel Besdin Syracuse University 1954 9 77 Fletcher Johnson Duquesne University 1954 10 86 Jack Davidson University of California, Los Angeles 1953 1 6 Jim Neal Wofford College 1953 Al Bailey Duquesne University 1953 Garrett Beshear Murray State University 1953 Glen Dille University of Tulsa 1953 Joe Hughes University of Denver 1953 Bill Hull Utah State University 1953 Bill Jenkins Le Moyne College 1953 Billy Kenville St. Bonaventure University 1953 Dick Knostman Kansas State University 1953 Andy McGowan Manhattan College 1953 Gerald Nappy Georgetown University 1953 Warren Shackelford University of Tulsa 1952 1 7 Bob Lochmueller University of Louisville 1952 Jim Brasco New York University 1952 Bud Donnelly La Salle University 1952 Jim Kennedy Duquesne University 1952 Ken McBride University of Maryland Eastern Shore 1952 Harry Moore West Virginia University 1952 Bob Roche Syracuse University 1951 1 5 John McConathy Northwestern State University 1951 2 14 Don Savage Le Moyne College 1951 3 24 Bato Govedarica DePaul University 1951 4 34 Paul Horvath North Carolina State University 1951 5 44 Glen Anderson Colorado State University 1951 6 54 Bob Wheeler University of Idaho 1951 7 64 Roy Reardon St. Francis College 1951 8 74 Tom Jockle Syracuse University 1951 9 80 Ray Kirkwasser Ithaca College 1950 1 11 Don Lofgran University of San Francisco 1950 2 Gerry Calabrese St. John's University 1950 3 Stan Christie University of Southern California 1950 4 Paul Merchant University of Oklahoma 1950 5 Paul Hickey University of Denver 1950 6 Mack Suprunowicz University of Michigan 1950 7 Lou Arko University of Akron 1950 8 Bob Healey University of Georgia 1950 9 Bob Savage Syracuse University 1950 10 Glenn Wilkes Mercer University References ^ "2014 Draft Board \| NBA.com". NBA.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015. "Philadelphia 76ers Draft Register". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-05-05. vteNBA draft history by teamEasternConferenceAtlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards WesternConferenceNorthwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs vtePhiladelphia 76ers Founded in 1946 Formerly the Syracuse Nationals (1946–1963) Based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Franchise History All-time roster Draft history Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas State Fair Coliseum Onondaga County War Memorial Convention Hall Philadelphia Arena Spectrum Wells Fargo Center 76 Place at Market East (proposed) Personnel Owner(s) Josh Harris and David Blitzer (Harris Blitzer Sports & Entertainment) President Daryl Morey General manager Elton Brand Head coach Nick Nurse G League affiliate Delaware Blue Coats Retired numbers 2 3 4 6 10 13 15 24 32 34 MIC NBA championships 1955 1967 1983 Rivalries Boston Celtics Culture and lore Allen Iverson Career achievements "Fo', fo', fo'" Wilt the Stilt Dr. J The Boston Strangler Dave Zinkoff "Havlicek stole the ball" Curse of Billy Penn Hip Hop Rights to Ricky Sanchez Pat Croce Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Sir Charles The Kangaroo Kid Harvey Pollack Bill Campbell Marc Zumoff Kate Scott Nine and 73-ers Comcast Spectacor Sixers Post Game Live Alan Horwitz Pattison station South Philadelphia Sports Complex Hustle Category Commons	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Philadelphia 76ers draft history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Key"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Philadelphia 76ers (1964–present)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Syracuse Nationals (1950–1963)"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"2014 Draft Board \| NBA.com\". NBA.com. Archived from the original on May 3, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100758/http://www.nba.com/draft/2014/draftBoard.html","url_text":"\"2014 Draft Board \| NBA.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA.com","url_text":"NBA.com"},{"url":"http://www.nba.com/draft/2014/draftBoard.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Philadelphia 76ers Draft Register\". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-05-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/PHI/draft.html","url_text":"\"Philadelphia 76ers Draft Register\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100758/http://www.nba.com/draft/2014/draftBoard.html","external_links_name":"\"2014 Draft Board \| NBA.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.nba.com/draft/2014/draftBoard.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/teams/PHI/draft.html","external_links_name":"\"Philadelphia 76ers Draft Register\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornyfone	The Amazing Kornyfone Record Label	["1 Releases","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	American bootlegging record label The Amazing Kornyfone Record Label (TAKRL) was one of the first bootlegging record labels in America. Kornyfone was based in Southern California in the 1970s. The label released albums from such artists as The Beatles, David Bowie, Bob Dylan, The Grateful Dead, Led Zeppelin, Elton John, Joni Mitchell, Pink Floyd, Genesis, and others. Kornyfone was known for its packaging, with interesting artwork and informative covers. According to Clinton Heylin, "Though Dub's output in the five years separating Great White Wonder from Tales from The Who had outstripped any of his competitors, TMQ's catalogue pales alongside what Ken and co. unleashed between 1974 and the end of 1976. One hundred-plus titles from the flagship label, The Amazing Kornyphone Record Label, were supplemented by represses of Smokin' Pig titles, thirty-two titles on TKRWM (The Kornyphone Records for the Working Man), a dozen double-albums on Singer's Original Double Discs (SODD), 20 releases on the Phonygraf label (Phonygraf), and sixteen releases on Highway High Fi Collector's Edition Records (HHCER) (which regularly appeared with TAKRL or Smokin' Pig labels - just to add to the confusion)." The TAKRL label was active between 1974 and 1977. In 1978 they re-pressed some of their titles with black and white covers. Releases 1373-RS – George Harrison – US tour 1974 : Let's Hear One for Lord Budda 1374-RS – The Beatles – EMI outtakes 1375-RS – Yes – Live in Amsterdam 1376-RS – Deep Purple – Glutton for punishment 1377-RS – Queen – Royal American tour 1379-RS – Black Sabbath – Gr'ndlepol 1380-RS – Elton John – Closet keepers 1387-RS – Yardbirds – Golden eggs 1900 – The Beatles – On stage in Japan : The 1966 tour 1901 – The Jeff Beck Group – European tour 1902 – Blind Faith – Recorded live along the U.S tour 1903 – Pink Floyd – In celebration of the comet 1904 – Cat Stevens – The Hoaxer's midnight daydream 1905 – David Bowie – Dollars in drag : The 1980 floor show 1906 – Fleetwood Mac – Merely a Portmanteau 1907 – Elton John – Rock and roll Madonna 1908 – Joe Cocker – The lost live album 1909 – Frank Zappa/Mothers – Poot face boogie 1910 – Moody Blues – Grande toure 1911 – Emerson, Lake and Palmer – The callow and cash and idle eyes 1912 – Bob Dylan – Ode for Barbara Allen 1913 – Pink Floyd – Nocturnal submission : robot love 1914 – The Yardbirds – Last hurray in the big apple 1915 – David Bowie – Good enough to eat : Soft in the middle 1916 – The Who – Decidedly belated response 1917 – Neil Young – The last album 1918 – Mott The Hoople – Behind Enemy Lines 1919 – The Rolling Stones – The Jean-Clarke Mammorial Sonic Barbecue 1920 – Procol Harum – Tales with tangrams 1921 – Buffalo Springfield – Stampede : the gold star acetates 1922 – The Bonzo Dog Band – Loose Caboose 2922 – Bob Dylan – Lovesongs for America : Cast-off Lungs and Retoughed Badlands 1923 – The Mahavishnu Orchestra – Bundled Sunspray Demise 1924 – Steely Dan – Rotoscope Down Pleasantly Retired (A Peak Behind the Curtain) 2924 – Emerson, Lake and Palmer – The 1972 American tour 1925 – Joni Mitchell – Lennie and Dom Songs (Early On) 1926 – Rick Wakeman – Unleashing the Tethered One 1927 – Van Der Graaf Generator – Fellow Traveller 2927 – Elton John – No title 1928 – King Crimson – Un Rêve Sans Conséquence Spéciale 1929 – Frank Zappa / Mothers – Safe muffinz 1930 – Deep Purple – Perks and tit 1931 – Traffic – On by the way 1932 – Alice Cooper – Parricidal slumbers 1933 – Pink Floyd – Ohn suite ohm : we've blown (ahhaa!) the clone 1934 – Santana – Flako De '57 Sportshirt 1935 – David Bowie – Last stand : his masters voice 1936 – The Nazz – Twenty/twenty hindsight 2936 – The Who – Jaguar anyone? 1937 – Lothar and The Hand People – Spores 2937 – Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young – Nice to see you : the nineteen seventy-four excursion 1938 – Chicago – On stage 1939 – Robin Trower – Guitar bandit 1940 – The Kinks – Survivors 1941 – The Rolling Stones – Bedspring symphony 1942 – Little Feat – Electric lycanthrope 1943 – Gentle Giant – Playing the foole 1944 – Elton John – Just like strange rain : pink-eyed in paradise part one 1945 – Genesis – As though emerald city 1946 – Elton John – All across the havens : pink-eyed in paradise part two - sourced from a video soundtrack of the Hammersmith Odeon show of 24 December 1974. 1947 – Sparks – One and a half-Nelson 1948 – Michael Giles/Peter Giles/Robert Fripp – The cheerful insanity of Giles, Giles and Fripp 1949 – Joni Mitchell – (Kept on) by her own devices 2949 – Jethro Tull – Supercharged again : the 1973 American tour 1950 – The Outlaws – Another roadside attraction 2950 – The Beatles – Hahst Az Sön : Two Weeks in January Nineteen Sixty-nine 1951 – Bad Company – Scrapbook 1952 – Bob Dylan – Are you now or have you ever been? 1953 – Roxy Music – Champagne and novocaine 1954 – The Doors – Moonlight drive 1955 – Genesis – The bedside yellow foam 1956 – Little Feat – Aurora backseat 2956 – The London Symphony Orchestra – Tommy recorded live at the Rainbow 1957 – Queen – Sheetkeeckers 1958 – 10CC – Going pink on purpose 1959 – The Jimi Hendrix Experience – Pipe dream 1960 – Steve Miller Band – The midnight toker 2960 – Led Zeppelin – 1975 World tour 1961 – Bad Company – Boblingen 1962-RS – Bob Dylan – Royal Albert Hall 1963 – Bob Dylan – Now your mouth cries wolf 1964 – Boz Scaggs – Jump street jive drive 2964 – Led Zeppelin – Live in Seattle 2965 – David Bowie – Live at Santa Monica Civic 1966-RS – Led Zeppelin – Cellarful of noise (with Live in Japan subtitle) 1967-RS – Bad Company – Live in Japan 1968 – King Crimson – Heretic 3969 – Pink Floyd – Crackers 1970 – The Kinks – Don't touch that dial! 1971 – Beck, Bogert & Appice – Somewhere over the rainbow 1972 – Bob Dylan – Joaquin antique 1973 – Pink Floyd – Raving and drooling 1974 – Electric Light Orchestra – Wholly Edison 1975 – Genesis – Awed man out 1976 – Little Feat – Beak positive 1977 – Roxy Music – Foolproof 1978 – Roxy Music – Absinthe makes the heart grow fondle 2979 – Grateful Dead – Make believe ballroom 1980 – Gram Parsons/The International Submarine Band – The devil and the deep blue sea 2980 – Genesis – Swelled and spent 1981 – Yes – The Affirmery 1982 – Patti Smith Group – Canine teardrop 2982 – Bob Dylan – passed over and rolling thunder 1983 – Gentle Giant – Among the darkers 1984 – Groucho Marx – I never kissed an ugly woman 1990 – Procol Harum – Five and a dime 1991 – The Tubes – Darted in my armchair 1992 – Little Feat – Rampant Syncopatio 1993 – Jackson Browne – The return of the common man 1994 – Electric Light Orchestra – Freedom city pandemonium 2995 – David Bowie – Resurrection on 84th street 1996 – Todd Rundgren/Utopia – Nimbus Thitherward 1997 – Queen – Command performance 1999 – Bob Dylan – Bridgett's album 24900 – Bob Dylan – Live in Adelaide Australia 1978 24901 – Eagles – Crazed & snake-eyed 24902 – Fleetwood Mac – Will the real Fleetwood Mac please stand up 24903 – Bruce Springsteen – You can trust your car to the man who wears the star 24904 – Rainbow – Live in Australia 24905 – Genesis – Live in Newcastle 1973 24906 – Genesis – Recorded live at the Felt Forum 24907 – Frank Zappa/ Mothers – No commercial potential 24909 – Rolling Stones – Nasty songs 24910 – Bob Dylan – The Hurricane Carter benefit 24911 – Elvis Presley – Memories 24912 – Elvis Presley – Trouble bound 24913 – Elvis Presley – The Vegas years 900 – Bob Dylan – Royal Albert Hall 901 – Elvis Costello – The Kornyfone Radio hour 902 – Fleetwood Mac – The rockhoppers live in Japan 903 – Patti Smith – Hard nipples 904 – Emerson, Lake and Palmer – The 1978 world tour 905 – Supertramp – The 1986 American tour 906 – Crosby, Nash & Young – Waterbrothers 907 – Aerosmith – Look homeward angel 908 – Neil Young – The 1970 Carnegie Hall show 909 – Fleetwood Mac – Offhand 910 – Led Zeppelin – Ballcrusher 911 – Jefferson Starship – Fasten your seatbelt 912 – Patti Smith – In heat 913 – Deep Purple – Guitar Slaughterhouse 914 – Deep Purple – Live in London 915 – Yes – Live at the Rainbow 916 – Sex Pistols – Live at Winterland 918 – Led Zeppelin – Live in England 1976 919 – Patti Smith – Teenage perversity and ships in the night 920 – Graham Parker – Pub rockin' 921 – Lynyrd Skynyrd – Flying high 922 – Fleetwood Mac – Play the city of the angels 923 – Babys – Spoiled brats 924 – Tom Petty – Heartbreak in N.Y. 925 – Linda Ronstadt – Wishin' I was a cub scout 926 – Foreigner – First time around 927 – Queen – Royal rock us 928 – Elvis Costello – Revelations From The Very Middle 929 – Sex Pistols – Sex Pistols 930 – Rush – Around the world recorded live 932 – Genesis – Recorded live at Marquee Club 933 – Genesis – Recorded live at Carnegie Hall 1973 950 – Devo – Sing if you're glad to be Devo 957 – Supertramp – Montreal 77 Bozo1 – Various Artists – T'anks for the mammaries 1985 The Cult- Some Zip Gun Boogies. Sides one and two were recorded at the Underground Club on Nov. 14, 1985, and sides three and four were recorded in Italy sometime in 1986. See also List of record labels References ^ Heylin, Clinton (1996). Bootleg: The Secret History of the Other Recording Industry. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 106. ISBN 0-312-14289-7. ^ Hot Wacks book, XV (1992). The Last Wacks. Box 544 Owen Sound N4K 5RI Canada: The Hot Wacks Press. p. 769& 770. ISBN 978-0-9698080-3-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ Auslander, Philip (2006) Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 978-0-472-06868-5, p. 236 ^ Sweet, Brian (2009) Steely Dan: Reelin' In the Years, Omnibus Press, ISBN 978-0-85712-018-2 ^ External links "The Amazing Kornyfone Label: Cover Art Appreciation & the Stories Behind the Recordings on Classic Vinyl Bootlegs". Retrieved 4 July 2016.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bootlegging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootleg_recording"},{"link_name":"record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_labels"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"The Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Joni Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"TMQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmoq"},{"link_name":"Great White Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_White_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Tales from The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tales_from_The_Who&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Smokin' Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smokin%27_Pig&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Amazing Kornyfone Record Label (TAKRL) was one of the first bootlegging record labels in America. Kornyfone was based in Southern California in the 1970s. The label released albums from such artists as The Beatles, David Bowie, Bob Dylan, The Grateful Dead, Led Zeppelin, Elton John, Joni Mitchell, Pink Floyd, Genesis, and others. Kornyfone was known for its packaging, with interesting artwork and informative covers.According to Clinton Heylin,[1] \"Though Dub's output [at TMQ] in the five years separating Great White Wonder from Tales from The Who had outstripped any of his competitors, TMQ's catalogue pales alongside what Ken and co. unleashed between 1974 and the end of 1976. One hundred-plus titles from the flagship label, The Amazing Kornyphone Record Label,[2] were supplemented by represses of Smokin' Pig titles, thirty-two titles on TKRWM (The Kornyphone Records for the Working Man), a dozen double-albums on Singer's Original Double Discs (SODD), 20 releases on the Phonygraf label (Phonygraf), and sixteen releases on Highway High Fi Collector's Edition Records (HHCER) (which regularly appeared with TAKRL or Smokin' Pig labels - just to add to the confusion).\" The TAKRL label was active between 1974 and 1977. In 1978 they re-pressed some of their titles with black and white covers.","title":"The Amazing Kornyfone Record Label"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Black Sabbath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sabbath"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Yardbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yardbirds"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"The Jeff Beck Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jeff_Beck_Group"},{"link_name":"Blind Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Faith"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Cat Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Stevens"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Joe Cocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cocker"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Moody Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moody_Blues"},{"link_name":"Emerson, Lake and Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_and_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"The Yardbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yardbirds"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Mott The Hoople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mott_The_Hoople"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Procol Harum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procol_Harum"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Springfield"},{"link_name":"The Bonzo Dog Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bonzo_Dog_Band"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"The Mahavishnu Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mahavishnu_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Steely Dan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steely_Dan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Emerson, Lake and Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_and_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Joni Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Rick Wakeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Wakeman"},{"link_name":"Van Der Graaf Generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Der_Graaf_Generator"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"King Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Crimson"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_(band)"},{"link_name":"Alice Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Santana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana_(band)"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"The Nazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nazz"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"Lothar and The Hand People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothar_and_The_Hand_People"},{"link_name":"Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosby,_Stills,_Nash_and_Young"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_(band)"},{"link_name":"Robin Trower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Trower"},{"link_name":"The Kinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kinks"},{"link_name":"The Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Little Feat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Feat"},{"link_name":"Gentle Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentle_Giant"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith Odeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith_Odeon"},{"link_name":"Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparks_(band)"},{"link_name":"Michael Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Giles"},{"link_name":"Joni Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Jethro Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaws_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"Bad Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Company"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Roxy Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Music"},{"link_name":"The Doors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doors"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Little Feat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Feat"},{"link_name":"The London Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"10CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10CC"},{"link_name":"The Jimi Hendrix Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience"},{"link_name":"Steve Miller Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Miller_Band"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Bad Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Company"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Boz Scaggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boz_Scaggs"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Bad Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Company"},{"link_name":"King Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Crimson"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"The Kinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kinks"},{"link_name":"Beck, Bogert & Appice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck,_Bogert_%26_Appice"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Electric Light Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Little Feat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Feat"},{"link_name":"Roxy Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Music"},{"link_name":"Roxy Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxy_Music"},{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Gram Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_Parsons"},{"link_name":"The International Submarine Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_International_Submarine_Band"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith_Group"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Gentle Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentle_Giant"},{"link_name":"Groucho Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groucho_Marx"},{"link_name":"Procol Harum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procol_Harum"},{"link_name":"The Tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tubes"},{"link_name":"Little Feat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Feat"},{"link_name":"Jackson Browne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Browne"},{"link_name":"Electric Light Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Todd Rundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Rundgren"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Bruce Springsteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen"},{"link_name":"Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_(rock_band)"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"},{"link_name":"Emerson, Lake and Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_and_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Supertramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertramp"},{"link_name":"Crosby, Nash & Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crosby,_Nash_%26_Young&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aerosmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosmith"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Starship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Starship"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_(band)"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Patti Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_Smith"},{"link_name":"Graham Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Parker"},{"link_name":"Lynyrd Skynyrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Mac"},{"link_name":"Babys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babys"},{"link_name":"Tom Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Petty"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"Foreigner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreigner_(band)"},{"link_name":"Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(band)"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_(band)"},{"link_name":"Devo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devo"},{"link_name":"Supertramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertramp"}],"text":"1373-RS – George Harrison – US tour 1974 : Let's Hear One for Lord Budda\n1374-RS – The Beatles – EMI outtakes\n1375-RS – Yes – Live in Amsterdam\n1376-RS – Deep Purple – Glutton for punishment\n1377-RS – Queen – Royal American tour\n1379-RS – Black Sabbath – Gr'ndlepol\n1380-RS – Elton John – Closet keepers\n1387-RS – Yardbirds – Golden eggs\n1900 – The Beatles – On stage in Japan : The 1966 tour\n1901 – The Jeff Beck Group – European tour\n1902 – Blind Faith – Recorded live along the U.S tour\n1903 – Pink Floyd – In celebration of the comet\n1904 – Cat Stevens – The Hoaxer's midnight daydream\n1905 – David Bowie – Dollars in drag : The 1980 floor show[3]\n1906 – Fleetwood Mac – Merely a Portmanteau\n1907 – Elton John – Rock and roll Madonna\n1908 – Joe Cocker – The lost live album\n1909 – Frank Zappa/Mothers – Poot face boogie\n1910 – Moody Blues – Grande toure\n1911 – Emerson, Lake and Palmer – The callow and cash and idle eyes\n1912 – Bob Dylan – Ode for Barbara Allen\n1913 – Pink Floyd – Nocturnal submission : robot love\n1914 – The Yardbirds – Last hurray in the big apple\n1915 – David Bowie – Good enough to eat : Soft in the middle\n1916 – The Who – Decidedly belated response\n1917 – Neil Young – The last album\n1918 – Mott The Hoople – Behind Enemy Lines\n1919 – The Rolling Stones – The Jean-Clarke Mammorial Sonic Barbecue\n1920 – Procol Harum – Tales with tangrams\n1921 – Buffalo Springfield – Stampede : the gold star acetates\n1922 – The Bonzo Dog Band – Loose Caboose\n2922 – Bob Dylan – Lovesongs for America : Cast-off Lungs and Retoughed Badlands\n1923 – The Mahavishnu Orchestra – Bundled Sunspray Demise\n1924 – Steely Dan – Rotoscope Down Pleasantly Retired (A Peak Behind the Curtain)[4]\n2924 – Emerson, Lake and Palmer – The 1972 American tour\n1925 – Joni Mitchell – Lennie and Dom Songs (Early On)\n1926 – Rick Wakeman – Unleashing the Tethered One\n1927 – Van Der Graaf Generator – Fellow Traveller\n2927 – Elton John – No title\n1928 – King Crimson – Un Rêve Sans Conséquence Spéciale\n1929 – Frank Zappa / Mothers – Safe muffinz\n1930 – Deep Purple – Perks and tit\n1931 – Traffic – On by the way\n1932 – Alice Cooper – Parricidal slumbers\n1933 – Pink Floyd – Ohn suite ohm : we've blown (ahhaa!) the clone\n1934 – Santana – Flako De '57 Sportshirt\n1935 – David Bowie – Last stand : his masters voice\n1936 – The Nazz – Twenty/twenty hindsight\n2936 – The Who – Jaguar anyone?\n1937 – Lothar and The Hand People – Spores\n2937 – Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young – Nice to see you : the nineteen seventy-four excursion\n1938 – Chicago – On stage\n1939 – Robin Trower – Guitar bandit\n1940 – The Kinks – Survivors\n1941 – The Rolling Stones – Bedspring symphony\n1942 – Little Feat – Electric lycanthrope\n1943 – Gentle Giant – Playing the foole\n1944 – Elton John – Just like strange rain : pink-eyed in paradise part one\n1945 – Genesis – As though emerald city\n1946 – Elton John – All across the havens : pink-eyed in paradise part two - sourced from a video soundtrack of the Hammersmith Odeon show of 24 December 1974.\n1947 – Sparks – One and a half-Nelson\n1948 – Michael Giles/Peter Giles/Robert Fripp – The cheerful insanity of Giles, Giles and Fripp\n1949 – Joni Mitchell – (Kept on) by her own devices\n2949 – Jethro Tull – Supercharged again : the 1973 American tour\n1950 – The Outlaws – Another roadside attraction\n2950 – The Beatles – Hahst Az Sön : Two Weeks in January Nineteen Sixty-nine\n1951 – Bad Company – Scrapbook\n1952 – Bob Dylan – Are you now or have you ever been?\n1953 – Roxy Music – Champagne and novocaine\n1954 – The Doors – Moonlight drive\n1955 – Genesis – The bedside yellow foam\n1956 – Little Feat – Aurora backseat\n2956 – The London Symphony Orchestra – Tommy recorded live at the Rainbow\n1957 – Queen – Sheetkeeckers\n1958 – 10CC – Going pink on purpose\n1959 – The Jimi Hendrix Experience – Pipe dream\n1960 – Steve Miller Band – The midnight toker\n2960 – Led Zeppelin – 1975 World tour\n1961 – Bad Company – Boblingen\n1962-RS – Bob Dylan – Royal Albert Hall\n1963 – Bob Dylan – Now your mouth cries wolf\n1964 – Boz Scaggs – Jump street jive drive\n2964 – Led Zeppelin – Live in Seattle\n2965 – David Bowie – Live at Santa Monica Civic\n1966-RS – Led Zeppelin – Cellarful of noise (with Live in Japan subtitle)\n1967-RS – Bad Company – Live in Japan\n1968 – King Crimson – Heretic\n3969 – Pink Floyd – Crackers\n1970 – The Kinks – Don't touch that dial!\n1971 – Beck, Bogert & Appice – Somewhere over the rainbow\n1972 – Bob Dylan – Joaquin antique\n1973 – Pink Floyd – Raving and drooling\n1974 – Electric Light Orchestra – Wholly Edison\n1975 – Genesis – Awed man out\n1976 – Little Feat – Beak positive\n1977 – Roxy Music – Foolproof\n1978 – Roxy Music – Absinthe makes the heart grow fondle\n2979 – Grateful Dead – Make believe ballroom\n1980 – Gram Parsons/The International Submarine Band – The devil and the deep blue sea\n2980 – Genesis – Swelled and spent\n1981 – Yes – The Affirmery\n1982 – Patti Smith Group – Canine teardrop\n2982 – Bob Dylan – passed over and rolling thunder\n1983 – Gentle Giant – Among the darkers\n1984 – Groucho Marx – I never kissed an ugly woman\n1990 – Procol Harum – Five and a dime\n1991 – The Tubes – Darted in my armchair\n1992 – Little Feat – Rampant Syncopatio\n1993 – Jackson Browne – The return of the common man\n1994 – Electric Light Orchestra – Freedom city pandemonium\n2995 – David Bowie – Resurrection on 84th street[5]\n1996 – Todd Rundgren/Utopia – Nimbus Thitherward\n1997 – Queen – Command performance\n1999 – Bob Dylan – Bridgett's album\n24900 – Bob Dylan – Live in Adelaide Australia 1978\n24901 – Eagles – Crazed & snake-eyed\n24902 – Fleetwood Mac – Will the real Fleetwood Mac please stand up\n24903 – Bruce Springsteen – You can trust your car to the man who wears the star\n24904 – Rainbow – Live in Australia\n24905 – Genesis – Live in Newcastle 1973\n24906 – Genesis – Recorded live at the Felt Forum\n24907 – Frank Zappa/ Mothers – No commercial potential\n24909 – Rolling Stones – Nasty songs\n24910 – Bob Dylan – The Hurricane Carter benefit\n24911 – Elvis Presley – Memories\n24912 – Elvis Presley – Trouble bound\n24913 – Elvis Presley – The Vegas years\n900 – Bob Dylan – Royal Albert Hall\n901 – Elvis Costello – The Kornyfone Radio hour\n902 – Fleetwood Mac – The rockhoppers live in Japan\n903 – Patti Smith – Hard nipples\n904 – Emerson, Lake and Palmer – The 1978 world tour\n905 – Supertramp – The 1986 American tour\n906 – Crosby, Nash & Young – Waterbrothers\n907 – Aerosmith – Look homeward angel\n908 – Neil Young – The 1970 Carnegie Hall show\n909 – Fleetwood Mac – Offhand\n910 – Led Zeppelin – Ballcrusher\n911 – Jefferson Starship – Fasten your seatbelt\n912 – Patti Smith – In heat\n913 – Deep Purple – Guitar Slaughterhouse\n914 – Deep Purple – Live in London\n915 – Yes – Live at the Rainbow\n916 – Sex Pistols – Live at Winterland\n918 – Led Zeppelin – Live in England 1976\n919 – Patti Smith – Teenage perversity and ships in the night\n920 – Graham Parker – Pub rockin'\n921 – Lynyrd Skynyrd – Flying high\n922 – Fleetwood Mac – Play the city of the angels\n923 – Babys – Spoiled brats\n924 – Tom Petty – Heartbreak in N.Y.\n925 – Linda Ronstadt – Wishin' I was a cub scout\n926 – Foreigner – First time around\n927 – Queen – Royal rock us\n928 – Elvis Costello – Revelations From The Very Middle\n929 – Sex Pistols – Sex Pistols\n930 – Rush – Around the world recorded live\n932 – Genesis – Recorded live at Marquee Club\n933 – Genesis – Recorded live at Carnegie Hall 1973\n950 – Devo – Sing if you're glad to be Devo\n957 – Supertramp – Montreal 77\nBozo1 – Various Artists – T'anks for the mammaries1985 The Cult- Some Zip Gun Boogies. Sides one and two were recorded at the Underground Club on Nov. 14, 1985, and sides three and four were recorded in Italy sometime in 1986.","title":"Releases"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"}]	[{"reference":"Heylin, Clinton (1996). Bootleg: The Secret History of the Other Recording Industry. New York: St. Martin's Griffin. p. 106. ISBN 0-312-14289-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-14289-7","url_text":"0-312-14289-7"}]},{"reference":"Hot Wacks book, XV (1992). The Last Wacks. Box 544 Owen Sound N4K 5RI Canada: The Hot Wacks Press. p. 769& 770. ISBN 978-0-9698080-3-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9698080-3-9","url_text":"978-0-9698080-3-9"}]},{"reference":"\"The Amazing Kornyfone Label: Cover Art Appreciation & the Stories Behind the Recordings on Classic Vinyl Bootlegs\". Retrieved 4 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://theamazingkornyfonelabel.wordpress.com/","url_text":"\"The Amazing Kornyfone Label: Cover Art Appreciation & the Stories Behind the Recordings on Classic Vinyl Bootlegs\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://rateyourmusic.com/release/unauth/david_bowie/resurrection_on_84th_street_f1.p/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://theamazingkornyfonelabel.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"\"The Amazing Kornyfone Label: Cover Art Appreciation & the Stories Behind the Recordings on Classic Vinyl Bootlegs\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghetto_Stories_(film)	Ghetto Stories (film)	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	2010 film directed by John McDougall Ghetto StoriesDirected byJohn McDougalTurkWritten byAdam MorenoDamon DashProduced byCourtney ScottBryan WrightStarringLil BoosieWebbieBun BTrill FamNicole AlexanderTyrin TurnerCinematographyLarry LynutteTurkEdited byPhillip KimseyMusic byMouse On Tha TrackB.J. Tha New Orleans RunnaDJ B-RealDistributed byTrill FilmsAsylum RecordsRelease date November 9, 2010 (2010-11-09) Running time110 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$500,000 Ghetto Stories is a 2010 American crime film directed by John McDougal and Turk produced and distributed by Asylum Records. It was released on November 9, 2010. Plot Rival drug dealers struggle to make ends meet in the crime filled streets of Baton Rouge. Unaware that they are family, two young men from different sides of town wage a war on each other that eventually culminates in a strong union. Cast Lil Boosie - Marcus Hatch Webbie - Jy Carter Tyrin Turner - Slimm Nicole "Hoopz" Alexander - Kayla Bun B - Savages' father Paul Wall - Prison Inmate Lil' Trill - Trill Mike Epps - Lawn Service Worker La'rico Hill - Humana Humana Brandon Bradford - BiBi Lil Phat Linda Robinson - Grandmother See also List of hood films References ^ Amazon.com External links Ghetto Stories at IMDb vteBoosie BadazzStudio albums Youngest of da Camp For My Thugz Bad Azz Superbad: The Return of Boosie Bad Azz Incarcerated Touch Down 2 Cause Hell BooPac Collaboration albums Ghetto Stories Gangsta Musik Trill Entertainment Presents: Survival of the Fittest Trill Entertainment Presents: All or Nothing Mixtapes In My Feelings (Goin’ Thru It) Out My Feelings in My Past Thug Talk Singles "Zoom" "Better Believe It" Collaborative singles "Wipe Me Down" "Show Da World" Featured singles "The Way I Live" "Independent" "Out Here Grindin" Related articles Discography Trill Entertainment Bad Azz Entertainment Ghetto Stories (film) vteWebbieAlbums Savage Life Savage Life 2 Savage Life 3 Savage Life 4 Collaboration albums Ghetto Stories Gangsta Musik Trill Entertainment Presents: Survival of the Fittest Trill Entertainment Presents: All or Nothing Singles "Give Me That" "Independent" "I Miss You" Collborative singles "Wipe Me Down" "Show Da World" Featured singles "Bizzy Body" "Better Believe It" "Lil Freak (Ugh, Ugh, Ugh)" Related articles Discography Trill Entertainment This 2010s crime film-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Asylum Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ghetto Stories is a 2010 American crime film directed by John McDougal and Turk produced and distributed by Asylum Records. It was released on November 9, 2010.[1]","title":"Ghetto Stories (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baton Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baton_Rouge"}],"text":"Rival drug dealers struggle to make ends meet in the crime filled streets of Baton Rouge. Unaware that they are family, two young men from different sides of town wage a war on each other that eventually culminates in a strong union.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lil Boosie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Boosie"},{"link_name":"Webbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbie"},{"link_name":"Tyrin Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrin_Turner"},{"link_name":"Nicole \"Hoopz\" Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Bun B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bun_B"},{"link_name":"Paul Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wall"},{"link_name":"Mike Epps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Epps"},{"link_name":"La'rico Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La%27rico_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brandon Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandon_Bradford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lil Phat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Phat"},{"link_name":"Linda Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Robinson"}],"text":"Lil Boosie - Marcus Hatch\nWebbie - Jy Carter\nTyrin Turner - Slimm\nNicole \"Hoopz\" Alexander - Kayla\nBun B - Savages' father\nPaul Wall - Prison Inmate\nLil' Trill - Trill\nMike Epps - Lawn Service Worker\nLa'rico Hill - Humana Humana\nBrandon Bradford - BiBi\nLil Phat\nLinda Robinson - Grandmother","title":"Cast"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of hood films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hood_films"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Ghetto-Stories-Movie-Lil-Boosie/dp/B004499NII","external_links_name":"Amazon.com"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1777573/","external_links_name":"Ghetto Stories"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghetto_Stories_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterostylis_depauperata	Pterostylis depauperata	["1 Description","2 Taxonomy and naming","3 Distribution and habitat","4 References"]	Species of orchid Keeled greenhood Drawing of Pterostylis depauperata by Lewis Roberts Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Orchidaceae Subfamily: Orchidoideae Tribe: Cranichideae Genus: Pterostylis Species: P. depauperata Binomial name Pterostylis depauperataF.M.Bailey Synonyms Crangonorchis depauperata (F.M.Bailey) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem. Diplodium depauperatum (F.M.Bailey) M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones Pterostylis depauperata, commonly known as the keeled greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to Queensland. Flowering plants have a rosette of leaves at the base of a flowering stem with a single small white flower with pale green marks, and a few small stem leaves. Non-flowering plants only have a rosette of leaves. All three sepals on the flower have relatively long, thread-like tips. Description Pterostylis depauperata is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and which often grows in colonies. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of between three and seven egg-shaped, greyish green leaves lying flat on the ground. Each leaf is 10–40 mm (0.4–2 in) long and 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) wide. Flowering plants have a single flower 15–17 mm (0.6–0.7 in) long and 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) wide on a flowering stem 80–200 mm (3–8 in) high with a few small stem leaves. The flowers are white with pale green striations. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or "galea" over the column. The dorsal sepal has a thread-like tip 10–13 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long and lateral sepals are erect, held closely against the galea and have thread-like tips 17–20 mm (0.7–0.8 in) long. The labellum is 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long, about 3 mm (0.1 in) wide, dark brown and curved, and just protrudes above the sinus. Flowering occurs from March to August. Taxonomy and naming Pterostylis depauperata was first formally described in 1943 by Frederick Bailey from a specimen collected near Cairns. The description was published in the Botany Bulletin of the Queensland Department of Agriculture. Distribution and habitat The keeled greenhood grows with grasses and small shrubs in woodland and forest between Cooktown and Ravenshoe at altitudes above 500 m (1,600 ft). References ^ a b "Pterostylis depauperata". APNI. Retrieved 25 June 2017. ^ a b Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. pp. 286–287. ISBN 978-1877069123. ^ a b D.L.Jones; T.Hopley; S.M.Duffy (2010). "Factsheet - Crangonorchis depauperata". Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids. Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. Retrieved 31 May 2021. Taxon identifiersPterostylis depauperata Wikidata: Q15499827 Wikispecies: Pterostylis depauperata APNI: 74526 BOLD: 1095793 CoL: 4Q6FF EoL: 1132272 GBIF: 2847381 iNaturalist: 1078106 IPNI: 655307-1 NCBI: 672436 Open Tree of Life: 388321 Plant List: kew-170548 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:655307-1 Species+: 14890 Tropicos: 50039302 WFO: wfo-0000288475	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"rosette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosette_(botany)"},{"link_name":"sepals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal"}],"text":"Pterostylis depauperata, commonly known as the keeled greenhood, is a species of orchid endemic to Queensland. Flowering plants have a rosette of leaves at the base of a flowering stem with a single small white flower with pale green marks, and a few small stem leaves. Non-flowering plants only have a rosette of leaves. All three sepals on the flower have relatively long, thread-like tips.","title":"Pterostylis depauperata"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"herb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbaceous_plant"},{"link_name":"tuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber"},{"link_name":"dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dorsal"},{"link_name":"sepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepal"},{"link_name":"petals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petal"},{"link_name":"column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(botany)"},{"link_name":"lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lateral"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATROK-3"}],"text":"Pterostylis depauperata is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and which often grows in colonies. Non-flowering plants have a rosette of between three and seven egg-shaped, greyish green leaves lying flat on the ground. Each leaf is 10–40 mm (0.4–2 in) long and 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) wide. Flowering plants have a single flower 15–17 mm (0.6–0.7 in) long and 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) wide on a flowering stem 80–200 mm (3–8 in) high with a few small stem leaves. The flowers are white with pale green striations. The dorsal sepal and petals are fused, forming a hood or \"galea\" over the column. The dorsal sepal has a thread-like tip 10–13 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long and lateral sepals are erect, held closely against the galea and have thread-like tips 17–20 mm (0.7–0.8 in) long. The labellum is 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long, about 3 mm (0.1 in) wide, dark brown and curved, and just protrudes above the sinus. Flowering occurs from March to August.[2][3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Manson_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairns"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APNI-1"}],"text":"Pterostylis depauperata was first formally described in 1943 by Frederick Bailey from a specimen collected near Cairns. The description was published in the Botany Bulletin of the Queensland Department of Agriculture.[1]","title":"Taxonomy and naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cooktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooktown"},{"link_name":"Ravenshoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenshoe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ATROK-3"}],"text":"The keeled greenhood grows with grasses and small shrubs in woodland and forest between Cooktown and Ravenshoe at altitudes above 500 m (1,600 ft).[2][3]","title":"Distribution and habitat"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Pterostylis depauperata\". APNI. Retrieved 25 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/487139","url_text":"\"Pterostylis depauperata\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplurinae	Opluridae	["1 Species","2 References","3 External links"]	Family of lizards Opluridae Oplurus cuvieri Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Iguania Clade: Pleurodonta Family: OpluridaeTitus & Frost, 1996 Genera 2 genera (8 recognized species), see article. The Opluridae, or Madagascan iguanas, are a family of moderately-sized lizards native to Madagascar and Grande Comore. There are eight species across two genera, with most of them being under Oplurus. The other genus, Chalarodon, is easily distinguishable from Oplurus as it contains species with a dorsal crest, particularly distinct in males, and has a smoother tail covered in similarly sized scales. Genus Oplurus has large segmented spiny scales, and no dorsal crest along the spine. The Opluridae, along with the banded iguanas and their kin (family Iguanidae) of Fiji, are the only extant members of the Pleurodonta that are found outside of the Americas. The Opluridae family includes terrestrial species that live amongst rocks and canyons, along with some that are arboreal, and two that prefer sandier habitats. All of the species are oviparous, or egg-layers, and have teeth that resemble those of the true iguanas. A study to identify the primary foraging methods of the Oplurus genus indicated that ambush hunting was preferred due to the reptiles' low movement-per-minute (MPM) and percent-time-spent-moving (PTM) rates, especially during the very rainy and very dry seasons of the Ampijoroa Forest and Ankarafantsika. Previously, due to their physical isolation from all other iguanids, it was thought that oplurids had very ancient/basal origins; a study of mitochondrial DNA sequences had put the split between Opluridae and Iguanidae—within which Opluridae is occasionally classified as subfamily Oplurinae—at about 165 million years ago (MYA), during the Middle Jurassic. This study supported the monophyly of the expanded Iguanidae, thus placing Oplurinae in the basal position—consistent with a vicariant origin of the Madagascan iguanians, as Madagascar is believed to have separated from Africa some 140 MYA during the breakup of Gondwana. However, a 2022 study found Opluridae to be the sister group to the Leiosauridae, a family of iguanids found only in South America. Both groups were found to have only diverged during the Paleocene, about 60 MYA. As this divergence was too recent to be a result of vicariance, it was proposed that the Opluridae colonized Madagascar via oceanic dispersal, floating on uprooted trees, shrubbery and other amalgamated natural objects directly to Madagascar from South America. Alternate theories see the reptiles reaching mainland Africa first, before later making their way to Madagascar, or floating from South America to Madagascar with Antarctica as a stopping-point (as the continent was not yet glaciated at the time). Species Family Opluridae Image Genus Living species Chalarodon Peters, 1854 Chalarodon madagascariensis Chalarodon steinkampi Oplurus Cuvier, 1829 Oplurus cuvieri Oplurus cyclurus Oplurus fierinensis Oplurus grandidieri Oplurus quadrimaculatus Oplurus saxicola References ^ "Genus Chalarodon – Dwarf Malagasy Iguana". Cyberlizard (UK) Website. 28 July 2014. Retrieved 12 Aug 2014. ^ a b Schlüter, Uwe (2013). "Madagaskarleguane - Lebensweise, Pflege und Fortpflanzung". KUS-Verlag, Rheinstetten. ISBN 978-3-9808264-8-8. A Monograph on Opluridae (in German). ^ Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-12-178560-2. ^ a b Okajima, Y.; Kumazawa, Y. (2009-07-15). "Mitogenomic perspectives into iguanid phylogeny and biogeography: Gondwanan vicariance for the origin of Madagascan oplurines". Gene. 441 (1–2). Elsevier: 28–35. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.06.011. PMID 18598742. ^ Welt, Rachel S.; Raxworthy, Christopher J. (2022-02-01). "Dispersal, not vicariance, explains the biogeographic origin of iguanas on Madagascar". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 167: 107345. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107345. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 34748875. S2CID 243821392. External links Family Opluridae vteSquamata families Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Dibamia Dibamidae Gekkota Gekkonidae Carphodactylidae Diplodactylidae Eublepharidae Phyllodactylidae Pygopodidae Sphaerodactylidae Scincoidea Cordylidae Gerrhosauridae Scincidae Xantusiidae Laterata / Lacertoidea Lacertidae Gymnophthalmoidea Alopoglossidae Gymnophthalmidae Teiidae Amphisbaenia Amphisbaenidae Bipedidae Blanidae Cadeidae Rhineuridae Trogonophidae Anguimorpha Shinisauridae Lanthanotidae Varanidae Helodermatidae Xenosauridae Anguidae Anniellidae Diploglossidae Iguania Agamidae Chamaeleonidae Corytophanidae Crotaphytidae Dactyloidae Hoplocercidae Iguanidae Leiocephalidae Leiosauridae Liolaemidae Opluridae Phrynosomatidae Polychrotidae Tropiduridae SerpentesScolecophidia Anomalepididae Gerrhopilidae Leptotyphlopidae Typhlopidae Xenotyphlopidae Alethinophidia Acrochordidae Aniliidae Anomochilidae Atractaspididae Boidae Bolyeriidae Colubridae Cylindrophiidae Elapidae Loxocemidae Pythonidae Tropidophiidae Uropeltidae Viperidae Xenopeltidae Taxon identifiersOpluridae Wikidata: Q386937 Wikispecies: Opluridae BOLD: 460012 CoL: DP8 EoL: 8104 GBIF: 9113 iNaturalist: 36063 IRMNG: 105531 ITIS: 564543 NCBI: 43602 Open Tree of Life: 391944 Paleobiology Database: 136564 Authority control databases: National Israel This lizard article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Grande Comore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Comore"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Oplurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplurus"},{"link_name":"Chalarodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalarodon_madagascariensis"},{"link_name":"Oplurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oplurus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CyberLizard-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCH-2"},{"link_name":"banded iguanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachylophus"},{"link_name":"Iguanidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanidae"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Pleurodonta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurodonta"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial_animal"},{"link_name":"canyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon"},{"link_name":"arboreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion"},{"link_name":"oviparous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviparity"},{"link_name":"iguanas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EoR-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCH-2"},{"link_name":"foraging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foraging"},{"link_name":"ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush_predator"},{"link_name":"Ankarafantsika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankarafantsika_National_Park"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion"},{"link_name":"classified as subfamily Oplurinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanidae#Classification"},{"link_name":"MYA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_years_ago"},{"link_name":"Middle Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Okajima2009-4"},{"link_name":"monophyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophyletic"},{"link_name":"vicariant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopatric_speciation"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"breakup of Gondwana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana#Break-up"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Okajima2009-4"},{"link_name":"sister group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group"},{"link_name":"Leiosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiosauridae"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Paleocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocene"},{"link_name":"oceanic dispersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_dispersal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Opluridae, or Madagascan iguanas, are a family of moderately-sized lizards native to Madagascar and Grande Comore. There are eight species across two genera, with most of them being under Oplurus. The other genus, Chalarodon, is easily distinguishable from Oplurus as it contains species with a dorsal crest, particularly distinct in males, and has a smoother tail covered in similarly sized scales. Genus Oplurus has large segmented spiny scales, and no dorsal crest along the spine.