Datasets:
BrightData
/
Wikipedia-Articles

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
1
url
stringlengths
31
184
title
stringlengths
1
146
⌀
table_of_contents
stringlengths
2
24.4k
raw_text
stringlengths
16
424k
⌀
cataloged_text
stringlengths
2
1.2M
images
stringlengths
2
86.9k
see_also
stringlengths
2
149k
⌀
references
stringlengths
2
542k
external_links
stringlengths
2
292k
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojko_Pijetlovi%C4%87
Gojko Pijetlović
["1 Honours","1.1 Club","2 Personal life","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Serbian water polo player Gojko PijetlovićPersonal informationBorn (1983-08-07) 7 August 1983 (age 40)Novi Sad, SR Serbia, SFR YugoslaviaNationality SerbianHeight 1.94 m (6 ft 4 in)Weight 92 kg (203 lb)Club informationCurrent team VK Novi BeogradSenior clubsYears Team2000–2002 Vojvodina2002–2008 Partizan2008–2010 Cattaro2010–2011 Budvanska rivijera2011–2012 Crvena zvezda2012–2014 Ferencvárosi2014–2018 Oradea2018–2019 Šabac2019–2021 Oradea2021–2022 VK Novi Beograd Medal record Men's water polo Representing  Serbia Olympic Games 2016 Rio de Janeiro Team 2020 Tokyo Team 2012 London Team World Championship 2009 Rome Team 2015 Kazan Team 2011 Shanghai Team 2017 Budapest Team European Championship 2014 Budapest 2016 Belgrade 2018 Barcelona 2010 Zagreb FINA World League 2006 Athens 2007 Berlin 2010 Niš 2011 Firenze 2013 Chelyabinsk 2014 Dubai 2015 Bergamo 2016 Huizhou 2017 Ruza 2019 Belgrade 2009 Podgorica FINA World Cup 2010 Oradea Mediterranean Games 2009 Pescara 2018 Tarragona Gojko Pijetlović (Serbian Cyrillic: Гојко Пијетловић; born 7 August 1983) is a Serbian water polo player who plays as goalkeeper for VK Novi Beograd and the Serbia men's national water polo team. He was voted the best goalkeeper of 2014 European Championship. He was a member of the Serbian teams that won Olympic gold medals in 2016 and 2020, and a bronze medal at the 2012 Olympics. He held the world title in 2009 and 2015 and the European title in 2014, 2016 and 2018. Honours Club VK Partizan National Championship of Serbia: 2001–02, 2006–07, 2007–08 National Cup of Serbia: 2001–02, 2006–07, 2007–08 Cattaro LEN Cup: 2009–10 Personal life Pijetlović is married to Iva, with whom he has daughter and son. His younger brother Duško Pijetlović is yet another Serbian prominent water polo player. See also Serbia men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics List of Olympic champions in men's water polo List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men) List of men's Olympic water polo tournament goalkeepers List of world champions in men's water polo List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo References ^ "SUPRUGA GOJKA PIJETLOVIĆA: Klinci su vrištali od sreće!". kurir.rs (in Serbian). 29 July 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2021. ^ "Gojko i Duško Pijetlović: Porodica nam je mirna i inspirativna luka". hellomagazin.rs (in Serbian). 4 October 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gojko Pijetlović. Gojko Pijetlović at World Aquatics Gojko Pijetlović at the Water Polo Association of Serbia at the Wayback Machine (archived 21 August 2011) Gojko Pijetlović at Olympedia Gojko Pijetlović at Olympics.com Gojko Pijetlović at the Olimpijski Komitet Srbije (former profile) (in Serbian) Gojko Pijetlović on Instagram Serbia squads vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2009 World Aquatics Championships – Gold medal (1st title) 1 Soro (GK) 2 Avramović 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić (C) 5 Gak 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 G. Pijetlović (GK) Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia squad – 2010 European Championship – Bronze medal 1 Soro 2 Avramović 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić 5 Vapenski 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 G. Pijetlović Head Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2011 World Aquatics Championships – Silver medal 1 Soro (GK) 2 Avramović 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić (C) 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 G. Pijetlović (GK) Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2012 Summer Olympics – Bronze medal 1 Soro (GK) 2 Šaponjić 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić (C) 5 Mandić (LH) 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović (LH) 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 G. Pijetlović (GK) Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2013 World Aquatics Championships – 7th place 1 B. Mitrović (GK) 2 Mandić 3 Gocić 4 Udovičić (C) 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 G. Pijetlović (GK) Coach: Savić vteSerbia squad – 2014 European Championship – Gold medal 1 G. Pijetlović 2 Mandić 3 Gocić 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović Head Coach: Savić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Gold medal (2nd title) 1 G. Pijetlović (GK) 2 Mandić 3 Gocić (C) 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović (GK) Coach: Savić vteSerbia squad – 2016 European Championship – Gold medal 1 G. Pijetlović 2 Mandić 3 Gocić 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović Head Coach: Savić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2016 Summer Olympics – Gold medal (1st title) 1 G. Pijetlović (GK) 2 Mandić (LH) 3 Gocić (C) 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović (LH) 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović (GK) Coach: Savić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Bronze medal 1 G. Pijetlović (GK) 2 Mandić 3 Rašović 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Ubović 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović (C) 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović (GK) Coach: Savić vteSerbia squad – 2018 European Championship – Gold medal 1 G. Pijetlović 2 Mandić 3 Rašović 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Vico 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović (c) 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović Head Coach: Savić vteSerbia squad – 2020 European Championship – 5th place 1 G. Pijetlović 2 Mandić 3 Dedović 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Vico 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović (c) 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović Head Coach: Savić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2020 Summer Olympics – Gold medal (2nd title) 1 G. Pijetlović (GK) 2 Mandić (LH) 3 Dedović 4 Ranđelović 5 Lazić 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Rašović 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović (C, LH) 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović (GK) Coach: Savić Club squads vte Cattaro Maximus 2009–10 LEN Trophy champions 1 Pijetlović 2 Nastran 3 Vukčević 4 Bjelobrković 5 Kordić 6 Smodlaka 7 Varga 8 Đogaš 9 Lobov 10 Žanetić 11 Kunac 12 Filipović 13 Mišić Head coach: Vičević This biographical article relating to a Serbian water polo figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Serbian Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian Cyrillic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet"},{"link_name":"water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo"},{"link_name":"VK Novi Beograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VK_Novi_Beograd"},{"link_name":"Serbia men's national water polo team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"2014 European Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Men%27s_European_Water_Polo_Championship"}],"text":"Gojko Pijetlović (Serbian Cyrillic: Гојко Пијетловић; born 7 August 1983) is a Serbian water polo player who plays as goalkeeper for VK Novi Beograd and the Serbia men's national water polo team.He was voted the best goalkeeper of 2014 European Championship. He was a member of the Serbian teams that won Olympic gold medals in 2016 and 2020, and a bronze medal at the 2012 Olympics. He held the world title in 2009 and 2015 and the European title in 2014, 2016 and 2018.","title":"Gojko Pijetlović"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LEN Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEN_Trophy"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"VK PartizanNational Championship of Serbia: 2001–02, 2006–07, 2007–08\nNational Cup of Serbia: 2001–02, 2006–07, 2007–08CattaroLEN Cup: 2009–10","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Duško Pijetlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1ko_Pijetlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brothers-2"}],"text":"Pijetlović is married to Iva, with whom he has daughter and son.[1] His younger brother Duško Pijetlović is yet another Serbian prominent water polo player.[2]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
[{"title":"Serbia men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_Olympic_water_polo_team_records_and_statistics"},{"title":"List of Olympic champions in men's water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_champions_in_men%27s_water_polo"},{"title":"List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_medalists_in_water_polo_(men)"},{"title":"List of men's Olympic water polo tournament goalkeepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_men%27s_Olympic_water_polo_tournament_goalkeepers"},{"title":"List of world champions in men's water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_champions_in_men%27s_water_polo"},{"title":"List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Aquatics_Championships_medalists_in_water_polo"}]
[{"reference":"\"SUPRUGA GOJKA PIJETLOVIĆA: Klinci su vrištali od sreće!\". kurir.rs (in Serbian). 29 July 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kurir.rs/sport/ostali-sportovi/3093785/supruga-gojka-pijetlovica-klinci-su-vristali-od-srece","url_text":"\"SUPRUGA GOJKA PIJETLOVIĆA: Klinci su vrištali od sreće!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gojko i Duško Pijetlović: Porodica nam je mirna i inspirativna luka\". hellomagazin.rs (in Serbian). 4 October 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hellomagazin.rs/2016/10/04/gojko-i-dusko-pijetlovic-porodica-nam-je-mirna-i-inspirativna-luka/","url_text":"\"Gojko i Duško Pijetlović: Porodica nam je mirna i inspirativna luka\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.kurir.rs/sport/ostali-sportovi/3093785/supruga-gojka-pijetlovica-klinci-su-vristali-od-srece","external_links_name":"\"SUPRUGA GOJKA PIJETLOVIĆA: Klinci su vrištali od sreće!\""},{"Link":"https://www.hellomagazin.rs/2016/10/04/gojko-i-dusko-pijetlovic-porodica-nam-je-mirna-i-inspirativna-luka/","external_links_name":"\"Gojko i Duško Pijetlović: Porodica nam je mirna i inspirativna luka\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldaquatics.com/athletes/1035240/-#main-content","external_links_name":"Gojko Pijetlović"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110821142636/http://www.waterpoloserbia.org/index.php?id=724&tx_bzdstaffdirectory_pi1%5BshowUid%5D=4&tx_bzdstaffdirectory_pi1%5BbackPid%5D=719&cHash=e08053290052a28794b6b7aa63914ebb","external_links_name":"Gojko Pijetlović at the Water Polo Association of Serbia"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/122198","external_links_name":"Gojko Pijetlović"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/gojko-pijetlovic","external_links_name":"Gojko Pijetlović"},{"Link":"https://oks.org.rs/sportisti/gojko-pijetlovic/","external_links_name":"Gojko Pijetlović"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161001/http://oksis.oks.org.rs/portal/public/index.php/athlete/409","external_links_name":"former profile"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/gojko_pijetlovic/","external_links_name":"Gojko Pijetlović"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gojko_Pijetlovi%C4%87&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gojko_Pijetlovi%C4%87&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Llywelyn
Carmen Llywelyn
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Relationship with the Church of Scientology","4 Filmography","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
American actor and photographer Carmen LlywelynBornAtlanta, Georgia, U.S.Occupation(s)Actress, photographerSpouse Jason Lee ​ ​(m. 1995; div. 2001)​Children2 Carmen Llywelyn, also known as Carmen Lee, is an American actress and photographer. Career She starred in the 1996 film Drawing Flies, a View Askew production directed by Matthew Gissing and Malcolm Ingram, and produced by Kevin Smith. She portrayed Kim in the 1997 film Chasing Amy directed by Kevin Smith; co-stars included Jason Lee, Ben Affleck, and Joey Lauren Adams. She appeared in the 2000 film Cowboys and Angels alongside actors Radha Mitchell and Mia Kirshner. She was the lead actress in Free (2001), opposite Corin Nemec, also starring Randall Batinkoff and Ione Skye. Personal life In 1994, Llywelyn met Jason Lee, then a professional skateboarder. In 1995, the couple were married in a ceremony presided over by actor Bodhi Elfman. In March 2001, the couple lived together in Southern California. Llywelyn and Lee obtained a divorce in 2001. Lee stated of their separation, "Our breakup had nothing to do with Hollywood or my career." Llywelyn entered a long-term relationship, with someone other than Lee, in 2003 and the couple became parents of twins in 2004. As of 2015, the family lived together in Atlanta. Relationship with the Church of Scientology Llywelyn was introduced to the Church of Scientology by her then-husband Jason Lee, who was then a member of the organization. According to Llywelyn, her resistance to becoming more involved with Scientology was a cause of problems in their relationship. According to her account, after she revealed to her Scientologist talent manager Gay Ribisi (mother of actor Giovanni Ribisi) that she had read A Piece of Blue Sky, a book critical of the Church, she was labeled a suppressive person and shunned (or "disconnected") by her friends within the church. Llywelyn's manager, a member of the Church, also "disconnected" and allegedly convinced United Talent Agency to drop Llywelyn as a client. Since her departure, Llywelyn has been an outspoken critic of the Church of Scientology. She has expressed distaste for the classist undertones of Scientology. She has stated the organization has harassed her, pursuant to the fair game policy. Llywelyn reports being subjected to a campaign of surveillance and harassment. Writes Llywelyn: "Scientology has a sophisticated intelligence agency known as the Office of Special Affairs, which is essentially a complex system dedicated to ruining the lives of those it sees as enemies in any way possible. Those who work for the OSA do not follow the law." Filmography Year Film Role Director 1996 Drawing Flies Cassidy Matthew Gissing, Malcolm Ingram 1997 Chasing Amy Kim Kevin Smith A Better Place Augustine Vincent Pereira 1999 The Mod Squad Alley Prostitute Scott Silver Never Been Kissed Rob's Girlfriend Raja Gosnell 2000 Cowboys & Angels Dana Gregory C. Haynes 2001 Free (Film) Laura Andrew Avery Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back Redhead Beauty Kevin Smith Awards and nominations Year Award Category Work Result 1998 MTV Movie Awards Best Kiss (shared with Joey Lauren Adams) Chasing Amy Nominated References ^ a b c Lu, Anne (April 5, 2010). "Jason Lee's Ex-Wife Claims Scientology Ruined Her Life". All Headline News. www.allheadlinenews.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010. ^ Heldman, Breanne L. (November 24, 2008). "Earl Star Jason Lee Adds Husband Moniker". E! Online. www.eonline.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010. ^ Eisner, Ken (November 25, 1996). "Drawing Flies". Variety. Reed Elsevier Inc. p. 76. ^ "IndieDVD Releases 'Lost' Kevin Smith Production Drawing Flies; Filmed Between 'Mallrats' and 'Chasing Amy' and Never Finished Until Now". Business Wire. Business Wire, Inc. February 12, 2002. ^ Kleemann, Brian (April 18, 1997). "Characters chase sexuality, self-identity in 'Amy'". Sun Publications. Illinois. p. 5. ^ Johnson, Malcolm (April 18, 1997). "'Chasing' is simply charming - A young man falls for wrong woman - She's a lesbian". The Hartford Courant. The Hartford Courant Co. p. E3. ^ Vice, Jeff (February 9, 2001). "' Cowboys and Angels ' is a pretty sweet ride". The Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News Publishing Company. p. W05. ^ a b c d Llywelyn, Carmen (June 23, 2015). "Why I Left Scientology". Gawker. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ Bryant, Adam (November 25, 2008). "Jason Lee's Name Is Married Man". TV Guide. www.tvguide.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010. ^ "Jason Lee Latest Celeb to Reveal Secret Marriage". Fox News Channel. www.foxnews.com. November 25, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2010. ^ Westbrook, Bruce (March 14, 2001). "'Almost Famous' star keeps looking for box-office buzz". Houston Chronicle. p. 1. ^ "tv today's: Star file Jason Lee". The Western Mail. April 10, 2008. p. 23. ^ ""Earl", la bague au doigt !". Allocine (in French). www.allocine.fr. November 26, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2010. ^ Wolf, Jeanne (New York Times News Services) (September 11, 2002). "Skateboarding champion turns actor; He likes to grab plenty of sleep, but Jason Lee has career desires". The Record. Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. p. E4. ^ Norville, Deborah (May 13, 2010). "Inside Edition". Global Broadcast Database. iNewsNetwork. ^ a b Carmen Llywelyn (June 23, 2015). "Why I Left Scientology". Gawker. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016. ^ "Awards for Carmen Llywelyn". Internet Movie Database. IMDb.com, Inc. 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2010. Further reading Muir, John Kenneth (2002). An Askew View: The Films of Kevin Smith. Applause Books. pp. 85, 118, 137, 180, 182. ISBN 1-55783-586-1. External links Book of Girl, blog of Carmen Llywelyn Carmen Llywelyn at AllMovie Carmen Llywelyn at IMDb Carmen Llywelyn on X Authority control databases: Artists Photographers' Identities
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annelu-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Carmen Llywelyn, also known as Carmen Lee, is an American actress and photographer.[1][2]","title":"Carmen Llywelyn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drawing Flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing_Flies"},{"link_name":"View Askew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_Askew"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Ingram"},{"link_name":"Kevin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Chasing Amy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasing_Amy"},{"link_name":"Jason Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Lee_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Ben Affleck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Affleck"},{"link_name":"Joey Lauren Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Lauren_Adams"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Radha Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Mia Kirshner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Kirshner"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_(film)"},{"link_name":"Corin Nemec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corin_Nemec"},{"link_name":"Randall Batinkoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Batinkoff"},{"link_name":"Ione Skye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ione_Skye"}],"text":"She starred in the 1996 film Drawing Flies, a View Askew production directed by Matthew Gissing and Malcolm Ingram, and produced by Kevin Smith.[3][4] She portrayed Kim in the 1997 film Chasing Amy directed by Kevin Smith; co-stars included Jason Lee, Ben Affleck, and Joey Lauren Adams.[5][6] She appeared in the 2000 film Cowboys and Angels alongside actors Radha Mitchell and Mia Kirshner.[7] She was the lead actress in Free (2001), opposite Corin Nemec, also starring Randall Batinkoff and Ione Skye.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jason Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Lee_(actor)"},{"link_name":"skateboarder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarder"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gawker-8"},{"link_name":"Bodhi Elfman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhi_Elfman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gawker-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"separation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marital_separation"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gawker-8"}],"text":"In 1994, Llywelyn met Jason Lee, then a professional skateboarder.[8] In 1995, the couple were married in a ceremony presided over by actor Bodhi Elfman.[8][9][10] In March 2001, the couple lived together in Southern California.[11] Llywelyn and Lee obtained a divorce in 2001.[12][13] Lee stated of their separation, \"Our breakup had nothing to do with Hollywood or my career.\"[14]Llywelyn entered a long-term relationship, with someone other than Lee, in 2003 and the couple became parents of twins in 2004. As of 2015, the family lived together in Atlanta.[8]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of Scientology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scientology"},{"link_name":"Jason Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Lee_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annelu-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-norville-15"},{"link_name":"talent manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_manager"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Ribisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Ribisi"},{"link_name":"A Piece of Blue Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Piece_of_Blue_Sky"},{"link_name":"suppressive person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressive_person"},{"link_name":"disconnected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disconnection_(Scientology)"},{"link_name":"United Talent Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Talent_Agency"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gawker.com-16"},{"link_name":"classist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_discrimination"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gawker-8"},{"link_name":"fair game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_game_(Scientology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-annelu-1"},{"link_name":"surveillance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking"},{"link_name":"harassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harassment"},{"link_name":"Scientology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientology"},{"link_name":"Office of Special Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Special_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gawker.com-16"}],"text":"Llywelyn was introduced to the Church of Scientology by her then-husband Jason Lee, who was then a member of the organization.[1] According to Llywelyn, her resistance to becoming more involved with Scientology was a cause of problems in their relationship.[15]According to her account, after she revealed to her Scientologist talent manager Gay Ribisi (mother of actor Giovanni Ribisi) that she had read A Piece of Blue Sky, a book critical of the Church, she was labeled a suppressive person and shunned (or \"disconnected\") by her friends within the church. Llywelyn's manager, a member of the Church, also \"disconnected\" and allegedly convinced United Talent Agency to drop Llywelyn as a client.[16]Since her departure, Llywelyn has been an outspoken critic of the Church of Scientology. She has expressed distaste for the classist undertones of Scientology.[8]She has stated the organization has harassed her, pursuant to the fair game policy.[1] Llywelyn reports being subjected to a campaign of surveillance and harassment. Writes Llywelyn: \"Scientology has a sophisticated intelligence agency known as the Office of Special Affairs, which is essentially a complex system dedicated to ruining the lives of those it sees as enemies in any way possible. Those who work for the OSA do not follow the law.\"[16]","title":"Relationship with the Church of Scientology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An Askew View: The Films of Kevin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/askewviewfilmsof0000muir/page/85"},{"link_name":"85, 118, 137, 180, 182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/askewviewfilmsof0000muir/page/85"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55783-586-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55783-586-1"}],"text":"Muir, John Kenneth (2002). An Askew View: The Films of Kevin Smith. Applause Books. pp. 85, 118, 137, 180, 182. ISBN 1-55783-586-1.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Lu, Anne (April 5, 2010). \"Jason Lee's Ex-Wife Claims Scientology Ruined Her Life\". All Headline News. www.allheadlinenews.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7018308484?Jason%20Lee%E2%80%99s%20Ex-Wife%20Claims%20Scientology%20Ruined%20Her%20Life","url_text":"\"Jason Lee's Ex-Wife Claims Scientology Ruined Her Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Headline_News","url_text":"All Headline News"}]},{"reference":"Heldman, Breanne L. (November 24, 2008). \"Earl Star Jason Lee Adds Husband Moniker\". E! Online. www.eonline.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b70394_earl_star_jason_lee_adds_husband_moniker.html","url_text":"\"Earl Star Jason Lee Adds Husband Moniker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E!_Online","url_text":"E! Online"}]},{"reference":"Eisner, Ken (November 25, 1996). \"Drawing Flies\". Variety. Reed Elsevier Inc. p. 76.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_magazine","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"IndieDVD Releases 'Lost' Kevin Smith Production Drawing Flies; Filmed Between 'Mallrats' and 'Chasing Amy' and Never Finished Until Now\". Business Wire. Business Wire, Inc. February 12, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"}]},{"reference":"Kleemann, Brian (April 18, 1997). \"Characters chase sexuality, self-identity in 'Amy'\". Sun Publications. Illinois. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois","url_text":"Illinois"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Malcolm (April 18, 1997). \"'Chasing' is simply charming - A young man falls for wrong woman - She's a lesbian\". The Hartford Courant. The Hartford Courant Co. p. E3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hartford_Courant","url_text":"The Hartford Courant"}]},{"reference":"Vice, Jeff (February 9, 2001). \"' Cowboys and Angels ' is a pretty sweet ride\". The Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News Publishing Company. p. W05.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Deseret_News","url_text":"The Deseret News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah","url_text":"Salt Lake City, Utah"}]},{"reference":"Llywelyn, Carmen (June 23, 2015). \"Why I Left Scientology\". Gawker. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150623224621/http://gawker.com/why-i-left-scientology-1703997050","url_text":"\"Why I Left Scientology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawker","url_text":"Gawker"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawker_Media","url_text":"Gawker Media"},{"url":"http://gawker.com/why-i-left-scientology-1703997050","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bryant, Adam (November 25, 2008). \"Jason Lee's Name Is Married Man\". TV Guide. www.tvguide.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvguide.com/news/jason-lee-married-1000209.aspx","url_text":"\"Jason Lee's Name Is Married Man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]},{"reference":"\"Jason Lee Latest Celeb to Reveal Secret Marriage\". Fox News Channel. www.foxnews.com. November 25, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,457585,00.html","url_text":"\"Jason Lee Latest Celeb to Reveal Secret Marriage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Channel","url_text":"Fox News Channel"}]},{"reference":"Westbrook, Bruce (March 14, 2001). \"'Almost Famous' star keeps looking for box-office buzz\". Houston Chronicle. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"tv today's: Star file Jason Lee\". The Western Mail. April 10, 2008. p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Mail_(Wales)","url_text":"The Western Mail"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Earl\", la bague au doigt !\". Allocine (in French). www.allocine.fr. November 26, 2008. Retrieved July 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allocine.fr/article/fichearticle_gen_carticle=18438585.html","url_text":"\"\"Earl\", la bague au doigt !\""}]},{"reference":"Wolf, Jeanne (New York Times News Services) (September 11, 2002). \"Skateboarding champion turns actor; He likes to grab plenty of sleep, but Jason Lee has career desires\". The Record. Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. p. E4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario","url_text":"Kitchener, Ontario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada","url_text":"Canada"}]},{"reference":"Norville, Deborah (May 13, 2010). \"Inside Edition\". Global Broadcast Database. iNewsNetwork.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Norville","url_text":"Norville, Deborah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Edition","url_text":"Inside Edition"}]},{"reference":"Carmen Llywelyn (June 23, 2015). \"Why I Left Scientology\". Gawker. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160430201853/http://gawker.com/why-i-left-scientology-1703997050","url_text":"\"Why I Left Scientology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawker","url_text":"Gawker"},{"url":"http://gawker.com/why-i-left-scientology-1703997050","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards for Carmen Llywelyn\". Internet Movie Database. IMDb.com, Inc. 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0496945/awards","url_text":"\"Awards for Carmen Llywelyn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database","url_text":"Internet Movie Database"}]},{"reference":"Muir, John Kenneth (2002). An Askew View: The Films of Kevin Smith. Applause Books. pp. 85, 118, 137, 180, 182. ISBN 1-55783-586-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/askewviewfilmsof0000muir/page/85","url_text":"An Askew View: The Films of Kevin Smith"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/askewviewfilmsof0000muir/page/85","url_text":"85, 118, 137, 180, 182"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55783-586-1","url_text":"1-55783-586-1"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7018308484?Jason%20Lee%E2%80%99s%20Ex-Wife%20Claims%20Scientology%20Ruined%20Her%20Life","external_links_name":"\"Jason Lee's Ex-Wife Claims Scientology Ruined Her Life\""},{"Link":"http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b70394_earl_star_jason_lee_adds_husband_moniker.html","external_links_name":"\"Earl Star Jason Lee Adds Husband Moniker\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150623224621/http://gawker.com/why-i-left-scientology-1703997050","external_links_name":"\"Why I Left Scientology\""},{"Link":"http://gawker.com/why-i-left-scientology-1703997050","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/news/jason-lee-married-1000209.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Jason Lee's Name Is Married Man\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,457585,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Jason Lee Latest Celeb to Reveal Secret Marriage\""},{"Link":"http://www.allocine.fr/article/fichearticle_gen_carticle=18438585.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Earl\", la bague au doigt !\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160430201853/http://gawker.com/why-i-left-scientology-1703997050","external_links_name":"\"Why I Left Scientology\""},{"Link":"http://gawker.com/why-i-left-scientology-1703997050","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0496945/awards","external_links_name":"\"Awards for Carmen Llywelyn\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/askewviewfilmsof0000muir/page/85","external_links_name":"An Askew View: The Films of Kevin Smith"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/askewviewfilmsof0000muir/page/85","external_links_name":"85, 118, 137, 180, 182"},{"Link":"http://bookofgirl.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"Book of Girl"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p215685","external_links_name":"Carmen Llywelyn"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0496945/","external_links_name":"Carmen Llywelyn"},{"Link":"https://x.com/carmenllywelyn","external_links_name":"Carmen Llywelyn"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/385726","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_numidica
Abies numidica
["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Cultivation and uses","4 References"]
Species of conifer Algerian fir Conservation status Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Gymnospermae Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Pinaceae Genus: Abies Species: A. numidica Binomial name Abies numidicade Lannoy ex Carrière Natural range Abies numidica, the Algerian fir, is a species of fir found only in Algeria, where it is endemic on Djebel Babor, the second-highest mountain (2,004 meters) in the Algerian Tell Atlas. Description Abies numidica is a medium-sized to large evergreen tree growing to 20–35 meters tall, with a trunk up to 1 meter diameter. The leaves are needle-like, moderately flattened, 1.5–2.5 centimeters long and 2–3 millimeters wide by 1 millimeters thick, glossy dark green with a patch of greenish-white stomata near the tip above, and with two greenish-white bands of stomata below. The tip of the leaf is variable, usually pointed, but sometimes slightly notched at the tip, particularly on slow-growing shoots on older trees. The cones are glaucous green with a pink or violet tinge, maturing brown, 10–20 centimeters long and 4 centimeters broad, with about 150–200 scales, each scale with a short bract (not visible on the closed cone) and two winged seeds; they disintegrate when mature to release the seeds. Abies Trees grow in North America(USA and Canada), mainly in the cold, subzero-temperature Mid-West and Northern areas. i.e., Minnesota, Wisconsin, Docatas... (Dr. Adel Faris Alkurdi) Distribution Abies numidica grows in a high-altitude Mediterranean climate at 1,800–2,004 meters (and rarely down to 1,220 meters) with an annual precipitation of 1,500–2,000 milliliters, the great majority of which falls as winter snow; the summers are warm and very dry. It is closely related to Abies pinsapo (Spanish fir), which occurs further west in the Rif mountains of Morocco and in southern Spain. Cultivation and uses Algerian fir, Abies numidica, is occasionally grown as an ornamental tree in parks and larger gardens. It is valued among firs for its drought tolerance. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abies numidica. ^ a b Yahi, N.; Knees, S.; Gardner, M. (2011). "Abies numidica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T30320A9534972. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T30320A9534972.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ a b c Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and Descriptions of the Genera. Koeltz Scientific Books ISBN 3-87429-298-3. ^ Alizoti, P.G.; Fady, B.; Prada, M.A. & Vendramin, G.G. (2009). "Mediterranean firs- Abies Spp" (PDF). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-19. Taxon identifiersAbies numidica Wikidata: Q2004978 Wikispecies: Abies numidica APDB: 131085 ARKive: abies-numidica CoL: 8KF3 EoL: 1034952 EPPO: ABINU GBIF: 2685546 GRIN: 695 iNaturalist: 136895 IPNI: 261601-1 IUCN: 30320 NCBI: 88725 NZOR: 77c82272-5a0d-48bf-8022-4fea5e933641 Observation.org: 497323 Open Tree of Life: 140066 PPE: abies-numidica Plant List: kew-2610003 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:261601-1 RHS: 54 Tropicos: 24901719 WFO: wfo-0000511319
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Djebel Babor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djebel_Babor"},{"link_name":"Tell Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Atlas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_17_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farjon-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Abies numidica, the Algerian fir, is a species of fir found only in Algeria, where it is endemic on Djebel Babor, the second-highest mountain (2,004 meters) in the Algerian Tell Atlas.[1][2][3]","title":"Abies numidica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"stomata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoma"},{"link_name":"cones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifer_cone"},{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farjon-2"}],"text":"Abies numidica is a medium-sized to large evergreen tree growing to 20–35 meters tall, with a trunk up to 1 meter diameter. The leaves are needle-like, moderately flattened, 1.5–2.5 centimeters long and 2–3 millimeters wide by 1 millimeters thick, glossy dark green with a patch of greenish-white stomata near the tip above, and with two greenish-white bands of stomata below. The tip of the leaf is variable, usually pointed, but sometimes slightly notched at the tip, particularly on slow-growing shoots on older trees. The cones are glaucous green with a pink or violet tinge, maturing brown, 10–20 centimeters long and 4 centimeters broad, with about 150–200 scales, each scale with a short bract (not visible on the closed cone) and two winged seeds; they disintegrate when mature to release the seeds.[2]Abies Trees grow in North America(USA and Canada), mainly in the cold, subzero-temperature Mid-West and Northern areas. i.e., Minnesota, Wisconsin, Docatas... (Dr. Adel Faris Alkurdi)","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"Abies pinsapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abies_pinsapo"},{"link_name":"Rif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farjon-2"}],"text":"Abies numidica grows in a high-altitude Mediterranean climate at 1,800–2,004 meters (and rarely down to 1,220 meters) with an annual precipitation of 1,500–2,000 milliliters, the great majority of which falls as winter snow; the summers are warm and very dry. It is closely related to Abies pinsapo (Spanish fir), which occurs further west in the Rif mountains of Morocco and in southern Spain.[2]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ornamental tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornamental_tree"},{"link_name":"drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Algerian fir, Abies numidica, is occasionally grown as an ornamental tree in parks and larger gardens. It is valued among firs for its drought tolerance.[citation needed]","title":"Cultivation and uses"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Yahi, N.; Knees, S.; Gardner, M. (2011). \"Abies numidica\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T30320A9534972. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T30320A9534972.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/30320/9534972","url_text":"\"Abies numidica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T30320A9534972.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T30320A9534972.en"}]},{"reference":"Alizoti, P.G.; Fady, B.; Prada, M.A. & Vendramin, G.G. (2009). \"Mediterranean firs- Abies Spp\" (PDF). EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for Genetic Conservation and Use. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020035525/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1507_Mediterranen_firs_Abies_spp.pdf","url_text":"\"Mediterranean firs- Abies Spp\""},{"url":"http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1507_Mediterranen_firs_Abies_spp.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/30320/9534972","external_links_name":"\"Abies numidica\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T30320A9534972.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T30320A9534972.en"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020035525/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1507_Mediterranen_firs_Abies_spp.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mediterranean firs- Abies Spp\""},{"Link":"http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1507_Mediterranen_firs_Abies_spp.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/131085","external_links_name":"131085"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/abies-numidica/","external_links_name":"abies-numidica"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8KF3","external_links_name":"8KF3"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1034952","external_links_name":"1034952"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ABINU","external_links_name":"ABINU"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2685546","external_links_name":"2685546"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=695","external_links_name":"695"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/136895","external_links_name":"136895"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/261601-1","external_links_name":"261601-1"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/30320","external_links_name":"30320"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=88725","external_links_name":"88725"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/77c82272-5a0d-48bf-8022-4fea5e933641","external_links_name":"77c82272-5a0d-48bf-8022-4fea5e933641"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/497323/","external_links_name":"497323"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=140066","external_links_name":"140066"},{"Link":"https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/gymnosperma/coniferales/pinaceae/abies/abies-numidica/","external_links_name":"abies-numidica"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2610003","external_links_name":"kew-2610003"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A261601-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:261601-1"},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/54/wd/Details","external_links_name":"54"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/24901719","external_links_name":"24901719"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000511319","external_links_name":"wfo-0000511319"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Mononoke_(play)
Princess Mononoke
["1 Plot","2 Voice cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Animation","3.3 Computer graphics","4 Themes","4.1 Environment","4.2 Development versus preservation","4.3 Loss of innocence","5 Style","6 Music","7 Release","7.1 Box office","7.2 Home media","7.3 English dub","8 Reception","8.1 Critical response","8.2 Accolades","9 Legacy","9.1 Stage adaptation","10 Notes","11 References","11.1 Citations","11.2 Book and journal sources","11.3 Online and other sources","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
1997 Japanese animated film by Hayao Miyazaki Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Princess MononokeTheatrical release posterJapanese nameKanjiもののけ姫TranscriptionsRevised HepburnMononoke-hime Directed byHayao MiyazakiWritten byHayao MiyazakiProduced byToshio SuzukiStarring Yōji Matsuda Yuriko Ishida Yūko Tanaka Kaoru Kobayashi Masahiko Nishimura Tsunehiko Kamijō Akihiro Miwa Mitsuko Mori Hisaya Morishige CinematographyAtsushi OkuiEdited byTakeshi SeyamaMusic byJoe HisaishiProductioncompanyStudio GhibliDistributed byTohoRelease date July 12, 1997 (1997-07-12) Running time133 minutesCountryJapanLanguageJapaneseBudget ¥2.35 billion ($23.5 million) Box office$194.3 million Princess Mononoke (Japanese: もののけ姫, Hepburn: Mononoke-hime) is a 1997 Japanese animated epic historical fantasy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and animated by Studio Ghibli for Tokuma Shoten, Nippon Television Network and Dentsu. The film stars the voices of Yōji Matsuda, Yuriko Ishida, Yūko Tanaka, Kaoru Kobayashi, Masahiko Nishimura, Tsunehiko Kamijo, Akihiro Miwa, Mitsuko Mori, and Hisaya Morishige. Set in the late Muromachi period of Japan (approximately 1336 to 1573 AD), Princess Mononoke follows a young Emishi prince named Ashitaka, and his involvement in a struggle between the gods (kami) of a forest and the humans who consume its resources. The film deals with themes of Shinto and environmentalism. The film was released in Japan on July 12, 1997, by Toho, and in the United States on October 29, 1999. It was a critical and commercial blockbuster, becoming the highest-grossing film in Japan of 1997, and also held Japan's box office record for domestic films until 2001's Spirited Away, another Miyazaki film. It was dubbed into English with a script by Neil Gaiman and initially distributed in North America by Miramax, where it sold well on home media despite not performing strongly at the box office. The film greatly increased Ghibli's popularity and influence outside Japan. Plot In Muromachi Japan, an Emishi village is attacked by a hideous demon. The last Emishi prince, Ashitaka, kills it before it reaches the village, but it grasps his arm and curses him before its death. The curse grants him superhuman strength, but it also causes him pain and will eventually kill him. The villagers discover that the demon was a boar god, corrupted by an iron ball lodged in his body. The village's wise woman (Hī-sama) tells Ashitaka that he may find a cure in the western lands that the demon came from, and that he cannot return to his homeland. Heading west, Ashitaka meets Jigo, an opportunistic monk who tells Ashitaka he may find help from the Great Forest Spirit, a deer-like animal god by day and a giant Nightwalker by night. Nearby, men on a cliffside herd oxen to their home of Iron Town, led by Lady Eboshi, and repel an attack by a wolf pack led by the wolf goddess Moro, whom Eboshi wounds with a gun shot. Riding one of the wolves is San, a human girl. Down below, Ashitaka encounters San and the wolves, who rebuff his greeting. He then rescues two of the men fallen from the cliff and transports them back through the forest, where he briefly glimpses the Great Forest Spirit. Ashitaka and the survivors arrive at Iron Town, where he is greeted with fascination. Iron Town is a refuge for outcasts and lepers employed to process iron and create firearms, such as hand cannons and matchlock muskets. Ashitaka learns that the town was built by clearcutting forests to mine the iron, leading to conflicts with Asano, a local daimyō, and a giant boar god named Nago. Eboshi admits that she shot Nago, incidentally turning him into the demon that attacked Ashitaka's village. She also reveals that San, dubbed Princess Mononoke, was raised by the wolves and hates humankind. San infiltrates Iron Town and fights Eboshi, but Ashitaka intervenes and subdues them both. Amidst the hysteria a villager shoots him, but the curse gives him strength to carry San out of the village. San wakes and tries killing the weakened Ashitaka, but hesitates when he compliments her beauty. She decides to trust him after the Forest Spirit heals his bullet wound that night. The next day, a boar clan led by the blind god Okkoto plans to attack Iron Town to save the forest. Eboshi sets out to kill the Forest Spirit with Jigo. Eboshi intends to give the god's head to the Emperor (who believes it will grant him immortality) in return for protection from Asano, while Jigo desires the large reward being offered. Ashitaka recovers and finds Iron Town besieged by Asano's samurai. The boar clan has been annihilated in battle, and Okkoto is badly wounded. Jigo's men trick Okkoto into leading them to the Forest Spirit. San tries stopping Okkoto but is swept up as his pain corrupts him into a demon. As everyone clashes at the pool of the Forest Spirit, Ashitaka rescues San while the Forest Spirit euthanizes Moro and Okkoto. As it begins to transform into the Night Walker Eboshi decapitates it. Jigo steals the head, while the Forest Spirit's body bleeds ooze that spreads over the land and kills anything it touches. The forest and its spirits begin to die. Moro's head briefly comes alive and bites off Eboshi's right arm, but she survives. An enraged San tries killing Eboshi, but is stopped by Ashitaka, who consoles her and encourages her not to give up. After Iron Town is evacuated, Ashitaka and San pursue Jigo and retrieve the head, returning it to the Forest Spirit. The Spirit dies but its form washes over the land, healing it and lifting Ashitaka's curse. Ashitaka stays to help rebuild Iron Town, but promises San he will visit her in the forest. Eboshi vows to build a better town and the forest begins to regrow. Voice cast Billy Crudup, who voiced Ashitaka in the English dubClaire Danes, who voiced San Character name Voice actor English Japanese Japanese English Ashitaka Ashitaka (アシタカ) Yōji Matsuda Billy Crudup San San (サン) Yuriko Ishida Claire Danes Lady Eboshi Eboshi Gozen (エボシ御前) Yūko Tanaka Minnie Driver Jigo Jiko-bō (ジコ坊) Kaoru Kobayashi Billy Bob Thornton Toki Toki (トキ) Sumi Shimamoto Jada Pinkett Smith Kohroku Kōroku (甲六) Masahiko Nishimura John DeMita Gonza Gonza (ゴンザ) Tsunehiko Kamijō John DiMaggio Moro Moro no Kimi (モロの君) Akihiro Miwa Gillian Anderson Hii-sama Hī-sama (ヒイ様) Mitsuko Mori Debi Derryberry Okkoto Okkoto-nushi (乙事主) Hisaya Morishige Keith David Nago Nago no Kami (ナゴの守) Makoto Sato Un­known Wolf Yama-inu (山犬) Tetsu Watanabe Ushikai Ushikai no Osa (牛飼いの長) Akira Nagoya Production Development Some of the film's natural scenery was inspired by Miyazaki's visit to the forests of Yakushima. Miyazaki composed the preliminary ideas for what would become Princess Mononoke shortly after the release of his first film The Castle of Cagliostro (1979), drawing sketches of a princess living in the woods with a beast. After unsuccessfully proposing the project to several production companies, Miyazaki published his concepts in a 1983 book, republished in 2014 as Princess Mononoke: The First Story. While being set in Japan, the concept had strong similarities to the fairy tale "Beauty and the Beast" (1740). According to film scholar Rayna Denison, the differences that can be discerned between the original idea and the final film demonstrate the radical change of Miyazaki's filmmaking philosophies. Upon the completion of his manga series Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1994), Miyazaki began work on the project proposal for the film in April 1994. However, encountering writer's block in December of that year, he decided to take a break from the production and direct the short film On Your Mark (1995) as a side project. Miyazaki returned to the film and began working on the storyboards in April 1995. To achieve the environmental depiction that he was seeking to portray, Miyazaki and four art directors visited the island of Yakushima in May 1995. Additionally, art director Kazuo Oga went to the Shirakami-Sanchi mountains, which had already inspired some environments in Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind. Miyazaki did not want to create an accurate history of Medieval Japan, and wanted to "portray the very beginnings of the seemingly insoluble conflict between the natural world and modern industrial civilization." Despite being set during the Muromachi period, the actual time period of Princess Mononoke depicts a "symbolic neverwhen clash of three proto-Japanese races (the Jomon, Yamato and Emishi)." Two titles were originally considered for the film. One, ultimately chosen, has been translated into English as Princess Mononoke. The other title can be translated into English as The Legend of Ashitaka (アシタカ𦻙記, Ashitaka Sekki), and it contains an uncommon kanji 𦻙 that represents "a legend passed down from ear to ear without being recorded in official history", according to Miyazaki. In a Tokyo Broadcasting System program, televised on November 26, 2013, Toshio Suzuki mentioned that Miyazaki had preferred The Legend of Ashitaka as the title while Suzuki himself favored Princess Mononoke, though the former title was eventually reused for the first song on the soundtrack. Animation Princess Mononoke was produced with a budget of ¥2.35 billion (US$19.6 million; US$36.6 million in 2023), making it the most expensive Japanese animation at the time. The film used 144,000 cels, 80,000 of them being key animation frames, more than any other Studio Ghibli film. Miyazaki is estimated to have drawn or retouched nearly 80,000 cels himself. The animation production commenced in July 1995. The final storyboards were finished in June 1997. Computer graphics 3D rendering was used to create writhing demon flesh that was digitally composited onto a hand-drawn Ashitaka. Studio Ghibli's computer graphics department was created in 1995 following the experimental use of digital techniques on Pom Poko (1994). For the production of Princess Mononoke, the studio worked with Microsoft to develop the "Toon Shader" tool, which was used to blend the various digitally generated images with the hand-drawn animation in the rest of the film. The decision to use computer graphics was made early in the production at Miyazaki's request, starting with the opening sequence of the demon god. A variety of techniques were eventually used in the animation process: digital ink and paint, used to color the frames; 3D rendering and digital compositing, which put the hand-drawn images in a three-dimensional environment to create more visual depth; and morphing and particle effects, which create additional detail and smoother transitions. Approximately five minutes of the film were animated entirely using digital processes. A further ten minutes use digital ink and paint, a technique used in all subsequent Studio Ghibli films. Themes Environment The film centers on the adventure of Ashitaka as he journeys to the west to undo a fatal curse inflicted upon him by Nago, a boar turned into a demon by Eboshi. Michelle J. Smith and Elizabeth Parsons said that the film "makes heroes of outsiders in all identity politics categories and blurs the stereotypes that usually define such characters". In the case of the deer god's destruction of the forest and Tataraba, Smith and Parsons said that the "supernatural forces of destruction are unleashed by humans greedily consuming natural resources". They also characterized Eboshi as a businesswoman who has a desire to make money at the expense of the forest, and also cite Eboshi's intention to destroy the forest to mine the mountain "embodies environmentalist evil". Deidre M. Pike writes that San is simultaneously part of nature and part of the problem. She represents the connection between the environment and humans, but also demonstrates that there is an imbalance in power between the two. In a speech in 2016, Miyazaki explained that he was inspired to portray people living with leprosy, "said to be an incurable disease caused by bad karma", after visiting the Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium near his home in Tokyo. According to media and literature scholars Sierra et al., Eboshi is driven by her compassion for the disabled, and believes that blood from the Great Forest Spirit could allow her to "cure poor lepers". Development versus preservation According to the Chicago Sun-Times's Roger Ebert, "It is not a simplistic tale of good and evil, but the story of how humans, forest animals and nature gods all fight for their share of the new emerging order." Anime historian Susan J. Napier said there is no clear good vs. evil conflict in Princess Mononoke, unlike other films popular with children. Based on the multiple points of view the film adopts, San and Lady Eboshi can simultaneously be viewed as heroic or villainous. San defends the forest and viewers empathize with her. But she also attacks innocent people, complicating how we evaluate her. Opposed to San, Eboshi tries to destroy the forest and could be considered a villain. But everything she does is out of a desire to protect her village and see it prosper. San and Lady Eboshi survive until film's end, defying the usual convention of good triumphing over evil with the antagonist defeated. Napier concluded that the resolution of the conflict is left ambiguous, implying that Lady Eboshi and San will be able to come to some sort of compromise. The ambiguity suggests that there are no true villains or heroes. According to media arts scholar Benjamin Thevenin, duality is central to Eboshi's characterization. She holds no inherent malicious intent toward nature and its spirits, as evidenced by the garden she keeps in Irontown, until they begin attacking her people. Irontown itself is a haven for downtrodden members of society, who Eboshi treats equally. Loss of innocence Dan Jolin of Empire said that a potential theme could be that of lost innocence. Miyazaki attributes this to his experience of making his previous film, Porco Rosso, and the wars in the former Yugoslavia, which he cites as an example of mankind never learning, making it difficult for him to go back to making a film such as Kiki's Delivery Service, where he has been quoted as saying "It felt like children were being born to this world without being blessed. How could we pretend to them that we're happy?" Style Princess Mononoke marked the first time Miyazaki explored a jidaigeki style – a period drama focusing on the lives of historic Japanese peoples. According to Napier, the film presents a much "grimmer" tone than his previous works, inspired by Japanese literary classic Hōjōki (1212). The film also subverts many traditional elements of the jidaigeki genre, such as the portrayals of the Emperor and the samurai as sacred and noble. Additionally, Miyazaki chooses not to follow typical depictions of the Muromachi period such as the development of high culture or Zen aesthetics in Kyoto, opting to focus on the beauty and danger of the natural landscape. However, according to animation scholar Helen McCarthy, Miyazaki was drawn to the period as the Japanese people "began to feel they could control nature, rather than placate or worship it". Music Princess Mononoke SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Joe HisaishiReleasedJuly 2, 1997 (Japan)October 12, 1999 (North America)Recorded1997GenreAnime music Length65:05LabelTokuma Japan Communications (Japan)Milan (North America)Joe Hisaishi chronology Parasite Eve(1997) Princess Mononoke Soundtrack(1997) Hana-Bi(1998) As with many of Miyazaki's previous films, the film's score was composed by Joe Hisaishi. According to McCarthy, the development of the score involved a much closer collaboration between the two than on previous works. Hisaishi first composed an image album – a collection of demos and musical sketches that serve as a precursor to the finished score – which was then reworked into the final score, performed by the Tokyo City Philharmonic. Tokuma Shoten released the image album in July 1996 and the soundtrack album in July 1997. A third version of the soundtrack, arranged for symphony orchestra and performed by the Czech Philharmonic, was released in 1998. Release Director Hayao Miyazaki in 2009Producer Toshio Suzuki in 2004 Princess Mononoke was released theatrically in Japan on July 12, 1997. Since Walt Disney Studios had made a distribution deal with Tokuma Shoten for Studio Ghibli's films in 1996, it was the first film from Studio Ghibli along with Castle in the Sky (1986) Kiki's Delivery Service (1989) to have been dubbed into English by Disney. The film was aired on Nippon TV in Japan on January 22, 1999. It reached a 35.1% audience share, making it the broadcaster's second-most-viewed film at the time behind Spirited Away (2001). On April 29, 2000, the English version of Princess Mononoke was released theatrically in Japan along with the documentary Mononoke hime in U.S. The film had a limited theatrical re-release in the United States during July 2018, and again during April 2022 for the 25th anniversary of its original Japanese release. Box office Princess Mononoke was the highest-grossing Japanese film of 1997, earning ¥11.3 billion in distribution rental earnings. It became the highest-grossing film in Japan, beating the record set by E.T. in 1982, but was surpassed several months later by Titanic. The film earned total domestic gross receipts of ¥20.18 billion. The film remained in the top 5 films at the box office for 22 weeks. It was the highest-grossing anime film in the United States in January 2001, but because its US release was only in select theaters, the film did not fare as well financially in the country when released in October 1999. It grossed US$2.2 million in its first eight weeks. The film earned a total of US$11 million outside Japan, bringing its worldwide total to US$159 million at the time. On December 6, 2016, GKIDS announced that it would screen the film in US cinemas on January 5 and January 9, 2017 to celebrate its 20th anniversary, bundled with the On Your Mark short. The film's limited US re-release in 2018 grossed US$1.4 million over five days, bringing its US total to US$3.7 million and worldwide total to US$160 million. As of 2020, the film has grossed US$194.3 million. For its 25th anniversary, the film was screened at New York City's Japan Society on July 22, 2022. Home media In Japan, the film was released on VHS by Buena Vista Home Entertainment in 1997, as well as by Tokuma Shoten in 1998. By 2007, Princess Mononoke sold 4.4 million DVD units in Japan. The DVD release of Princess Mononoke in North America was not initially to include the Japanese audio track. Multiple online petitions were opened to retain it, and the original August 2000 release was delayed as a result. Miramax Home Entertainment released the DVD on December 19, 2000, with the original Japanese audio, the English dubbed audio and extras including a trailer and a documentary with interviews from the English dub voice actors. It would then have its sell-through VHS release on March 13, 2001. Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Princess Mononoke on Blu-ray on November 18, 2014. In its first week, it sold 21,860 units; by November 23, 2014, it had grossed US$502,332. It was later included in Disney's "The Collected Works of Hayao Miyazaki" Blu-ray set, released on November 17, 2015. GKIDS re-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on October 17, 2017. As of October 2020, the film has grossed US$9.2 million from Blu-ray sales in the United States. In the United Kingdom, the film's Studio Ghibli anniversary release appeared several times on the annual lists of bestselling foreign language film on home video, ranking number three in 2019, below Spirited Away (2001) and My Neighbor Totoro (1988). English dub In response to demands from Miramax chairman Harvey Weinstein to edit the film, producer Toshio Suzuki sent Weinstein a sword with the message "No cuts." Promotion manager Steve Alpert revealed that Weinstein had wanted to trim the film down from 135 minutes to 90 minutes "despite having promised not to do so". Weinstein hired Neil Gaiman to write the English script. Despite Gaiman's independent fame as an author, his role as scriptwriter for the dub was not heavily promoted; Studio Ghibli requested that Miramax remove some executives' names from the poster for the film. Reception Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 93% of 117 critic reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's consensus reads, "With its epic story and breathtaking visuals, Princess Mononoke is a landmark in the world of animation." On Metacritic, it has an average score of 76 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, indictating "generally favorable reviews". The Daily Yomiuri's Aaron Gerow called the film a "powerful compilation of Miyazaki's world, a cumulative statement of his moral and filmic concerns." Leonard Klady of Variety said that Princess Mononoke "is not only more sharply drawn, it has an extremely complex and adult script" and the film "has the soul of a romantic epic, and its lush tones, elegant score by Joe Hisaishi and full-blooded characterizations give it the sweep of cinema's most grand canvases". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called Princess Mononoke "a great achievement and a wonderful experience, and one of the best films of the year." Ty Burr of Entertainment Weekly called the film "a windswept pinnacle of its art" and that it "has the effect of making the average Disney film look like just another toy story". Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said that the film "brings a very different sensibility to animation, a medium views as completely suitable for straight dramatic narrative and serious themes." In his review, Dave Smith from Gamers' Republic called it "one of the greatest animated films ever created, and easily one of the best films of 1999". In 2001, Animage ranked Princess Mononoke 47th in their list of the 100 best anime. It ranked 488th on Empire's list of the 500 greatest films. Time Out ranked the film 26th on 50 greatest animated films. It also ranked 26 on Total Film's list of 50 greatest animated films. Accolades Princess Mononoke is the first animated feature film to win the Japan Academy Prize for Best Picture. For the 70th Academy Awards ceremony, Princess Mononoke was the Japanese submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not successfully nominated. Hayao Miyazaki was also nominated for an Annie Award for his work on the film. Year Award / Publication Category Recipient Result Ref. 1997 Kinema Junpo Best Ten (Critics' Choice) Princess Mononoke 1st Place Best Ten (Readers' Choice) 2nd Place Best Director (Readers' Choice) Hayao Miyazaki Won 52nd Mainichi Film Awards Best Film Princess Mononoke Won Best Animation Film Won Japanese Movie Fans' Choice Won 10th Nikkan Sports Film Awards Best Director Hayao Miyazaki Won Yūjirō Ishihara Award Princess Mononoke Won 1st Japan Media Arts Festival Grand Prize in Animation Won 7th Tokyo Sports Film Award Best Director Won Osaka Film Festival Special Award Won 21st Fumiko Yamaji Award  Cultural Award Toshio Suzuki Won 15th Golden Gross Award  Gold Award Princess Mononoke Won 39th Japan Record Awards Composition Award Joe Hisaishi Won Best Album Production Music of Princess Mononoke Won 1998 21st Japan Academy Film Prize Picture of the Year Princess Mononoke Won Special Award Yoshikazu Mera Won 40th Blue Ribbon Awards Special Award Princess Mononoke Won 22nd Hochi Film Awards Special Award Won 12th Takasaki Film Festival  Best Director Hayao Miyazaki Won Elan d'or Awards Special Prize Princess Mononoke Won 2000 28th Annie Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production Hayao Miyazaki(English-language version) Nominated 4th Golden Satellite Awards Best Animated or Mixed Media Film Princess Mononoke Nominated 2001 27th Saturn Awards Best Home Video Release Won 36th Nebula Awards Best Script Nominated Legacy According to Napier, Princess Mononoke is "considered by many to be Miyazaki's most important work". The film's release was a "cultural phenomenon" in Japan, breaking box office records previously held only by Hollywood films, which Denison feels was "reflective of a general trend towards the globalization of anime". James Cameron cited Princess Mononoke as an influence on his 2009 film Avatar. He acknowledged that it shares themes with Princess Mononoke, including its clash between cultures and civilizations, and cited Princess Mononoke as an influence on the ecosystem of Pandora. Stage adaptation In 2012, it was announced that Studio Ghibli and British theater company Whole Hog Theatre would be bringing Princess Mononoke to the stage. It is the first stage adaptation of a Studio Ghibli work. The contact between Whole Hog Theatre and Studio Ghibli was facilitated by Nick Park of Aardman Animations after he sent footage of Whole Hog performances to Studio Ghibli's Toshio Suzuki. The play features large puppets made out of recycled and reclaimed materials. The first performances were scheduled for London's New Diorama Theatre and sold out in 72 hours, a year in advance. In March 2013, it was announced that the show would transfer to Japan after its first run of shows in London. A second series of performances followed in London after the return from Tokyo. The second run of London performances sold out in four and half hours. The play received positive reviews and was one of Lyn Gardner's theater picks in The Guardian. Notes ^ Princess Mononoke was the first animated film to be nominated for, and receive, this award. References Citations ^ a b Loo, Egan (December 15, 2020). "Spirited Away, 3 Other Ghibli Films' Box Office Totals Rose Due to This Year's Revival Screenings". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2020. ^ "How Spirited Away Changed Animation Forever". Time. July 20, 2021. Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023. ^ Kelly, Stephen. "Princess Mononoke: The masterpiece that flummoxed the US". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023. ^ "5 reasons to celebrate Princess Mononoke: Hayao Miyazaki's animated masterpiece turns 20". BFI. July 12, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023. ^ a b c Nausicaa.net a. ^ Napier 2018, p. 189. ^ a b Denison 2018, p. 3. ^ McCarthy 2002, p. 182. ^ Greenberg 2018, p. 136. ^ Green 2014. ^ McCarthy 2002, p. 185; Napier 2018, p. 176. ^ Greenberg 2018, p. 140; McCarthy 2002, p. 185. ^ a b c d McCarthy 2002, p. 185. ^ Cavallaro 2006, p. 120; Yanagihara 2018. ^ McCarthy 2002, p. 186. ^ Clements & McCarthy 2006, p. 505. ^ Matsumoto & Hamada 2013; Miyazaki 2009, pp. 272–274. ^ Schilling 1999, p. 5. ^ Schilling 1999, p. 5; Toyama. ^ Denison 2018, pp. 8–9. ^ Cavallaro 2006, pp. 127–128. ^ Cavallaro 2006, p. 126. ^ Cavallaro 2006, p. 127; Cavallaro 2015, p. 136. ^ Denison 2018, p. 12. ^ Cavallaro 2006, pp. 127–129; Denison 2018, p. 12. ^ Denison 2018, p. 13; Napier 2018, p. 177. ^ a b Smith & Parsons 2012, p. 28. ^ Smith & Parsons 2012, pp. 26–27. ^ Pike 2014, p. 159. ^ Kitano 2016. ^ Sierra et al. 2015. ^ Ebert 1999b. ^ Napier 2005. ^ Thevenin 2013. ^ Jolin 2009. ^ Napier 2018, p. 176. ^ Napier 2018, pp. 180–181. ^ Napier 2018, p. 183. ^ Napier 2005, p. 233; Cavallaro 2006, pp. 121–122. ^ Napier 2018, p. 185. ^ McCarthy 2002, p. 196. ^ McCarthy 2002, p. 189; Caraan 2020. ^ Hisaishi. ^ Caraan 2020. ^ a b Galbraith 2008, p. 414. ^ Napier 2018, p. 179. ^ Hamano et al. 2007, p. 58–59. ^ a b c d Box Office Mojo. ^ Chapman 2022. ^ "Kako haikyū shūnyū jōi sakuhin 1997-nen" (in Japanese). Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2011. ^ a b Ebert 1999a. ^ "歴代興収ベスト100" (in Japanese). Kogyo Tsushinsha. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2020. ^ "Japan Top 15". Screen International. December 12, 1997. p. 47. ^ "Anime Radar: News". Animerica. 9 (2). San Francisco, California: Viz Media: 32. March 2001. ISSN 1067-0831. OCLC 27130932. ^ "'Princess Mononoke: 20th Anniversary' Comes to U.S. Cinemas on January 5 and 9 Only". Anime News Network. December 6, 2016. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020. ^ "Princess Mononoke to Screen in U.S. Theaters With 'On Your Mark' Short". Anime News Network. December 6, 2016. Archived from the original on January 4, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2020. ^ "Japan Society's Monthly Anime Series Screens The Night is Short, Walk on Girl- June 17, 2022 Princess Mononoke, 25th Anniversary Screening in 35mm- July 22, 2022". Japan Society via Anime News Network. June 4, 2022. Archived from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023. ^ Nausicaa.net b. ^ Nakamura 2007. ^ Anime News Network 2000a. ^ Anime News Network 2000b. ^ a b "Princess Mononoke (movie)". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 8, 2024. ^ Anime News Network 2000c. ^ a b The Numbers. ^ Polo 2015. ^ Giardina 2017. ^ BFI 2020. ^ Brooks 2005. ^ Alpert 2020, pp. 141–142. ^ Anderson 2019. ^ Rotten Tomatoes. ^ Metacritic. ^ Gerow 1997. ^ Klady 1998. ^ Burr 1999. ^ Turan 1999. ^ Smith 1999. ^ Anime News Network 2001. ^ Empire. ^ Time Out. ^ Total Film. ^ a b Japan Academy Film Prize. ^ Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences 1997. ^ a b Annie Awards. ^ a b c d Cavallaro 2006, p. 184. ^ Mainichi Shimbun. ^ Nikkan Sports. ^ Fumiko Yamaji Cultural Foundation. ^ Japan Association of Theater Owners. ^ Japan Composer's Association. ^ Odell & Le Blanc 2009, p. 112. ^ Sports Hochi. ^ Takasaki Film Festival. ^ International Press Academy. ^ Saturn Awards. ^ Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. ^ Napier 2018, p. 182. ^ Napier 2018, p. 177. ^ Denison 2018, p. 1. ^ Ito, Norihiro (December 25, 2009). "新作「アバター」宮崎アニメにオマージュ Ｊ・キャメロン監督 (New Film Avatar Homage to Miyazaki's Animated Film: J. Cameron)". Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 28, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2010. ^ "An Anime Hit Is Reborn on the Stage". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013. ^ "Studio Ghibli Explains How UK "Princess Mononoke" Stage Play Got OKed". CrunchyRoll. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2013. ^ "EXCLUSIVE: News on the Upcoming Stage Adaptation of Miyazaki Hayao's Anime Classic PRINCESS MONONOKE!". Twitch. Archived from the original on June 1, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2013. ^ "Official Stage Adaptation of 'Princess Mononoke' Coming To London; Sold Out Almost A Year In Advance". Slash Film. September 24, 2012. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2013. ^ "Princess Mononoke Comes to London Stage". Escapist Magazine. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2013. ^ "Princess Mononoke Stage Play Heads to Japan". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2013. ^ "Whole Hog Theatre Announces Further Performances of Princess Mononoke at the New Diorama Theatre, London". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2013. ^ "UK stage adaptation of Princess Mononoke met with praise". Flixster. Archived from the original on June 25, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2013. ^ "Princess Mononoke – New Diorama Theatre, London". The Public Reviews. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013. ^ "Review of Princess Mononoke Play at the New Diorama Theatre by Wholehog Theatre". Anime UK News. April 7, 2013. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013. ^ "PRINCESS MONONOKE". West End Wilma. April 9, 2013. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013. ^ "What to see: Lyn Gardner's theatre tips". The Guardian. London. March 29, 2013. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2013. Book and journal sources Alpert, Steve (2020). Sharing a House with the Never-Ending Man: 15 Years at Studio Ghibli. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-1-6117-2057-0. Cavallaro, Dani (2006). The Anime Art of Hayao Miyazaki. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2369-9. Cavallaro, Dani (2015). Hayao Miyazaki's World Picture. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-9647-1. Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (2006). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-1-9333-3010-5. Denison, Rayna, ed. (2018). Princess Mononoke: Understanding Studio Ghibli's Monster Princess. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-5013-2976-0. Galbraith, Stuart IV (2008). The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1461673743. Greenberg, Raz (2018). Hayao Miyazaki: Exploring the Early Work of Japan's Greatest Animator. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-5013-3594-5. McCarthy, Helen (2002) . Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese Animation. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-1-8806-5641-9. Miyazaki, Hayao (1999) . Princess Mononoke: The Art and Making of Japan's Most Popular Film of All Time. Translated by Schilling, Mark. Hyperion. ISBN 978-0-7868-6609-0. Schilling, Mark. Introduction. In Miyazaki 1999. Miyazaki, Hayao (2009) . Starting Point: 1979–1996. Viz Media. ISBN 978-1-4215-6104-2. Napier, Susan J. (2005) . Anime from Akira to Howl's Moving Castle: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-7051-0. Napier, Susan J. (2018). Miyazakiworld: A Life in Art. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3002-2685-0. Odell, Colin; Le Blanc, Michelle (2009). Studio Ghibli: The Films of Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata. Kamera. ISBN 978-1-84243-279-2. Pike, Deidre M. (2014). Enviro-Toons: Green Themes in Animated Cinema and Television. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-9002-8. Sierra, Wendi; Berwald, Alysah; Guck, Melissa; Maeder, Erica (January 1, 2015). "Nature, Technology, and Ruined Women: Ecofeminism and Princess Mononoke". The Seneca Falls Dialogues Journal. 1 (1). Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2017. Smith, Michelle J.; Parsons, Elizabeth (February 2012). "Animating child activism: Environmentalism and class politics in Ghibli's Princess Mononoke (1997) and Fox's Fern Gully (1992)". Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies. 26 (1). Routledge: 25–37. doi:10.1080/10304312.2012.630138. S2CID 144411247. Thevenin, Benjamin (October 1, 2013). "Princess Mononoke and beyond: New nature narratives for children". Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture. 4 (2): 147–170. doi:10.1386/iscc.4.2.147_1. Online and other sources "44 Countries Hoping for Oscar Nominations" (Press release). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. November 24, 1997. Archived from the original on February 13, 1998. Retrieved December 7, 2008. Anderson, Kyle (August 14, 2019). "Why people forget Neil Gaiman wrote Mononoke's dub". Nerdist. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020. "New petition for Mononoke". Anime News Network. July 3, 2000. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2012. "Disney blinks". Anime News Network. August 1, 2000. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2012. "Princess Mononoke DVD confirmed". Anime News Network. October 11, 2000. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2012. "Animage top 100 anime listing". Anime News Network. January 15, 2001. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2013. "28th Annual Annie Awards". Annie Awards. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015. BFI Statistical Yearbook 2020. United Kingdom: British Film Institute. 2020. p. 94. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022. "Princess Mononoke". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024. Brooks, Xan (September 14, 2005). "A god among animators". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2010. Burr, Ty (October 29, 1999). "Princess Mononoke Review". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2020. Caraan, Sophie (April 16, 2020). "Princess Mononoke soundtrack to receive first ever vinyl release". Hypebeast. Archived from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2024. Chapman, Paul (March 23, 2022). "Princess Mononoke 25th Anniversary screenings hit theaters in April". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2022. Ebert, Roger (October 24, 1999). "Director Miyazaki draws American attention". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2009 – via Industry Central. Ebert, Roger (October 29, 1999). "Princess Mononoke". Rogerebert.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016. "The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time". Empire. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2010. "映画賞 受賞者一覧" (in Japanese). Fumiko Yamaji Cultural Foundation. Archived from the original on February 2, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2024. Gerow, Aaron (July 10, 1997). "A spirited battle for nature". Yomiuri Shimbun. p. 9. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2024 – via Nausicaa.net. Giardina, Carolyn (July 17, 2017). "GKIDS, Studio Ghibli ink home entertainment deal". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017. Green, Scott (March 14, 2014). "Viz to release Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke: The First Story". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023. Hamano, Keiji; Kitae, Hiroyuki; Udagawa, Shoji; Watanabe, Yasuko; Uchiyama, Takashi (November 2007). The Japanese Market for UK Films. Cinema Alliance Limited, UK Film Council, British Film Institute. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022 – via Yumpu. Hisaishi, Joe. "Discography". Joe Hisaishi Official Site (in Japanese). Archived from the original on June 4, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2023. "International Press Academy: Satellite Awards". International Press Academy. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2024. "21st Japan Academy Film Prize Winners". Japan Academy Film Prize. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2015. "第15回ゴールデングロス賞受賞作品" (in Japanese). Japan Association of Theater Owners. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2024. "第39回日本レコード大賞" (in Japanese). Japan Composer's Association. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024. Jolin, Dan (September 2009). "Miyazaki on Miyazaki: The animation genius on his movies". Empire. Archived from the original on April 15, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2015. Kitano, Ryuichi (January 29, 2016). "Hayao Miyazaki: Leprosy scene in Mononoke Hime inspired by real-life experience". Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016. Klady, Leonard (January 29, 1998). "Princess Mononoke". Variety. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012. "52nd Mainichi Film Awards Winners". Mainichi Shimbun. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2024. Matsumoto, Hitoshi; Hamada, Masatoshi (November 26, 2013). "鈴木 敏夫 100秒博士アカデミー" . 100秒博士アカデミー (in Japanese). TBS. RCC. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014. "Princess Mononoke". Metacritic. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2023. Nakamura, Hitoshi (May 23, 2007). "110万冊無料配布。"ゲドを読む。"の狙いを読む 宮崎吾朗監督作品「ゲド戦記」DVDのユニークなプロモーション" (in Japanese). Nikkei Business. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018. "Princess Mononoke – Credits". Nausicaa.net. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2023. "Princess Mononoke – Video list". Nausicaa.net. Archived from the original on June 7, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2024. "日刊スポーツ映画大賞 – 歴代受賞者・作品" . Nikkan Sports. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2024. "Mononoke-hime (1999) – Video sales". The Numbers. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022. Polo, Susana (July 30, 2015). "The complete Hayao Miyazaki collection is pretty enough to spirit you away". Polygon. Archived from the original on July 31, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2015. "Princess Mononoke (Mononoke-hime)". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on July 21, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2023. "Past Saturn Awards". Saturn Awards. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2024. "2000 Nebula Awards". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2024. Smith, Dave (December 1999). "Anime Republic". Gamers' Republic. Vol. 19, no. 2–07. Retrieved January 28, 2024. "報知映画賞 受賞作品・受賞者" . Sports Hochi (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 14, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2024. "第12回高崎映画祭 受賞者・受賞作品" (in Japanese). Takasaki Film Festival . Archived from the original on May 30, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2024. "Time Out's 50 greatest animated films: Part 3". Time Out. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2012. Toyama, Ryoko. "Princess Mononoke – frequently asked questions". Nausicaa.net. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) Kinnear, Simon. "50 Greatest Animated Movies". Total Film. Archived from the original on May 23, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2012. Turan, Kenneth (October 29, 1999). "Mononoke a Haunting, Magical World of Fantasy". Los Angeles Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012. Yanagihara, Hanya (May 17, 2018). "A real-life enchanted forest". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2023. Further reading Cheng, Catherine (June 2019). "Nature and the Smiths in Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke" (PDF). Tamkang Review. 49 (2): 27–48. doi:10.6184/TKR.201906_49(2).0002. Morgan, Gwendolyn (2015). "Creatures in Crisis: Apocalyptic Environmental Visions in Miyazaki's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind and Princess Mononoke". Resilience: A Journal of the Environmental Humanities. 2 (3): 172–183. doi:10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172. JSTOR 10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172. S2CID 156400474. External links Princess Mononoke at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from CommonsQuotations from WikiquoteData from Wikidata Official website (in Japanese) Princess Mononoke at IMDb Princess Mononoke at AllMovie Princess Mononoke at Box Office Mojo Princess Mononoke (film) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Related topics vteHayao MiyazakiFilms directedand writtenFeature The Castle of Cagliostro (1979) Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1984) Castle in the Sky (1986) My Neighbor Totoro (1988) Kiki's Delivery Service (1989) Porco Rosso (1992) Princess Mononoke (1997) Spirited Away (2001) Howl's Moving Castle (2004) Ponyo (2008) The Wind Rises (2013) The Boy and the Heron (2023) Short On Your Mark (1995) Kujiratori (2001) Koro no Daisanpo (2002) Imaginary Flying Machines (2002) Looking for a Home (2006) Hoshi o Katta Hi (2006) Mizugumo Monmon (2006) Boro the Caterpillar (2018) Films written Panda! Go, Panda! (1972–73) Whisper of the Heart (1995) Arrietty (2010) From Up on Poppy Hill (2011) TV directedand/or written Lupin the 3rd Part I (1971–72) Future Boy Conan (1978) Lupin the 3rd Part II (1980) Sherlock Hound (1984–85) Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990–91) Manga The Wonderful World of Puss 'n Boots (1969) Sabaku no Tami (1969–70) Animal Treasure Island (1972) Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1982–94) Shuna's Journey (1983) Hayao Miyazaki's Daydream Data Notes/Delusion Notes (1984–2009) Hikōtei Jidai (1990) The Wind Rises (2009) Related List of works List of accolades Howl's Moving Castle The Wind Rises The Boy and the Heron Studio Ghibli Ghibli Park Ghibli Museum Goro Miyazaki (son) Miyazaki Airplane Ni-Tele Really Big Clock Never-Ending Man: Hayao Miyazaki Nandarō Susuwatari vteStudio Ghibli List of works PeopleFounders Hayao Miyazaki Toshio Suzuki Isao Takahata Others Joe Hisaishi Katsuya Kondō Yoshifumi Kondō Kitarō Kōsaka Goro Miyazaki Hiroyuki Morita Tomomi Mochizuki Yoshiaki Nishimura Kazuo Oga Yasuo Ōtsuka Yoshinori Kanada Hiromasa Yonebayashi FilmsFeature films Castle in the Sky My Neighbor Totoro Grave of the Fireflies Kiki's Delivery Service Only Yesterday Porco Rosso Ocean Waves Pom Poko Whisper of the Heart Princess Mononoke My Neighbors the Yamadas Spirited Away The Cat Returns Howl's Moving Castle Tales from Earthsea Ponyo Arrietty From Up on Poppy Hill The Wind Rises The Tale of the Princess Kaguya When Marnie Was There Earwig and the Witch The Boy and the Heron Short films Nandarō On Your Mark Ghiblies Ghiblies Episode 2 Imaginary Flying Machines The Whale Hunt Koro's Big Day Out Mei and the Kittenbus Looking for a Home The Day I Harvested a Planet The Night of Taneyamagahara Water Spider Monmon Iblard Jikan A Sumo Wrestler's Tail Giant God Warrior Appears in Tokyo Boro the Caterpillar Zen - Grogu and Dust Bunnies Video games Jade Cocoon: Story of the Tamamayu Jade Cocoon 2 Magic Pengel: The Quest for Color Ni no Kuni Dominion of the Dark Djinn Wrath of the White Witch Other productions Shiki-Jitsu (Studio Kajino) Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence Ronja, the Robber's Daughter The Red Turtle Related articles Catbus Ghibli Museum Ghibli Museum Library Ghibli Park The Kingdom of Dreams and Madness Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind Nausicaa.net Studio Kajino Studio Ponoc Susuwatari Topcraft The Last Unicorn Category Portal vteAnimation Kobe Theatrical Film Award Ghost in the Shell (1996) Princess Mononoke (1997) Pokémon: The First Movie (1998) Cardcaptor Sakura: The Movie (1999) Cardcaptor Sakura Movie 2: The Sealed Card (2000) Spirited Away (2001) The Cat Returns (2002) Millennium Actress (2003) Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence (2004) Zeta Gundam A New Translation: Heirs to the Stars (2005) The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (2006) Paprika (2007) Evangelion: 1.0 You Are (Not) Alone (2008) WALL-E (2009) The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya (2010) Macross Frontier: Sayonara no Tsubasa (2011) K-On! The Movie (2012) The Garden of Words (2013) Puella Magi Madoka Magica the Movie: Rebellion (2014) Ghost in the Shell: The New Movie (2015) vteJapan Academy Film Prize for Best Film The Yellow Handkerchief (1977) The Incident (1978) Vengeance Is Mine (1979) Zigeunerweisen (1980) Station (1981) Fall Guy (1982) The Ballad of Narayama (1983) The Funeral (1984) Gray Sunset (1985) House on Fire (1986) A Taxing Woman (1987) The Silk Road (1988) Black Rain (1989) Childhood Days (1990) My Sons (1991) Sumo Do, Sumo Don't (1992) A Class to Remember (1993) Crest of Betrayal (1994) A Last Note (1995) Shall We Dance? (1996) Princess Mononoke (1997) Begging for Love (1998) Poppoya (1999) After the Rain (2000) Spirited Away (2001) The Twilight Samurai (2002) When the Last Sword Is Drawn (2003) Half a Confession (2004) Always Sanchōme no Yūhi (2005) Hula Girls (2006) Tokyo Tower: Mom and Me, and Sometimes Dad (2007) Departures (2008) Shizumanu Taiyō (2009) Confessions (2010) Rebirth (2011) The Kirishima Thing (2012) The Great Passage (2013) The Eternal Zero (2014) Our Little Sister (2015) Shin Godzilla (2016) The Third Murder (2017) Shoplifters (2018) The Journalist (2019) Midnight Swan (2020) Drive My Car (2021) A Man (2022) Godzilla Minus One (2023) vteMainichi Film Award for Best Film1946–1960 Aru yo no Tonosama (1946) Ima Hitotabi no (1947) Drunken Angel (1948) Late Spring (1949) Until We Meet Again (1950) Repast (1951) Ikiru (1952) An Inlet of Muddy Water (1953) Twenty-Four Eyes (1954) Floating Clouds (1955) Mahiru no ankoku (1956) The Rice People (1957) The Ballad of Narayama (1958) Kiku to Isamu (1959) Her Brother (1960) 1961–1980 A Soldier's Prayer (1961) Harakiri (1962) High and Low (1963) Woman in the Dunes (1964) Red Beard (1965) Shiroi Kyotō (1966) Samurai Rebellion (1967) The Profound Desire of the Gods (1968) Double Suicide (1969) Where Spring Comes Late (1970) Silence (1971) The Long Darkness (1972) Tsugaru Folk Song (1973) Castle of Sand (1974) The Fossil (1975) Fumō Chitai (1976) The Yellow Handkerchief (1977) The Incident (1978) Nomugi Pass (1979) Kagemusha (1980) 1981–2000 Muddy River (1981) Fall Guy (1982) Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983) W's Tragedy (1984) Ran (1985) The Sea and Poison (1986) A Taxing Woman (1987) My Neighbor Totoro (1988) Black Rain (1989) Childhood Days (1990) My Sons (1991) Sumo Do, Sumo Don't (1992) All Under the Moon (1993) A Dedicated Life (1994) A Last Note (1995) Shall We Dance? (1996) Princess Mononoke (1997) Begging for Love (1998) Poppoya (1999) Face (2000) 2001–2020 Spirited Away (2001) The Twilight Samurai (2002) Akame 48 Waterfalls (2003) Blood and Bones (2004) Break Through! (2005) Sway (2006) I Just Didn't Do It (2007) Departures (2008) The Unbroken (2009) Villain (2010) Postcard (2011) A Terminal Trust (2012) The Great Passage (2013) My Man (2014) Three Stories of Love (2015) Shin Godzilla (2016) Hanagatami (2017) Shoplifters (2018) Listen to the Universe (2019) Mother (2020) 2021–present Drive My Car (2021) Small, Slow But Steady (2022) Okiku and the World (2023) vteMainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film1989–2010 Kiki's Delivery Service (1989) White Wolf (1990) Roujin Z (1991) Porco Rosso (1992) Patlabor 2: The Movie (1993) Pom Poko (1994) Junkers Come Here (1995) Black Jack (1996) Princess Mononoke (1997) Doraemon: Nobita's South Sea Adventure (1998) Jin-Roh: The Wolf Brigade (1999) Doraemon: A Grandmother's Recollections (2000) Spirited Away (2001) Crayon Shin-chan: Fierceness That Invites Storm! The Battle of the Warring States (2002) Tokyo Godfathers (2003) The Place Promised in Our Early Days (2004) Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie: Conqueror of Shamballa (2005) The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (2006) Summer Days with Coo (2007) The Sky Crawlers (2008) Summer Wars (2009) Colorful (2010) 2011–present The Light of a Firefly Forest (2011) Wolf Children (2012) The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (2013) Giovanni's Island (2014) Miss Hokusai (2015) Your Name (2016) Complex × Complex (2017) Okko's Inn (2018) Children of the Sea (2019) Looking for Magical Doremi (2020) The House of the Lost on the Cape (2021) Takano Intersection (2022) Maboroshi (2023) vteJapan Media Arts Award for Animation of the Year1997–2010 Princess Mononoke (1997) Glassy Ocean (1998) The Old Man and the Sea (1999) Blood: The Last Vampire (2000) Spirited Away / Millennium Actress (2001) Crayon Shin-chan: Fierceness That Invites Storm! The Battle of the Warring States (2002) Winter Days (2003) Mind Game (2004) Flow (2005) The Girl Who Leapt Through Time (2006) Summer Days with Coo (2007) La Maison en petits cubes (2008) Summer Wars (2009) The Tatami Galaxy (2010) 2011–present Puella Magi Madoka Magica (2011) Combustible (2012) Approved for Adoption (2013) The Wound (2014) Rhizome (2015) Your Name (2016) In This Corner of the World / Lu Over the Wall (2017) La Chute, Boris Labbé (2018) Children of the Sea (2019) Keep Your Hands Off Eizouken! (2020) The Fourth Wall (2021) vteNikkan Sports Film Award for Yūjirō Ishihara Award The Silk Road (1988) Rikyu (1989) Aurora no Shita de (1990) Rainbow Kids (1991) Porco Rosso (1992) Bloom in the Moonlight (1993) Hero Interview (1994) Kura (1995) Gakko II (1996) Princess Mononoke (1997) Hana-bi (1998) Owls' Castle (1999) Whiteout (2000) Hotaru (2001) Dawn of a New Day: The Man Behind VHS (2002) Bayside Shakedown 2 (2003) Half a Confession (2004) Always Sanchōme no Yūhi (2005) Yamato (2006) Love and Honor (2007) Climber's High (2008) Mt. Tsurugidake (2009) Umizaru 3: The Last Message (2010) Phone Call to the Bar (2011) Anata e (2012) A Boy Called H (2013) Rurouni Kenshin (2014) The Emperor in August (2015) Dangerous Cops: Final 5 Days (2016) Outrage Coda (2017) One Cut of the Dead (2018) The Great War of Archimedes (2019) Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba – The Movie: Mugen Train (2020) Baragaki: Unbroken Samurai (2021) Kingdom 2: Far and Away (2022) The First Slam Dunk (2023) Portals: Anime and manga Film Japan Speculative fiction Fantasy Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"hime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hime"},{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_film"},{"link_name":"historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_drama"},{"link_name":"fantasy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film"},{"link_name":"Hayao Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki"},{"link_name":"Studio Ghibli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Ghibli"},{"link_name":"Tokuma Shoten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokuma_Shoten"},{"link_name":"Nippon Television Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"Dentsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentsu"},{"link_name":"Yōji Matsuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%8Dji_Matsuda"},{"link_name":"Yuriko Ishida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriko_Ishida"},{"link_name":"Yūko Tanaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABko_Tanaka"},{"link_name":"Kaoru Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoru_Kobayashi_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Masahiko Nishimura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Nishimura"},{"link_name":"Tsunehiko Kamijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunehiko_Kamijo"},{"link_name":"Akihiro Miwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihiro_Miwa"},{"link_name":"Mitsuko Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsuko_Mori"},{"link_name":"Hisaya Morishige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisaya_Morishige"},{"link_name":"Muromachi period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period"},{"link_name":"Emishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emishi"},{"link_name":"kami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"environmentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"Toho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toho"},{"link_name":"blockbuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)"},{"link_name":"Spirited Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirited_Away"},{"link_name":"dubbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"Neil Gaiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gaiman"},{"link_name":"Miramax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramax"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Princess Mononoke (Japanese: もののけ姫, Hepburn: Mononoke-hime) is a 1997 Japanese animated epic historical fantasy film written and directed by Hayao Miyazaki and animated by Studio Ghibli for Tokuma Shoten, Nippon Television Network and Dentsu. The film stars the voices of Yōji Matsuda, Yuriko Ishida, Yūko Tanaka, Kaoru Kobayashi, Masahiko Nishimura, Tsunehiko Kamijo, Akihiro Miwa, Mitsuko Mori, and Hisaya Morishige.Set in the late Muromachi period of Japan (approximately 1336 to 1573 AD), Princess Mononoke follows a young Emishi prince named Ashitaka, and his involvement in a struggle between the gods (kami) of a forest and the humans who consume its resources. The film deals with themes of Shinto and environmentalism.The film was released in Japan on July 12, 1997, by Toho, and in the United States on October 29, 1999. It was a critical and commercial blockbuster, becoming the highest-grossing film in Japan of 1997, and also held Japan's box office record for domestic films until 2001's Spirited Away, another Miyazaki film. It was dubbed into English with a script by Neil Gaiman and initially distributed in North America by Miramax, where it sold well on home media despite not performing strongly at the box office.[2] The film greatly increased Ghibli's popularity and influence outside Japan.[3][4]","title":"Princess Mononoke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muromachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period"},{"link_name":"Emishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emishi"},{"link_name":"Nightwalker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidarabotchi"},{"link_name":"lepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leper"},{"link_name":"hand cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_cannon"},{"link_name":"matchlock muskets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchlock"},{"link_name":"clearcutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearcutting"},{"link_name":"daimyō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"}],"text":"In Muromachi Japan, an Emishi village is attacked by a hideous demon. The last Emishi prince, Ashitaka, kills it before it reaches the village, but it grasps his arm and curses him before its death. The curse grants him superhuman strength, but it also causes him pain and will eventually kill him. The villagers discover that the demon was a boar god, corrupted by an iron ball lodged in his body. The village's wise woman (Hī-sama) tells Ashitaka that he may find a cure in the western lands that the demon came from, and that he cannot return to his homeland.Heading west, Ashitaka meets Jigo, an opportunistic monk who tells Ashitaka he may find help from the Great Forest Spirit, a deer-like animal god by day and a giant Nightwalker by night. Nearby, men on a cliffside herd oxen to their home of Iron Town, led by Lady Eboshi, and repel an attack by a wolf pack led by the wolf goddess Moro, whom Eboshi wounds with a gun shot. Riding one of the wolves is San, a human girl. Down below, Ashitaka encounters San and the wolves, who rebuff his greeting. He then rescues two of the men fallen from the cliff and transports them back through the forest, where he briefly glimpses the Great Forest Spirit.Ashitaka and the survivors arrive at Iron Town, where he is greeted with fascination. Iron Town is a refuge for outcasts and lepers employed to process iron and create firearms, such as hand cannons and matchlock muskets. Ashitaka learns that the town was built by clearcutting forests to mine the iron, leading to conflicts with Asano, a local daimyō, and a giant boar god named Nago. Eboshi admits that she shot Nago, incidentally turning him into the demon that attacked Ashitaka's village. She also reveals that San, dubbed Princess Mononoke, was raised by the wolves and hates humankind.San infiltrates Iron Town and fights Eboshi, but Ashitaka intervenes and subdues them both. Amidst the hysteria a villager shoots him, but the curse gives him strength to carry San out of the village. San wakes and tries killing the weakened Ashitaka, but hesitates when he compliments her beauty. She decides to trust him after the Forest Spirit heals his bullet wound that night. The next day, a boar clan led by the blind god Okkoto plans to attack Iron Town to save the forest. Eboshi sets out to kill the Forest Spirit with Jigo. Eboshi intends to give the god's head to the Emperor (who believes it will grant him immortality) in return for protection from Asano, while Jigo desires the large reward being offered.Ashitaka recovers and finds Iron Town besieged by Asano's samurai. The boar clan has been annihilated in battle, and Okkoto is badly wounded. Jigo's men trick Okkoto into leading them to the Forest Spirit. San tries stopping Okkoto but is swept up as his pain corrupts him into a demon. As everyone clashes at the pool of the Forest Spirit, Ashitaka rescues San while the Forest Spirit euthanizes Moro and Okkoto. As it begins to transform into the Night Walker Eboshi decapitates it. Jigo steals the head, while the Forest Spirit's body bleeds ooze that spreads over the land and kills anything it touches. The forest and its spirits begin to die. Moro's head briefly comes alive and bites off Eboshi's right arm, but she survives. An enraged San tries killing Eboshi, but is stopped by Ashitaka, who consoles her and encourages her not to give up.After Iron Town is evacuated, Ashitaka and San pursue Jigo and retrieve the head, returning it to the Forest Spirit. The Spirit dies but its form washes over the land, healing it and lifting Ashitaka's curse. Ashitaka stays to help rebuild Iron Town, but promises San he will visit her in the forest. Eboshi vows to build a better town and the forest begins to regrow.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billy_Crudup_2015_1b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Billy Crudup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Crudup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENausicaa.net_a-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claire_Danes.jpg"},{"link_name":"Claire Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Danes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENausicaa.net_a-5"}],"text":"Billy Crudup, who voiced Ashitaka in the English dub[5]Claire Danes, who voiced San[5]","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shiratani_Unsui_Gorge_17.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yakushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakushima"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier2018189-6"},{"link_name":"The Castle of Cagliostro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Castle_of_Cagliostro"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenison20183-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2002182-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2018136-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen2014-10"},{"link_name":"Beauty and the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beast"},{"link_name":"Rayna Denison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayna_Denison"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenison20183-7"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausica%C3%A4_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(manga)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2002185Napier2018176-11"},{"link_name":"writer's block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writer%27s_block"},{"link_name":"On Your Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Your_Mark"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2018140McCarthy2002185-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2002185-13"},{"link_name":"Yakushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakushima"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavallaro2006120Yanagihara2018-14"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Oga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Oga"},{"link_name":"Shirakami-Sanchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirakami-Sanchi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2002186-15"},{"link_name":"Medieval Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Japan"},{"link_name":"Jomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jomon"},{"link_name":"Yamato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamato_people"},{"link_name":"Emishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emishi"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClementsMcCarthy2006505-16"},{"link_name":"uncommon kanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgai_kanji"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsumotoHamada2013Miyazaki2009272%E2%80%93274-17"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Some of the film's natural scenery was inspired by Miyazaki's visit to the forests of Yakushima.[6]Miyazaki composed the preliminary ideas for what would become Princess Mononoke shortly after the release of his first film The Castle of Cagliostro (1979),[7] drawing sketches of a princess living in the woods with a beast.[8] After unsuccessfully proposing the project to several production companies, Miyazaki published his concepts in a 1983 book,[9] republished in 2014 as Princess Mononoke: The First Story.[10] While being set in Japan, the concept had strong similarities to the fairy tale \"Beauty and the Beast\" (1740). According to film scholar Rayna Denison, the differences that can be discerned between the original idea and the final film demonstrate the radical change of Miyazaki's filmmaking philosophies.[7] Upon the completion of his manga series Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1994), Miyazaki began work on the project proposal for the film in April 1994.[11] However, encountering writer's block in December of that year, he decided to take a break from the production and direct the short film On Your Mark (1995) as a side project.[12] Miyazaki returned to the film and began working on the storyboards in April 1995.[13]To achieve the environmental depiction that he was seeking to portray, Miyazaki and four art directors visited the island of Yakushima in May 1995.[14] Additionally, art director Kazuo Oga went to the Shirakami-Sanchi mountains, which had already inspired some environments in Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind.[15]Miyazaki did not want to create an accurate history of Medieval Japan, and wanted to \"portray the very beginnings of the seemingly insoluble conflict between the natural world and modern industrial civilization.\" Despite being set during the Muromachi period, the actual time period of Princess Mononoke depicts a \"symbolic neverwhen clash of three proto-Japanese races (the Jomon, Yamato and Emishi).\"[16]Two titles were originally considered for the film. One, ultimately chosen, has been translated into English as Princess Mononoke. The other title can be translated into English as The Legend of Ashitaka (アシタカ𦻙記, Ashitaka Sekki), and it contains an uncommon kanji 𦻙 that represents \"a legend passed down from ear to ear without being recorded in official history\", according to Miyazaki. In a Tokyo Broadcasting System program, televised on November 26, 2013, Toshio Suzuki mentioned that Miyazaki had preferred The Legend of Ashitaka as the title while Suzuki himself favored Princess Mononoke, though the former title was eventually reused for the first song on the soundtrack.[17]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchilling19995-18"},{"link_name":"cels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel"},{"link_name":"key animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_animation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchilling19995Toyama-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenison20188%E2%80%939-20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2002185-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2002185-13"}],"sub_title":"Animation","text":"Princess Mononoke was produced with a budget of ¥2.35 billion (US$19.6 million; US$36.6 million in 2023), making it the most expensive Japanese animation at the time.[18] The film used 144,000 cels, 80,000 of them being key animation frames, more than any other Studio Ghibli film.[19] Miyazaki is estimated to have drawn or retouched nearly 80,000 cels himself.[20] The animation production commenced in July 1995.[13] The final storyboards were finished in June 1997.[13]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mononoke_hime_cgi.png"},{"link_name":"3D rendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_rendering"},{"link_name":"digitally composited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_compositing"},{"link_name":"hand-drawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-drawn_animation"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavallaro2006127%E2%80%93128-21"},{"link_name":"computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"Pom Poko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pom_Poko"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavallaro2006126-22"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"hand-drawn animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-drawn_animation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavallaro2006127Cavallaro2015136-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenison201812-24"},{"link_name":"digital ink and paint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation#Digital_ink_and_paint"},{"link_name":"3D rendering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_rendering"},{"link_name":"digital compositing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_compositing"},{"link_name":"morphing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphing"},{"link_name":"particle effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_effects"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavallaro2006127%E2%80%93129Denison201812-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenison201813Napier2018177-26"}],"sub_title":"Computer graphics","text":"3D rendering was used to create writhing demon flesh that was digitally composited onto a hand-drawn Ashitaka.[21]Studio Ghibli's computer graphics department was created in 1995 following the experimental use of digital techniques on Pom Poko (1994).[22] For the production of Princess Mononoke, the studio worked with Microsoft to develop the \"Toon Shader\" tool, which was used to blend the various digitally generated images with the hand-drawn animation in the rest of the film.[23] The decision to use computer graphics was made early in the production at Miyazaki's request, starting with the opening sequence of the demon god.[24] A variety of techniques were eventually used in the animation process: digital ink and paint, used to color the frames; 3D rendering and digital compositing, which put the hand-drawn images in a three-dimensional environment to create more visual depth; and morphing and particle effects, which create additional detail and smoother transitions.[25] Approximately five minutes of the film were animated entirely using digital processes. A further ten minutes use digital ink and paint, a technique used in all subsequent Studio Ghibli films.[26]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithParsons201228-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithParsons201226%E2%80%9327-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithParsons201228-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPike2014159-29"},{"link_name":"Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tama_Zenshoen_Sanatorium"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitano2016-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESierra_et_al.2015-31"}],"sub_title":"Environment","text":"The film centers on the adventure of Ashitaka as he journeys to the west to undo a fatal curse inflicted upon him by Nago, a boar turned into a demon by Eboshi.[27] Michelle J. Smith and Elizabeth Parsons said that the film \"makes heroes of outsiders in all identity politics categories and blurs the stereotypes that usually define such characters\". In the case of the deer god's destruction of the forest and Tataraba, Smith and Parsons said that the \"supernatural forces of destruction are unleashed by humans greedily consuming natural resources\".[28] They also characterized Eboshi as a businesswoman who has a desire to make money at the expense of the forest, and also cite Eboshi's intention to destroy the forest to mine the mountain \"embodies environmentalist evil\".[27] Deidre M. Pike writes that San is simultaneously part of nature and part of the problem. She represents the connection between the environment and humans, but also demonstrates that there is an imbalance in power between the two.[29]In a speech in 2016, Miyazaki explained that he was inspired to portray people living with leprosy, \"said to be an incurable disease caused by bad karma\", after visiting the Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium near his home in Tokyo.[30] According to media and literature scholars Sierra et al., Eboshi is driven by her compassion for the disabled, and believes that blood from the Great Forest Spirit could allow her to \"cure [her] poor lepers\".[31]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbert1999b-32"},{"link_name":"Susan J. Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_J._Napier"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier2005-33"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThevenin2013-34"}],"sub_title":"Development versus preservation","text":"According to the Chicago Sun-Times's Roger Ebert, \"It is not a simplistic tale of good and evil, but the story of how humans, forest animals and nature gods all fight for their share of the new emerging order.\"[32] Anime historian Susan J. Napier said there is no clear good vs. evil conflict in Princess Mononoke, unlike other films popular with children. Based on the multiple points of view the film adopts, San and Lady Eboshi can simultaneously be viewed as heroic or villainous. San defends the forest and viewers empathize with her. But she also attacks innocent people, complicating how we evaluate her. Opposed to San, Eboshi tries to destroy the forest and could be considered a villain. But everything she does is out of a desire to protect her village and see it prosper. San and Lady Eboshi survive until film's end, defying the usual convention of good triumphing over evil with the antagonist defeated. Napier concluded that the resolution of the conflict is left ambiguous, implying that Lady Eboshi and San will be able to come to some sort of compromise. The ambiguity suggests that there are no true villains or heroes.[33][page needed]According to media arts scholar Benjamin Thevenin, duality is central to Eboshi's characterization. She holds no inherent malicious intent toward nature and its spirits, as evidenced by the garden she keeps in Irontown, until they begin attacking her people. Irontown itself is a haven for downtrodden members of society, who Eboshi treats equally.[34]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Porco Rosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porco_Rosso"},{"link_name":"wars in the former Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_in_the_former_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Kiki's Delivery Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiki%27s_Delivery_Service"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolin2009-35"}],"sub_title":"Loss of innocence","text":"Dan Jolin of Empire said that a potential theme could be that of lost innocence. Miyazaki attributes this to his experience of making his previous film, Porco Rosso, and the wars in the former Yugoslavia, which he cites as an example of mankind never learning, making it difficult for him to go back to making a film such as Kiki's Delivery Service, where he has been quoted as saying \"It felt like children were being born to this world without being blessed. How could we pretend to them that we're happy?\"[35]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jidaigeki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jidaigeki"},{"link_name":"period drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_drama"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier2018176-36"},{"link_name":"Hōjōki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dj%C5%8Dki"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier2018180%E2%80%93181-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier2018183-38"},{"link_name":"Zen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier2005233Cavallaro2006121%E2%80%93122-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier2018185-40"},{"link_name":"Helen McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2002185-13"}],"text":"Princess Mononoke marked the first time Miyazaki explored a jidaigeki style – a period drama focusing on the lives of historic Japanese peoples.[36] According to Napier, the film presents a much \"grimmer\" tone than his previous works, inspired by Japanese literary classic Hōjōki (1212).[37] The film also subverts many traditional elements of the jidaigeki genre, such as the portrayals of the Emperor and the samurai as sacred and noble.[38] Additionally, Miyazaki chooses not to follow typical depictions of the Muromachi period such as the development of high culture or Zen aesthetics in Kyoto,[39] opting to focus on the beauty and danger of the natural landscape.[40] However, according to animation scholar Helen McCarthy, Miyazaki was drawn to the period as the Japanese people \"began to feel they could control nature, rather than placate or worship it\".[13]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Hisaishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hisaishi"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2002196-41"},{"link_name":"image album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_album"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy2002189Caraan2020-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHisaishi-43"},{"link_name":"symphony orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_orchestra"},{"link_name":"Czech Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaraan2020-44"}],"text":"As with many of Miyazaki's previous films, the film's score was composed by Joe Hisaishi.[41] According to McCarthy, the development of the score involved a much closer collaboration between the two than on previous works. Hisaishi first composed an image album – a collection of demos and musical sketches that serve as a precursor to the finished score – which was then reworked into the final score, performed by the Tokyo City Philharmonic.[42] Tokuma Shoten released the image album in July 1996 and the soundtrack album in July 1997.[43] A third version of the soundtrack, arranged for symphony orchestra and performed by the Czech Philharmonic, was released in 1998.[44]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HayaoMiyazakiCCJuly09.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hayao Miyazaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toshio_Suzuki,_Howl%27s_Moving_Castle_premiere.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toshio Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshio_Suzuki_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2008414-45"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_(division)"},{"link_name":"Castle in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_in_the_Sky"},{"link_name":"Kiki's Delivery Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiki%27s_Delivery_Service"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier2018179-46"},{"link_name":"Nippon TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_TV"},{"link_name":"audience share","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audience_share"},{"link_name":"Spirited Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirited_Away"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamano_et_al.200758%E2%80%9359-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalbraith2008414-45"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBox_Office_Mojo-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapman2022-49"}],"text":"Director Hayao Miyazaki in 2009Producer Toshio Suzuki in 2004Princess Mononoke was released theatrically in Japan on July 12, 1997.[45]Since Walt Disney Studios had made a distribution deal with Tokuma Shoten for Studio Ghibli's films in 1996, it was the first film from Studio Ghibli along with Castle in the Sky (1986) Kiki's Delivery Service (1989) to have been dubbed into English by Disney.[46]The film was aired on Nippon TV in Japan on January 22, 1999. It reached a 35.1% audience share, making it the broadcaster's second-most-viewed film at the time behind Spirited Away (2001).[47]On April 29, 2000, the English version of Princess Mononoke was released theatrically in Japan along with the documentary Mononoke hime in U.S.[45] The film had a limited theatrical re-release in the United States during July 2018,[48] and again during April 2022 for the 25th anniversary of its original Japanese release.[49]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"distribution rental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_rental"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"E.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbert1999a-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kogyotsushin-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"verification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing anime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_anime_films"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Animerica-54"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBox_Office_Mojo-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBox_Office_Mojo-48"},{"link_name":"GKIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKIDS"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBox_Office_Mojo-48"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Mononoke&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ghibli2020-1"},{"link_name":"Japan Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Society_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Princess Mononoke was the highest-grossing Japanese film of 1997, earning ¥11.3 billion in distribution rental earnings.[50] It became the highest-grossing film in Japan, beating the record set by E.T. in 1982, but was surpassed several months later by Titanic.[51] The film earned total domestic gross receipts of ¥20.18 billion.[52] The film remained in the top 5 films at the box office for 22 weeks.[53][verification needed]It was the highest-grossing anime film in the United States in January 2001, but because its US release was only in select theaters, the film did not fare as well financially in the country when released in October 1999. It grossed US$2.2 million in its first eight weeks.[54][48] The film earned a total of US$11 million outside Japan, bringing its worldwide total to US$159 million at the time.[48] On December 6, 2016, GKIDS announced that it would screen the film in US cinemas on January 5 and January 9, 2017 to celebrate its 20th anniversary,[55] bundled with the On Your Mark short.[56] The film's limited US re-release in 2018 grossed US$1.4 million over five days, bringing its US total to US$3.7 million and worldwide total to US$160 million.[48] As of 2020[update], the film has grossed US$194.3 million.[1]For its 25th anniversary, the film was screened at New York City's Japan Society on July 22, 2022.[57]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Buena Vista Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Tokuma Shoten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokuma_Shoten"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENausicaa.net_b-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2007-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnime_News_Network2000a-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnime_News_Network2000b-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vhsrelease-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnime_News_Network2000c-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vhsrelease-62"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Numbers-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolo2015-65"},{"link_name":"GKIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKIDS"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGiardina2017-66"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Mononoke&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Numbers-64"},{"link_name":"foreign language film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_language_film"},{"link_name":"home video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video"},{"link_name":"Spirited Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirited_Away"},{"link_name":"My Neighbor Totoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Neighbor_Totoro"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBFI2020-67"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"In Japan, the film was released on VHS by Buena Vista Home Entertainment in 1997, as well as by Tokuma Shoten in 1998.[58] By 2007, Princess Mononoke sold 4.4 million DVD units in Japan.[59]The DVD release of Princess Mononoke in North America was not initially to include the Japanese audio track. Multiple online petitions were opened to retain it,[60] and the original August 2000 release was delayed as a result.[61][62] Miramax Home Entertainment released the DVD on December 19, 2000, with the original Japanese audio, the English dubbed audio and extras including a trailer and a documentary with interviews from the English dub voice actors.[63] It would then have its sell-through VHS release on March 13, 2001.[62]Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released Princess Mononoke on Blu-ray on November 18, 2014. In its first week, it sold 21,860 units; by November 23, 2014, it had grossed US$502,332.[64] It was later included in Disney's \"The Collected Works of Hayao Miyazaki\" Blu-ray set, released on November 17, 2015.[65] GKIDS re-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on October 17, 2017.[66] As of October 2020[update], the film has grossed US$9.2 million from Blu-ray sales in the United States.[64]In the United Kingdom, the film's Studio Ghibli anniversary release appeared several times on the annual lists of bestselling foreign language film on home video, ranking number three in 2019, below Spirited Away (2001) and My Neighbor Totoro (1988).[67]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvey Weinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Weinstein"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2005-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlpert2020141%E2%80%93142-69"},{"link_name":"Neil Gaiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Gaiman"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2019-70"}],"sub_title":"English dub","text":"In response to demands from Miramax chairman Harvey Weinstein to edit the film, producer Toshio Suzuki sent Weinstein a sword with the message \"No cuts.\"[68] Promotion manager Steve Alpert revealed that Weinstein had wanted to trim the film down from 135 minutes to 90 minutes \"despite having promised not to do so\".[69] Weinstein hired Neil Gaiman to write the English script. Despite Gaiman's independent fame as an author, his role as scriptwriter for the dub was not heavily promoted; Studio Ghibli requested that Miramax remove some executives' names from the poster for the film.[70]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERotten_Tomatoes-71"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetacritic-72"},{"link_name":"Aaron Gerow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Gerow"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerow1997-73"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlady1998-74"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbert1999a-51"},{"link_name":"Ty Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Burr"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurr1999-75"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Turan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Turan"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuran1999-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1999-77"},{"link_name":"Animage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animage"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnime_News_Network2001-78"},{"link_name":"Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Empire''-79"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(company)"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETime_Out-80"},{"link_name":"Total Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Film"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Total_Film''-81"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 93% of 117 critic reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's consensus reads, \"With its epic story and breathtaking visuals, Princess Mononoke is a landmark in the world of animation.\"[71] On Metacritic, it has an average score of 76 out of 100 based on 29 reviews, indictating \"generally favorable reviews\".[72]The Daily Yomiuri's Aaron Gerow called the film a \"powerful compilation of Miyazaki's world, a cumulative statement of his moral and filmic concerns.\"[73] Leonard Klady of Variety said that Princess Mononoke \"is not only more sharply drawn, it has an extremely complex and adult script\" and the film \"has the soul of a romantic epic, and its lush tones, elegant score by Joe Hisaishi and full-blooded characterizations give it the sweep of cinema's most grand canvases\".[74] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called Princess Mononoke \"a great achievement and a wonderful experience, and one of the best films of the year.\"[51] Ty Burr of Entertainment Weekly called the film \"a windswept pinnacle of its art\" and that it \"has the effect of making the average Disney film look like just another toy story\".[75] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said that the film \"brings a very different sensibility to animation, a medium [Miyazaki] views as completely suitable for straight dramatic narrative and serious themes.\"[76] In his review, Dave Smith from Gamers' Republic called it \"one of the greatest animated films ever created, and easily one of the best films of 1999\".[77]In 2001, Animage ranked Princess Mononoke 47th in their list of the 100 best anime.[78] It ranked 488th on Empire's list of the 500 greatest films.[79] Time Out ranked the film 26th on 50 greatest animated films.[80] It also ranked 26 on Total Film's list of 50 greatest animated films.[81]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJapan_Academy_Film_Prize-82"},{"link_name":"70th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Japanese submission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Japanese_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcademy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences1997-83"},{"link_name":"Annie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Award"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnie_Awards-84"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"Princess Mononoke is the first animated feature film to win the Japan Academy Prize for Best Picture.[82] For the 70th Academy Awards ceremony, Princess Mononoke was the Japanese submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not successfully nominated.[83] Hayao Miyazaki was also nominated for an Annie Award for his work on the film.[84]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier2018182-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENapier2018177-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenison20181-100"},{"link_name":"James Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Avatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Pandora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_(Avatar)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sankei-101"}],"text":"According to Napier, Princess Mononoke is \"considered by many to be Miyazaki's most important work\".[97] The film's release was a \"cultural phenomenon\" in Japan,[98] breaking box office records previously held only by Hollywood films, which Denison feels was \"reflective of a general trend towards the globalization of anime\".[99]James Cameron cited Princess Mononoke as an influence on his 2009 film Avatar. He acknowledged that it shares themes with Princess Mononoke, including its clash between cultures and civilizations, and cited Princess Mononoke as an influence on the ecosystem of Pandora.[100]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Nick Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Park"},{"link_name":"Aardman Animations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardman_Animations"},{"link_name":"Toshio Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshio_Suzuki_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"New Diorama Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Diorama_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Lyn Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_Gardner"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"sub_title":"Stage adaptation","text":"In 2012, it was announced that Studio Ghibli and British theater company Whole Hog Theatre would be bringing Princess Mononoke to the stage. It is the first stage adaptation of a Studio Ghibli work.[101] The contact between Whole Hog Theatre and Studio Ghibli was facilitated by Nick Park of Aardman Animations after he sent footage of Whole Hog performances to Studio Ghibli's Toshio Suzuki.[102] The play features large puppets made out of recycled and reclaimed materials.[103]The first performances were scheduled for London's New Diorama Theatre and sold out in 72 hours, a year in advance.[104][105] In March 2013, it was announced that the show would transfer to Japan after its first run of shows in London. A second series of performances followed in London after the return from Tokyo. The second run of London performances sold out in four and half hours.[106][107] The play received positive reviews and was one of Lyn Gardner's theater picks in The Guardian.[108][109][110][111][112]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-92"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdellLe_Blanc2009112-91"}],"text":"^ Princess Mononoke was the first animated film to be nominated for, and receive, this award.[91]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Nature and the Smiths in Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/40841904"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.6184/TKR.201906_49(2).0002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.6184%2FTKR.201906_49%282%29.0002"},{"link_name":"\"Creatures in Crisis: Apocalyptic Environmental Visions in Miyazaki's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind and Princess Mononoke\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5250%2Fresilience.2.3.0172"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5250%2Fresilience.2.3.0172"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"156400474","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156400474"}],"text":"Cheng, Catherine (June 2019). \"Nature and the Smiths in Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke\" (PDF). Tamkang Review. 49 (2): 27–48. doi:10.6184/TKR.201906_49(2).0002.\nMorgan, Gwendolyn (2015). \"Creatures in Crisis: Apocalyptic Environmental Visions in Miyazaki's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind and Princess Mononoke\". Resilience: A Journal of the Environmental Humanities. 2 (3): 172–183. doi:10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172. JSTOR 10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172. S2CID 156400474.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Some of the film's natural scenery was inspired by Miyazaki's visit to the forests of Yakushima.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Shiratani_Unsui_Gorge_17.jpg/240px-Shiratani_Unsui_Gorge_17.jpg"},{"image_text":"3D rendering was used to create writhing demon flesh that was digitally composited onto a hand-drawn Ashitaka.[21]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Mononoke_hime_cgi.png/240px-Mononoke_hime_cgi.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Loo, Egan (December 15, 2020). \"Spirited Away, 3 Other Ghibli Films' Box Office Totals Rose Due to This Year's Revival Screenings\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-12-15/spirited-away-3-other-ghibli-films-box-office-totals-rose-due-to-this-year-revival-screenings/.167459","url_text":"\"Spirited Away, 3 Other Ghibli Films' Box Office Totals Rose Due to This Year's Revival Screenings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210727062431/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-12-15/spirited-away-3-other-ghibli-films-box-office-totals-rose-due-to-this-year-revival-screenings/.167459","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How Spirited Away Changed Animation Forever\". Time. July 20, 2021. Archived from the original on August 5, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/6081937/spirited-away-changed-animation-studio-ghibli/","url_text":"\"How Spirited Away Changed Animation Forever\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230805005044/https://time.com/6081937/spirited-away-changed-animation-studio-ghibli/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Stephen. \"Princess Mononoke: The masterpiece that flummoxed the US\". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220713-princess-mononoke-the-masterpiece-that-flummoxed-the-us","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke: The masterpiece that flummoxed the US\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230822101308/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220713-princess-mononoke-the-masterpiece-that-flummoxed-the-us","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"5 reasons to celebrate Princess Mononoke: Hayao Miyazaki's animated masterpiece turns 20\". BFI. July 12, 2017. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023. Retrieved August 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/five-reasons-princess-mononoke-hayao-miyazaki-ghibli","url_text":"\"5 reasons to celebrate Princess Mononoke: Hayao Miyazaki's animated masterpiece turns 20\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230822102810/https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/five-reasons-princess-mononoke-hayao-miyazaki-ghibli","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kako haikyū shūnyū jōi sakuhin 1997-nen\" (in Japanese). Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eiren.org/toukei/1997.html","url_text":"\"Kako haikyū shūnyū jōi sakuhin 1997-nen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190626203404/http://www.eiren.org/toukei/1997.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"歴代興収ベスト100\" [All-time box office top 100] (in Japanese). Kogyo Tsushinsha. Archived from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kogyotsushin.com/archives/alltime/","url_text":"\"歴代興収ベスト100\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170808031813/http://www.kogyotsushin.com/archives/alltime/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Top 15\". Screen International. December 12, 1997. p. 47.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_International","url_text":"Screen International"}]},{"reference":"\"Anime Radar: News\". Animerica. 9 (2). San Francisco, California: Viz Media: 32. March 2001. ISSN 1067-0831. OCLC 27130932.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animerica","url_text":"Animerica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media","url_text":"Viz Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0831","url_text":"1067-0831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27130932","url_text":"27130932"}]},{"reference":"\"'Princess Mononoke: 20th Anniversary' Comes to U.S. Cinemas on January 5 and 9 Only\". Anime News Network. December 6, 2016. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2016-12-05/princess-mononoke-20th-anniversary-comes-to-u.s-cinemas-on-january-5-and-9-only/.109540","url_text":"\"'Princess Mononoke: 20th Anniversary' Comes to U.S. Cinemas on January 5 and 9 Only\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028225422/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2016-12-05/princess-mononoke-20th-anniversary-comes-to-u.s-cinemas-on-january-5-and-9-only/.109540","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Princess Mononoke to Screen in U.S. Theaters With 'On Your Mark' Short\". Anime News Network. December 6, 2016. Archived from the original on January 4, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-12-05/princess-mononoke-to-screen-in-u.s-theaters-with-on-your-mark-short/.109525","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke to Screen in U.S. Theaters With 'On Your Mark' Short\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210104051457/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-12-05/princess-mononoke-to-screen-in-u.s-theaters-with-on-your-mark-short/.109525","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Japan Society's Monthly Anime Series Screens The Night is Short, Walk on Girl- June 17, 2022 Princess Mononoke, 25th Anniversary Screening in 35mm- July 22, 2022\". Japan Society via Anime News Network. June 4, 2022. Archived from the original on April 17, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2022-06-04/japan-society-monthly-anime-series-screens-the-night-is-short-walk-on-girl-june-17-2022-princess-/.186296","url_text":"\"Japan Society's Monthly Anime Series Screens The Night is Short, Walk on Girl- June 17, 2022 Princess Mononoke, 25th Anniversary Screening in 35mm- July 22, 2022\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Society_(Manhattan)","url_text":"Japan Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230417043810/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2022-06-04/japan-society-monthly-anime-series-screens-the-night-is-short-walk-on-girl-june-17-2022-princess-/.186296","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Princess Mononoke (movie)\". Anime News Network. Retrieved March 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=197&page=28","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke (movie)\""}]},{"reference":"Ito, Norihiro (December 25, 2009). \"新作「アバター」宮崎アニメにオマージュ Ｊ・キャメロン監督 (New Film Avatar Homage to Miyazaki's Animated Film: J. Cameron)\". Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 28, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091228082425/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/entertainers/091225/tnr0912250750004-n2.htm","url_text":"\"新作「アバター」宮崎アニメにオマージュ Ｊ・キャメロン監督 (New Film Avatar Homage to Miyazaki's Animated Film: J. Cameron)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankei_Shimbun","url_text":"Sankei Shimbun"},{"url":"http://sankei.jp.mstn.com/entertainments/entertainers/091225/tnr0912250750004-n2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"An Anime Hit Is Reborn on the Stage\". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429084820/http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2013/04/26/an-anime-hit-is-reborn-on-the-stage/","url_text":"\"An Anime Hit Is Reborn on the Stage\""},{"url":"https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2013/04/26/an-anime-hit-is-reborn-on-the-stage/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Studio Ghibli Explains How UK \"Princess Mononoke\" Stage Play Got OKed\". CrunchyRoll. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/04/19-1/studio-ghibli-explained-how-uk-princess-mononoked-stage-play-got-oked","url_text":"\"Studio Ghibli Explains How UK \"Princess Mononoke\" Stage Play Got OKed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402110519/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/04/19-1/studio-ghibli-explained-how-uk-princess-mononoked-stage-play-got-oked","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"EXCLUSIVE: News on the Upcoming Stage Adaptation of Miyazaki Hayao's Anime Classic PRINCESS MONONOKE!\". Twitch. Archived from the original on June 1, 2015. Retrieved March 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150601002522/http://twitchfilm.com/2012/11/exclusive-news-on-the-upcoming-stage-adaptation-of-miyazaki-hayaos-anime-classic-princess-mononoke.html","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: News on the Upcoming Stage Adaptation of Miyazaki Hayao's Anime Classic PRINCESS MONONOKE!\""},{"url":"http://twitchfilm.com/2012/11/exclusive-news-on-the-upcoming-stage-adaptation-of-miyazaki-hayaos-anime-classic-princess-mononoke.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Stage Adaptation of 'Princess Mononoke' Coming To London; Sold Out Almost A Year In Advance\". Slash Film. September 24, 2012. Archived from the original on March 30, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/official-stage-adaptation-of-princess-mononoke-coming-to-london-sold-out-almost-a-year-in-advance/","url_text":"\"Official Stage Adaptation of 'Princess Mononoke' Coming To London; Sold Out Almost A Year In Advance\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130330155929/http://www.slashfilm.com/official-stage-adaptation-of-princess-mononoke-coming-to-london-sold-out-almost-a-year-in-advance/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Princess Mononoke Comes to London Stage\". Escapist Magazine. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825075423/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/118581-Princess-Mononoke-Comes-to-London-Stage","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke Comes to London Stage\""},{"url":"http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/118581-Princess-Mononoke-Comes-to-London-Stage","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Princess Mononoke Stage Play Heads to Japan\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on March 8, 2013. Retrieved March 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-03-05/princess-mononoke-stage-play-heads-to-japan","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke Stage Play Heads to Japan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130308034700/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-03-05/princess-mononoke-stage-play-heads-to-japan","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Whole Hog Theatre Announces Further Performances of Princess Mononoke at the New Diorama Theatre, London\". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on November 6, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-02-21/whole-hog-theatre-announces-further-performances-of-princess-mononoke","url_text":"\"Whole Hog Theatre Announces Further Performances of Princess Mononoke at the New Diorama Theatre, London\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141106234223/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-02-21/whole-hog-theatre-announces-further-performances-of-princess-mononoke","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"UK stage adaptation of Princess Mononoke met with praise\". Flixster. Archived from the original on June 25, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140625073502/http://www.flixist.com/uk-stage-adaptation-of-princess-mononoke-met-with-praise-215352.phtml","url_text":"\"UK stage adaptation of Princess Mononoke met with praise\""},{"url":"http://www.flixist.com/uk-stage-adaptation-of-princess-mononoke-met-with-praise-215352.phtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Princess Mononoke – New Diorama Theatre, London\". The Public Reviews. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130501004333/http://www.thepublicreviews.com/princess-mononoke-new-diorama-theatre-london/","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke – New Diorama Theatre, London\""},{"url":"http://www.thepublicreviews.com/princess-mononoke-new-diorama-theatre-london/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Review of Princess Mononoke Play at the New Diorama Theatre by Wholehog Theatre\". Anime UK News. April 7, 2013. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animeuknews.net/article/106/review-of-princess-mononoke-play-at-the-new-diorama-theatre-by-wholehog-theatre","url_text":"\"Review of Princess Mononoke Play at the New Diorama Theatre by Wholehog Theatre\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130501022426/http://www.animeuknews.net/article/106/review-of-princess-mononoke-play-at-the-new-diorama-theatre-by-wholehog-theatre","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"PRINCESS MONONOKE\". West End Wilma. April 9, 2013. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved April 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.westendwilma.com/princess-mononoke/","url_text":"\"PRINCESS MONONOKE\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130501004453/http://www.westendwilma.com/princess-mononoke/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What to see: Lyn Gardner's theatre tips\". The Guardian. London. March 29, 2013. Archived from the original on August 9, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2013/mar/29/what-to-see-theatre-tips","url_text":"\"What to see: Lyn Gardner's theatre tips\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140809134025/http://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2013/mar/29/what-to-see-theatre-tips","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Alpert, Steve (2020). Sharing a House with the Never-Ending Man: 15 Years at Studio Ghibli. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-1-6117-2057-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Bridge_Press","url_text":"Stone Bridge Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6117-2057-0","url_text":"978-1-6117-2057-0"}]},{"reference":"Cavallaro, Dani (2006). The Anime Art of Hayao Miyazaki. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-2369-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Cavallaro","url_text":"Cavallaro, Dani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2369-9","url_text":"978-0-7864-2369-9"}]},{"reference":"Cavallaro, Dani (2015). Hayao Miyazaki's World Picture. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-9647-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dani_Cavallaro","url_text":"Cavallaro, Dani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9647-1","url_text":"978-0-7864-9647-1"}]},{"reference":"Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (2006). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-1-9333-3010-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Clements","url_text":"Clements, Jonathan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_McCarthy","url_text":"McCarthy, Helen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anime_Encyclopedia","url_text":"The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Bridge_Press","url_text":"Stone Bridge Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9333-3010-5","url_text":"978-1-9333-3010-5"}]},{"reference":"Denison, Rayna, ed. (2018). Princess Mononoke: Understanding Studio Ghibli's Monster Princess. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-5013-2976-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayna_Denison","url_text":"Denison, Rayna"},{"url":"https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/monograph?docid=b-9781501329753","url_text":"Princess Mononoke: Understanding Studio Ghibli's Monster Princess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic","url_text":"Bloomsbury Academic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-2976-0","url_text":"978-1-5013-2976-0"}]},{"reference":"Galbraith, Stuart IV (2008). The Toho Studios Story: A History and Complete Filmography. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1461673743.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarecrow_Press","url_text":"Scarecrow Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1461673743","url_text":"978-1461673743"}]},{"reference":"Greenberg, Raz (2018). Hayao Miyazaki: Exploring the Early Work of Japan's Greatest Animator. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-5013-3594-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/monograph?docid=b-9781501335976&st=hayao+miyazaki","url_text":"Hayao Miyazaki: Exploring the Early Work of Japan's Greatest Animator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic","url_text":"Bloomsbury Academic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5013-3594-5","url_text":"978-1-5013-3594-5"}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Helen (2002) [1999]. Hayao Miyazaki: Master of Japanese Animation. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-1-8806-5641-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_McCarthy","url_text":"McCarthy, Helen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Bridge_Press","url_text":"Stone Bridge Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8806-5641-9","url_text":"978-1-8806-5641-9"}]},{"reference":"Miyazaki, Hayao (1999) [1997]. Princess Mononoke: The Art and Making of Japan's Most Popular Film of All Time. Translated by Schilling, Mark. Hyperion. ISBN 978-0-7868-6609-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki","url_text":"Miyazaki, Hayao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Schilling","url_text":"Schilling, Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_Books","url_text":"Hyperion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7868-6609-0","url_text":"978-0-7868-6609-0"}]},{"reference":"Miyazaki, Hayao (2009) [1996]. Starting Point: 1979–1996. Viz Media. ISBN 978-1-4215-6104-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki","url_text":"Miyazaki, Hayao"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz_Media","url_text":"Viz Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4215-6104-2","url_text":"978-1-4215-6104-2"}]},{"reference":"Napier, Susan J. (2005) [2001]. Anime from Akira to Howl's Moving Castle: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-7051-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_J._Napier","url_text":"Napier, Susan J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_from_Akira_to_Princess_Mononoke","url_text":"Anime from Akira to Howl's Moving Castle: Experiencing Contemporary Japanese Animation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-7051-0","url_text":"978-1-4039-7051-0"}]},{"reference":"Napier, Susan J. (2018). Miyazakiworld: A Life in Art. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3002-2685-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_J._Napier","url_text":"Napier, Susan J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3002-2685-0","url_text":"978-0-3002-2685-0"}]},{"reference":"Odell, Colin; Le Blanc, Michelle (2009). Studio Ghibli: The Films of Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata. Kamera. ISBN 978-1-84243-279-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84243-279-2","url_text":"978-1-84243-279-2"}]},{"reference":"Pike, Deidre M. (2014). Enviro-Toons: Green Themes in Animated Cinema and Television. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-9002-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9002-8","url_text":"978-0-7864-9002-8"}]},{"reference":"Sierra, Wendi; Berwald, Alysah; Guck, Melissa; Maeder, Erica (January 1, 2015). \"Nature, Technology, and Ruined Women: Ecofeminism and Princess Mononoke\". The Seneca Falls Dialogues Journal. 1 (1). Archived from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/sfd/vol1/iss1/5/","url_text":"\"Nature, Technology, and Ruined Women: Ecofeminism and Princess Mononoke\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190213183625/https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/sfd/vol1/iss1/5/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Michelle J.; Parsons, Elizabeth (February 2012). \"Animating child activism: Environmentalism and class politics in Ghibli's Princess Mononoke (1997) and Fox's Fern Gully (1992)\". Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies. 26 (1). Routledge: 25–37. doi:10.1080/10304312.2012.630138. S2CID 144411247.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10304312.2012.630138","url_text":"10.1080/10304312.2012.630138"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144411247","url_text":"144411247"}]},{"reference":"Thevenin, Benjamin (October 1, 2013). \"Princess Mononoke and beyond: New nature narratives for children\". Interactions: Studies in Communication & Culture. 4 (2): 147–170. doi:10.1386/iscc.4.2.147_1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fiscc.4.2.147_1","url_text":"10.1386/iscc.4.2.147_1"}]},{"reference":"\"44 Countries Hoping for Oscar Nominations\" (Press release). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. November 24, 1997. Archived from the original on February 13, 1998. Retrieved December 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19980213090309/http://www.oscars.org/pressreleases/97.11.24.html","url_text":"\"44 Countries Hoping for Oscar Nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences"},{"url":"http://www.oscars.org/pressreleases/97.11.24.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Kyle (August 14, 2019). \"Why people forget Neil Gaiman wrote Mononoke's dub\". Nerdist. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nerdist.com/article/princess-mononoke-neil-gaiman-hayao-miyazaki-miramax/","url_text":"\"Why people forget Neil Gaiman wrote Mononoke's dub\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdist","url_text":"Nerdist"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101081128/https://nerdist.com/article/princess-mononoke-neil-gaiman-hayao-miyazaki-miramax/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New petition for Mononoke\". Anime News Network. July 3, 2000. Archived from the original on September 1, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-07-03/new-petition-for-mononoke","url_text":"\"New petition for Mononoke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130901072519/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-07-03/new-petition-for-mononoke","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Disney blinks\". Anime News Network. August 1, 2000. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-08-01/disney-blinks","url_text":"\"Disney blinks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131217093633/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-08-01/disney-blinks","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Princess Mononoke DVD confirmed\". Anime News Network. October 11, 2000. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved September 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-10-11/princess-mononoke-dvd-confirmed","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke DVD confirmed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131217093638/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-10-11/princess-mononoke-dvd-confirmed","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Animage top 100 anime listing\". Anime News Network. January 15, 2001. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-01-15/animage-top-100-anime-listing","url_text":"\"Animage top 100 anime listing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_News_Network","url_text":"Anime News Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415220509/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-01-15/animage-top-100-anime-listing","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"28th Annual Annie Awards\". Annie Awards. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112936/http://annieawards.org/28th-annie-awards","url_text":"\"28th Annual Annie Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Awards","url_text":"Annie Awards"},{"url":"http://annieawards.org/28th-annie-awards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"BFI Statistical Yearbook 2020. United Kingdom: British Film Institute. 2020. p. 94. Archived from the original on April 27, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bfi.org.uk/industry-data-insights/statistical-yearbook","url_text":"BFI Statistical Yearbook 2020"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute","url_text":"British Film Institute"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220427095000/https://core-cms.bfi.org.uk/media/12815/download","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Princess Mononoke\". Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=princessmononoke.htm","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240103234923/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3932915201/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Xan (September 14, 2005). \"A god among animators\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 25, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,1569689,00.html","url_text":"\"A god among animators\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080625111513/http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,1569689,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burr, Ty (October 29, 1999). \"Princess Mononoke Review\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved September 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Burr","url_text":"Burr, Ty"},{"url":"https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,64321,00.html","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141025215927/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,64321,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Caraan, Sophie (April 16, 2020). \"Princess Mononoke soundtrack to receive first ever vinyl release\". Hypebeast. Archived from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved February 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://hypebeast.com/2020/4/princess-mononoke-soundtracks-vinyl-release-studio-ghibli","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke soundtrack to receive first ever vinyl release\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypebeast_(company)","url_text":"Hypebeast"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220128210521/https://hypebeast.com/2020/4/princess-mononoke-soundtracks-vinyl-release-studio-ghibli","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Paul (March 23, 2022). \"Princess Mononoke 25th Anniversary screenings hit theaters in April\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2022/03/23-1/princess-mononoke-25th-anniversary-screenings-hit-theaters-in-april","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke 25th Anniversary screenings hit theaters in April\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll","url_text":"Crunchyroll"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220404001432/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2022/03/23-1/princess-mononoke-25th-anniversary-screenings-hit-theaters-in-april","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (October 24, 1999). \"Director Miyazaki draws American attention\". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2009 – via Industry Central.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert","url_text":"Ebert, Roger"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180131080957/http://www.industrycentral.net/director_interviews/HM01.HTM","url_text":"\"Director Miyazaki draws American attention\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"},{"url":"http://www.industrycentral.net/director_interviews/HM01.HTM","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger (October 29, 1999). \"Princess Mononoke\". Rogerebert.com. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/princess-mononoke-1999","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306121035/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/princess-mononoke-1999","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time\". Empire. Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111120231503/http://www.empireonline.com/500/3.asp","url_text":"\"The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(film_magazine)","url_text":"Empire"},{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/500/3.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"映画賞 受賞者一覧\" [List of film award winners] (in Japanese). Fumiko Yamaji Cultural Foundation. Archived from the original on February 2, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yamaji-fumiko.org/movieaward/prizelist.html","url_text":"\"映画賞 受賞者一覧\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180202071954/http://www.yamaji-fumiko.org/movieaward/prizelist.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gerow, Aaron (July 10, 1997). \"A spirited battle for nature\". Yomiuri Shimbun. p. 9. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved January 24, 2024 – via Nausicaa.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/mh/reviews.html#yomiuri","url_text":"\"A spirited battle for nature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun","url_text":"Yomiuri Shimbun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230108053338/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/mh/reviews.html#yomiuri","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausicaa.net","url_text":"Nausicaa.net"}]},{"reference":"Giardina, Carolyn (July 17, 2017). \"GKIDS, Studio Ghibli ink home entertainment deal\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on August 3, 2017. Retrieved July 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/gkids-studio-ghibli-ink-home-entertainment-deal-1021746","url_text":"\"GKIDS, Studio Ghibli ink home entertainment deal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170803090028/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/gkids-studio-ghibli-ink-home-entertainment-deal-1021746","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Green, Scott (March 14, 2014). \"Viz to release Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke: The First Story\". Crunchyroll. Archived from the original on December 30, 2023. Retrieved December 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2014/3/7/viz-to-release-hayao-miyazakis-princess-mononoke-the-first-story","url_text":"\"Viz to release Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke: The First Story\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crunchyroll","url_text":"Crunchyroll"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231230005301/https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2014/3/7/viz-to-release-hayao-miyazakis-princess-mononoke-the-first-story","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hamano, Keiji; Kitae, Hiroyuki; Udagawa, Shoji; Watanabe, Yasuko; Uchiyama, Takashi (November 2007). The Japanese Market for UK Films. Cinema Alliance Limited, UK Film Council, British Film Institute. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2022 – via Yumpu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/18620778/the-japanese-market-for-uk-films-bfi","url_text":"The Japanese Market for UK Films"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Film_Council","url_text":"UK Film Council"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Film_Institute","url_text":"British Film Institute"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220923134131/https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/18620778/the-japanese-market-for-uk-films-bfi","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumpu","url_text":"Yumpu"}]},{"reference":"Hisaishi, Joe. \"Discography\". Joe Hisaishi Official Site (in Japanese). Archived from the original on June 4, 2010. Retrieved March 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Hisaishi","url_text":"Hisaishi, Joe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100604184310/http://joehisaishi.com/discography.php?cat=soundtrack","url_text":"\"Discography\""},{"url":"http://joehisaishi.com/discography.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"International Press Academy: Satellite Awards\". International Press Academy. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100106221121/http://pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2000.shtml","url_text":"\"International Press Academy: Satellite Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Press_Academy","url_text":"International Press Academy"},{"url":"https://pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2000.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"21st Japan Academy Film Prize Winners\". Japan Academy Film Prize. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.japan-academy-prize.jp/prizes/?t=21","url_text":"\"21st Japan Academy Film Prize Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Academy_Film_Prize","url_text":"Japan Academy Film Prize"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170903222412/http://www.japan-academy-prize.jp/prizes/?t=21","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"第15回ゴールデングロス賞受賞作品\" [15th Golden Gross Award Winners] (in Japanese). Japan Association of Theater Owners. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zenkoren.or.jp/zenkoren/goldengross/15_goldengross","url_text":"\"第15回ゴールデングロス賞受賞作品\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230604174126/https://www.zenkoren.or.jp/zenkoren/goldengross/15_goldengross/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"第39回日本レコード大賞\" [39th Japan Record Awards] (in Japanese). Japan Composer's Association. Archived from the original on January 5, 2024. Retrieved January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jacompa.or.jp/record/39.php","url_text":"\"第39回日本レコード大賞\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Composer%27s_Association","url_text":"Japan Composer's Association"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240105224959/https://jacompa.or.jp/record/39.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jolin, Dan (September 2009). \"Miyazaki on Miyazaki: The animation genius on his movies\". Empire. Archived from the original on April 15, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/hayao-miyazaki/","url_text":"\"Miyazaki on Miyazaki: The animation genius on his movies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_(magazine)","url_text":"Empire"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230415205844/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/hayao-miyazaki/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kitano, Ryuichi (January 29, 2016). \"Hayao Miyazaki: Leprosy scene in Mononoke Hime inspired by real-life experience\". Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on January 30, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160130093058/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201601290032","url_text":"\"Hayao Miyazaki: Leprosy scene in Mononoke Hime inspired by real-life experience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun","url_text":"Asahi Shimbun"},{"url":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201601290032","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klady, Leonard (January 29, 1998). \"Princess Mononoke\". Variety. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117467127","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020125832/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117467127/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"52nd Mainichi Film Awards Winners\". Mainichi Shimbun. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://mainichi.jp/mfa/history/052.html","url_text":"\"52nd Mainichi Film Awards Winners\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainichi_Shimbun","url_text":"Mainichi Shimbun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191028075209/http://mainichi.jp/enta/cinema/mfa/etc/history/52.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Matsumoto, Hitoshi; Hamada, Masatoshi (November 26, 2013). \"鈴木 敏夫 100秒博士アカデミー\" [Toshio Suzuki, 100 Byo Hakase Academy]. 100秒博士アカデミー (in Japanese). TBS. RCC. Archived from the original on January 29, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tbs.co.jp/100byouhakaseacademy/backnumber/bn201311.html#bn20131126","url_text":"\"鈴木 敏夫 100秒博士アカデミー\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBS_Television_(Japan)","url_text":"TBS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCC_Broadcasting","url_text":"RCC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140129080027/http://www.tbs.co.jp/100byouhakaseacademy/backnumber/bn201311.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Princess Mononoke\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/princess-mononoke","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220426130147/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/princess-mononoke","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Nakamura, Hitoshi (May 23, 2007). \"110万冊無料配布。\"ゲドを読む。\"の狙いを読む 宮崎吾朗監督作品「ゲド戦記」DVDのユニークなプロモーション\" (in Japanese). Nikkei Business. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194818/https://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/manage/20070521/125248/","url_text":"\"110万冊無料配布。\"ゲドを読む。\"の狙いを読む 宮崎吾朗監督作品「ゲド戦記」DVDのユニークなプロモーション\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei_Business_Publications","url_text":"Nikkei Business"},{"url":"https://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/manage/20070521/125248/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Princess Mononoke – Credits\". Nausicaa.net. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/mh/credits.html","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke – Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausicaa.net","url_text":"Nausicaa.net"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100612093154/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/mh/credits.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Princess Mononoke – Video list\". Nausicaa.net. Archived from the original on June 7, 2009. Retrieved January 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/video/mh","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke – Video list\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausicaa.net","url_text":"Nausicaa.net"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090607023737/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/video/mh/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"日刊スポーツ映画大賞 – 歴代受賞者・作品\" [Nikkan Sports Film Award – Past winners and works]. Nikkan Sports. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/award/ns-cinema/history/index.html","url_text":"\"日刊スポーツ映画大賞 – 歴代受賞者・作品\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkan_Sports","url_text":"Nikkan Sports"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170903171200/https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/award/ns-cinema/history/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mononoke-hime (1999) – Video sales\". The Numbers. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Mononoke-hime#tab=video-sales","url_text":"\"Mononoke-hime (1999) – Video sales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210804022301/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Mononoke-hime#tab=video-sales","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Polo, Susana (July 30, 2015). \"The complete Hayao Miyazaki collection is pretty enough to spirit you away\". Polygon. Archived from the original on July 31, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/7/30/9075583/complete-hayao-miyazaki-collection","url_text":"\"The complete Hayao Miyazaki collection is pretty enough to spirit you away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150731214407/http://www.polygon.com/2015/7/30/9075583/complete-hayao-miyazaki-collection","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Princess Mononoke (Mononoke-hime)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on July 21, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/princess_mononoke_1999/","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke (Mononoke-hime)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230721075259/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/princess_mononoke_1999/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Past Saturn Awards\". Saturn Awards. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927071657/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html#homevideo","url_text":"\"Past Saturn Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_Awards","url_text":"Saturn Awards"},{"url":"http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2000 Nebula Awards\". Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nebulas.sfwa.org/award-year/2000/","url_text":"\"2000 Nebula Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Writers_of_America","url_text":"Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220129042431/https://nebulas.sfwa.org/award-year/2000/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Dave (December 1999). \"Anime Republic\". Gamers' Republic. Vol. 19, no. 2–07. Retrieved January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Gamers_Republic_Issue_19_December_1999/page/n121/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Anime Republic\""}]},{"reference":"\"報知映画賞 受賞作品・受賞者\" [Hochi Film Award winning works]. Sports Hochi (in Japanese). Archived from the original on December 14, 2005. Retrieved January 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051214224355/https://www.hochi.co.jp/html/db/geinou/hochimovie.htm","url_text":"\"報知映画賞 受賞作品・受賞者\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Hochi","url_text":"Sports Hochi"},{"url":"https://www.hochi.co.jp/html/db/geinou/hochimovie.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"第12回高崎映画祭 受賞者・受賞作品\" [12th Takasaki Film Festival winning works] (in Japanese). Takasaki Film Festival [ja]. Archived from the original on May 30, 2023. Retrieved January 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://takasakifilmfes.jp/awards/405/","url_text":"\"第12回高崎映画祭 受賞者・受賞作品\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Takasaki_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Takasaki Film Festival"},{"url":"https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B4%8E%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB%E7%A5%AD","url_text":"ja"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230530082623/https://takasakifilmfes.jp/awards/405/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Time Out's 50 greatest animated films: Part 3\". Time Out. Archived from the original on October 8, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091008102752/http://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/8838/","url_text":"\"Time Out's 50 greatest animated films: Part 3\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(company)","url_text":"Time Out"},{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/8838/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Toyama, Ryoko. \"Princess Mononoke – frequently asked questions\". Nausicaa.net. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/mh/faq.html","url_text":"\"Princess Mononoke – frequently asked questions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nausicaa.net","url_text":"Nausicaa.net"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170213124627/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/mh/faq.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kinnear, Simon. \"50 Greatest Animated Movies\". Total Film. Archived from the original on May 23, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.totalfilm.com/features/50-greatest-animated-movies","url_text":"\"50 Greatest Animated Movies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Film","url_text":"Total Film"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140523152706/http://www.totalfilm.com/features/50-greatest-animated-movies","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Turan, Kenneth (October 29, 1999). \"Mononoke a Haunting, Magical World of Fantasy\". Los Angeles Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Turan","url_text":"Turan, Kenneth"},{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1999/oct/29/entertainment/ca-27340","url_text":"\"Mononoke a Haunting, Magical World of Fantasy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016124952/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/oct/29/entertainment/ca-27340","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yanagihara, Hanya (May 17, 2018). \"A real-life enchanted forest\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanya_Yanagihara","url_text":"Yanagihara, Hanya"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/t-magazine/yakushima-japan-hayao-miyazaki-princess-mononoke.html","url_text":"\"A real-life enchanted forest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210222165442/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/t-magazine/yakushima-japan-hayao-miyazaki-princess-mononoke.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cheng, Catherine (June 2019). \"Nature and the Smiths in Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke\" (PDF). Tamkang Review. 49 (2): 27–48. doi:10.6184/TKR.201906_49(2).0002.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/40841904","url_text":"\"Nature and the Smiths in Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.6184%2FTKR.201906_49%282%29.0002","url_text":"10.6184/TKR.201906_49(2).0002"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Gwendolyn (2015). \"Creatures in Crisis: Apocalyptic Environmental Visions in Miyazaki's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind and Princess Mononoke\". Resilience: A Journal of the Environmental Humanities. 2 (3): 172–183. doi:10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172. JSTOR 10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172. S2CID 156400474.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5250%2Fresilience.2.3.0172","url_text":"\"Creatures in Crisis: Apocalyptic Environmental Visions in Miyazaki's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind and Princess Mononoke\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5250%2Fresilience.2.3.0172","url_text":"10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172","url_text":"10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156400474","url_text":"156400474"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Mononoke&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Princess_Mononoke&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-12-15/spirited-away-3-other-ghibli-films-box-office-totals-rose-due-to-this-year-revival-screenings/.167459","external_links_name":"\"Spirited Away, 3 Other Ghibli Films' Box Office Totals Rose Due to This Year's Revival Screenings\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210727062431/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-12-15/spirited-away-3-other-ghibli-films-box-office-totals-rose-due-to-this-year-revival-screenings/.167459","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://time.com/6081937/spirited-away-changed-animation-studio-ghibli/","external_links_name":"\"How Spirited Away Changed Animation Forever\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230805005044/https://time.com/6081937/spirited-away-changed-animation-studio-ghibli/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220713-princess-mononoke-the-masterpiece-that-flummoxed-the-us","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke: The masterpiece that flummoxed the US\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230822101308/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20220713-princess-mononoke-the-masterpiece-that-flummoxed-the-us","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/five-reasons-princess-mononoke-hayao-miyazaki-ghibli","external_links_name":"\"5 reasons to celebrate Princess Mononoke: Hayao Miyazaki's animated masterpiece turns 20\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230822102810/https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/five-reasons-princess-mononoke-hayao-miyazaki-ghibli","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.eiren.org/toukei/1997.html","external_links_name":"\"Kako haikyū shūnyū jōi sakuhin 1997-nen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190626203404/http://www.eiren.org/toukei/1997.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kogyotsushin.com/archives/alltime/","external_links_name":"\"歴代興収ベスト100\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170808031813/http://www.kogyotsushin.com/archives/alltime/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1067-0831","external_links_name":"1067-0831"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27130932","external_links_name":"27130932"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2016-12-05/princess-mononoke-20th-anniversary-comes-to-u.s-cinemas-on-january-5-and-9-only/.109540","external_links_name":"\"'Princess Mononoke: 20th Anniversary' Comes to U.S. Cinemas on January 5 and 9 Only\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201028225422/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2016-12-05/princess-mononoke-20th-anniversary-comes-to-u.s-cinemas-on-january-5-and-9-only/.109540","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-12-05/princess-mononoke-to-screen-in-u.s-theaters-with-on-your-mark-short/.109525","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke to Screen in U.S. Theaters With 'On Your Mark' Short\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210104051457/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-12-05/princess-mononoke-to-screen-in-u.s-theaters-with-on-your-mark-short/.109525","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2022-06-04/japan-society-monthly-anime-series-screens-the-night-is-short-walk-on-girl-june-17-2022-princess-/.186296","external_links_name":"\"Japan Society's Monthly Anime Series Screens The Night is Short, Walk on Girl- June 17, 2022 Princess Mononoke, 25th Anniversary Screening in 35mm- July 22, 2022\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230417043810/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2022-06-04/japan-society-monthly-anime-series-screens-the-night-is-short-walk-on-girl-june-17-2022-princess-/.186296","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=197&page=28","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke (movie)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091228082425/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/entertainments/entertainers/091225/tnr0912250750004-n2.htm","external_links_name":"\"新作「アバター」宮崎アニメにオマージュ Ｊ・キャメロン監督 (New Film Avatar Homage to Miyazaki's Animated Film: J. Cameron)\""},{"Link":"http://sankei.jp.mstn.com/entertainments/entertainers/091225/tnr0912250750004-n2.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130429084820/http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2013/04/26/an-anime-hit-is-reborn-on-the-stage/","external_links_name":"\"An Anime Hit Is Reborn on the Stage\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2013/04/26/an-anime-hit-is-reborn-on-the-stage/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/04/19-1/studio-ghibli-explained-how-uk-princess-mononoked-stage-play-got-oked","external_links_name":"\"Studio Ghibli Explains How UK \"Princess Mononoke\" Stage Play Got OKed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402110519/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/04/19-1/studio-ghibli-explained-how-uk-princess-mononoked-stage-play-got-oked","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150601002522/http://twitchfilm.com/2012/11/exclusive-news-on-the-upcoming-stage-adaptation-of-miyazaki-hayaos-anime-classic-princess-mononoke.html","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: News on the Upcoming Stage Adaptation of Miyazaki Hayao's Anime Classic PRINCESS MONONOKE!\""},{"Link":"http://twitchfilm.com/2012/11/exclusive-news-on-the-upcoming-stage-adaptation-of-miyazaki-hayaos-anime-classic-princess-mononoke.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.slashfilm.com/official-stage-adaptation-of-princess-mononoke-coming-to-london-sold-out-almost-a-year-in-advance/","external_links_name":"\"Official Stage Adaptation of 'Princess Mononoke' Coming To London; Sold Out Almost A Year In Advance\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130330155929/http://www.slashfilm.com/official-stage-adaptation-of-princess-mononoke-coming-to-london-sold-out-almost-a-year-in-advance/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180825075423/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/118581-Princess-Mononoke-Comes-to-London-Stage","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke Comes to London Stage\""},{"Link":"http://www.escapistmagazine.com/news/view/118581-Princess-Mononoke-Comes-to-London-Stage","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-03-05/princess-mononoke-stage-play-heads-to-japan","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke Stage Play Heads to Japan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130308034700/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-03-05/princess-mononoke-stage-play-heads-to-japan","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-02-21/whole-hog-theatre-announces-further-performances-of-princess-mononoke","external_links_name":"\"Whole Hog Theatre Announces Further Performances of Princess Mononoke at the New Diorama Theatre, London\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141106234223/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/press-release/2013-02-21/whole-hog-theatre-announces-further-performances-of-princess-mononoke","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140625073502/http://www.flixist.com/uk-stage-adaptation-of-princess-mononoke-met-with-praise-215352.phtml","external_links_name":"\"UK stage adaptation of Princess Mononoke met with praise\""},{"Link":"http://www.flixist.com/uk-stage-adaptation-of-princess-mononoke-met-with-praise-215352.phtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130501004333/http://www.thepublicreviews.com/princess-mononoke-new-diorama-theatre-london/","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke – New Diorama Theatre, London\""},{"Link":"http://www.thepublicreviews.com/princess-mononoke-new-diorama-theatre-london/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.animeuknews.net/article/106/review-of-princess-mononoke-play-at-the-new-diorama-theatre-by-wholehog-theatre","external_links_name":"\"Review of Princess Mononoke Play at the New Diorama Theatre by Wholehog Theatre\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130501022426/http://www.animeuknews.net/article/106/review-of-princess-mononoke-play-at-the-new-diorama-theatre-by-wholehog-theatre","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.westendwilma.com/princess-mononoke/","external_links_name":"\"PRINCESS MONONOKE\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130501004453/http://www.westendwilma.com/princess-mononoke/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2013/mar/29/what-to-see-theatre-tips","external_links_name":"\"What to see: Lyn Gardner's theatre tips\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140809134025/http://www.theguardian.com/stage/theatreblog/2013/mar/29/what-to-see-theatre-tips","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/monograph?docid=b-9781501329753","external_links_name":"Princess Mononoke: Understanding Studio Ghibli's Monster Princess"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/monograph?docid=b-9781501335976&st=hayao+miyazaki","external_links_name":"Hayao Miyazaki: Exploring the Early Work of Japan's Greatest Animator"},{"Link":"http://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/sfd/vol1/iss1/5/","external_links_name":"\"Nature, Technology, and Ruined Women: Ecofeminism and Princess Mononoke\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190213183625/https://digitalcommons.brockport.edu/sfd/vol1/iss1/5/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10304312.2012.630138","external_links_name":"10.1080/10304312.2012.630138"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144411247","external_links_name":"144411247"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fiscc.4.2.147_1","external_links_name":"10.1386/iscc.4.2.147_1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19980213090309/http://www.oscars.org/pressreleases/97.11.24.html","external_links_name":"\"44 Countries Hoping for Oscar Nominations\""},{"Link":"http://www.oscars.org/pressreleases/97.11.24.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nerdist.com/article/princess-mononoke-neil-gaiman-hayao-miyazaki-miramax/","external_links_name":"\"Why people forget Neil Gaiman wrote Mononoke's dub\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101081128/https://nerdist.com/article/princess-mononoke-neil-gaiman-hayao-miyazaki-miramax/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-07-03/new-petition-for-mononoke","external_links_name":"\"New petition for Mononoke\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130901072519/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-07-03/new-petition-for-mononoke","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-08-01/disney-blinks","external_links_name":"\"Disney blinks\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131217093633/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-08-01/disney-blinks","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-10-11/princess-mononoke-dvd-confirmed","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke DVD confirmed\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131217093638/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2000-10-11/princess-mononoke-dvd-confirmed","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-01-15/animage-top-100-anime-listing","external_links_name":"\"Animage top 100 anime listing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190415220509/https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2001-01-15/animage-top-100-anime-listing","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150630112936/http://annieawards.org/28th-annie-awards","external_links_name":"\"28th Annual Annie Awards\""},{"Link":"http://annieawards.org/28th-annie-awards","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bfi.org.uk/industry-data-insights/statistical-yearbook","external_links_name":"BFI Statistical Yearbook 2020"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220427095000/https://core-cms.bfi.org.uk/media/12815/download","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=princessmononoke.htm","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240103234923/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3932915201/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,1569689,00.html","external_links_name":"\"A god among animators\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080625111513/http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,1569689,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,64321,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141025215927/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,64321,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://hypebeast.com/2020/4/princess-mononoke-soundtracks-vinyl-release-studio-ghibli","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke soundtrack to receive first ever vinyl release\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220128210521/https://hypebeast.com/2020/4/princess-mononoke-soundtracks-vinyl-release-studio-ghibli","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2022/03/23-1/princess-mononoke-25th-anniversary-screenings-hit-theaters-in-april","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke 25th Anniversary screenings hit theaters in April\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220404001432/https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2022/03/23-1/princess-mononoke-25th-anniversary-screenings-hit-theaters-in-april","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180131080957/http://www.industrycentral.net/director_interviews/HM01.HTM","external_links_name":"\"Director Miyazaki draws American attention\""},{"Link":"http://www.industrycentral.net/director_interviews/HM01.HTM","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/princess-mononoke-1999","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306121035/http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/princess-mononoke-1999","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111120231503/http://www.empireonline.com/500/3.asp","external_links_name":"\"The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.empireonline.com/500/3.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.yamaji-fumiko.org/movieaward/prizelist.html","external_links_name":"\"映画賞 受賞者一覧\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180202071954/http://www.yamaji-fumiko.org/movieaward/prizelist.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/mh/reviews.html#yomiuri","external_links_name":"\"A spirited battle for nature\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230108053338/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/mh/reviews.html#yomiuri","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/gkids-studio-ghibli-ink-home-entertainment-deal-1021746","external_links_name":"\"GKIDS, Studio Ghibli ink home entertainment deal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170803090028/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/gkids-studio-ghibli-ink-home-entertainment-deal-1021746","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2014/3/7/viz-to-release-hayao-miyazakis-princess-mononoke-the-first-story","external_links_name":"\"Viz to release Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke: The First Story\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231230005301/https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2014/3/7/viz-to-release-hayao-miyazakis-princess-mononoke-the-first-story","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/18620778/the-japanese-market-for-uk-films-bfi","external_links_name":"The Japanese Market for UK Films"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220923134131/https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/18620778/the-japanese-market-for-uk-films-bfi","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100604184310/http://joehisaishi.com/discography.php?cat=soundtrack","external_links_name":"\"Discography\""},{"Link":"http://joehisaishi.com/discography.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100106221121/http://pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2000.shtml","external_links_name":"\"International Press Academy: Satellite Awards\""},{"Link":"https://pressacademy.com/satawards/awards2000.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.japan-academy-prize.jp/prizes/?t=21","external_links_name":"\"21st Japan Academy Film Prize Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170903222412/http://www.japan-academy-prize.jp/prizes/?t=21","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.zenkoren.or.jp/zenkoren/goldengross/15_goldengross","external_links_name":"\"第15回ゴールデングロス賞受賞作品\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230604174126/https://www.zenkoren.or.jp/zenkoren/goldengross/15_goldengross/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.jacompa.or.jp/record/39.php","external_links_name":"\"第39回日本レコード大賞\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240105224959/https://jacompa.or.jp/record/39.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/hayao-miyazaki/","external_links_name":"\"Miyazaki on Miyazaki: The animation genius on his movies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230415205844/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/features/hayao-miyazaki/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160130093058/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201601290032","external_links_name":"\"Hayao Miyazaki: Leprosy scene in Mononoke Hime inspired by real-life experience\""},{"Link":"http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201601290032","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117467127","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121020125832/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117467127/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mainichi.jp/mfa/history/052.html","external_links_name":"\"52nd Mainichi Film Awards Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191028075209/http://mainichi.jp/enta/cinema/mfa/etc/history/52.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tbs.co.jp/100byouhakaseacademy/backnumber/bn201311.html#bn20131126","external_links_name":"\"鈴木 敏夫 100秒博士アカデミー\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140129080027/http://www.tbs.co.jp/100byouhakaseacademy/backnumber/bn201311.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/princess-mononoke","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220426130147/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/princess-mononoke","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194818/https://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/manage/20070521/125248/","external_links_name":"\"110万冊無料配布。\"ゲドを読む。\"の狙いを読む 宮崎吾朗監督作品「ゲド戦記」DVDのユニークなプロモーション\""},{"Link":"https://business.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/manage/20070521/125248/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/mh/credits.html","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke – Credits\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100612093154/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/mh/credits.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/video/mh","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke – Video list\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090607023737/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/video/mh/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/award/ns-cinema/history/index.html","external_links_name":"\"日刊スポーツ映画大賞 – 歴代受賞者・作品\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170903171200/https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/award/ns-cinema/history/index.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Mononoke-hime#tab=video-sales","external_links_name":"\"Mononoke-hime (1999) – Video sales\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210804022301/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Mononoke-hime#tab=video-sales","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/7/30/9075583/complete-hayao-miyazaki-collection","external_links_name":"\"The complete Hayao Miyazaki collection is pretty enough to spirit you away\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150731214407/http://www.polygon.com/2015/7/30/9075583/complete-hayao-miyazaki-collection","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/princess_mononoke_1999/","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke (Mononoke-hime)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230721075259/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/princess_mononoke_1999/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927071657/http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html#homevideo","external_links_name":"\"Past Saturn Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://nebulas.sfwa.org/award-year/2000/","external_links_name":"\"2000 Nebula Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220129042431/https://nebulas.sfwa.org/award-year/2000/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Gamers_Republic_Issue_19_December_1999/page/n121/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Anime Republic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051214224355/https://www.hochi.co.jp/html/db/geinou/hochimovie.htm","external_links_name":"\"報知映画賞 受賞作品・受賞者\""},{"Link":"https://www.hochi.co.jp/html/db/geinou/hochimovie.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://takasakifilmfes.jp/awards/405/","external_links_name":"\"第12回高崎映画祭 受賞者・受賞作品\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230530082623/https://takasakifilmfes.jp/awards/405/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091008102752/http://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/8838/","external_links_name":"\"Time Out's 50 greatest animated films: Part 3\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/film/features/show-feature/8838/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/mh/faq.html","external_links_name":"\"Princess Mononoke – frequently asked questions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170213124627/http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/mh/faq.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.totalfilm.com/features/50-greatest-animated-movies","external_links_name":"\"50 Greatest Animated Movies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140523152706/http://www.totalfilm.com/features/50-greatest-animated-movies","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/1999/oct/29/entertainment/ca-27340","external_links_name":"\"Mononoke a Haunting, Magical World of Fantasy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121016124952/http://articles.latimes.com/1999/oct/29/entertainment/ca-27340","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/t-magazine/yakushima-japan-hayao-miyazaki-princess-mononoke.html","external_links_name":"\"A real-life enchanted forest\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210222165442/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/17/t-magazine/yakushima-japan-hayao-miyazaki-princess-mononoke.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/40841904","external_links_name":"\"Nature and the Smiths in Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.6184%2FTKR.201906_49%282%29.0002","external_links_name":"10.6184/TKR.201906_49(2).0002"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5250%2Fresilience.2.3.0172","external_links_name":"\"Creatures in Crisis: Apocalyptic Environmental Visions in Miyazaki's Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind and Princess Mononoke\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5250%2Fresilience.2.3.0172","external_links_name":"10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172","external_links_name":"10.5250/resilience.2.3.0172"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156400474","external_links_name":"156400474"},{"Link":"https://www.ghibli.jp/works/mononoke","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119698/","external_links_name":"Princess Mononoke"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v160429","external_links_name":"Princess Mononoke"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=princessmononoke.htm","external_links_name":"Princess Mononoke"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=197","external_links_name":"Princess Mononoke"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/182788178","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13556242d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13556242d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4645606-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987009957428305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/050835009","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Town
Maple Town
["1 Plot summary","2 Characters","2.1 Maple Town","2.2 Palm Town","3 Voice cast","3.1 English","4 Episodes","5 Production","5.1 United States","6 Broadcast history","7 Home video","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
1986 Japanese anime series Maple TownCover of the first DVD box set released in Japan.メイプルタウン物語(Maple Town Monogatari)GenreAdventure, Slice of life Anime television seriesDirected byJunichi SatoProduced byShinji Nabeshima (Asahi Broadcasting)Azuma Kasuga (Asatsu Inc.)Yasuo YamaguchiWritten byShigeru YanagawaMusic byAkiko KosakaStudioToei AnimationAsatsu Inc.Asahi Broadcasting CorporationLicensed byUS: The Kushner-Locke CompanyOriginal networkTV AsahiEnglish networkCA: YTVHK: TVB PearlUS: Syndication (episodes 1-10)Nickelodeon (episodes 11-26)The CBN Family ChannelOriginal run January 19, 1986 (1986-01-19) – January 11, 1987 (1987-01-11)Episodes52 (List of episodes) Anime filmMaple Town MonogatariDirected byJunichi SatoStudioToei AnimationReleasedJuly 12, 1986 (1986-07-12)Runtime30 minutes Anime television seriesNew Maple Town Stories: Palm Town ChapterDirected byHiroshi ShidaraStudioToei AnimationOriginal networkTV AsahiOriginal run January 18 – December 27, 1987 (1987-12-27)Episodes50 (List of episodes) Anime filmNew Maple Town Stories: Home Town CollectionDirected byHiroshi ShidaraStudioToei AnimationReleasedMarch 14, 1987 (1987-03-14)Runtime30 minutes Maple Town, also known as Maple Town Stories (Japanese: メイプルタウン物語, Hepburn: Meipuru Taun Monogatari), is a 1986 Japanese anime series created by Chifude Asakura and directed by Junichi Sato. The series, animated by Toei Animation, consists of 52 half-hour episodes, which aired on TV Asahi in Japan from January 19, 1986, to January 11, 1987. The show focuses on the adventures of Patty Rabbit, Bobby Bear and their families, in a small anthropomorphic city named Maple Town. The series was followed by a 50-episode sequel, New Maple Town Stories: Palm Town Chapter, which retained only Patty Rabbit (and her voice actor, Maya Okamoto) from both series, although Maple Town's citizens made cameos from time to time. To date, this has not had an official English release. The show was dubbed into English and syndicated in the United States in 1987. The program spawned collectable figurines with changeable clothing, as well as houses, furniture and vehicles. Tonka was the US licensee and manufacturer. VHS compilations of Maple Town appeared in North America, Europe and Japan during the late 1980s and early 1990s. As of 2013, official DVDs of the show had surfaced in Japan, Spain and Hungary, with no release plans announced for other territories. Plot summary Patty Hoperabbit, along with her family, arrives in Maple Town, a small town inhabited by friendly animals. However, in a train heist by the sly – if usually "endearingly unsuccessful" – thief, Wilde Wolf stole the mailbag from her father and escaped into the forest. Soon she followed after him to retrieve the mailbag. In the midst of getting the bag back from the thief, she befriends a boy of her age named Bobby Kumanoff who has the bag. After they escape from Wilde Wolf and outwit him, they deliver the mailbag safely to her father. Soon, the Rabbit Family settles in Maple Town as mail carriers and the bitter, yet sweet friendship of Patty and Bobby begins to blossom. At the same time they try to foil Wilde Wolf's plans. The series' setting is Canada around the 1920s, while the setting of Palm Town Chapter is based on the West Coast of the United States around the 1980s. Characters Maple Town The Rabbit Family – Patty, Rachel, Mr. Rabbit, Mrs. Rabbit, Ann, Mick, Grandma and Grandpa Rabbit, Cousin Rabbit, Roger Rabbit The Bear Family – Bobby, Mr. Bear, Mrs. Bear, Kin, Kon and Kan, Bonny The Fox Family – Fanny, Mr. Fredrick Fox, Mrs. Florence Fox and Fred The Cat Family – Mr. Kevin Cat and Mrs. Kathy Cat The Dog Family – Danny, Dr. Dog, Mrs. Dog and Donny The Squirrel Family – Suzie, Squire Squirrel, Mrs. Squirrel and Skippy The Pig Family – Penny, Mr. Pig, Mrs. Pig and Polly The Raccoon Family – Ruthie, Mr. Raccoon, Mrs. Raccoon and Roxie The Mouse Family – Missie, Mr. Mouse, Mrs. Mouse and Marty The Beaver Family – Bucky, Mr. Beaver, Mrs. Beaver and Bitsy The Badger Family – Bert, Mr. Badger, Mrs. Badger and Betty The Mole Family – Maggie, Mr. Mole, Mrs. Mole and Mikey Kirby Cat Mayor Dandy Lion Miss Deer Andra Deer Sheriff Barney Bulldog Sheriff Barney Bulldog's Wife Oscar Otter Master Monkey Dr. Goat Wilde Wolf Gretel Wolf (aka Gretel) Mr. Turtle Kangaroos – Mr. Kangaroo, Mrs. Kangaroo, Coca Kangaroo Mr. Walius Palm Town The Pike Family - Mrs. Jane, Mr. George, Alice The Cocker Family - Rolley, Peter, Mr. Parabura, Mrs. Dahlia The Terrier Family - Joey, Mr. Philip, Mrs. Florence The White Family - Shiela, Mr. Roger The Sheep Family - Mr. Charlie, Mrs. Mary, Sisi, Remi Marina Dietrich Gunter and Big Bro US version: VP of production: J. Edward Bergh Supervising director: Robert V. Barron Live action producer and director: Mary Jo Blue Music: Haim Saban and Shuki Levy Music coordination: Andrew Dimitroff Video editing: Larry Porsche Executive Producers: Haim Saban, Edd Gripes and Ray Volpe Distribution: Saban/The Maltese Companies Voice cast English Karen Hartman - Mrs. Maple (live-action segments, credited as Janice Adams) Rebecca Forstadt – Patty Rabbit (as Reba West) Barbara Goodson – Bobby Bear Steve Kramer – Wilde Wolf Maureen O'Connell – Fanny Fox Barbara Goodson – Mikey Mole Ted Layman – Mayor Lion Episodes Main article: List of Maple Town episodes Production The series was produced by Toei Animation, Asatsu and Asahi Broadcasting, Maple Town was created by Chifude Asakura and directed by Junichi Sato. It served as one of the first projects for Kunihiko Ikuhara, who later joined the crew of Sailor Moon and Revolutionary Girl Utena. Ikuhara served as an assistant director and production manager for some of the show's later episodes. United States In October 1986, toy manufacturer Tonka acquired the rights for US$2.5–3 million and became its US licensee, launching a toy line and ad campaign early the following year. Tonka invested US$7 million on television ads for the toy line. An English-dubbed version, airing in tandem with the toy promotion, starred actress Karen Hartman (credited as Janice Adams), known previously for her other children's TV role as Talkatoo Cockatoo on Zoobilee Zoo, as Mrs. Maple in its book-ending live-action segments. Mrs. Maple was the only human inhabitant of the title town in this version, and she offered each episode's moral lesson. The voice cast included Reba West as Patty Rabbit and Steve Kramer as Wilde Wolf. The English version of Maple Town was produced by Saban Entertainment and The Maltese Companies, the latter of which also produced Spiral Zone, another syndicated series with Tonka, and the 1988 animated feature Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw. Broadcast history The original Maple Town series aired on Sunday mornings in Japan on TV Asahi, from January 19, 1986, until January 11, 1987. Following its 52nd episode, its follow-up, New Maple Town Story: Palm Town Chapter (新メイプルタウン物語-パームタウン編, Shin Maple Town Monogatari: Palm Town Hen), aired in the same time slot. The first ten episodes of the English dub by Saban Entertainment and The Maltese Companies premiered in barter syndication in 1987 as a trial run on US television, then sixteen more episodes premiered on Nickelodeon, where it aired until September 1, 1989. It then aired on The CBN Family Channel/The Family Channel from September 4, 1989 until September 13, 1990. A 65-episode run was originally announced, but only 39 ever reached US television. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, European stations aired Maple Town in their various native languages. In Spain, TVE aired the program under the title La aldea del arce, starting in 1987. In France, the series was distributed by IDDH and broadcast from May 3, 1987, on FR3 in the program Amuse 3 under the name Les Petits Malins. It also aired on RTL Veronique in the Netherlands (as Avonturen in Maple Town); in Finland under the title Seikkailumetsä; in Sweden as Äventyrsskogen; and on Hungary's RTL Klub channel as Juharfalvi történetek. As with Japan, several other countries aired both series of the Maple Town franchise. In Italy, Mediaset's Italia 1 broadcast both iterations of Maple Town during the late 1980s (under the titles Maple Town: Un nido di simpatia and Evviva Palm Town). The combined series aired as Les petits malins on FR3 in France at the time. On Nasza TV's showings in Poland, the show was known as Opowiesci z Klonowego Miasteczka and Opowiesci z Palmowego Miasteczka. In Hong Kong, Maple Town aired on the ATV network during 1991. Both shows also aired in Arabic speaking nations with the first series broadcast under أرنوبة ودبدوب (Arnoba Wa Dabdoob, Arnoba and Dabdood) and second airing under مدينة النخيل (Madina Al Nakheel, Palms Town). Home video This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) During the 1990s, Toei Video released a ten-tape collection of Maple Town, each consisting of three episodes in their original airing order. In 2013, TC Entertainment released the original series in DVD box sets as part of Toei's Recollection Anime Library lineup. The first box set released on September 27, 2013, and the second set on October 30, 2013. Palm Town Chapter series was also released in the same label on November 27, 2013, for the first box set and on December 25, 2013, for the second box set. Select episodes of Saban's US dub were released on VHS from late 1987 until 1990 by Family Home Entertainment and Tonka Home Video. Each tape consisted of two stories each, except for the first release, "Welcome to Maple Town". No less than eight English episodes were distributed in the UK by the now-defunct M.S.D. (Multiple Sound Distributors) label. Multicom Entertainment Group, who owns the US dub (by the way of their acquisition of The Kushner-Locke library in 2013), currently has no plans to release the entire series on home media or onto any streaming service, likely due to them having a hard time licensing the rights to use the cartoons from Toei. In the Netherlands, CNR Video released a Dutch dub of the first two episodes in 1992. The stories were entitled "De Overval op de Trein" and "Voor het eerst naar de nieuwe school" in the Dutch language. The entire original series was released on DVD in Spain by Divisa Home Video, in Japan by TC Entertainment, and Hungary's Fümoto released some episodes onto that format. See also Sylvanian Families, the toyline and animated TV series References ^ a b c d e f "Maple Town (メイプルタウン物語) cast and crew information". marumegane.com (in Japanese). Takashi Murakami. Archived from the original on November 11, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2016. ^ a b "INTERNATIONAL SERIES & MINI SERIES". The Kushner-Locke Company. Retrieved December 10, 2009. ^ a b c d Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 through 2003 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 542–545. ISBN 0786420995. ^ a b c d e Television/Radio Age. Vol. 36. Television Editorial Corp. 1988. p. 55. Retrieved December 31, 2009. Last season Maltese produced the barter-syndicated series Maple Town and Spiral Zone for Tonka Toys; the former is on Nickelodeon ^ a b "Today's listings". Toledo Blade. September 4, 1989. Retrieved September 20, 2019. ^ "Daytime listings". The News-Messenger. September 22, 1989. p. 23. Retrieved April 19, 2020. ^ Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 524–525. ISBN 978-1476665993. ^ a b Weiss, Barbara (October 20, 1986). "No blockbusters in sight to boost holiday toy sales". Drug Topics. 130. Copyright Medical Economics Company: 46. ^ a b c "La Aldea del Arce – Serie Completa DVD" (in Spanish). ZONADVD.com. February 21, 2007. Retrieved December 10, 2009. ^ a b "AnimeAddicts – Ismertetők – Anime: Maple Town Monogatari / メイプルタウン物語" (in Hungarian). Animeaddicts.hu. February 16, 2007. Retrieved December 10, 2009. ^ "新メイプルタウン物語・パームタウン編 - TOEI ANIMATION". www.toei-anim.co.jp. Toei Animation. Retrieved October 20, 2016. ^ West, Max (September 9, 2018). "Maple Town Compendium: Q & A With Rebecca Forstadt". Maple Town Compendium. Retrieved January 26, 2020. ^ a b c "Maple Town show information". kindertv.net (in Dutch). KinderTV. October 16, 2004. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2016. ^ a b "Your Job List" おしごと一覧（東映時代）. ikuniweb (in Japanese). Shikoku Broadcasting Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016. ^ "メイプルタウン物語スタッフ". Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2017. ^ Wascoe Jr., Dan (February 16, 1987). "Toy makers tuning in to TV show connections". Star Tribune. p. 03M. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2023. In an era when the investment to launch an animated cartoon show ranges from $12 million to $15 million, shrinking viewership means 'the economics are becoming strained,' said. 'We don't do it unless we feel we've got a strong product line.' In the case of Tonka's Maple Town series, the cost was much less—between $2.5 million and $3 million—because it's an edited and dubbed version of a popular Japanese show, Feely said. ^ a b Stern, Sara E.; Forkan, James P. (February 2, 1987). "Fantasy dolls stay in action; High-tech toys finding big consumer interest". Advertising Age. Crain Communications, Inc.: 33. ^ "Television Listings: Weekdays, April 22–24 and 27–28". New York. 20 (17). New York Media LLC: 181. April 27, 1987. Retrieved December 31, 2009. ^ "Tomorrow's daytime programs". Toledo Blade. September 12, 1990. Retrieved September 20, 2019. ^ Eitzen, D. Stanley (1989). Society's Problems: Sources and Consequences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. p. 321. ISBN 0205119794. ^ "Maple Town, un nido di simpatia / Evviva Palm Town". Il Mondo dei Doppiatori (in Italian). Antonio Genna. Retrieved January 6, 2010. ^ "Les Petits Malins: Les aventures de Malinville show description" (in French). Planète Jeunesse. September 25, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2010. ^ Nowakowski, Witold and Mariusz Jarczewski (December 26, 2002). "OPOWIEŚCI Z KLONOWEGO MIASTECZKA". Anime in Poland: Complete Guide. anime.info.pl. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2010. ^ 香港播放動畫特攝中日名稱對照表 (in Chinese). RXBlack. p. 10. Retrieved January 6, 2010. ^ "Search results from the BBFC classified database". Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2017. ^ Timo. "Animatie verschenen op VHS | VHS Database Project |". Archived from the original on January 15, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2017. External links (in Japanese) Official Toei Maple Town Monogatari site (in Japanese) Official Toei Palm Town site Maple Town Stories (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia New Maple Town Stories: Palm Town Chapter (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia Maple Town at IMDb Palm Town at IMDb vteToei Animation television series1960s Ōkami Shōnen Ken (1963–1965) Shōnen Ninja Kaze no Fujimaru (1964–1965) Hustle Punch (1965–1966) Rainbow Sentai Robin (1966–1967) Sally the Witch (1966–1968) GeGeGe no Kitarō (1968–1969) Akane-chan (1968) Cyborg 009 (1968) Sabu to Ichi Torimono Hikae (1968–1969) Himitsu no Akko-chan (1969–1970) Mōretsu Atarō (1969–1970) Tiger Mask (1969–1971) 1970s Kick no Oni (1970–1971) Mahō no Mako-chan (1970–1971) Sarutobi Ecchan (1971–1972) GeGeGe no Kitarō (1971–1972) Mahōtsukai Chappy (1972) Devilman (1972–1973) Calimero (1972–1975) Mazinger Z (1972–1974) Babel II (1973) Microid S (1973) Miracle Girl Limit-chan (1973–1974) Dororon Enma-kun (1973–1974) Cutie Honey (1973–1974) Majokko Megu-chan (1974–1975) Getter Robo (1974–1975) Great Mazinger (1974–1975) Getter Robo G (1975–1976) Grendizer (1975–1977) Steel Jeeg (1975–1976) Ikkyū-san (1975–1982) Gaiking (1976–1977) Magne Robo Gakeen (1976–1977) Candy Candy (1976–1979) Jetter Mars (1977) Wakusei Robo Danguard Ace (1977–1978) Chōjin Sentai Balatack (1977–1978) Arrow Emblem: Hawk of the Grand Prix (1977–1978) Space Pirate Captain Harlock (1978–1979) Sci-Fi West Saga Starzinger (1978–1979) Galaxy Express 999 (1978–1981) Captain Future (1978–1979) Hana no Ko Lunlun (1979–1980) Cyborg 009 (1979–1980) Future Robot Daltanious (1979–1980) Entaku no Kishi Monogatari: Moero Arthur (1979–1980) 1980s Maeterlinck's Blue Bird: Tyltyl and Mytyl's Adventurous Journey (1980) Mahō Shōjo Lalabel (1980–1981) Moero Arthur: Hakuba Ouji (1980) Ganbare Genki (1980–1981) Space Emperor God Sigma (1980–1981) Beast King GoLion (1981–1982) Hello! Sandybell (1981) Little Women (1981) Dr. Slump (1981–1986) Queen Millennia (1981–1982) Tiger Mask II (1981–1982) Honey Honey no Suteki na Bouken (1981–1982) Asari-chan (1982–1983) Armored Fleet Dairugger XV (1982–1983) Boku Patalliro! (1982–1983) The Kabocha Wine (1982–1984) Arcadia of My Youth: Endless Orbit SSX (1982–1983) Love Me, My Knight (1983–1984) Lightspeed Electroid Albegas (1983–1984) Kinnikuman (1983–1986) Stop!! Hibari-kun! (1983–1984) Dream Soldier Wing-Man (1984–1985) Tongari Bōshi no Memoru (1984) Video Warrior Laserion (1984–1985) Gu Gu Ganmo (1984–1985) Transformers (1984–1987) Fist of the North Star (1984–1987) GeGeGe no Kitarō (1985–1988) Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years (1985–1986) Maple Town (1986–1987) Dragon Ball (1986–1989) Silver Fang (1986) Saint Seiya (1986–1989) New Maple Town Stories: Palm Town Chapter (1987) Fist of the North Star 2 (1987–1988) Transformers: The Headmasters (1987–1988) Bikkuriman (1987–1989) Kamen no Ninja Akakage (1987–1988) Lady Lady!! (1987–1988) Tatakae!! Ramenman (1988) Sakigake!! Otokojuku (1988) Hello! Lady Lynn (1988–1989) Transformers: Super-God Masterforce (1988) Himitsu no Akko-chan (1988–1989) Transformers: Victory (1989) Akuma-kun (1989–1990) Shin Bikkuriman (1989–1990) Dragon Ball Z (1989–1996) Sally the Witch 2 (1989–1991) 1990s Mōretsu Atarō (1990) Magical Taruruto (1990–1992) Goldfish Warning! (1991–1992) Getter Robo Go (1991–1992) Kinnikuman: Kinniku-sei Ōi Sōdatsu-hen (1991–1992) Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai (1991–1992) Sailor Moon (1992–1997) Super Bikkuriman (1992–1993) Ghost Sweeper Mikami (1993–1994) Slam Dunk (1993–1996) Aoki Densetsu Shoot! (1993–1994) Marmalade Boy (1994–1995) Gulliver Boy (1995) Neighborhood Story (1995–1996) World Fairy Tale Series (1995–1996) GeGeGe no Kitarō (1996–1998) Dragon Ball GT (1996–1997) Jigoku Sensei Nūbē (1996–1997) Boys Over Flowers (1996–1997) Cutie Honey Flash (1997–1998) The Kindaichi Case Files (1997–2000) Yume no Crayon Oukoku (1997–1999) Dr. Slump (1997–1999) Anime Shūkan DX! Mi-Pha-Pu (Kocchi Muite! Miiko) (1998–1999) Yu-Gi-Oh! (1998) Himitsu no Akko-chan (1998–1999) Mamotte Shugogetten (1998–1999) Ojamajo Doremi (1999–2000) Phantom Thief Jeanne (1999–2000) Digimon Adventure (1999–2000) One Piece (1999–present) 2000s Shinzo (2000) Ojamajo Doremi # (2000–2001) Digimon Adventure 02 (2000–2001) The Legend of the Gambler: Tetsuya (2000–2001) Mōtto! Ojamajo Doremi (2001–2002) Digimon Tamers (2001–2002) Nono-chan (2001–2002) Kinnikuman: The Second Generation (2002) Kanon (2002) Ojamajo Doremi Dokkān! (2002–2003) Digimon Frontier (2002–2003) Tsuribaka Nisshi (2002–2003) Ashita no Nadja (2003–2004) Air Master (2003) Zatch Bell! (2003–2006) Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo (2003–2005) Futari wa Pretty Cure (2004–2005) Kinnikuman: Ultimate Muscle (2004–2006) Beet the Vandel Buster (2004–2005) Ring ni Kakero (2004) Xenosaga: The Animation (2005) Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart (2005–2006) Beet the Vandel Buster: Excellion (2005–2006) Gaiking: Legend of Daiku-Maryu (2005–2006) Ayakashi: Samurai Horror Tales (2006) Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star (2006–2007) Digimon Data Squad (2006–2007) Air Gear (2006) Ring ni Kakero: The Pacific War (2006) Kamisama Kazoku (2006) Binbō Shimai Monogatari (2006) Powerpuff Girls Z (2006–2007) Gin'iro no Olynssis (2006) Happy Lucky Bikkuriman (2006–2007) Yes! PreCure 5 (2007–2008) GeGeGe no Kitarō (2007–2009) Lovely Complex (2007) Mononoke (2007) Hatara Kizzu Maihamu Gumi (2007–2008) Hakaba no Kitarō (2008) Yes PreCure 5 GoGo! (2008–2009) Uchi no Sanshimai (2008–2010) RoboDz Kazagumo Hen (2008) Fresh Pretty Cure! (2009–2010) Marie & Gali (2009–2010) Dragon Ball Z Kai (2009–2011) Kaidan Restaurant (2009–2010) Welcome to Irabu's Office (2009–2010) 2010s HeartCatch PreCure! (2010–2011) Marie & Gali ver.2.0 (2010–2011) Ring ni Kakero: Shadow (2010) Digimon Fusion (2010–2012) Suite PreCure (2011–2012) Toriko (2011–2014) Ring ni Kakero: World Tournament Chapter (2011) Smile PreCure! (2012–2013) Saint Seiya Omega (2012–2014) Tanken Driland (2012–2013) DokiDoki! PreCure (2013–2014) Tanken Driland: Sennen no Mahō (2013–2014) Kyousougiga (2013) Robot Girls Z (2014) HappinessCharge PreCure! (2014–2015) Majin Bone (2014–2015) Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal (2014–2016) Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers (2014–2015) The Kindaichi Case Files R (2014–2016) Dragon Ball Z: The Final Chapters (2014–2015) Abarenbō Rikishi!! Matsutarō (2014) World Trigger (2014–2022) Go! Princess PreCure (2015–2016) Dragon Ball Super (2015–2018) Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir (2015–present) Witchy Pretty Cure! (2016–2017) Digimon Universe: App Monsters (2016–2017) Tiger Mask W (2016–2017) Kirakira Pretty Cure a la Mode (2017–2018) Kado: The Right Answer (2017) Hug! Pretty Cure (2018–2019) GeGeGe no Kitarō (2018–2020) Bakutsuri Bar Hunter (2018–2019) Star Twinkle PreCure (2019–2020) 2020s Healin' Good Pretty Cure (2020–2021) Future's Folktales (2020) Digimon Adventure: (2020–2021) Fushigi Dagashiya Zenitendō (2020–present) Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai (2020–2022) Tropical-Rouge! Pretty Cure (2021–2022) Digimon Ghost Game (2021–2023) Delicious Party Pretty Cure (2022–2023) Soaring Sky! Pretty Cure (2023–2024) Run for Money: The Great Mission  (2023–present) Ikimono-san (2023) Power of Hope: PreCure Full Bloom (2023) Wonderful PreCure! (2024-present) Girls Band Cry (2024) Category vteToei Animation theatrical features (1980–1989)1980 Hana no Ko Lunlun: Hello Cherry Country Twelve Months Toward the Terra GeGeGe no Kitarō: The Divining Eye Magical Girl Lalabel: The Sea Calls for a Summer Vacation Cyborg 009: Legend of the Super Galaxy 1981 Swan Lake Natsu e no Tobira Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hello! Wonder Island Adieu Galaxy Express 999 1982 Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp Asari-chan Ai no Marchen Shōjo Queen Millennia Dr. Slump: "Hoyoyo!" Space Adventure Arcadia of My Youth Future War 198X 1983 Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo! The Great Race Around the World Final Yamato Patalliro! Stardust Keikaku 1984 Papa Mama Bye bye The Kabocha Wine: Nita no Aijou Monogatari Kinnikuman: Stolen Championship Belt Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo! The Secret of Nanaba Castle Great Riot! Seigi Choujin 1985 Arei no Kagami Gu Gu Ganmo Seigi Choujin vs. Ancient Choujin Tongari Bōshi no Memoru Counterattack! The Underground Space Choujin Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: Hoyoyo! The City of Dreams, Mechapolis Odin: Photon Sailer Starlight GeGeGe no Kitarō: The Yokai Army Hour of Triumph! Justice Superman 1986 Fist of the North Star GeGeGe no Kitarō: The Great Yokai War Crisis in New York! GeGeGe no Kitarō: The Strongest Yokai Army!! Disembark for Japan! Maple Town Dragon Ball: Curse of the Blood Rubies GeGeGe no Kitarō: Clash!! The Great Rebellion of the Dimensional Yokai Justice Supermen vs. Fighter Supermen 1987 New Maple Town Stories: Home Town Collection Dragon Ball: Sleeping Princess in Devil's Castle Saint Seiya: The Movie 1988 Bikkuriman: Taiichiji Seima Taisen Lady Lady!! Saint Seiya: The Heated Battle of the Gods Bikkuriman: Moen Zone no Himitsu Dragon Ball: Mystical Adventure Tatakae!! Ramenman Saint Seiya: Legend of Crimson Youth Sakigake!! Otokojuku 1989 Himitsu no Akko-chan Saint Seiya: Warriors of the Final Holy Battle Hengen Taima Yakō Karura Mau! Nara Onryō Emaki Akuma-kun Dragon Ball Z: Dead Zone Himitsu no Akko-chan Umi da! Obake da!! Natsu Matsuri Not including Madhouse-animated features produced by Toei Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"Junichi Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junichi_Sato"},{"link_name":"Toei Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation"},{"link_name":"TV Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Asahi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapletv-1"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism"},{"link_name":"Maya Okamoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Okamoto"},{"link_name":"cameos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_appearance"},{"link_name":"dubbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubbing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"collectable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collectable"},{"link_name":"figurines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurine"},{"link_name":"Tonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonka"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tonka-8"},{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zonadvd-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animeaddicts-10"}],"text":"Maple Town, also known as Maple Town Stories (Japanese: メイプルタウン物語, Hepburn: Meipuru Taun Monogatari), is a 1986 Japanese anime series created by Chifude Asakura and directed by Junichi Sato. The series, animated by Toei Animation, consists of 52 half-hour episodes, which aired on TV Asahi in Japan from January 19, 1986, to January 11, 1987.[1]The show focuses on the adventures of Patty Rabbit, Bobby Bear and their families, in a small anthropomorphic city named Maple Town. The series was followed by a 50-episode sequel, New Maple Town Stories: Palm Town Chapter, which retained only Patty Rabbit (and her voice actor, Maya Okamoto) from both series, although Maple Town's citizens made cameos from time to time. To date, this has not had an official English release.The show was dubbed into English and syndicated in the United States in 1987.[7] The program spawned collectable figurines with changeable clothing, as well as houses, furniture and vehicles. Tonka was the US licensee and manufacturer.[8]VHS compilations of Maple Town appeared in North America, Europe and Japan during the late 1980s and early 1990s. As of 2013, official DVDs of the show had surfaced in Japan, Spain[9] and Hungary,[10] with no release plans announced for other territories.","title":"Maple Town"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"West Coast of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Patty Hoperabbit, along with her family, arrives in Maple Town, a small town inhabited by friendly animals. However, in a train heist by the sly – if usually \"endearingly unsuccessful\" – thief, Wilde Wolf stole the mailbag from her father and escaped into the forest. Soon she followed after him to retrieve the mailbag. In the midst of getting the bag back from the thief, she befriends a boy of her age named Bobby Kumanoff who has the bag. After they escape from Wilde Wolf and outwit him, they deliver the mailbag safely to her father. Soon, the Rabbit Family settles in Maple Town as mail carriers and the bitter, yet sweet friendship of Patty and Bobby begins to blossom. At the same time they try to foil Wilde Wolf's plans.The series' setting is Canada around the 1920s, while the setting of Palm Town Chapter is based on the West Coast of the United States around the 1980s.[11]","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Maple Town","text":"The Rabbit Family – Patty, Rachel, Mr. Rabbit, Mrs. Rabbit, Ann, Mick, Grandma and Grandpa Rabbit, Cousin Rabbit, Roger Rabbit\nThe Bear Family – Bobby, Mr. Bear, Mrs. Bear, Kin, Kon and Kan, Bonny\nThe Fox Family – Fanny, Mr. Fredrick Fox, Mrs. Florence Fox and Fred\nThe Cat Family – Mr. Kevin Cat and Mrs. Kathy Cat\nThe Dog Family – Danny, Dr. Dog, Mrs. Dog and Donny\nThe Squirrel Family – Suzie, Squire Squirrel, Mrs. Squirrel and Skippy\nThe Pig Family – Penny, Mr. Pig, Mrs. Pig and Polly\nThe Raccoon Family – Ruthie, Mr. Raccoon, Mrs. Raccoon and Roxie\nThe Mouse Family – Missie, Mr. Mouse, Mrs. Mouse and Marty\nThe Beaver Family – Bucky, Mr. Beaver, Mrs. Beaver and Bitsy\nThe Badger Family – Bert, Mr. Badger, Mrs. Badger and Betty\nThe Mole Family – Maggie, Mr. Mole, Mrs. Mole and Mikey\nKirby Cat\nMayor Dandy Lion\nMiss Deer Andra Deer\nSheriff Barney Bulldog\nSheriff Barney Bulldog's Wife\nOscar Otter\nMaster Monkey\nDr. Goat\nWilde Wolf Gretel Wolf (aka Gretel)\nMr. Turtle\nKangaroos – Mr. Kangaroo, Mrs. Kangaroo, Coca Kangaroo\nMr. Walius","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. Edward Bergh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Edward_Bergh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert V. Barron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_V._Barron"},{"link_name":"Mary Jo Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Jo_Blue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haim Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Saban"},{"link_name":"Shuki Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuki_Levy"},{"link_name":"Andrew Dimitroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Dimitroff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Larry Porsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Porsche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Haim Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Saban"},{"link_name":"Edd Gripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edd_Gripes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saban_Entertainment"}],"sub_title":"Palm Town","text":"The Pike Family - Mrs. Jane, Mr. George, Alice\nThe Cocker Family - Rolley, Peter, Mr. Parabura, Mrs. Dahlia\nThe Terrier Family - Joey, Mr. Philip, Mrs. Florence\nThe White Family - Shiela, Mr. Roger\nThe Sheep Family - Mr. Charlie, Mrs. Mary, Sisi, Remi\nMarina Dietrich\nGunter and Big BroUS version:VP of production: J. Edward Bergh\nSupervising director: Robert V. Barron\nLive action producer and director: Mary Jo Blue\nMusic: Haim Saban and Shuki Levy\nMusic coordination: Andrew Dimitroff\nVideo editing: Larry Porsche\nExecutive Producers: Haim Saban, Edd Gripes and Ray Volpe\nDistribution: Saban/The Maltese Companies","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rebecca Forstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Forstadt"},{"link_name":"Barbara Goodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Goodson"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Steve Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Kramer_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Maureen O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maureen_O%27Connell_(voice_actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barbara Goodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Goodson"},{"link_name":"Ted Layman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ted_Layman&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"English","text":"Karen Hartman - Mrs. Maple (live-action segments, credited as Janice Adams)\nRebecca Forstadt – Patty Rabbit (as Reba West)\nBarbara Goodson – Bobby Bear[12]\nSteve Kramer – Wilde Wolf\nMaureen O'Connell – Fanny Fox\nBarbara Goodson – Mikey Mole\nTed Layman – Mayor Lion","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toei Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapletown-nl-13"},{"link_name":"Junichi Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junichi_Sato"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapletv-1"},{"link_name":"Kunihiko Ikuhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunihiko_Ikuhara"},{"link_name":"Sailor Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Moon"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary Girl Utena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutionary_Girl_Utena"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ikuniweb-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ikuniweb-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paxkoo-15"}],"text":"The series was produced by Toei Animation, Asatsu and Asahi Broadcasting, Maple Town was created by Chifude Asakura[13] and directed by Junichi Sato.[1] It served as one of the first projects for Kunihiko Ikuhara, who later joined the crew of Sailor Moon and Revolutionary Girl Utena.[14] Ikuhara served as an assistant director[14] and production manager for some of the show's later episodes.[15]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonka"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tonka-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad-age-17"},{"link_name":"Zoobilee Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoobilee_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erickson-3"},{"link_name":"Reba West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Forstadt"},{"link_name":"Steve Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Kramer_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Saban Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saban_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erickson-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv-age-4"},{"link_name":"Spiral Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_Zone"},{"link_name":"Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_Puppies_and_the_Legend_of_Big_Paw"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv-age-4"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In October 1986, toy manufacturer Tonka acquired the rights for US$2.5–3 million[16] and became its US licensee, launching a toy line and ad campaign early the following year.[8] Tonka invested US$7 million on television ads for the toy line.[17] An English-dubbed version, airing in tandem with the toy promotion, starred actress Karen Hartman (credited as Janice Adams), known previously for her other children's TV role as Talkatoo Cockatoo on Zoobilee Zoo, as Mrs. Maple in its book-ending live-action segments.[3] Mrs. Maple was the only human inhabitant of the title town in this version, and she offered each episode's moral lesson. The voice cast included Reba West as Patty Rabbit and Steve Kramer as Wilde Wolf.The English version of Maple Town was produced by Saban Entertainment and The Maltese Companies,[3][4] the latter of which also produced Spiral Zone, another syndicated series with Tonka, and the 1988 animated feature Pound Puppies and the Legend of Big Paw.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapletv-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"barter syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv-age-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Erickson-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv-age-4"},{"link_name":"The CBN Family Channel/The Family Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeform_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ad-age-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"TVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zonadvd-9"},{"link_name":"RTL Veronique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapletown-nl-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapletown-nl-13"},{"link_name":"RTL Klub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_Klub"},{"link_name":"Mediaset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediaset"},{"link_name":"Italia 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-antoniogenna-21"},{"link_name":"FR3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FR3"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-malins-22"},{"link_name":"Nasza TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV4_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anime-pl-23"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATV_Home"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rxblack-24"},{"link_name":"Arabic speaking nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The original Maple Town series aired on Sunday mornings in Japan on TV Asahi, from January 19, 1986, until January 11, 1987.[1] Following its 52nd episode, its follow-up, New Maple Town Story: Palm Town Chapter (新メイプルタウン物語-パームタウン編, Shin Maple Town Monogatari: Palm Town Hen), aired in the same time slot.[citation needed]The first ten episodes of the English dub by Saban Entertainment and The Maltese Companies premiered in barter syndication in 1987[4][3] as a trial run on US television,[18] then sixteen more episodes premiered on Nickelodeon,[4] where it aired until September 1, 1989. It then aired on The CBN Family Channel/The Family Channel from September 4, 1989[5] until September 13, 1990.[19] A 65-episode run was originally announced,[17][20] but only 39 ever reached US television.[2]In the late 1980s and early 1990s, European stations aired Maple Town in their various native languages. In Spain, TVE aired the program under the title La aldea del arce,[9] starting in 1987. In France, the series was distributed by IDDH and broadcast from May 3, 1987, on FR3 in the program Amuse 3 under the name Les Petits Malins. It also aired on RTL Veronique in the Netherlands (as Avonturen in Maple Town);[13] in Finland under the title Seikkailumetsä; in Sweden as Äventyrsskogen;[13] and on Hungary's RTL Klub channel as Juharfalvi történetek.As with Japan, several other countries aired both series of the Maple Town franchise. In Italy, Mediaset's Italia 1 broadcast both iterations of Maple Town during the late 1980s (under the titles Maple Town: Un nido di simpatia and Evviva Palm Town).[21] The combined series aired as Les petits malins on FR3 in France at the time.[22] On Nasza TV's showings in Poland, the show was known as Opowiesci z Klonowego Miasteczka and Opowiesci z Palmowego Miasteczka.[23] In Hong Kong, Maple Town aired on the ATV network during 1991.[24] Both shows also aired in Arabic speaking nations with the first series broadcast under أرنوبة ودبدوب (Arnoba Wa Dabdoob, Arnoba and Dabdood) and second airing under مدينة النخيل (Madina Al Nakheel, Palms Town).[citation needed]","title":"Broadcast history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"box sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_set"},{"link_name":"Family Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mapletown-nl-vhs-26"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zonadvd-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-animeaddicts-10"}],"text":"During the 1990s, Toei Video released a ten-tape collection of Maple Town, each consisting of three episodes in their original airing order. In 2013, TC Entertainment released the original series in DVD box sets as part of Toei's Recollection Anime Library lineup. The first box set released on September 27, 2013, and the second set on October 30, 2013. Palm Town Chapter series was also released in the same label on November 27, 2013, for the first box set and on December 25, 2013, for the second box set.Select episodes of Saban's US dub were released on VHS from late 1987 until 1990 by Family Home Entertainment and Tonka Home Video. Each tape consisted of two stories each, except for the first release, \"Welcome to Maple Town\". No less than eight English episodes were distributed in the UK by the now-defunct M.S.D. (Multiple Sound Distributors) label.[25] Multicom Entertainment Group, who owns the US dub (by the way of their acquisition of The Kushner-Locke library in 2013), currently has no plans to release the entire series on home media or onto any streaming service, likely due to them having a hard time licensing the rights to use the cartoons from Toei.[citation needed]In the Netherlands, CNR Video released a Dutch dub of the first two episodes in 1992. The stories were entitled \"De Overval op de Trein\" and \"Voor het eerst naar de nieuwe school\" in the Dutch language.[26]The entire original series was released on DVD in Spain by Divisa Home Video,[9] in Japan by TC Entertainment, and Hungary's Fümoto released some episodes onto that format.[10]","title":"Home video"}]
[]
[{"title":"Sylvanian Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvanian_Families"}]
[{"reference":"\"Maple Town (メイプルタウン物語) cast and crew information\". marumegane.com (in Japanese). Takashi Murakami. Archived from the original on November 11, 2019. Retrieved October 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191111214852/http://www.anime.marumegane.com/1986/mapletown.html","url_text":"\"Maple Town (メイプルタウン物語) cast and crew information\""},{"url":"http://www.anime.marumegane.com/1986/mapletown.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"INTERNATIONAL SERIES & MINI SERIES\". The Kushner-Locke Company. Retrieved December 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kushnerlocke.com/catalog_int_series.html","url_text":"\"INTERNATIONAL SERIES & MINI SERIES\""}]},{"reference":"Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 through 2003 (2nd ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 542–545. ISBN 0786420995.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company","url_text":"McFarland & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786420995","url_text":"0786420995"}]},{"reference":"Television/Radio Age. Vol. 36. Television Editorial Corp. 1988. p. 55. Retrieved December 31, 2009. Last season Maltese produced the barter-syndicated series Maple Town and Spiral Zone for Tonka Toys; the former is on Nickelodeon","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=72u4AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Maple+Town%22","url_text":"Television/Radio Age"}]},{"reference":"\"Today's listings\". Toledo Blade. September 4, 1989. Retrieved September 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZURPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4470,4901057","url_text":"\"Today's listings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daytime listings\". The News-Messenger. September 22, 1989. p. 23. Retrieved April 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48136515/maple-town-and-sylvanian-families-on-cbn/","url_text":"\"Daytime listings\""}]},{"reference":"Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 524–525. ISBN 978-1476665993.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476665993","url_text":"978-1476665993"}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Barbara (October 20, 1986). \"No blockbusters in sight to boost holiday toy sales\". Drug Topics. 130. Copyright Medical Economics Company: 46.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"La Aldea del Arce – Serie Completa DVD\" (in Spanish). ZONADVD.com. February 21, 2007. Retrieved December 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zonadvd.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8374","url_text":"\"La Aldea del Arce – Serie Completa DVD\""}]},{"reference":"\"AnimeAddicts – Ismertetők – Anime: Maple Town Monogatari / メイプルタウン物語\" (in Hungarian). Animeaddicts.hu. February 16, 2007. Retrieved December 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://animeaddicts.hu/encyclopedia.php?anime.696","url_text":"\"AnimeAddicts – Ismertetők – Anime: Maple Town Monogatari / メイプルタウン物語\""}]},{"reference":"\"新メイプルタウン物語・パームタウン編 - TOEI ANIMATION\". www.toei-anim.co.jp. Toei Animation. Retrieved October 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/lineup/tv/mapletown_2nd/","url_text":"\"新メイプルタウン物語・パームタウン編 - TOEI ANIMATION\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation","url_text":"Toei Animation"}]},{"reference":"West, Max (September 9, 2018). \"Maple Town Compendium: Q & A With Rebecca Forstadt\". Maple Town Compendium. Retrieved January 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapletownanime.blogspot.com/2018/09/q-with-rebecca-forstadt.html","url_text":"\"Maple Town Compendium: Q & A With Rebecca Forstadt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maple Town show information\". kindertv.net (in Dutch). KinderTV. October 16, 2004. Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved October 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002150632/http://www.kindertv.net/series/2174?task=view","url_text":"\"Maple Town show information\""},{"url":"http://www.kindertv.net/series/2174?task=view","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Your Job List\" おしごと一覧（東映時代）. ikuniweb (in Japanese). Shikoku Broadcasting Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232047/http://jrt.jp/ikuniweb/works/works1.htm","url_text":"\"Your Job List\" おしごと一覧（東映時代）"},{"url":"http://jrt.jp/ikuniweb/works/works1.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"メイプルタウン物語スタッフ\". Archived from the original on May 30, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080530035018/http://www.geocities.jp/paxkoo/mapletvstuff.html","url_text":"\"メイプルタウン物語スタッフ\""},{"url":"http://www.geocities.jp/paxkoo/mapletvstuff.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wascoe Jr., Dan (February 16, 1987). \"Toy makers tuning in to TV show connections\". Star Tribune. p. 03M. Archived from the original on July 28, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2023. In an era when the investment to launch an animated cartoon show ranges from $12 million to $15 million, shrinking viewership means 'the economics are becoming strained,' [Tonka Toys' president Pat Feely] said. 'We don't do it unless we feel we've got a strong product line.' In the case of Tonka's Maple Town series, the cost was much less—between $2.5 million and $3 million—because it's an edited and dubbed version of a popular Japanese show, Feely said.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20170728115000/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MN&p_theme=mn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EFE48FC426DD736&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"Toy makers tuning in to TV show connections\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"},{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MN&p_theme=mn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EFE48FC426DD736&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stern, Sara E.; Forkan, James P. (February 2, 1987). \"Fantasy dolls stay in action; High-tech toys finding big consumer interest\". Advertising Age. Crain Communications, Inc.: 33.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_Age","url_text":"Advertising Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crain_Communications","url_text":"Crain Communications"}]},{"reference":"\"Television Listings: Weekdays, April 22–24 and 27–28\". New York. 20 (17). New York Media LLC: 181. April 27, 1987. Retrieved December 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KeUCAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Maple+Town%22&pg=PA181","url_text":"\"Television Listings: Weekdays, April 22–24 and 27–28\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(magazine)","url_text":"New York"}]},{"reference":"\"Tomorrow's daytime programs\". Toledo Blade. September 12, 1990. Retrieved September 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gUVPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6401,3296297","url_text":"\"Tomorrow's daytime programs\""}]},{"reference":"Eitzen, D. Stanley (1989). Society's Problems: Sources and Consequences. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. p. 321. ISBN 0205119794.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0205119794","url_text":"0205119794"}]},{"reference":"\"Maple Town, un nido di simpatia / Evviva Palm Town\". Il Mondo dei Doppiatori (in Italian). Antonio Genna. Retrieved January 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antoniogenna.net/doppiaggio/anim/mapletown.htm","url_text":"\"Maple Town, un nido di simpatia / Evviva Palm Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Les Petits Malins: Les aventures de Malinville show description\" (in French). Planète Jeunesse. September 25, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.planete-jeunesse.com/sources/series.php3?cle=242&sec=1","url_text":"\"Les Petits Malins: Les aventures de Malinville show description\""}]},{"reference":"Nowakowski, Witold and Mariusz Jarczewski (December 26, 2002). \"OPOWIEŚCI Z KLONOWEGO MIASTECZKA\". Anime in Poland: Complete Guide. anime.info.pl. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved January 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120301145440/http://anime.info.pl/index.php?open=o&title=maple","url_text":"\"OPOWIEŚCI Z KLONOWEGO MIASTECZKA\""},{"url":"http://anime.info.pl/index.php?open=o&title=maple","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"香港播放動畫特攝中日名稱對照表 (in Chinese). RXBlack. p. 10. Retrieved January 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://suganet.org/~rxblack/index.php?start=450&o=5","url_text":"香港播放動畫特攝中日名稱對照表"}]},{"reference":"\"Search results from the BBFC classified database\". Archived from the original on March 6, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306062958/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/SearchClassifiedWorks/?SearchView&Query=%28%20%5BTitle%5D%20contains%20%22MAPLETOWN%22%29%20and%20%28%28%20%5BTypeOfMedia%5D%20contains%20Film%29%20OR%20%28%20%5BTypeOfMedia%5D%20contains%20Video%29%20OR%20%28%20%5BTypeOfMedia%5D%20contains%20DigitalMedia%29%29&SearchMax=50","url_text":"\"Search results from the BBFC classified database\""},{"url":"http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/SearchClassifiedWorks/?SearchView&Query=%28%20%5BTitle%5D%20contains%20%22MAPLETOWN%22%29%20and%20%28%28%20%5BTypeOfMedia%5D%20contains%20Film%29%20OR%20%28%20%5BTypeOfMedia%5D%20contains%20Video%29%20OR%20%28%20%5BTypeOfMedia%5D%20contains%20DigitalMedia%29%29&SearchMax=50","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Timo. \"Animatie verschenen op VHS | VHS Database Project |\". Archived from the original on January 15, 2010. Retrieved July 28, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100115203915/http://www.jeugdsentimentportaal.be/vhs/animatie.htm#m","url_text":"\"Animatie verschenen op VHS | VHS Database Project |\""},{"url":"http://www.jeugdsentimentportaal.be/vhs/animatie.htm#m","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191111214852/http://www.anime.marumegane.com/1986/mapletown.html","external_links_name":"\"Maple Town (メイプルタウン物語) cast and crew information\""},{"Link":"http://www.anime.marumegane.com/1986/mapletown.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kushnerlocke.com/catalog_int_series.html","external_links_name":"\"INTERNATIONAL SERIES & MINI SERIES\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=72u4AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Maple+Town%22","external_links_name":"Television/Radio Age"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ZURPAAAAIBAJ&pg=4470,4901057","external_links_name":"\"Today's listings\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/48136515/maple-town-and-sylvanian-families-on-cbn/","external_links_name":"\"Daytime listings\""},{"Link":"http://www.zonadvd.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=8374","external_links_name":"\"La Aldea del Arce – Serie Completa DVD\""},{"Link":"http://animeaddicts.hu/encyclopedia.php?anime.696","external_links_name":"\"AnimeAddicts – Ismertetők – Anime: Maple Town Monogatari / メイプルタウン物語\""},{"Link":"http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/lineup/tv/mapletown_2nd/","external_links_name":"\"新メイプルタウン物語・パームタウン編 - TOEI ANIMATION\""},{"Link":"http://mapletownanime.blogspot.com/2018/09/q-with-rebecca-forstadt.html","external_links_name":"\"Maple Town Compendium: Q & A With Rebecca Forstadt\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002150632/http://www.kindertv.net/series/2174?task=view","external_links_name":"\"Maple Town show information\""},{"Link":"http://www.kindertv.net/series/2174?task=view","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232047/http://jrt.jp/ikuniweb/works/works1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Your Job List\" おしごと一覧（東映時代）"},{"Link":"http://jrt.jp/ikuniweb/works/works1.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080530035018/http://www.geocities.jp/paxkoo/mapletvstuff.html","external_links_name":"\"メイプルタウン物語スタッフ\""},{"Link":"http://www.geocities.jp/paxkoo/mapletvstuff.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://web.archive.org/web/20170728115000/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MN&p_theme=mn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EFE48FC426DD736&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"Toy makers tuning in to TV show connections\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MN&p_theme=mn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EFE48FC426DD736&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KeUCAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Maple+Town%22&pg=PA181","external_links_name":"\"Television Listings: Weekdays, April 22–24 and 27–28\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gUVPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6401,3296297","external_links_name":"\"Tomorrow's daytime programs\""},{"Link":"http://www.antoniogenna.net/doppiaggio/anim/mapletown.htm","external_links_name":"\"Maple Town, un nido di simpatia / Evviva Palm Town\""},{"Link":"http://www.planete-jeunesse.com/sources/series.php3?cle=242&sec=1","external_links_name":"\"Les Petits Malins: Les aventures de Malinville show description\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120301145440/http://anime.info.pl/index.php?open=o&title=maple","external_links_name":"\"OPOWIEŚCI Z KLONOWEGO MIASTECZKA\""},{"Link":"http://anime.info.pl/index.php?open=o&title=maple","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://suganet.org/~rxblack/index.php?start=450&o=5","external_links_name":"香港播放動畫特攝中日名稱對照表"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306062958/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/SearchClassifiedWorks/?SearchView&Query=%28%20%5BTitle%5D%20contains%20%22MAPLETOWN%22%29%20and%20%28%28%20%5BTypeOfMedia%5D%20contains%20Film%29%20OR%20%28%20%5BTypeOfMedia%5D%20contains%20Video%29%20OR%20%28%20%5BTypeOfMedia%5D%20contains%20DigitalMedia%29%29&SearchMax=50","external_links_name":"\"Search results from the BBFC classified database\""},{"Link":"http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/SearchClassifiedWorks/?SearchView&Query=%28%20%5BTitle%5D%20contains%20%22MAPLETOWN%22%29%20and%20%28%28%20%5BTypeOfMedia%5D%20contains%20Film%29%20OR%20%28%20%5BTypeOfMedia%5D%20contains%20Video%29%20OR%20%28%20%5BTypeOfMedia%5D%20contains%20DigitalMedia%29%29&SearchMax=50","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100115203915/http://www.jeugdsentimentportaal.be/vhs/animatie.htm#m","external_links_name":"\"Animatie verschenen op VHS | VHS Database Project |\""},{"Link":"http://www.jeugdsentimentportaal.be/vhs/animatie.htm#m","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/lineup/tv/mapletown/","external_links_name":"Official Toei Maple Town Monogatari site"},{"Link":"http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/lineup/tv/mapletown_2nd/","external_links_name":"Official Toei Palm Town site"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=1376","external_links_name":"Maple Town Stories"},{"Link":"https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/anime.php?id=1377","external_links_name":"New Maple Town Stories: Palm Town Chapter"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0296374/","external_links_name":"Maple Town"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0296415/","external_links_name":"Palm Town"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiloblaster
Kiloblaster
["1 Plot","2 Gameplay","3 Graphics","4 References","5 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kiloblaster" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1992 video gameKiloblasterDeveloper(s)Epic MegaGamesPublisher(s)Epic MegaGamesComposer(s)Dan FroelichPlatform(s)MS-DOSReleaseNA: 1992Genre(s)Fixed shooterMode(s)Single-player Kiloblaster is a fixed shooter video game trilogy written by Allen Pilgrim and published by Epic MegaGames in 1992 for IBM PC compatibles. Based on Namco's Galaxian from 1979, there are a few differences such as allowing greater player movement (horizontally and vertically), much faster enemy movement, power-ups, enemies that take more than one hit, and allies to assist in battle. Allen Pilgrim declared the registered version freeware and released also the source code on August 4, 2008. Following that, ports with SDL to new platforms and mobile devices like the Pandora were created. Plot In the first episode "Death of a Starship" the starship called Kiloprise was attacked by aliens and sent to the outer regions of space. The captain of the ship takes a powerful jet fighter to transport the remaining crew and fight his way through the galaxy to warn Earth of the coming rebel invasion. In the second episode "No Way Out", the Kiloblaster is surrounded by the alien force but after finding their weak point, takes off for another battle. In the final episode "The Final Battle", the alien force is crippled and is making a counterattack for Earth. The Captain makes all the speed possible fighting on the way for the final battle and alert Earth. In the end all the captain gets for a reward is a two-week holiday in Jamaica. Gameplay Each episode consists of 30 levels. Almost every 3 levels have their background and music track. The player must use the Kiloblaster ship to eliminate all rebel ships in the levels otherwise survive the multiple waves of invading attack ships. Most enemies are destroyed in one shot, but some enemies require more shots to be destroyed. Enemy bullets or ramming into an enemy ship damages the Kiloblaster. The Kiloblaster is destroyed after five hits. Few enemies use killer laser shots instead of bullets. In some levels there are space mines which destroy the Kiloblaster on impact. The Kiloblaster can collect certain items for aid. An apple restores a hit point, otherwise boosts the player's score if hit points are maxed out. A banana boosts the player's score. A strawberry temporarily summons two or four wingmen, miniature ships that fire the same projectiles as the player (except for smaller missiles) and are destroyed by a single enemy shot. A Can of Spinach grants the Kiloblaster a temporary invincibility shield. Only a space mine can destroy the shield. Power Rings randomly give the Kiloblaster Regular Missiles or the widespread Pink Panther Missile. Graphics The game includes VGA graphics, but a 16-colour EGA mode is also selectable. Running in 256-colour mode places obviously computer-generated backgrounds behind the main game levels. The registered version also came with its own Board Editor to customise the backgrounds of the levels. Allen Pilgrim implemented the backgrounds, which were based on images captured by the Voyager 1 and ray traced pictures by Samuel Goldstein. References ^ Allen Pilgrim declared Kiloblaster freeware and released the source code. ^ kiloblaster on github.com ^ kiloblaster on repo.openpandora.org ^ "Kiloblaster - Readme". Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017. ^ Epic MegaGames Newsletter Q1 1992. Epic MegaGames. 1992. p. 5. External links Kiloblaster at MobyGames Download the registered version and source code vteEpic GamesList of gamesGames developedJazz Jackrabbit Jazz Jackrabbit Jazz Jackrabbit 2 Unreal Unreal Facing Worlds Tournament (1999) Tournament 2003 Championship Tournament 2004 Championship 2: The Liandri Conflict Tournament 3 Tournament (cancelled) Gears of War Gears of War Gears of War 2 Gears of War 3 Gears of War: Judgment Infinity Blade Infinity Blade Infinity Blade II Infinity Blade III Fortnite Save the World Battle Royale "Tilted Towers" Creative "Fortnite Holocaust Museum" Lego Fortnite Rocket Racing Fortnite Festival Other ZZT Jill of the Jungle Kiloblaster Silverball Xargon Extreme Pinball 7th Legion Age of Wonders Shadow Complex Bulletstorm Robo Recall Paragon The Matrix Awakens Third-party publishingEpic MegaGames Castle of the Winds Brix Electro Man Ken's Labyrinth Ancients 1: Death Watch Solar Winds Zone 66 The Adventures of Robbo Epic Pinball Heartlight Highway Hunter One Must Fall: 2097 Traffic Department 2192 Radix: Beyond the Void Tyrian Seek and Destroy Epic Games Publishing Kid A Mnesia Exhibition PC Building Simulator 2 Rumbleverse Alan Wake II Technology Unreal Engine Epic Citadel Epic Games Store The Matrix Awakens Houseparty Sketchfab Bink Video SubsidiariesCurrent Chair Entertainment Cloudgine Harmonix Psyonix Mediatonic Former Impossible Studios Titan Studios Pitbull Studio People Can Fly Bandcamp PeopleCurrent Tim Sweeney Mark Rein Steve Polge Sjoerd De Jong Former Rod Fergusson Cliff Bleszinski Mike Capps Related Make Something Unreal Fortnite World Cup Epic Games v. Apple Epic Games v. Google Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fixed shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_shooter"},{"link_name":"trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilogy"},{"link_name":"Epic MegaGames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_MegaGames"},{"link_name":"IBM PC compatibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible"},{"link_name":"Galaxian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxian"},{"link_name":"freeware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware"},{"link_name":"source code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"SDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_DirectMedia_Layer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"mobile devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_device"},{"link_name":"Pandora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora_(console)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"1992 video gameKiloblaster is a fixed shooter video game trilogy written by Allen Pilgrim and published by Epic MegaGames in 1992 for IBM PC compatibles. Based on Namco's Galaxian from 1979, there are a few differences such as allowing greater player movement (horizontally and vertically), much faster enemy movement, power-ups, enemies that take more than one hit, and allies to assist in battle.Allen Pilgrim declared the registered version freeware and released also the source code on August 4, 2008.[1] Following that, ports with SDL[2] to new platforms and mobile devices like the Pandora were created.[3]","title":"Kiloblaster"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the first episode \"Death of a Starship\" the starship called Kiloprise was attacked by aliens and sent to the outer regions of space. The captain of the ship takes a powerful jet fighter to transport the remaining crew and fight his way through the galaxy to warn Earth of the coming rebel invasion.In the second episode \"No Way Out\", the Kiloblaster is surrounded by the alien force but after finding their weak point, takes off for another battle.In the final episode \"The Final Battle\", the alien force is crippled and is making a counterattack for Earth. The Captain makes all the speed possible fighting on the way for the final battle and alert Earth. In the end all the captain gets for a reward is a two-week holiday in Jamaica.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Each episode consists of 30 levels. Almost every 3 levels have their background and music track. The player must use the Kiloblaster ship to eliminate all rebel ships in the levels otherwise survive the multiple waves of invading attack ships. Most enemies are destroyed in one shot, but some enemies require more shots to be destroyed. Enemy bullets or ramming into an enemy ship damages the Kiloblaster. The Kiloblaster is destroyed after five hits. Few enemies use killer laser shots instead of bullets. In some levels there are space mines which destroy the Kiloblaster on impact.The Kiloblaster can collect certain items for aid. An apple restores a hit point, otherwise boosts the player's score if hit points are maxed out. A banana boosts the player's score. A strawberry temporarily summons two or four wingmen, miniature ships that fire the same projectiles as the player (except for smaller missiles) and are destroyed by a single enemy shot. A Can of Spinach grants the Kiloblaster a temporary invincibility shield. Only a space mine can destroy the shield. Power Rings randomly give the Kiloblaster Regular Missiles or the widespread Pink Panther Missile.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGA"},{"link_name":"EGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Voyager 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_1"},{"link_name":"ray traced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The game includes VGA graphics, but a 16-colour EGA mode is also selectable. Running in 256-colour mode places obviously computer-generated backgrounds behind the main game levels. The registered version also came with its own Board Editor to customise the backgrounds of the levels.[4]Allen Pilgrim implemented the backgrounds, which were based on images captured by the Voyager 1 and ray traced pictures by Samuel Goldstein.[5]","title":"Graphics"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Kiloblaster - Readme\". Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118223146/http://cd.textfiles.com/gameempire/NEW/PRO48/README.TXT","url_text":"\"Kiloblaster - Readme\""},{"url":"http://cd.textfiles.com/gameempire/NEW/PRO48/README.TXT","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Epic MegaGames Newsletter Q1 1992. Epic MegaGames. 1992. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/epic-mega-haul-pdfs/12-1992_Q1_Epic_Insider_Letter/page/n5/mode/2up","url_text":"Epic MegaGames Newsletter Q1 1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_Games","url_text":"Epic MegaGames"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Kiloblaster%22","external_links_name":"\"Kiloblaster\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Kiloblaster%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Kiloblaster%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Kiloblaster%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Kiloblaster%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Kiloblaster%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.classicdosgames.com/game/Kiloblaster.html","external_links_name":"Allen Pilgrim declared Kiloblaster freeware and released the source code"},{"Link":"https://github.com/Malvineous/kiloblaster","external_links_name":"kiloblaster"},{"Link":"http://repo.openpandora.org/?page=detail&app=kiloblaster_ptitseb","external_links_name":"kiloblaster"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170118223146/http://cd.textfiles.com/gameempire/NEW/PRO48/README.TXT","external_links_name":"\"Kiloblaster - Readme\""},{"Link":"http://cd.textfiles.com/gameempire/NEW/PRO48/README.TXT","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/epic-mega-haul-pdfs/12-1992_Q1_Epic_Insider_Letter/page/n5/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Epic MegaGames Newsletter Q1 1992"},{"Link":"https://www.mobygames.com/game/kiloblaster","external_links_name":"Kiloblaster"},{"Link":"http://www.classicdosgames.com/game/Kiloblaster.html","external_links_name":"Download the registered version and source code"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Appleby_(tenor)