[1][2]The Opluridae, along with the banded iguanas and their kin (family Iguanidae) of Fiji, are the only extant members of the Pleurodonta that are found outside of the Americas. The Opluridae family includes terrestrial species that live amongst rocks and canyons, along with some that are arboreal, and two that prefer sandier habitats. All of the species are oviparous, or egg-layers, and have teeth that resemble those of the true iguanas.[3][2] A study to identify the primary foraging methods of the Oplurus genus indicated that ambush hunting was preferred due to the reptiles' low movement-per-minute (MPM) and percent-time-spent-moving (PTM) rates, especially during the very rainy and very dry seasons of the Ampijoroa Forest and Ankarafantsika.Previously, due to their physical isolation from all other iguanids, it was thought that oplurids had very ancient/basal origins; a study of mitochondrial DNA sequences had put the split between Opluridae and Iguanidae—within which Opluridae is occasionally classified as subfamily Oplurinae—at about 165 million years ago (MYA), during the Middle Jurassic.[4] This study supported the monophyly of the expanded Iguanidae, thus placing Oplurinae in the basal position—consistent with a vicariant origin of the Madagascan iguanians, as Madagascar is believed to have separated from Africa some 140 MYA during the breakup of Gondwana.[4] However, a 2022 study found Opluridae to be the sister group to the Leiosauridae, a family of iguanids found only in South America. Both groups were found to have only diverged during the Paleocene, about 60 MYA. As this divergence was too recent to be a result of vicariance, it was proposed that the Opluridae colonized Madagascar via oceanic dispersal, floating on uprooted trees, shrubbery and other amalgamated natural objects directly to Madagascar from South America. Alternate theories see the reptiles reaching mainland Africa first, before later making their way to Madagascar, or floating from South America to Madagascar with Antarctica as a stopping-point (as the continent was not yet glaciated at the time).[5]","title":"Opluridae"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Family Opluridae","title":"Species"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Genus Chalarodon – Dwarf Malagasy Iguana\". Cyberlizard (UK) Website. 28 July 2014. Retrieved 12 Aug 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cyberlizard.plus.com/chalarodon.html","url_text":"\"Genus Chalarodon – Dwarf Malagasy Iguana\""}]},{"reference":"Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 145. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-178560-2","url_text":"0-12-178560-2"}]},{"reference":"Okajima, Y.; Kumazawa, Y. (2009-07-15). \"Mitogenomic perspectives into iguanid phylogeny and biogeography: Gondwanan vicariance for the origin of Madagascan oplurines\". Gene. 441 (1–2). Elsevier: 28–35. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2008.06.011. PMID 18598742.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_(journal)","url_text":"Gene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier","url_text":"Elsevier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gene.2008.06.011","url_text":"10.1016/j.gene.2008.06.011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18598742","url_text":"18598742"}]},{"reference":"Welt, Rachel S.; Raxworthy, Christopher J. (2022-02-01). \"Dispersal, not vicariance, explains the biogeographic origin of iguanas on Madagascar\". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 167: 107345. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107345. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 34748875. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musgrave_Block	Musgrave Block	["1 Geomorphology of Quaternary deposits","2 Palaeozoic rocks","3 Proterozoic basement","4 Events","5 Granites and calderas","5.1 Palgrave Volcanic Association","5.2 Skirmish Hill Caldera","5.3 Other calderas","6 Bentley Supergroup","7 References","8 Further reading"]	Geologic formation in Australia Geological interpretation of the West Musgrave Block, Western Australia. 50x50km grid for scale. The Musgrave Block (also known as the Musgrave Province) is an east-west trending belt of Proterozoic granulite-gneiss basement rocks approximately 500 kilometres (310 mi) long. The Musgrave Block extends from western South Australia into Western Australia. The Musgrave Block is primarily exposed through the actions of the Petermann Orogeny at c. 535-550 Ma, which exhumed the orogenic belt along the Woodroffe Thrust. Geomorphology of Quaternary deposits The Musgrave Block is currently passive geologically, with surficial processes described as residual erosion. The area currently experiences on average less than 150mm (6 inches) of rainfall per annum, which provides little surface runoff and hence virtually no erosion. The landforms of the area are primarily composed of wide calcrete plains, often covered by Pleistocene Age aeolian deposits of sand dunes, sometimes reworked into ephemeral sheetwash fans. Outcrop is rare, restricted primarily to the igneous rocks of the Giles Complex and several granite domes, gneiss domes and isolated outcrops. This area is also a distinct physiographic province of the larger West Australian Shield. Palaeozoic rocks Several Palaeozoic to neoproterozoic sedimentary basins onlap the Musgrave Block, and are exposed mostly around its edges. These were derived from erosion of the Musgrave Block basement during the neoproterozoic to Permian. Proterozoic basement The Proterozoic of the Musgrave Block is composed of seven main classes of rocks: Surficial volcanics of c.1050 to 1080 Ma, both mafic (Mummawarrawarra Basalt) and andesitic to rhyolitic (Tollu, Smoke Hill Volcanics) and the Bentley Supergroup volcanics and sediments of c. 1080 Ma Large intrusive caldera type granite intrusive complexes (Palgrave, Skirmish Hill, Smoke Hill), possibly of c. 1050 and likely no older than 1080 Ma Partly metamorphosed, rarely dissected c. 1080 Ma granite Usually unmetamorphosed, rarely dissected granites of a c. 1050 intrusive suite Partly metamorphosed, dissected intrusive rocks of the mafic-ultramafic c. 1080 Ma Giles Complex Highly metamorphosed metagranites of the c. 1200 Ma suite High-grade crystalline metamorphic basement rocks of c. 1550-1300 Ma age The Musgrave Block is flanked by several Proterozoic to Palaeozoic sedimentary basins, whose sedimentary history can elucidate the timing of tectonic events in the Musgrave Block post-1080 Ma. These include the Proterozoic Amadeus and Officer Basins. Events The most illustrating way of considering the Musgrave Block is as part of a time-space plot in which geological events are arrayed in time against rock units, stratigraphic relationships and for correlative purposes. The key events in the Musgrave Block are: Protolith formation ~1550 Ma. Formation of crustal rocks of the Birksgate Complex, which are both mafic and felsic in composition. Igneous event and orogeny ~1300 Ma inferred from geochronology and distribution of felsic “volcanic” supracrustal sequence of the high grade gneisses Musgravian orogeny at ~1200 Ma including generation of voluminous Kulgera Suite of granites and metamorphosis of the Birksgate Complex and ~1300 supracrustal sequence to amphibolite-granulite facies Warakurna Large igneous province at 1076 ± 6 Ma including the intrusion of the Giles Complex and the Winburn Suite of granites, plus deposition of the Bentley Supergroup (including Tollu and Smoke Hill Volcanics) Amata Dyke Suite at ~830-880 Ma Petermann Orogeny, 535-550 Ma; marginal foreland basin formation, trending to crustal consolidation and quiescence Permian glaciation and erosion of Petermann Orogeny mountains; deposition of Permian sequences in Officer and Amadeus basins Intracontinental setting till present Granites and calderas There are three main phases of granite intrusion into the Musgrave Block: Kulgera Suite at 1200 Ma At ~1080Ma synchronous with the Giles Complex Winburn Suite at ~1050Ma postdating the Giles Complex The Kulgera Suite is a widespread, voluminous suite of fractionated amphibole-bearing plagioclase rich tonalite to granodiorites of an I-type affinity (Stewart, 2003). They are dated at ~1200 Ma and are considered to be related to melting of the lower crust during the ~1200 Ma Musgravian Orogeny. The Windburn Suite is considered to be an anorogenic A-type granite suite produced by anatexis of the lower crust at ~1080 to 1050 Ma by the injection of the mafic Giles Complex intrusions. They are in most cases poorly fractionated, biotite-muscovite granites, with little hornblende, a high radiometric count and the presence of fluorine. The 1080 Ma granites and 1050 Ma granites can be distinguished on geochemical grounds, the latter is perhaps created by the above process, and the earlier suite a hybrid between A-type and I-type granites formed by assimilation and mixing. There are also significant granite caldera complexes, of many hundred square kilometres in area, which intrude the Musgrave Block. These are of the ~1050 Ma age, and are subvolcanic, possibly related to some of the ~1050 Ma volcanic rocks. Palgrave Volcanic Association The Palgrave Palgrave Volcanic Association is a large volcanic and granite caldera edifice of about 1500 square kilometres sandwiched between the Jameson Range Intrusion and the gneisses underlying the Bentley Supergroup volcanics. The caldera is in two parts, an overlying volcanic edifice composed primarily of porphyritic rhyolite and dacite with occasional vent complex agglomerates, which shows prominent circular ring-complex faults, and the Winburn Granite which underlies the caldera and is primarily exposed in the east as a pink, potassium-feldspathic porphyry granite, the lower margins of which are weakly tectonised. The whole caldera edifice is tilted to the southwest, which is why the Winburn Granite is exposed along the east and northeast. Skirmish Hill Caldera The Skirmish Hill Caldera is poorly exposed along the southern margin of the Musgrave Block and consists of granite and overlying? rhyolite. It has been traditionally seen as a potential source for the Tollu Volcanics. The caldera is truncated on the north by a north-dipping thrust fault and is probably tilted to the south. Other calderas Several other prominent gravity and magnetic highs are arranged along the Mugrave Block strike line, one of which was drilled by BHP in the 1990s through 300m of Permian glacial sediments. This caldera is composed of highly tectonised, stretched felsic volcanic rocks, interleaved with a significant thickness of equally sheared titaniferous differentiated mafic sills. The best interpretation of this, and probably also of the Palgrave Caldera is that they represent hot spots along the Musgrave Block where significant magma flux penetrated, formed volcanic calderas with large subvolcanic granite intrusions, and associated mafic volcanism. The relationship of the large granite calderas to the 1050-1080 Ma volcanics has been postulated as one in which the granite calderas were the source for the intermediate and felsic volcanic rocks. Bentley Supergroup The Bentley Supergroup Volcanics are a sequence of bimodal supracrustal volcanic rocks formed during the ~1080 Warakurna Large Igneous Province, and are widely considered comagmatic with the mafic to ultramafic Giles Complex intrusions. The Bentley Supergroup is composed primarily of bimodal volcanism, with several hundred-metres thicknesses each of alternating rhyolite and basaltic volcanism adding up to several kilometres true thickness in the area of the Warburton Range to the southwest of the Palgrave caldera. The Bentley Supergroup is divided into the Cassidy Group, Pussycat Group and Tollu Group. The prevailing theory of the formation of the Bentley Supergroup is that the Warakurna Large Igneous Province, primarily represented by the Giles Complex intruding into the lower crust, breached the crust and erupted voluminous basaltic lava flows, and when enough heat had been added to the crust by the massive intrusions below, intracrustal felsic and intermediate melts were produced, forming A-type intracontinental granites of the Winburn Suite, and the felsic volcanic rocks. This created the typical bimodal volcanic signature of the Cassidy Group and Pussycat Groups; the Tollu Group is a bit different, and it is considered the product of the large granite calderas which were formed immediately after the Giles Complex magmatism. Giles (1980) and earlier mappers have assigned the MacDougall Formation, overlying Mummawarrawarra Basalt, intermediate Smoke Hill Volcanics and the Tollu Volcanics to the Bentley Supergroup. There has been little real study done on the Bentley Supergroup Volcanics since the 1960s. Geochemical and petrological observations are few and far between or lacking comprehensive rare earth and trace elements suites. The Bentley Supergoup is poorly exposed in South Australia (if at all). References Geology portalWestern Australia portal ^ White, Clarke, Nelson, 1999, SHRIMP U–Pb zircon dating of Grenville-age events in the western part of the Musgrave Block, central Australia, 17(5), 465-481 Further reading GLIKSON A.Y., STEWART A.J., BALLHAUS C.G., CLARKE G.L., FEEKEN E.H.J., LEVEN J.H., SHERATON J.W., AND SUN S.S. 1996. Geology of the western Musgrave Block, central Australia, with particular reference to the mafic-ultramafic Giles Complex. Australian Geological Survey Organisation Bulletin 239. 205 pp. vteGeography topics Glossary History Index Outline BranchesHuman Agricultural Behavioral Cultural Development Economic Health Historical Internet Military Political Population Settlement Regional Urban Transportation Physical Biogeography Ecology Phytogeography Zoogeography Coastal / Oceanography Earth science Atmospheric science / Meteorology Environmental science Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Geobiology Geophysics / Geodesy Earth system science Geomorphology / Geology Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Pedology (Edaphology/Soil science) Quaternary science Technical Geodesign Geodesy Geoinformatics Geographic information science Geomatics Statistical geography Spatial analysis Integrated Integrated / Environmental Environmental social science Environmental studies Landscape architecture Landscape ecology Time geography Techniques and toolsQuantitative Cartography Computer cartography Web mapping Geomathematics Geovisualization Geologic modelling Geographic information system Distributed GIS Internet GIS Web GIS Geochronology Geostatistics Hydrography Photogrammetry Remote sensing Surveying Land change modeling Qualitative Ethnography Geopoetics Interview (research) Survey (human research) Institutions Geographic data and information organizations Geographical societies Geoscience societies National mapping agency Education Geography education Geo-literacy Geographers on Film International Geography Olympiad National Council for Geographic Education Spatial citizenship Category Portal Commons WikiProject vtePhysical geography Atmospheric science / Meteorology Biogeography / Phytogeography Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography Coastal geography / Oceanography Soil science / Pedology / Edaphology Geobiology Geology Geomorphology Geostatistics Glaciology Hydrology / Limnology Landscape ecology Quaternary science Category Portal Commons	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westmusgrave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Proterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterozoic"},{"link_name":"granulite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulite"},{"link_name":"gneiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Petermann Orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petermann_Orogeny"},{"link_name":"orogenic belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orogeny"}],"text":"Geological interpretation of the West Musgrave Block, Western Australia. 50x50km grid for scale.The Musgrave Block (also known as the Musgrave Province) is an east-west trending belt of Proterozoic granulite-gneiss basement rocks approximately 500 kilometres (310 mi) long. The Musgrave Block extends from western South Australia into Western Australia.The Musgrave Block is primarily exposed through the actions of the Petermann Orogeny at c. 535-550 Ma, which exhumed the orogenic belt along the Woodroffe Thrust.","title":"Musgrave Block"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surface runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"calcrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcrete"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"aeolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolian_processes"},{"link_name":"Giles Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giles_Complex&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"granite domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite_dome"},{"link_name":"West Australian Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Shield"}],"text":"The Musgrave Block is currently passive geologically, with surficial processes described as residual erosion. The area currently experiences on average less than 150mm (6 inches) of rainfall per annum, which provides little surface runoff and hence virtually no erosion.The landforms of the area are primarily composed of wide calcrete plains, often covered by Pleistocene Age aeolian deposits of sand dunes, sometimes reworked into ephemeral sheetwash fans. Outcrop is rare, restricted primarily to the igneous rocks of the Giles Complex and several granite domes, gneiss domes and isolated outcrops.This area is also a distinct physiographic province of the larger West Australian Shield.","title":"Geomorphology of Quaternary deposits"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Several Palaeozoic to neoproterozoic sedimentary basins onlap the Musgrave Block, and are exposed mostly around its edges. These were derived from erosion of the Musgrave Block basement during the neoproterozoic to Permian.","title":"Palaeozoic rocks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intrusive suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrusive_suite"},{"link_name":"Proterozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterozoic"},{"link_name":"Palaeozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeozoic"},{"link_name":"Amadeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_Basin"},{"link_name":"Officer Basins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_Basin"}],"text":"The Proterozoic of the Musgrave Block is composed of seven main classes of rocks:Surficial volcanics of c.1050 to 1080 Ma, both mafic (Mummawarrawarra Basalt) and andesitic to rhyolitic (Tollu, Smoke Hill Volcanics) and the Bentley Supergroup volcanics and sediments of c. 1080 Ma\nLarge intrusive caldera type granite intrusive complexes (Palgrave, Skirmish Hill, Smoke Hill), possibly of c. 1050 and likely no older than 1080 Ma\nPartly metamorphosed, rarely dissected c. 1080 Ma granite\nUsually unmetamorphosed, rarely dissected granites of a c. 1050 intrusive suite\nPartly metamorphosed, dissected intrusive rocks of the mafic-ultramafic c. 1080 Ma Giles Complex\nHighly metamorphosed metagranites of the c. 1200 Ma suite\nHigh-grade crystalline metamorphic basement rocks of c. 1550-1300 Ma ageThe Musgrave Block is flanked by several Proterozoic to Palaeozoic sedimentary basins, whose sedimentary history can elucidate the timing of tectonic events in the Musgrave Block post-1080 Ma. These include the Proterozoic Amadeus and Officer Basins.","title":"Proterozoic basement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"supracrustal sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supracrustal_sequence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"granites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"amphibolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibolite"},{"link_name":"granulite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulite"},{"link_name":"Large igneous province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_igneous_province"},{"link_name":"Petermann Orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petermann_Orogeny"},{"link_name":"Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"}],"text":"The most illustrating way of considering the Musgrave Block is as part of a time-space plot in which geological events are arrayed in time against rock units, stratigraphic relationships and for correlative purposes.The key events in the Musgrave Block are:Protolith formation ~1550 Ma. Formation of crustal rocks of the Birksgate Complex, which are both mafic and felsic in composition.\nIgneous event and orogeny ~1300 Ma inferred from geochronology and distribution of felsic “volcanic” supracrustal sequence of the high grade gneisses[1]\nMusgravian orogeny at ~1200 Ma including generation of voluminous Kulgera Suite of granites and metamorphosis of the Birksgate Complex and ~1300 supracrustal sequence to amphibolite-granulite facies\nWarakurna Large igneous province at 1076 ± 6 Ma including the intrusion of the Giles Complex and the Winburn Suite of granites, plus deposition of the Bentley Supergroup (including Tollu and Smoke Hill Volcanics)\nAmata Dyke Suite at ~830-880 Ma\nPetermann Orogeny, 535-550 Ma; marginal foreland basin formation, trending to crustal consolidation and quiescence\nPermian glaciation and erosion of Petermann Orogeny mountains; deposition of Permian sequences in Officer and Amadeus basins\nIntracontinental setting till present","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"anorogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorogenic_magmatism"},{"link_name":"anatexis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatexis"},{"link_name":"subvolcanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock"}],"text":"There are three main phases of granite intrusion into the Musgrave Block:Kulgera Suite at 1200 Ma\nAt ~1080Ma synchronous with the Giles Complex\nWinburn Suite at ~1050Ma postdating the Giles ComplexThe Kulgera Suite is a widespread, voluminous suite of fractionated amphibole-bearing plagioclase rich tonalite to granodiorites of an I-type affinity (Stewart, 2003). They are dated at ~1200 Ma and are considered to be related to melting of the lower crust during the ~1200 Ma Musgravian Orogeny. \nThe Windburn Suite is considered to be an anorogenic A-type granite suite produced by anatexis of the lower crust at ~1080 to 1050 Ma by the injection of the mafic Giles Complex intrusions. They are in most cases poorly fractionated, biotite-muscovite granites, with little hornblende, a high radiometric count and the presence of fluorine. The 1080 Ma granites and 1050 Ma granites can be distinguished on geochemical grounds, the latter is perhaps created by the above process, and the earlier suite a hybrid between A-type and I-type granites formed by assimilation and mixing.There are also significant granite caldera complexes, of many hundred square kilometres in area, which intrude the Musgrave Block. These are of the ~1050 Ma age, and are subvolcanic, possibly related to some of the ~1050 Ma volcanic rocks.","title":"Granites and calderas"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Palgrave Volcanic Association","text":"The Palgrave Palgrave Volcanic Association is a large volcanic and granite caldera edifice of about 1500 square kilometres sandwiched between the Jameson Range Intrusion and the gneisses underlying the Bentley Supergroup volcanics.The caldera is in two parts, an overlying volcanic edifice composed primarily of porphyritic rhyolite and dacite with occasional vent complex agglomerates, which shows prominent circular ring-complex faults, and the Winburn Granite which underlies the caldera and is primarily exposed in the east as a pink, potassium-feldspathic porphyry granite, the lower margins of which are weakly tectonised.The whole caldera edifice is tilted to the southwest, which is why the Winburn Granite is exposed along the east and northeast.","title":"Granites and calderas"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Skirmish Hill Caldera","text":"The Skirmish Hill Caldera is poorly exposed along the southern margin of the Musgrave Block and consists of granite and overlying? rhyolite. It has been traditionally seen as a potential source for the Tollu Volcanics.The caldera is truncated on the north by a north-dipping thrust fault and is probably tilted to the south.","title":"Granites and calderas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BHP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHP"},{"link_name":"sills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sill_(geology)"}],"sub_title":"Other calderas","text":"Several other prominent gravity and magnetic highs are arranged along the Mugrave Block strike line, one of which was drilled by BHP in the 1990s through 300m of Permian glacial sediments.This caldera is composed of highly tectonised, stretched felsic volcanic rocks, interleaved with a significant thickness of equally sheared titaniferous differentiated mafic sills. The best interpretation of this, and probably also of the Palgrave Caldera is that they represent hot spots along the Musgrave Block where significant magma flux penetrated, formed volcanic calderas with large subvolcanic granite intrusions, and associated mafic volcanism.The relationship of the large granite calderas to the 1050-1080 Ma volcanics has been postulated as one in which the granite calderas were the source for the intermediate and felsic volcanic rocks.","title":"Granites and calderas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mafic to ultramafic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramafic_to_mafic_layered_intrusions"},{"link_name":"bimodal volcanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimodal_volcanism"},{"link_name":"rhyolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyolite"},{"link_name":"basaltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt"}],"text":"The Bentley Supergroup Volcanics are a sequence of bimodal supracrustal volcanic rocks formed during the ~1080 Warakurna Large Igneous Province, and are widely considered comagmatic with the mafic to ultramafic Giles Complex intrusions.The Bentley Supergroup is composed primarily of bimodal volcanism, with several hundred-metres thicknesses each of alternating rhyolite and basaltic volcanism adding up to several kilometres true thickness in the area of the Warburton Range to the southwest of the Palgrave caldera. The Bentley Supergroup is divided into the Cassidy Group, Pussycat Group and Tollu Group.The prevailing theory of the formation of the Bentley Supergroup is that the Warakurna Large Igneous Province, primarily represented by the Giles Complex intruding into the lower crust, breached the crust and erupted voluminous basaltic lava flows, and when enough heat had been added to the crust by the massive intrusions below, intracrustal felsic and intermediate melts were produced, forming A-type intracontinental granites of the Winburn Suite, and the felsic volcanic rocks.This created the typical bimodal volcanic signature of the Cassidy Group and Pussycat Groups; the Tollu Group is a bit different, and it is considered the product of the large granite calderas which were formed immediately after the Giles Complex magmatism.\nGiles (1980) and earlier mappers have assigned the MacDougall Formation, overlying Mummawarrawarra Basalt, intermediate Smoke Hill Volcanics and the Tollu Volcanics to the Bentley Supergroup.There has been little real study done on the Bentley Supergroup Volcanics since the 1960s. Geochemical and petrological observations are few and far between or lacking comprehensive rare earth and trace elements suites. The Bentley Supergoup is poorly exposed in South Australia (if at all).","title":"Bentley Supergroup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Geological Survey Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoscience_Australia"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Geography_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_topics"},{"link_name":"Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography"},{"link_name":"topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography"},{"link_name":"Glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_geography"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_geography_articles"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography"},{"link_name":"Human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_geography"},{"link_name":"Agricultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_geography"},{"link_name":"Behavioral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_geography"},{"link_name":"Cultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_geography"},{"link_name":"Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_geography"},{"link_name":"Economic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_geography"},{"link_name":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_geography"},{"link_name":"Historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_geography"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_geography"},{"link_name":"Military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_geography"},{"link_name":"Political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_geography"},{"link_name":"Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_geography"},{"link_name":"Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_geography"},{"link_name":"Regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_geography"},{"link_name":"Urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_geography"},{"link_name":"Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_geography"},{"link_name":"Physical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"Biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"Ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"Phytogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytogeography"},{"link_name":"Zoogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoogeography"},{"link_name":"Coastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_geography"},{"link_name":"Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"Earth 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science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_system_science"},{"link_name":"Geomorphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology"},{"link_name":"Geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"Glaciology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology"},{"link_name":"Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology"},{"link_name":"Limnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology"},{"link_name":"Pedology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology_(soil_study)"},{"link_name":"Edaphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaphology"},{"link_name":"Soil science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_science"},{"link_name":"Quaternary science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_science"},{"link_name":"Technical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_geography"},{"link_name":"Geodesign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesign"},{"link_name":"Geodesy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy"},{"link_name":"Geoinformatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoinformatics"},{"link_name":"Geographic information science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_science"},{"link_name":"Geomatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomatics"},{"link_name":"Statistical geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_geography"},{"link_name":"Spatial analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_analysis"},{"link_name":"Integrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_geography"},{"link_name":"Integrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_geography"},{"link_name":"Environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_geography"},{"link_name":"Environmental social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_social_science"},{"link_name":"Environmental studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies"},{"link_name":"Landscape architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecture"},{"link_name":"Landscape ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology"},{"link_name":"Time geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_geography"},{"link_name":"Techniques and tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_geography#Tasks_and_tools_of_geography"},{"link_name":"Quantitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_geography"},{"link_name":"Cartography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography"},{"link_name":"Computer cartography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cartography"},{"link_name":"Web mapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_mapping"},{"link_name":"Geomathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomathematics"},{"link_name":"Geovisualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geovisualization"},{"link_name":"Geologic modelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_modelling"},{"link_name":"Geographic information system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system"},{"link_name":"Distributed GIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_GIS"},{"link_name":"Internet GIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_GIS"},{"link_name":"Web GIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_GIS"},{"link_name":"Geochronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochronology"},{"link_name":"Geostatistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostatistics"},{"link_name":"Hydrography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrography"},{"link_name":"Photogrammetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogrammetry"},{"link_name":"Remote sensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing"},{"link_name":"Surveying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying"},{"link_name":"Land change modeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_change_modeling"},{"link_name":"Qualitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_geography"},{"link_name":"Ethnography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"Geopoetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopoetics"},{"link_name":"Interview (research)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_(research)"},{"link_name":"Survey (human research)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_(human_research)"},{"link_name":"Geographic data and information organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geographic_data_and_information_organizations"},{"link_name":"Geographical societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geographical_societies"},{"link_name":"Geoscience societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_geoscience_organizations"},{"link_name":"National mapping agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_mapping_agency"},{"link_name":"Geography education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography_education"},{"link_name":"Geo-literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo-literacy"},{"link_name":"Geographers on Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographers_on_Film"},{"link_name":"International Geography Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geography_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"National Council for Geographic Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Geographic_Education"},{"link_name":"Spatial citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_citizenship"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Geography"},{"link_name":"WikiProject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Geography"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"Physical geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography"},{"link_name":"Atmospheric science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_science"},{"link_name":"Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"link_name":"Biogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeography"},{"link_name":"Phytogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytogeography"},{"link_name":"Climatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology"},{"link_name":"Paleoclimatology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleoclimatology"},{"link_name":"Palaeogeography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeogeography"},{"link_name":"Coastal geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_geography"},{"link_name":"Oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"Soil science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_science"},{"link_name":"Pedology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedology"},{"link_name":"Edaphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edaphology"},{"link_name":"Geobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geobiology"},{"link_name":"Geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"Geomorphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomorphology"},{"link_name":"Geostatistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostatistics"},{"link_name":"Glaciology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciology"},{"link_name":"Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology"},{"link_name":"Limnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology"},{"link_name":"Landscape ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology"},{"link_name":"Quaternary science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Land_ocean_ice_cloud_hires.jpg"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Physical_geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physical_geography"}],"text":"GLIKSON A.Y., STEWART A.J., BALLHAUS C.G., CLARKE G.L., FEEKEN E.H.J., LEVEN J.H., SHERATON J.W., AND SUN S.S. 1996. Geology of the western Musgrave Block, central Australia, with particular reference to the mafic-ultramafic Giles Complex. Australian Geological Survey Organisation Bulletin 239. 205 pp.vteGeography topics\nGlossary\nHistory\nIndex\nOutline\nBranchesHuman\nAgricultural\nBehavioral\nCultural\nDevelopment\nEconomic\nHealth\nHistorical\nInternet\nMilitary\nPolitical\nPopulation\nSettlement\nRegional\nUrban\nTransportation\nPhysical\nBiogeography\nEcology\nPhytogeography\nZoogeography\nCoastal / Oceanography\nEarth science\nAtmospheric science / Meteorology\nEnvironmental science\nClimatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography\nGeobiology\nGeophysics / Geodesy\nEarth system science\nGeomorphology / Geology\nGlaciology\nHydrology / Limnology\nPedology (Edaphology/Soil science)\nQuaternary science\nTechnical\nGeodesign\nGeodesy\nGeoinformatics\nGeographic information science\nGeomatics\nStatistical geography\nSpatial analysis\nIntegrated\nIntegrated / Environmental\nEnvironmental social science\nEnvironmental studies\nLandscape architecture\nLandscape ecology\nTime geography\nTechniques and toolsQuantitative\nCartography\nComputer cartography\nWeb mapping\nGeomathematics\nGeovisualization\nGeologic modelling\nGeographic information system\nDistributed GIS\nInternet GIS\nWeb GIS\nGeochronology\nGeostatistics\nHydrography\nPhotogrammetry\nRemote sensing\nSurveying\nLand change modeling\nQualitative\nEthnography\nGeopoetics\nInterview (research)\nSurvey (human research)\nInstitutions\nGeographic data and information organizations\nGeographical societies\nGeoscience societies\nNational mapping agency\nEducation\nGeography education\nGeo-literacy\nGeographers on Film\nInternational Geography Olympiad\nNational Council for Geographic Education\nSpatial citizenship\n\n Category\n Portal\n Commons\n WikiProjectvtePhysical geography\nAtmospheric science / Meteorology\nBiogeography / Phytogeography\nClimatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography\nCoastal geography / Oceanography\nSoil science / Pedology / Edaphology\nGeobiology\nGeology\nGeomorphology\nGeostatistics\nGlaciology\nHydrology / Limnology\nLandscape ecology\nQuaternary science\n\n Category\n Portal\n Commons","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Geological interpretation of the West Musgrave Block, Western Australia. 50x50km grid for scale.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Westmusgrave.jpg/350px-Westmusgrave.jpg"}]	null	[]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Gnanakan	Ken Gnanakan	["1 Writings","2 Projects","3 Music","4 Major writings","5 References"]	This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Ken Gnanakan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ken Gnanakan was an Indian educator, environmentalist and theologian. He was a frequent speaker worldwide at workshops, seminars and conferences. Gnanakan was the founder and chancellor of ACTS Group of Institutions (www.actsgroup.org), a social organisation with a focus on education. He was the Chairman of ETASI, as well as the Chairman of the International Council for Higher Education, Switzerland. He was also the Vice President of the Global Challenges Forum (GCF), Switzerland and an Advisor to the United Nations Institute of Training and Research (UNITAR), Geneva. He taught in India and in other parts of the world on varied subjects such as management, environment, education, entrepreneurship, theology, and philosophy. Gnanakan was married to Prema and they had two children, Santosh and Anupa. Ken Gnanakan died on 9 May 2021, following a massive heart attack. Writings Ken Gnanakan has written extensively on various issues. At present he propagates the concept of "Integrated Learning" in Africa and Asia through workshops based on his books and articles. He has written an introductory certificate course in health and environment as well as several courses on NGO Management for the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), headquartered in New Delhi. His text books on Theology and Philosophy are being used in various parts of the world. His book "Trees" - a collection of poems on environmental issues - is being used in various schools. Projects Gnanakan initiated the Programme for Environmental Awareness in Schools (PEAS), a nationwide network aimed at motivating students into action. The programme initially funded by CIDA has hundreds of schools networked in an environmental movement bringing together thousands of children from all over the country. Gnanakan pioneered the use of waste plastics for road surfacing in India. He has collaborated with European ecologists to develop a model eco-toilet for slums. At present he is engaged in developing a holistic model of socio-economic development starting with the collection of urban waste. The model includes the generation of cooking gas as well as electricity. After completing his Ph.D. in philosophy at King's College London and returning to India, he and his wife Prema set up the ACTS Institute, a vocational training school, which also imparted practical skills and spiritual values to young people. The institute took the couple into needy areas in slums and villages, and gradually grew to become a large network of education, health and environmental projects, all over India under the banner of ACTS. Ken Gnanakan was widely connected all over the world with academic and social programs. He was the Chancellor of ACTS Group of Institutions (India); Chairman of the International Council for Higher Education (Switzerland), a Member of the International Association for Promotion of Christian Higher Education, USA. Ken Gnanakan has attended and spoken at various UN forums. One of his recent books is "Wellness and Wellbeing", which is one of UN’s Sustainability Goals. Music Gnanakan was also an accomplished musician and used to be a part of the "Trojans". The band known as "the Indian Beatles" kept Bangalore, Calcutta and Bombay swinging in the '60s and included Biddu, a prominent pop musician. He has produced various CDs of his Christian spiritual compositions. He has written an environmental theme song sung by children all over the country. Major writings Books authored by Gnanakan include: Kingdom Concerns - Theological Book Trust (1989 and 1993) The Pluralistic Predicament - Theological Book Trust Biblical Theology in Asia - (Editor) ATA Books (1995) Trees: Poems on the Environment - Bridge Books Managing Yourself - ACTS Books Proclaiming Christ in a Pluralistic Context - Theological Book Trust God's Word: A Theology of the Environment - SPCK (1999) Responsible Stewardship of God's Creation - Theological Commission of the World Evangelical Alliance (2004) Learning in an Integrated Environment (ICHE Books) Integrated Learning - Oxford University Press Managing Your Organization - Theological Book Trust (2011) The Whole Gospel of God - Theological Book Trust (2014) Living and Learning - Theological Book Trust (2015) "Wellness and Wellbeing" - Theological Book Trust (2016) References ^ EVANGELICAL TRUST ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH INDIA. ^ IN International Office - Global Partners ^ "Consulting members". Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2020. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway United States Korea	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environmentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalist"},{"link_name":"theologian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theologian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United Nations Institute of Training and Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research"}],"text":"Ken Gnanakan was an Indian educator, environmentalist and theologian. He was a frequent speaker worldwide at workshops, seminars and conferences.Gnanakan was the founder and chancellor of ACTS Group of Institutions (www.actsgroup.org), a social organisation with a focus on education. He was the Chairman of ETASI,[1] as well as the Chairman of the International Council for Higher Education, Switzerland. He was also the Vice President of the Global Challenges Forum (GCF), Switzerland and an Advisor to the United Nations Institute of Training and Research (UNITAR), Geneva. He taught in India and in other parts of the world on varied subjects such as management, environment, education, entrepreneurship, theology, and philosophy. Gnanakan was married to Prema and they had two children, Santosh and Anupa. Ken Gnanakan died on 9 May 2021, following a massive heart attack.","title":"Ken Gnanakan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indira Gandhi National Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Open_University"}],"text":"Ken Gnanakan has written extensively on various issues. At present he propagates the concept of \"Integrated Learning\" in Africa and Asia through workshops based on his books and articles. He has written an introductory certificate course in health and environment as well as several courses on NGO Management for the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), headquartered in New Delhi. His text books on Theology and Philosophy are being used in various parts of the world.His book \"Trees\" - a collection of poems on environmental issues - is being used in various schools.","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"International Council for Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Council_for_Higher_Education&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"International Association for Promotion of Christian Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_for_Promotion_of_Christian_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Gnanakan initiated the Programme for Environmental Awareness in Schools (PEAS), a nationwide network aimed at motivating students into action. The programme initially funded by CIDA has hundreds of schools networked in an environmental movement bringing together thousands of children from all over the country.Gnanakan pioneered the use of waste plastics for road surfacing in India. He has collaborated with European ecologists to develop a model eco-toilet for slums. At present he is engaged in developing a holistic model of socio-economic development starting with the collection of urban waste. The model includes the generation of cooking gas as well as electricity.After completing his Ph.D. in philosophy at King's College London and returning to India, he and his wife Prema set up the ACTS Institute,[2] a vocational training school, which also imparted practical skills and spiritual values to young people. The institute took the couple into needy areas in slums and villages, and gradually grew to become a large network of education, health and environmental projects, all over India under the banner of ACTS.Ken Gnanakan was widely connected all over the world with academic and social programs. He was the Chancellor of ACTS Group of Institutions (India); Chairman of the International Council for Higher Education (Switzerland), a Member of the International Association for Promotion of Christian Higher Education, USA.[3]Ken Gnanakan has attended and spoken at various UN forums. One of his recent books is \"Wellness and Wellbeing\", which is one of UN’s Sustainability Goals.","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Biddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biddu"}],"text":"Gnanakan was also an accomplished musician and used to be a part of the \"Trojans\". The band known as \"the Indian Beatles\" kept Bangalore, Calcutta and Bombay swinging in the '60s and included Biddu, a prominent pop musician. He has produced various CDs of his Christian spiritual compositions. He has written an environmental theme song sung by children all over the country.