Paul Appleby (tenor)
["1 Awards","2 Repertoire (selection)","3 Recordings","4 DVDs","5 References","6 External links"]
American operatic tenor Paul ApplebyAppleby outside the Metropolitan Opera, May 2015BornJune 29, 1983 (1983-06-29) (age 40)Chicago, Illinois, USAOccupationOpera singer (tenor)Websitepaulapplebytenor.com Paul Appleby (born June 29, 1983) is an American operatic tenor. In 2009 he won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions. In November 2015 he made his debut at the San Francisco Opera as Tamino in Mozart's The Magic Flute. In December 2015 he was the tenor soloist in Mozart's Coronation Mass with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, and in January 2016 he performed Belmonte in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail with the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra. He sang Belmonte again at the Metropolitan Opera in May 2016. Appleby is a graduate of St. Joseph High School (South Bend, Indiana), and the University of Notre Dame. Appleby graduated from the Metropolitan Opera's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program and received the 2012 Leonore Annenberg Fellowship in the Performing and Visual Arts. Awards 2012: Leonore Annenberg Fellowship in the Performing and Visual Arts". 2012: Gerda Lissner Foundation". Repertoire (selection) Bénédict, Béatrice et Bénédict (Berlioz) Belmonte, Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Mozart) Brian, Two Boys (Nico Muhly) Brighella, Ariadne auf Naxos (Richard Strauss) – Metropolitan Opera debut (2011) David, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (Wagner) Don Ottavio, Don Giovanni (Mozart) Ferrando, Così fan tutte (Mozart) Jonathan, Saul (Handel) Lysander, A Midsummer Night's Dream (Britten) Tamino, Die Zauberflöte (Mozart) Tom Rakewell, The Rake's Progress (Stravinsky) Recordings Brian in Nico Muhly's Two Boys with conductor David Robertson, Metropolitan Opera, released 2013, Nonesuch Records Dear Theo: Three Song Cycles by Ben Moore with Paul Appleby, Susanna Phillips, Brett Polegato; Brian Zeger, piano; released 2014, Delos Productions The Juilliard Sessions: Paul Appleby; Schubert and Britten Songs, EMI Classics, 2012 Mozart: Mass in C minor & Piano Concerto No. 22 in E-flat major, K. 482 New York Philharmonic Alan Gilbert & Emanuel Ax, New York Philharmonic, 2012 DVDs The Enchanted Island, Metropolitan Opera Live in HD, Virgin Classics 2012 References ^ "Paul Appleby Schedule". Operabase. Retrieved January 12, 2023. ^ Sean Martinfield (November 11, 2015). "In Conversation with Tenor Paul Appleby – A Smart Debut at San Francisco Opera". The Huffington Post. ^ "Abduction from the Seraglio Marks Levine's Final Performance as Music Director", WQXR, 6 May 2016 ^ "Tenor takes 'mix tape' approach to opera recital at Notre Dame's DeBartolo". South Bend Tribune. March 17, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2019. ^ "Leonore Annenberg Fellowship". ^ Gerda Lissner Foundation, 2012 Prize Winners ^ "Calendar: Glyndebourne 2016 Festival" Archived January 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Glyndebourne (Lewes, UK), August, 2015 ^ "Review: Muhly: Two Boys", Opera News, January 2015. ^ Paul Appleby, Metropolitan Opera ^ "Who Matters Now: A Baker's Dozen of the Season's Rising Stars" by Robert J. Hughes, The New York Observer, 8 March 2011 ^ "Review: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg", Opera News (New York), December 2, 2014 ^ "San Diego Opera presents an excellent Don Giovanni", Opera Today (Omaha, Nebraska), February 24, 2015 ^ "Boston Lyric Opera’s Così fan tutte is delightful", The Boston Globe, March 19, 2013 ^ "Saul review – virtuoso, ravishing, one of Glyndebourne's finest shows", The Guardian (London, UK), August 2015. ^ "A Midsummer Photo Diary" Archived January 27, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Wolf Trap (Vienna, Virginia), August 2010. ^ "Review: The Rake's Progress Makes a Brief Visit at the Metropolitan Opera" by Corinna da Fonseca-Wollheim, The New York Times, May 4, 2015 ^ Nonesuch Records Official Website, "Two Boys, Metropolitan Opera", Nonesuch Records, May 12, 2015 ^ Delos Productions Official Website, "Dear Theo, Ben Moore", Delos Productions, 2014 ^ iTunes, "The Juilliard Sessions: Paul Appleby; Schubert and Britten Songs, EMI Classics" ^ New York Philharmonic Official Website, "Mozart: Mass in C minor & Piano Concerto No. 22 in E-flat major, K. 482", New York Philharmonic ^ The Metropolitan Opera, "The Enchanted Island: Metropolitan Opera Live in HD, Virgin Classics" External links Official website Paul Appleby's channel on YouTube Portals: Biography Opera Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"operatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_National_Council_Auditions"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera"},{"link_name":"The Magic Flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Flute"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP-2"},{"link_name":"Coronation Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Mass_(Mozart)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Die Entführung aus dem Serail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail"},{"link_name":"Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph High School (South Bend, Indiana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph_High_School_(South_Bend,_Indiana)"},{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"}],"text":"Paul Appleby (born June 29, 1983) is an American operatic tenor.[1] In 2009 he won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions. In November 2015 he made his debut at the San Francisco Opera as Tamino in Mozart's The Magic Flute.[2] In December 2015 he was the tenor soloist in Mozart's Coronation Mass with the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra, and in January 2016 he performed Belmonte in Mozart's Die Entführung aus dem Serail with the Ann Arbor Symphony Orchestra. He sang Belmonte again at the Metropolitan Opera in May 2016.[3]Appleby is a graduate of St. Joseph High School (South Bend, Indiana), and the University of Notre Dame.[4]Appleby graduated from the Metropolitan Opera's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program and received the 2012 Leonore Annenberg Fellowship in the Performing and Visual Arts.","title":"Paul Appleby (tenor)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"2012: Leonore Annenberg Fellowship in the Performing and Visual Arts\".[5]\n2012: Gerda Lissner Foundation\".[6]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Béatrice et Bénédict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_et_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict"},{"link_name":"Berlioz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Berlioz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Die Entführung aus dem Serail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail"},{"link_name":"Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart"},{"link_name":"Two Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Boys"},{"link_name":"Nico Muhly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Muhly"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ariadne auf Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos"},{"link_name":"Richard Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strauss"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg"},{"link_name":"Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Così fan tutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cos%C3%AC_fan_tutte"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Saul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_(Handel)"},{"link_name":"Handel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Die Zauberflöte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Flute"},{"link_name":"The Rake's Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rake%27s_Progress"},{"link_name":"Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Bénédict, Béatrice et Bénédict (Berlioz)[7]\nBelmonte, Die Entführung aus dem Serail (Mozart)\nBrian, Two Boys (Nico Muhly)[8]\nBrighella, Ariadne auf Naxos (Richard Strauss) – Metropolitan Opera debut (2011)[9][10]\nDavid, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (Wagner)[11]\nDon Ottavio, Don Giovanni (Mozart)[12]\nFerrando, Così fan tutte (Mozart)[13]\nJonathan, Saul (Handel)[14]\nLysander, A Midsummer Night's Dream (Britten)[15]\nTamino, Die Zauberflöte (Mozart)\nTom Rakewell, The Rake's Progress (Stravinsky)[16]","title":"Repertoire (selection)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nico Muhly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Muhly"},{"link_name":"Two Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Boys"},{"link_name":"David Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Robertson_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Nonesuch Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonesuch_Records"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ben Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Moore_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Susanna Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Brett Polegato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Polegato"},{"link_name":"Delos Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delos_Productions"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Juilliard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Juilliard_School"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"New York Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Alan Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Gilbert_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Ax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Ax"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Brian in Nico Muhly's Two Boys with conductor David Robertson, Metropolitan Opera, released 2013, Nonesuch Records[17]\nDear Theo: Three Song Cycles by Ben Moore with Paul Appleby, Susanna Phillips, Brett Polegato; Brian Zeger, piano; released 2014, Delos Productions[18]\nThe Juilliard Sessions: Paul Appleby; Schubert and Britten Songs, EMI Classics, 2012[19]\nMozart: Mass in C minor & Piano Concerto No. 22 in E-flat major, K. 482 New York Philharmonic Alan Gilbert & Emanuel Ax, New York Philharmonic, 2012[20]","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Enchanted Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enchanted_Island_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera Live in HD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_Live_in_HD"},{"link_name":"Virgin Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Classics"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Enchanted Island, Metropolitan Opera Live in HD, Virgin Classics 2012[21]","title":"DVDs"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Paul Appleby Schedule\". Operabase. Retrieved January 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.operabase.com/artists/paul-appleby-19816/en","url_text":"\"Paul Appleby Schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operabase","url_text":"Operabase"}]},{"reference":"Sean Martinfield (November 11, 2015). \"In Conversation with Tenor Paul Appleby – A Smart Debut at San Francisco Opera\". The Huffington Post.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sean-martinfield/in-conversation-with-teno_b_8526118.html","url_text":"\"In Conversation with Tenor Paul Appleby – A Smart Debut at San Francisco Opera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Huffington_Post","url_text":"The Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Tenor takes 'mix tape' approach to opera recital at Notre Dame's DeBartolo\". South Bend Tribune. March 17, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southbendtribune.com/entertainment/inthebend/music/tenor-takes-mix-tape-approach-to-opera-recital-at-notre/image_958d405e-6f55-55cb-b196-ede87b1bfffd.html","url_text":"\"Tenor takes 'mix tape' approach to opera recital at Notre Dame's DeBartolo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bend_Tribune","url_text":"South Bend Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Leonore Annenberg Fellowship\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leonoreannenbergscholarships.org/profile/appleby-paul/","url_text":"\"Leonore Annenberg Fellowship\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://paulapplebytenor.com/","external_links_name":"paulapplebytenor.com"},{"Link":"https://www.operabase.com/artists/paul-appleby-19816/en","external_links_name":"\"Paul Appleby Schedule\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sean-martinfield/in-conversation-with-teno_b_8526118.html","external_links_name":"\"In Conversation with Tenor Paul Appleby – A Smart Debut at San Francisco Opera\""},{"Link":"http://www.wqxr.org/#!/story/abduction-seraglio-marks-levines-final-performance-music-director/","external_links_name":"\"Abduction from the Seraglio Marks Levine's Final Performance as Music Director\""},{"Link":"https://www.southbendtribune.com/entertainment/inthebend/music/tenor-takes-mix-tape-approach-to-opera-recital-at-notre/image_958d405e-6f55-55cb-b196-ede87b1bfffd.html","external_links_name":"\"Tenor takes 'mix tape' approach to opera recital at Notre Dame's DeBartolo\""},{"Link":"http://www.leonoreannenbergscholarships.org/profile/appleby-paul/","external_links_name":"\"Leonore Annenberg Fellowship\""},{"Link":"http://www.gerdalissner.org/2012/","external_links_name":"2012 Prize Winners"},{"Link":"http://www.glyndebourne.com/tickets-and-whats-on/events/2016/f16beatrice/","external_links_name":"\"Calendar: Glyndebourne 2016 Festival\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160119092425/http://www.glyndebourne.com/tickets-and-whats-on/events/2016/f16beatrice/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2015/1/Recordings/MUHLY__Two_Boys.html","external_links_name":"\"Review: Muhly: Two Boys\""},{"Link":"http://www.metopera.org/Discover/Artists/Tenors/Paul-Appleby/","external_links_name":"Paul Appleby"},{"Link":"https://observer.com/2011/03/who-matters-now-a-bakers-dozen-of-the-seasons-rising-stars/","external_links_name":"\"Who Matters Now: A Baker's Dozen of the Season's Rising Stars\""},{"Link":"http://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2015/2/Reviews/NEW_YORK_CITY__Die_Meistersinger_von_Nurnberg.html","external_links_name":"\"Review: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg\""},{"Link":"http://www.operatoday.com/content/2015/02/san_diego_opera.php","external_links_name":"\"San Diego Opera presents an excellent Don Giovanni\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/03/18/review-boston-lyric-opera-cosi-fan-tutte-citi-shubert-theatre/zhCrmJ3WXU3HWNawEyIfKL/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Boston Lyric Opera’s Così fan tutte is delightful\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/jul/24/saul-review-glyndebourne-opera-lewes-sussex-barrie-kosky","external_links_name":"\"Saul review – virtuoso, ravishing, one of Glyndebourne's finest shows\""},{"Link":"http://opera.wolftrap.org/blog/2010/08/13/a-midsummer-photo-diary/","external_links_name":"\"A Midsummer Photo Diary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160127161621/http://opera.wolftrap.org/blog/2010/08/13/a-midsummer-photo-diary/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/05/arts/review-the-rakes-progress-makes-a-brief-visit-at-the-metropolitan-opera.html","external_links_name":"\"Review: The Rake's Progress Makes a Brief Visit at the Metropolitan Opera\""},{"Link":"http://www.nonesuch.com/albums/two-boys","external_links_name":"\"Two Boys, Metropolitan Opera\""},{"Link":"https://delosmusic.com/recording/dear-theo/","external_links_name":"\"Dear Theo, Ben Moore\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/juilliard-sessions-paul-appleby/id693840952","external_links_name":"\"The Juilliard Sessions: Paul Appleby; Schubert and Britten Songs, EMI Classics\""},{"Link":"http://nyphil.org/watch-listen/audio/buy-recordings/1112/mozart","external_links_name":"\"Mozart: Mass in C minor & Piano Concerto No. 22 in E-flat major, K. 482\""},{"Link":"http://www.metoperashop.org/shop/the-enchanted-island-live-in-hd-dvd-met-opera-10160","external_links_name":"\"The Enchanted Island: Metropolitan Opera Live in HD, Virgin Classics\""},{"Link":"https://paulapplebytenor.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGXZ-llOubbd3dym1x03NBQ","external_links_name":"Paul Appleby's channel"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/162986259","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhRGFGBBQB4K6VFpD8KVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169214934","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169214934","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/106489058X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011002808","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/paul-appleby/251631","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1b743d49-b1f0-4b88-aca8-2a076d3d117f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/227582233","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yener_Ar%C4%B1ca
Yener Arıca
["1 Club career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"]
Turkish-Dutch footballer Yener Arıca Yener Arıca (right) with Torric Jebrin in 2013Personal informationFull name Bilal Yener ArıcaDate of birth (1992-02-28) 28 February 1992 (age 32)Place of birth Küçükçekmece, TurkeyHeight 1.74 m (5 ft 9 in)Position(s) Attacking midfielderTeam informationCurrent team Bayburt Özel İdaresporNumber 20Youth career2003–2013 AjaxSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2013–2015 Kayserispor 21 (1)2015–2016 Altınordu SK 12 (1)2016–2017 Almere City 27 (6)2017–2019 Adanaspor 26 (2)2020– Bayburt Özel İdarespor 4 (1) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 11:28, 28 October 2020 (UTC) Bilal Yener Arıca (born 28 February 1992) is a Turkish-Dutch footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bayburt Özel İdarespor. Club career Born 28 February 1992 in Istanbul, Turkey, Yener Arıca moved to The Hague, in the Netherlands with his family, where he grew up. He attended the famous Ajax Academy in Amsterdam debuting for the D2 youth team in 2003. He has been on the reserve squad for AFC Ajax since 2011, and after two seasons on the reserves list he was however unable to break through into the first team, and decided to move to Turkey, signing with Kayserispor where he was given the number 14 shirt. He made his Süper Lig debut for Kayserispor against Karabükspor in the 3-1 away loss, coming on as a 53' minute substitute for Salih Dursun. After a season at Turkish second division Altınordu SK, he returned to Holland in summer 2016 to join Almere City. Personal life Yener Arıca was born in Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey to both Turkish parents, with whom he moved to the Netherlands where he grew up. He holds both Turkish and Dutch citizenship, and has yet to make any appearances for either national team. References ^ a b Profile on WorldFootball, worldfootball.net ^ "Ajax laat talent naar Turkije gaan (in Dutch)". Goal.com. 2 January 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013. ^ Yener Arica versterkt Almere City FC - Almere City (in Dutch) ^ "Arıca vertrekt bij Ajax (in Dutch)". De Telegraaf. 2 January 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013. External links Profile - Turkish Football Federation Profile - Voetbal International Yener Arıca at Soccerway
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Bayburt Özel İdarespor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayburt_%C3%96zel_%C4%B0darespor"}],"text":"Bilal Yener Arıca (born 28 February 1992) is a Turkish-Dutch footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bayburt Özel İdarespor.","title":"Yener Arıca"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Ajax Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"AFC Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Kayserispor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayserispor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Süper Lig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig"},{"link_name":"Kayserispor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayserispor"},{"link_name":"Karabükspor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardemir_Karab%C3%BCkspor"},{"link_name":"Salih Dursun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salih_Dursun"},{"link_name":"Altınordu SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1nordu_S.K."},{"link_name":"Almere City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almere_City_FC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Born 28 February 1992 in Istanbul, Turkey, Yener Arıca moved to The Hague, in the Netherlands with his family, where he grew up. He attended the famous Ajax Academy in Amsterdam debuting for the D2 youth team in 2003. He has been on the reserve squad for AFC Ajax since 2011, and after two seasons on the reserves list he was however unable to break through into the first team, and decided to move to Turkey, signing with Kayserispor where he was given the number 14 shirt.[2]He made his Süper Lig debut for Kayserispor against Karabükspor in the 3-1 away loss, coming on as a 53' minute substitute for Salih Dursun.After a season at Turkish second division Altınordu SK, he returned to Holland in summer 2016 to join Almere City.[3]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Küçükçekmece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk%C3%A7ekmece"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Yener Arıca was born in Küçükçekmece, Istanbul, Turkey to both Turkish parents, with whom he moved to the Netherlands where he grew up. He holds both Turkish and Dutch citizenship, and has yet to make any appearances for either national team.[4]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ajax laat talent naar Turkije gaan (in Dutch)\". Goal.com. 2 January 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/nl/news/786/transfers/2013/01/02/3642168/ajax-laat-talent-naar-turkije-gaan","url_text":"\"Ajax laat talent naar Turkije gaan (in Dutch)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arıca vertrekt bij Ajax (in Dutch)\". De Telegraaf. 2 January 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.telegraaf.nl/telesport/voetbal/ajax/21191765/__Arica_vertrekt_bij_Ajax__.html","url_text":"\"Arıca vertrekt bij Ajax (in Dutch)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/yener-arica/","external_links_name":"Profile on WorldFootball"},{"Link":"http://www.goal.com/nl/news/786/transfers/2013/01/02/3642168/ajax-laat-talent-naar-turkije-gaan","external_links_name":"\"Ajax laat talent naar Turkije gaan (in Dutch)\""},{"Link":"http://www.almerecity.nl/ac-1/yener-arica-versterkt-almere-city-fc","external_links_name":"Yener Arica versterkt Almere City FC"},{"Link":"http://www.telegraaf.nl/telesport/voetbal/ajax/21191765/__Arica_vertrekt_bij_Ajax__.html","external_links_name":"\"Arıca vertrekt bij Ajax (in Dutch)\""},{"Link":"http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageId=30&kisiId=1562766","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.vi.nl/spelers/carriere/yener-arica.htm","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/yener-arica/218058/","external_links_name":"Yener Arıca"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Roberts
J. D. Roberts
["1 Early life and high school","2 College","3 Coaching","4 Post-coaching","5 Head coaching record","6 References"]
American football player and coach (1932–2021) For other people named J. D. Roberts, see J. D. Roberts (disambiguation). American football player J. D. RobertsPersonal informationBorn:(1932-10-24)October 24, 1932Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.Died:May 25, 2021(2021-05-25) (aged 88)Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.Career informationHigh school:Dallas (TX) JesuitCollege:OklahomaNFL draft:1954 / Round: 17 / Pick: 195Career history As a coach: Quantico Marines (1956)Assistant coach Denver (1957)Line coach Oklahoma (1958–1959)Assistant coach Navy (1960)Line coach Auburn (1961)Offensive line coach Houston (1962–1964)Line coach New Orleans Saints (1967–1968)Linebackers coach Richmond Roadrunners (1969–1970)Head coach New Orleans Saints (1970–1973)Head coach Career highlights and awards Outland Trophy (1953) Consensus All-American (1953) Head coaching recordRegular season:7–25–3 (.243)Coaching stats at PFRCollege Football Hall of Fame John David Roberts (October 24, 1932 – May 25, 2021) was an American college and professional football coach. He was the head coach of the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL) from the middle of the 1970 season until his dismissal after four preseason games in 1973. He played college ball for the Oklahoma Sooners. Early life and high school Roberts was born in Oklahoma City, but moved to Dallas at the age of 6. Even as a youth, he had interest in football: he and one of his friends sold programs before football games at the Cotton Bowl stadium in Dallas. He played three years of football on both offense and defense at Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas, from which he graduated in 1950. He was named to the Texas High School Football Hall of Fame in 1994. Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas added him to their Hall of Fame in 1999. College Roberts played as a guard on offense and defense for the University of Oklahoma. He won the Outland Trophy as the nation's top college lineman in 1953. That same year, he was a consensus All-America selection. He went on to be named to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1993. He finished 8th in the Heisman Trophy vote in 1953. Coaching Roberts was chosen in the 17th round (195th overall) of the 1954 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers. However, he never played in a regular season NFL game. He served as a lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps and played for the Quantico Marines football team in 1955. A leg injury in 1956 ended his playing career and he instead served as an assistant to Quantico head coach Hal Harwood. After leaving the Marines, Roberts served as an assistant football coach at the University of Denver, University of Oklahoma, the U.S. Naval Academy, Auburn University, and the University of Houston. In 1967 he became a scout and linebackers coach for the New Orleans Saints. He then served as head coach of the Saints' Atlantic Coast Football League affiliate, the Richmond Roadrunners until he was hired to coach the Saints. Roberts was hired by Saints owner John Mecom on November 3, 1970, replacing Tom Fears after New Orleans began 1970 with a 1–5–1 record. His first game came five days later at Tulane Stadium against the Detroit Lions. The Saints won 19–17 when Tom Dempsey kicked a 63-yard (58 m) field goal, a record which broke the previous NFL mark by seven yards. Dempsey's record was tied by Jason Elam of the Denver Broncos in 1998, Sebastian Janikowski of the Oakland Raiders in 2011, and David Akers of the San Francisco 49ers in 2012, but nobody had bettered the mark until December 8, 2013 when Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos successfully made a 64-yard (59 m) field goal. The Saints' success did not carry over following Dempsey's miracle kick. A 21–10 loss the next week to the Miami Dolphins started a six-game losing streak which left the Saints with a 2–11–1 mark for the season. With the second pick in the 1971 NFL Draft, Roberts and Mecom selected Ole Miss quarterback Archie Manning, who became the cornerstone for the woebegone franchise for the next decade. In Manning's first NFL game, his two-yard touchdown run on the game's final play gave the Saints a 24–20 victory over the Los Angeles Rams, the same team which defeated the Saints in the franchise's first game in 1967. Four weeks later, the Saints stunned the eventual Super Bowl champion Dallas Cowboys 24–14, but New Orleans finished the season 4–8–2. New Orleans regressed sharply in 1972, falling back to 2–11–1, and Roberts was fired shortly after a 31–6 preseason loss to the New England Patriots on August 25, 1973. Post-coaching Roberts went on to run an oil and gas business in Oklahoma City. Head coaching record Team Year Regular Season Post Season Won Lost Ties Win % Finish Won Lost Win % Result NO 1970 1 6 0 .143 4th in NFC West – – – – NO 1971 4 8 2 .333 4th in NFC West – – – – NO 1972 2 11 1 .154 4th in NFC West – – – – NO Total 7 25 3 .243 – Total 7 25 3 .243 – References ^ a b c Trotter, Jake (August 28, 2010). "Collected Wisdom: Former University of Oklahoma football player J.D. Roberts". NewsOK. Retrieved September 24, 2018. ^ Official Site of the Dallas Jesuit Rangers, "J.D. Roberts". Available online: https://jesuitrangers.org/hof.aspx?hof=68&mobile=skip Retrieved September 24, 2018. ^ Texas Sports Hall of Fame, "Texas High School Football Hall of Fame". Available online: http://www.tshof.org/about/thsfhof/ . Retrieved September 24, 2018. ^ Official Site of the Dallas Jesuit Rangers, ibid. ^ Soonersports.com, "All-American: J.D. Roberts." Available online: http://www.soonersports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=208798502 . Retrieved September 24, 2018. ^ "Jd Roberts College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved January 4, 2024. ^ "1954 NFL Draft Listing". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved January 4, 2024. ^ Jones, Elwood R. (September 1956). "Football Forecast". Leatherneck. ^ "Roberts New Oklahoma Aide". The New York Times. January 30, 1958. ^ "Auburn Aide Resigns: Roberts Will Coach Linemen in New Post at Houston". The New York Times. December 25, 1961. ^ "Former Saints coach J.D. Roberts dies; picked Archie Manning". The Buffalo News. May 26, 2021. ^ Jeff Duncan, Tales from the New Orleans Saints Sideline: A Collection of the Greatest Saints Stories Ever Told (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2012), chapter 2. ^ "J.D. Roberts Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved January 4, 2024. vteOutland Trophy winners 1946: Connor 1947: Steffy 1948: Fischer 1949: Bagdon 1950: Gain 1951: Weatherall 1952: Modzelewski 1953: J. Roberts 1954: Brooks 1955: C. Jones 1956: Parker 1957: Karras 1958: Z. Smith 1959: McGee 1960: T. Brown 1961: Olsen 1962: Bell 1963: Appleton 1964: DeLong 1965: Nobis 1966: Phillips 1967: Yary 1968: Stanfill 1969: Reid 1970: Stillwagon 1971: Jacobson 1972: Glover 1973: Hicks 1974: White 1975: Selmon 1976: Browner 1977: Shearer 1978: G. Roberts 1979: Ritcher 1980: May 1981: Rimington 1982: Rimington 1983: Steinkuhler 1984: B. Smith 1985: Ruth 1986: Buck 1987: Hennings 1988: Rocker 1989: Elewonibi 1990: Maryland 1991: Emtman 1992: Shields 1993: Waldrop 1994: Wiegert 1995: Ogden 1996: Pace 1997: Taylor 1998: Farris 1999: Samuels 2000: Henderson 2001: McKinnie 2002: Long 2003: Gallery 2004: J. Brown 2005: Eslinger 2006: Thomas 2007: Dorsey 2008: A. Smith 2009: Suh 2010: Carimi 2011: B. Jones 2012: Joeckel 2013: Donald 2014: Scherff 2015: Garnett 2016: Robinson 2017: Oliver 2018: Williams 2019: Sewell 2020: Leatherwood 2021: Davis 2022: Oluwatimi 2023: Sweat vteUPI Lineman of the Year winners 1950: Richter 1951: McColl 1952: Catlin 1953: J. Roberts 1954: Ellena 1955: Pellegrini 1956: Tubbs 1957: Karras 1958: Harrison 1959: R. Davis 1960: T. Brown 1961: Romig 1962: Bell 1963: Appleton 1964: Butkus 1965: Twilley 1966: B. Smith 1967: Liggins 1968: Hendricks 1969: McCoy 1970: Stillwagon 1971: Patulski 1972: Glover 1973: Hicks 1974: White 1975: Selmon 1976: Browner 1977: Browner 1978: G. Roberts 1979: Budde 1980: H. Green 1981: Sims 1982: Rimington 1983: Steinkuhler 1984: Fralic 1985: Casillas 1986: J. Brown 1987: Hennings 1988: Mandarich 1989: Zorich 1990: Maryland 1991: Emtman 1992: Curry 1993: Waldrop 1994: Wiegert 1995: Ogden 1996: Pace vte1953 College Football All-America Team consensus selectionsBackfield QB Paul Giel HB J. C. Caroline HB Paul Cameron HB Johnny Lattner Line E Don Dohoney E Carlton Massey T Art Hunter T Stan Jones G Crawford Mims G J. D. Roberts C Larry Morris vteGreen Bay Packers 1954 NFL draft selections Art Hunter Veryl Switzer Bob Fleck George Timberlake Tommy Allman Max McGee Sam Marshall Jimmie Williams Dave Davis Gene Knutson Ken Hall Bill Oliver Mike Takacs Kosse Johnson Des Koch J. D. Roberts Emery Barnes Ken Hall Lowell Herbert Art Liebscher Willie Buford Clint Sathrum Marv Tennefoss John Smalley Ralph Baierl Hosea Sims Evan Slonac Jerry Dufek Terry Campbell vteNew Orleans Saints head coaches Tom Fears (1967–1970) J. D. Roberts (1970–1972) John North (1973–1975) Ernie Hefferle # (1975) Hank Stram (1976–1977) Dick Nolan (1978–1980) Dick Stanfel # (1980) Bum Phillips (1981–1985) Wade Phillips # (1985) Jim Mora (1986–1996) Rick Venturi # (1996) Mike Ditka (1997–1999) Jim Haslett (2000–2005) Sean Payton (2006–2011, 2013–2021) Aaron Kromer # (2012) Joe Vitt # (2012) Dennis Allen (2022–present) # denotes interim head coach
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. D. Roberts (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Roberts_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1970 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Sooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_football"}],"text":"For other people named J. D. Roberts, see J. D. Roberts (disambiguation).American football playerJohn David Roberts (October 24, 1932 – May 25, 2021) was an American college and professional football coach. He was the head coach of the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL) from the middle of the 1970 season until his dismissal after four preseason games in 1973. He played college ball for the Oklahoma Sooners.","title":"J. D. Roberts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trotter-1"},{"link_name":"Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit_College_Preparatory_School_of_Dallas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Roberts was born in Oklahoma City, but moved to Dallas at the age of 6. Even as a youth, he had interest in football: he and one of his friends sold programs before football games at the Cotton Bowl stadium in Dallas.[1] He played three years of football on both offense and defense at Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas, from which he graduated in 1950.[2] He was named to the Texas High School Football Hall of Fame in 1994.[3] Jesuit College Preparatory School of Dallas added him to their Hall of Fame in 1999.[4]","title":"Early life and high school"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Outland Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outland_Trophy"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Heisman Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisman_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Roberts played as a guard on offense and defense for the University of Oklahoma. He won the Outland Trophy as the nation's top college lineman in 1953. That same year, he was a consensus All-America selection. He went on to be named to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1993.[5] He finished 8th in the Heisman Trophy vote in 1953.[6]","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Quantico Marines football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantico_Marines_Devil_Dogs_football"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University of Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Denver"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"U.S. Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Academy"},{"link_name":"Auburn University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburn_University"},{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trotter-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Richmond Roadrunners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Roadrunners"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John Mecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Mecom_Jr."},{"link_name":"Tom Fears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Fears"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Tulane Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulane_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"Tom Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"Jason Elam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Elam"},{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Janikowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Janikowski"},{"link_name":"Oakland Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Raiders"},{"link_name":"David Akers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Akers"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"Matt Prater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Prater"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"1971 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_football"},{"link_name":"Archie Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Manning"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_VI"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"}],"text":"Roberts was chosen in the 17th round (195th overall) of the 1954 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers. However, he never played in a regular season NFL game.[7] He served as a lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps and played for the Quantico Marines football team in 1955. A leg injury in 1956 ended his playing career and he instead served as an assistant to Quantico head coach Hal Harwood.[8]After leaving the Marines, Roberts served as an assistant football coach at the University of Denver, University of Oklahoma, the U.S. Naval Academy, Auburn University, and the University of Houston.[1][9][10] In 1967 he became a scout and linebackers coach for the New Orleans Saints.[11] He then served as head coach of the Saints' Atlantic Coast Football League affiliate, the Richmond Roadrunners until he was hired to coach the Saints.[12]Roberts was hired by Saints owner John Mecom on November 3, 1970, replacing Tom Fears after New Orleans began 1970 with a 1–5–1 record. His first game came five days later at Tulane Stadium against the Detroit Lions. The Saints won 19–17 when Tom Dempsey kicked a 63-yard (58 m) field goal, a record which broke the previous NFL mark by seven yards. Dempsey's record was tied by Jason Elam of the Denver Broncos in 1998, Sebastian Janikowski of the Oakland Raiders in 2011, and David Akers of the San Francisco 49ers in 2012, but nobody had bettered the mark until December 8, 2013 when Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos successfully made a 64-yard (59 m) field goal.The Saints' success did not carry over following Dempsey's miracle kick. A 21–10 loss the next week to the Miami Dolphins started a six-game losing streak which left the Saints with a 2–11–1 mark for the season.With the second pick in the 1971 NFL Draft, Roberts and Mecom selected Ole Miss quarterback Archie Manning, who became the cornerstone for the woebegone franchise for the next decade. In Manning's first NFL game, his two-yard touchdown run on the game's final play gave the Saints a 24–20 victory over the Los Angeles Rams, the same team which defeated the Saints in the franchise's first game in 1967. Four weeks later, the Saints stunned the eventual Super Bowl champion Dallas Cowboys 24–14, but New Orleans finished the season 4–8–2.New Orleans regressed sharply in 1972, falling back to 2–11–1, and Roberts was fired shortly after a 31–6 preseason loss to the New England Patriots on August 25, 1973.","title":"Coaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trotter-1"}],"text":"Roberts went on to run an oil and gas business in Oklahoma City.[1]","title":"Post-coaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"[13]","title":"Head coaching record"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Trotter, Jake (August 28, 2010). \"Collected Wisdom: Former University of Oklahoma football player J.D. Roberts\". NewsOK. Retrieved September 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Trotter","url_text":"Trotter, Jake"},{"url":"https://newsok.com/article/3489871/collected-wisdom-former-university-of-oklahoma-football-player-jd-roberts","url_text":"\"Collected Wisdom: Former University of Oklahoma football player J.D. Roberts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jd Roberts College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved January 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/jd-roberts-1.html","url_text":"\"Jd Roberts College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits\""}]},{"reference":"\"1954 NFL Draft Listing\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved January 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1954/draft.htm","url_text":"\"1954 NFL Draft Listing\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Elwood R. (September 1956). \"Football Forecast\". Leatherneck.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Roberts New Oklahoma Aide\". The New York Times. January 30, 1958.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Auburn Aide Resigns: Roberts Will Coach Linemen in New Post at Houston\". The New York Times. December 25, 1961.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Former Saints coach J.D. Roberts dies; picked Archie Manning\". The Buffalo News. May 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://buffalonews.com/sports/former-saints-coach-j-d-roberts-dies-picked-archie-manning/article_58bc67ed-9c9b-5f7b-9320-df7dc43cac65.html","url_text":"\"Former Saints coach J.D. Roberts dies; picked Archie Manning\""}]},{"reference":"\"J.D. Roberts Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved January 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/coaches/RobeJ.0.htm","url_text":"\"J.D. Roberts Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/coaches/RobeJ.0.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"https://footballfoundation.org/hof_search.aspx?hof=1791","external_links_name":"College Football Hall of Fame"},{"Link":"https://newsok.com/article/3489871/collected-wisdom-former-university-of-oklahoma-football-player-jd-roberts","external_links_name":"\"Collected Wisdom: Former University of Oklahoma football player J.D. Roberts\""},{"Link":"https://jesuitrangers.org/hof.aspx?hof=68&mobile=skip","external_links_name":"https://jesuitrangers.org/hof.aspx?hof=68&mobile=skip"},{"Link":"http://www.tshof.org/about/thsfhof/","external_links_name":"http://www.tshof.org/about/thsfhof/"},{"Link":"http://www.soonersports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=208798502","external_links_name":"http://www.soonersports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=208798502"},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/jd-roberts-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Jd Roberts College Stats, School, Draft, Gamelog, Splits\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1954/draft.htm","external_links_name":"\"1954 NFL Draft Listing\""},{"Link":"https://buffalonews.com/sports/former-saints-coach-j-d-roberts-dies-picked-archie-manning/article_58bc67ed-9c9b-5f7b-9320-df7dc43cac65.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Saints coach J.D. Roberts dies; picked Archie Manning\""},{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/coaches/RobeJ.0.htm","external_links_name":"\"J.D. Roberts Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guazuma_ulmifolia
Guazuma ulmifolia