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Books authored by Gnanakan include:Kingdom Concerns - Theological Book Trust (1989 and 1993)\nThe Pluralistic Predicament - Theological Book Trust\nBiblical Theology in Asia - (Editor) ATA Books (1995)\nTrees: Poems on the Environment - Bridge Books\nManaging Yourself - ACTS Books\nProclaiming Christ in a Pluralistic Context - Theological Book Trust\nGod's Word: A Theology of the Environment - SPCK (1999)\nResponsible Stewardship of God's Creation - Theological Commission of the World Evangelical Alliance (2004)\nLearning in an Integrated Environment (ICHE Books)\nIntegrated Learning - Oxford University Press\nManaging Your Organization - Theological Book Trust (2011)\nThe Whole Gospel of God - Theological Book Trust (2014)\nLiving and Learning - Theological Book Trust (2015)\n\"Wellness and Wellbeing\" - Theological Book Trust (2016)","title":"Major writings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Consulting members\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_Lokeren	K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen	["1 History","2 Honours","3 European record","4 Final squad","5 Notable players","6 Managers","7 References","8 External links"]	Football clubSporting LokerenFull nameKoninklijke Sporting ClubLokeren Oost-VlaanderenNickname(s)TricoloresFounded22 January 1923; 101 years ago (22 January 1923)Dissolved20 April 2020; 4 years ago (20 April 2020)GroundDaknamstadion, LokerenCapacity12,136 Home colours Away colours Third colours Koninklijke Sporting Club Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen (Dutch pronunciation: ; often simply called Sporting Lokeren or Lokeren) was a Belgian professional football club based in the city of Lokeren, in the province of East Flanders. The club was founded in 1923 but ceased to exist in 2020 after going bankrupt. A few days after the bankruptcy, the club announced that rather than dissolving entirely, it would merge with KSV Temse to form Lokeren-Temse, starting in the Belgian Second Amateur Division (fourth level). Lokeren first reached the first division in 1974–75. Since then, it had a short spell in the Second Division between 1993–94 and 1995–96. Lokeren had its most successful period in the 1980s, achieving second place in the league in 1980–81 as well as a Belgian Cup final the same year. Its best European result was reaching the quarter-final of the 1980–81 UEFA Cup. In the year 2000, the club merged with K Sint-Niklase SKE. They were registered to the Royal Belgian Football Association with the matricule number 282. Lokeren's colours were white, black and yellow. They played their home games at the Daknamstadion. In 2012, Sporting Lokeren won the Belgian Cup, the club's first-ever honours, after beating KV Kortrijk in the Cup Final. They won their second Cup just two years later, after beating Zulte Waregem 1–0. History The matricule No. 282 was given in 1920 to a club named Football Club Racing Club Lokeren (nicknamed Racing FC), but the team stopped its activity the next year. On 22 January 1923 Racing Club Lokeren was founded. Between 1945 and 1951, it had a slight name change (to Racing Athletiek- en Football Club Lokeren) and the new name since 1951 was Koninklijke Racing Club Lokeren. Due to financial problems, the fusion with the other team from the town (Koninklijke Standaard FC Lokeren) became necessary in 1970. The new club was then named Koninklijke Sporting Club Lokeren. In 2000, the club merged with Koninklijke Sint-Niklaas SKE to form Sporting Lokeren Sint-Niklaas Waasland. The latest name change occurred in 2003, with the province name added to the club name. In 2018, Sporting Lokeren were relegated to the First Division B, the second tier of Belgian football. In 2019, the club was taken over by a group led by Louis de Vries and Alexander Janssen, taking the positions of president and CEO respectively. On 20 April 2020, the club was declared bankrupt during the 2019–20 season. Lokeren had outstanding debts of €5 million and was not able to pay its staff and players anymore. On 22 April 2020, Lokeren agreed to merge with KSV Temse to form a new club in K.S.C. Lokeren-Temse and to start in the Second Amateur Division, the national fourth level. Honours Belgian First Division: Runners-up (1): 1980–81 Belgian Second Division: Winners (1): 1995–96 Belgian Cup: Winners (2): 2011–12, 2013–14 Runners-up (1): 1980–81 Belgian Super Cup: Runners-up (2): 2012, 2014 European record Competition A GP W D L GF GA UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League 8 38 16 10 12 46 37 UEFA Intertoto Cup 4 18 7 2 9 25 28 Season Competition Round Club Home Away 1976–77 UEFA Cup 1R Red Boys Differdange 3–1 3–0 2R Barcelona 2–1 0–2 1980–81 UEFA Cup 1R Dynamo Moscow 1–1 1–0 2R Dundee United 0–0 1–1 3R Real Sociedad 1–0 2–2 QF AZ 67 Alkmaar 1–0 0–2 1981–82 UEFA Cup 1R Nantes 4–2 1–1 2R Aris Thessaloniki 4–0 1–1 3R 1. FC Kaiserslautern 1–0 1–4 1982–83 UEFA Cup 1R Stal Mielec 0–0 1–1 2R Benfica 1–2 0–2 1987–88 UEFA Cup 1R Honvéd Budapest 0–0 0–1 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup 2R IA Akranes 3–1 3–1 3R Metz 1–2 1–0 2001 UEFA Intertoto Cup 1R B68 Toftir 0–0 4–2 2R Zagłębie Lubin 2–1 2–2 3R Newcastle United 0–4 0–1 2002 UEFA Intertoto Cup 1R WIT Georgia 3–1 2–3 2R VfB Stuttgart 0–1 0–2 2003–04 UEFA Cup QUAL Dinamo Tirana 3–1 4–0 1R Manchester City 0–1 2–3 2005 UEFA Intertoto Cup 1R Narva Trans 0–1 2–0 2R BSC Young Boys 1–4 1–2 2012–13 UEFA Europa League PO Viktoria Plzeň 2–1 0–1 2014–15 UEFA Europa League PO Hull City 1–0 1–2 Group Legia Warsaw 1–0 0–1 Group Metalist Kharkiv 1–0 1–0 Group Trabzonspor 1–1 0–2 Final squad Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 2 DF BEL Stefano Marzo 3 DF JPN Ryuta Koike 5 MF MLI Abdoulaye Diaby (on loan from Antwerp) 6 MF CIV Lamine N'dao 7 MF BEL Killian Overmeire (captain) 8 MF SEN Abdou Diakhaté (on loan from Parma) 9 FW BIH Anel Hajrić 14 MF JPN Jun Amano 15 FW GEO Giorgi Beridze (on loan from Gent) 17 MF NED Guus Hupperts 19 MF ROU Vlad Mitrea No. Pos. Nation Player 21 DF BEL Jimmy De Jonghe 22 FW ITA Said Ahmed Said (on loan from Rio Ave) 26 DF BEL Arno Monsecour 28 MF BEL Amine Benchaib 29 MF BEL Bob Straetman 30 GK BEL Robin Mantel 33 GK BEL Théo Defourny 35 DF BEL Tracy Mpati 37 DF BEL Jelle Van Damme 41 DF CGO Francis N'Ganga 44 MF BEL Seth De Witte Notable players The following is a provisional list of notable players who played for Lokeren, sorted by nationality. Aimé Anthuenis Manuel Benson Davy De Beule Laurens De Bock Tjörven De Brul Bart De Roover Tom De Sutter Olivier Deschacht Johan Devrindt Filip De Wilde Olivier Doll Karel Geraerts Fernand Goyvaerts Marc Hendrikx Roger Henrotay Pier Janssen Armand Jurion Raymond Mommens Killian Overmeire Alex Querter Hans Vanaken Jelle Van Damme François Van der Elst Jan Van Steenberghe René Verheyen Bruno Versavel Daniel Veyt João Carlos Jajá Aristide Bancé Elos Elonga-Ekakia Marcel Kimemba Mbayo Francis N'Ganga Patiyo Tambwe Jan Koller Kim Christofte Preben Elkjær Marko Myyry Antti Sumiala Kari Ukkonen Jérémy Perbet Souleymane Youla Marel Baldvinsson Alfreð Finnbogason Arnar Grétarsson Arnór Guðjohnsen Auðun Helgason Sverrir Ingi Ingason Rúnar Kristinsson Ari Freyr Skúlason Arnar Viðarsson Davíð Viðarsson Omer Golan Boubacar Barry Patrice Zéré Mohamed Timoumi Marcel Peeper René van der Gijp Moussa Maâzou Cyriel Dessers Stephen Keshi Peter Rufai Petter Rudi Grzegorz Lato Włodzimierz Lubański Jim Bett Jim Tolmie Ayanda Patosi Robin Söder Sanharib Malki Adékambi Olufadé Knowledge Musona Managers Guy Thys (1 July 1958 – 30 June 1959) Frans De Bruyne (1970–71) Armand Jurion (1971–74) Ladislav Novák (1974–77) Han Grijzenhout (1977–78) Leon Nollet (1978) Urbain Braems (1978–79) Urbain Haesaert & Josef Vacenovský (1979–81) Robert Waseige (1 July 1981–83) Dimitri Davidovic (1 July 1983 – 30 June 1985) Aimé Anthuenis (1985–87) Wim Jansen & Włodzimierz Lubański (1 July 1987–88) Aimé Anthuenis (1 July 1988–92) Aimé Anthuenis & Josef Vacenovský (1992 – Jan 93) Chris van Puyvelde (1993–94) Fi Van Hoof (1995 – Aug 97) Willy Reynders (1997 – Aug 99) R. Cossey & R. Van Geneugden (int.) (Aug 1999) Georges Leekens (Sept 10, 1999– 30 June 2001) Paul Put (1 July 2001 – 27 Oct 2003) Franky Van der Elst (27 Oct 2003 – 20 Dec 2004) Slavoljub Muslin (24 May 2005 – 31 Dec 2005) Aimé Anthuenis (1 Jan 2006 – 26 Feb 2006) Rudi Cossey (26 Feb 2006 – 30 June 2006) Ariël Jacobs (1 July 2006 – 29 Oct 2006) Rudi Cossey (interim) (Nov 2006) Slavoljub Muslin (26 Nov 2006 – 30 June 2007) Georges Leekens (1 July 2007 – 31 March 2009) Freddy Heirman (interim) (1 April 2009 – 7 April 2009) Aleksandar Janković (7 April 2009 – 25 Oct 2009) Jacky Mathijssen (25 Oct 2009 – 25 Jan 2010) Emilio Ferrera (28 Jan 2010 – 30 June 2010) Peter Maes (1 July 2010 – 30 June 2015) Bob Peeters (1 July 2015 – 25 Oct 2015) Georges Leekens (25 Oct 2015 – 25 Nov 2016) Rúnar Kristinsson (28 Oct 2016 – 9 Aug 2017) Peter Maes (9 Aug 2017 – 28 October 2018) Trond Sollied (30 October 2018 – 20 January 2019) Glen De Boeck (20 January 2019 – 17 November 2019) Stijn Vreven (19 November 2019 – 20 April 2020) References ^ technische fiche sporting, sporting.be (last check 30 March 2018) ^ Vlaanderen in isolation: . ^ a b Sporting Lokeren failliet verklaard – rechtbank stelt curatoren aan hln.be, Yannick De Spiegeleir, 20 April 2020 (in Dutch). ^ Sporting Lokeren wordt na fusie met Temse KSC Lokeren-Temse sporza.be, 22 April 2020 (in Dutch) ^ "Anderlecht back in the Top 6, Lokeren relegated". vrt.be. 4 March 2019. ^ "Failliet verklaard Sporting Lokeren gaat fusie aan met amateurclub KSV Temse". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 22 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen. Lokeren at UEFA.COM Lokeren at EUFO.DE Lokeren at Weltfussball.de Lokeren at Football Squads.co.uk Lokeren at National Football Teams.com Lokeren at Football-Lineups.com	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koninklijke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninklijke"},{"link_name":"[ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈspɔrtɪŋ ˌklʏp ˈloːkərə(n) ˌoːstˈflaːndərə(n)]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Lokeren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokeren"},{"link_name":"East Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Flanders"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hln-3"},{"link_name":"Lokeren-Temse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.C._Lokeren-Temse"},{"link_name":"Belgian Second Amateur Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Second_Amateur_Division"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sporza-4"},{"link_name":"1974–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_First_Division_1974-75"},{"link_name":"Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1993%E2%80%9394_in_Belgian_football&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1995%E2%80%9396_in_Belgian_football&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Belgian_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Belgian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1980–81 UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"K Sint-Niklase SKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Sint-Niklase_S.K.E."},{"link_name":"Royal Belgian Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Belgian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"matricule number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matricule"},{"link_name":"Daknamstadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daknamstadion"},{"link_name":"KV Kortrijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV_Kortrijk"},{"link_name":"Zulte Waregem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.V._Zulte_Waregem"}],"text":"Football clubKoninklijke Sporting Club Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈspɔrtɪŋ ˌklʏp ˈloːkərə(n) ˌoːstˈflaːndərə(n)];[2] often simply called Sporting Lokeren or Lokeren) was a Belgian professional football club based in the city of Lokeren, in the province of East Flanders. The club was founded in 1923 but ceased to exist in 2020 after going bankrupt.[3] A few days after the bankruptcy, the club announced that rather than dissolving entirely, it would merge with KSV Temse to form Lokeren-Temse, starting in the Belgian Second Amateur Division (fourth level).[4]Lokeren first reached the first division in 1974–75. Since then, it had a short spell in the Second Division between 1993–94 and 1995–96. Lokeren had its most successful period in the 1980s, achieving second place in the league in 1980–81 as well as a Belgian Cup final the same year. Its best European result was reaching the quarter-final of the 1980–81 UEFA Cup. In the year 2000, the club merged with K Sint-Niklase SKE. They were registered to the Royal Belgian Football Association with the matricule number 282. Lokeren's colours were white, black and yellow. They played their home games at the Daknamstadion.In 2012, Sporting Lokeren won the Belgian Cup, the club's first-ever honours, after beating KV Kortrijk in the Cup Final. They won their second Cup just two years later, after beating Zulte Waregem 1–0.","title":"K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_in_association_football"},{"link_name":"22 January 1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_in_association_football"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_in_association_football"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951_in_association_football"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_in_association_football"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_association_football"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"First Division B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_First_Division_B"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hln-3"},{"link_name":"K.S.C. Lokeren-Temse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.C._Lokeren-Temse"},{"link_name":"Second Amateur Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Second_Amateur_Division"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The matricule No. 282 was given in 1920 to a club named Football Club Racing Club Lokeren (nicknamed Racing FC), but the team stopped its activity the next year. On 22 January 1923 Racing Club Lokeren was founded. Between 1945 and 1951, it had a slight name change (to Racing Athletiek- en Football Club Lokeren) and the new name since 1951 was Koninklijke Racing Club Lokeren. Due to financial problems, the fusion with the other team from the town (Koninklijke Standaard FC Lokeren) became necessary in 1970. The new club was then named Koninklijke Sporting Club Lokeren.In 2000, the club merged with Koninklijke Sint-Niklaas SKE to form Sporting Lokeren Sint-Niklaas Waasland. The latest name change occurred in 2003, with the province name added to the club name.[citation needed]In 2018, Sporting Lokeren were relegated to the First Division B, the second tier of Belgian football.[5] In 2019, the club was taken over by a group led by Louis de Vries and Alexander Janssen, taking the positions of president and CEO respectively.On 20 April 2020, the club was declared bankrupt during the 2019–20 season.[3] Lokeren had outstanding debts of €5 million and was not able to pay its staff and players anymore.On 22 April 2020, Lokeren agreed to merge with KSV Temse to form a new club in K.S.C. Lokeren-Temse and to start in the Second Amateur Division, the national fourth level.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_First_Division"},{"link_name":"1980–81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%E2%80%9381_Belgian_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Belgian Second Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"Belgian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011–12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Belgian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2013–14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Belgian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Belgian Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Belgian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Belgian_Super_Cup"}],"text":"Belgian First Division:\nRunners-up (1): 1980–81\nBelgian Second Division:\nWinners (1): 1995–96\nBelgian Cup:\nWinners (2): 2011–12, 2013–14\nRunners-up (1): 1980–81\nBelgian Super Cup:\nRunners-up (2): 2012, 2014","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"European record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Final squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Aimé Anthuenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Anthuenis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Manuel Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Benson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Davy De Beule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_De_Beule"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Laurens De Bock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurens_De_Bock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Tjörven De Brul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%B6rven_De_Brul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bart De Roover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_De_Roover"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Tom De Sutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_De_Sutter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Olivier Deschacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Deschacht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Johan Devrindt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Devrindt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Filip De Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_De_Wilde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Olivier Doll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Doll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Karel Geraerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Geraerts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Fernand Goyvaerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Goyvaerts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Marc Hendrikx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Hendrikx"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Roger Henrotay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Henrotay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Pier Janssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier_Janssen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Armand Jurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Jurion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Raymond Mommens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Mommens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Killian Overmeire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killian_Overmeire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Alex Querter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Querter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Hans Vanaken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Vanaken"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Jelle Van Damme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelle_Van_Damme"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"François Van der Elst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Van_der_Elst"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Jan Van Steenberghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Van_Steenberghe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"René Verheyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Verheyen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bruno Versavel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Versavel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Daniel Veyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Veyt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"João Carlos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_(footballer,_born_1982)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Jajá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaj%C3%A1_Coelho"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Aristide Bancé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Banc%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Elos Elonga-Ekakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elos_Elonga-Ekakia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Marcel Kimemba Mbayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Kimemba_Mbayo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Francis N'Ganga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_N%27Ganga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Patiyo Tambwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patiyo_Tambwe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Jan Koller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Koller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Kim Christofte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Christofte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Preben Elkjær","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preben_Elkj%C3%A6r"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Marko Myyry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Myyry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Antti Sumiala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antti_Sumiala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Kari Ukkonen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Ukkonen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Jérémy Perbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%A9my_Perbet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Souleymane Youla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souleymane_Youla"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Marel Baldvinsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marel_Baldvinsson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Alfreð Finnbogason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfre%C3%B0_Finnbogason"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Arnar Grétarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnar_Gr%C3%A9tarsson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Arnór Guðjohnsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arn%C3%B3r_Gu%C3%B0johnsen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Auðun Helgason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%B0un_Helgason"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Sverrir Ingi Ingason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverrir_Ingi_Ingason"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Rúnar Kristinsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAnar_Kristinsson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Ari Freyr Skúlason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari_Freyr_Sk%C3%BAlason"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Arnar Viðarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnar_Vi%C3%B0arsson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Davíð Viðarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dav%C3%AD%C3%B0_Vi%C3%B0arsson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Omer Golan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omer_Golan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Boubacar Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubacar_Barry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Patrice Zéré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Z%C3%A9r%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mohamed Timoumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Timoumi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Marcel Peeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Peeper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"René van der Gijp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_van_der_Gijp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Moussa Maâzou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_Ma%C3%A2zou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Cyriel Dessers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyriel_Dessers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Stephen Keshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Keshi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Peter Rufai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rufai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Petter Rudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petter_Rudi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Grzegorz Lato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Lato"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Włodzimierz Lubański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Luba%C5%84ski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jim Bett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jim Tolmie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tolmie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Ayanda Patosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayanda_Patosi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Robin Söder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_S%C3%B6der"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Sanharib Malki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanharib_Malki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"Adékambi Olufadé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A9kambi_Olufad%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Knowledge Musona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Musona"}],"text":"The following is a provisional list of notable players who played for Lokeren, sorted by nationality.Aimé Anthuenis\n Manuel Benson\n Davy De Beule\n Laurens De Bock\n Tjörven De Brul\n Bart De Roover\n Tom De Sutter\n Olivier Deschacht\n Johan Devrindt\n Filip De Wilde\n Olivier Doll\n Karel Geraerts\n Fernand Goyvaerts\n Marc Hendrikx\n Roger Henrotay\n Pier Janssen\n Armand Jurion\n Raymond Mommens\n Killian Overmeire\n Alex Querter\n Hans Vanaken\n Jelle Van Damme\n François Van der Elst\n Jan Van Steenberghe\n René Verheyen\n Bruno Versavel\n Daniel Veyt\n João Carlos\n Jajá\n Aristide Bancé\n Elos Elonga-Ekakia\n Marcel Kimemba Mbayo\n Francis N'Ganga\n Patiyo Tambwe\n Jan Koller\n Kim Christofte\n Preben Elkjær\n Marko Myyry\n Antti Sumiala\n Kari Ukkonen\n Jérémy Perbet\n Souleymane Youla\n Marel Baldvinsson\n Alfreð Finnbogason\n Arnar Grétarsson\n Arnór Guðjohnsen\n Auðun Helgason\n Sverrir Ingi Ingason\n Rúnar Kristinsson\n Ari Freyr Skúlason\n Arnar Viðarsson\n Davíð Viðarsson\n Omer Golan\n Boubacar Barry\n Patrice Zéré\n Mohamed Timoumi\n Marcel Peeper\n René van der Gijp\n Moussa Maâzou\n Cyriel Dessers\n Stephen Keshi\n Peter Rufai\n Petter Rudi\n Grzegorz Lato\n Włodzimierz Lubański\n Jim Bett\n Jim Tolmie\n Ayanda Patosi\n Robin Söder\n Sanharib Malki\n Adékambi Olufadé\n Knowledge Musona","title":"Notable players"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Guy Thys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Thys"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Frans De Bruyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frans_De_Bruyne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Armand Jurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Jurion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Ladislav Novák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav_Nov%C3%A1k"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Han Grijzenhout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Grijzenhout"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Leon Nollet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leon_Nollet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Urbain Braems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbain_Braems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Urbain Haesaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbain_Haesaert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Josef Vacenovský","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Vacenovsk%C3%BD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Robert Waseige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Waseige"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Davidovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Davidovic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Aimé Anthuenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Anthuenis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Wim Jansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Jansen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Włodzimierz Lubański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Luba%C5%84ski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Aimé Anthuenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Anthuenis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Aimé Anthuenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Anthuenis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Josef Vacenovský","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Vacenovsk%C3%BD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Chris van Puyvelde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_van_Puyvelde"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Fi Van Hoof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi_Van_Hoof"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Willy Reynders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Reynders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"R. Cossey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Cossey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"R. Van Geneugden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronny_Van_Geneugden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Georges Leekens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leekens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Paul Put","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Put"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Franky Van der Elst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franky_Van_der_Elst"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slavoljub Muslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavoljub_Muslin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Aimé Anthuenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Anthuenis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Rudi Cossey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Cossey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Ariël Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C3%ABl_Jacobs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Rudi Cossey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Cossey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slavoljub Muslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavoljub_Muslin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Georges Leekens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leekens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Freddy Heirman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freddy_Heirman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Janković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Jankovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Jacky Mathijssen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Mathijssen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Emilio Ferrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Ferrera"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Peter Maes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bob Peeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Peeters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Georges Leekens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leekens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Rúnar Kristinsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BAnar_Kristinsson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Peter Maes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Maes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Trond Sollied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trond_Sollied"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Glen De Boeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_De_Boeck"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Stijn Vreven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stijn_Vreven"}],"text":"Guy Thys (1 July 1958 – 30 June 1959)\n Frans De Bruyne (1970–71)\n Armand Jurion (1971–74)\n Ladislav Novák (1974–77)\n Han Grijzenhout (1977–78)\n Leon Nollet (1978)\n Urbain Braems (1978–79)\n Urbain Haesaert & Josef Vacenovský (1979–81)\n Robert Waseige (1 July 1981–83)\n Dimitri Davidovic (1 July 1983 – 30 June 1985)\n Aimé Anthuenis (1985–87)\n Wim Jansen & Włodzimierz Lubański (1 July 1987–88)\n Aimé Anthuenis (1 July 1988–92)\n Aimé Anthuenis & Josef Vacenovský (1992 – Jan 93)\n Chris van Puyvelde (1993–94)\n Fi Van Hoof (1995 – Aug 97)\n Willy Reynders (1997 – Aug 99)\n R. Cossey & R. Van Geneugden (int.) (Aug 1999)\n Georges Leekens (Sept 10, 1999– 30 June 2001)\n Paul Put (1 July 2001 – 27 Oct 2003)\n Franky Van der Elst (27 Oct 2003 – 20 Dec 2004)\n Slavoljub Muslin (24 May 2005 – 31 Dec 2005)\n Aimé Anthuenis (1 Jan 2006 – 26 Feb 2006)\n Rudi Cossey (26 Feb 2006 – 30 June 2006)\n Ariël Jacobs (1 July 2006 – 29 Oct 2006)\n Rudi Cossey (interim) (Nov 2006)\n Slavoljub Muslin (26 Nov 2006 – 30 June 2007)\n Georges Leekens (1 July 2007 – 31 March 2009)\n Freddy Heirman (interim) (1 April 2009 – 7 April 2009)\n Aleksandar Janković (7 April 2009 – 25 Oct 2009)\n Jacky Mathijssen (25 Oct 2009 – 25 Jan 2010)\n Emilio Ferrera (28 Jan 2010 – 30 June 2010)\n Peter Maes (1 July 2010 – 30 June 2015)\n Bob Peeters (1 July 2015 – 25 Oct 2015)\n Georges Leekens (25 Oct 2015 – 25 Nov 2016)\n Rúnar Kristinsson (28 Oct 2016 – 9 Aug 2017)\n Peter Maes (9 Aug 2017 – 28 October 2018)\n Trond Sollied (30 October 2018 – 20 January 2019)\n Glen De Boeck (20 January 2019 – 17 November 2019)\n Stijn Vreven (19 November 2019 – 20 April 2020)","title":"Managers"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Anderlecht back in the Top 6, Lokeren relegated\". vrt.be. 4 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2019/03/04/anderlecht-back-in-the-top-6-lokeren-relegated/","url_text":"\"Anderlecht back in the Top 6, Lokeren relegated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Failliet verklaard Sporting Lokeren gaat fusie aan met amateurclub KSV Temse\". Algemeen Dagblad (in Dutch). 22 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ad.nl/buitenlands-voetbal/failliet-verklaard-sporting-lokeren-gaat-fusie-aan-met-amateurclub-ksv-temse~a80c8467/","url_text":"\"Failliet verklaard Sporting Lokeren gaat fusie aan met amateurclub KSV Temse\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.sporting.be/285/technischefiche/","external_links_name":"technische fiche sporting"},{"Link":"https://www.hln.be/sport/voetbal/belgisch-voetbal/sporting-lokeren/sporting-lokeren-failliet-verklaard-rechtbank-stelt-curatoren-aan~a6ff77a2/","external_links_name":"Sporting Lokeren failliet verklaard – rechtbank stelt curatoren aan"},{"Link":"https://sporza.be/artikels/sporting-lokeren-wordt-na-fusie-met-temse-ksc-lokeren-temse~1587541906753/","external_links_name":"Sporting Lokeren wordt na fusie met Temse KSC Lokeren-Temse"},{"Link":"https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/en/2019/03/04/anderlecht-back-in-the-top-6-lokeren-relegated/","external_links_name":"\"Anderlecht back in the Top 6, Lokeren relegated\""},{"Link":"https://www.ad.nl/buitenlands-voetbal/failliet-verklaard-sporting-lokeren-gaat-fusie-aan-met-amateurclub-ksv-temse~a80c8467/","external_links_name":"\"Failliet verklaard Sporting Lokeren gaat fusie aan met amateurclub KSV Temse\""},{"Link":"http://www.uefa.com/footballEurope/Club=51949/domestic.html","external_links_name":"Lokeren at UEFA.COM"},{"Link":"http://www.eufo.de/football/bel/ksc_eren.htm","external_links_name":"Lokeren at EUFO.DE"},{"Link":"http://www.weltfussball.de/teams/sporting-lokeren/","external_links_name":"Lokeren at Weltfussball.de"},{"Link":"http://www.footballsquads.co.uk/belgium/2008-2009/eerste/lokeren.htm","external_links_name":"Lokeren at Football Squads.co.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.national-football-teams.com/v2/club.php?id=230","external_links_name":"Lokeren at National Football Teams.com"},{"Link":"http://www.football-lineups.com/team/Lokeren/","external_links_name":"Lokeren at Football-Lineups.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucydur	Glucydur	["1 References"]	This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Glucydur" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) Glucydur is the trade name of a metal alloy with a low coefficient of thermal expansion, used for making balance wheels and other parts of mechanical watches. Glucydur is a beryllium bronze; an alloy of beryllium, copper and iron. In addition to its low coefficient of thermal expansion, its hardness (400 Brinell), nonmagnetizability, and resistance to deformation and damage make it suited for making precision parts that must have high dimensional stability. Glucydur is also resistant to corrosion; it is rather inert chemically. Glucydur was developed about the same time as another non-magnetic material, Nivarox. References Odets, Walt (2007), The Balance Wheel of a Watch, The Horologium,TimeZone.com, archived from the original on 2007-07-06, retrieved 2007-06-15. Technical article on construction of watch balance wheels, on watch repair website. ^ "The Balance Wheel of a Watch - TimeZone". 2007-07-06. Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2023-03-24. ^ "Wrist Watches Explained : How to fully appreciate one of the most complex machine ever invented \| WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org. Retrieved 2023-03-24. This alloy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy"},{"link_name":"coefficient of thermal expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion"},{"link_name":"balance wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_wheel"},{"link_name":"mechanical watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_watch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"beryllium bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium_bronze"},{"link_name":"beryllium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"Brinell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinell_scale"},{"link_name":"corrosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nivarox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivarox"}],"text":"Glucydur is the trade name of a metal alloy with a low coefficient of thermal expansion, used for making balance wheels and other parts of mechanical watches.[1]Glucydur is a beryllium bronze; an alloy of beryllium, copper and iron. In addition to its low coefficient of thermal expansion, its hardness (400 Brinell), nonmagnetizability, and resistance to deformation and damage make it suited for making precision parts that must have high dimensional stability. Glucydur is also resistant to corrosion; it is rather inert chemically.[2]Glucydur was developed about the same time as another non-magnetic material, Nivarox.","title":"Glucydur"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Odets, Walt (2007), The Balance Wheel of a Watch, The Horologium,TimeZone.com, archived from the original on 2007-07-06, retrieved 2007-06-15","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070706233745/http://www.timezone.com/library/horologium/horologium0013","url_text":"The Balance Wheel of a Watch, The Horologium,TimeZone.com"},{"url":"http://www.timezone.com/library/horologium/horologium0013","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Balance Wheel of a Watch - TimeZone\". 2007-07-06. Archived from the original on 2007-07-06. 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Retrieved 2023-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/title/970694890","url_text":"\"Wrist Watches Explained : How to fully appreciate one of the most complex machine ever invented \| WorldCat.org\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucydur&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Glucydur%22","external_links_name":"\"Glucydur\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Glucydur%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Glucydur%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Glucydur%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Glucydur%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Glucydur%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070706233745/http://www.timezone.com/library/horologium/horologium0013","external_links_name":"The Balance Wheel of a Watch, The Horologium,TimeZone.com"},{"Link":"http://www.timezone.com/library/horologium/horologium0013","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070706233745/http://www.timezone.com/library/horologium/horologium0013","external_links_name":"\"The Balance Wheel of a Watch - TimeZone\""},{"Link":"http://www.timezone.com/library/horologium/horologium0013","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/title/970694890","external_links_name":"\"Wrist Watches Explained : How to fully appreciate one of the most complex machine ever invented \| WorldCat.org\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucydur&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIG_MAGIC	Big Magic	["1 History","2 Programming","3 References","4 External links"]	Indian general entertainment TV channel For French TV channel, see Zee Magic. Television channel Big MagicCountryIndiaNetworkZee Entertainment EnterprisesHeadquartersNoidaProgrammingLanguage(s)HindiPicture format1080i HDTV(downscalled to letterboxed 576i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipOwnerZee Entertainment EnterprisesSister channelsSee list of channels owned by ZEELHistoryLaunched4 April 2011; 13 years ago (2011-04-04)LinksWebsitebigmagic.zee5.com Big Magic is an Indian free television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. The channel was launched on 4 April 2011 as Big Magic by Reliance Broadcasting Network. In 2016, it was acquired by Zeel. History The channel was launched as Big Magic on 4 April 2011 by Reliance Broadcast Network, with the tagline "Har Pal Chatpata". Its programming consisted of sitcoms, mythology shows, animation series, weekend and festive specials events. It was acquired in November 2016 by Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited. Programming Main article: List of programmes broadcast by Big Magic This is a list of programming currently and formerly broadcast by the channel. References ^ "Big Magic - BIG MAGIC - Marathi Entertainment Online \| Updates & More \| ZEE5". Big Magic. Retrieved 4 May 2024. ^ "Breaking News - Big Magic is going to rebrand as Zee Josh \| Entertainment News & Updates , DTH Forum, DTH Channel Updates ,News & TV Updates". web.archive.org. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2024. ^ "Anil Ambani's Reliance general entertainment group's channel Big Magic and ganga joined the Zee Group \| रिलायंस जनरल एंटरटेनमेंट समूह के बिग मैजिक औऱ गंगा चैनल ज़ी ग्रुप में शामिल - Latest News & Updates in Hindi at India.com Hindi". web.archive.org. 21 December 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2024. External links Official website vteBig MagicDrama Baal Krishna Bal Gopal Kare Dhamaal Beta Hi Chahiye Raavi Comedy Akbar Birbal Fakebook with Kavita Hazir Jawab Birbal Hum Paanch Phir Se Ji Sirji! Love Dosti Aur Dua Mahisagar Nadaniyaan Naya Mahisagar Tedi Medi Family Reality BIG Memsaab Khullja Sim Sim vteReliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani GroupCompaniesCommunication Reliance Communications Zapak Bajaj Group Power Reliance Power Sasan Ultra Mega Power Project Rosa Thermal Power Plant Butibori Power Project Reliance Natural Resources Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Park Infrastructure Reliance Infrastructure Reliance Naval and Engineering Mumbai Metro One Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport Knowledge Dhirubhai Ambani Knowledge City Reliance Health Media delivery BIGFlix BIG FM 92.7 (sold) BIGADDA (defunct) BIG Star Entertainment Awards Media software Reliance MediaWorks Reliance Entertainment Big CBS Prime Big CBS Spark Big CBS Love Finance Reliance Capital Reliance General Insurance Reliance Life Insurance Reliance Securities International Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe Amblin Partners (part) Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Pictures DreamWorks Television Institutes Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology (DA-IICT) People Dhirubhai Ambani Anil Ambani Tina Ambani Lalit Jalan Former units Global Cloud Xchange Lowry Digital (sold) See also: Template:Reliance Industries Limited vteEssel GroupKey people Subhash Chandra (Founder & Chairman) Punit Goenka (CEO of ZEEL) Pradeep Guha (former CEO of ZEEL) Companies Zee Entertainment Enterprises Zee Media Corporation Dish TV (Joint Control) Siti Networks Essel Propack (former) Mumbai FC (former) Zee Learn PropertiesZee EntertainmentEnterprisesSubsidiaries Zee Studios Zee Music Company BrandsIndia Zee TV &TV Zee Anmol Living Entertainment Big Magic Zee Cinema Zee Classic Zee Action Zee Bollywood Zee Anmol Cinema &pictures &xplor HD Zing Zee Café &flix &privé HD Zee Zest Zee Bangla Zee Bangla Cinema Zee Ganga Zee Biskope Zee Kannada Zee Picchar Zee Keralam Zee Marathi Zee Yuva Zee Talkies Zee Chitramandir Zee Sarthak Zee Punjabi Zee Tamil Zee Thirai Zee Telugu Zee Cinemalu India.com (joint venture) International Zee World Zee Bollynova Zee One Zee Magic Zee Bioskop Zee Mundo Zee Alwan Zee Aflam Zee Nung Zee Phim Zee MediaCorporationSubsidiaries ZEE5 Brands Zee News WION Daily News & Analysis Dish TVSubsidiaries d2h Zing Digital DishTV India Zee LearnEducational institutions Zee Institute of Media Arts Zee Institute of Creative Arts Himgiri Zee University, Dehradun Brands Kidzee Mount Litera Zee Mount Litera World	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zee Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Magic"},{"link_name":"Zee Entertainment Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Entertainment_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"Reliance Broadcasting Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Broadcasting_Network"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For French TV channel, see Zee Magic.Television channelBig Magic is an Indian free television channel owned by Zee Entertainment Enterprises. The channel was launched on 4 April 2011 as Big Magic by Reliance Broadcasting Network. In 2016, it was acquired by Zeel.[1]","title":"Big Magic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The channel was launched as Big Magic on 4 April 2011 by Reliance Broadcast Network, with the tagline \"Har Pal Chatpata\". Its programming consisted of sitcoms, mythology shows, animation series, weekend and festive specials events.It was acquired in November 2016 by Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This is a list of programming currently and formerly broadcast by the channel.","title":"Programming"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Big Magic - BIG MAGIC - Marathi Entertainment Online \| Updates & More \| ZEE5\". Big Magic. Retrieved 4 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bigmagic.zee5.com/","url_text":"\"Big Magic - BIG MAGIC - Marathi Entertainment Online \| Updates & More \| ZEE5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Breaking News - Big Magic is going to rebrand as Zee Josh \| Entertainment News & Updates , DTH Forum, DTH Channel Updates ,News & TV Updates\". web.archive.org. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210522024901/https://entmnt.com/threads/big-magic-is-going-to-rebrand-as-zee-josh.53371/","url_text":"\"Breaking News - Big Magic is going to rebrand as Zee Josh \| Entertainment News & Updates , DTH Forum, DTH Channel Updates ,News & TV Updates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anil Ambani's Reliance general entertainment group's channel Big Magic and ganga joined the Zee Group \| रिलायंस जनरल एंटरटेनमेंट समूह के बिग मैजिक औऱ गंगा चैनल ज़ी ग्रुप में शामिल - Latest News & Updates in Hindi at India.com Hindi\". web.archive.org. 21 December 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221033414/http://www.india.com/hindi-news/business-hindi/anil-ambanis-reliance-general-entertainment-groups-channel-big-magic-and-ganga-joined-the-zee-group/","url_text":"\"Anil Ambani's Reliance general entertainment group's channel Big Magic and ganga joined the Zee Group \| रिलायंस जनरल एंटरटेनमेंट समूह के बिग मैजिक औऱ गंगा चैनल ज़ी ग्रुप में शामिल - Latest News & Updates in Hindi at India.com Hindi\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://bigmagic.zee5.com/","external_links_name":"bigmagic.zee5.com"},{"Link":"https://bigmagic.zee5.com/","external_links_name":"\"Big Magic - BIG MAGIC - Marathi Entertainment Online \| Updates & More \| ZEE5\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210522024901/https://entmnt.com/threads/big-magic-is-going-to-rebrand-as-zee-josh.53371/","external_links_name":"\"Breaking News - Big Magic is going to rebrand as Zee Josh \| Entertainment News & Updates , DTH Forum, DTH Channel Updates ,News & TV Updates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161221033414/http://www.india.com/hindi-news/business-hindi/anil-ambanis-reliance-general-entertainment-groups-channel-big-magic-and-ganga-joined-the-zee-group/","external_links_name":"\"Anil Ambani's Reliance general entertainment group's channel Big Magic and ganga joined the Zee Group \| रिलायंस जनरल एंटरटेनमेंट समूह के बिग मैजिक औऱ गंगा चैनल ज़ी ग्रुप में शामिल - Latest News & Updates in Hindi at India.com Hindi\""},{"Link":"https://bigmagic.zee5.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteora_sporadica	Meteora sporadica	["1 References"]	Species of deep sea protist Meteora sporadica Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Genus: Meteora Species: M. sporadica Binomial name Meteora sporadicaHausmann, Weitere, Wolf & Arndt 2002 Meteora sporadica is a mysterious free-living protozoan discovered in 2002 during sampling at a depth of 1,230 meters below sea level in the Sporades Basin, part of the Mediterranean Sea. So far it is the only species of the genus Meteora. It was placed as Protista incertae sedis due to its unique morphology unlike any other group of protists. Two decades later, a 2022 phylogenetic analysis of Meteora still was not able to solidly relate it to any known group of eukaryotes, suggesting that it could be a new high-level eukaryotic group. In 2024 it was revealed to be related to Hemimastigophora. The cell body is colorless and ovular. It ranges between 3.0 and 4.4 μm in length and 2.0–4.0 μm in width. It has two lateral arm-like appendages and two axial appendages. The lateral appendages move independently of each other in a rowing motion. References ^ a b c Hausmann K, Weitere M, Wolf M, Arndt H (2002). "Meteora sporadica gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Protista incertae sedis) – an extraordinary free-living protist from the Mediterranean deep sea". Eur. J. Protistol. 38 (2): 171–177. doi:10.1078/0932-4739-00872. ^ Galindo, Luis Javier; López-García, Purificación; Moreira, David (2022). "First Molecular Characterization of the Elusive Marine Protist Meteora sporadica". Protist. 173 (4): 125896. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2022.125896. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 35841658. S2CID 250059723. ^ Eglit, Yana; Shiratori, Takashi; Jerlström-Hultqvist, Jon; Williamson, Kelsey; Roger, Andrew J.; Ishida, Ken-Ichiro; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (January 2024). "Meteora sporadica, a protist with incredible cell architecture, is related to Hemimastigophora". Current Biology. 34 (2): 451–459.