["1 Description","1.1 Botany","1.2 Propagation","1.3 Pests","2 Distribution","3 Uses","3.1 Wood","3.2 Other uses","3.3 Medicinal","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Species of tree This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Guazuma ulmifolia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Guazuma ulmifolia Guazuma ulmifolia leaves Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Malvales Family: Malvaceae Genus: Guazuma Species: G. ulmifolia Binomial name Guazuma ulmifoliaLam. Guazuma ulmifolia, commonly known as West Indian elm or bay cedar, is a medium-sized tree normally found in pastures and disturbed forests. This flowering plant from the family Malvaceae grows up to 30m in height and 30–40 cm in diameter. It is widely found in areas such as the Caribbean, South America, Central America and Mexico serving several uses that vary from its value in carpentry to its utility in medicine. Description Botany Guazuma ulmifolia flowers. Guazuma ulmifolia grows to 30m in height and 30–40 cm in diameter and comes with a rounded crown. Leaves are distributed in an alternate pattern with 2 rows in assembled flatly. The leaves are ovate to lance-shaped, finely saw-toothed margin, usually have a rough texture and are 6–13 cm in length and 2.5–6 cm in diameter. Three to five main veins arise from the base (rounded or notched, unequal sided) of the leaf which has a darker green upper surface and a fairer green color underneath. They are virtually hairless and thin. The leaf stalks of this species are lean, approximately 6-12mm long, and are covered with small "star-shaped" hairs. The panicles (indeterminate flower clusters) are in a branched pattern around 2.5–5 cm in length and are found at the bottom of the leaves. The flowers come in many, are short-stalked, small in size, have a brown-yellow color, five parted, 1 cm in length and have a small fragrance to them. The calyx contains are lobed (2-3), have hairs that are brown or light grey, as well as greenish. They have 5 petals with a yellow-like stamen, 15 anthers per pistil, 5 stigmas (combined), ovary lighter green in color with hairs, and also contains a style. The fruit which have capsules that are round to elliptical is 15-25mm in length. They have many seeds that are shaped like eggs and are 3mm in length, grey. Propagation The species flowers throughout the year, in particular from April to October. Guazuma ulmifolia can be cultivated by either directly planting seeds or cuttings of the plant, as well as root stumps and bare-root seedlings. Before planting the seeds they need to be soaked in boiling water for 30 seconds; the water should be drained afterward. 7–14 days after fresh seeds are planted, germination occurs (60-80% rate). When they reach a height of 30–40 cm which is usually about 15 weeks later they are then prepared for “outplanting.” When using root stumps as a means for propagation they are left to dwell in a nursery for some time until the diameter of the stem reached 1.5-2.5 cm, which is usually about 5–8 months. Guazuma ulmifolia (West Indian Elm) Pests The Guazuma ulmifolia falls prey most commonly to the defoliating insect Phelyypera distigma, as well as Arsenura armida, Epitragus sp., Aepytus sp., Automeris rubrescens, Hylesia lineata, Lirimiris truncata and Periphoba arcaei. These defoliators very rarely cause problems, but has been seen . Distribution Guazuma ulmifolia is normally found in the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America and Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. They are native to Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, the Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Virgin Islands (US). Uses Wood Fruits. The wood of the Guazuma ulmifolia is utilized for posts, interior carpentry, light construction, boxes, crates, shoe horns, tool handles, and charcoal. The wood is found to be very unproblematic to work with. The sapwood has a color of brown (light) and the heartwood is pink to brown. Other uses Guazuma ulmifolia serves as a very vital source of fodder for livestock approaching the end of the dry season of the native array dry areas. It is the favored tree for fodder in Jamaica. The trees also serve to bestow shade in pastures. The immature fruits and leaves are given as food to horses and cattle. The fruits are also given to domestic pigs in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. The leaves and fruits are usually fed to the cattle throughout the arid season. The trees may also serve the purpose of being actual posts surrounding pastures. The crunchy, woody fruits and its seeds are edible raw or cooked and have a mild, sweet, honey/granola like flavor. Medicinal A beverage of crushed seeds soaked in water is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, colds, coughs, contusions, and venereal disease. It is also used as a diuretic and astringent. References ^ Barstow, M. (2019). "Guazuma ulmifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61785778A61785781. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61785778A61785781.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021. ^ "Guazuma ulmifolia - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2022-07-22. ^ Vallejo, M.A., and F.J. Oveido. 1994. Características botánicas, Usos y distribución de Los principales árboles y arbustos con potential forrader de América Central. In: Arboles y arbustos forrajeros en América Central. Volumen 2. Serie Técnica, Informe Técnico N° 236. Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Ensenañza (CATIE). Turrialba, Costa Rica. p. 676-677. Further reading Francis, John K.(1991) "Guazuma ulmifolia Lam." AF Cover fs.fed.us External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guazuma ulmifolia. Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net) United States Department of Agriculture Plants Database World of Forestry Taxon identifiersGuazuma ulmifolia Wikidata: Q3281935 Wikispecies: Guazuma ulmifolia APDB: 121024 BOLD: 176112 CoL: 3HK2B Ecocrop: 6562 EoL: 584815 EPPO: GUZUL FNA: 242427489 GBIF: 3152195 GRIN: 312760 iNaturalist: 154538 IPNI: 823393-1 IRMNG: 10199042 ITIS: 21546 IUCN: 61785778 MoBotPF: 287260 NCBI: 93772 Observation.org: 209557 Open Tree of Life: 526994 PalDat: Guazuma_ulmifolia Plant List: kew-2834705 PLANTS: GUUL POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:823393-1 Tropicos: 30400486 WFO: wfo-0000711645 Authority control databases: National Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malvaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvaceae"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"}],"text":"Guazuma ulmifolia, commonly known as West Indian elm or bay cedar, is a medium-sized tree normally found in pastures and disturbed forests. This flowering plant from the family Malvaceae grows up to 30m in height and 30–40 cm in diameter. It is widely found in areas such as the Caribbean, South America, Central America and Mexico serving several uses that vary from its value in carpentry to its utility in medicine.","title":"Guazuma ulmifolia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guazuma_ulmifolia_2.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Botany","text":"Guazuma ulmifolia flowers.Guazuma ulmifolia grows to 30m in height and 30–40 cm in diameter and comes with a rounded crown. Leaves are distributed in an alternate pattern with 2 rows in assembled flatly. The leaves are ovate to lance-shaped, finely saw-toothed margin, usually have a rough texture and are 6–13 cm in length and 2.5–6 cm in diameter. Three to five main veins arise from the base (rounded or notched, unequal sided) of the leaf which has a darker green upper surface and a fairer green color underneath. They are virtually hairless and thin. The leaf stalks of this species are lean, approximately 6-12mm long, and are covered with small \"star-shaped\" hairs.The panicles (indeterminate flower clusters) are in a branched pattern around 2.5–5 cm in length and are found at the bottom of the leaves. The flowers come in many, are short-stalked, small in size, have a brown-yellow color, five parted, 1 cm in length and have a small fragrance to them. The calyx contains are lobed (2-3), have hairs that are brown or light grey, as well as greenish. They have 5 petals with a yellow-like stamen, 15 anthers per pistil, 5 stigmas (combined), ovary lighter green in color with hairs, and also contains a style. The fruit which have capsules that are round to elliptical is 15-25mm in length. They have many seeds that are shaped like eggs and are 3mm in length, grey.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guazuma_ulmifolia_(West_Indian_Elm)_W_IMG_8267.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Propagation","text":"The species flowers throughout the year, in particular from April to October. Guazuma ulmifolia can be cultivated by either directly planting seeds or cuttings of the plant, as well as root stumps and bare-root seedlings. Before planting the seeds they need to be soaked in boiling water for 30 seconds; the water should be drained afterward. 7–14 days after fresh seeds are planted, germination occurs (60-80% rate). When they reach a height of 30–40 cm which is usually about 15 weeks later they are then prepared for “outplanting.” When using root stumps as a means for propagation they are left to dwell in a nursery for some time until the diameter of the stem reached 1.5-2.5 cm, which is usually about 5–8 months.Guazuma ulmifolia (West Indian Elm)","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phelyypera distigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phelyypera_distigma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arsenura armida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenura_armida"},{"link_name":"Epitragus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epitragus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aepytus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aepytus_(moth)"},{"link_name":"Automeris rubrescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Automeris_rubrescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hylesia lineata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hylesia_lineata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lirimiris truncata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lirimiris_truncata"},{"link_name":"Periphoba arcaei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periphoba_arcaei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"}],"sub_title":"Pests","text":"The Guazuma ulmifolia falls prey most commonly to the defoliating insect Phelyypera distigma, as well as Arsenura armida, Epitragus sp., Aepytus sp., Automeris rubrescens, Hylesia lineata, Lirimiris truncata and Periphoba arcaei. These defoliators very rarely cause problems, but has been seen [by whom?].","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Guazuma ulmifolia is normally found in the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America and Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. They are native to Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, the Bahamas, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and the Virgin Islands (US).","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guazuma_ulmifolia_fruits.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Wood","text":"Fruits.The wood of the Guazuma ulmifolia is utilized for posts, interior carpentry, light construction, boxes, crates, shoe horns, tool handles, and charcoal. The wood is found to be very unproblematic to work with. The sapwood has a color of brown (light) and the heartwood is pink to brown.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Other uses","text":"Guazuma ulmifolia serves as a very vital source of fodder for livestock approaching the end of the dry season of the native array dry areas. It is the favored tree for fodder in Jamaica. The trees also serve to bestow shade in pastures. The immature fruits and leaves are given as food to horses and cattle. The fruits are also given to domestic pigs in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic. The leaves and fruits are usually fed to the cattle throughout the arid season. The trees may also serve the purpose of being actual posts surrounding pastures. The crunchy, woody fruits and its seeds are edible raw or cooked[2] and have a mild, sweet, honey/granola like flavor.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Medicinal","text":"A beverage of crushed seeds soaked in water is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, colds, coughs, contusions, and venereal disease. It is also used as a diuretic and astringent.[3]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fs.fed.us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/sm_iitf047%20%20(5).pdf"}],"text":"Francis, John K.(1991) \"Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.\" AF Cover fs.fed.us","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Guazuma ulmifolia flowers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Guazuma_ulmifolia_2.jpg/220px-Guazuma_ulmifolia_2.jpg"},{"image_text":" Guazuma ulmifolia (West Indian Elm)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Guazuma_ulmifolia_%28West_Indian_Elm%29_W_IMG_8267.jpg/220px-Guazuma_ulmifolia_%28West_Indian_Elm%29_W_IMG_8267.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fruits.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Guazuma_ulmifolia_fruits.jpg/220px-Guazuma_ulmifolia_fruits.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Barstow, M. (2019). \"Guazuma ulmifolia\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T61785778A61785781. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61785778A61785781.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61785778/61785781","url_text":"\"Guazuma ulmifolia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61785778A61785781.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61785778A61785781.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Guazuma ulmifolia - Plant Finder\". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2022-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287260","url_text":"\"Guazuma ulmifolia - Plant Finder\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Guazuma+ulmifolia%22","external_links_name":"\"Guazuma ulmifolia\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Guazuma+ulmifolia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Guazuma+ulmifolia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Guazuma+ulmifolia%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Guazuma+ulmifolia%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Guazuma+ulmifolia%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61785778/61785781","external_links_name":"\"Guazuma ulmifolia\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61785778A61785781.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61785778A61785781.en"},{"Link":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287260","external_links_name":"\"Guazuma ulmifolia - Plant Finder\""},{"Link":"http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/sm_iitf047%20%20(5).pdf","external_links_name":"fs.fed.us"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101209091402/http://www.winrock.org/fnrm/factnet/factpub/FACTSH/gulmifol.htm","external_links_name":"Forest, Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net)"},{"Link":"https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=GUUL","external_links_name":"United States Department of Agriculture Plants Database"},{"Link":"http://worldagroforestry.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=944","external_links_name":"World of Forestry"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/121024","external_links_name":"121024"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=176112","external_links_name":"176112"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3HK2B","external_links_name":"3HK2B"},{"Link":"https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=6562","external_links_name":"6562"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/584815","external_links_name":"584815"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/GUZUL","external_links_name":"GUZUL"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242427489","external_links_name":"242427489"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3152195","external_links_name":"3152195"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=312760","external_links_name":"312760"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/154538","external_links_name":"154538"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/823393-1","external_links_name":"823393-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10199042","external_links_name":"10199042"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=21546","external_links_name":"21546"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/61785778","external_links_name":"61785778"},{"Link":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=287260","external_links_name":"287260"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=93772","external_links_name":"93772"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/209557/","external_links_name":"209557"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=526994","external_links_name":"526994"},{"Link":"https://www.paldat.org/pub/Guazuma_ulmifolia","external_links_name":"Guazuma_ulmifolia"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2834705","external_links_name":"kew-2834705"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=GUUL","external_links_name":"GUUL"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A823393-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:823393-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/30400486","external_links_name":"30400486"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000711645","external_links_name":"wfo-0000711645"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007537076005171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Grosseto_1912
US Grosseto 1912
["1 History","1.1 The Camilli Era (2000-2015)","1.2 FC Grosseto (2015-2017)","1.3 Ceri ownership: the return of US Grosseto 1912","1.4 Lamioni ownership: 2022...","2 Squad","2.1 Current squad","3 Achievements","4 References","5 External links"]
Italian football club Football clubGrossetoFull nameSSD Unione Sportiva Grosseto 1912Nickname(s)Il Grifone (The Griffon)Biancorossi (The Red & Whites)Maremmani (The Maremmians)Torelli (The Little Bulls)Unionisti (The Unionists)Founded1912GroundStadio Olimpico Carlo Zecchini,Grosseto, ItalyCapacity10,200OwnerGiovvanni LamioniChairmanAntonio FioriniManagerVitaliano BonuccelliLeagueSerie D Group E3rd Serie D Round Robin EWebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Third colours Unione Sportiva Grosseto 1912 is an Italian association football club, based in the city of Grosseto, Tuscany. The club was founded in 1912 as Unione Ginnico Sportiva Grossetana. The team's most associated nickname is grifone, after its logo, depicting a griffon. Its colours are red and white, and it currently plays in Serie D, the fourth level of Italian football. The club's most recent success consists of 6 consecutive participations in Serie B between 2007 and 2013, notably reaching the play-off semifinals in 2008-09. It was most recently refounded in 2017. History Club logo used from 1995 to 2015 The club was founded in 1912 as Football Club Grosseto, and made its debut in a match played and lost in Orbetello. The club joined the Italian Football Federation only nine years later, in 1921, being admitted in the Promozione division. In 1927, the club changes its official colours from black/white to the current white/red. Since its foundation, Grosseto played extensively from Serie C to the amateur leagues. In 1995 the club was cancelled by the football federation because of financial troubles, thus losing the right to participate in the Serie C2 after having won Serie D the same year. Following these events, Grosseto joined Eccellenza, ending it in fifteenth place being therefore relegated to Promozione. However, two consecutive promotions from 1997 to 1999 brought Grosseto back to Serie D. The Camilli Era (2000-2015) In 2000, Piero Camilli purchased the club with the aim to bring Grosseto back into the pros. In the 2001–2002 season, Grosseto ended as Serie D (Round F) runners-up but were later admitted to Serie C2 to fill a league vacancy. The club successively won Serie C2 in 2004, being thus promoted to Serie C1. In 2005, Grosseto qualified for the promotion playoffs, losing the semifinal to Pavia; one year later, Grosseto gained again a spot in the playoffs, where they defeated Sassari Torres in the semi-finals, but lost to Frosinone in the finals, missing the opportunity to be promoted to Serie B for its first time in history. However, in the 2006–2007 season, under head coach Antonello Cuccureddu, who replaced Massimiliano Allegri after the ninth matchday, Grosseto finally managed to win Serie C1/A following a 1–0 away win at Padova in the final matchday with a goal by Carl Valeri, thus gaining a historical spot in the Serie B 2007-08. Cuccureddu left Grosseto by mutual consent with the club a few days following the triumphal win, and Giorgio Roselli was appointed to replace him for the 2007–08 Serie B club campaign. The club started their historical first Serie B campaign with three disappointing consecutive defeats which led, on 11 September 2007, to the dismissal of Roselli and his replacement with former Parma boss Stefano Pioli, who led the team to a mid-table finish. The 2008–09 season started with higher expectations under new head coach Elio Gustinetti; the team started its season showing a very impressive form, but then a result crisis led Grosseto out of the promotion playoff zone, causing the dismissal of Gustinetti and his replacement with Ezio Rossi. The subsequent return of Gustinetti led the team to finish in 6th place and Grosseto acceded to the play-off. The maremmani won the first match against Livorno (2–0), but they lost the second match being surpassed by the rivals (1–4), in a scandal game where Grosseto finished with 7 players and failed the promotion to Serie A. The 2009–10 season was a relatively good season for the club, which finished in 7th place only a few points off the play-off zone. It was still a memorable season for Grosseto, thanks to their top striker Mauricio Pinilla who scored 24 goals in 24 matches and was transferred to US Palermo, in the Serie A, during the 2010 summer transfer market. On 10 August 2012, Grosseto was provisionally, not yet enforceable, relegated, by the Disciplinary Commission set up for Scommessopoli scandal investigations, to Lega Pro Prima Divisione because of their involvement in the Scommessopoli scandal. Furthermore, the president of Grosseto has been suspended from all football activities for five years. But on 22 August 2012, Grosseto and its president are absolved by the Court of justice, eliminating the verdict of the first instance and so readmitted to Serie B. The club suffered relegation at the end of the 2012-13 season, bringing 6 consecutive years in Serie B to an end. This was followed by two years of competing in the third division of Italian football. In the summer of 2015, owner Piero Camilli ended his 15-year tenure at the club. FC Grosseto (2015-2017) Club logo of successor club used from 2015 to 2017 A new club, F.C. Grosseto S.S.D. successfully applied as a successor on 6 August 2015. However, the club folded after a relegation to Eccellenza Tuscany in 2017. Ceri ownership: the return of US Grosseto 1912 On 18 July 2017, local entrepreneurs Mario and Simone Ceri, owners of Associazione Calcio Roselle (a local football club from the city suburb of Roselle) competing in Eccellenza Toscana, came on the scene. Following an agreement with former owner Piero Camilli and leveraging the league status, Ceri renamed the club to Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Unione Sportiva Grosseto 1912, thus inheriting the sporting tradition of the city. The 2017–18 season ended with a third place in Eccellenza Tuscany, followed by a first place and promotion to Serie D the following season. The 2019–20 season marked the return of the club to the fourth level of Italian football and a second consecutive promotion to the Serie C for the 2020–2021 season. Lamioni ownership: 2022... In November 2022, famous local entrepreneur Giovanni Lamioni bought the franchise from previous owner Salvatore Guida. Lamioni gave the presidency role to Antonio Fiorini and called back Filippo Vetrini for the general sporting director place. The city welcomed the negotiation very positively and regained a vanished enthusiasm for the disappointing results of the previous season. Lamioni has announced that he will set up a team that will compete to return to Serie C in 2023–24. Squad Current squad As of 15 December 2022 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player — GK  BRA Diogo Gil De Oliveira — GK  ITA Francesco Di Bonito — GK  ITA Daniele Lazzari — GK  RUS Denis Plitko — DF  MNE Stefan Bajic — DF  ITA Luca Bruno — DF  ITA Piero Cauterucci — DF  ITA Andrea Ciolli (captain) — DF  ITA Ciro Cipolletta — DF  ITA Stefano Crivellaro — DF  ITA Matteo Luzzetti — DF  ITA Federico Panza — DF  ITA Mattia Scognamiglio — DF  ITA Jacopo Veronesi — MF  ITA Jacopo Battistoni No. Pos. Nation Player — MF  ITA Fabrizio Bramati — MF  ITA Gabriele Carannante — MF  ITA Nicolò Cesaroni — MF  ITA Francesco Fabri — MF  ITA Manuel Fioravanti — MF  ITA Lorenzo Pasciuti — MF  ITA Gianvincenzo Martino — MF  ITA Simone Morelli — MF  ITA Manuel Tiberi — FW  ITA Andrea Columbu — FW  SRB Bojan Aleksić — FW  ARM David Mirzoyan — FW  ITA Niccolò Rotondo — FW  ITA Federico Scaffidi — FW  ITA Andrea Tripicchio Achievements Serie C1 Winners (1): 2006–07 Supercoppa di Lega Serie C1 Winners (1): 2007 Serie C2 Winners (1): 2003–04 Serie D Winners (4): 1960–61, 1972–73, 1994–95, 2019-20 Runners-up (1): 2001–02 Eccellenza Tuscany Runners-up (1): 1997–98 Winners (1): 2018-2019 Promozione Tuscany Winners (1): 1996–97 References ^ "Calcio: il Grosseto esonera Roselli" (in Italian). Toscana TV. 11 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2007. ^ Conte, confermati 10 mesi, Grosseto salvo, Lecce giù – La Gazzetta dello Sport ^ "Fc Grosseto Ssd, Venezia Fc Srld ammesse in soprannumero in Serie D. La Asd Barletta 1922 in Eccellenza" (Press release) (in Italian). FIGC. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2017. External links Official website vteSerie D 2023–24 clubs Girone A Albenga Alba Alcione Asti Borgosesia Bra Chieri Chisola Derthona Fezzanese Gozzano Lavagnese Ligorna Pinerolo PDHAE RG Ticino Sanremese Vado Città di Varese Vogherese Girone B Arconatese Brusaporto Caldiero Terme Caravaggio Casatese Clivense Club Milano Crema Castellanzese Desenzano Calvina Folgore Caratese Legnano Piacenza Ponte San Pietro Pro Palazzolo Real Calepina Tritium Virtus CiseranoBergamo Villa Valle Varesina Girone C Adriese Bassano Breno Campodarsego Atletico Castegnato Chions Cjarlins Muzane Dolomiti Bellunesi Este Luparense Mestre Montecchio Maggiore Monte Prodeco Portogruaro Santo Stefano Treviso Union Clodiense Chioggia Virtus Bolzano Girone D Aglianese Borgo San Donnino Carpi Certaldo Corticella Fanfulla Forlì Imolese Lentigione Mezzolara Pistoiese Prato Progresso Ravenna Sammaurese Sant'Angelo Sangiuliano City Victor San Marino Girone E Cenaia Figline Follonica Gavorrano Ghiviborgo Grosseto Livorno Mobilieri Ponsacco Montevarchi Orvietana Pianese Poggibonsi Real Forte Querceta Sansepolcro San Donato Tavarnelle Seravezza Pozzi Sangiovannese Tau Calcio Altopascio Trestina Girone F Atletico Ascoli Avezzano Chieti Campobasso Fano Forsempronese L'Aquila Matese Real Monterotondo Scalo Roma City Sambenedettese San Nicolò Notaresco Sora Termoli Tivoli United Riccione Vastogirardi Vigor Senigallia Girone G Anzio Boreale Budoni Cassino Cavese Cynthialbalonga Flaminia Nuova Florida Ardea Gladiator Ischia Latte Dolce Nocerina Ostia Mare Romana Sarrabus Ogliastra San Marzano Trastevere Atletico Uri Girone H Team Altamura Angri Barletta Bitonto Casarano Fasano Fidelis Andria Città di Gallipoli Gelbison Gravina Manfredonia Martina Matera Nardò Paganese Palmese Rotonda Santa Maria Cilento Girone I Acireale Akragas Canicattì Castrovillari LFA Reggio Calabria Gioiese Nuova Igea Virtus Lamezia Terme Licata Locri Portici Ragusa Real Casalnuovo Città di Sant'Agata Sancataldese Siracusa San Luca Trapani Vibonese Champions vteSerie B2024–25 clubs Bari Brescia Carrarese Catanzaro Cesena Cittadella Cosenza Cremonese Frosinone Juve Stabia Mantova Modena Palermo Pisa Reggiana Salernitana Sampdoria Sassuolo Spezia Südtirol Former clubs Acireale Alba Trastevere AlbinoLeffe Alessandria Alzano Virescit Ancona Arezzo Arsenale Taranto Ascoli Atalanta Avellino Barletta Benevento Biellese Bologna Bolzano Brindisi Cagliari Campobasso Carpi Casale Casertana Castel di Sangro Catania Cavese Centese Chievo Como Crema Crotone Derthona Empoli Fanfulla Feralpisalò Fermana Fidelis Andria Fiorentina Fiumana Foggia Forlì Gallaratese Gallipoli Genoa Grion Pola Grosseto Gubbio Hellas Verona Juventus L'Aquila Latina Lazio Lecce Lecco Legnano Licata Livorno Lucchese Maceratese Magenta Marzotto Massese MATER Matera Messina Mestre AC Milan Molinella Monfalcone Monza Napoli Nocerina Novara Padova Parma Pavia Perugia Pescara Piacenza Piombino Pistoiese Pordenone Portogruaro Potenza Prato Pro Gorizia Pro Patria Pro Sesto Pro Vercelli Ravenna Reggina Rieti Rimini Roma Sambenedettese Sanremese Savoia Savona Scafatese Seregno Sestrese Siena Siracusa Sorrento SPAL Suzzara Taranto Ternana Torino Trani Trapani Treviso Triestina Udinese Varese Venezia Viareggio Vicenza Vigevano Virtus Entella Virtus Lanciano Vita Nova Vogherese Organisations Lega BDefunct: Lega Calcio Lega Alta Italia Direttorio Superiore Lega Nord Champions and promotions Foreign players Brazil vteSerie C clubs 2023–24 season Group A AlbinoLeffe Alessandria Atalanta U23 Arzignano Giana Erminio Fiorenzuola Legnago Lumezzane Mantova Novara Padova Pergolettese Pro Patria Pro Sesto Pro Vercelli Renate Trento Triestina Vicenza Virtus Verona Group B Ancona Arezzo Carrarese Cesena Fermana Gubbio Juventus Next Gen Lucchese Olbia Perugia Pescara Pineto Pontedera Recanatese Rimini Sestri Levante SPAL Torres Virtus Entella Vis Pesaro Group C Audace Cerignola Avellino Benevento Brindisi Casertana Catania Crotone Foggia Giugliano Juve Stabia Latina Messina Monopoli Monterosi Picerno Potenza Sorrento Taranto Turris Virtus Francavilla Formerclubs Abbiategrasso Acireale Acqui Agrigento Akragas Ala Littoria Alba Roma Albenga Albese Albissola Alcamo Alfa Romeo Alzano Virescit Amatori Bologna Ampelea Andrea Doria Andreanelli Aosta Ardens Armando Casalini Arsa Arsenale Venezia Arzachena Ascoli Asti Atalanta Audace Aullese Aversa Normanna Avio Calcio Avio Squadra Aviosicula Palermo Baracca Lugo Bari Barletta Bassano Virtus Battipagliese Belluno Biellese Bisceglie Bologna Bolzano Bondenese Breda Brescia Budrio Cagliari Campobasso Cantiere Tosi Cantù Caproni Caratese Carbosarda Carpi Casale Castel di Sangro Catanzaro Cavese Cecina Centese Centrale del Latte di Genova Chieti Chievo Chinotto Neri Cinzano Cirio Cittadella Città di Castello Civitanovese Civitavecchia Clodia Sottomarina Codogno Colleferro Como Corniglianese Cosenza Cossatese Crema Cremonese Cuneo Cynthia Derthona Dipendenti Municipali La Spezia Edera Trieste Empoli Enna FEDIT Feralpisalò FIAT Torino Falck Fanfulla Fano Fidelis Andria Fiumana Foligno Fondi Forlimpopoli Forlì Forte dei Marmi Fortitudo Trieste Fossanese Frosinone Fucecchio Gallaratese Galliate Gallipoli Gavinovese Gavorrano Gelbison Genoa Gerli Giovinezza Giulianova Gozzano Grion Pola Grosseto Guastalla Hellas Verona Igea Virtus Ilva Bagnolese Ilva Savona Imolese Imperia Internapoli Ischia Isolaverde Isotta Fraschini Ivrea Jesi Juve Pomigliano Juventina Palermo Juventus Domo Juventus Siderno L'Aquila Lanciano Lanciotto Lecce Lecco Legnago Libertas Trieste Licata Livorno Lodigiani Luino Lupa Roma Luparense MATER Maceratese Magazzini Generali Magenta Manfredonia Marsala Marzotto Marzotto Manerbio Massese Massiminiana Matelica Matera Meda Melfi Mestre Mirandolese Modena Mogliano Molfetta Molinella Monfalcone Monsummanese Montebelluna Montevarchi Monza Mortara Napoli Nardò Nissa Nocerina Novese Nuorese Omegna Orbetello Paganese Palazzolo Palermo Palmese Panigale Parabiago Parma Pavia Piacenza Pianese Pieris Pietro Resta Pinerolo Piombino Pirelli Pisa Pistoiese Ponte San Pietro Pontedecimo Ponziana Pordenone Portogruaro Prato Pro Enna Pro Gorizia Pro Italia Pro Lissone Pro San Giorgio Pro Piacenza RST Littorio Racing Roma Ragusa Rapallo Ravenna Real Vicenza Redaelli Rogoredo Reggiana Reggina Rende Rieti Reparto Reggimento Distrettuale Riccione Rivarolese Rizzoli Rosignano Solvay Rovereto Rovigo SIAI Marchetti SIME Popoli Salernitana Sambenedettese San Donà San Donato Tavarnelle San Marino Sangiovannese Sangiuliano City Sanremese Sant'Angelo Santarcangelo Saronno Saviglianese Savoia Savona Scafatese Schio Sebinia Seregno Sestrese Settimese Sicula Leonzio Siena Signa Siracusa Solbiatese Sora SPAL Sparta Novara Spezia Südtirol Suzzara Tenente Mario Passamonte Teramo Ternana Tevere Roma Tivoli Toma Maglie Torviscosa Trani Trapani Trevigliese Treviso Tuttocuoio Udinese VVFF Palermo VVFF Roma Vado Varazze Varese Vastese Venezia Ventimigliese Verbania Verona Viareggio Vibonese Vigevano Vigor Lamezia Villafranca Villasanta Vincenzo Benini Virtus Spoleto Vis Nova Viterbese Vittorio Necchi Vittorio Veneto Vogherese Champions and promotions • Serie C
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Grosseto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosseto"},{"link_name":"griffon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffon_Vulture"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"2008-09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008-09_Serie_B"}],"text":"Football clubUnione Sportiva Grosseto 1912 is an Italian association football club, based in the city of Grosseto, Tuscany. The club was founded in 1912 as Unione Ginnico Sportiva Grossetana. The team's most associated nickname is grifone, after its logo, depicting a griffon. Its colours are red and white, and it currently plays in Serie D, the fourth level of Italian football.The club's most recent success consists of 6 consecutive participations in Serie B between 2007 and 2013, notably reaching the play-off semifinals in 2008-09. It was most recently refounded in 2017.","title":"US Grosseto 1912"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Grosseto_FC_logo.png"},{"link_name":"Orbetello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbetello"},{"link_name":"Italian Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"Promozione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promozione"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Eccellenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza"}],"text":"Club logo used from 1995 to 2015The club was founded in 1912 as Football Club Grosseto, and made its debut in a match played and lost in Orbetello. The club joined the Italian Football Federation only nine years later, in 1921, being admitted in the Promozione division. In 1927, the club changes its official colours from black/white to the current white/red.\nSince its foundation, Grosseto played extensively from Serie C to the amateur leagues. In 1995 the club was cancelled by the football federation because of financial troubles, thus losing the right to participate in the Serie C2 after having won Serie D the same year. Following these events, Grosseto joined Eccellenza, ending it in fifteenth place being therefore relegated to Promozione. However, two consecutive promotions from 1997 to 1999 brought Grosseto back to Serie D.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Pavia"},{"link_name":"Sassari Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassari_Torres_1903"},{"link_name":"Frosinone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frosinone_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Antonello Cuccureddu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonello_Cuccureddu"},{"link_name":"Massimiliano Allegri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimiliano_Allegri"},{"link_name":"Padova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Padova"},{"link_name":"Carl Valeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Valeri"},{"link_name":"Serie B 2007-08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B_2007-08"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Roselli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Roselli"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stefano Pioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Pioli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pioli_grosseto-1"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B_2008-09"},{"link_name":"Elio Gustinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Gustinetti"},{"link_name":"play-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008-09_Serie_B#Play-off"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Livorno_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010-11_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B_2009-10"},{"link_name":"Mauricio Pinilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Pinilla"},{"link_name":"US Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Palermo"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2012-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012-13_Serie_B"}],"sub_title":"The Camilli Era (2000-2015)","text":"In 2000, Piero Camilli purchased the club with the aim to bring Grosseto back into the pros. In the 2001–2002 season, Grosseto ended as Serie D (Round F) runners-up but were later admitted to Serie C2 to fill a league vacancy. The club successively won Serie C2 in 2004, being thus promoted to Serie C1. In 2005, Grosseto qualified for the promotion playoffs, losing the semifinal to Pavia; one year later, Grosseto gained again a spot in the playoffs, where they defeated Sassari Torres in the semi-finals, but lost to Frosinone in the finals, missing the opportunity to be promoted to Serie B for its first time in history. However, in the 2006–2007 season, under head coach Antonello Cuccureddu, who replaced Massimiliano Allegri after the ninth matchday, Grosseto finally managed to win Serie C1/A following a 1–0 away win at Padova in the final matchday with a goal by Carl Valeri, thus gaining a historical spot in the Serie B 2007-08. Cuccureddu left Grosseto by mutual consent with the club a few days following the triumphal win, and Giorgio Roselli was appointed to replace him for the 2007–08 Serie B club campaign.The club started their historical first Serie B campaign with three disappointing consecutive defeats which led, on 11 September 2007, to the dismissal of Roselli and his replacement with former Parma boss Stefano Pioli,[1] who led the team to a mid-table finish.The 2008–09 season started with higher expectations under new head coach Elio Gustinetti; the team started its season showing a very impressive form, but then a result crisis led Grosseto out of the promotion playoff zone, causing the dismissal of Gustinetti and his replacement with Ezio Rossi. The subsequent return of Gustinetti led the team to finish in 6th place and Grosseto acceded to the play-off. The maremmani won the first match against Livorno (2–0), but they lost the second match being surpassed by the rivals (1–4), in a scandal game where Grosseto finished with 7 players and failed the promotion to Serie A.The 2009–10 season was a relatively good season for the club, which finished in 7th place only a few points off the play-off zone. It was still a memorable season for Grosseto, thanks to their top striker Mauricio Pinilla who scored 24 goals in 24 matches and was transferred to US Palermo, in the Serie A, during the 2010 summer transfer market.On 10 August 2012, Grosseto was provisionally, not yet enforceable, relegated, by the Disciplinary Commission set up for Scommessopoli scandal investigations, to Lega Pro Prima Divisione because of their involvement in the Scommessopoli scandal. Furthermore, the president of Grosseto has been suspended from all football activities for five years. But on 22 August 2012, Grosseto and its president are absolved by the Court of justice, eliminating the verdict of the first instance and so readmitted to Serie B.[2]The club suffered relegation at the end of the 2012-13 season, bringing 6 consecutive years in Serie B to an end. This was followed by two years of competing in the third division of Italian football. In the summer of 2015, owner Piero Camilli ended his 15-year tenure at the club.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F.C._Grosseto_S.S.D._logo.png"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Eccellenza Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza_Tuscany"}],"sub_title":"FC Grosseto (2015-2017)","text":"Club logo of successor club used from 2015 to 2017A new club, F.C. Grosseto S.S.D. successfully applied as a successor on 6 August 2015.[3] However, the club folded after a relegation to Eccellenza Tuscany in 2017.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roselle,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"}],"sub_title":"Ceri ownership: the return of US Grosseto 1912","text":"On 18 July 2017, local entrepreneurs Mario and Simone Ceri, owners of Associazione Calcio Roselle (a local football club from the city suburb of Roselle) competing in Eccellenza Toscana, came on the scene. Following an agreement with former owner Piero Camilli and leveraging the league status, Ceri renamed the club to Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Unione Sportiva Grosseto 1912, thus inheriting the sporting tradition of the city.The 2017–18 season ended with a third place in Eccellenza Tuscany, followed by a first place and promotion to Serie D the following season. The 2019–20 season marked the return of the club to the fourth level of Italian football and a second consecutive promotion to the Serie C for the 2020–2021 season.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giovanni Lamioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Lamioni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"}],"sub_title":"Lamioni ownership: 2022...","text":"In November 2022, famous local entrepreneur Giovanni Lamioni bought the franchise from previous owner Salvatore Guida. Lamioni gave the presidency role to Antonio Fiorini and called back Filippo Vetrini for the general sporting director place. The city welcomed the negotiation very positively and regained a vanished enthusiasm for the disappointing results of the previous season. Lamioni has announced that he will set up a team that will compete to return to Serie C in 2023–24.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"As of 15 December 2022Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1"},{"link_name":"Supercoppa di Lega Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercoppa_di_Lega_Serie_C1"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Eccellenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza"},{"link_name":"Promozione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promozione"}],"text":"Serie C1\nWinners (1): 2006–07\nSupercoppa di Lega Serie C1\nWinners (1): 2007\nSerie C2\nWinners (1): 2003–04\nSerie D\nWinners (4): 1960–61, 1972–73, 1994–95, 2019-20\nRunners-up (1): 2001–02\nEccellenza Tuscany\nRunners-up (1): 1997–98\nWinners (1): 2018-2019\nPromozione Tuscany\nWinners (1): 1996–97","title":"Achievements"}]
[{"image_text":"Club logo used from 1995 to 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/US_Grosseto_FC_logo.png/110px-US_Grosseto_FC_logo.png"},{"image_text":"Club logo of successor club used from 2015 to 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4b/F.C._Grosseto_S.S.D._logo.png/110px-F.C._Grosseto_S.S.D._logo.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Calcio: il Grosseto esonera Roselli\" (in Italian). Toscana TV. 11 September 2007. Archived from the original on 2 February 2009. Retrieved 11 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090202181007/http://www.toscanatv.com/leggi_news?idnews=NL074138","url_text":"\"Calcio: il Grosseto esonera Roselli\""},{"url":"http://www.toscanatv.com/leggi_news?idnews=NL074138","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fc Grosseto Ssd, Venezia Fc Srld ammesse in soprannumero in Serie D. La Asd Barletta 1922 in Eccellenza\" (Press release) (in Italian). FIGC. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.figc.it/it/204/2529099/2015/08/News.shtml","url_text":"\"Fc Grosseto Ssd, Venezia Fc Srld ammesse in soprannumero in Serie D. La Asd Barletta 1922 in Eccellenza\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.usgrosseto1912.com/","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090202181007/http://www.toscanatv.com/leggi_news?idnews=NL074138","external_links_name":"\"Calcio: il Grosseto esonera Roselli\""},{"Link":"http://www.toscanatv.com/leggi_news?idnews=NL074138","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Calcio-Infetto/21-08-2012/sentenze-sconto-conte-lecce-non-ha-scampo-912330326630.shtml","external_links_name":"Conte, confermati 10 mesi, Grosseto salvo, Lecce giù – La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"Link":"http://www.figc.it/it/204/2529099/2015/08/News.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Fc Grosseto Ssd, Venezia Fc Srld ammesse in soprannumero in Serie D. La Asd Barletta 1922 in Eccellenza\""},{"Link":"http://www.usgrosseto1912.it/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Enfants_jouent_%C3%A0_la_Russie
Les Enfants jouent à la Russie
["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Les Enfants jouent à la Russie" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1993 French filmLes Enfants jouent à la RussieDirected byJean-Luc GodardProduced byRuth WaldburgerStarringLászló SzabóJean-Luc GodardCinematographyCaroline ChampetierProductioncompaniesVega FilmJLG FilmsRelease date 1993 (1993) Running time60 minutesCountryFranceLanguagesFrenchEnglishRussian Les Enfants jouent à la Russie (English: The Kids Play Russian) is a 1993 French film directed by Jean-Luc Godard and starring László Szabó and Godard. Szabó plays a Hollywood producer who hires a famous French filmmaker (Godard) to make a documentary about post-Cold War Russia. Instead the filmmaker stays in France and casts himself in the lead role of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's The Idiot. Cast László Szabó as Jack Valenti, the producer Jean-Luc Godard as Prince Mishkin, the idiot Bernard Eisenschitz as Harry Blount André S. Labarthe as Alcide Jolivet Aude Amiot as Mademoiselle Amiel Bénédicte Loyen References External links Les Enfants jouent à la Russie at IMDb vteJean-Luc GodardFilmographyFeature Breathless (1960) A Woman Is a Woman (1961) Vivre sa vie (1962) Le petit soldat (1963) The Carabineers (1963) Contempt (1963) Bande à part (1964) A Married Woman (1964) Alphaville (1965) Pierrot le Fou (1965) Masculin Féminin (1966) Made in U.S.A. (1966) Two or Three Things I Know About Her (1967) La Chinoise (1967) Week-end (1967) One Plus One (Sympathy for the Devil) (1968) Joy of Learning (1969) British Sounds (1969) Tout Va Bien (1972) Number Two (1975) Every Man for Himself (1980) Passion (1982) First Name: Carmen (1983) Hail Mary (1985) Détective (1985) King Lear (1987) Keep Your Right Up (1987) Nouvelle Vague (1990) Germany Year 90 Nine Zero (1991) Hélas pour moi (1993) Les Enfants jouent à la Russie (1993) JLG/JLG – Self-Portrait in December (1995) For Ever Mozart (1996) In Praise of Love (2001) Notre musique (2004) Film Socialisme (2010) Goodbye to Language (2014) The Image Book (2018) Short andsegment Operation Concrete (1955) Une femme coquette (1955) All the Boys Are Called Patrick (1957) A Story of Water (1958) Charlotte and Her Boyfriend (1958) "Sloth" in The Seven Deadly Sins (1962) "The New World" in Ro.Go.Pa.G. (1962) "Le Grand escroc" in Les plus belles escroqueries du monde (1963) "Montparnasse-Levallois" in Paris vu par (1964) "Anticipation, ou: l'amour en l'an 2000" in The Oldest Profession (1965) "Caméra-oeil" in Far from Vietnam (1967) "L'Amore" in Amore e rabbia (1969) Letter to Jane (1972) Here and Elsewhere (1976) How's it going A Letter to Freddy Buache (1982) Soft and Hard (1985) Meetin' WA (1986) "Armide" in Aria (1987) "Le Dernier mot" in The French as Seen by... (1988) Histoire(s) du cinéma (1998) "Dans le noir du temps" in Ten Minutes Older: The Cello (2002) Tribute to Eric Rohmer (2010) "Les Trois Désastres" in 3X3D (2013) "The Bridge of Sighs" in Bridges of Sarajevo (2014) Letter in Motion to Gilles Jacob and Thierry Frémaux (2014) Trailer of the Film That Will Never Exist: "Phony Wars" (2023) Related Paparazzi (1963 documentary) Le Parti des choses (1964 documentary) Two in the Wave (2010 documentary) One P.M. (1972 documentary) Redoubtable (2017 biopic) Groupe Dziga Vertov Bibliography This article related to a French film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Godard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard"},{"link_name":"László Szabó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Szab%C3%B3_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Dostoyevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky"},{"link_name":"The Idiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Idiot"}],"text":"1993 French filmLes Enfants jouent à la Russie (English: The Kids Play Russian) is a 1993 French film directed by Jean-Luc Godard and starring László Szabó and Godard. Szabó plays a Hollywood producer who hires a famous French filmmaker (Godard) to make a documentary about post-Cold War Russia. Instead the filmmaker stays in France and casts himself in the lead role of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's The Idiot.","title":"Les Enfants jouent à la Russie"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"László Szabó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Szab%C3%B3_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Godard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard"},{"link_name":"Prince Mishkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Mishkin"},{"link_name":"Bernard Eisenschitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Eisenschitz"},{"link_name":"André S. Labarthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_S._Labarthe"},{"link_name":"Aude Amiot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aude_Amiot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bénédicte Loyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dicte_Loyen&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"László Szabó as Jack Valenti, the producer\nJean-Luc Godard as Prince Mishkin, the idiot\nBernard Eisenschitz as Harry Blount\nAndré S. Labarthe as Alcide Jolivet\nAude Amiot as Mademoiselle Amiel\nBénédicte Loyen","title":"Cast"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Les+Enfants+jouent+%C3%A0+la+Russie%22","external_links_name":"\"Les Enfants jouent à la Russie\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Les+Enfants+jouent+%C3%A0+la+Russie%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Les+Enfants+jouent+%C3%A0+la+Russie%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Les+Enfants+jouent+%C3%A0+la+Russie%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Les+Enfants+jouent+%C3%A0+la+Russie%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Les+Enfants+jouent+%C3%A0+la+Russie%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0106821/","external_links_name":"Les Enfants jouent à la Russie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Enfants_jouent_%C3%A0_la_Russie&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Djibouti
List of prime ministers of Djibouti
["1 List of officeholders","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Prime Minister of DjiboutiPremier Ministre du Djibouti (French)Coat of ArmsIncumbentAbdoulkader Kamil Mohamedsince 1 April 2013AppointerIsmail Omar Guelleh,as President of DjiboutiInaugural holderAli Aref Bourhan (French territory)Hassan Gouled Aptidon (Republic of Djibouti)Formation27 June 1977Websiteprimature.gouv.dj Politics of Djibouti Member State of the Arab League Constitution Human rights Executive President Ismail Omar Guelleh Prime Minister Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed Ministries and ministers Legislature National Assembly Speaker: Mohamed Ali Houmed Elections Recent elections Presidential: 20162021 Parliamentary: 20182023 Political parties Administrative divisions Regions Districts Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Mahamoud Ali Youssouf Diplomatic missions of / in Djibouti Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Africa portal Politics portal Other countries vte This is a list of prime ministers of Djibouti. Since the establishment of the office of prime minister in 1977, there have been 6 official prime ministers. The current prime minister is Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed, since 1 April 2013. The list also includes presidents of the Government Council of French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, which acted as heads of government of the area of present-day Djibouti between 1967 and 1977, before the proclamation of independence. List of officeholders Political parties   National Union for Independence (NUI)  Afar Democratic Rally (ADR)  African People's League for the Independence (LPAI)   People's Rally for Progress (PRP) No. Portrait Name(Birth–Death) Election Term of office Political party(Coalition) Ref. Took office Left office Time in office • French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (1967–1977) 1 Ali Aref Bourhan(born 1934) 19681973 7 July 1967 29 July 1976 9 years, 22 days NUI 2 Abdallah Mohamed Kamil(born 1936) — 29 July 1976 18 May 1977 293 days ADR 3 Hassan Gouled Aptidon(1915–2006) 1977 18 May 1977 27 June 1977 40 days LPAI • Republic of Djibouti (1977–present) • 1 Hassan Gouled Aptidon(1915–2006) — 27 June 1977 12 July 1977 15 days LPAI 2 Ahmed Dini Ahmed(1932–2004) — 12 July 1977 5 February 1978 208 days LPAI 3 Abdallah Mohamed Kamil(born 1936) — 5 February 1978 2 October 1978 239 days LPAI 4 Barkat Gourad Hamadou(1930–2018) 1982198719921997 2 October 1978 7 March 2001 22 years, 156 days LPAI(until March 1979) RPP 5 Dileita Mohamed Dileita(born 1959) 20032008 7 March 2001 1 April 2013 12 years, 24 days RPP(UMP) 6 Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed(born 1952) 201320182023 1 April 2013 Incumbent 11 years, 80 days RPP(UMP) See also Djibouti List of presidents of Djibouti French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (FTAI) French Somaliland List of governors of French Somaliland Lists of office-holders References ^ a b c d e "Anciens Premiers Ministres – Primature". Primature de Djibouti. Retrieved 31 October 2022. External links World Statesmen – Djibouti vteDjibouti articlesHistory Kingdom of Adal Ifat Sultanate Adal Sultanate Imamate of Aussa Colonial governors French Somaliland World War II French Territory of Afars and Issas Civil War Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Geography Localities Climate Districts Regions Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations CJTF-HOA Foreign military bases Chinese military base Japanese military base U.S. military base Law enforcement Military Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Franc (currency) Energy Mining Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture Cuisine Demographics Djiboutians Education Flag Health Languages LGBT rights Media Music Olympics Public holidays Religion OutlineIndex Category vtePrime ministers of Djibouti Hassan Gouled Aptidon Ahmed Dini Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Kamil Barkat Gourad Hamadou Dileita Mohamed Dileita Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed vte Years in Djibouti (1977–present) Pre-1977 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteHeads of state and government of AfricaHeads of stateUN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Heads of governmentUN member states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Other states Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Defunct statesand governments Ashanti Empire Monarch Benin Prime Minister Burundi King Central African Empire Emperor Dahomey King Egypt Muhammad Ali dynasty Monarch Ethiopia Emperor list The Gambia Prime Minister Ghana Prime Minister Kenya Prime Minister Kingdom of Kongo Monarch list Malawi Prime Minister Merina Kingdom Monarch Nigeria Prime Minister Orange Free State State President Rwanda King South African Republic State President South Africa Governor-General State President Prime Minister Tunisia Bey Zanzibar Sultan Prime Minister Zambia Prime Minister Zimbabwe Prime Minister Zulu Kingdom King vtePrime ministersPrime ministersby country Abkhazia Afghanistan Albania Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Armenia Aruba Australia Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bermuda Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo (Republic) Congo (Democratic Republic) Cook Islands Croatia Cuba Curaçao Northern Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica East Timor Egypt Equatorial Guinea Estonia Ethiopia Faroe Islands Fiji Finland France Gabon Georgia Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Niue North Macedonia Norway Pakistan Palestine Papua New Guinea Peru Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Singapore Sint Maarten Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Ossetia Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Sweden Syria Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vietnam Yemen Western Sahara Defunct title Angola Benin Brazil Comoros Gambia Ghana Indonesia Iran Kenya Malawi Maldives Nagorno-Karabakh Nigeria Philippines Seychelles South Africa Turkey Turkmenistan Zambia Zimbabwe
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prime ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdoulkader_Kamil_Mohamed"},{"link_name":"French Territory of the Afars and the Issas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas"}],"text":"This is a list of prime ministers of Djibouti. Since the establishment of the office of prime minister in 1977, there have been 6 official prime ministers. The current prime minister is Abdoulkader Kamil Mohamed, since 1 April 2013.The list also includes presidents of the Government Council of French Territory of the Afars and the Issas, which acted as heads of government of the area of present-day Djibouti between 1967 and 1977, before the proclamation of independence.","title":"List of prime ministers of Djibouti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Union for Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Union_for_Independence_(Djibouti)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Afar Democratic Rally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afar_Democratic_Rally&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"African People's League for the Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_People%27s_League_for_the_Independence&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"People's Rally for Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Rally_for_Progress"}],"text":"Political partiesNational Union for Independence (NUI)Afar Democratic Rally (ADR)African People's League for the Independence (LPAI)People's Rally for Progress (PRP)","title":"List of officeholders"}]
[]
[{"title":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"title":"List of presidents of Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Djibouti"},{"title":"French Territory of the Afars and the Issas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas"},{"title":"French Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Somaliland"},{"title":"List of governors of French Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_French_Somaliland"},{"title":"Lists of office-holders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_office-holders"}]
[{"reference":"\"Anciens Premiers Ministres – Primature\". Primature de Djibouti. Retrieved 31 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://primature.gouv.dj/anciens-premiers-ministres/","url_text":"\"Anciens Premiers Ministres – Primature\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://primature.gouv.dj/","external_links_name":"primature.gouv.dj"},{"Link":"https://primature.gouv.dj/anciens-premiers-ministres/","external_links_name":"\"Anciens Premiers Ministres – Primature\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Djibouti.html","external_links_name":"World Statesmen – Djibouti"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Turkish_Grand_Prix
2005 Turkish Grand Prix