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.032. PMID 38262350. vteEukaryote classification Domain Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota (major groups Excavata Diaphoretickes Hacrobia Rhizaria Alveolata Stramenopiles Plants Amorphea Amoebozoa Opisthokonta Animals Fungi) AmorpheaAmoebozoa Discosea Tubulinea Eumycetozoa Variosea Archamoebea Cutosea Obazoa Apusomonadida Breviatea OpisthokontaHolomycota Rotosphaerida Fungi¹ Holozoa Tunicaraptor †Bicellum Ichthyosporea Pluriformea Filozoa Filasterea Choanozoa Choanoflagellata Animalia¹ Diaphoretickes Provora Haptista Centroplasthelida Haptophyta TSAR Telonemia SAR Rhizaria Cercozoa Endomyxa Foraminifera Radiolaria Alveolata Colponemida* Ciliophora Myzozoa Apicomplexa Chrompodellida Dinoflagellata Perkinsozoa Stramenopiles Platysulcus Bigyra Bicosoecida Placidozoa Sagenista Gyrista Developea Pirsoniales Hyphochytriomycetes Ochrophyta Oomycetes Actinophryida CAM Pan-Cryptista Microheliella Cryptista Palpitomonas Cryptophyta Archaeplastida Glaucophyta Picozoa Rhodelphidia Rhodophyta Viridiplantae(Plants sensu lato) Prasinodermophyta Chlorophyta Streptophyta Chlorokybus Mesostigma Klebsormidiophyceae Charophyceae Coleochaetophyceae Zygnematophyceae Embryophyta¹ ExcavatesDiscoba Jakobida Tsukubamonas Discicristata Heterolobosea Euglenozoa Metamonada Barthelona Anaeramoebae Anaeromonada Fornicata Parabasalia Malawimonada Malawimonadidae Imasidae Incertae sedis †Acritarchs †Grypania †Gunflint microbiota †Chitinozoan Meteora sporadica Hemimastigophora Spironematellidae Paramastigidae Ancyromonadida Ancyromonadidae Planomonadidae CRuMs Collodictyonidae Mantamonadida Rigifilida ¹traditional kingdoms excluded from protists paraphyletic groups bold denotes groups with over 1,000 species This eukaryote-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protozoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protozoan"},{"link_name":"Sporades Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporades"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meteora2002-1"},{"link_name":"Protista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista"},{"link_name":"incertae sedis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meteora2002-1"},{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meteora2022-2"},{"link_name":"Hemimastigophora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemimastigophora"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meteora2002-1"}],"text":"Meteora sporadica is a mysterious free-living protozoan discovered in 2002 during sampling at a depth of 1,230 meters below sea level in the Sporades Basin, part of the Mediterranean Sea. So far it is the only species of the genus Meteora.[1]It was placed as Protista incertae sedis due to its unique morphology unlike any other group of protists.[1] Two decades later, a 2022 phylogenetic analysis of Meteora still was not able to solidly relate it to any known group of eukaryotes, suggesting that it could be a new high-level eukaryotic group.[2]\nIn 2024 it was revealed to be related to Hemimastigophora.[3]The cell body is colorless and ovular. It ranges between 3.0 and 4.4 μm in length and 2.0–4.0 μm in width. It has two lateral arm-like appendages and two axial appendages. The lateral appendages move independently of each other in a rowing motion.[1]","title":"Meteora sporadica"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Hausmann K, Weitere M, Wolf M, Arndt H (2002). \"Meteora sporadica gen. nov. et sp. nov. (Protista incertae sedis) – an extraordinary free-living protist from the Mediterranean deep sea\". Eur. J. 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S2CID 250059723.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1434461022000414","url_text":"\"First Molecular Characterization of the Elusive Marine Protist Meteora sporadica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.protis.2022.125896","url_text":"10.1016/j.protis.2022.125896"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1434-4610","url_text":"1434-4610"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35841658","url_text":"35841658"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250059723","url_text":"250059723"}]},{"reference":"Eglit, Yana; Shiratori, Takashi; Jerlström-Hultqvist, Jon; Williamson, Kelsey; Roger, Andrew J.; Ishida, Ken-Ichiro; Simpson, Alastair G.B. (January 2024). \"Meteora sporadica, a protist with incredible cell architecture, is related to Hemimastigophora\". Current Biology. 34 (2): 451–459.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.032. PMID 38262350.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2023.12.032","url_text":"10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.032"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38262350","url_text":"38262350"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1078%2F0932-4739-00872","external_links_name":"10.1078/0932-4739-00872"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1434461022000414","external_links_name":"\"First Molecular Characterization of the Elusive Marine Protist Meteora sporadica\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.protis.2022.125896","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.protis.2022.125896"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1434-4610","external_links_name":"1434-4610"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35841658","external_links_name":"35841658"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250059723","external_links_name":"250059723"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2023.12.032","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.032"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38262350","external_links_name":"38262350"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meteora_sporadica&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Australian_Touring_Car_season	1991 Australian Touring Car season	["1 Season review","2 Results and standings","2.1 Race calendar","2.2 Australian Touring Car Championship","2.3 Don't Drink Drive Sandown 500","2.4 Tooheys 1000","2.5 Hush Puppies Olympic Group A Challenge","3 References","4 External links"]	1991 Australian Touring Car season Previous 1990 Next 1992 The 1991 Australian Touring Car season was the 32nd year of touring car racing in Australia since the first runnings of the Australian Touring Car Championship and the fore-runner of the present day Bathurst 1000, the Armstrong 500. There were 12 touring car race meetings held during 1991; a nine-round series, the 1991 Australian Touring Car Championship (ATCC); a support programme event at the 1991 Australian Grand Prix and two long distance races, nicknamed 'enduros' which made up the 1991 Australian Endurance Championship. Season review 1991 was the low point for Group A touring car racing in Australia as grid numbers plunged in a harsh economic climate. Just eleven cars entered the Wanneroo round of the ATCC and just fifteen started the once prestigious Sandown 500. On track the Touring Car Championship was dominated by the Gibson Motorsport prepared Nissan Skyline GT-Rs of Jim Richards and Mark Skaife. Tony Longhursts new 2.5 litre evolution spec BMW M3 was the only car to interrupt the clean sweep. A final round DNF for Richards was not enough to take the title away, despite Skaife scoring more points over the course of the season. With only the best eight results counting Richards won the championship by five points. Gibson Motor Sport did not appear at the Sandown 500, but Nissan still won through the Bob Forbes Racing car (built by Gibson) driven by Mark Gibbs and Formula Holden ace Rohan Onslow. Richards and Skaife then swept all before them at the 1991 Tooheys 1000, establishing a race record that stood until 2010. Third placing at Bathurst gave the Australian Endurance Championship to Gibbs and Onslow. 1991 also saw Peter Brock return to driving a Holden VN Commodore after a single season driving a BMW M3 (1988) and a Ford Sierra RS500 in 1989 and 1990. Brock's Mobil 1 Racing joined forces with Perkins Engineering run by his former Bathurst 1000 co-winner Larry Perkins to run a pair of the new Group A VN Commodore's. Results and standings Race calendar The 1991 Australian touring car season consisted of 12 events. Date Series Circuit City / state Winner Team Car Report 24 Feb ATCC Round 1 Sandown International Raceway Melbourne, Victoria Jim Richards Nissan Motorsport Australia Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R 10 Mar ATCC Round 2 Symmons Plains Raceway Launceston, Tasmania Jim Richards Nissan Motorsport Australia Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R 14 Apr ATCC Round 3 Barbagallo Raceway Perth, Western Australia Mark Skaife Nissan Motorsport Australia Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R 28 Apr ATCC Round 4 Lakeside International Raceway Brisbane, Queensland Jim Richards Nissan Motorsport Australia Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R 5 May ATCC Round 5 Winton Motor Raceway Benalla, Victoria Jim Richards Nissan Motorsport Australia Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R 2 Jun ATCC Round 6 Amaroo Park Sydney, New South Wales Tony Longhurst Benson & Hedges Racing BMW M3 Evolution 23 Jun ATCC Round 7 Mallala Motor Sport Park Mallala, South Australia Mark Skaife Nissan Motorsport Australia Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R 14 Jul ATCC Round 8 Lakeside International Raceway Brisbane, Queensland Tony Longhurst Benson & Hedges Racing BMW M3 Evolution 11 Aug ATCC Round 9 Oran Park Raceway Sydney, New South Wales Mark Skaife Nissan Motorsport Australia Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R 8 Sep Don't Drink Drive Sandown 500 Sandown International Raceway Melbourne, Victoria Mark GibbsRohan Onslow Bob Forbes Racing Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R report 6 Oct Tooheys 1000 Mount Panorama Circuit Bathurst, New South Wales Jim RichardsMark Skaife Nissan Motorsport Australia Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R report 3 Nov Hush Puppies Olympic Group A Challenge Adelaide Street Circuit Adelaide, South Australia Jim Richards Nissan Motorsport Australia Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R Australian Touring Car Championship Main article: 1991 Australian Touring Car Championship Don't Drink Drive Sandown 500 Main article: 1991 Don't Drink Drive Sandown 500 Tooheys 1000 Main article: 1991 Tooheys 1000 Hush Puppies Olympic Group A Challenge This meeting was a support event of the 1991 Australian Grand Prix. Driver No. Team Car Race 1 Race 2 Jim Richards 1 Nissan Motorsport Australia Nissan Skyline R32 GT-R 1 1 Glenn Seton 30 Peter Jackson Racing Ford Sierra RS500 3 2 Larry Perkins 11 Mobil 1 Racing Holden VN Commodore SS Group A SV 6 3 John Bowe 18 Shell Ultra-Hi Racing Ford Sierra RS500 9 4 Peter Brock 05 Mobil 1 Racing Holden VN Commodore SS Group A SV 7 5 Dick Johnson 17 Shell Ultra-Hi Racing Ford Sierra RS500 8 6 Colin Bond 8 Caltex CXT Racing Ford Sierra RS500 10 7 Alan Jones 20 Benson & Hedges Racing BMW M3 Evolution 5 8 Graham Moore 42 Perkins Engineering Holden VN Commodore SS Group A SV 9 Peter Gazzard 13 Captain Peter Janson Holden VL Commodore SS Group A SV 10 Chandra Alim Indonesian Racing Team Holden VL Commodore SS Group A SV 11 Bob Jones 21 Ampol Max 3 Racing Holden VL Commodore SS Group A SV 12 John Cotter 52 M3 Motorsport BMW M3 DNF Hutomo Mandala Putra Indonesian Racing Team Holden VN Commodore SS Group A SV DNF Win Percy 16 Holden Racing Team Holden VN Commodore SS Group A SV 2 DNF Tony Longhurst 25 Benson & Hedges Racing BMW M3 Evolution 4 DNF References Linked articles contain additional references. External links Official V8 Supercar site vteAustralian touring car racingAustralian Touring Car Championship 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Shell Championship Series 1999 2000 2001 V8 Supercar Championship Series 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 International V8 Supercars Championship 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Supercars Championship 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Super2 Series Super3 Series Australian Super Touring Championship AMSCAR Bathurst 1000 Sandown 500 Enduro Cup List of Australian Touring Car and V8 Supercar champions List of Australian Touring Car Championship races List of Australian Touring Car Championship circuits List of Australian Touring Car and V8 Supercar driver records	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Touring Car season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Touring_Car_season"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Australian_Touring_Car_season"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Australian_Touring_Car_season"},{"link_name":"Australian Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"Bathurst 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathurst_1000"},{"link_name":"1991 Australian Touring Car Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Australian_Touring_Car_Championship"},{"link_name":"1991 Australian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Australian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"1991 Australian Endurance Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Australian_Endurance_Championship"}],"text":"1991 Australian Touring Car season\n\nPrevious\n1990\nNext\n1992The 1991 Australian Touring Car season was the 32nd year of touring car racing in Australia since the first runnings of the Australian Touring Car Championship and the fore-runner of the present day Bathurst 1000, the Armstrong 500.There were 12 touring car race meetings held during 1991; a nine-round series, the 1991 Australian Touring Car Championship (ATCC); a support programme event at the 1991 Australian Grand Prix and two long distance races, nicknamed 'enduros' which made up the 1991 Australian Endurance Championship.","title":"1991 Australian Touring Car season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Group A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_A"},{"link_name":"Wanneroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbagallo_Raceway"},{"link_name":"Sandown 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandown_500"},{"link_name":"Gibson Motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"Nissan Skyline GT-Rs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Skyline_R32"},{"link_name":"Jim Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Richards_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Mark Skaife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Skaife"},{"link_name":"Tony Longhursts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Longhurst"},{"link_name":"BMW M3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_M3#E30_M3"},{"link_name":"Bob Forbes Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Forbes_Racing"},{"link_name":"Mark Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Gibbs_(racing_driver)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Formula Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Holden"},{"link_name":"Rohan Onslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohan_Onslow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1991 Tooheys 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Tooheys_1000"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Supercheap_Auto_Bathurst_1000"},{"link_name":"Australian Endurance Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Endurance_Championship"},{"link_name":"Peter Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brock"},{"link_name":"Holden VN Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_VN_Commodore"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Australian_Touring_Car_season"},{"link_name":"Ford Sierra RS500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Sierra_RS500"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Australian_Touring_Car_season"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Australian_Touring_Car_season"},{"link_name":"Mobil 1 Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holden_Dealer_Team"},{"link_name":"Perkins Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkins_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Bathurst 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathurst_1000"},{"link_name":"Larry Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Perkins"}],"text":"1991 was the low point for Group A touring car racing in Australia as grid numbers plunged in a harsh economic climate. Just eleven cars entered the Wanneroo round of the ATCC and just fifteen started the once prestigious Sandown 500.On track the Touring Car Championship was dominated by the Gibson Motorsport prepared Nissan Skyline GT-Rs of Jim Richards and Mark Skaife. Tony Longhursts new 2.5 litre evolution spec BMW M3 was the only car to interrupt the clean sweep. A final round DNF for Richards was not enough to take the title away, despite Skaife scoring more points over the course of the season. With only the best eight results counting Richards won the championship by five points. Gibson Motor Sport did not appear at the Sandown 500, but Nissan still won through the Bob Forbes Racing car (built by Gibson) driven by Mark Gibbs and Formula Holden ace Rohan Onslow. Richards and Skaife then swept all before them at the 1991 Tooheys 1000, establishing a race record that stood until 2010. Third placing at Bathurst gave the Australian Endurance Championship to Gibbs and Onslow.1991 also saw Peter Brock return to driving a Holden VN Commodore after a single season driving a BMW M3 (1988) and a Ford Sierra RS500 in 1989 and 1990. Brock's Mobil 1 Racing joined forces with Perkins Engineering run by his former Bathurst 1000 co-winner Larry Perkins to run a pair of the new Group A VN Commodore's.","title":"Season review"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results and standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Race calendar","text":"The 1991 Australian touring car season consisted of 12 events.","title":"Results and standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Australian Touring Car Championship","title":"Results and standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Don't Drink Drive Sandown 500","title":"Results and standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tooheys 1000","title":"Results and standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1991 Australian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Australian_Grand_Prix"}],"sub_title":"Hush Puppies Olympic Group A Challenge","text":"This meeting was a support event of the 1991 Australian Grand Prix.","title":"Results and standings"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020928161349/http://www.v8supercar.com.au/","external_links_name":"Official V8 Supercar site"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcoquiza	Akokisa	["1 History","1.1 16th century","1.2 18th century","1.3 19th century","2 Name","3 Culture","4 Language","5 See also","6 Notes","7 Bibliography"]	Historic Indigenous tribe of Texas Ethnic group AtakapaIshakLocation of the Sabine RiverTotal populationceased to exist as a tribeRegions with significant populationsUnited States(Southeastern Texas)LanguagesAtakapaReligionChristianity, Indigenous religionRelated ethnic groupsother Atakapa peoples The Akokisa (also known as the Accokesaws, Arkokisa, or Orcoquiza) were an Indigenous tribe who lived on Galveston Bay and the lower Trinity and Sabine rivers in Texas, primarily in the present-day Greater Houston area. They were a band of the Atakapa Indians, closely related to the Atakapa of Lake Charles, Louisiana. History 16th century Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca wrote about the Akokisa in 1528, calling them the "Han." 18th century An early reported encounter with the Akokisa by a European person was in 1719 when Simars de Bellisle, a French officer, was held captive by the Akokisa until 1721. His account of his captivity provides some information about Akokisa culture. John Sibley in 1805 reported that they previously lived near Matagorda Bay on the west bank of the Texan Colorado River in ancient times. Around the 1750s the Akokisa were divided into five village groups. Some Akokisa people entered the San Ildefonso Mission in 1748-49 but left in 1755. That mission was abandoned and replaced by Nuestra Señora de la Luz Mission, built in 1756-57 on the Trinity River, to serve the Akokisa and Bidai tribes. 19th century In 1805, the Akokisa were reduced to two villages. One coastal village lay between the Sabine and Neches Rivers; the other was on the west side of the Colorado River. The Akokisas may have been absorbed into other tribes at the wake of the Texas Revolution of 1835-36. Name The name Akokisa is of unknown origin, although John R. Swanton has speculated that the name may be from the Atakapa word icāk meaning "person". The Akokisa have also been known by the following names and spelling variations: Arkokisa, Caque, Han, Orcoquiza, Accocesaw, Accockesaw, Accokesaus, Accokesaw, Acokesa, Horcoquisa, Ocosau, Orcoquisa, and Orcoquisac. Culture Akokisa people lived in settled villages and built airy structures to cope with their warm climate. Their homes were beehive-shaped and thatched with grass or palmetto leaves. A hearth would be located in the center of the floor with a smokehole in the ceiling. During summer months, an Akokisa would sleep in a Chickee, a raised platform with a thatched roof and open sides. Beds were made of straw, covered with animal skins. For water transportation and fishing, Akokisas carved cypress logs into dugout canoes. Both men and women decorated their bodies and faces with tattoos. The Akokisa, like the Atakapa, practiced cannibalism, which may have been connected to their religious beliefs. Cannibalistic efforts were described as consumption of enemies' flesh after a battle by Simars de Bellisle, who observed them firsthand. Akokisa were hunter-gatherers and had a diet of deer, fish, oysters and bison. Black drink was used for purification in certain ceremonies. They are reported to have grown "superfine" maize. Tubers of the greenbrier vine provided meal for baking and cooking. During warm seasons they ate bird eggs, fish, shellfish, and American lotus rhizomes and seeds; during cold seasons they moved further inland and hunted deer, bear, and bison. Horses were used to hunt bison. Tanned deer hides and bear fat were their primary commercial exports. Almost nothing is known about their kinship systems, life cycle, or marriage customs. Language AkokisaRegionTexasExtinct19th centuryLanguage familyunclassifiedLanguage codesISO 639-3None (mis)Linguist List096 aqp-ako qm5-akoGlottologNone The Akokisa language is extinct and unknown. Swanton claimed that the Akokisa spoke a language related to Atakapa based on the similarity of a vocabulary of 45 words ascribed to the Akokisa collected by Captain Jean Béranger in 1721 on Galveston. However, there is no clear evidence that this document actually represents the language of Akokisa (Béranger provides a tribal designation for the vocabulary). Sibley also reported that they had their own language "peculiar to themselves" and used sign language to communicate with other Indians (also reported for other peoples in eastern Texas). He did not connect them with the Atakapa. Only two Akokisa words have been found in Spanish records: Yegsa meaning "Spaniard(s)" and Quiselpoo, a female name. See also List of Native American peoples in the United States Notes ^ Zamponi, Raoul (2024). "Unclassified languages". The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America. De Gruyter. pp. 1627–1648. doi:10.1515/9783110712742-061. ISBN 978-3-11-071274-2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Campbell, Thomas N. "Akokisa Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 29 July 2023. ^ a b Swanton, John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnology, Bulletin 145. 1953: 198 ^ Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009). Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced. McFarland. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7864-5169-2. ^ a b c Stahl, Carmine. Jesse J. Jones & Nature Center Redbud Hill Homestead. 2002 ^ Newcomb, William Wilmon, Jr. The Indians of Texas: From Prehistoric to Modern Times. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972:327 ^ Muhich, Mark (29 March 1995). "Original Islanders Deserve Respect". The Galveston Daily News. Retrieved 12 October 2016 – via Newspapers.com. Bibliography Bolton, Herbert E. (1915). Texas in the middle eighteenth century: Studies in Spanish colonial history and administration. University of California publications in history (No. 3). Berkeley: University of California. Folmer, Henri. (1940). De Bellisle on the Texas coast. Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 44 (2), 204–231. Gatschet, Albert S.; & Swanton, John R. (1932). A Dictionary of the Atakapa language, accompanied by text material. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin (No. 108). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Goddard, Ives. (2005). The indigenous languages of the Southeast. Anthropological Linguistics, 47 (1), 1-60. Margry, Pierre (Ed.). (1879–1888). Découvertes et établissements des Français dans l'ouest et dans le sud de l'Amérique Septentrionale (1614–1754) (Vol. 6, pp. 320–347). Paris: Maison-neuve et Cie. (Reprinted 1974 by AMS Press). Martin, Jack. (2004). Languages. In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast (Vol. 14, pp. 68–86). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Newcomb, William W., Jr. (2004). Atakapans and neighboring groups. In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast (Vol. 14, pp. 659–663). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Sibley, John. (1806). Historical sketches of the several Indian tribes in Louisiana, south of the Arkansas River, and between the Mississippi and River Grand . In T. Jefferson (Ed.), Message from the President of the United States communicating the discoveries made in exploring the Missouri, Red River, and Washita (p. 48–62). New York: G. F. Hopkins. Swanton, John R. (1911). Indian tribes of the lower Mississippi valley and adjacent coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin (No. 43). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. Villiers du Terrage, Marc de; & Rivet, Paul. (1919). Les indiens du Texas et les expéditions françaises de 1720 et 1721 à la 'Baie Saint-Bernard'. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, 14, 127–149. vte Native American tribes in TexasFederally recognizedtribes Alabama–Coushatta Kickapoo Traditional Tribe Ysleta del Sur Pueblo Indigenous languages Araname† Atacapan† Borrado† Caddo Coahuiltecan† Cotoname† Garzan† Pakawan† Solano† Tamaulipecan Tanpachoan† Tiwa Tonkawan† Wichita† Historical Indigenouspeoples of Texas(Several are inOklahoma today) Adai≠ Anxau≠ Apache (Lipan Apache°, Querecho >< ) Aranama≠ Atakapa≠ (Akokna, Akokisa, Bidai, Deadose) Caddo* (Eyeish, Hasinai, Hainai, Kadohadacho, Nabedache, Nabiti, Nacogdoche, Nacono, Nadaco, Nanatsoho, Lower Nasoni, Neche, Nechaui) Cherokee, Texas°* Coahuiltecan≠ (Ervipiame, Pajalat, Payaya, Sijame, Xarames) Comanche* Decose≠ Emet≠ Jumanos≠ Karankawa≠ (Copano≠) Kohani≠ Mayeye≠ Pachal≠ Pacoa≠ Paguame≠ Pampopa≠ Papanac≠ Pastia≠ Pasxa≠ Patiri≠ Pulacuam≠ Sana≠ Saracuam≠ Semonam≠ Tamique≠ Teyas° Tilijae Tomoacas Tonkawa* Wichita and Affiliated Tribes* (Kichai, Taovaya, Tawakoni, Waco, Wichita proper) Yojuane≠ Related topics Sam Houston and Native American relations † extinct language / ≠ extinct tribe / >< early, obsolete name of Indigenous tribe / ° people absorbed into other tribe(s) / * headquartered in Oklahoma today	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zamponi-2024-1"},{"link_name":"Indigenous tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Galveston Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston_Bay"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Sabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Greater Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Houston"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-2"},{"link_name":"Atakapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakapa"},{"link_name":"Lake Charles, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Charles,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swanton-3"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Akokisa (also known as the Accokesaws, Arkokisa, or Orcoquiza[1]) were an Indigenous tribe who lived on Galveston Bay and the lower Trinity and Sabine rivers in Texas, primarily in the present-day Greater Houston area.[2] They were a band of the Atakapa Indians, closely related to the Atakapa of Lake Charles, Louisiana.[3]","title":"Akokisa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swanton-3"}],"sub_title":"16th century","text":"Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca wrote about the Akokisa in 1528, calling them the \"Han.\"[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simars de Bellisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Simars_de_Bellisle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-2"},{"link_name":"Matagorda Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matagorda_Bay"},{"link_name":"Texan Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"San Ildefonso Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-2"},{"link_name":"Nuestra Señora de la Luz Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Luz_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bidai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-2"}],"sub_title":"18th century","text":"An early reported encounter with the Akokisa by a European person was in 1719 when Simars de Bellisle, a French officer, was held captive by the Akokisa[2] until 1721. His account of his captivity provides some information about Akokisa culture.John Sibley in 1805 reported that they previously lived near Matagorda Bay on the west bank of the Texan Colorado River in ancient times.Around the 1750s the Akokisa were divided into five village groups. Some Akokisa people entered the San Ildefonso Mission in 1748-49 but left in 1755.[2] That mission was abandoned and replaced by Nuestra Señora de la Luz Mission, built in 1756-57 on the Trinity River, to serve the Akokisa and Bidai tribes.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas-Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Neches Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neches_River"},{"link_name":"Colorado River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-2"},{"link_name":"Texas Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-2"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"In 1805, the Akokisa were reduced to two villages. One coastal village lay between the Sabine and Neches Rivers; the other was on the west side of the Colorado River.[2] The Akokisas may have been absorbed into other tribes at the wake of the Texas Revolution of 1835-36.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John R. Swanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Swanton"},{"link_name":"Atakapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakapa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tsha-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The name Akokisa is of unknown origin, although John R. Swanton has speculated that the name may be from the Atakapa word icāk meaning \"person\". The Akokisa have also been known by the following names and spelling variations: Arkokisa,[2] Caque,[2] Han,[2] Orcoquiza,[2] Accocesaw, Accockesaw, Accokesaus, Accokesaw,[4] Acokesa, Horcoquisa, Ocosau, Orcoquisa, and Orcoquisac.[citation needed]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"thatched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatching"},{"link_name":"palmetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabal"},{"link_name":"Chickee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stahl-5"},{"link_name":"cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxodium_distichum"},{"link_name":"dugout canoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugout_(boat)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stahl-5"},{"link_name":"tattoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo"},{"link_name":"Atakapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakapa"},{"link_name":"cannibalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cannibalism"},{"link_name":"Simars de Bellisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francois_Simars_de_Bellisle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newcomb-6"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"bison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Black drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_drink"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"Tubers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuber"},{"link_name":"greenbrier vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smilax"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stahl-5"},{"link_name":"American lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_lutea"},{"link_name":"rhizomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_seed"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_deer"},{"link_name":"bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_black_bear"},{"link_name":"bison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plains_bison"},{"link_name":"kinship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinship"}],"text":"Akokisa people lived in settled villages and built airy structures to cope with their warm climate. Their homes were beehive-shaped and thatched with grass or palmetto leaves. A hearth would be located in the center of the floor with a smokehole in the ceiling. During summer months, an Akokisa would sleep in a Chickee, a raised platform with a thatched roof and open sides. Beds were made of straw, covered with animal skins.[5]For water transportation and fishing, Akokisas carved cypress logs into dugout canoes.[5]Both men and women decorated their bodies and faces with tattoos.The Akokisa, like the Atakapa, practiced cannibalism, which may have been connected to their religious beliefs. Cannibalistic efforts were described as consumption of enemies' flesh after a battle by Simars de Bellisle, who observed them firsthand.[6] Akokisa were hunter-gatherers and had a diet of deer, fish, oysters and bison.[7]Black drink was used for purification in certain ceremonies.They are reported to have grown \"superfine\" maize. Tubers of the greenbrier vine provided meal for baking and cooking.[5] During warm seasons they ate bird eggs, fish, shellfish, and American lotus rhizomes and seeds; during cold seasons they moved further inland and hunted deer, bear, and bison. Horses were used to hunt bison. Tanned deer hides and bear fat were their primary commercial exports.Almost nothing is known about their kinship systems, life cycle, or marriage customs.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_language"},{"link_name":"Swanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Swanton"},{"link_name":"Atakapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakapa_language"},{"link_name":"sign language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_language"}],"text":"The Akokisa language is extinct and unknown.Swanton claimed that the Akokisa spoke a language related to Atakapa based on the similarity of a vocabulary of 45 words ascribed to the Akokisa collected by Captain Jean Béranger in 1721 on Galveston. However, there is no clear evidence that this document actually represents the language of Akokisa (Béranger provides a tribal designation for the vocabulary).Sibley also reported that they had their own language \"peculiar to themselves\" and used sign language to communicate with other Indians (also reported for other peoples in eastern Texas). He did not connect them with the Atakapa.Only two Akokisa words have been found in Spanish records: Yegsa meaning \"Spaniard(s)\" and Quiselpoo, a female name.","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Zamponi-2024_1-0"},{"link_name":"The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110712742-061/html"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/9783110712742-061","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110712742-061"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-071274-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071274-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tsha_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tsha_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tsha_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tsha_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tsha_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tsha_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tsha_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tsha_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tsha_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tsha_2-9"},{"link_name":"\"Akokisa Indians\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/akokisa-indians"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-swanton_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-swanton_3-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-clark_4-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7864-5169-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5169-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stahl_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stahl_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-stahl_5-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-newcomb_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Original Islanders Deserve Respect\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/6996476//"}],"text":"^ Zamponi, Raoul (2024). \"Unclassified languages\". The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America. De Gruyter. pp. 1627–1648. doi:10.1515/9783110712742-061. ISBN 978-3-11-071274-2.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j Campbell, Thomas N. \"Akokisa Indians\". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 29 July 2023.\n\n^ a b Swanton, John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of Ethnology, Bulletin 145. 1953: 198\n\n^ Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009). Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced. McFarland. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7864-5169-2.\n\n^ a b c Stahl, Carmine. Jesse J. Jones & Nature Center Redbud Hill Homestead. 2002\n\n^ Newcomb, William Wilmon, Jr. The Indians of Texas: From Prehistoric to Modern Times. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1972:327\n\n^ Muhich, Mark (29 March 1995). \"Original Islanders Deserve Respect\". The Galveston Daily News. Retrieved 12 October 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_Tribes_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Texas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Native American tribes in Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_tribes_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Federally recognizedtribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes"},{"link_name":"Alabama–Coushatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Coushatta_Tribe_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Kickapoo Traditional Tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_Traditional_Tribe_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ysleta del Sur Pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysleta_del_Sur_Pueblo"},{"link_name":"Indigenous languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Araname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranama_language"},{"link_name":"Atacapan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakapa_language"},{"link_name":"Borrado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrado_language"},{"link_name":"Caddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_language"},{"link_name":"Coahuiltecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuiltecan_languages"},{"link_name":"Cotoname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotoname_language"},{"link_name":"Garzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garza_language"},{"link_name":"Pakawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakawan_languages"},{"link_name":"Solano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solano_language"},{"link_name":"Tamaulipecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamaulipeco_language"},{"link_name":"Tanpachoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanpachoa_language"},{"link_name":"Tiwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Tiwa_language"},{"link_name":"Tonkawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkawa_language"},{"link_name":"Wichita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_language"},{"link_name":"Adai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adai_people"},{"link_name":"Anxau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anxau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache"},{"link_name":"Lipan Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipan_Apache"},{"link_name":"Querecho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querecho_Indians"},{"link_name":"Aranama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranama_people"},{"link_name":"Atakapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakapa"},{"link_name":"Akokna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akokna_people"},{"link_name":"Akokisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bidai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidai"},{"link_name":"Deadose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadose"},{"link_name":"Caddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_Nation"},{"link_name":"Eyeish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyeish"},{"link_name":"Hasinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasinai"},{"link_name":"Hainai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hainai"},{"link_name":"Kadohadacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadohadacho"},{"link_name":"Nabedache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabedache"},{"link_name":"Nabiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabiti"},{"link_name":"Nacogdoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacogdoche"},{"link_name":"Nacono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacono"},{"link_name":"Nadaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadaco"},{"link_name":"Nanatsoho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanatsoho"},{"link_name":"Lower Nasoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasoni"},{"link_name":"Neche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neche_people"},{"link_name":"Nechaui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nechaui"},{"link_name":"Cherokee, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Cherokees"},{"link_name":"Coahuiltecan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coahuiltecan"},{"link_name":"Ervipiame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervipiame"},{"link_name":"Pajalat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajalat"},{"link_name":"Payaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payaya_people"},{"link_name":"Sijame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijame"},{"link_name":"Xarames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarames"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche"},{"link_name":"Decose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deacose_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emet_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jumanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumanos"},{"link_name":"Karankawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karankawa_people"},{"link_name":"Copano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copano_people"},{"link_name":"Kohani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kohani_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mayeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayeye"},{"link_name":"Pachal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pachal_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pacoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pacoa_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paguame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paguame&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pampopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pampopa_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Papanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papanac&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pastia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastia_people"},{"link_name":"Pasxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pasxa_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Patiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patiri"},{"link_name":"Pulacuam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulacuam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sana_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saracuam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saracuam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Semonam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semonam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tamique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamique_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyas_Indians"},{"link_name":"Tilijae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tilijae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tomoacas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomoacas_people&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tonkawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkawa"},{"link_name":"Wichita and Affiliated Tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_and_Affiliated_Tribes"},{"link_name":"Kichai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichai_people"},{"link_name":"Taovaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taovaya_people"},{"link_name":"Tawakoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawakoni"},{"link_name":"Waco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_people"},{"link_name":"Wichita proper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_people"},{"link_name":"Yojuane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yojuane"},{"link_name":"Sam Houston and Native American relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Houston_and_Native_American_relations"},{"link_name":"obsolete name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-Classic_stage"}],"text":"Bolton, Herbert E. (1915). Texas in the middle eighteenth century: Studies in Spanish colonial history and administration. University of California publications in history (No. 3). Berkeley: University of California.\nFolmer, Henri. (1940). De Bellisle on the Texas coast. Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 44 (2), 204–231.\nGatschet, Albert S.; & Swanton, John R. (1932). A Dictionary of the Atakapa language, accompanied by text material. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin (No. 108). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.\nGoddard, Ives. (2005). The indigenous languages of the Southeast. Anthropological Linguistics, 47 (1), 1-60.\nMargry, Pierre (Ed.). (1879–1888). Découvertes et établissements des Français dans l'ouest et dans le sud de l'Amérique Septentrionale (1614–1754) (Vol. 6, pp. 320–347). Paris: Maison-neuve et Cie. (Reprinted 1974 by AMS Press).\nMartin, Jack. (2004). Languages. In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast (Vol. 14, pp. 68–86). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.\nNewcomb, William W., Jr. (2004). Atakapans and neighboring groups. In R. D. Fogelson (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast (Vol. 14, pp. 659–663). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.\nSibley, John. (1806). Historical sketches of the several Indian tribes in Louisiana, south of the Arkansas River, and between the Mississippi and River Grand [5 April 1805]. In T. Jefferson (Ed.), Message from the President of the United States communicating the discoveries made in exploring the Missouri, Red River, and Washita (p. 48–62). New York: G. F. Hopkins.\nSwanton, John R. (1911). Indian tribes of the lower Mississippi valley and adjacent coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin (No. 43). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.\nVilliers du Terrage, Marc de; & Rivet, Paul. (1919). Les indiens du Texas et les expéditions françaises de 1720 et 1721 à la 'Baie Saint-Bernard'. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris, 14, 127–149.vte Native American tribes in TexasFederally recognizedtribes\nAlabama–Coushatta\nKickapoo Traditional Tribe\nYsleta del Sur Pueblo\nIndigenous languages\nAraname†\nAtacapan†\nBorrado†\nCaddo\nCoahuiltecan†\nCotoname†\nGarzan†\nPakawan†\nSolano†\nTamaulipecan\nTanpachoan†\nTiwa\nTonkawan†\nWichita†\nHistorical Indigenouspeoples of Texas(Several are inOklahoma today)\nAdai≠\nAnxau≠\nApache (Lipan Apache°, Querecho >< )\nAranama≠\nAtakapa≠ (Akokna, Akokisa, Bidai, Deadose)\nCaddo* (Eyeish, Hasinai, Hainai, Kadohadacho, Nabedache, Nabiti, Nacogdoche, Nacono, Nadaco, Nanatsoho, Lower Nasoni, Neche, Nechaui)\nCherokee, Texas°\nCoahuiltecan≠ (Ervipiame, Pajalat, Payaya, Sijame, Xarames)\nComanche\nDecose≠\nEmet≠\nJumanos≠\nKarankawa≠ (Copano≠)\nKohani≠\nMayeye≠\nPachal≠\nPacoa≠\nPaguame≠\nPampopa≠\nPapanac≠\nPastia≠\nPasxa≠\nPatiri≠\nPulacuam≠\nSana≠\nSaracuam≠\nSemonam≠\nTamique≠\nTeyas°\nTilijae\nTomoacas\nTonkawa\nWichita and Affiliated Tribes (Kichai, Taovaya, Tawakoni, Waco, Wichita proper)\nYojuane≠\nRelated topics\nSam Houston and Native American relations\n† extinct language / ≠ extinct tribe / >< early, obsolete name of Indigenous tribe / ° people absorbed into other tribe(s) / * headquartered in Oklahoma today","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Native American peoples in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Native_American_peoples_in_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"Zamponi, Raoul (2024). \"Unclassified languages\". The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America. De Gruyter. pp. 1627–1648. doi:10.1515/9783110712742-061. ISBN 978-3-11-071274-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110712742-061/html","url_text":"The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110712742-061","url_text":"10.1515/9783110712742-061"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071274-2","url_text":"978-3-11-071274-2"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Thomas N. \"Akokisa Indians\". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 29 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/akokisa-indians","url_text":"\"Akokisa Indians\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009). Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced. McFarland. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7864-5169-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5169-2","url_text":"978-0-7864-5169-2"}]},{"reference":"Muhich, Mark (29 March 1995). \"Original Islanders Deserve Respect\". The Galveston Daily News. Retrieved 12 October 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6996476//","url_text":"\"Original Islanders Deserve Respect\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/096","external_links_name":"096"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/aqp-ako","external_links_name":"aqp-ako"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/qm5-ako","external_links_name":"qm5-ako"},{"Link":"https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110712742-061/html","external_links_name":"The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110712742-061","external_links_name":"10.1515/9783110712742-061"},{"Link":"https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/akokisa-indians","external_links_name":"\"Akokisa Indians\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/6996476//","external_links_name":"\"Original Islanders Deserve Respect\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominik_Schmidt	Dominik Schmidt	["1 Career","2 Career statistics","3 References","4 External links"]	German footballer Dominik Schmidt Schmidt in 2019Personal informationDate of birth (1987-07-01) 1 July 1987 (age 36)Place of birth West Berlin, West GermanyHeight 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in)Position(s) DefenderTeam informationCurrent team Atlas DelmenhorstNumber 41Senior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2006–2011 Werder Bremen II 104 (4)2009–2011 Werder Bremen 12 (0)2011–2012 Eintracht Frankfurt 1 (0)2011–2012 Eintracht Frankfurt II 15 (0)2012–2015 Preußen Münster 72 (8)2015–2020 Holstein Kiel 142 (5)2020–2022 MSV Duisburg 27 (1)2022– Atlas Delmenhorst 0 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 16:19, 30 January 2022 (UTC) Dominik Schmidt (born 1 July 1987) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defender for Atlas Delmenhorst. Career In June 2015, it was announced Schmidt would join 3. Liga side Holstein Kiel from Preußen Münster for the 2015–16 season having signed a two-year contract. In March 2017, Schmidt agreed a contract extension until 2019 with Holstein Kiel. In April 2020, it was announced that Holstein Kiel would not extend his contract beyond the 2019–20 season. He signed for MSV Duisburg on 18 August 2020. He left Duisburg on mutual consent in January 2022. Schmidt moved to Regionalliga Nord club Atlas Delmenhorst in late January 2022. He signed a 1.5-year contract with the option of a further year. Career statistics As of match played 2 October 2021 Appearances and goals by club, season and competition Club Season League Cup Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Werder Bremen II 2006–07 Regionalliga 14 1 — — 14 1 2007–08 Regionalliga 22 2 2 0 — 24 2 2008–09 3. Liga 34 1 — — 34 1 2009–10 3. Liga 22 0 — — 22 0 2010–11 3. Liga 12 0 — — 12 0 Total 104 4 2 0 — 106 4 Werder Bremen 2010–11 Bundesliga 12 0 0 0 2 0 14 0 Eintracht Frankfurt 2011–12 2. Bundesliga 1 0 0 0 — 1 0 Eintracht Frankfurt II 2011–12 Regionalliga 15 0 — — 15 0 Preußen Münster 2012–13 3. Liga 14 2 1 0 — 15 2 2013–14 3. Liga 29 2 1 0 — 30 2 2014–15 3. Liga 29 4 1 0 — 30 4 Total 72 8 3 0 — 75 8 Holstein Kiel 2015–16 3. Liga 27 4 0 0 — 27 4 2016–17 3. Liga 31 0 — — 31 0 2017–18 2. Bundesliga 32 1 2 0 2 0 36 1 2018–19 2. Bundesliga 31 0 3 0 — 34 0 2019–20 2. Bundesliga 21 0 0 0 — 21 0 Total 142 5 5 0 2 0 149 5 MSV Duisburg 2020–21 3. Liga 26 1 0 0 — 26 1 2021–22 3. Liga 1 0 — — 1 0 Total 27 1 0 0 — 27 1 Career total 373 18 10 0 4 0 387 18 References ^ Dominik Schmidt at Soccerway. Retrieved 30 April 2011. ^ Geidel, Andreas (25 June 2015). "Störche holen Schlitzohr Schmidt". Kieler Nachrichten (in German). Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ "Bis 2019: Schmidt verlängert in Kiel". kicker Online (in German). 17 March 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ ""Enttäuscht und überrascht": Dominik Schmidt muss in Kiel gehen". kicker. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020. ^ ""Bringt Erfahrung rein": Dominik Schmidt wird ein Zebra". msv-duisburg.de. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020. ^ "MSV Duisburg und Dominik Schmidt gehen getrennte Wege". waz.de. 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022. ^ "Fußball-Regionalliga: SV Atlas Delmenhorst holt Dominik Schmidt". Weser Kurier (in German). 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022. ^ "SV Atlas Delmenhorst holt Berliner Jungen". SV Atlas Delmenhorst e.V. (in German). 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022. ^ Dominik Schmidt at WorldFootball.net External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dominik Schmidt. Dominik Schmidt at Soccerway.com Dominik Schmidt at WorldFootball.net Dominik Schmidt at kicker (in German) Dominik Schmidt at the German Football Association Dominik Schmidt at Fussballdaten.de (in German) Dominik Schmidt at eintracht.de (in German) This biographical article related to association football in Germany, about a defender born in the 1980s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Atlas Delmenhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Delmenhorst"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Dominik Schmidt (born 1 July 1987) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defender for Atlas Delmenhorst.[1]","title":"Dominik Schmidt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3. Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3._Liga"},{"link_name":"Holstein Kiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein_Kiel"},{"link_name":"Preußen Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Preu%C3%9Fen_M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"MSV Duisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSV_Duisburg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga_Nord"},{"link_name":"Atlas Delmenhorst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Delmenhorst"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In June 2015, it was announced Schmidt would join 3. Liga side Holstein Kiel from Preußen Münster for the 2015–16 season having signed a two-year contract.[2]In March 2017, Schmidt agreed a contract extension until 2019 with Holstein Kiel.[3]In April 2020, it was announced that Holstein Kiel would not extend his contract beyond the 2019–20 season.[4] He signed for MSV Duisburg on 18 August 2020.[5] He left Duisburg on mutual consent in January 2022.[6]Schmidt moved to Regionalliga Nord club Atlas Delmenhorst in late January 2022.[7] He signed a 1.5-year contract with the option of a further year.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As of match played 2 October 2021[9]","title":"Career statistics"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Geidel, Andreas (25 June 2015). \"Störche holen Schlitzohr Schmidt\". Kieler Nachrichten (in German). Retrieved 3 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kn-online.de/Sport/Holstein-Kiel/Holstein-Kiel-Dominik-Schmidt-unterschreibt-Zwei-Jahres-Vertrag","url_text":"\"Störche holen Schlitzohr Schmidt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bis 2019: Schmidt verlängert in Kiel\". kicker Online (in German). 17 March 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/3liga/startseite/673543/artikel_bis-2019_schmidt-verlaengert-in-kiel.html","url_text":"\"Bis 2019: Schmidt verlängert in Kiel\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Enttäuscht und überrascht\": Dominik Schmidt muss in Kiel gehen\". kicker. 24 April 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kicker.de/774432/artikel/_enttaeuscht_und_ueberrascht_schmidt_muss_in_kiel_gehen","url_text":"\"\"Enttäuscht und überrascht\": Dominik Schmidt muss in Kiel gehen\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Bringt Erfahrung rein\": Dominik Schmidt wird ein Zebra\". msv-duisburg.de. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msv-duisburg.de/aktuelles/artikel/bringt-erfahrung-rein-dominik-schmidt-wird-ein-zebra/","url_text":"\"\"Bringt Erfahrung rein\": Dominik Schmidt wird ein Zebra\""}]},{"reference":"\"MSV Duisburg und Dominik Schmidt gehen getrennte Wege\". waz.de. 3 January 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waz.de/sport/msv-duisburg-und-dominik-schmidt-gehen-getrennte-wege-id234224093.html","url_text":"\"MSV Duisburg und Dominik Schmidt gehen getrennte Wege\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fußball-Regionalliga: SV Atlas Delmenhorst holt Dominik Schmidt\". Weser Kurier (in German). 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weser-kurier.de/stadt-delmenhorst/sport/fussball-regionalliga-sv-atlas-delmenhorst-holt-dominik-schmidt-doc7jho0fjfyf71ibauy2sr","url_text":"\"Fußball-Regionalliga: SV Atlas Delmenhorst holt Dominik Schmidt\""}]},{"reference":"\"SV Atlas Delmenhorst holt Berliner Jungen\". SV Atlas Delmenhorst e.V. (in German). 30 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svatlas.de/Artikel/41379/SV-Atlas-Delmenhorst-holt-Berliner-Jungen","url_text":"\"SV Atlas Delmenhorst holt Berliner Jungen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/86668/","external_links_name":"Dominik Schmidt"},{"Link":"http://www.kn-online.de/Sport/Holstein-Kiel/Holstein-Kiel-Dominik-Schmidt-unterschreibt-Zwei-Jahres-Vertrag","external_links_name":"\"Störche holen Schlitzohr Schmidt\""},{"Link":"http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/3liga/startseite/673543/artikel_bis-2019_schmidt-verlaengert-in-kiel.html","external_links_name":"\"Bis 2019: Schmidt verlängert in Kiel\""},{"Link":"https://www.kicker.de/774432/artikel/_enttaeuscht_und_ueberrascht_schmidt_muss_in_kiel_gehen","external_links_name":"\"\"Enttäuscht und überrascht\": Dominik Schmidt muss in Kiel gehen\""},{"Link":"https://www.msv-duisburg.de/aktuelles/artikel/bringt-erfahrung-rein-dominik-schmidt-wird-ein-zebra/","external_links_name":"\"\"Bringt Erfahrung rein\": Dominik Schmidt wird ein Zebra\""},{"Link":"https://www.waz.de/sport/msv-duisburg-und-dominik-schmidt-gehen-getrennte-wege-id234224093.html","external_links_name":"\"MSV Duisburg und Dominik Schmidt gehen getrennte Wege\""},{"Link":"https://www.weser-kurier.de/stadt-delmenhorst/sport/fussball-regionalliga-sv-atlas-delmenhorst-holt-dominik-schmidt-doc7jho0fjfyf71ibauy2sr","external_links_name":"\"Fußball-Regionalliga: SV Atlas Delmenhorst holt Dominik Schmidt\""},{"Link":"https://www.svatlas.de/Artikel/41379/SV-Atlas-Delmenhorst-holt-Berliner-Jungen","external_links_name":"\"SV Atlas Delmenhorst holt Berliner Jungen\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/dominik-schmidt/#wac_660x40_top","external_links_name":"Dominik Schmidt"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/86668/","external_links_name":"Dominik Schmidt"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673955#P2369"},{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/dominik-schmidt/","external_links_name":"Dominik Schmidt"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673955#P2020"},{"Link":"https://www.kicker.de/dominik-schmidt/spieler","external_links_name":"Dominik Schmidt"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673955#P8912"},{"Link":"https://datencenter.dfb.de/en/profile/29244","external_links_name":"Dominik Schmidt"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673955#P4023"},{"Link":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/schmidtdominik/","external_links_name":"Dominik Schmidt"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673955#P3538"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120314041917/http://www.eintracht.de/aktuell/mannschaft/schmidt/","external_links_name":"Dominik Schmidt"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominik_Schmidt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Greg	Greg Greg	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 36°03′58.5″S 148°01′42.8″E / 36.066250°S 148.028556°E / -36.066250; 148.028556 Town in New South Wales, AustraliaGreg GregNew South WalesGreg GregCoordinates36°03′58.5″S 148°01′42.8″E / 36.066250°S 148.028556°E / -36.066250; 148.028556Population36 (2016 census)Postcode(s)2642Location 21 km (13 mi) N.E. of Corryong 51 km (32 mi) S of Tumbarumba LGA(s)Snowy Valleys CouncilCountySelwynParishGreg Greg, WelumbaState electorate(s)AlburyFederal division(s)Eden-MonaroGreg Greg is a rural locality in the Snowy Valleys Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The locality lies on the route between Tumbarumba and Corryong. The western boundary of the locality is the Murray River (N.S.W. - Victoria border). Greg Greg lies close to where the Murray's course changes direction from generally south-to-north to generally eest-to-west. Its northern boundary is the left bank of the Tooma River, and its eastern boundary is with Kosciuszko National Park. To its south lies the rural locality of Bringenbrong. The area of the locality includes the parish of the same name, but also includes part of the neighbouring parish of Welumba. The area now known as Greg Greg lies close to the boundaries of the traditional lands of Ngarigo and Jaimathang peoples. Greg Greg takes its name from an early grazing run operated by John Pierce (1817—1897), from at least the early 1860s. The origin of the name Greg Greg is the settlers' rendering of an Aboriginal word, said to imitate the croaking of frogs. The area is relatively well-watered cattle grazing country. It was later subject to selection—although it seems there was some 'dummying' by the Pierce family to retain effective control of their land—and also to subdivision, resulting in the smaller landholdings still apparent today. The Pierce family and Greg Greg Station became well known for breeding of thoroughbred horses, providing horses to annual horse sales into the 1950s. Jack Riley (1841-1914), one of the men who are held to be the inspiration for the character in the poem, The Man from Snowy River, was employed by the Pierce family of Greg Greg, although he lived for much of the time in an isolated cabin at Tom Groggin, where the Pierces had a grazing lease. It is known that the poet, A. B. 'Banjo' Paterson, had met Riley. There is no bridge across the Murray at Greg Greg—the nearest are upstream at Towong and downstream at Tintaldra—but the old fording location known as the 'Lighthouse Crossing', lies immediately south of the locality. This old crossing was the scene of many accidental deaths and near misses, before the construction of the bridge at Towong. Prior to Federation, the area around the old crossing was the location of smuggling activities to evade inter-colonial customs duties and other border controls. The lands bordering the Murray were particularly affected by colonial-era customs policies. There was a school at Greg Greg from 1881 to 1887 and again from 1950 to 1968. References ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Greg Greg (State Suburb)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 29 June 2017. ^ a b "Greg Greg · New South Wales 2642, Australia". Google Maps. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "Bringenbrong · New South Wales 3707, Australia". Google Maps. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ a b "Parish of Greg Greg, County of Selwyn ". Trove. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ "Parish of Welumba, County of Selwyn : Land District of Tumbarumba, Tumbarumba Shire, Eastern Division N.S.W." Trove. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ Studies, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (10 January 2021). "Map of Indigenous Australia". aiatsis.gov.au. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "Advertising". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 29 March 1862. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ a b "ALBURY POLICE COURT". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 8 November 1862. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "TUMBARUMBA". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 22 January 1897. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ "ALBURY DISTRICT COURT". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 29 June 1867. Retrieved 14 December 2021. ^ "COURT OF INQUIRY UNDER THE LAND ACT". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 18 December 1875. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "GREG GREG ESTATE". Argus. 30 September 1911. Retrieved 14 December 2021. ^ "MR. JOHN PIERCE". Daily Advertiser. 4 February 1930. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ "THOROUGHBREDS SOLD". Argus. 12 December 1934. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ "GREG GREG SALE". Argus. 20 November 1940. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ "Advertising". Wodonga and Towong Sentinel. 16 November 1951. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ "Corryong, Victoria, at the Upper Murray River". www.murrayriver.com.au. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS - A Narrow Escape". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 30 June 1899. p. 23. Retrieved 17 December 2021. ^ "CORRYONG". Border Morning Mail and Riverina Times. 23 September 1907. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ "ESCAPE FROM DROWNING". Argus. 24 September 1907. p. 6. Retrieved 17 December 2021. ^ "TRAGIC HAPPENINGS OF THE WEEK". Chronicle. 8 January 1921. Retrieved 12 December 2021. ^ "A Thrilling Experience". Corryong Courier. 1 March 1917. Retrieved 17 December 2021. ^ "CORRYONG". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 19 January 1923. p. 45. Retrieved 17 December 2021. ^ "SMUGGLING CATTLE". Ovens and Murray Advertiser. 20 February 1897. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "Wodonga & Towong Sentinel". 17 May 1895. Retrieved 16 December 2021. ^ "Greg Greg (1)". nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 11 December 2021. ^ "Greg Greg (2)". nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 11 December 2021. vteTowns and localities in Snowy Valleys Council local government area Adelong Argalong Bangadang Batlow Bimberi Black Creek Blowering Bogong Peaks Wilderness Bombowlee Bombowlee Creek Brindabella Bringenbrong Brungle Brungle Creek Buddong Burra Cabramurra Califat Cooleman Cooleys Creek Courabyra Couragago Darlow Ellerslie Gadara Geehi Gilmore Glenroy Gocup Goobarragandra Grahamstown Green Hills Greg Greg Indi Jagumba Jagungal Wilderness Jingellic Jones Bridge Khancoban Killimicat Kosciuszko Kunama Lacmalac Laurel Hill Little River Long Plain Lower Bago Mannus Maragle Minjary Mount Adrah Mount Horeb Munderoo Mundongo Murray Gorge Nurenmerenmong Ournie Paddys River Pilot Wilderness Pinbeyan Red Hill Rosewood Sandy Gully Sharps Creek Talbingo Taradale Tooma Tumbarumba Tumorrama Tumut Tumut Plains Welaregang Wereboldera Wermatong Westdale Westwood Willigobung Windowie Wondalga Wyangle Yarrangobilly Yaven Creek Main Article: Local government areas of New South Wales	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tumbarumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbarumba"},{"link_name":"Corryong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corryong"},{"link_name":"Murray River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_River"},{"link_name":"Tooma River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooma_River"},{"link_name":"Kosciuszko National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosciuszko_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ngarigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarigo"},{"link_name":"Jaimathang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaithmathang"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selection_(Australian_history)#New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"'dummying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dummy_purchaser#Dummying"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jack Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(poem)#%22The_Man%22"},{"link_name":"The Man from Snowy River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_Snowy_River_(poem)"},{"link_name":"A. B. 'Banjo' Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._B._%22Banjo%22_Paterson"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Towong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towong,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Tintaldra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintaldra"},{"link_name":"fording location","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(crossing)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"inter-colonial customs duties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tariffs_in_Australia#Pre-federation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Town in New South Wales, AustraliaGreg Greg is a rural locality in the Snowy Valleys Council local government area of New South Wales, Australia.The locality lies on the route between Tumbarumba and Corryong. The western boundary of the locality is the Murray River (N.S.W. - Victoria border). Greg Greg lies close to where the Murray's course changes direction from generally south-to-north to generally eest-to-west. Its northern boundary is the left bank of the Tooma River, and its eastern boundary is with Kosciuszko National Park.[2] To its south lies the rural locality of Bringenbrong.[3] The area of the locality includes the parish of the same name, but also includes part of the neighbouring parish of Welumba.[4][5]The area now known as Greg Greg lies close to the boundaries of the traditional lands of Ngarigo and Jaimathang peoples.[6]Greg Greg takes its name from an early grazing run operated by John Pierce (1817—1897), from at least the early 1860s.[7][8][9] The origin of the name Greg Greg is the settlers' rendering of an Aboriginal word, said to imitate the croaking of frogs.The area is relatively well-watered cattle grazing country. It was later subject to selection—although it seems there was some 'dummying' by the Pierce family to retain effective control of their land—and also to subdivision, resulting in the smaller landholdings still apparent today.[10][11][12][4] The Pierce family and Greg Greg Station became well known for breeding of thoroughbred horses, providing horses to annual horse sales into the 1950s.[13][14][15][16]Jack Riley (1841-1914), one of the men who are held to be the inspiration for the character in the poem, The Man from Snowy River, was employed by the Pierce family of Greg Greg, although he lived for much of the time in an isolated cabin at Tom Groggin, where the Pierces had a grazing lease. It is known that the poet, A. B. 'Banjo' Paterson, had met Riley.[17]There is no bridge across the Murray at Greg Greg—the nearest are upstream at Towong and downstream at Tintaldra—but the old fording location known as the 'Lighthouse Crossing', lies immediately south of the locality. This old crossing was the scene of many accidental deaths and near misses, before the construction of the bridge at Towong.[2][18][19][20][21][22][23] Prior to Federation, the area around the old crossing was the location of smuggling activities to evade inter-colonial customs duties and other border controls.[8][24] The lands bordering the Murray were particularly affected by colonial-era customs policies.[25]There was a school at Greg Greg from 1881 to 1887[26] and again from 1950 to 1968.[27]","title":"Greg Greg"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). \"Greg Greg (State Suburb)\". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 29 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC11772","url_text":"\"Greg Greg (State Suburb)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greg Greg · New South Wales 2642, Australia\". Google Maps. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Greg+Greg+NSW+2642/@-36.0562054,147.9883149,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b23202c7c357d97:0x40609b49043e970!8m2!3d-36.0586789!4d148.0799017","url_text":"\"Greg Greg · New South Wales 2642, Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bringenbrong · New South Wales 3707, Australia\". Google Maps. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Bringenbrong+NSW+3707/@-36.1619361,148.0119723,13.31z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b2322132bbb3673:0x40609b49043e650!8m2!3d-36.1428573!4d148.0518011","url_text":"\"Bringenbrong · New South Wales 3707, Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parish of Greg Greg, County of Selwyn [cartographic material]\". Trove. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1295550763","url_text":"\"Parish of Greg Greg, County of Selwyn [cartographic material]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parish of Welumba, County of Selwyn [cartographic material] : Land District of Tumbarumba, Tumbarumba Shire, Eastern Division N.S.W.\" Trove. Retrieved 15 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1249513750","url_text":"\"Parish of Welumba, County of Selwyn [cartographic material] : Land District of Tumbarumba, Tumbarumba Shire, Eastern Division N.S.W.\""}]},{"reference":"Studies, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (10 January 2021). \"Map of Indigenous Australia\". aiatsis.gov.au. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia","url_text":"\"Map of Indigenous Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advertising\". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 29 March 1862. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264151073","url_text":"\"Advertising\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALBURY POLICE COURT\". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 8 November 1862. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264151753","url_text":"\"ALBURY POLICE COURT\""}]},{"reference":"\"TUMBARUMBA\". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 22 January 1897. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article99417956","url_text":"\"TUMBARUMBA\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALBURY DISTRICT COURT\". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 29 June 1867. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264160126","url_text":"\"ALBURY DISTRICT COURT\""}]},{"reference":"\"COURT OF INQUIRY UNDER THE LAND ACT\". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 18 December 1875. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article257947490","url_text":"\"COURT OF INQUIRY UNDER THE LAND ACT\""}]},{"reference":"\"GREG GREG ESTATE\". Argus. 30 September 1911. Retrieved 14 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11620322","url_text":"\"GREG GREG ESTATE\""}]},{"reference":"\"MR. JOHN PIERCE\". Daily Advertiser. 4 February 1930. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article142763566","url_text":"\"MR. JOHN PIERCE\""}]},{"reference":"\"THOROUGHBREDS SOLD\". Argus. 12 December 1934. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11000294","url_text":"\"THOROUGHBREDS SOLD\""}]},{"reference":"\"GREG GREG SALE\". Argus. 20 November 1940. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11316014","url_text":"\"GREG GREG SALE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advertising\". Wodonga and Towong Sentinel. 16 November 1951. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article69618319","url_text":"\"Advertising\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corryong, Victoria, at the Upper Murray River\". www.murrayriver.com.au. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.murrayriver.com.au/corryong","url_text":"\"Corryong, Victoria, at the Upper Murray River\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS - A Narrow Escape\". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 30 June 1899. p. 23. Retrieved 17 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article99727873","url_text":"\"NOTES ON CURRENT EVENTS - A Narrow Escape\""}]},{"reference":"\"CORRYONG\". Border Morning Mail and Riverina Times. 23 September 1907. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article108806795","url_text":"\"CORRYONG\""}]},{"reference":"\"ESCAPE FROM DROWNING\". Argus. 24 September 1907. p. 6. Retrieved 17 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article10149505","url_text":"\"ESCAPE FROM DROWNING\""}]},{"reference":"\"TRAGIC HAPPENINGS OF THE WEEK\". Chronicle. 8 January 1921. Retrieved 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article89659949","url_text":"\"TRAGIC HAPPENINGS OF THE WEEK\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Thrilling Experience\". Corryong Courier. 1 March 1917. Retrieved 17 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article130182234","url_text":"\"A Thrilling Experience\""}]},{"reference":"\"CORRYONG\". Albury Banner and Wodonga Express. 19 January 1923. p. 45. Retrieved 17 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article102159433","url_text":"\"CORRYONG\""}]},{"reference":"\"SMUGGLING CATTLE\". Ovens and Murray Advertiser. 20 February 1897. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article200530476","url_text":"\"SMUGGLING CATTLE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wodonga & Towong Sentinel\". 17 May 1895. Retrieved 16 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article69540786","url_text":"\"Wodonga & Towong Sentinel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greg Greg (1)\". nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId=3598","url_text":"\"Greg Greg (1)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greg Greg (2)\". nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 11 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nswgovschoolhistory.cese.nsw.gov.au/schoolHistory?schoolId=3599","url_text":"\"Greg Greg (2)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Greg_Greg&params=36_03_58.5_S_148_01_42.8_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW","external_links_name":"36°03′58.5″S 148°01′42.8″E / 36.066250°S 148.028556°E / -36.066250; 148.028556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Greg_Greg&params=36_03_58.5_S_148_01_42.8_E_type:city_region:AU-NSW","external_links_name":"36°03′58.5″S 148°01′42.8″E / 36.066250°S 148.028556°E / -36.066250; 148.028556"},{"Link":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/SSC11772","external_links_name":"\"Greg Greg (State Suburb)\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/Greg+Greg+NSW+2642/@-36.0562054,147.9883149,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b23202c7c357d97:0x40609b49043e970!8m2!3d-36.0586789!4d148.0799017","external_links_name":"\"Greg Greg · New South Wales 2642, Australia\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Bringenbrong+NSW+3707/@-36.1619361,148.0119723,13.31z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b2322132bbb3673:0x40609b49043e650!8m2!3d-36.1428573!4d148.0518011","external_links_name":"\"Bringenbrong · New South Wales 3707, Australia\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1295550763","external_links_name":"\"Parish of Greg Greg, County of Selwyn [cartographic material]\""},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1249513750","external_links_name":"\"Parish of Welumba, County of Selwyn [cartographic material] : Land District of Tumbarumba, Tumbarumba Shire, Eastern Division N.S.W.\""},{"Link":"https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/map-indigenous-australia","external_links_name":"\"Map of Indigenous Australia\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264151073","external_links_name":"\"Advertising\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264151753","external_links_name":"\"ALBURY POLICE COURT\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article99417956","external_links_name":"\"TUMBARUMBA\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article264160126","external_links_name":"\"ALBURY DISTRICT COURT\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article257947490","external_links_name":"\"COURT OF INQUIRY UNDER THE LAND ACT\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article11620322","external_links_name":"\"GREG GREG ESTATE\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article142763566","external_links_name":"\"MR. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_High_School	Leigh High School	["1 Academics","1.1 Advanced programs","1.2 Special education programs","2 Music programs","2.1 Leigh High School Marching Band","2.2 Symphonic band","2.3 Wind Ensemble","2.4 Winter Percussion","2.5 Concert choir","3 Athletics","4 Student government","5 Campus and facilities","6 Notable alumni","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources","10 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°14′32″N 121°55′16″W / 37.2422°N 121.9210°W / 37.2422; -121.9210This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) School in San Jose, California, United StatesLeigh High SchoolThe Leigh High School billboardAddress5210 Leigh AvenueSan Jose, California 95124United StatesCoordinates37°14′32″N 121°55′16″W / 37.2422°N 121.9210°W / 37.2422; -121.9210InformationSchool typePublic, comprehensive high schoolFounded1962School districtCampbell Union High School District (CUHSD)OversightWestern Association of Schools and Colleges, Accrediting Commission for SchoolsSuperintendentRobert BravoPrincipalBrandon WallFaculty80Grades9–12Enrollment1,809 (2019–20)LanguageEnglishCampusSuburbanAreaSanta Clara CountyColor(s) Forest green and goldMascotLonghornTeam nameLonghornsFeeder schoolsUnion Middle School Dartmouth Middle School Ida Price Middle SchoolWebsiteLeigh High School Leigh High School is a secondary school located in the West San Jose region of San Jose, California, United States. Opening in September 1962, it was the fifth school established in the Campbell Union High School District. The school has twice been given the California Distinguished School award, in 1999 and 2003. As of 2020, the school's enrollment was 1809 students. The school colors are gold (yellow) and pine green, and its mascot is the Longhorn. Academics Leigh is an academically successful high school, with rankings placing it above average when compared to others in California. The average SAT scores of students were the highest in the district in 2000, and were above the state and national averages. The California Department of Education's Academic Performance Index of Leigh High School gave it a ranking of 9 within the state, and a relative ranking of 2. Ninety percent of Leigh graduates go on to attend either university or community college after graduation. Leigh's 1,600+ students annually score above the state and national averages on the STAR, CAHSEE, SAT, and Advanced Placement tests. Leigh also serves a large special education population through its Resource, Special Day Class, Emotionally Disturbed, and Beacon programs. Maintaining an average class size of thirty students, Leigh provides a comprehensive curriculum that includes instructional programs designed for college-bound, special education, and vocational students. Advanced programs Leigh offers Advanced Placement (AP) instruction in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, English Language, English Literature, Psychology, Macroeconomics, World History, US History, American Government, Studio Art, Spanish Language, French Language, Mandarin (added on-campus 2015), Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Statistics, Computer Science (added in 2015), and Music Theory. Leigh also offers several honors classes: English 2 and Chemistry. Special education programs The school's AVID program (Advancement Via Individual Determination) was in place for four years. Silicon Valley Career Technical Education offers interested students a variety of vocational training in areas such as multimedia, cosmetology, managerial accounting, electrical maintenance, and auto body repair. All high school students in the county's Deaf and Hard of Hearing program attend classes at Leigh. Some take sheltered classes with other deaf students, but many are mainstreamed into classes with Leigh's hearing population. Specialized academic instruction classes are considered for students with IEPS and certain learning needs. Music programs This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Leigh High School is noted in the Campbell Union High School District for its many musical programs. Leigh offers a symphonic band, a wind ensemble, and two jazz ensemble, with symphonic band, wind ensemble, and one of the jazz bands requiring an audition while concert band does not. The music program offers both Winter Percussion and Winter Guard programs, the latter of which has become a World Guard and has ranked in the finals at world competitions. Leigh also offers choir as a year-long class for all grades. As of the 2008–2009 school year, the music program's parent association changed its original name from Instrumental Music Parents' Association, to Performing Arts Parents' Association (PAPA), due to the combination of Leigh High School's drama, choir, and band programs. Leigh High School' has a concert choir, symphonic band, wind ensemble, two jazz bands, and marching band. They also have an AP music theory class. Leigh High School Marching Band Marching band is one of the school's most popular and renowned activities, usually bringing in more than 100 students per season. It includes a drumline, a front ensemble, a colorguard, woodwind instruments, and brass instruments. The marching band competes in the Western Band Association competitions in the fall, along with the Northern California Band Association competitions. They also perform their competition show at most home football games. Pre-marching season preparation for the band includes a few clinics and two band camps, each a weekend long. Marching band field shows usually consist of an opener, a ballad, a percussion feature, and a closer. In addition to a band director and staff members, the marching band is led by student captains and section leaders. In the winter of 2012, the Leigh High School Marching Band traveled to San Diego to perform in the Bridgepoint Education Holiday Bowl. They marched in the Big Bay Balloon Parade, were selected to perform their show during pregame, and were also a part of a combined halftime show with other schools from around the nation. Later they took part in a national competition. The band won first place and all the caption awards in both the parade and competition. Symphonic band Symphonic band is a performance-based ensemble for students who have prior experience on their instrument and the ability to read music. The ensemble consists of wind instruments and percussion. Wind Ensemble Wind Ensemble is an audition-only ensemble conducted by Alexander Christensen that performs frequently and includes travel to festivals nationwide. On odd years the group strives to perform out of the country, and performed in Europe in 2011. On even years they take smaller trips, such as to San Francisco, to perform. In March 2019, Wind Ensemble traveled to New York and performed in Carnegie Hall. Their performance was ranked Gold (the highest ranking a band can get). In March 2023, Wind Ensemble traveled to Chicago and performed at Symphony Center. Their performance was ranked Gold (the highest ranking a band can get). Winter Percussion Leigh High School Winter Percussion was formed in 2005 and started performing in the California Colorguard Circuit (CCGC) percussion competitions. The ensemble was temporarily disbanded in 2008 midway through the season by the administration for unknown reasons, but members continued to perform in conjunction with students from nearby Branham High School in 2009 with a combined winter percussion ensemble. In 2010, the Leigh Winter Percussion ensemble was re-formed, performing in Percussion Scholastic A class competition. In 2013, under the direction of new Caption Head Daniel Recoder, the ensemble started competing in the Percussion Scholastic Open class. In 2014, the ensemble began competing in the Northern California Percussion Alliance (NCPA) circuit and took their first trip to Winter Guard International (WGI) Percussion World Championships in Dayton, Ohio, performing in the Percussion Scholastic Open. In 2016, the ensemble returned to Dayton, OH for the WGI Percussion World Championships where they finished 14th in Percussion Scholastic World class. In 2018, the ensemble returned once more to Dayton, OH for the WGI Percussion World Championships where they finished, this time in 11th place out of 125 groups. Since its creation in 2005, the Leigh Winter Percussion ensemble has put on the following shows: 2005: Chairman Dances 2006: A Day In The City 2007: Ritmo (concert percussion) 2008: Fire Garden Suite 2009: Anxiety (in conjunction with Branham High School in the Branham-Leigh Winter Percussion) 2010: Chronos (CCGC Champions) 2011: W"e" Belong 2012: Evil entwined (Jekyll and Hyde) 2013: The Rules of Art (PSO—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder) 2014: Scarlet Skies (PSO—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder) 2015: No Strings On Me (PSW—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder) 2016: We're All Mad Here (PSW—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder) 2017: Harmony In Motion (PSW—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder) 2018: Becoming Human (PSW—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder) 2019: The One You Feed (PSW—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder) 2020: Never Gone (PSW—Caption Head: Joey Staab) 2021: Out of The Box (Via Zoom) 2022: The Universe In a Crayon (PSW—Caption Head: Joey Staab) 2023: Art with the Pieces (PSW—Caption Head: Joey Staab) Concert choir Students sing all levels of music literature in a choir. The principal singing group performs at concerts, festivals, and other events during the school year. Athletics This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Students at Leigh High School compete in a variety of interscholastic sports, usually at the highest level available to them. Many teams have won regional championships. In only the second year of the school's existence, the 1964 varsity football team tied for the league championship. This was followed up by the 1966 varsity football team that won the league title outright. In 1970 the varsity football team again won the league title with a record of 11–1, its lone loss coming in the inaugural County Championship game against Los Altos Hills (30–23). Leigh also won back-to-back Mount Hamilton division league championship titles in 1994 and 1995, losing one regular season game and having one tie in that span. The 2001–2002 varsity football team was runner-up in the Central Coast Section Championship. The 2004 varsity football team also shared the league championship with Oak Grove High School. In the mid-1970s, Leigh High was noted for its cross country dynasty under the coaching of Homer Latimer, and in 1974 the Longhorns won the national title. The school's proximity to the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains, where runners trained vigorously year-round, was a significant contributor to the program's success. The school won the California Central Coast Championship in Baseball in 2000 and 2021. Student government Student government is a vital part of the extracurricular life of Leigh. Students are elected by their peers and foster community among students and staff. A subgroup of this organization is Leigh's Student Congress, for which diverse representatives are chosen from each sixth period class. Congress meetings promote discussion, planning, and publicity for campus activities. There are more than thirty clubs on campus open to all students, with meeting times during lunch or after school. Each club or organization must have a constitution and must be approved by the Associated Student Body. Campus and facilities Leigh is currently in the final stages of its building renovations, which were initiated by a ninety-five million dollar local school bond measure passed in 1999. All playing fields, the library, the cafeteria, and a majority of the classrooms have been renovated. The administration offices, student quad, art classrooms, and former music classrooms are next in line for renovation. Because Leigh High School was built in 1962, building renovations will continue until the school is completely retrofitted for education in the 21st century. Notable alumni This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A. J. Allmendinger - professional racecar driver Susan Atkins - convicted murderer and Manson family member (attended but did not graduate) Ray Barbee - professional skateboarder Stan Bunger - radio personality (KCBS) Ken Caminiti - NCAA All-American in baseball, San Jose State; former MLB player with the Houston Astros and San Diego Padres Sam Delaplane (born 1995) - professional baseball pitcher Kelly Gray - Major League Soccer player, San Jose Earthquakes Kit Lathrop - former NFL lineman, Denver Broncos, Green Bay Packers, Kansas City Chiefs, and Washington Redskins Nick 13 - guitarist, vocalist for Tiger Army Patrick Simmons - singer, songwriter, and guitarist with The Doobie Brothers Randy Stonehill - Christian music singer-songwriter Jason Sutter - drummer Jim Wahler - former defensive lineman, Washington Redskins Jason Windsor - pitcher for the Oakland Athletics Getter - EDM DJ, and producer See also Santa Clara County high schools Campbell Union High School District References ^ Accrediting Commission for Schools ^ "Leigh High". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved May 17, 2021. ^ "Distinguished School Awards - California School Recognition Program (CA Dept of Education)". Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007. ^ Dootlittle, Emilie (2013-03-12). "Leigh band marching to beat of a new director - San Jose Mercury News". Mercurynews.com. Retrieved 2013-10-17. ^ "CCS baseball roundup: Championship Saturday features 11-run comeback, bottom-seed champs and complete game". 20 June 2021. Sources Miskulin, George F. A History of The Campbell Union High School District (1900–1988). pp. 25–26. WASC/CDE Self-Study Report 2010 Growth API School Report - Leigh High School Course Catalog Leigh SARC report External links Leigh High School website Campbell Union High School District (official website) Leigh High School Athletics Leigh High School Performing Arts Parents' Association (PAPA) Leigh Theater Program vteSan Jose, CaliforniaLandmarks Alum Rock Park Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph City Hall Hotel De Anza Downtown Historic District Diridon Station Flea Market Hayes Mansion Hotel Sainte Claire Norman Y. 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Hill Independence James Lick Mt. Pleasant Oak Grove William C. Overfelt Piedmont Hills Santa Teresa Silver Creek Yerba Buena East Side Cadet Academy San Jose Conservation Corps Fremont Union HSD Cupertino Fremont Homestead Lynbrook Monta Vista Gilroy USD Christopher Gilroy High Dr. TJ Owens Gilroy Early College Academy Los Gatos-Saratoga Union HSD Los Gatos Saratoga Milpitas USD Milpitas High Calaveras Hills Continuation Morgan Hill USD Central High Live Oak Sobrato Mountain View–Los Altos Union HSD Los Altos Mountain View Alta Vista Continuation Palo Alto USD Gunn Palo Alto High Ellwood P. Cubberley Santa Clara USD Santa Clara High Adrian C. Wilcox Kathleen MacDonald New Valley Continuation Wilson Buchser Peterson San Jose USD Broadway Gunderson Leland Abraham Lincoln Pioneer San José High Willow Glen Charter schools DCP El Primero High School KIPP San Jose Collegiate Latino College Preparatory Academy University Preparatory Academy Communitas Charter High School Private schoolsSecular Cambrian Academy Castilleja School German International School of Silicon Valley Harker School International School of the Peninsula Oakwood School, Morgan Hill Pinewood School, Los Altos Yew Chung International School of Silicon Valley Religious Archbishop Mitty High School Bellarmine College Preparatory Cristo Rey San José Jesuit High School Granada Islamic School Kehillah Jewish High School The King's Academy (California) Liberty Baptist School Notre Dame High School Presentation High School Saint Francis High School Thomas More School Valley Christian Schools Saint Lawrence Academy Schools that are closed or no longer operate are in italics. Authority control databases: Geographic NCES	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"West San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_San_Jose"},{"link_name":"San Jose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Campbell Union High School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Union_High_School_District"},{"link_name":"California Distinguished School award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Distinguished_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leigh_High_School&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Longhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Longhorn_(cattle)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"School in San Jose, California, United StatesLeigh High School is a secondary school located in the West San Jose region of San Jose, California, United States. Opening in September 1962, it was the fifth school established in the Campbell Union High School District. The school has twice been given the California Distinguished School award, in 1999 and 2003.[3] As of 2020[update], the school's enrollment was 1809 students. The school colors are gold (yellow) and pine green, and its mascot is the Longhorn.[citation needed]","title":"Leigh High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Academic Performance Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Performance_Index"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Leigh is an academically successful high school, with rankings placing it above average when compared to others in California. The average SAT scores of students were the highest in the district in 2000, and were above the state and national averages.[citation needed] The California Department of Education's Academic Performance Index of Leigh High School gave it a ranking of 9 within the state, and a relative ranking of 2. Ninety percent of Leigh graduates go on to attend either university or community college after graduation.[citation needed]Leigh's 1,600+ students annually score above the state and national averages on the STAR, CAHSEE, SAT, and Advanced Placement tests. Leigh also serves a large special education population through its Resource, Special Day Class, Emotionally Disturbed, and Beacon programs. Maintaining an average class size of thirty students, Leigh provides a comprehensive curriculum that includes instructional programs designed for college-bound, special education, and vocational students.[citation needed]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Advanced programs","text":"Leigh offers Advanced Placement (AP) instruction in Chemistry, Biology, Physics, English Language, English Literature, Psychology, Macroeconomics, World History, US History, American Government, Studio Art, Spanish Language, French Language, Mandarin (added on-campus 2015), Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Statistics, Computer Science (added in 2015), and Music Theory. Leigh also offers several honors classes: English 2 and Chemistry.[citation needed]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"IEPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Special education programs","text":"The school's AVID program (Advancement Via Individual Determination) was in place for four years.Silicon Valley Career Technical Education offers interested students a variety of vocational training in areas such as multimedia, cosmetology, managerial accounting, electrical maintenance, and auto body repair.[citation needed]All high school students in the county's Deaf and Hard of Hearing program attend classes at Leigh. Some take sheltered classes with other deaf students, but many are mainstreamed into classes with Leigh's hearing population.Specialized academic instruction classes are considered for students with IEPS and certain learning needs.[citation needed]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Leigh High School is noted in the Campbell Union High School District for its many musical programs. Leigh offers a symphonic band, a wind ensemble, and two jazz ensemble, with symphonic band, wind ensemble, and one of the jazz bands requiring an audition while concert band does not. The music program offers both Winter Percussion and Winter Guard programs, the latter of which has become a World Guard and has ranked in the finals at world competitions.Leigh also offers choir as a year-long class for all grades.As of the 2008–2009 school year, the music program's parent association changed its original name from Instrumental Music Parents' Association, to Performing Arts Parents' Association (PAPA), due to the combination of Leigh High School's drama, choir, and band programs.Leigh High School' has a concert choir, symphonic band, wind ensemble, two jazz bands, and marching band. They also have an AP music theory class.[4]","title":"Music programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Leigh High School Marching Band","text":"Marching band is one of the school's most popular and renowned activities, usually bringing in more than 100 students per season. It includes a drumline, a front ensemble, a colorguard, woodwind instruments, and brass instruments.The marching band competes in the Western Band Association competitions in the fall, along with the Northern California Band Association competitions. They also perform their competition show at most home football games.Pre-marching season preparation for the band includes a few clinics and two band camps, each a weekend long.Marching band field shows usually consist of an opener, a ballad, a percussion feature, and a closer. In addition to a band director and staff members, the marching band is led by student captains and section leaders.In the winter of 2012, the Leigh High School Marching Band traveled to San Diego to perform in the Bridgepoint Education Holiday Bowl. They marched in the Big Bay Balloon Parade, were selected to perform their show during pregame, and were also a part of a combined halftime show with other schools from around the nation. Later they took part in a national competition. The band won first place and all the caption awards in both the parade and competition.[citation needed]","title":"Music programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Symphonic band","text":"Symphonic band is a performance-based ensemble for students who have prior experience on their instrument and the ability to read music. The ensemble consists of wind instruments and percussion.[citation needed]","title":"Music programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Symphony Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_Center"}],"sub_title":"Wind Ensemble","text":"Wind Ensemble is an audition-only ensemble conducted by Alexander Christensen that performs frequently and includes travel to festivals nationwide. On odd years the group strives to perform out of the country, and performed in Europe in 2011. On even years they take smaller trips, such as to San Francisco, to perform.In March 2019, Wind Ensemble traveled to New York and performed in Carnegie Hall. Their performance was ranked Gold (the highest ranking a band can get).[citation needed]In March 2023, Wind Ensemble traveled to Chicago and performed at Symphony Center. Their performance was ranked Gold (the highest ranking a band can get).","title":"Music programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Winter Percussion","text":"Leigh High School Winter Percussion was formed in 2005 and started performing in the California Colorguard Circuit (CCGC) percussion competitions. The ensemble was temporarily disbanded in 2008 midway through the season by the administration for unknown reasons, but members continued to perform in conjunction with students from nearby Branham High School in 2009 with a combined winter percussion ensemble. In 2010, the Leigh Winter Percussion ensemble was re-formed, performing in Percussion Scholastic A class competition.[citation needed]In 2013, under the direction of new Caption Head Daniel Recoder, the ensemble started competing in the Percussion Scholastic Open class. In 2014, the ensemble began competing in the Northern California Percussion Alliance (NCPA) circuit and took their first trip to Winter Guard International (WGI) Percussion World Championships in Dayton, Ohio, performing in the Percussion Scholastic Open. In 2016, the ensemble returned to Dayton, OH for the WGI Percussion World Championships where they finished 14th in Percussion Scholastic World class. In 2018, the ensemble returned once more to Dayton, OH for the WGI Percussion World Championships where they finished, this time in 11th place out of 125 groups.[citation needed]Since its creation in 2005, the Leigh Winter Percussion ensemble has put on the following shows:2005: Chairman Dances\n2006: A Day In The City\n2007: Ritmo (concert percussion)\n2008: Fire Garden Suite\n2009: Anxiety (in conjunction with Branham High School in the Branham-Leigh Winter Percussion)\n2010: Chronos (CCGC Champions)\n2011: W\"e\" Belong\n2012: Evil entwined (Jekyll and Hyde)\n2013: The Rules of Art (PSO—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder)\n2014: Scarlet Skies (PSO—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder)\n2015: No Strings On Me (PSW—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder)\n2016: We're All Mad Here (PSW—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder)\n2017: Harmony In Motion (PSW—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder)\n2018: Becoming Human (PSW—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder) \n2019: The One You Feed (PSW—Caption Head: Daniel Recoder) \n2020: Never Gone (PSW—Caption Head: Joey Staab) \n2021: Out of The Box (Via Zoom)\n2022: The Universe In a Crayon (PSW—Caption Head: Joey Staab) \n2023: Art with the Pieces (PSW—Caption Head: Joey Staab)","title":"Music programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Concert choir","text":"Students sing all levels of music literature in a choir. The principal singing group performs at concerts, festivals, and other events during the school year.","title":"Music programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Altos Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Altos_Hills,_California"},{"link_name":"Mount Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hamilton_(California)"},{"link_name":"Oak Grove High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_Grove_High_School_(San_Jose,_California)"},{"link_name":"cross country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Students at Leigh High School compete in a variety of interscholastic sports, usually at the highest level available to them. Many teams have won regional championships.In only the second year of the school's existence, the 1964 varsity football team tied for the league championship. This was followed up by the 1966 varsity football team that won the league title outright. In 1970 the varsity football team again won the league title with a record of 11–1, its lone loss coming in the inaugural County Championship game against Los Altos Hills (30–23). Leigh also won back-to-back Mount Hamilton division league championship titles in 1994 and 1995, losing one regular season game and having one tie in that span. The 2001–2002 varsity football team was runner-up in the Central Coast Section Championship. The 2004 varsity football team also shared the league championship with Oak Grove High School.In the mid-1970s, Leigh High was noted for its cross country dynasty under the coaching of Homer Latimer, and in 1974 the Longhorns won the national title. The school's proximity to the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains, where runners trained vigorously year-round, was a significant contributor to the program's success.The school won the California Central Coast Championship in Baseball in 2000 and 2021. [5]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Student government is a vital part of the extracurricular life of Leigh. Students are elected by their peers and foster community among students and staff. A subgroup of this organization is Leigh's Student Congress, for which diverse representatives are chosen from each sixth period class. Congress meetings promote discussion, planning, and publicity for campus activities.There are more than thirty clubs on campus open to all students, with meeting times during lunch or after school. Each club or organization must have a constitution and must be approved by the Associated Student Body.[citation needed]","title":"Student government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Leigh is currently in the final stages of its building renovations, which were initiated by a ninety-five million dollar local school bond measure passed in 1999. All playing fields, the library, the cafeteria, and a majority of the classrooms have been renovated. The administration offices, student quad, art classrooms, and former music classrooms are next in line for renovation. Because Leigh High School was built in 1962, building renovations will continue until the school is completely retrofitted for education in the 21st century.[citation needed]","title":"Campus and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. J. Allmendinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Allmendinger"},{"link_name":"Susan Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Atkins"},{"link_name":"Ray Barbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Barbee"},{"link_name":"Stan Bunger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Bunger"},{"link_name":"Ken Caminiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Caminiti"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"San Diego Padres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Padres"},{"link_name":"Sam Delaplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Delaplane"},{"link_name":"Kelly Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Gray"},{"link_name":"San Jose Earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Earthquakes"},{"link_name":"Kit Lathrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Lathrop"},{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"Nick 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_13"},{"link_name":"Tiger Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Army"},{"link_name":"Patrick Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Simmons"},{"link_name":"The Doobie Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doobie_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Randy Stonehill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Stonehill"},{"link_name":"Jason Sutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Sutter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Jim Wahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wahler"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"Jason Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Windsor"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Getter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getter_(DJ)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A. J. Allmendinger - professional racecar driver\nSusan Atkins - convicted murderer and Manson family member (attended but did not graduate)\nRay Barbee - professional skateboarder\nStan Bunger - radio personality (KCBS)\nKen Caminiti - NCAA All-American in baseball, San Jose State; former MLB player with the Houston Astros and San Diego Padres\nSam Delaplane (born 1995) - professional baseball pitcher\nKelly Gray - Major League Soccer player, San Jose Earthquakes\nKit Lathrop - former NFL lineman, Denver Broncos, Green Bay Packers, Kansas City Chiefs, and Washington Redskins\nNick 13 - guitarist, vocalist for Tiger Army\nPatrick Simmons - singer, songwriter, and guitarist with The Doobie Brothers\nRandy Stonehill - Christian music singer-songwriter\nJason Sutter - drummer [citation needed]\nJim Wahler - former defensive lineman, Washington Redskins\nJason Windsor - pitcher for the Oakland Athletics\nGetter - EDM DJ, and producer [citation needed]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WASC/CDE Self-Study Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110725212420/http://leigh.cuhsd.org/teachers/WASC/Report.pdf"},{"link_name":"2010 Growth API School Report - Leigh High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//api.cde.ca.gov/AcntRpt2010/2010GrowthSch.aspx?allcds=43694014330239"},{"link_name":"Course Catalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090320062824/http://www.cuhsd.org/downloads/course_catalog.pdf"},{"link_name":"report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160121160915/http://www.cace.cuhsd.org/cms/lib2/CA01001603/Centricity/Domain/107/Leigh%20High%20School.pdf"}],"text":"Miskulin, George F. A History of The Campbell Union High School District (1900–1988). pp. 25–26.\nWASC/CDE Self-Study Report\n2010 Growth API School Report - Leigh High School\nCourse Catalog\nLeigh SARC report","title":"Sources"}]	[]	[{"title":"Santa Clara County high schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_California#Santa_Clara_County"},{"title":"Campbell Union High School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Union_High_School_District"}]	[{"reference":"\"Leigh High\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved May 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=0607230&ID=060723008122","url_text":"\"Leigh High\""}]},{"reference":"\"Distinguished School Awards - California School Recognition Program (CA Dept of Education)\". Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311125323/http://www.cde.ca.gov/ta/sr/cs/ap/distingcounty.asp?county=43&submit1=Submit","url_text":"\"Distinguished School Awards - California School Recognition Program (CA Dept of Education)\""},{"url":"http://www.cde.ca.gov/ta/sr/cs/ap/distingcounty.asp?county%3D43%26submit1%3DSubmit","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dootlittle, Emilie (2013-03-12). \"Leigh band marching to beat of a new director - San Jose Mercury News\". Mercurynews.com. Retrieved 2013-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_10450909?IADID=Search-www.mercurynews.com-www.mercurynews.com","url_text":"\"Leigh band marching to beat of a new director - San Jose Mercury News\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCS baseball roundup: Championship Saturday features 11-run comeback, bottom-seed champs and complete game\". 20 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/06/20/ccs-baseball-roundup-championship-saturday-features-11-run-comeback-bottom-seed-champs-and-complete-game/","url_text":"\"CCS baseball roundup: Championship Saturday features 11-run comeback, bottom-seed champs and complete game\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leigh_High_School&params=37.2422_N_121.921_W_type:edu_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"37°14′32″N 121°55′16″W / 37.2422°N 121.9210°W / 37.2422; -121.9210"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Leigh_High_School&params=37.2422_N_121.921_W_type:edu_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"37°14′32″N 121°55′16″W / 37.2422°N 121.9210°W / 37.2422; -121.9210"},{"Link":"http://www.leigh.cuhsd.org/","external_links_name":"Leigh High School"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leigh_High_School&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.acswasc.org/","external_links_name":"Accrediting Commission for Schools"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=0607230&ID=060723008122","external_links_name":"\"Leigh High\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070311125323/http://www.cde.ca.gov/ta/sr/cs/ap/distingcounty.asp?county=43&submit1=Submit","external_links_name":"\"Distinguished School Awards - California School Recognition Program (CA Dept of Education)\""},{"Link":"http://www.cde.ca.gov/ta/sr/cs/ap/distingcounty.asp?county%3D43%26submit1%3DSubmit","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_10450909?IADID=Search-www.mercurynews.com-www.mercurynews.com","external_links_name":"\"Leigh band marching to beat of a new director - San Jose Mercury News\""},{"Link":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/06/20/ccs-baseball-roundup-championship-saturday-features-11-run-comeback-bottom-seed-champs-and-complete-game/","external_links_name":"\"CCS baseball roundup: Championship Saturday features 11-run comeback, bottom-seed champs and complete game\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725212420/http://leigh.cuhsd.org/teachers/WASC/Report.pdf","external_links_name":"WASC/CDE Self-Study Report"},{"Link":"http://api.cde.ca.gov/AcntRpt2010/2010GrowthSch.aspx?allcds=43694014330239","external_links_name":"2010 Growth API School Report - Leigh High School"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090320062824/http://www.cuhsd.org/downloads/course_catalog.pdf","external_links_name":"Course Catalog"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160121160915/http://www.cace.cuhsd.org/cms/lib2/CA01001603/Centricity/Domain/107/Leigh%20High%20School.pdf","external_links_name":"report"},{"Link":"http://leigh.cuhsd.org/","external_links_name":"Leigh High School website"},{"Link":"http://www.cuhsd.org/","external_links_name":"Campbell Union High School District"},{"Link":"http://www.leighathletics.com/","external_links_name":"Leigh High School Athletics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051223133030/http://www.leighband.org/","external_links_name":"Leigh High School Performing Arts Parents' Association (PAPA)"},{"Link":"https://www.leightheaterarts.com/","external_links_name":"Leigh Theater Program"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=060723008122","external_links_name":"NCES"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Health_and_Medical_Research_Institute	South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute	["1 Establishment","2 Governance","3 Researchers","4 Buildings","4.1 SAHMRI 1","4.2 SAHMRI 2","5 Funding","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 34°55′17″S 138°35′23″E / 34.921269°S 138.589728°E / -34.921269; 138.589728Research centre in Australia South Australian Health and Medical Research InstituteThe northeast face of the SAHMRI building in May 2014Founder(s)Flinders UniversityUniversity of AdelaideUniversity of South AustraliaEstablishedDecember 2009 (2009-12)FocusMedical researchExecutive DirectorProfessor Steve WesselinghFacultyRoyal Adelaide HospitalStaffapproximately 700Key peopleSteve WesselinghAddressNorth TerraceLocationAdelaide, South Australia, AustraliaCoordinates34°55′17″S 138°35′23″E / 34.921269°S 138.589728°E / -34.921269; 138.589728Websitewww.sahmri.org The South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) is an independent health and medical research institute in Adelaide, South Australia. The institute is housed in a purpose-built eponymous building with its iconic "cheese-grater" design created by architects Woods Bagot, located in South Australia's health and biomedical precinct on North Terrace, just east of the Royal Adelaide Hospital. The institute is composed of approximately 700 researchers, many of whom have links to, and work collaboratively with, other research institutes in Australia and overseas. The southern face of the SAHMRI building in February 2014 The institute was officially incorporated in December 2009, and opened in its current location on 29 November 2013. A second building (SAHMRI 2) is under construction as of August 2022, and will house the Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy & Research after its completion, scheduled in late 2023. Establishment In 2007 the South Australian Government commissioned the Review of Health and Medical Research in South Australia. The review was conducted by Professor John Shine and Alan Young. In May 2008 the review recommended that the South Australian Government establish a new health and medical research institute, and a fund to finance the institute. The South Australian Government committed to establish the institute, and the Australian Government provided A$200 million to help build the institute's building. The institute was incorporated in December 2009. Governance SAHMRI is governed by a nine-person board which includes representatives of South Australia's three universities: Flinders University, the University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia. SAHMRI's inaugural executive director since 2011 is Professor Steve Wesselingh. The institute was officially incorporated in December 2009. Researchers The institute is composed of approximately 700 researchers, many of whom have links to, and work collaboratively with, other research institutes in Australia and overseas. Buildings SAHMRI 1 After nearly four years of construction, the institute opened in its new building on 29 November 2013. Woods Bagot, architects of the first SAHMRI building, with its iconic "cheese-grater" style, won several awards in the 2014 South Australian Architecture Awards, awarded by the Australian Institute of Architects. The firm received the Keith Neighbour Award for Commercial Architecture, the Robert Dickson Award for Interior Architecture, the Jack McConnell Award for Public Architecture, the Derrick Kendrick Award for Sustainable Architecture, and the COLORBOND Award for Steel Architecture. The building was mainly funded by the federal government (A$200 million), with the state government putting in A$85 million into the project, which would also go towards running costs. SAHMRI 2 Construction of the SAHMRI 2 building, which will house the Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy & Research, starts in July 2020. This will be the first proton therapy unit in Australia, treating cancer patients with the advanced precision radiation treatment. The building is scheduled to be completed in 2023, with the first patients seen in 2025. Like the first building, SAHMRI 2 has also been designed by Woods Bagot. The federal government is providing A$68m and the state government A$47.4m towards the A$500m project, part of which will be spent on relocating the Train Control Centre to Dry Creek. The new building will be adjacent to the University of Adelaide’s Health & Medical Science Building, opened in 2017, on its eastern side. Funding The operational costs of running the institute have been funded by a combination of various government grants, mainly through the National Health and Medical Research Council (for example, a total of A$34,354,553 in 2017) and various other sources. The South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Trust was registered as a charitable trust on 23 November 2015, and the Institute is supported by a variety of corporate sponsors, private philanthropists and philanthropic foundations. In December 2018, A$12m in grant funding was announced by the government to support research in Aboriginal health, infection and immunity, and cancer. In August 2019, additional funding of more than A$10.5 million over five years was announced by the NHMRC. See also South Australia portalBiology portal Health in Australia References ^ "Our Story \| SAHMRI". www.sahmri.com. Retrieved 16 May 2016. ^ "Our board". SAHMRI. Retrieved 6 July 2020. ^ a b c "SA's $200m medical research institute officially opened by Prime Minister and Premier". ABC News 24. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2015. ^ "Who we are". SAHMRI. Retrieved 6 July 2020. ^ a b Spence, Andrew (10 June 2020). "Proton therapy focus of 'SAHMRI 2'". InDaily. Retrieved 6 July 2020. ^ "Iconic and Innovative – SAHMRI stitches up the competition at SA Architecture Awards". South Australian Chapter News. Australian Institute of Architects. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2015. ^ "Research excellence secures NHMRC funding for SAHMRI". SAHMRI. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2020. ^ "South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Trust". Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020. ^ "Our Philanthropic Partners". SAHMRI. Retrieved 6 July 2020. ^ "SAHMRI researchers receive $12M funding boost for discovery and translational research". SAHMRI. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2020. ^ "$10m funding to help SAHMRI strive for healthier futures". SAHMRI. 29 August 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2020. External links SAHMRI Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy vteMedical research institutes and centres of AustraliaAustralian GovernmentPeer-review agencies National Health and Medical Research Council Australian Research Council ACT John Curtin NSW Centenary CCIA CMRI Garvan The George HRI Hunter Kirby Kolling NeuRA Victor Chang Westmead Woolcock Australian Sports Brain Bank Brain and Mind Charles Perkins UNSW Lowy Cancer QLD AITHM IHBI QIMR Berghofer TRI Brisbane Diamantina SA SAHMRI TAS Menzies VIC ARMI Baker IDI Bio21 Bionics Bronowski Burnet Florey Hudson LIMS MCRI SVI WEHI Australian Stem Cell Centre Free Radical PeterMac VCCC WA Harry Perkins Lions Eye Telethon Kids Defunct institutes Austin Mental Health (Melbourne) Monash Prince Henry's Category Authority control databases ISNI	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"eponymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym"},{"link_name":"cheese-grater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grater"},{"link_name":"Woods Bagot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woods_Bagot"},{"link_name":"North Terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Terrace,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Royal Adelaide Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Adelaide_Hospital"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SAHMRI.jpg"}],"text":"Research centre in AustraliaThe South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) is an independent health and medical research institute in Adelaide, South Australia. The institute is housed in a purpose-built eponymous building with its iconic \"cheese-grater\" design created by architects Woods Bagot, located in South Australia's health and biomedical precinct on North Terrace, just east of the Royal Adelaide Hospital.The institute is composed of approximately 700 researchers, many of whom have links to, and work collaboratively with, other research institutes in Australia and overseas.The southern face of the SAHMRI building in February 2014The institute was officially incorporated in December 2009, and opened in its current location on 29 November 2013. A second building (SAHMRI 2) is under construction as of August 2022, and will house the Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy & Research after its completion, scheduled in late 2023.","title":"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Shine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In 2007 the South Australian Government commissioned the Review of Health and Medical Research in South Australia. The review was conducted by Professor John Shine and Alan Young. In May 2008 the review recommended that the South Australian Government establish a new health and medical research institute, and a fund to finance the institute.The South Australian Government committed to establish the institute, and the Australian Government provided A$200 million to help build the institute's building. The institute was incorporated in December 2009.[1]","title":"Establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flinders University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_University"},{"link_name":"University of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"University of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-board-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-open-3"}],"text":"SAHMRI is governed by a nine-person board which includes representatives of South Australia's three universities: Flinders University, the University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia. SAHMRI's inaugural executive director since 2011 is Professor Steve Wesselingh.[2]The institute was officially incorporated in December 2009.[3]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-who-4"}],"text":"The institute is composed of approximately 700 researchers, many of whom have links to, and work collaboratively with, other research institutes in Australia and overseas.[4]","title":"Researchers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-open-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indaily2020-5"},{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"COLORBOND","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COLORBOND"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"state government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-open-3"}],"sub_title":"SAHMRI 1","text":"After nearly four years of construction, the institute opened in its new building on 29 November 2013.[3] Woods Bagot, architects of the first SAHMRI building, with its iconic \"cheese-grater\" style,[5] won several awards in the 2014 South Australian Architecture Awards, awarded by the Australian Institute of Architects. The firm received the Keith Neighbour Award for Commercial Architecture, the Robert Dickson Award for Interior Architecture, the Jack McConnell Award for Public Architecture, the Derrick Kendrick Award for Sustainable Architecture, and the COLORBOND Award for Steel Architecture.[6]The building was mainly funded by the federal government (A$200 million), with the state government putting in A$85 million into the project, which would also go towards running costs.[3]","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proton therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_therapy"},{"link_name":"Dry Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_Creek,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"University of Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indaily2020-5"}],"sub_title":"SAHMRI 2","text":"Construction of the SAHMRI 2 building, which will house the Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy & Research, starts in July 2020. This will be the first proton therapy unit in Australia, treating cancer patients with the advanced precision radiation treatment. The building is scheduled to be completed in 2023, with the first patients seen in 2025. Like the first building, SAHMRI 2 has also been designed by Woods Bagot. The federal government is providing A$68m and the state government A$47.4m towards the A$500m project, part of which will be spent on relocating the Train Control Centre to Dry Creek. The new building will be adjacent to the University of Adelaide’s Health & Medical Science Building, opened in 2017, on its eastern side.[5]","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_and_Medical_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"philanthropists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropist"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sponsors-9"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians%27_health"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAHMRI_2019-11"}],"text":"The operational costs of running the institute have been funded by a combination of various government grants, mainly through the National Health and Medical Research Council (for example, a total of A$34,354,553 in 2017)[7] and various other sources. The South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Trust was registered as a charitable trust on 23 November 2015,[8] and the Institute is supported by a variety of corporate sponsors, private philanthropists and philanthropic foundations.[9] In December 2018, A$12m in grant funding was announced by the government to support research in Aboriginal health, infection and immunity, and cancer.[10] In August 2019, additional funding of more than A$10.5 million over five years was announced by the NHMRC.[11]","title":"Funding"}]	[{"image_text":"The southern face of the SAHMRI building in February 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/SAHMRI.jpg/220px-SAHMRI.jpg"}]	[{"title":"South Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:South_Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg"},{"title":"Biology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology"},{"title":"Health in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Australia"}]	[{"reference":"\"Our Story \| SAHMRI\". www.sahmri.com. Retrieved 16 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sahmri.com/about-us/our-story","url_text":"\"Our Story \| SAHMRI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our board\". SAHMRI. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sahmri.org/our-board/","url_text":"\"Our board\""}]},{"reference":"\"SA's $200m medical research institute officially opened by Prime Minister and Premier\". ABC News 24. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-29/sa-medical-research-institute-opens-after-three-years/5125228","url_text":"\"SA's $200m medical research institute officially opened by Prime Minister and Premier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_24","url_text":"ABC News 24"}]},{"reference":"\"Who we are\". SAHMRI. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sahmri.org/who-we-are/","url_text":"\"Who we are\""}]},{"reference":"Spence, Andrew (10 June 2020). \"Proton therapy focus of 'SAHMRI 2'\". InDaily. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://indaily.com.au/news/local/2020/06/10/proton-therapy-focus-of-sahmri-2/","url_text":"\"Proton therapy focus of 'SAHMRI 2'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iconic and Innovative – SAHMRI stitches up the competition at SA Architecture Awards\". South Australian Chapter News. Australian Institute of Architects. 7 July 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://wp.architecture.com.au/news-media/iconic-and-innovative-sahmri-stitches-up-the-competition-at-sa-architecture-awards","url_text":"\"Iconic and Innovative – SAHMRI stitches up the competition at SA Architecture Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Architects","url_text":"Australian Institute of Architects"}]},{"reference":"\"Research excellence secures NHMRC funding for SAHMRI\". SAHMRI. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sahmri.org/sahmri-theme/news-178/","url_text":"\"Research excellence secures NHMRC funding for SAHMRI\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Trust\". Australian Charities and Not-for-profits Commission. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.acnc.gov.au/charity/2ff5d374b58884c2e45b79facab27ad9#history","url_text":"\"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Philanthropic Partners\". SAHMRI. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sahmri.org/our-philanthropic-partners/","url_text":"\"Our Philanthropic Partners\""}]},{"reference":"\"SAHMRI researchers receive $12M funding boost for discovery and translational research\". SAHMRI. 12 December 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sahmri.org/sahmri-theme/news-230/","url_text":"\"SAHMRI researchers receive $12M funding boost for discovery and translational research\""}]},{"reference":"\"$10m funding to help SAHMRI strive for healthier futures\". SAHMRI. 29 August 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sahmri.org/sahmri-theme/news-264/","url_text":"\"$10m funding to help SAHMRI strive for healthier futures\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Australian_Health_and_Medical_Research_Institute&params=34.921269_S_138.589728_E_","external_links_name":"34°55′17″S 138°35′23″E / 34.921269°S 138.589728°E / -34.921269; 138.589728"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Australian_Health_and_Medical_Research_Institute&params=34.921269_S_138.589728_E_","external_links_name":"34°55′17″S 138°35′23″E / 34.921269°S 138.589728°E / -34.921269; 138.589728"},{"Link":"http://www.sahmri.org/","external_links_name":"www.sahmri.org"},{"Link":"https://www.sahmri.com/about-us/our-story","external_links_name":"\"Our Story \| SAHMRI\""},{"Link":"http://www.sahmri.org/our-board/","external_links_name":"\"Our board\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-11-29/sa-medical-research-institute-opens-after-three-years/5125228","external_links_name":"\"SA's $200m medical research institute officially opened by Prime Minister and Premier\""},{"Link":"http://www.sahmri.org/who-we-are/","external_links_name":"\"Who we are\""},{"Link":"https://indaily.com.au/news/local/2020/06/10/proton-therapy-focus-of-sahmri-2/","external_links_name":"\"Proton therapy focus of 'SAHMRI 2'\""},{"Link":"http://wp.architecture.com.au/news-media/iconic-and-innovative-sahmri-stitches-up-the-competition-at-sa-architecture-awards","external_links_name":"\"Iconic and Innovative – SAHMRI stitches up the competition at SA Architecture Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.sahmri.org/sahmri-theme/news-178/","external_links_name":"\"Research excellence secures NHMRC funding for SAHMRI\""},{"Link":"https://www.acnc.gov.au/charity/2ff5d374b58884c2e45b79facab27ad9#history","external_links_name":"\"South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute Trust\""},{"Link":"http://www.sahmri.org/our-philanthropic-partners/","external_links_name":"\"Our Philanthropic Partners\""},{"Link":"http://www.sahmri.org/sahmri-theme/news-230/","external_links_name":"\"SAHMRI researchers receive $12M funding boost for discovery and translational research\""},{"Link":"http://www.sahmri.org/sahmri-theme/news-264/","external_links_name":"\"$10m funding to help SAHMRI strive for healthier futures\""},{"Link":"http://www.sahmri.com/","external_links_name":"SAHMRI"},{"Link":"https://www.australianbraggcentre.com/","external_links_name":"Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000405652606","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_Castorum	Locus Castorum	["1 References"]	Ancient Village in Italy Locus Castorum was an ancient village of the Roman Empire era located in northern Italy approximately 12 miles (19 km) from Cremona, and midway between Cremona and Bedriacum. Its name derives from the Gemini twins, of Castor and Pollux. It was the site of the Battle of Locus Castorum. References ^ Salmon, E.T. (1968). History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138. Routledge. p. 204. ISBN 0-415-04504-5. ^ "A History Of The Roman Empire From Its Foundation". 69 A.D. BATTLE OF LOCUS CASTOEUM. 335. Retrieved 2008-09-15. This article about an Ancient Roman building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Cremona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremona"},{"link_name":"Bedriacum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriacum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gemini twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_twins"},{"link_name":"Castor and Pollux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_and_Pollux"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Locus Castorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Locus_Castrorum"}],"text":"Locus Castorum was an ancient village of the Roman Empire era located in northern Italy approximately 12 miles (19 km) from Cremona, and midway between Cremona and Bedriacum.[1] Its name derives from the Gemini twins, of Castor and Pollux.[2] It was the site of the Battle of Locus Castorum.","title":"Locus Castorum"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Salmon, E.T. (1968). History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138. Routledge. p. 204. ISBN 0-415-04504-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jzOSdHYWML4C&dq=%22Locus+Castorum%22&pg=RA1-PA204","url_text":"History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-04504-5","url_text":"0-415-04504-5"}]},{"reference":"\"A History Of The Roman Empire From Its Foundation\". 69 A.D. BATTLE OF LOCUS CASTOEUM. 335. Retrieved 2008-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/historyoftheroma030427mbp/historyoftheroma030427mbp_djvu.txt","url_text":"\"A History Of The Roman Empire From Its Foundation\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jzOSdHYWML4C&dq=%22Locus+Castorum%22&pg=RA1-PA204","external_links_name":"History of the Roman World from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/historyoftheroma030427mbp/historyoftheroma030427mbp_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"\"A History Of The Roman Empire From Its Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Locus_Castorum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich-B%C3%BCrkliplatz	Bürkliplatz, Zürich	["1 Geography","2 Transportation","3 Points of interest","4 Geiserbrunnen","5 Bürkliterrasse","6 Stadthausanlage","7 History","7.1 Prehistory","7.2 Modern history","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]	BürkliplatzStadthausanlage next to the BürkliplatzNative nameBürkliplatz, Stadthausanlage (German)OwnerCity of ZürichAddressesBürkliplatzLocationZürich, SwitzerlandPostal code8001Coordinates47°22′01″N 8°32′28″E / 47.367°N 8.541°E / 47.367; 8.541ConstructionConstruction start1881Completion1887Inauguration1887 Swiss flag during the Swiss national exposition "Landi", Bürkliplatz in Zürich, 1939. Limmatquai and Quaianlagen in Zürich: Bellevueplatz and Bürkliplatz, Quaibrücke, Münsterbrücke and Münsterhof, and Rathausbrücke–Weinplatz, aerial photography by Eduard Spelterini in the probably mid-1890s. Bürkliplatz is a town square in Zürich, Switzerland. It is named after Arnold Bürkli, and is one of nodal points of the road and public transportation, and of the lake shore promenades that were built between 1881 and 1887. The tree-shaded square between Bahnhofstrasse and Fraumünsterstrasse is called Stadthausanlage. Geography Bürkliplatz is situated in the historic Alpenquai area near Lake Zurich. It is immediately to the west of the Quaibrücke (Quay Bridge) which crosses the river Limmat at the outflow of the lake known as the lake shore promenades or Quaianlagen. The Bürkliplatz is the only square between the General-Guisan-Quai and the Quaibrücke with a tram stop of the same name. The tree-shaded square between the Bahnhofstrasse on the west and the Fraumünsterstrasse on the east and the Bürklilatz in the south is called Stadthausanlage (City Hall Enclosure). Transportation Bürkliplatz landing gate towards General-Guisan-Quai, Dampfschiff Stadt Rapperswil on occasion of one of its centennial roundtrips The square is one of the nodal points of the Zürich tram system, with lines 2, 5, 8, 9 and 11 passing through it, as well as regional bus lines 161 and 165, on the boundary between Lindenhof and Enge quarters. The Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG; Lake Zurich shipping company) has the terminus of its route to Rapperswil here, and there is also a stop for the Limmat tour boats towards Zürichhorn. Points of interest In addition to the Seeuferanlage (lakeshore park) and the neighbouring Uto and General Guisan quays, there is nearby the Arboretum Zürich which houses Voliere an aviary and veterinary hospital, and the so-called Vogelpflegestation, a sanctuary for birds. Among other points of interest is the floral clock at the outflow of the Schanzengraben moat, a corner where waterfowl look for food at the east of the Bürkliterrasse, and the Geiser monumental fountain. Floral clock Cedrus libani Flea market Musikpavillon and SNB building On Fridays, one of the best-known markets is held there, and on Saturdays the Flohmärt, a Swiss German term for hochdeutsch Flohmarkt (flea market). There is also a kiosk and the historical Musikpavillon, where public concerts are still sometimes held, and the Swiss National Bank building, and the Bauschänzli at the Stadthausquai. Geiserbrunnen Geiserbrunnen The monumental fountain bears the name of the former city architect, Arnold Geiser (1844-1909), whose legacy of 40,000 Swiss francs financed the erection of a "monumental fountain to beautify the city". On the occasion of an art competition held by the city government, Jakob Brüllmann sculpted the war memorial-like Stierbändiger Brunnen, better known as Geiserbrunnen which was inaugurated on 20 October 1911. Bürkliterrasse Bürkliterrasse Bürkliterrasse in the foreground, Zimmerberg and Albis-Felsenegg in the background. Bürkliterrasse, also named after Arnold Bürkli, is situated on the lake front. It was designed as a culmination of the Bahnhofstrasse and the lakeshore promenades. At its inauguration in 1887, the terrace was crowned by two huge plaster lions by Urs Eggenschwyler; however, they found little favor with the citizens and were removed two years later. Since 1952, the sculpture by Hermann Hubacher adorns the trees, showing the Abduction from Olympus, Zeus in the form of an eagle and his beautiful lover Ganymede. The original elm trees became diseased and were replaced by ball maples. The Bürkliterrasse is listed in the inventory of notable gardens and grounds of local importance which was established in 1989 as Inventar der schützenswerten Gärten und Anlagen von kommunaler Bedeutung (Inventory of the gardens and parks of communal significance and worthy of protection). Stadthausanlage The upper end of the Bahnhofstrasse is today's most popular place for market events. This popular, rather small, urban facility, became important at the time of the construction of the Bahnhofstrasse and the quay promenades, and became the elegant meeting point of Zürich's bourgeoisie. The still existing Musikpavillon was built by the Robert Maillard in 1908, and has excellent acoustics. The site's increasing use and the ageing of the trees forced the city government to develop a new design concept, which was based on the idea of redesigning this important market and venue area as a single tree-lined square. A Cedrus libani that was planted in the 1900s is one of the few remaining trees of that era. History Prehistory ZSG steamships Stadt Rapperswil and Stadt Zürich Quaibrücke area around 1884 Located in Zurich on what was then swampland between the Limmat and Lake Zurich around Sechseläutzenplatz on small islands and peninsulas, dwellings were set on piles to protect against occasional flooding by the Linth and Jona rivers. Zürich–Enge Alpenquai is located on the Lake Zurich lakeshore in Enge, a locality in the municipality of Zürich. There were neighbouring settlements at Kleiner Hafner and Grosser Hafner on what were then a peninsula and an island at the outflow of the lake to the Limmat, within an area of about 0.2 square kilometres (50 acres) within the city of Zürich. As well as being one of the fifty-six Swiss sites of the UNESCO World Heritage Site (Prehistoric Pile Dwellings Around the Alps), the settlements are also listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a "Class Object". Despite the dredging for the construction of the Seequai between 1916 and 1919, an area of as much as 2.8 hectares (7 acres) with two cultural layers representing two different eras of settlement was preserved. Pile shoes indicating pre-historic dwellings, were found at different levels in the cultural layers. A rich bar decoration of ceramics was found only in the lower layer, while the decoration on cannelure groups was limited to the upper layer, as well as some graphite-decorated fragments. So-called Potin lumps, the largest weighing 59.2 kilograms (131 lb), were found at Alpenquai in 1890. They consist of about 18,000 coins originating from the Celtic Eastern Gaul, others are of the Zürich type, that were identified with the local Helvetii tribe, and date to around 100 BC. The find is unique so far, and from the scientific research, it appears that the melting down of the lumps was not completed, therefore the aim was to form cultic offerings. The site of the find was at that time at least 50 metres (164 ft) from the lake shore, and probably in water at a depth of 1 metre (3 ft) to 3 metres (10 ft). Modern history Stadthausanlage, the site of the former Kratzquartier accommodation and Bauhaus district at the Bauschänzli, was added in 1833 by landfill made up of rubble from the Baroque city fortification along the lake shore. This also marked the end of the medieval Kratzquartier as the distinctive urban axis, extending from Zentralhof, Kappelerhof and Münsterhof towards the Bürkliterrasse, where the poorer citizens of Zürich once lived. The medieval quarter was thoroughly overhauled between 1836 and 1900, for the purpose of developing a 'modern lakeshore city' in this large area. The area was reserved for the construction of new representative commerce buildings and the new federal parliament building, which was never built, but the Stadthaus was constructed at the former site of the Fraumünster abbey's building. As in 1848 the parliament building was erected in Bern. The site was used for a public city park that was named after the nearby old town hall (Stadthaus), and in 1922 the Swiss National Bank building was added. Bürkliplatz is named for Arnold Bürkli (1833–1894), the engineer responsible for the construction of the city's quays. The men's bathhouse, built in 1883 alongside the Bürkliterrasse, was seriously damaged by a storm in 1964 and had to be demolished. From 1803 to 1886 the square was named Stadthausplatz, but the term is still in official use for the park area. See also Arnold Bürkli Alpenquai Bauschänzli References ^ a b c Grün Stadt Zürich (May 2006). "Vom Bürkliplatz zur Sukkulenten-Sammlung" (PDF) (in German). Grün Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-14. Retrieved 2015-01-05. ^ "Utoquai" (in German). Grün Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-04. ^ "General-Guisan-Quai" (in German). Grün Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-01-05. ^ "Voliere Zürich – Vogelpflegestation" (in German). Voliere Zürich – Vogelpflegestation. Retrieved 2014-12-28. ^ "Arboretum" (in German). Grün Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-12-28. ^ "Voliere Zürich – Vogelpflegestation" (in German). Voliere Zürich – Vogelpflegestation. Retrieved 2014-12-28. ^ "Flohmarkt Bürkliplatz Zürich" (in German). flohmarktbuerkliplatz.ch. Retrieved 2015-01-05. ^ "Bauschänzli" (in German). Gesundheits- und Umweltdepartement Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-05. ^ Gebrüder Dürst. "Der Bürkliplatz" (in German). alt-zueri.ch. Retrieved 2015-01-05. ^ "Bauschänzli" (in German). Tiefbau und Entsorgungsdepartement Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-05. ^ Gebrüder Dürst. "Geiserbrunnen" (in German). alt-zueri.ch. Retrieved 2015-01-06. ^ a b "Bürkliterrasse" (in German). Grün Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-01-03. ^ a b "Stadthausanlage" (in German). Grün Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2015-01-06. Retrieved 2015-01-06. ^ "Prehistoric Pile Dwellings in Switzerland". Swiss Coordination Group UNESCO Palafittes (palafittes.org). Archived from the original on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2014-12-10. ^ "World Heritage". palafittes.org. Archived from the original on 2014-12-09. Retrieved 2014-12-10. ^ "A-Objekte KGS-Inventar". Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Amt für Bevölkerungsschutz. 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2014-12-10. ^ "Ältere Eisenzeit = Premier Age du Fer = Prima Età del Ferro". Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte = Annuaire de la Société Suisse de Préhistoire et d'Archéologie = Annuario della Società Svizzera di Preistoria e d'Archeologia 59/1976. 1975. Retrieved 2014-12-12. ^ Keltisches Geld in Zürich: Der spektakuläre «Potinklumpen». Amt für Städtebau der Stadt Zürich, Stadtarchäologie, Zürich October 2007. ^ "Kratzquartier – Fraumünster – Münsterhof" (in German). Hochbaudepartement Stadt Zürich. Retrieved 2015-01-06. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bürkliplatz. vteParks and forests in ZürichParks Arboretum Belvoirpark Bürkliplatz Chinagarten Gustav-Ammann-Park Irchelpark Leutschenpark Lindenhof Louis-Häfliger-Park MFO-Park Oerliker Park Old Botanical Garden Quaianlagen Platzspitz Rieterpark Schanzengraben Strandbad Tiefenbrunnen Sukkulentensammlung University Botanical Garden Villa Tobler Wahlenpark Werdinsel Zürichhorn Forests Adlisberg Käferberg Uetliberg Zürichberg vteLake Zurich (Zürichsee) Switzerland Canton of Zürich Horgen Meilen Zürich Canton of St. Gallen See-Gaster Canton of Schwyz Höfe March Settlements Altendorf Au Bäch Erlenbach Feldbach Feldmeilen Freienbach Herrliberg Horgen Hurden Kehlhof Kilchberg Küsnacht Lachen Männedorf Meilen Oberrieden Pfäffikon Rapperswil-Jona Bollingen Busskirch Rapperswil Jona Kempraten Richterswil Rüschlikon Schmerikon Stäfa Thalwil Tuggen Uerikon Uetikon Wädenswil Wangen Nuolen Zollikon Zürich Altstadt Enge Seefeld Wollishofen Archeological Centum Prata Pile Dwellings Enge Alpenquai Feldbach Hurden Seefeld Kleiner Hafner Rorenhaab Rosshorn Technikum Vorder Au Winkel Turicum Islands Au Peninsula Bauschänzli Grosser Hafner Hurden Peninsula Lützelau Saffa Ufenau Rivers Jona Limmat Linth Schmerikoner Aa Sihl Steinenbach Wägitaler Aa Valleys Küsnachter Tobel Limmattal Sihltal Mountains Adlisberg Albis Buechberg Etzel Pfannenstiel Uetliberg Zimmerberg Zürichberg Landmarks Felsenegg Frauenwinkel Ganymed statue Goldküste Hurden canal Lindenhof (Rapperswil) Obersee Quaibrücke Rapperswil–Hurden bridge Seedamm Zürichhorn Buildings Alt Rapperswil Castle Alt Wädenswil Castle Au Castle Bollingen Tower Grynau Castle Heilig Hüsli Pavillon Le Corbusier Pfäffikon Castle Rapperswil Castle Wulp Castle Wurmsbach Abbey Parks/Resorts Frauenbad Stadthausquai Zürich Quaianlagen Arboretum Belvoir Park Bürkliplatz Chinagarten Mythenquai Sechseläutenplatz Tiefenbrunnen Utoquai Transportation Forchbahn Horgen–Meilen ferry LAF cable car St. Gallen S-Bahn SZU VBZ Voralpen Express VZO Zimmerberg Bus ZSG shipping lines Zürich S-Bahn ZVV VBZ tram lines 2 4 5 8 9 11 15 Lake Zurich left-bank railway line S2 S8 S24 S25 Lake Zurich right-bank railway line S6 S7 S16 S20 Rapperswil–Pfäffikon railway line S5 S40 Rapperswil–Ziegelbrücke railway line S4 S6 S17 Railway stations Altendorf Au ZH Bäch Blumenau Bollingen Erlenbach ZH Feldbach Freienbach SBB Herrliberg-Feldmeilen Horgen Hurden Kempraten Kilchberg Küsnacht Goldbach Küsnacht ZH Lachen Männedorf Meilen Oberrieden Pfäffikon SZ Rapperswil Richterswil Rüschlikon Schmerikon Stäfa Thalwil Uerikon Uetikon Wädenswil Winkel am Zürichsee Zollikon Zürich Stadelhofen Zürich Tiefenbrunnen Zürich Wollishofen People Gerold Späth House of Rapperswil Elisabeth Johann I Johann II Lydia Escher Rudolf Brun Media Obersee Nachrichten Radio Zürisee Zürichsee-Zeitung Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swiss_flag_in_Z%C3%BCrich_1939.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swiss flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_flag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spelterini_Z%C3%BCrich_City.jpg"},{"link_name":"Limmatquai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmatquai"},{"link_name":"Quaianlagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaianlagen_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"Bellevueplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevueplatz"},{"link_name":"Quaibrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaibr%C3%BCcke,_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Münsterbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnsterbr%C3%BCcke_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Münsterhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnsterhof"},{"link_name":"Rathausbrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathausbr%C3%BCcke_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Weinplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinplatz"},{"link_name":"Eduard Spelterini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Spelterini"},{"link_name":"town square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_square"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Arnold Bürkli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%BCrkli"},{"link_name":"lake shore promenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaianlagen_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsz-75jahre-1"},{"link_name":"Bahnhofstrasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahnhofstrasse"},{"link_name":"Stadthausanlage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadthausanlage"}],"text":"Swiss flag during the Swiss national exposition \"Landi\", Bürkliplatz in Zürich, 1939.Limmatquai and Quaianlagen in Zürich: Bellevueplatz and Bürkliplatz, Quaibrücke, Münsterbrücke and Münsterhof, and Rathausbrücke–Weinplatz, aerial photography by Eduard Spelterini in the probably mid-1890s.Bürkliplatz is a town square in Zürich, Switzerland. It is named after Arnold Bürkli, and is one of nodal points of the road and public transportation, and of the lake shore promenades that were built between 1881 and 1887.[1] The tree-shaded square between Bahnhofstrasse and Fraumünsterstrasse is called Stadthausanlage.","title":"Bürkliplatz, Zürich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpenquai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpenquai"},{"link_name":"Lake Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Zurich"},{"link_name":"Quaibrücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaibr%C3%BCcke,_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Limmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmat"},{"link_name":"Quaianlagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaianlagen_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"General-Guisan-Quai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-Guisan-Quai"}],"text":"Bürkliplatz is situated in the historic Alpenquai area near Lake Zurich. It is immediately to the west of the Quaibrücke (Quay Bridge) which crosses the river Limmat at the outflow of the lake known as the lake shore promenades or Quaianlagen. The Bürkliplatz is the only square between the General-Guisan-Quai and the Quaibrücke with a tram stop of the same name. The tree-shaded square between the Bahnhofstrasse on the west and the Fraumünsterstrasse on the east and the Bürklilatz in the south is called Stadthausanlage (City Hall Enclosure).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100_Jahre_Dampfschiff_%27Stadt_Rapperswil%27_-_Tag_der_offenen_Dampfschiff-T%C3%BCre_am_B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_Utoquai_2014-04-25_13-54-43.JPG"},{"link_name":"General-Guisan-Quai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-Guisan-Quai"},{"link_name":"Dampfschiff Stadt Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampfschiff_Stadt_Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Zürich tram system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Enge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enge_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Zürichhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrichhorn"}],"text":"Bürkliplatz landing gate towards General-Guisan-Quai, Dampfschiff Stadt Rapperswil on occasion of one of its centennial roundtripsThe square is one of the nodal points of the Zürich tram system, with lines 2, 5, 8, 9 and 11 passing through it, as well as regional bus lines 161 and 165, on the boundary between Lindenhof and Enge quarters. The Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft (ZSG; Lake Zurich shipping company) has the terminus of its route to Rapperswil here, and there is also a stop for the Limmat tour boats towards Zürichhorn.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seeuferanlage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaianlagen_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"Uto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utoquai"},{"link_name":"General Guisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-Guisan-Quai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-utoquai-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-generalguisanquai-3"},{"link_name":"Arboretum Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboretum_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Voliere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voliere_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"aviary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviary"},{"link_name":"veterinary hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_hospital"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voliere-vogelpflegestation-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsz-arboretum-5"},{"link_name":"Vogelpflegestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogelpflegestation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-voliere-%C3%BCbersicht-6"},{"link_name":"Schanzengraben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schanzengraben"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_Z%C3%BCrichsee_-_Zimmberg_2011-04-06_16-47-26.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Z%C3%BCrich_-_B%C3%BCrkliplatz_IMG_0524.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cedrus libani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus_libani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%BCrkliplatz_(Flom%C3%A4rt)_2010-09-04_15-55-52.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_Musikpavillon_-_SNB_2012-03-27_17-03-57_(P7000).JPG"},{"link_name":"Swiss German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_German"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flomi-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-z%C3%BCriWC-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gangdurz%C3%BCri-b%C3%BCrkliplatz-9"},{"link_name":"Bauschänzli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bausch%C3%A4nzli"},{"link_name":"Stadthausquai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadthausquai"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bausch%C3%A4nzli-10"}],"text":"In addition to the Seeuferanlage (lakeshore park) and the neighbouring Uto and General Guisan quays,[2][3] there is nearby the Arboretum Zürich which houses Voliere an aviary and veterinary hospital,[4][5] and the so-called Vogelpflegestation, a sanctuary for birds.[6]Among other points of interest is the floral clock at the outflow of the Schanzengraben moat, a corner where [citation needed] waterfowl look for food at the east of the Bürkliterrasse, and the Geiser monumental fountain.Floral clock\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCedrus libani\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlea market\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMusikpavillon and SNB buildingOn Fridays, one of the best-known markets is held there, and on Saturdays the Flohmärt, a Swiss German term for hochdeutsch Flohmarkt (flea market).[7] There is also a kiosk and the historical Musikpavillon, where public concerts are still sometimes held, and the Swiss National Bank building,[8][9] and the Bauschänzli at the Stadthausquai.[10]","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_Geiser-Brunnen_2010-09-21_15-10-24_ShiftN.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geiserbrunnen-11"}],"text":"GeiserbrunnenThe monumental fountain bears the name of the former city architect, Arnold Geiser (1844-1909), whose legacy of 40,000 Swiss francs financed the erection of a \"monumental fountain to beautify the city\". On the occasion of an art competition held by the city government, Jakob Brüllmann sculpted the war memorial-like Stierbändiger Brunnen, better known as Geiserbrunnen which was inaugurated on 20 October 1911.[11]","title":"Geiserbrunnen"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpenquai_-_Ganymed_2012-07-30_17-47-42.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_ZSG_Panta_Rhei_-_Zimmerberg-Albis-Felsenegg_-_Alpenquai_2015-05-29_19-59-12.JPG"},{"link_name":"Zimmerberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmerberg"},{"link_name":"Felsenegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsenegg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsz-75jahre-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b%C3%BCrkliterrasse-12"}],"text":"BürkliterrasseBürkliterrasse in the foreground, Zimmerberg and Albis-Felsenegg in the background.Bürkliterrasse, also named after Arnold Bürkli, is situated on the lake front. It was designed as a culmination of the Bahnhofstrasse and the lakeshore promenades. At its inauguration in 1887, the terrace was crowned by two huge plaster lions by Urs Eggenschwyler; however, they found little favor with the citizens and were removed two years later. Since 1952, the sculpture by Hermann Hubacher adorns the trees, showing the Abduction from Olympus, Zeus in the form of an eagle and his beautiful lover Ganymede. The original elm trees became diseased and were replaced by ball maples. The Bürkliterrasse is listed in the inventory of notable gardens and grounds of local importance which was established in 1989 as Inventar der schützenswerten Gärten und Anlagen von kommunaler Bedeutung (Inventory of the gardens and parks of communal significance and worthy of protection).[1][12]","title":"Bürkliterrasse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedrus libani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus_libani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsz-75jahre-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stadthausanlage-13"}],"text":"The upper end of the Bahnhofstrasse is today's most popular place for market events. This popular, rather small, urban facility, became important at the time of the construction of the Bahnhofstrasse and the quay promenades, and became the elegant meeting point of Zürich's bourgeoisie. The still existing Musikpavillon was built by the Robert Maillard in 1908, and has excellent acoustics. The site's increasing use and the ageing of the trees forced the city government to develop a new design concept, which was based on the idea of redesigning this important market and venue area as a single tree-lined square. A Cedrus libani that was planted in the 1900s is one of the few remaining trees of that era.[1][13]","title":"Stadthausanlage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100_Jahre_Dampfschiff_%27Stadt_Rapperswil%27_-_Tag_der_offenen_Dampfschiff-T%C3%BCre_am_B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_Innenansicht_-_Historische_Photographie_Jungfernfahrt_DS_Rapperswil_%26_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Alpenquai_2014-04-25_14-48-17.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stadt Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampfschiff_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Stadt Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dampfschiff_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quaibr%C3%BCcke_1884.jpg"},{"link_name":"piles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_Lake_Zurich"},{"link_name":"Linth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linth"},{"link_name":"Jona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jona_(river)"},{"link_name":"Zürich–Enge Alpenquai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich%E2%80%93Enge_Alpenquai"},{"link_name":"Enge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enge_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_in_the_canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Kleiner Hafner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner_Hafner"},{"link_name":"Grosser Hafner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosser_Hafner"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palafittes-heritage-15"},{"link_name":"Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_inventory_of_cultural_property_of_national_and_regional_significance"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kgs-16"},{"link_name":"cultural layers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_layer"},{"link_name":"Pile shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilt_house"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retroseals-17"},{"link_name":"Potin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potin"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Alpenquai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpenquai"},{"link_name":"Celtic Eastern Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauls"},{"link_name":"Helvetii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helvetii"},{"link_name":"cultic offerings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-potinklumpen-18"}],"sub_title":"Prehistory","text":"ZSG steamships Stadt Rapperswil and Stadt ZürichQuaibrücke area around 1884Located in Zurich on what was then swampland between the Limmat and Lake Zurich around Sechseläutzenplatz on small islands and peninsulas, dwellings were set on piles to protect against occasional flooding by the Linth and Jona rivers. Zürich–Enge Alpenquai is located on the Lake Zurich lakeshore in Enge, a locality in the municipality of Zürich. There were neighbouring settlements at Kleiner Hafner and Grosser Hafner on what were then a peninsula and an island at the outflow of the lake to the Limmat, within an area of about 0.2 square kilometres (50 acres) within the city of Zürich. As well as being one of the fifty-six Swiss sites of the UNESCO World Heritage Site (Prehistoric Pile Dwellings Around the Alps),[14][15] the settlements are also listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a \"Class Object\".[16]Despite the dredging for the construction of the Seequai between 1916 and 1919, an area of as much as 2.8 hectares (7 acres) with two cultural layers representing two different eras of settlement was preserved. Pile shoes indicating pre-historic dwellings, were found at different levels in the cultural layers. A rich bar decoration of ceramics was found only in the lower layer, while the decoration on cannelure[clarification needed] groups was limited to the upper layer, as well as some graphite-decorated fragments.[17] So-called Potin lumps, the largest weighing[clarification needed] 59.2 kilograms (131 lb), were found at Alpenquai in 1890. They consist of about 18,000 coins originating from the Celtic Eastern Gaul, others are of the Zürich type, that were identified with the local Helvetii tribe, and date to around 100 BC. The find is unique so far, and from the scientific research, it appears that the melting down of the lumps was not completed, therefore the aim was to form cultic offerings. The site of the find was at that time at least 50 metres (164 ft) from the lake shore, and probably in water at a depth of 1 metre (3 ft) to 3 metres (10 ft).[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stadthausanlage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadthausanlage"},{"link_name":"Bauschänzli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bausch%C3%A4nzli"},{"link_name":"Münsterhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnsterhof"},{"link_name":"Bürkliterrasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrkliterrasse"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kratzquartier-19"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Fraumünster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraum%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stadthausanlage-13"},{"link_name":"city's quays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaianlagen_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-b%C3%BCrkliterrasse-12"}],"sub_title":"Modern history","text":"Stadthausanlage, the site of the former Kratzquartier accommodation and Bauhaus district at the Bauschänzli, was added in 1833 by landfill made up of rubble from the Baroque city fortification along the lake shore. This also marked the end of the medieval Kratzquartier as the distinctive urban axis, extending from Zentralhof, Kappelerhof and Münsterhof towards the Bürkliterrasse, where the poorer citizens of Zürich once lived. The medieval quarter was thoroughly overhauled between 1836 and 1900, for the purpose of developing a 'modern lakeshore city' in this large area.[19] The area was reserved for the construction of new representative[clarification needed] commerce buildings and the new federal parliament building, which was never built, but the Stadthaus was constructed at the former site of the Fraumünster abbey's building. As in 1848 the parliament building was erected in Bern. The site was used for a public city park that was named after the nearby old town hall (Stadthaus), and in 1922 the Swiss National Bank building was added.[13]Bürkliplatz is named for Arnold Bürkli (1833–1894), the engineer responsible for the construction of the city's quays. The men's bathhouse, built in 1883 alongside the Bürkliterrasse, was seriously damaged by a storm in 1964 and had to be demolished.[12] From 1803 to 1886 the square was named Stadthausplatz, but the term is still in official use for the park area.","title":"History"}]	[{"image_text":"Swiss flag during the Swiss national exposition \"Landi\", Bürkliplatz in Zürich, 1939.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Swiss_flag_in_Z%C3%BCrich_1939.jpg/170px-Swiss_flag_in_Z%C3%BCrich_1939.jpg"},{"image_text":"Limmatquai and Quaianlagen in Zürich: Bellevueplatz and Bürkliplatz, Quaibrücke, Münsterbrücke and Münsterhof, and Rathausbrücke–Weinplatz, aerial photography by Eduard Spelterini in the probably mid-1890s.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Spelterini_Z%C3%BCrich_City.jpg/170px-Spelterini_Z%C3%BCrich_City.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bürkliplatz landing gate towards General-Guisan-Quai, Dampfschiff Stadt Rapperswil on occasion of one of its centennial roundtrips","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/100_Jahre_Dampfschiff_%27Stadt_Rapperswil%27_-_Tag_der_offenen_Dampfschiff-T%C3%BCre_am_B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_Utoquai_2014-04-25_13-54-43.JPG/170px-100_Jahre_Dampfschiff_%27Stadt_Rapperswil%27_-_Tag_der_offenen_Dampfschiff-T%C3%BCre_am_B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_Utoquai_2014-04-25_13-54-43.JPG"},{"image_text":"Geiserbrunnen","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_Geiser-Brunnen_2010-09-21_15-10-24_ShiftN.jpg/170px-B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_Geiser-Brunnen_2010-09-21_15-10-24_ShiftN.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bürkliterrasse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alpenquai_-_Ganymed_2012-07-30_17-47-42.JPG/170px-Alpenquai_-_Ganymed_2012-07-30_17-47-42.JPG"},{"image_text":"Bürkliterrasse in the foreground, Zimmerberg and Albis-Felsenegg in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_ZSG_Panta_Rhei_-_Zimmerberg-Albis-Felsenegg_-_Alpenquai_2015-05-29_19-59-12.JPG/170px-B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_ZSG_Panta_Rhei_-_Zimmerberg-Albis-Felsenegg_-_Alpenquai_2015-05-29_19-59-12.JPG"},{"image_text":"ZSG steamships Stadt Rapperswil and Stadt Zürich","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/100_Jahre_Dampfschiff_%27Stadt_Rapperswil%27_-_Tag_der_offenen_Dampfschiff-T%C3%BCre_am_B%C3%BCrkliplatz_-_Innenansicht_-_Historische_Photographie_Jungfernfahrt_DS_Rapperswil_%26_Z%C3%BCrich_-_Alpenquai_2014-04-25_14-48-17.JPG/170px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Quaibrücke area around 1884","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Quaibr%C3%BCcke_1884.jpg/170px-Quaibr%C3%BCcke_1884.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Arnold Bürkli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_B%C3%BCrkli"},{"title":"Alpenquai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpenquai"},{"title":"Bauschänzli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bausch%C3%A4nzli"}]	[{"reference":"Grün Stadt Zürich (May 2006). \"Vom Bürkliplatz zur Sukkulenten-Sammlung\" (PDF) (in German). Grün Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-14. Retrieved 2015-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110814134035/http://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/content/dam/stzh/ted/Deutsch/gsz/Natur-%20und%20Erlebnisraeume/Publikationen%20und%20Broschueren/Sukkulenten-Sammlung/Vom%20Buerkliplatz%20zur%20Sukkulenten-Sammlung1.pdf","url_text":"\"Vom Bürkliplatz zur Sukkulenten-Sammlung\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCn_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich","url_text":"Grün Stadt Zürich"},{"url":"https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/content/dam/stzh/ted/Deutsch/gsz/Natur-%20und%20Erlebnisraeume/Publikationen%20und%20Broschueren/Sukkulenten-Sammlung/Vom%20Buerkliplatz%20zur%20Sukkulenten-Sammlung1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Utoquai\" (in German). Grün Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150105035357/https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/gsz/natur-_und_erlebnisraeume/park-_und_gruenanlagen/utoquai.html","url_text":"\"Utoquai\""},{"url":"https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/gsz/natur-_und_erlebnisraeume/park-_und_gruenanlagen/utoquai.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"General-Guisan-Quai\" (in German). Grün Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. Retrieved 2015-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150103015713/https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/gsz/natur-_und_erlebnisraeume/park-_und_gruenanlagen/general-guisan-quai.html","url_text":"\"General-Guisan-Quai\""},{"url":"https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/gsz/natur-_und_erlebnisraeume/park-_und_gruenanlagen/general-guisan-quai.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Voliere Zürich – Vogelpflegestation\" (in German). Voliere Zürich – Vogelpflegestation. Retrieved 2014-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://voliere.ch/","url_text":"\"Voliere Zürich – Vogelpflegestation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voliere_Z%C3%BCrich","url_text":"Voliere Zürich"}]},{"reference":"\"Arboretum\" (in German). Grün Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073826/https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/gsz/natur-_und_erlebnisraeume/park-_und_gruenanlagen/arboretum.html","url_text":"\"Arboretum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arboretum_Z%C3%BCrich","url_text":"Grün Stadt Zürich"},{"url":"https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/gsz/natur-_und_erlebnisraeume/park-_und_gruenanlagen/arboretum.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Voliere Zürich – Vogelpflegestation\" (in German). Voliere Zürich – Vogelpflegestation. Retrieved 2014-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://voliere.ch/","url_text":"\"Voliere Zürich – Vogelpflegestation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flohmarkt Bürkliplatz Zürich\" (in German). flohmarktbuerkliplatz.ch. Retrieved 2015-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flohmarktbuerkliplatz.ch/English.html","url_text":"\"Flohmarkt Bürkliplatz Zürich\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bauschänzli\" (in German). Gesundheits- und Umweltdepartement Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150105072057/https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/gsz/natur-_und_erlebnisraeume/park-_und_gruenanlagen/bauschaenzli.html","url_text":"\"Bauschänzli\""},{"url":"https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/gsz/natur-_und_erlebnisraeume/park-_und_gruenanlagen/bauschaenzli.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gebrüder Dürst. \"Der Bürkliplatz\" (in German). alt-zueri.ch. Retrieved 2015-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gebrueder-duerst.ch/turicum/strassen/b/buerkliplatz/buerkliplatz.html","url_text":"\"Der Bürkliplatz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bauschänzli\" (in German). Tiefbau und Entsorgungsdepartement Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150105072057/https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/gsz/natur-_und_erlebnisraeume/park-_und_gruenanlagen/bauschaenzli.html","url_text":"\"Bauschänzli\""},{"url":"https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/gsz/natur-_und_erlebnisraeume/park-_und_gruenanlagen/bauschaenzli.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gebrüder Dürst. \"Geiserbrunnen\" (in German). alt-zueri.ch. Retrieved 2015-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alt-zueri.ch/turicum/brunnen/geiserbrunnen.html","url_text":"\"Geiserbrunnen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bürkliterrasse\" (in German). Grün Stadt Zürich. Archived from the original on 2015-01-03. 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Swiss Coordination Group UNESCO Palafittes (palafittes.org). Archived from the original on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2014-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220441/http://www.palafittes.org/en/unesco-world-heritage/sites-switzerland/index.html#","url_text":"\"Prehistoric Pile Dwellings in Switzerland\""},{"url":"http://www.palafittes.org/en/unesco-world-heritage/sites-switzerland/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Heritage\". palafittes.org. Archived from the original on 2014-12-09. Retrieved 2014-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209212026/http://www.palafittes.org/en/unesco-world-heritage/world-heritage/index.html#","url_text":"\"World Heritage\""},{"url":"http://www.palafittes.org/en/unesco-world-heritage/world-heritage/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A-Objekte KGS-Inventar\". Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, Amt für Bevölkerungsschutz. 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2014-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100628110559/http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","url_text":"\"A-Objekte KGS-Inventar\""},{"url":"http://www.bevoelkerungsschutz.admin.ch/internet/bs/de/home/themen/kgs/kgs_inventar/a-objekte.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ältere Eisenzeit = Premier Age du Fer = Prima Età del Ferro\". Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte = Annuaire de la Société Suisse de Préhistoire et d'Archéologie = Annuario della Società Svizzera di Preistoria e d'Archeologia 59/1976. 1975. Retrieved 2014-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://retro.seals.ch/cntmng?pid=jas-003:1976:59::407","url_text":"\"Ältere Eisenzeit = Premier Age du Fer = Prima Età del Ferro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kratzquartier – Fraumünster – Münsterhof\" (in German). Hochbaudepartement Stadt Zürich. Retrieved 2015-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/hbd/de/index/archaeologie_denkmalpflege_u_baugeschichte/stadtarchaeologie/projekte/muensterhof_und_umgebung.html","url_text":"\"Kratzquartier – Fraumünster – Münsterhof\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=B%C3%BCrkliplatz,_Z%C3%BCrich&params=47.367_N_8.541_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"47°22′01″N 8°32′28″E / 47.367°N 8.541°E / 47.367; 8.541"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110814134035/http://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/content/dam/stzh/ted/Deutsch/gsz/Natur-%20und%20Erlebnisraeume/Publikationen%20und%20Broschueren/Sukkulenten-Sammlung/Vom%20Buerkliplatz%20zur%20Sukkulenten-Sammlung1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Vom Bürkliplatz zur 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Rochelle_High_School	New Rochelle High School	["1 Campus","2 History","3 Academics","3.1 Departments","3.2 Honor societies","3.3 The Fund for Educational Excellence","3.4 The Museum of Arts and Culture","4 Co and extra-curricular activities","4.1 Accomplishments","5 Interscholastic sports","5.1 Athletic accomplishments","6 Notable alumni","7 References","8 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°55′46″N 73°47′38″W / 40.92944°N 73.79389°W / 40.92944; -73.79389 Public high school in New Rochelle, New York, United StatesNew Rochelle High SchoolFront of schoolAddress265 Clove RoadNew Rochelle, New York 10801United StatesCoordinates40°55′46″N 73°47′38″W / 40.92944°N 73.79389°W / 40.92944; -73.79389InformationOther nameNRHSFormer nameWoodrow Wilson Memorial High SchoolTypePublic high schoolMottoLatin: Summa Optimaque ÆmulariEstablished1926; 98 years ago (1926)School districtCity School District of New RochelleNCES School ID362049001900PrincipalSteven Goldberg (Interim)Teaching staff213.89 (on an FTE basis)Grades9–12Enrollment3,073 (2022–2023)Student to teacher ratio14.38Color(s)Purple, White, Black Athletics conferenceSection 1 (NYSPHSAA)MascotHuguenot; Purple WaveNicknameThe HuguenotsNewspaperThe Huguenot HeraldWebsitenrhs.nred.org New Rochelle High School (NRHS), a public secondary school in New Rochelle, New York, is part of the City School District of New Rochelle and is the city's sole public high school. Its buildings were designed by the noted architectural firm Guilbert and Betelle and constructed in the French-Gothic style. It opened in 1926 as the Woodrow Wilson Memorial High School, but was renamed as New Rochelle High School. The school's student body represents 60 countries. It is a two-time Blue Ribbon School and is accredited by the Middle States Association Commission on Secondary Schools. The school is organized into eight learning communities of approximately 400-600 students each. Campus New Rochelle High School's buildings are situated at the rear of a plot of land, fronted by two lakes, and Huguenot Park. The city acquired the park's 43 acres (17 ha) of land, including what is now Twin Lakes, in 1923 as the site for the community's new high school and a park. The twin lakes were one large lake that had been used for an ice manufacturing business by the Mahlstedt family. At the southeast corner of the property is Mahlstedt House, where the family lived. In 1926, Mahlstedt House became the Huguenot Park Branch of New Rochelle Public Library, which closed in 1992, and in 1996 it became Huguenot Children's Library. A white, marble, World War II Marines Memorial is located near the causeway leading to the High School from North Avenue. The monument was dedicated on June 3, 1949, to the 15 New Rochelle Marines who died while fighting in the war. The school's campus was designed in the French-Gothic style by the architectural firm Guilbert and Betelle. It includes a working clock tower, indoor swimming facilities, eight tennis courts, two football fields, one combined soccer and baseball field, an outdoor track, a television station and a planetarium. The planetarium can hold 84 viewers and uses a Spitz Scidome, a 360-degree full-dome video projector with ATM-4 automation and a 5.1 surround sound audio system. History The high school was completed in 1926 at a cost of over $1 million. It was originally named the Woodrow Wilson Memorial High School, but was removed by the city board of education and renamed to New Rochelle High School, sparking protests. On May 17, 1968, school buildings dating from the 1920s and 1930s were destroyed by arson. A 16-year-old high-school student with a history of setting fires to attract attention was arrested for the arson. Additions made to school buildings in 1959 and 1960 were not affected. Fire insurance allowed the school to rebuild while displaced students were accommodated at local junior high schools under a time-sharing arrangement. On August 15, 2008, two months after the 40th anniversary of the 1968 arson fire that destroyed much of the school, New Rochelle High School was struck by lightning, causing a fire that severely damaged the building's distinctive spire. During the spring 2018 semester at the school, three instances of violence involving students occurred; in an incident on January 18 of that year, a student was stabbed to death. In 2019, a student named Z'Inah Brown was sentenced to 17 years in prison for her actions in the January 2018 incident. In 2019, the school's administrator was dismissed "for changing 212 grades for 32 students by making 'entries and changes to students' records in violation of NRHS grade-change practice and without any consistent, comprehensible or valid explanation'". Academics The NRHS is organized into eight geographically defined learning communities of approximately 400-600 students each that serve as a home base for students and teachers. In each community, ninth and tenth grade students in are teamed with teachers in English, social studies, mathematics, and science. These teacher-student 'teams' remain intact for ninth and tenth grades to provide continuity for students and staff. Eleventh and twelfth grade students remain within their communities but most coursework occurs throughout the campus. Departments The school features several departments. The Arts Department is a program that integrates Art, Music, Dance and Theater Arts within the school. The school also includes a Business Education Department and its current programs of study include business, Marketing & Entrepreneurship, and Marketing and Computer Applications. The Engineering and Architectural Design Department offers courses in architectural design, architectural presentation, CADD aided residential drawing and design and drawing for production. Honor societies NRHS Chapter of National Honor Society, part of a national organization. Membership is based on scholarship, community service, leadership, and character. To qualify, students must possess a minimum cumulative unweighted average of 87.0, show a minimum of 20 verifiable hours of community service, and display strong leadership qualities. Students meeting these requirements are interviewed and selected by members of the Faculty Council. Spanish Honor Society, open to juniors and seniors who have shown outstanding work in Spanish for a minimum of 21⁄2 years. Final acceptance is subject to review by the NRHS Foreign Language Department in accordance with the guidelines of the Sociedad Honoraria Hispanica. French Honor Society, open to juniors and seniors who have consistently maintained a high average in French for a minimum of 3 years. Latin Honor Society, open to juniors and seniors who have consistently achieved 90s in Latin for a minimum of 3 years. Italian Honor Society, open to juniors and seniors who have consistently maintained a high average in their years spent studying the language. Tri-M Music Honor Society, open to students of the Instrumental and Vocal Music Departments upon recommendation by their respective teacher. National Art Honor Society, members must meet select national standards in art and display a strong focus on community service. Math Honor Society, open to those who maintain a high average in math throughout high school National English Honor Society, was founded in 2008 for those who maintain a high English average throughout high school. The Fund for Educational Excellence The private foundation The Fund for Educational Excellence was formed to address the dramatic increase in the cost of public education by supporting aspects of the public education system that fall outside the normal operating budget. The fund was established in 1998 by the Superintendent of Schools, members of the Board of Education and community leaders. The fund has sponsored several benefit concerts featuring NRHS students at major performance venues including Carnegie Hall and Avery Fisher Hall at the Lincoln Center. The Museum of Arts and Culture The on-site Museum of Arts and Culture offers exhibits and programs focused on the fine arts, history, literature, science and technology. The museum opened in 2006 and is the only Regents-chartered museum in a school in the state of New York. Co and extra-curricular activities The school has a considerable number of clubs including: Academic Challenge Animal Rights Art Club Asian Culture Club Auditorium Tech Crew Black Culture Club Brain Cancer Awareness Club Cafe Saturnalia Chess Club Christian Culture Club Dance Team and Club Economics Team E.S.L. Club Entrepreneur Club French Club (G.R.E.E.N.) Fresh Air Club Gay/Straight Alliance General Organization (G.O.) Habitat for Humanity Hispanic Culture Club Hope from the Heart: Cancer Awareness Club Human Rights Coalition The Huguenot Herald Italian Club Irish Culture Club Japanese Culture Club Jazz Band Jewish Culture Club Junior State of America Key Club Latin Club Marching band Math Honor Society Team Media Club Midnight Run Mock Trial Team Model Congress Muslim Culture Club Operation Smile Club Philosophy Club Photography Club Ping-Pong Club FIRST Robotics Competition Team Science Club Science Olympiad Spanish Club Students Against Destructive Decisions (S.A.D.D) Student Community Action Ultimate Frisbee Club Tae Kwon Do Club Tech Crew Theatre Workshop Accomplishments The school's Academic Team was ranked third in the U.S. after the 2008 National Academic Championship. The school's Model Congress Club is the oldest-and-longest-running high-school-level model congress in the U.S. The Model Congress originated at New Rochelle High School in 1964 when faculty advisor William P. Clarke sought an extracurricular outlet for bright students who were not engaged in sports. Richard Nixon was the guest speaker at the club's first mock presidential convention in 1964. The club is focused around debating issues through the use of bills and parliamentary procedure. The club becomes a delegation when it debates in foreign congresses, both college congresses and those associated with the United Model Congresses. Each year the school holds a Model Congress weekend, hosting "foreign delegations" from other schools. NRHS was the 2007 Lower Hudson Valley Regional Science Olympiad champion. NRHS students have been repeatedly recognized as semi-finalists and finalists in the highly competitive Intel Science Talent Search. Interscholastic sports Fall schedule Varsity and Junior Varsity Cheerleading Boys & Girls Cross Country Freshman Football Junior Varsity Football Varsity Football Boys Junior Varsity Soccer Boys Varsity Soccer Girls Junior Varsity Soccer Girls Varsity Soccer Girls Swimming Girls Junior Varsity Volleyball Girls Varsity Volleyball Girls Varsity Tennis Girls Junior Varsity Tennis Co-Ed Ultimate Frisbee Winter schedule Varsity and Junior Varsity Cheerleading Boys Freshman Basketball Boys Junior Varsity Basketball Girls Junior Varsity Basketball Girls Varsity Basketball Boys Varsity ice hockey Boys Varsity Soccer Boys Varsity Indoor Track Girls Varsity Indoor Track Girls Varsity Swimming Boys Varsity Swimming Boys Varsity Volleyball Boys Varsity wrestling Boys Junior Varsity Wrestling Spring schedule Boys Junior Varsity Baseball Boys Varsity Baseball Freshman Baseball() Varsity Golf Boys Junior Varsity Lacrosse Boys Varsity Lacrosse Girls Junior Varsity Lacrosse Girls Varsity Lacrosse Junior Varsity Rugby Varsity Rugby Girls Junior Varsity Softball Girls Varsity Softball Boys Junior Varsity Tennis Boys Varsity Tennis Boys Varsity Track Girls Varsity Track Athletic accomplishments An NRHS cheerleader at a football game The varsity basketball team was a New York Section AA finalist in 2003 and 2013. The Varsity football team won the New York State title in 2003, 2012 and 2019 and was a New York State Class AA finalist in 2000, 2004 and 2009 and semi-finalist in 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2015. The team has earned the title of New York State Section 1 AA champion nine times since 2003 including five straight times from 2006 to 2010. The boys varsity tennis team won the 2005 New York State doubles title. The team also were league champions in 2017 and 2018. David Stewart (swimming '15) currently holds a NYSPHSAA Section 1 record in the men's 100-yard butterfly as of 2015. In 2005 NRHS student Lynne Lane set a Section 1 track record and was the 60-meter national champion. Throughout the years, the girls and boys track teams have won many league, county and sectional titles. In 2008 and 2010, the girls shuttle-hurdle team won national championships. Both the varsity and JV cheerleading teams were national champions at the 2013 Universal Cheerleading Association National HS Cheerleading Championships. In 2016, the boys varsity soccer team won its first Class AA New York State Championship since 1986. Notable alumni Notable alumni sorted by graduation year. Theodore Pratt (1919): author Elia Kazan (1926): Academy Award–winning director Bill Morton (1927): inductee of the College Football Hall of Fame James Gregory (1930): stage, screen, and TV actor James Steen (1931): football player for the Detroit Lions Marion West Higgins (1932): first female Speaker of New Jersey General Assembly Miriam Davenport (1933): painter and sculptor who played central role in helping Jews escape the Holocaust Dan DeCarlo (1937): cartoonist, developed look of Archie Comics, created Josie and the Pussycats Henry Heimlich (1937): inventor, Heimlich Maneuver Edward Wellen (1937): mystery and science fiction writer Betty Freeman (1939): photographer and philanthropist Gloria Oden (1939): African American poet Rosemarie Beck (1941): artist, teacher Don Hewitt (1940): 60 Minutes producer Tad Mosel (1940): Pulitzer Prize–winning playwright Jerome Kohlberg, Jr. (1943): billionaire cofounder of private equity firms KKR and Kohlberg & Co. Kay Christopher (1944): actress and model William Klemperer (1944): chemical physicist and molecular spectroscopist Richard Kahn (1947): president, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Joseph Pisani (1947): lawyer and politician Lou Jones (1950): Olympic gold medalist sprinter Louis Rukeyser (1950): financial journalist Jesse Arnelle (1950): football and basketball player at Penn State Anthony Charles Beilenson (1950): Democratic Congressman Henry C. Moses (1951): educator (Dean of Freshmen at Harvard; headmaster Trinity School) Jacob Landau (1952): journalist, attorney, and free-speech activist (founding executive director of Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press) Leslie H. Gelb (1955): Council on Foreign Relations president Harry Macklowe (1955): chairman and CEO, Macklowe Properties Real Estate Investment William S. Rukeyser (1957): journalist Ken Blanchard (1957): management expert, coauthor of The One Minute Manager Johnny Counts (1958): New York Giants running back Drew S. Days III (1959): Solicitor General of the United States, Professor of Law at Yale Law School Lawrence M. Small (1959): 11th Secretary of Smithsonian Institution Fred Rosen (1961): attorney, business executive and philanthropist Richard Roundtree (1961): actor, best known as film's John Shaft Barrie M. Osborne (1962): film producer, 2004 Academy Award winner (The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King) Butch Harmon (1962): golf professional, former coach of Tiger Woods Andrea Mitchell (1963): journalist Russell T. Lewis (1965): CEO of The New York Times Company Jeff Sagarin (1966): sports statistician George Starke (1966): tackle, Washington Redskins Harry Stein (1966): author and columnist Alan Menken (1967): composer, lyricist Jeralyn Merritt (1967): criminal defense attorney, legal analyst, blogger Ralph Guggenheim (1969): video graphics designer, 1995 "Producers Guild of America Award" winner (Toy Story) David Pecker (1969): publishing executive and businessman, CEO of American Media Guy Davis (1970): musician, son of actors Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee Gloria Borger (1970): political analyst for CNN Christopher Edley, Jr. (1970): Dean of University of California, Berkeley School of Law Michael Kaiser (1971): president of John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Glynnis O'Connor (1973): actress Al Seckel (1976): writer, specialist on illusions, creator of Darwin fish design Jane Zweibel (1977), visual artist Stuart C. Lord (1978): educator Rachel Vail (1984): children's author Kent Washington (1983): basketball player Clifford J. Levy (1985): Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Noam Bramson (1987): mayor of New Rochelle Craig Carton (1987): sports radio personality Devon Hughes (1990): professional wrestler "Brother Devon", formerly known as "D-Von Dudley" Ato Essandoh (1990): actor, known for Chicago Med Cristina Teuscher (1996): Olympic gold medalist swimmer Jennifer Hyman (1998): entrepreneur Adam Rosen (2002): American-born British luger Olympian Tom Koehler (2004): Former MLB pitcher, spent seasons with Miami Marlins and Toronto Blue Jays Courtney Greene (2005): former Jacksonville Jaguars free safety Ray Rice (2005): former Baltimore Ravens running back, three-time Pro Bowler, Super Bowl XLVII champion Kyle Kulinski (2006): YouTuber and political commentator, co-founder of Justice Democrats Jordan Lucas (2011): Defensive back for Chicago Bears, Super Bowl LIV champion Josiah Gray (2015): Pitcher for the Washington Nationals Emil Michael: Former Senior Vice President of Business at Uber References ^ a b c d "Search for Public Schools - New Rochelle High School (362049001900)". 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"Baseball: New Rochelle native Josiah Gray has morphed into a highly-touted MLB prospect". The Journal News. Archived from the original on June 10, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2023. External links Official website New Rochelle High School Fire of 1968 (relates the story of the fire and its consequences with both text and an extensive collection of historic photographs) NRHS Planetarium James Betelle - Where Are You? vteNew Rochelle, New YorkAreas Neighborhood List Beechmont Cooper's Corners Davenport Neck Premium Point Residence Park Rochelle Park–Rochelle Heights Historic District Sutton Manor Wykagyl Arts Forty-five Minutes from Broadway The Dick Van Dyke Show J. C. Leyendecker Frederic Remington New Rochelle Art Association New Rochelle artist colony Norman Rockwell Ragtime Thanhouser Company Terrytoons Downtown Blessed Sacrament Church "K" Building Lowe's Theater Railroad station New Roc City Public Library Police Department Fire Department New Rochelle Trust Building Union Baptist Church Post Office Montefiore New Rochelle Hospital RKO Proctor's Theater St. Gabriel's Church Trump Plaza Union Baptist Church Ware's Department Store WNVU WVOX Education City School District of New Rochelle New Rochelle High School College of New Rochelle Iona University Iona Preparatory School Salesian High School The Ursuline School Thornton-Donovan School Geography Davenport Neck Echo Bay Hutchinson River Lake Innisfree Huguenot Lake Middle Ground (New Rochelle) New Rochelle Harbor Premium Mill-Pond Reservoir 2 Reservoir 3 Sheldrake Lake Sheldrake River Titus Mill-Pond & Wetlands Ward Acres Nature Preserve History Beechwoods Cemetery Church of the Holy Family Churchland pear Crystal Lake Davenport House First Presbyterian Church Fort Slocum Historic Sites Holy Sepulchre Cemetery Huntington pear Institute of Thomas Paine Studies Knickerbocker Building Lawton blackberry Jacob Leisler Jacob Leisler Statue Lathers Hill Leland Castle Lispenard–Rodman–Davenport House Mayors Middletown New Rochelle Historic Sites New Rochelle Walk of Fame New Rochelle Mall New Rochelle Yacht Club New York, Westchester and Boston Railway Parsonage pear Pioneer Building Quaker Ridge Railroad Station Seacord Cemetery Sestercentennial Half-Dollar St. John's Wilmot Church Glen Island Resort Thomas Paine Cottage Thomas Paine Monument Thomas Paine National Historical Association Trinity-St. Paul's Church Wildcliff Winyah Park Islands Columbia Island Davids Island Execution Rocks Glen Island Goose Island Huckleberry Island Neptune Island Pine Island Pea Island Pelham Islands Travers Island Recreation City Park Stadium Glen Island Park Huguenot Yacht Club Mazzella Field Hynes Center New Rochelle Rowing Club New York Athletic Club Pelham Country Club Wykagyl Country Club Organizations Police Department vteEducation in Westchester County, New YorkSchool districtsTerritorial Ardsley Bedford Blind Brook-Rye Briarcliff Manor Bronxville Byram Hills Chappaqua Croton-Harmon Dobbs Ferry Eastchester Edgemont Elmsford Greenburgh Harrison Hastings-on-Hudson Hendrick Hudson Irvington Katonah-Lewisboro Lakeland Mamaroneck Mount Pleasant Mount Vernon New Rochelle City North Salem Ossining Peekskill City Pelham Pleasantville Pocantico Hills Port Chester-Rye Putnam Valley Rye City Rye Neck Scarsdale Somers Tarrytowns Tuckahoe Valhalla White Plains Yonkers Yorktown Special act Greenburgh-Graham Publichigh schoolsYonkers Gorton Lincoln Obama Riverside Roosevelt Saunders Yonkers MS/HS Other Ardsley Blind Brook Briarcliff Bronxville Byram Hills Croton-Harmon Dobbs Ferry Eastchester Edgemont Fox Lane Horace Greeley Alexander Hamilton Harrison Hastings Hendrick Hudson Irvington John Jay Lakeland Mamaroneck Mount Vernon New Rochelle Ossining Walter Panas Peekskill Pelham Pleasantville Port Chester Rochambeau Rye Neck Rye Scarsdale Somers Tuckahoe Valhalla Westlake White Plains Woodlands Yorktown IndependentschoolsSecular private Daytop Village French-American German Hackley Harvey Keio Lyceum Kennedy Masters New York School for the Deaf Rye Country Day Thornton-Donovan Religious Archbishop Stepinac Holy Child Iona Preparatory John F. Kennedy Catholic Leffel (former Solomon Schecter) Maria Regina Montfort Sacred Heart Salesian Ursuline Westchester Hebrew Yonkers Montessori Closed Our Lady of Good Counsel Our Lady of Victory Soundview Preparatory Tertiary College of Westchester Fordham University Iona University Long Island University Manhattanville University Mercy University Monroe College New York Medical College Pace University St. Joseph's Seminary St. Nersess Armenian Seminary St. Vladimir's Seminary Sarah Lawrence College State University of New York at Purchase Westchester Community College Closed College of New Rochelle Concordia College Libraries Yonkers Public Library Weekend education Japanese Weekend School of New York This list is incomplete. Authority control databases: Geographic NCES	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"New Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Rochelle,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"City School District of New Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_School_District_of_New_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"Guilbert and Betelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilbert_and_Betelle"},{"link_name":"French-Gothic style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newsweek-2"},{"link_name":"Blue Ribbon School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Blue_Ribbon_Schools_Program"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Middle States Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_States_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Accred-4"}],"text":"Public high school in New Rochelle, New York, United StatesNew Rochelle High School (NRHS), a public secondary school in New Rochelle, New York, is part of the City School District of New Rochelle and is the city's sole public high school. Its buildings were designed by the noted architectural firm Guilbert and Betelle and constructed in the French-Gothic style. It opened in 1926 as the Woodrow Wilson Memorial High School, but was renamed as New Rochelle High School.The school's student body represents 60 countries.[2] It is a two-time Blue Ribbon School[3] and is accredited by the Middle States Association Commission on Secondary Schools.[4] The school is organized into eight learning communities of approximately 400-600 students each.","title":"New Rochelle High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huguenot Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenot_Park"},{"link_name":"Mahlstedt family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahlsdet%27s_Ice_Pond"},{"link_name":"New Rochelle Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Rochelle_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"French-Gothic style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Guilbert and Betelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilbert_and_Betelle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"planetarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetarium"},{"link_name":"Spitz Scidome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spitz_Scidome&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"New Rochelle High School's buildings are situated at the rear of a plot of land, fronted by two lakes, and Huguenot Park. The city acquired the park's 43 acres (17 ha) of land, including what is now Twin Lakes, in 1923 as the site for the community's new high school and a park. The twin lakes were one large lake that had been used for an ice manufacturing business by the Mahlstedt family. At the southeast corner of the property is Mahlstedt House, where the family lived. In 1926, Mahlstedt House became the Huguenot Park Branch of New Rochelle Public Library, which closed in 1992, and in 1996 it became Huguenot Children's Library.[5]A white, marble, World War II Marines Memorial is located near the causeway leading to the High School from North Avenue. The monument was dedicated on June 3, 1949, to the 15 New Rochelle Marines who died while fighting in the war.[6]The school's campus was designed in the French-Gothic style by the architectural firm Guilbert and Betelle.[7] It includes a working clock tower, indoor swimming facilities, eight tennis courts, two football fields, one combined soccer and baseball field, an outdoor track, a television station and a planetarium. The planetarium can hold 84 viewers and uses a Spitz Scidome, a 360-degree full-dome video projector with ATM-4 automation and a 5.1 surround sound audio system.[8]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"arson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The high school was completed in 1926 at a cost of over $1 million. It was originally named the Woodrow Wilson Memorial High School, but was removed by the city board of education and renamed to New Rochelle High School, sparking protests.[9][10]\nOn May 17, 1968, school buildings dating from the 1920s and 1930s were destroyed by arson.[11] A 16-year-old high-school student with a history of setting fires to attract attention was arrested for the arson. Additions made to school buildings in 1959 and 1960 were not affected. Fire insurance allowed the school to rebuild while displaced students were accommodated at local junior high schools under a time-sharing arrangement.[12]On August 15, 2008, two months after the 40th anniversary of the 1968 arson fire that destroyed much of the school, New Rochelle High School was struck by lightning, causing a fire that severely damaged the building's distinctive spire.[13][14]During the spring 2018 semester at the school, three instances of violence involving students occurred; in an incident on January 18 of that year, a student was stabbed to death.[15] In 2019, a student named Z'Inah Brown was sentenced to 17 years in prison for her actions in the January 2018 incident.[16]In 2019, the school's administrator was dismissed \"for changing 212 grades for 32 students by making 'entries and changes to students' records in violation of NRHS grade-change practice and without any consistent, comprehensible or valid explanation'\".[17][18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The NRHS is organized into eight geographically defined learning communities of approximately 400-600 students each that serve as a home base for students and teachers. In each community, ninth and tenth grade students in are teamed with teachers in English, social studies, mathematics, and science. These teacher-student 'teams' remain intact for ninth and tenth grades to provide continuity for students and staff. Eleventh and twelfth grade students remain within their communities but most coursework occurs throughout the campus.[19]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Patch_05-18-2012-22"}],"sub_title":"Departments","text":"The school features several departments. The Arts Department is a program that integrates Art, Music, Dance and Theater Arts within the school.[20] The school also includes a Business Education Department and its current programs of study include business, Marketing & Entrepreneurship, and Marketing and Computer Applications.[21] The Engineering and Architectural Design Department offers courses in architectural design, architectural presentation, CADD aided residential drawing and design and drawing for production.[22]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NRHS Chapter of National Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Honor_Society"},{"link_name":"scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship"},{"link_name":"community service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service"},{"link_name":"leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership"},{"link_name":"character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_character"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Spanish Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Honor_Society"},{"link_name":"juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_grade"},{"link_name":"seniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_grade"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"French Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Honoraire_de_Fran%C3%A7ais"},{"link_name":"Latin Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_Honor_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Italian Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_Society"},{"link_name":"Tri-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-M"},{"link_name":"National Art Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Art_Honor_Society"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Math Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_Alpha_Theta"},{"link_name":"National English Honor Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_English_Honor_Society"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Honor societies","text":"NRHS Chapter of National Honor Society, part of a national organization. Membership is based on scholarship, community service, leadership, and character. To qualify, students must possess a minimum cumulative unweighted average of 87.0, show a minimum of 20 verifiable hours of community service, and display strong leadership qualities. Students meeting these requirements are interviewed and selected by members of the Faculty Council.[23]\nSpanish Honor Society, open to juniors and seniors who have shown outstanding work in Spanish for a minimum of 21⁄2 years. Final acceptance is subject to review by the NRHS Foreign Language Department in accordance with the guidelines of the Sociedad Honoraria Hispanica.\nFrench Honor Society, open to juniors and seniors who have consistently maintained a high average in French for a minimum of 3 years.\nLatin Honor Society, open to juniors and seniors who have consistently achieved 90s in Latin for a minimum of 3 years.\nItalian Honor Society, open to juniors and seniors who have consistently maintained a high average in their years spent studying the language.\nTri-M Music Honor Society, open to students of the Instrumental and Vocal Music Departments upon recommendation by their respective teacher.\nNational Art Honor Society, members must meet select national standards in art and display a strong focus on community service.[24]\nMath Honor Society, open to those who maintain a high average in math throughout high school\nNational English Honor Society, was founded in 2008 for those who maintain a high English average throughout high school.[25]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit_organization)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Avery Fisher Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Fisher_Hall"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Center"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"The Fund for Educational Excellence","text":"The private foundation The Fund for Educational Excellence was formed to address the dramatic increase in the cost of public education by supporting aspects of the public education system that fall outside the normal operating budget.[26] The fund was established in 1998 by the Superintendent of Schools, members of the Board of Education and community leaders. The fund has sponsored several benefit concerts featuring NRHS students at major performance venues including Carnegie Hall and Avery Fisher Hall at the Lincoln Center.[27]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"The Museum of Arts and Culture","text":"The on-site Museum of Arts and Culture offers exhibits and programs focused on the fine arts, history, literature, science and technology. The museum opened in 2006 and is the only Regents-chartered museum in a school in the state of New York.[28]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Academic Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiz-bowl"},{"link_name":"Animal Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Rights"},{"link_name":"Art Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"Brain Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Tumor"},{"link_name":"Chess Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"Entrepreneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneur"},{"link_name":"Gay/Straight Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay/Straight_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Habitat for Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_for_Humanity"},{"link_name":"Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"The Huguenot Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Huguenot_Herald&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Irish Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Irish_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Japanese Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Culture"},{"link_name":"Jazz Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Jewish Culture Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Junior State of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_State_of_America"},{"link_name":"Key Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Club"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Marching band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marching_band"},{"link_name":"Math","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math"},{"link_name":"Mock Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mock_Trial"},{"link_name":"Model Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Congress"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography"},{"link_name":"Ping-Pong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping-Pong"},{"link_name":"FIRST Robotics Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIRST_Robotics_Competition"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Team_5202_Information_-_FIRST-31"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"Science Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Tae Kwon Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tae_Kwon_Do"},{"link_name":"Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"}],"text":"The school has a considerable number of clubs including:[29]Academic Challenge\nAnimal Rights\nArt Club\nAsian Culture Club\nAuditorium Tech Crew\nBlack Culture Club\nBrain Cancer Awareness Club\nCafe Saturnalia\nChess Club\nChristian Culture Club\nDance Team and Club\nEconomics Team\nE.S.L. Club\nEntrepreneur Club\nFrench Club\n(G.R.E.E.N.) Fresh Air Club\nGay/Straight Alliance\nGeneral Organization (G.O.)\nHabitat for Humanity\nHispanic Culture Club\nHope from the Heart: Cancer Awareness Club\nHuman Rights Coalition\nThe Huguenot Herald[30]\nItalian Club\nIrish Culture Club\nJapanese Culture Club\nJazz Band\nJewish Culture Club\nJunior State of America\nKey Club\nLatin Club\nMarching band\nMath Honor Society Team\nMedia Club\nMidnight Run\nMock Trial Team\nModel Congress\nMuslim Culture Club\nOperation Smile Club\nPhilosophy Club\nPhotography Club\nPing-Pong Club\nFIRST Robotics Competition Team[31]\nScience Club\nScience Olympiad\nSpanish Club\nStudents Against Destructive Decisions (S.A.D.D)\nStudent Community Action\nUltimate Frisbee Club\nTae Kwon Do Club\nTech Crew\nTheatre Workshop","title":"Co and extra-curricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Academic Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Academic_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Model Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Congress"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-33"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-33"},{"link_name":"Science Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-35"}],"sub_title":"Accomplishments","text":"The school's Academic Team was ranked third in the U.S. after the 2008 National Academic Championship.[32]\nThe school's Model Congress Club is the oldest-and-longest-running high-school-level model congress in the U.S. The Model Congress originated at New Rochelle High School in 1964 when faculty advisor William P. Clarke sought an extracurricular outlet for bright students who were not engaged in sports.[33] Richard Nixon was the guest speaker at the club's first mock presidential convention in 1964.[33] The club is focused around debating issues through the use of bills and parliamentary procedure. The club becomes a delegation when it debates in foreign congresses, both college congresses and those associated with the United Model Congresses. Each year the school holds a Model Congress weekend, hosting \"foreign delegations\" from other schools.\nNRHS was the 2007 Lower Hudson Valley Regional Science Olympiad champion.[34]\nNRHS students have been repeatedly recognized as semi-finalists and finalists in the highly competitive Intel Science Talent Search.[35]","title":"Co and extra-curricular activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheerleading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheerleading"},{"link_name":"Cross Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Cheerleading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheerleading"},{"link_name":"Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"Indoor Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"Swimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholastic_wrestling"},{"link_name":"Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse#Women's_lacrosse"},{"link_name":"Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball"},{"link_name":"Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"Track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"}],"text":"Fall schedule\n\nVarsity and Junior Varsity Cheerleading\nBoys & Girls Cross Country\nFreshman Football\nJunior Varsity Football\nVarsity Football\nBoys Junior Varsity Soccer\nBoys Varsity Soccer\nGirls Junior Varsity Soccer\nGirls Varsity Soccer\nGirls Swimming\nGirls Junior Varsity Volleyball\nGirls Varsity Volleyball\nGirls Varsity Tennis\nGirls Junior Varsity Tennis\nCo-Ed Ultimate Frisbee\n\n\nWinter schedule\n\nVarsity and Junior Varsity Cheerleading\nBoys Freshman Basketball\nBoys Junior Varsity Basketball\nGirls Junior Varsity Basketball\nGirls Varsity Basketball\nBoys Varsity ice hockey\nBoys Varsity Soccer\nBoys Varsity Indoor Track\nGirls Varsity Indoor Track\nGirls Varsity Swimming\nBoys Varsity Swimming\nBoys Varsity Volleyball[36]\nBoys Varsity wrestling\nBoys Junior Varsity Wrestling\n\n\nSpring schedule\n\nBoys Junior Varsity Baseball\nBoys Varsity Baseball\nFreshman Baseball()\nVarsity Golf\nBoys Junior Varsity Lacrosse\nBoys Varsity Lacrosse\nGirls Junior Varsity Lacrosse\nGirls Varsity Lacrosse\nJunior Varsity Rugby\nVarsity Rugby\nGirls Junior Varsity Softball\nGirls Varsity Softball\nBoys Junior Varsity Tennis\nBoys Varsity Tennis\nBoys Varsity Track\nGirls Varsity Track","title":"Interscholastic sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Rochelle_High_School_cheerleader_at_football_game.jpg"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-35"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Athletic accomplishments","text":"An NRHS cheerleader at a football gameThe varsity basketball team was a New York Section AA finalist in 2003 and 2013.\nThe Varsity football team won the New York State title in 2003, 2012 and 2019 and was a New York State Class AA finalist in 2000, 2004 and 2009 and semi-finalist in 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2015.[37] The team has earned the title of New York State Section 1 AA champion nine times since 2003 including five straight times from 2006 to 2010.[38][39]\nThe boys varsity tennis team won the 2005 New York State doubles title. The team also were league champions in 2017 and 2018.\nDavid Stewart (swimming '15) currently holds a NYSPHSAA Section 1 record in the men's 100-yard butterfly as of 2015.[40]\nIn 2005 NRHS student Lynne Lane set a Section 1 track record and was the 60-meter national champion.[35]\nThroughout the years, the girls and boys track teams have won many league, county and sectional titles. In 2008 and 2010, the girls shuttle-hurdle team won national championships.[41][42]\nBoth the varsity and JV cheerleading teams were national champions at the 2013 Universal Cheerleading Association National HS Cheerleading Championships.[43]\nIn 2016, the boys varsity soccer team won its first Class AA New York State Championship since 1986.[44]","title":"Interscholastic sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodore Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Pratt"},{"link_name":"Elia Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elia_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CB-45"},{"link_name":"Bill Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Morton_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"James Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gregory_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"James Steen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Steen_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"Marion West Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_West_Higgins"},{"link_name":"Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_(politics)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Miriam Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Davenport"},{"link_name":"helping Jews escape the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Dan DeCarlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_DeCarlo"},{"link_name":"Archie Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Comics"},{"link_name":"Josie and the Pussycats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josie_and_the_Pussycats_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Henry Heimlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Heimlich"},{"link_name":"Heimlich Maneuver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimlich_Maneuver"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Edward Wellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Wellen"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Betty Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Gloria Oden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Oden"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Rosemarie Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemarie_Beck"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Don Hewitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Hewitt"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Tad Mosel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad_Mosel"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Jerome Kohlberg, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Kohlberg,_Jr."},{"link_name":"private equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_equity"},{"link_name":"KKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Kohlberg & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlberg_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Kay Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Christopher"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"William Klemperer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Klemperer"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Richard Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Joseph Pisani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pisani"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Lou Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Jones_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Louis Rukeyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Rukeyser"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Jesse Arnelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Arnelle"},{"link_name":"Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_State"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Anthony Charles Beilenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Charles_Beilenson"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressman"},{"link_name":"Henry C. Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_C._Moses"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"Trinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_School_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Jacob Landau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Landau_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"free-speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-speech"},{"link_name":"Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporters_Committee_for_Freedom_of_the_Press"},{"link_name":"Leslie H. Gelb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_H._Gelb"},{"link_name":"Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Harry Macklowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Macklowe"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"William S. Rukeyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Rukeyser"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Ken Blanchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Blanchard"},{"link_name":"The One Minute Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_Minute_Manager"},{"link_name":"Johnny Counts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Counts"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"Drew S. Days III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_S._Days_III"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Solicitor_General"},{"link_name":"Yale Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Lawrence M. Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_M._Small"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Fred Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Rosen_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Richard Roundtree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Roundtree"},{"link_name":"John Shaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shaft"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Barrie M. Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_M._Osborne"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_The_Return_of_the_King"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Butch Harmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Harmon"},{"link_name":"Tiger Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Woods"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Andrea Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Russell T. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_T._Lewis"},{"link_name":"The New York Times Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Company"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Jeff Sagarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sagarin"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jonietz-67"},{"link_name":"George Starke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Starke"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Harry Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Stein_(author)"},{"link_name":"Alan Menken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Menken"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Jeralyn Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeralyn_Merritt"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Ralph Guggenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Guggenheim"},{"link_name":"Toy Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_Story"},{"link_name":"David Pecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Pecker"},{"link_name":"American Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A360media"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chun-71"},{"link_name":"Guy Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Davis_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ossie Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossie_Davis"},{"link_name":"Ruby Dee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_Dee"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Gloria Borger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Borger"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Christopher Edley, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Edley,_Jr."},{"link_name":"University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Michael Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kaiser"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Glynnis O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynnis_O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Al Seckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Seckel"},{"link_name":"Jane Zweibel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Zweibel"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Stuart C. Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_C._Lord"},{"link_name":"Rachel Vail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Vail"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Kent Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Washington"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Clifford J. Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_J._Levy"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Noam Bramson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Bramson"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Craig Carton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Carton"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumnlist-47"},{"link_name":"Devon Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Hughes"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Ato Essandoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ato_Essandoh"},{"link_name":"Chicago Med","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Med"},{"link_name":"Cristina Teuscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Teuscher"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Hyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Hyman"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meltzer-78"},{"link_name":"Adam Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Rosen"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Tom Koehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Koehler"},{"link_name":"MLB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLB"},{"link_name":"Miami Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Marlins"},{"link_name":"Toronto Blue Jays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Blue_Jays"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Courtney Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Greene"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-81"},{"link_name":"Ray Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Rice"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLVII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USA_Today-81"},{"link_name":"Kyle Kulinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Kulinski"},{"link_name":"YouTuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTuber"},{"link_name":"political commentator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_commentator"},{"link_name":"Justice Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Democrats"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Jordan Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl LIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_LIV"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Josiah Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Gray"},{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Emil Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Michael"}],"text":"Notable alumni sorted by graduation year.Theodore Pratt (1919): author\nElia Kazan (1926): Academy Award–winning director[45]\nBill Morton (1927): inductee of the College Football Hall of Fame[46]\nJames Gregory (1930): stage, screen, and TV actor[47]\nJames Steen (1931): football player for the Detroit Lions\nMarion West Higgins (1932): first female Speaker of New Jersey General Assembly\nMiriam Davenport (1933): painter and sculptor who played central role in helping Jews escape the Holocaust\nDan DeCarlo (1937): cartoonist, developed look of Archie Comics, created Josie and the Pussycats\nHenry Heimlich (1937): inventor, Heimlich Maneuver[48]\nEdward Wellen (1937): mystery and science fiction writer[49][50]\nBetty Freeman (1939): photographer and philanthropist\nGloria Oden (1939): African American poet[51]\nRosemarie Beck (1941): artist, teacher[52]\nDon Hewitt (1940): 60 Minutes producer[53]\nTad Mosel (1940): Pulitzer Prize–winning playwright[54]\nJerome Kohlberg, Jr. (1943): billionaire cofounder of private equity firms KKR and Kohlberg & Co.[47]\nKay Christopher (1944): actress and model[55]\nWilliam Klemperer (1944): chemical physicist and molecular spectroscopist[56]\nRichard Kahn (1947): president, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences[57]\nJoseph Pisani (1947): lawyer and politician[58][59]\nLou Jones (1950): Olympic gold medalist sprinter[60]\nLouis Rukeyser (1950): financial journalist[61]\nJesse Arnelle (1950): football and basketball player at Penn State[47]\nAnthony Charles Beilenson (1950): Democratic Congressman\nHenry C. Moses (1951): educator (Dean of Freshmen at Harvard; headmaster Trinity School)[62]\nJacob Landau (1952): journalist, attorney, and free-speech activist (founding executive director of Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press)\nLeslie H. Gelb (1955): Council on Foreign Relations president[47]\nHarry Macklowe (1955): chairman and CEO, Macklowe Properties Real Estate Investment[47]\nWilliam S. Rukeyser (1957): journalist[63]\nKen Blanchard (1957): management expert, coauthor of The One Minute Manager\nJohnny Counts (1958): New York Giants running back\nDrew S. Days III (1959): Solicitor General of the United States, Professor of Law at Yale Law School[47]\nLawrence M. Small (1959): 11th Secretary of Smithsonian Institution\nFred Rosen (1961): attorney, business executive and philanthropist\nRichard Roundtree (1961): actor, best known as film's John Shaft[64]\nBarrie M. Osborne (1962): film producer, 2004 Academy Award winner (The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King)[47]\nButch Harmon (1962): golf professional, former coach of Tiger Woods[65]\nAndrea Mitchell (1963): journalist[66]\nRussell T. Lewis (1965): CEO of The New York Times Company[47]\nJeff Sagarin (1966): sports statistician[67]\nGeorge Starke (1966): tackle, Washington Redskins[68]\nHarry Stein (1966): author and columnist\nAlan Menken (1967): composer, lyricist[69]\nJeralyn Merritt (1967): criminal defense attorney, legal analyst, blogger[70]\nRalph Guggenheim (1969): video graphics designer, 1995 \"Producers Guild of America Award\" winner (Toy Story)\nDavid Pecker (1969): publishing executive and businessman, CEO of American Media[71]\nGuy Davis (1970): musician, son of actors Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee[72]\nGloria Borger (1970): political analyst for CNN[47]\nChristopher Edley, Jr. (1970): Dean of University of California, Berkeley School of Law[47]\nMichael Kaiser (1971): president of John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts[47]\nGlynnis O'Connor (1973): actress[47]\nAl Seckel (1976): writer, specialist on illusions, creator of Darwin fish design\nJane Zweibel (1977), visual artist[73]\nStuart C. Lord (1978): educator\nRachel Vail (1984): children's author[47]\nKent Washington (1983): basketball player[74]\nClifford J. Levy (1985): Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist[47]\nNoam Bramson (1987): mayor of New Rochelle[75]\nCraig Carton (1987): sports radio personality[47]\nDevon Hughes (1990): professional wrestler \"Brother Devon\", formerly known as \"D-Von Dudley\"[76]\nAto Essandoh (1990): actor, known for Chicago Med\nCristina Teuscher (1996): Olympic gold medalist swimmer[77]\nJennifer Hyman (1998): entrepreneur[78]\nAdam Rosen (2002): American-born British luger Olympian[79]\nTom Koehler (2004): Former MLB pitcher, spent seasons with Miami Marlins and Toronto Blue Jays[80]\nCourtney Greene (2005): former Jacksonville Jaguars free safety[81]\nRay Rice (2005): former Baltimore Ravens running back, three-time Pro Bowler, Super Bowl XLVII champion[81]\nKyle Kulinski (2006): YouTuber and political commentator, co-founder of Justice Democrats[82]\nJordan Lucas (2011): Defensive back for Chicago Bears, Super Bowl LIV champion[83]\nJosiah Gray (2015): Pitcher for the Washington Nationals[84]\nEmil Michael: Former Senior Vice President of Business at Uber","title":"Notable alumni"}]	[{"image_text":"An NRHS cheerleader at a football game","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/New_Rochelle_High_School_cheerleader_at_football_game.jpg/220px-New_Rochelle_High_School_cheerleader_at_football_game.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Search for Public Schools - New Rochelle High School (362049001900)\". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved May 26, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&ID=362049001900","url_text":"\"Search for Public Schools - New Rochelle High School (362049001900)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics","url_text":"National Center for Education Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences","url_text":"Institute of Education Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Newsweek Web Exclusive (2007). \"The Top of the Class: The Complete List of the 1,300 Top U.S. High Schools\". Newsweek. Archived from the original on July 14, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090714004435/http://www.newsweek.com/id/39380/?sort=Rank&count=1043&Search=&start=100&limit=100&year=2005&","url_text":"\"The Top of the Class: The Complete List of the 1,300 Top U.S. High Schools\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek","url_text":"Newsweek"},{"url":"http://www.newsweek.com/id/39380/?sort=Rank&count=1043&Search=&start=100&limit=100&year=2005&","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blue Ribbon Schools Program: Schools Recognized 1982–1983 and Through 1999–2002\" (PDF). Blue Ribbon Schools Program - Knowledge Applications Division. U.S. Department of Education. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotsam_(David_Wiesner_book)	Flotsam (Wiesner book)	["1 Plot","2 Critical reception","3 Awards","4 References","5 See also"]	2006 children's book by David Wiesner Flotsam Front coverAuthorDavid WiesnerIllustratorDavid WiesnerCover artistWeisnerGenreChildren's picture bookPublisherClarion/Houghton MifflinPublication date2006Publication placeUnited StatesISBN978-0-618-19457-5OCLC71000114Dewey Decimal 22LC ClassPZ7.W6367 Fl 2006 Flotsam is a children's wordless picture book written and illustrated by David Wiesner. Published by Clarion/Houghton Mifflin in 2006, it was the 2007 winner of the Caldecott Medal; the third win for David Wiesner. The book contains illustrations of underwater life with no text to accompany them. Plot The book has no words, instead it is told through pictures. A boy is at the beach studying life at the beach, when an old camera washes up on shore. His parents and the lifeguard don't know anything about it. He takes the film to get it developed and gets a new photo. When he sees the photos, he finds them of amazing things of the sea that may not even be possible. They consist of a robot fish, an octopus reading, a pufferfish being used as a hot air balloon, turtles with cities on their backs, tiny visiting aliens, and giant starfish with islands on their backs. The final photo consists of a girl, who is holding a photo of a boy, who is holding a photo of a boy, who is holding a photo of a girl, and so on. Using his magnifying glass and microscope, he finds that the first is of a boy in old clothes from about a century ago waving. The boy figures out that he is one in a long line of photographers who have found this camera. As his parents tell him it was time to go, he decided to continue the chain by using the camera to take a picture of himself. However, at that moment a wave hits washing all the photos away, but regardless the boy tosses the camera back into the ocean to start the cycle over again. It is carried across the ocean by a variety of fish, sea life, the artic, and even a city of mermaids until it again washes ashore and another child finds it. Critical reception Flotsam was published to glowing reviews. According to the Kirkus Reviews, “From arguably the most inventive and cerebral visual storyteller in children's literature comes a wordless invitation . . . not to be resisted.” Flotsam has won the 2007 Randolph Caldecott Medal for the most distinguished American picture book for children. Caldecott Medal Committee Chair Janice Del Negro has said of Flotsam, "Telling tales through imagery is what storytellers have done through the ages. Wiesner's wordless tale resonates with visual images that tell his story with clever wit and lively humor,". Horn Book Magazine says, "The meticulous and rich detail of Wiesner's watercolors makes the fantasy involving and convincing." Awards Awards The 2007 recipient of the Caldecott Medal for illustration A New York Times Best Illustrated Children's Book A Publishers Weekly Best Book of the Year A Kirkus Reviews Best Children's Book of 2006 A Booklist Editor's Choice 2006 A School Library Journal Best Book of 2006 A Horn Book Fanfare Title A Child (magazine) Best Book of the Year A Parenting (magazine) Book of the Year A Nick Jr. Channel Best Children's Book of 2006 A Book Sense Children's Pick, Autumn 2006 A Washington Post Top 10 Picture Book of the Year A Parents' Choice Award Winner A 2006 National Parenting Publications Gold Award Winner New York Public Library, 100 Titles for Reading & Sharing Chicago Public Library, Best Books of the Year An Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Platinum Award Winner 2007 References ^ American Library Association: American Library Association announces literary award winners. URL accessed 27 January 2007, ^ "Kirkus Reviews". kirkusreviews.com. Retrieved 24 November 2014. ^ Del Negro, Janice. "Caldecott Medal Committee Chair". American Library Association. Retrieved 1 December 2014. ^ "Horn Book Magazine". www.hbook.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2014. ^ "Awards List". www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 24 November 2014. See also Website dedicated to "Flotsam" Audio interviews with author Animated trailer for "Flotsam" Awards Preceded byThe Hello, Goodbye Window Caldecott Medal recipient 2007 Succeeded byThe Invention of Hugo Cabret vteCaldecott Medal–winning works1938–1950 Animals of the Bible (1938) Mei Li (1939) Abraham Lincoln (1940) They Were Strong and Good (1941) Make Way for Ducklings (1942) The Little House (1943) Many Moons (1944) Prayer for a Child (1945) The Rooster Crows (1946) The Little Island (1947) White Snow, Bright Snow (1948) The Big Snow (1949) Song of the Swallows (1950) 1951–1975 The Egg Tree (1951) Finders Keepers (1952) The Biggest Bear (1953) Madeline's Rescue (1954) Cinderella, or the Little Glass Slipper (1955) Frog Went A-Courtin' (1956) A Tree Is Nice (1957) Time of Wonder (1958) Chanticleer and the Fox (1959) Nine Days to Christmas (1960) Baboushka and the Three Kings (1961) Once a Mouse (1962) The Snowy Day (1963) Where the Wild Things Are (1964) May I Bring a Friend? (1965) Always Room for One More (1966) Sam, Bangs & Moonshine (1967) Drummer Hoff (1968) The Fool of the World and the Flying Ship (1969) Sylvester and the Magic Pebble (1970) A Story, a Story (1971) One Fine Day (1972) The Funny Little Woman (1973) Duffy and the Devil (1974) Arrow to the Sun (1975) 1976–2000 Why Mosquitoes Buzz in People's Ears (1976) Ashanti to Zulu (1977) Noah's Ark (1978) The Girl Who Loved Wild Horses (1979) Ox-Cart Man (1980) Fables (1981) Jumanji (1982) Shadow (1983) The Glorious Flight (1984) Saint George and the Dragon (1985) The Polar Express (1986) Hey, Al (1987) Owl Moon (1988) Song and Dance Man (1989) Lon Po Po (1990) Black and White (1991) Tuesday (1992) Mirette on the High Wire (1993) Grandfather's Journey (1994) Smoky Night (1995) Officer Buckle and Gloria (1996) Golem (1997) Rapunzel (1998) Snowflake Bentley (1999) Joseph Had a Little Overcoat (2000) 2001–present So You Want to Be President? (2001) The Three Pigs (2002) My Friend Rabbit (2003) The Man Who Walked Between the Towers (2004) Kitten's First Full Moon (2005) The Hello, Goodbye Window (2006) Flotsam (2007) The Invention of Hugo Cabret (2008) The House in the Night (2009) The Lion & the Mouse (2010) A Sick Day for Amos McGee (2011) A Ball for Daisy (2012) This is Not My Hat (2013) Locomotive (2014) The Adventures of Beekle (2015) Finding Winnie (2016) Radiant Child (2017) Wolf in the Snow (2018) Hello Lighthouse (2019) The Undefeated (2020) We Are Water Protectors (2021) Watercress (2022) Hot Dog (2023) Big (2024)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"children's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature"},{"link_name":"wordless picture book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordless_picture_book"},{"link_name":"David Wiesner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wiesner"},{"link_name":"Clarion/Houghton Mifflin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin"},{"link_name":"Caldecott Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldecott_Medal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ALA-1"}],"text":"Flotsam is a children's wordless picture book written and illustrated by David Wiesner. Published by Clarion/Houghton Mifflin in 2006, it was the 2007 winner of the Caldecott Medal;[1] the third win for David Wiesner. The book contains illustrations of underwater life with no text to accompany them.","title":"Flotsam (Wiesner book)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"no words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordless_picture_book"}],"text":"The book has no words, instead it is told through pictures. A boy is at the beach studying life at the beach, when an old camera washes up on shore. His parents and the lifeguard don't know anything about it. He takes the film to get it developed and gets a new photo. When he sees the photos, he finds them of amazing things of the sea that may not even be possible. They consist of a robot fish, an octopus reading, a pufferfish being used as a hot air balloon, turtles with cities on their backs, tiny visiting aliens, and giant starfish with islands on their backs. The final photo consists of a girl, who is holding a photo of a boy, who is holding a photo of a boy, who is holding a photo of a girl, and so on. Using his magnifying glass and microscope, he finds that the first is of a boy in old clothes from about a century ago waving. The boy figures out that he is one in a long line of photographers who have found this camera. As his parents tell him it was time to go, he decided to continue the chain by using the camera to take a picture of himself. However, at that moment a wave hits washing all the photos away, but regardless the boy tosses the camera back into the ocean to start the cycle over again. It is carried across the ocean by a variety of fish, sea life, the artic, and even a city of mermaids until it again washes ashore and another child finds it.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirkus Reviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Horn Book Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_Book_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Flotsam was published to glowing reviews. According to the Kirkus Reviews, “From arguably the most inventive and cerebral visual storyteller in children's literature comes a wordless invitation . . . not to be resisted.”[2] Flotsam has won the 2007 Randolph Caldecott Medal for the most distinguished American picture book for children. Caldecott Medal Committee Chair Janice Del Negro has said of Flotsam, \"Telling tales through imagery is what storytellers have done through the ages. Wiesner's wordless tale resonates with visual images that tell his story with clever wit and lively humor,\".[3] Horn Book Magazine says, \"The meticulous and rich detail of Wiesner's watercolors makes the fantasy involving and convincing.\"[4]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Caldecott Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldecott_Medal"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Publishers Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly"},{"link_name":"School Library Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Library_Journal"},{"link_name":"Child (magazine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Parenting (magazine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenting_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Nick Jr. Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Jr._Channel"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"Parents' Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parents%27_Choice_Award"},{"link_name":"New York Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library"},{"link_name":"Chicago Public Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Public_Library"}],"text":"Awards[5]The 2007 recipient of the Caldecott Medal for illustration\nA New York Times Best Illustrated Children's Book\nA Publishers Weekly Best Book of the Year\nA Kirkus Reviews Best Children's Book of 2006\nA Booklist Editor's Choice 2006\nA School Library Journal Best Book of 2006\nA Horn Book Fanfare Title\nA Child (magazine) Best Book of the Year\nA Parenting (magazine) Book of the Year\nA Nick Jr. Channel Best Children's Book of 2006\nA Book Sense Children's Pick, Autumn 2006\nA Washington Post Top 10 Picture Book of the Year\nA Parents' Choice Award Winner\nA 2006 National Parenting Publications Gold Award Winner\nNew York Public Library, 100 Titles for Reading & Sharing\nChicago Public Library, Best Books of the Year\nAn Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Platinum Award Winner 2007","title":"Awards"}]	[]	[{"title":"Website dedicated to \"Flotsam\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thefishknowthesecret.com"},{"title":"Audio interviews with author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//thefishknowthesecret.com/logs/"},{"title":"Animated trailer for \"Flotsam\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/video/wiesner_high.wmv"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Caldecott_Medal"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Caldecott_Medal"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caldecott_Medal"},{"title":"Caldecott Medal–winning 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Undefeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Undefeated_(picture_book)"},{"title":"We Are Water Protectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Water_Protectors"},{"title":"Watercress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercress_(book)"},{"title":"Hot Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dog_(book)"},{"title":"Big","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1"}]	[{"reference":"\"Kirkus Reviews\". kirkusreviews.com. Retrieved 24 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/david-wiesner/flotsam/","url_text":"\"Kirkus Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"Del Negro, Janice. \"Caldecott Medal Committee Chair\". American Library Association. Retrieved 1 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/awardsgrants/content/flotsam","url_text":"\"Caldecott Medal Committee Chair\""}]},{"reference":"\"Horn Book Magazine\". www.hbook.com. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120524201901/http://archive.hbook.com/magazine/reviews/group/wiesner.asp","url_text":"\"Horn Book Magazine\""},{"url":"http://archive.hbook.com/magazine/reviews/group/wiesner.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards List\". www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Retrieved 24 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/booksellers/press_release/wiesner/","url_text":"\"Awards List\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71000114","external_links_name":"71000114"},{"Link":"http://www.ala.org/Template.cfm?Section=News&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=146679","external_links_name":"American Library Association announces literary award winners."},{"Link":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/david-wiesner/flotsam/","external_links_name":"\"Kirkus Reviews\""},{"Link":"http://www.ala.org/awardsgrants/content/flotsam","external_links_name":"\"Caldecott Medal Committee Chair\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120524201901/http://archive.hbook.com/magazine/reviews/group/wiesner.asp","external_links_name":"\"Horn Book Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://archive.hbook.com/magazine/reviews/group/wiesner.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/booksellers/press_release/wiesner/","external_links_name":"\"Awards List\""},{"Link":"http://www.thefishknowthesecret.com/","external_links_name":"Website dedicated to \"Flotsam\""},{"Link":"http://thefishknowthesecret.com/logs/","external_links_name":"Audio interviews with author"},{"Link":"http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/video/wiesner_high.wmv","external_links_name":"Animated trailer for \"Flotsam\""}]

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