["1 Friday drivers","2 Classification","2.1 Qualifying","2.2 Race","3 Championship standings after the race","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 40°57′20.5″N 29°24′29.7″E / 40.955694°N 29.408250°E / 40.955694; 29.4082502005 Turkish Grand Prix Race 14 of 19 in the 2005 Formula One World Championship Race detailsDate 21 August 2005Official name 2005 Formula 1 Turkish Grand PrixLocation Istanbul ParkTuzla, TurkeyCourse Permanent racing facilityCourse length 5.340 km (3.318 miles)Distance 58 laps, 309.356 km (192.225 miles)Weather Sunny; 30°C Air; 45°C TrackAttendance 100,000Pole positionDriver Kimi Räikkönen McLaren-MercedesTime 1:26.797Fastest lapDriver Juan Pablo Montoya McLaren-MercedesTime 1:24.770 on lap 39 (lap record)PodiumFirst Kimi Räikkönen McLaren-MercedesSecond Fernando Alonso RenaultThird Juan Pablo Montoya McLaren-Mercedes Lap leaders Motor car race The 2005 Turkish Grand Prix (officially the 2005 Formula 1 Turkish Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 21 August 2005 at Istanbul Park, Tuzla, Turkey. It was the fourteenth race of the 2005 FIA Formula One World Championship and the inaugural Turkish Grand Prix. The 58-lap race was won by Finnish driver Kimi Räikkönen, driving a McLaren-Mercedes. Räikkönen took his fifth victory of the season after starting from pole position and leading every lap. Räikkönen's Colombian teammate, Juan Pablo Montoya, ran second until he collided with a backmarker and then ran wide in the closing laps, allowing Spaniard Fernando Alonso through in his Renault. With five races remaining, Alonso led the Drivers' Championship by 24 points from Räikkönen, while Renault's lead over McLaren in the Constructors' Championship was nine points. Friday drivers The bottom six teams in the 2004 Constructors' Championship were entitled to run a third car in free practice on Friday. These drivers drove on Friday but did not compete in qualifying or the race. Constructor Nat Driver McLaren-Mercedes Pedro de la Rosa Red Bull-Cosworth Vitantonio Liuzzi Toyota Ricardo Zonta Jordan-Toyota Nicolas Kiesa Minardi-Cosworth Enrico Toccacelo Classification Qualifying Pos No Driver Constructor Lap Gap 1 9 Kimi Räikkönen McLaren-Mercedes 1:26.797 - 2 6 Giancarlo Fisichella Renault 1:27.039 +0.242 3 5 Fernando Alonso Renault 1:27.050 +0.253 4 10 Juan Pablo Montoya McLaren-Mercedes 1:27.352 +0.555 5 16 Jarno Trulli Toyota 1:27.501 +0.704 6 8 Nick Heidfeld Williams-BMW 1:27.929 +1.132 7 7 Mark Webber Williams-BMW 1:27.944 +1.147 8 12 Felipe Massa Sauber-Petronas 1:28.419 +1.622 9 17 Ralf Schumacher Toyota 1:28.594 +1.797 10 15 Christian Klien Red Bull-Cosworth 1:28.963 +2.166 11 2 Rubens Barrichello Ferrari 1:29.369 +2.572 12 14 David Coulthard Red Bull-Cosworth 1:29.764 +2.967 13 3 Jenson Button BAR-Honda 1:30.063 +3.266 14 4 Takuma Sato BAR-Honda 1:30.175 +3.378 15 18 Tiago Monteiro Jordan-Toyota 1:30.710 +3.913 16 21 Christijan Albers Minardi-Cosworth 1:32.186 +5.389 17 20 Robert Doornbos Minardi-Cosworth no time 18 11 Jacques Villeneuve Sauber-Petronas no time 19 19 Narain Karthikeyan Jordan-Toyota - 20 1 Michael Schumacher Ferrari - Source: Takuma Sato was found guilty of blocking Mark Webber and was relegated to the back of the grid, behind Michael Schumacher who had a spin at Turn 9 and had his V10 engine changed following qualification. Sato was unaware of Webber approaching as he had been reported to have no radio contact with the BAR team. Robert Doornbos failed to set a time after his Minardi's brakes caught fire due to an incorrect brake pipe fitting. Narain Karthikeyan's Jordan suffered two engine failures. Race Pos No Driver Constructor Tyre Laps Time/Retired Grid Points 1 9 Kimi Räikkönen McLaren-Mercedes M 58 1:24:34.454 1 10 2 5 Fernando Alonso Renault M 58 + 18.609 3 8 3 10 Juan Pablo Montoya McLaren-Mercedes M 58 + 19.635 4 6 4 6 Giancarlo Fisichella Renault M 58 + 37.973 2 5 5 3 Jenson Button BAR-Honda M 58 + 39.304 13 4 6 16 Jarno Trulli Toyota M 58 + 55.420 5 3 7 14 David Coulthard Red Bull-Cosworth M 58 + 1:09.292 12 2 8 15 Christian Klien Red Bull-Cosworth M 58 + 1:11.622 10 1 9 4 Takuma Sato BAR-Honda M 58 + 1:19.987 20 10 2 Rubens Barrichello Ferrari B 57 + 1 Lap 11 11 11 Jacques Villeneuve Sauber-Petronas M 57 + 1 Lap 16 12 17 Ralf Schumacher Toyota M 57 + 1 Lap 9 13 20 Robert Doornbos Minardi-Cosworth B 55 + 3 Laps 17 14 19 Narain Karthikeyan Jordan-Toyota B 55 + 3 Laps 18 15 18 Tiago Monteiro Jordan-Toyota B 55 + 3 Laps 14 Ret 21 Christijan Albers Minardi-Cosworth B 48 Withdrew 15 Ret 1 Michael Schumacher Ferrari B 32 Collision Damage 19 Ret 8 Nick Heidfeld Williams-BMW M 29 Tyre 6 Ret 12 Felipe Massa Sauber-Petronas M 28 Engine 8 Ret 7 Mark Webber Williams-BMW M 20 Tyre 7 Sources: Michael Schumacher and Mark Webber collided on lap 14. The rear suspension of Schumacher's Ferrari was damaged, but after repairs he rejoined the race to improve his qualifying slot for the next race in Italy by three positions. Webber's Williams lost the nose cone. Felipe Massa lost the front wing and bargeboard from his Sauber in a first-corner collision with the Williams of former teammate Nick Heidfeld. After replacements were fitted, Massa continued racing until his engine failed on lap 29. Both Williams cars retired from the race due to right-rear tyre failures - Webber on lap 21 and Heidfeld on lap 30. Juan Pablo Montoya was running second on the penultimate lap when he clashed with the Jordan of Tiago Monteiro, damaging his diffuser. On the next lap Montoya ran straight ahead at Turn 8, allowing Fernando Alonso to pass him. Montoya's fastest lap was over two seconds faster than his teammate's qualifying time. Championship standings after the race Bold text and an asterisk indicates who still has a theoretical chance of becoming World Champion. Drivers' Championship standings Pos Driver Points 1 Fernando Alonso* 95 2 Kimi Räikkönen* 71 3 Michael Schumacher* 55 1 4 Juan Pablo Montoya 40 1 5 Jarno Trulli 39 Source: Constructors' Championship standings Pos Constructor Points 1 Renault* 130 2 McLaren-Mercedes* 121 3 Ferrari* 86 4 Toyota* 71 5 Williams-BMW* 52 Source: Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. See also 2005 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round References Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2005 Turkish Grand Prix. ^ "Turkish". Formula1.com. Archived from the original on 2005-11-25. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ "2005 FORMULA 1 Turkish Grand Prix - Qualifying". Formula1.com. Formula1.com Limited. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ "2005 FORMULA 1 Turkish Grand Prix - Race". Formula1.com. Formula1.com Limited. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ "2005 Turkish Grand Prix - Race Results & History - GP Archive". GPArchive.com. 21 August 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2023. ^ a b "Turkey 2005 - Championship". statsf1.com. Retrieved 21 March 2019. Previous race:2005 Hungarian Grand Prix FIA Formula One World Championship2005 season Next race:2005 Italian Grand Prix Previous race:None Turkish Grand Prix Next race:2006 Turkish Grand Prix vteTurkish Grand Prix 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2020 2021 Intercity Istanbul Park vte« previous Formula One Grands Prix (2000–2009) next »2000 AUS BRA SMR GBR ESP EUR MON CAN FRA AUT GER HUN BEL ITA USA JPN MAL 2001 AUS MAL BRA SMR ESP AUT MON CAN EUR FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA USA JPN 2002 AUS MAL BRA SMR ESP AUT MON CAN EUR GBR FRA GER HUN BEL ITA USA JPN 2003 AUS MAL BRA SMR ESP AUT MON CAN EUR FRA GBR GER HUN ITA USA JPN 2004 AUS MAL BHR SMR ESP MON EUR CAN USA FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA CHN JPN BRA 2005 AUS MAL BHR SMR ESP MON EUR CAN USA FRA GBR GER HUN TUR ITA BEL BRA JPN CHN 2006 BHR MAL AUS SMR EUR ESP MON GBR CAN USA FRA GER HUN TUR ITA CHN JPN BRA 2007 AUS MAL BHR ESP MON CAN USA FRA GBR EUR HUN TUR ITA BEL JPN CHN BRA 2008 AUS MAL BHR ESP TUR MON CAN FRA GBR GER HUN EUR BEL ITA SIN JPN CHN BRA 2009 AUS MAL CHN BHR ESP MON TUR GBR GER HUN EUR BEL ITA SIN JPN BRA ABU 40°57′20.5″N 29°24′29.7″E / 40.955694°N 29.408250°E / 40.955694; 29.408250
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Park"},{"link_name":"Tuzla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzla,_Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"2005 FIA Formula One World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_FIA_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Kimi Räikkönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimi_R%C3%A4ikk%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_MP4-20"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains"},{"link_name":"pole position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_position"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Montoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Montoya"},{"link_name":"Fernando Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Alonso"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_R25"}],"text":"Motor car raceThe 2005 Turkish Grand Prix (officially the 2005 Formula 1 Turkish Grand Prix) was a Formula One motor race held on 21 August 2005 at Istanbul Park, Tuzla, Turkey. It was the fourteenth race of the 2005 FIA Formula One World Championship and the inaugural Turkish Grand Prix.The 58-lap race was won by Finnish driver Kimi Räikkönen, driving a McLaren-Mercedes. Räikkönen took his fifth victory of the season after starting from pole position and leading every lap. Räikkönen's Colombian teammate, Juan Pablo Montoya, ran second until he collided with a backmarker and then ran wide in the closing laps, allowing Spaniard Fernando Alonso through in his Renault.With five races remaining, Alonso led the Drivers' Championship by 24 points from Räikkönen, while Renault's lead over McLaren in the Constructors' Championship was nine points.","title":"2005 Turkish Grand Prix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2004 Constructors' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_FIA_Formula_One_World_Championship"}],"text":"The bottom six teams in the 2004 Constructors' Championship were entitled to run a third car in free practice on Friday. These drivers drove on Friday but did not compete in qualifying or the race.","title":"Friday drivers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takuma Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takuma_Sato"},{"link_name":"Mark Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Webber_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Michael Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"Robert Doornbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Doornbos"},{"link_name":"Narain Karthikeyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narain_Karthikeyan"}],"sub_title":"Qualifying","text":"Takuma Sato was found guilty of blocking Mark Webber and was relegated to the back of the grid, behind Michael Schumacher who had a spin at Turn 9 and had his V10 engine changed following qualification. Sato was unaware of Webber approaching as he had been reported to have no radio contact with the BAR team.\nRobert Doornbos failed to set a time after his Minardi's brakes caught fire due to an incorrect brake pipe fitting.\nNarain Karthikeyan's Jordan suffered two engine failures.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schumacher"},{"link_name":"Mark Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Webber_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"next race in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Italian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Felipe Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Massa"},{"link_name":"bargeboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargeboard_(aerodynamics)"},{"link_name":"Nick Heidfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Montoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Montoya"},{"link_name":"Tiago Monteiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiago_Monteiro"},{"link_name":"diffuser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuser_(automotive)"},{"link_name":"Fernando Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Alonso"}],"sub_title":"Race","text":"Michael Schumacher and Mark Webber collided on lap 14. The rear suspension of Schumacher's Ferrari was damaged, but after repairs he rejoined the race to improve his qualifying slot for the next race in Italy by three positions. Webber's Williams lost the nose cone.\nFelipe Massa lost the front wing and bargeboard from his Sauber in a first-corner collision with the Williams of former teammate Nick Heidfeld. After replacements were fitted, Massa continued racing until his engine failed on lap 29.\nBoth Williams cars retired from the race due to right-rear tyre failures - Webber on lap 21 and Heidfeld on lap 30.\nJuan Pablo Montoya was running second on the penultimate lap when he clashed with the Jordan of Tiago Monteiro, damaging his diffuser. On the next lap Montoya ran straight ahead at Turn 8, allowing Fernando Alonso to pass him.\nMontoya's fastest lap was over two seconds faster than his teammate's qualifying time.","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Fernando Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Alonso"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Kimi Räikkönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimi_R%C3%A4ikk%C3%B6nen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Michael Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Schumacher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Montoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Montoya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Jarno Trulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarno_Trulli"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Championship-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Racing_(Formula_One_team)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Championship-5"}],"text":"Bold text and an asterisk indicates who still has a theoretical chance of becoming World Champion.Drivers' Championship standings\n\n\n\n\n\nPos\n\nDriver\n\nPoints\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n Fernando Alonso*\n\n95\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n Kimi Räikkönen*\n\n71\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n Michael Schumacher*\n\n55\n\n\n 1\n\n4\n\n Juan Pablo Montoya\n\n40\n\n\n 1\n\n5\n\n Jarno Trulli\n\n39\n\n\nSource: [5]\n\n\n\nConstructors' Championship standings\n\n\n\n\n\nPos\n\nConstructor\n\nPoints\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n Renault*\n\n130\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n McLaren-Mercedes*\n\n121\n\n\n\n\n3\n\n Ferrari*\n\n86\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n Toyota*\n\n71\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n Williams-BMW*\n\n52\n\n\nSource: [5]Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.","title":"Championship standings after the race"}]
[]
[{"title":"2005 Istanbul Park GP2 Series round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Istanbul_Park_GP2_Series_round"}]
[{"reference":"\"Turkish\". Formula1.com. Archived from the original on 2005-11-25. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051125095258/http://www.formula1.com/race/circuitdetail/745.html","url_text":"\"Turkish\""},{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/race/circuitdetail/745.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2005 FORMULA 1 Turkish Grand Prix - Qualifying\". Formula1.com. Formula1.com Limited. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130824055632/http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2005/745/6216/","url_text":"\"2005 FORMULA 1 Turkish Grand Prix - Qualifying\""},{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2005/745/6216/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2005 FORMULA 1 Turkish Grand Prix - Race\". Formula1.com. Formula1.com Limited. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 27 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141010081616/http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2005/745/","url_text":"\"2005 FORMULA 1 Turkish Grand Prix - Race\""},{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2005/745/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2005 Turkish Grand Prix - Race Results & History - GP Archive\". GPArchive.com. 21 August 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://gparchive.com/formula-1/2005-turkish-grand-prix/","url_text":"\"2005 Turkish Grand Prix - Race Results & History - GP Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey 2005 - Championship\". statsf1.com. Retrieved 21 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statsf1.com/en/2005/turquie/championnat.aspx","url_text":"\"Turkey 2005 - Championship\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2005_Turkish_Grand_Prix&params=40_57_20.5_N_29_24_29.7_E_","external_links_name":"40°57′20.5″N 29°24′29.7″E / 40.955694°N 29.408250°E / 40.955694; 29.408250"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051125095258/http://www.formula1.com/race/circuitdetail/745.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkish\""},{"Link":"http://www.formula1.com/race/circuitdetail/745.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130824055632/http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2005/745/6216/","external_links_name":"\"2005 FORMULA 1 Turkish Grand Prix - Qualifying\""},{"Link":"http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2005/745/6216/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141010081616/http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2005/745/","external_links_name":"\"2005 FORMULA 1 Turkish Grand Prix - Race\""},{"Link":"http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2005/745/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://gparchive.com/formula-1/2005-turkish-grand-prix/","external_links_name":"\"2005 Turkish Grand Prix - Race Results & History - GP Archive\""},{"Link":"https://www.statsf1.com/en/2005/turquie/championnat.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Turkey 2005 - Championship\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2005_Turkish_Grand_Prix&params=40_57_20.5_N_29_24_29.7_E_","external_links_name":"40°57′20.5″N 29°24′29.7″E / 40.955694°N 29.408250°E / 40.955694; 29.408250"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiago_Rodrigues
Tiago Rodrigues
["1 Club career","2 Career statistics","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"]
Portuguese footballer Tiago Rodrigues Rodrigues with CSKA Sofia in 2018Personal informationFull name Tiago Filipe Sousa Nóbrega RodriguesDate of birth (1992-01-29) 29 January 1992 (age 32)Place of birth Vila Real, PortugalHeight 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s) MidfielderTeam informationCurrent team GençlerbirliğiNumber 42Youth career2000–2006 Diogo Cão2006–2008 Sporting CP2008–2011 Vitória GuimarãesSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2011–2013 Vitória Guimarães 20 (4)2011–2012 → Amarante (loan) 17 (3)2012–2013 Vitória Guimarães B 17 (3)2013–2017 Porto 0 (0)2013–2014 Porto B 17 (2)2013–2014 → Vitória Guimarães (loan) 21 (2)2015 → Nacional (loan) 18 (4)2015–2016 → Marítimo (loan) 18 (1)2016–2017 → Nacional (loan) 22 (1)2017–2021 CSKA Sofia 118 (28)2021–2022 Al-Hazem 16 (1)2022 Ufa 4 (0)2023– Gençlerbirliği 24 (0)International career2009–2010 Portugal U18 4 (3)2010–2011 Portugal U19 8 (1)2012–2013 Portugal U21 5 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 23:53, 23 April 2024 (UTC) Tiago Filipe Sousa Nóbrega Rodrigues (born 29 January 1992) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for TFF First League club Gençlerbirliği. Club career Born in Vila Real, Vila Real District, Rodrigues played youth football with three clubs, including Sporting CP and Vitória de Guimarães. Loaned by the latter, he made his senior debut with Amarante F.C. in the third division. Returned to the Minho side for 2012–13, Rodrigues initially represented both the A and B teams, the latter competing in the Segunda Liga. He made his Primeira Liga debut for the former on 21 September 2012, playing the second half in the 1–0 away win against Moreirense FC. He also featured the full 90 minutes in that season's Taça de Portugal final, a 2–1 victory over S.L. Benfica which was Vitória's first-ever win in the tournament. On 16 April 2013, before the campaign was over, Rodrigues agreed to join FC Porto on 1 July, moving alongside teammate Ricardo. He never represented the first team in competitive games, going on to appear for their reserves as well as being loaned to Guimarães, C.D. Nacional (twice) and C.S. Marítimo. Rodrigues signed a two-year deal with Bulgarian club PFC CSKA Sofia on 1 July 2017. On 14 January 2019, he extended his contract until June 2022; he eventually became the highest-scoring foreign player (alongside Fernando Karanga) in The Eternal Derby, totalling three goals. Rodrigues continued playing abroad the following seasons, with Al-Hazem F.C. in the Saudi Professional League and FC Ufa in the Russian Premier League. On 5 January 2023, he joined TFF First League club Gençlerbirliği S.K. on a one-and-a-half-year contract. Career statistics As of 7 January 2022 Club performance League Cup Continental1 Other2 Total Club League Season Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Vitória Guimarães Primeira Liga 2011–12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Amarante (loan) Segunda Divisão 2011–12 17 3 0 0 – 0 0 17 3 Vitória Guimarães B (loan) Segunda Liga 2012–13 17 3 – – – 17 3 Vitória Guimarães Primeira Liga 2012–13 20 4 4 0 – 1 0 25 4 Porto 2013–14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Porto B (loan) Segunda Liga 2013–14 4 0 – – – 4 0 Vitória Guimarães (loan) Primeira Liga 2013–14 21 2 1 0 4 0 1 0 27 2 Porto B (loan) Segunda Liga 2014–15 13 2 – – – 13 2 Nacional (loan) Primeira Liga 2014–15 18 4 3 0 0 0 1 0 22 4 Marítimo (loan) 2015–16 18 1 1 0 0 0 4 2 23 3 Nacional (loan) 2016–17 22 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 1 CSKA Sofia First League 2017–18 34 9 3 0 – – 37 9 2018–19 33 8 2 0 5 1 – 40 9 2019–20 24 8 5 0 3 1 – 32 9 2020–21 27 3 6 1 10 3 – 43 7 Total 118 28 16 1 18 5 0 0 152 34 Al-Hazem Saudi Professional League 2021–22 16 1 1 0 – – 17 1 Career total 268 52 21 1 22 5 7 2 321 56 1 Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League matches. 2 Includes Taça da Liga, Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and Bulgarian Supercup matches. Honours Vitória de Guimarães Taça de Portugal: 2012–13 CSKA Sofia Bulgarian Cup: 2020–21 References ^ a b c d "Tiago Rodrigues" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Retrieved 20 January 2021. ^ "Tiago Rodrigues já passou pelo Sporting" . Record (in Portuguese). 30 January 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2023. ^ "Equipa B do Vitória avança com decisões no plantel" (in Portuguese). Guimarães Digital. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2022. ^ "Moreirense 0–1 Vitória de Guimarães (Final)" (in Portuguese). Rádio Renascença. 21 September 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2018. ^ a b "Guimarães claim famous cup win". PortuGOAL. 26 May 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013. ^ "Ricardo e Tiago Rodrigues reforçam dragões" . Record (in Portuguese). 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013. ^ Ruela, João (3 September 2013). "Abdoulaye e Tiago Rodrigues emprestados ao Vitória" . Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 July 2017. ^ Freitas, Marco (7 June 2016). "FC Porto volta a emprestar Tiago Rodrigues" . O Jogo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 July 2017. ^ "Tiago Rodrigues reforça Marítimo" . Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). 1 August 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2017. ^ "ЦСКА подписа и с Тиаго Родригес" (in Bulgarian). CSKA Sofia. 1 July 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017. ^ "Тиаго продължи договора си с клуба" (in Bulgarian). CSKA Sofia. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019. ^ "Чужденците на ЦСКА по-резултатни от тези на Левски във Вечното дерби" (in Bulgarian). First Professional Football League. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022. ^ "Al-Hazem de Hélder Cristóvão continua sem vencer na Liga saudita" . O Jogo (in Portuguese). 25 August 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2022. ^ "Тьяго Родригес, добро пожаловать в ФК "Уфа"!" (in Russian). FC Ufa. 5 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022. ^ "Kırmızı Karalarımızdan Bir Golcü Bir Orta Saha Transferi" (in Turkish). Gençlerbirliği S.K. 5 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023. ^ Tiago Rodrigues at Soccerway ^ "Tiago Rodrigues conquista Taça da Bulgária" (in Portuguese). Sindicato dos Jogadores. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tiago Rodrigues. Tiago Rodrigues at ForaDeJogo (archived) Tiago Rodrigues national team profile at the Portuguese Football Federation (in Portuguese) vteGençlerbirliği S.K. – current squad 1 Çetin 5 Wu S.C. 6 R. Çağıran 8 Léa-Siliki 9 M. Yatabaré 10 Kayode 13 Özdemir 14 E. Durmaz 15 Nzaba 17 Güreler 20 Kemaloğlu 21 J. Durmaz 22 S. Yatabaré 23 Demir 24 Babacan 25 Aydın 26 Aksaka 29 Tulgayoğlu 33 Temur 35 M. Çağıran 42 Rodrigues 45 Çelik 53 İslamoğlu 60 Çek 61 Karakullukçu 87 Durak 88 Akabueze 89 Amilton 99 Gökçe Laura Head Coach: Kaloğlu
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"TFF First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_First_League"},{"link_name":"Gençlerbirliği","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A7lerbirli%C4%9Fi_S.K."}],"text":"Tiago Filipe Sousa Nóbrega Rodrigues (born 29 January 1992) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for TFF First League club Gençlerbirliği.","title":"Tiago Rodrigues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vila Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Real"},{"link_name":"Vila Real District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Real_District"},{"link_name":"Sporting CP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_CP"},{"link_name":"Vitória de Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Amarante F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarante_F.C."},{"link_name":"third division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divis%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Minho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minho_Province"},{"link_name":"B teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C._B"},{"link_name":"Segunda Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Liga"},{"link_name":"Primeira Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"Moreirense FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moreirense_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"that season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Taça de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"2–1 victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal_Final"},{"link_name":"S.L. Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CUP-5"},{"link_name":"the campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"FC Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto"},{"link_name":"Ricardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Pereira_(footballer,_born_1993)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"their reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto_B"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"C.D. Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Nacional"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"C.S. Marítimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Mar%C3%ADtimo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"PFC CSKA Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Sofia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Fernando Karanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Karanga"},{"link_name":"The Eternal Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_derby_of_Bulgarian_football"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Al-Hazem F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hazem_F.C."},{"link_name":"Saudi Professional League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Professional_League"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"FC Ufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Ufa"},{"link_name":"Russian Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"TFF First League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFF_First_League"},{"link_name":"Gençlerbirliği S.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A7lerbirli%C4%9Fi_S.K."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Born in Vila Real, Vila Real District, Rodrigues played youth football with three clubs, including Sporting CP and Vitória de Guimarães.[2] Loaned by the latter, he made his senior debut with Amarante F.C. in the third division.[3]Returned to the Minho side for 2012–13, Rodrigues initially represented both the A and B teams, the latter competing in the Segunda Liga. He made his Primeira Liga debut for the former on 21 September 2012, playing the second half in the 1–0 away win against Moreirense FC.[4] He also featured the full 90 minutes in that season's Taça de Portugal final, a 2–1 victory over S.L. Benfica which was Vitória's first-ever win in the tournament.[5]On 16 April 2013, before the campaign was over, Rodrigues agreed to join FC Porto on 1 July, moving alongside teammate Ricardo.[6] He never represented the first team in competitive games, going on to appear for their reserves as well as being loaned to Guimarães,[7] C.D. Nacional (twice)[8] and C.S. Marítimo.[9]Rodrigues signed a two-year deal with Bulgarian club PFC CSKA Sofia on 1 July 2017.[10] On 14 January 2019, he extended his contract until June 2022;[11] he eventually became the highest-scoring foreign player (alongside Fernando Karanga) in The Eternal Derby, totalling three goals.[12]Rodrigues continued playing abroad the following seasons, with Al-Hazem F.C. in the Saudi Professional League[13] and FC Ufa in the Russian Premier League.[14] On 5 January 2023, he joined TFF First League club Gençlerbirliği S.K. on a one-and-a-half-year contract.[15]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Taça da Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_da_Liga"},{"link_name":"Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superta%C3%A7a_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Supercup"}],"text":"As of 7 January 2022[16]1 Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League matches.2 Includes Taça da Liga, Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and Bulgarian Supercup matches.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taça de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CUP-5"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020–21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Bulgarian_Cup"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Vitória de GuimarãesTaça de Portugal: 2012–13[5]CSKA SofiaBulgarian Cup: 2020–21[17]","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Tiago Rodrigues\" (in Portuguese). Mais Futebol. Retrieved 20 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/jogador/tiago-rodrigues/18091","url_text":"\"Tiago Rodrigues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tiago Rodrigues já passou pelo Sporting\" [Tiago Rodrigues has already had Sporting spell]. Record (in Portuguese). 30 January 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/2--liga/nacional/detalhe/tiago-rodrigues-ja-passou-pelo-sporting-928282","url_text":"\"Tiago Rodrigues já passou pelo Sporting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(Portuguese_newspaper)","url_text":"Record"}]},{"reference":"\"Equipa B do Vitória avança com decisões no plantel\" [Vitória B-team moving forward with squad decisions] (in Portuguese). Guimarães Digital. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guimaraesdigital.com/index.php/informacao/desporto/25596-48293","url_text":"\"Equipa B do Vitória avança com decisões no plantel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moreirense 0–1 Vitória de Guimarães (Final)\" [Moreirense 0–1 Vitória de Guimarães (End)] (in Portuguese). Rádio Renascença. 21 September 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://rr.sapo.pt/bolabranca_detalhe.aspx?fid=42&did=78313","url_text":"\"Moreirense 0–1 Vitória de Guimarães (Final)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Renascen%C3%A7a","url_text":"Rádio Renascença"}]},{"reference":"\"Guimarães claim famous cup win\". PortuGOAL. 26 May 2013. Archived from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925214440/http://portugoal.net/index.php/more-portuguese-cup-news/41198-benfica-end-season-empty-handed","url_text":"\"Guimarães claim famous cup win\""},{"url":"http://www.portugoal.net/index.php/more-portuguese-cup-news/41198-benfica-end-season-empty-handed","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ricardo e Tiago Rodrigues reforçam dragões\" [Ricardo and Tiago Rodrigues strengthen dragons]. Record (in Portuguese). 16 April 2013. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130606020440/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga/Porto/interior.aspx?content_id=816089","url_text":"\"Ricardo e Tiago Rodrigues reforçam dragões\""},{"url":"http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga/Porto/interior.aspx?content_id=816089","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ruela, João (3 September 2013). \"Abdoulaye e Tiago Rodrigues emprestados ao Vitória\" [Abdoulaye e Tiago Rodrigues loaned to Vitória]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dn.pt/desporto/fc-porto/interior/abdoulaye-e-tiago-rodrigues-emprestados-ao-vitoria-3400453.html","url_text":"\"Abdoulaye e Tiago Rodrigues emprestados ao Vitória\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_de_Not%C3%ADcias","url_text":"Diário de Notícias"}]},{"reference":"Freitas, Marco (7 June 2016). \"FC Porto volta a emprestar Tiago Rodrigues\" [FC Porto loan Tiago Rodrigues again]. O Jogo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 3 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/nacional/noticias/interior/fc-porto-volta-a-emprestar-tiago-rodrigues-5215463.html","url_text":"\"FC Porto volta a emprestar Tiago Rodrigues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Jogo","url_text":"O Jogo"}]},{"reference":"\"Tiago Rodrigues reforça Marítimo\" [Tiago Rodrigues bolsters Marítimo]. Diário de Notícias (in Portuguese). 1 August 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnoticias.pt/impressa/hemeroteca/diario-de-noticias/531212-tiago-rodrigues-reforca-maritimo-AMDN531212","url_text":"\"Tiago Rodrigues reforça Marítimo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_de_Not%C3%ADcias_(Madeira)","url_text":"Diário de Notícias"}]},{"reference":"\"ЦСКА подписа и с Тиаго Родригес\" [CSKA also signed with Tiago Rodrigues] (in Bulgarian). CSKA Sofia. 1 July 2017. Retrieved 1 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://cska.bg/index.php?main_page=document_general_info&cPath=65&products_id=4232","url_text":"\"ЦСКА подписа и с Тиаго Родригес\""}]},{"reference":"\"Тиаго продължи договора си с клуба\" [Tiago extended his contract with the club] (in Bulgarian). CSKA Sofia. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cska.bg/index.php?main_page=document_general_info&cPath=65&products_id=7583&zenid=5dqau2nm8akovj60n2b7kh56u6","url_text":"\"Тиаго продължи договора си с клуба\""}]},{"reference":"\"Чужденците на ЦСКА по-резултатни от тези на Левски във Вечното дерби\" [CSKA's foreigners better than Levski's in The Eternal Derby] (in Bulgarian). First Professional Football League. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://a-pfg.com/%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0/%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%86%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%BE%D1%82-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B2-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8-155401/","url_text":"\"Чужденците на ЦСКА по-резултатни от тези на Левски във Вечното дерби\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Professional_Football_League_(Bulgaria)","url_text":"First Professional Football League"}]},{"reference":"\"Al-Hazem de Hélder Cristóvão continua sem vencer na Liga saudita\" [Hélder Cristóvão's Al-Hazem still winless in Saudi League]. O Jogo (in Portuguese). 25 August 2021. Retrieved 10 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/portugueses/noticias/al-hazem-de-helder-cristovao-continua-sem-vencer-na-liga-saudita-14061418.html","url_text":"\"Al-Hazem de Hélder Cristóvão continua sem vencer na Liga saudita\""}]},{"reference":"\"Тьяго Родригес, добро пожаловать в ФК \"Уфа\"!\" [Tiago Rodrigues, welcome to FC Ufa!] (in Russian). FC Ufa. 5 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fcufa.pro/news-new/tyago-rodriges-dobro-pozhalovat-v-fk-ufa","url_text":"\"Тьяго Родригес, добро пожаловать в ФК \"Уфа\"!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kırmızı Karalarımızdan Bir Golcü Bir Orta Saha Transferi\" [Our new red-and-black, attack and midfield additions] (in Turkish). Gençlerbirliği S.K. 5 January 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://genclerbirligi.org.tr/kirmizi-karalarimizdan-bir-golcu-bir-orta-saha-transferi/","url_text":"\"Kırmızı Karalarımızdan Bir Golcü Bir Orta Saha Transferi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tiago Rodrigues conquista Taça da Bulgária\" [Tiago Rodrigues conquers Bulgarian Cup] (in Portuguese). Sindicato dos Jogadores. 21 May 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sjogadores.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=11458","url_text":"\"Tiago Rodrigues conquista Taça da Bulgária\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/jogador/tiago-rodrigues/18091","external_links_name":"\"Tiago Rodrigues\""},{"Link":"https://www.record.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/2--liga/nacional/detalhe/tiago-rodrigues-ja-passou-pelo-sporting-928282","external_links_name":"\"Tiago Rodrigues já passou pelo Sporting\""},{"Link":"https://www.guimaraesdigital.com/index.php/informacao/desporto/25596-48293","external_links_name":"\"Equipa B do Vitória avança com decisões no plantel\""},{"Link":"https://rr.sapo.pt/bolabranca_detalhe.aspx?fid=42&did=78313","external_links_name":"\"Moreirense 0–1 Vitória de Guimarães (Final)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130925214440/http://portugoal.net/index.php/more-portuguese-cup-news/41198-benfica-end-season-empty-handed","external_links_name":"\"Guimarães claim famous cup win\""},{"Link":"http://www.portugoal.net/index.php/more-portuguese-cup-news/41198-benfica-end-season-empty-handed","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130606020440/http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga/Porto/interior.aspx?content_id=816089","external_links_name":"\"Ricardo e Tiago Rodrigues reforçam dragões\""},{"Link":"http://www.record.xl.pt/Futebol/Nacional/1a_liga/Porto/interior.aspx?content_id=816089","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dn.pt/desporto/fc-porto/interior/abdoulaye-e-tiago-rodrigues-emprestados-ao-vitoria-3400453.html","external_links_name":"\"Abdoulaye e Tiago Rodrigues emprestados ao Vitória\""},{"Link":"https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/nacional/noticias/interior/fc-porto-volta-a-emprestar-tiago-rodrigues-5215463.html","external_links_name":"\"FC Porto volta a emprestar Tiago Rodrigues\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnoticias.pt/impressa/hemeroteca/diario-de-noticias/531212-tiago-rodrigues-reforca-maritimo-AMDN531212","external_links_name":"\"Tiago Rodrigues reforça Marítimo\""},{"Link":"http://cska.bg/index.php?main_page=document_general_info&cPath=65&products_id=4232","external_links_name":"\"ЦСКА подписа и с Тиаго Родригес\""},{"Link":"http://cska.bg/index.php?main_page=document_general_info&cPath=65&products_id=7583&zenid=5dqau2nm8akovj60n2b7kh56u6","external_links_name":"\"Тиаго продължи договора си с клуба\""},{"Link":"https://a-pfg.com/%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0/%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%86%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%BE%D1%82-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8-%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B2-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8-155401/","external_links_name":"\"Чужденците на ЦСКА по-резултатни от тези на Левски във Вечното дерби\""},{"Link":"https://www.ojogo.pt/internacional/portugueses/noticias/al-hazem-de-helder-cristovao-continua-sem-vencer-na-liga-saudita-14061418.html","external_links_name":"\"Al-Hazem de Hélder Cristóvão continua sem vencer na Liga saudita\""},{"Link":"https://www.fcufa.pro/news-new/tyago-rodriges-dobro-pozhalovat-v-fk-ufa","external_links_name":"\"Тьяго Родригес, добро пожаловать в ФК \"Уфа\"!\""},{"Link":"https://genclerbirligi.org.tr/kirmizi-karalarimizdan-bir-golcu-bir-orta-saha-transferi/","external_links_name":"\"Kırmızı Karalarımızdan Bir Golcü Bir Orta Saha Transferi\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/tiago-rodrigues/159055/","external_links_name":"Tiago Rodrigues"},{"Link":"https://sjogadores.pt/?pt=news&op=OP_SHOW_DETAIL&id=11458","external_links_name":"\"Tiago Rodrigues conquista Taça da Bulgária\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210101000000/https://www.foradejogo.net/player.php?player=199201290001&language=2","external_links_name":"Tiago Rodrigues"},{"Link":"https://www.fpf.pt/Jogadores/Jogador/playerId/619154","external_links_name":"Tiago Rodrigues"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjeni_orao_(TV_series)
Ranjeni orao (TV series)
["1 Plot","2 Cast and crew","3 Ratings","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Serbian TV series or program Ranjeni oraoCreated byMir JamStarringSloboda Mićalović ĆetkovićIvan BosiljčićDanica MaksimovićDragan NikolićLidija VukićevićMarinko MadžgaljDanijela StajnfeldVojin ĆetkovićCountry of originSerbiaNo. of seasons1No. of episodes17ProductionExecutive producerZdravko ŠotraRunning time55 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkRTS1ReleaseDecember 22, 2008 (2008-12-22) –January 15, 2009 (2009-01-15) Ranjeni orao (English: Wounded eagle) is a Serbian television show produced in 2008 and aired on RTS1 during late 2008 and early 2009. The 17-episode series is based on the 1936 novel of the same name by Serbian author Mir Jam. The show had unprecedented success, with the last episode averaging over 3 million viewers, making it the most watched Serbian television series ever made. Plot Like the novel, the television series is based in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between the two World Wars and centres around the love life of the young and naive protagonist, Anđelka Bojanić, a war orphan brought up by her protective aunt. After marrying a Montenegrin lawyer, she quickly realizes she has made a mistake. Having lost her virginity during her university years while on an excursion—a social taboo at the time—to her first love who supposedly later died before they were able to develop their relationship, her husband, who only learned of his liaison after marrying her, quickly divorces her. Anđelka relocates to Trebinje in order to start a new job and get away from idle gossip in Belgrade. In Trebinje, she meets new people she becomes close with, but also meets up with old friends and ghosts from her past. Several interwoven plot lines include Anđelka's childhood friend, Nenad Aleksić, now an aviator, and his family in Belgrade, and how their life circumstances and fate ultimately bring them together. Cast and crew The television series was produced and adapted by the legendary Serbian producer and director Zdravko Šotra. The production company behind the series is Košutnjak Film. The major reason for the success of the show was mostly due to its writing, romantic style and drama, however it also received high praise due to the famous Serbian actors which appeared in the show. They included: Sloboda Mićalović Ćetković (protagonist) as Anđelka Bojanić Ivan Bosiljčić (Anđelka's new love and future husband) as Nenad Aleksić Vojin Ćetković (Anđelka's first husband) as Tomo Đurović Nenad Jezdić (Anđelka's first love) as Gojko Marić Nataša Ninković (Anđelka's friend) as Vukica Marić Marinko Madžgalj (Trebinje resident and Anđelka's love interest) as Safet Danica Maksimović (Anđelka's host in Trebinje) as Saveta Dragan Nikolić (Nenad's uncle) as Uglješa Knežević Ratings The show received extremely positive critical reviews and outstanding ratings. The show's first episode, aired in December 2008, was watched by a respectable 1.5 million people. The show aired 4 times per week. Each episode saw a ratings increase. Soon after, newspapers and other media picked up on the massive success of the show. The final episode, with much fanfare, aired on January 15, 2009 was watched by 3,277,000 people, making it the most watched television show in Serbia to date. Due to viewer requests, once the show ended, it was immediately reprised in primetime, making it the fastest encored show on RTS. In its reruns it also managed to produce extremely high ratings. Because of its success as a television series, the 1936 novel was quickly reprinted and hit the bookshelves in book stores across Serbia. In 2009, a film was produced based on the book and series with all the original cast from the television show appearing in it. See also Radio Television of Serbia Awards New title Serbian Oscar Of PopularityTV Series of the Year 2009 Succeeded bySelo gori, a baba se češlja References ^ Cvejić, Piše: B. (2020-01-12). "Serija "Ranjeni orao" najgledanija u poslednjih 17 godina - Društvo - Dnevni list Danas". www.danas.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 2021-05-12. External links Ranjeni orao at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"RTS1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Mir Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Jam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ranjeni orao (English: Wounded eagle) is a Serbian television show produced in 2008 and aired on RTS1 during late 2008 and early 2009. The 17-episode series is based on the 1936 novel of the same name by Serbian author Mir Jam. The show had unprecedented success, with the last episode averaging over 3 million viewers, making it the most watched Serbian television series ever made.[1]","title":"Ranjeni orao (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montenegrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegrins_(ethnic_group)"},{"link_name":"Trebinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebinje"}],"text":"Like the novel, the television series is based in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between the two World Wars and centres around the love life of the young and naive protagonist, Anđelka Bojanić, a war orphan brought up by her protective aunt. After marrying a Montenegrin lawyer, she quickly realizes she has made a mistake. Having lost her virginity during her university years while on an excursion—a social taboo at the time—to her first love who supposedly later died before they were able to develop their relationship, her husband, who only learned of his liaison after marrying her, quickly divorces her. Anđelka relocates to Trebinje in order to start a new job and get away from idle gossip in Belgrade. In Trebinje, she meets new people she becomes close with, but also meets up with old friends and ghosts from her past. Several interwoven plot lines include Anđelka's childhood friend, Nenad Aleksić, now an aviator, and his family in Belgrade, and how their life circumstances and fate ultimately bring them together.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zdravko Šotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdravko_%C5%A0otra"},{"link_name":"Sloboda Mićalović Ćetković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloboda_Mi%C4%87alovi%C4%87_%C4%86etkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ivan Bosiljčić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Bosilj%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vojin Ćetković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojin_%C4%86etkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nenad Jezdić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Jezdi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nataša Ninković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Ninkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Marinko Madžgalj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinko_Mad%C5%BEgalj"},{"link_name":"Danica Maksimović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danica_Maksimovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dragan Nikolić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan_Nikoli%C4%87"}],"text":"The television series was produced and adapted by the legendary Serbian producer and director Zdravko Šotra. The production company behind the series is Košutnjak Film. The major reason for the success of the show was mostly due to its writing, romantic style and drama, however it also received high praise due to the famous Serbian actors which appeared in the show. They included:Sloboda Mićalović Ćetković (protagonist) as Anđelka Bojanić\nIvan Bosiljčić (Anđelka's new love and future husband) as Nenad Aleksić\nVojin Ćetković (Anđelka's first husband) as Tomo Đurović\nNenad Jezdić (Anđelka's first love) as Gojko Marić\nNataša Ninković (Anđelka's friend) as Vukica Marić\nMarinko Madžgalj (Trebinje resident and Anđelka's love interest) as Safet\nDanica Maksimović (Anđelka's host in Trebinje) as Saveta\nDragan Nikolić (Nenad's uncle) as Uglješa Knežević","title":"Cast and crew"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The show received extremely positive critical reviews and outstanding ratings. The show's first episode, aired in December 2008, was watched by a respectable 1.5 million people. The show aired 4 times per week. Each episode saw a ratings increase. Soon after, newspapers and other media picked up on the massive success of the show. The final episode, with much fanfare, aired on January 15, 2009 was watched by 3,277,000 people, making it the most watched television show in Serbia to date.Due to viewer requests, once the show ended, it was immediately reprised in primetime, making it the fastest encored show on RTS. In its reruns it also managed to produce extremely high ratings.Because of its success as a television series, the 1936 novel was quickly reprinted and hit the bookshelves in book stores across Serbia. In 2009, a film was produced based on the book and series with all the original cast from the television show appearing in it.","title":"Ratings"}]
[]
[{"title":"Radio Television of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia"}]
[{"reference":"Cvejić, Piše: B. (2020-01-12). \"Serija \"Ranjeni orao\" najgledanija u poslednjih 17 godina - Društvo - Dnevni list Danas\". www.danas.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 2021-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.danas.rs/drustvo/serija-ranjeni-orao-najgledanija-u-poslednjih-17-godina/","url_text":"\"Serija \"Ranjeni orao\" najgledanija u poslednjih 17 godina - Društvo - Dnevni list Danas\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.danas.rs/drustvo/serija-ranjeni-orao-najgledanija-u-poslednjih-17-godina/","external_links_name":"\"Serija \"Ranjeni orao\" najgledanija u poslednjih 17 godina - Društvo - Dnevni list Danas\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1277986/","external_links_name":"Ranjeni orao"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Osage
Fort Osage
["1 Background","2 Foundation","3 Operations","3.1 Abandonment","4 Fort Osage National Historic Landmark","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°11′15″N 94°11′32″W / 39.187562°N 94.192121°W / 39.187562; -94.192121For the 1952 film, see Fort Osage (film). United States historic placeFort OsageU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark District Fort Osage from the west. The "factory" trading post is on the left.Show map of MissouriShow map of the United StatesLocationSibley, MissouriCoordinates39°11′15″N 94°11′32″W / 39.187562°N 94.192121°W / 39.187562; -94.192121Built1808NRHP reference No.66000418Significant datesAdded to NRHPOctober 15, 1966Designated NHLDNovember 5, 1961 The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812. 1: Fort Belle Fontaine U.S. headquarters; 2: Fort Osage, abandoned 1813; 3: Fort Madison, defeated 1813; 4: Fort Shelby, defeated 1814; 5: Battle of Rock Island Rapids, July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island, Sept. 1814; 6: Fort Johnson, abandoned 1814; 7: Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole, May 1815. Fort Osage (also known as Fort Clark or Fort Sibley) was an early 19th-century factory trading post run by the United States Government in western Missouri on the American frontier; it was located in present-day Sibley, Missouri. The Treaty of Fort Clark, signed with certain members of the Osage Nation in 1808, called for the United States to establish Fort Osage as a trading post and to protect the Osage from tribal enemies. It was one of three forts established by the U.S. Army to establish control over the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase territories west of the Mississippi River. Fort Madison in SE Iowa was built to control trade and pacify Native Americans in the Upper Mississippi River region. Fort Belle Fontaine, near St. Louis, controlled the mouth of the Missouri at the Mississippi. Fort Osage ceased operations in the 1820s as the Osage in subsequent treaties had ceded the rest of their land in Missouri to the US. A replica of the fort was constructed on the site between 1948 and 1961. The Fort Osage school district (including Fort Osage High School), which serves northeast Independence and the surrounding area, was named after it. Background During their famous expedition up the Missouri River in seeking the Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean, Americans Meriwether Lewis and William Clark noted this spot in June 1804, as they camped for the night just across the river: high commanding position, more than 70 feet above high-water mark, and overlooking the river, which is here but of little depth... In the same year Pierre Chouteau, part of the Chouteau fur trading family and an agent for the Osage, took Osage chiefs to Washington, DC to meet President Thomas Jefferson who promised to build them a trading post. Previously Jefferson promoted his plan of expanding Federal trading posts on the frontier as means to remove the harmful influence of individual merchants by "undersell private traders" to make them withdraw from borderlands and "earn the good will of the Indians". Foundation William Clark led a team in September 1808 back to the site to begin construction of Fort Osage. In November 1808 Pierre Chouteau negotiated the Treaty of Fort Clark with certain members of the Osage Nation, for the fort to be built for the protection of the Osage. The specific terms of the deal noted: The United States being anxious to promote peace, friendship and intercourse with the Osage tribes, to afford them every assistance in their power, and to protect them from the insults and injuries of other tribes of Indians, situated near the settlements of the white people, have thought proper to build a fort on the right bank of the Missouri, a few miles above the Fire Prairie, and do agree to garrison the same with as many regular troops as the President of the United States may, from time to time, deem necessary for the protection of all orderly, friendly and well disposed Indians of the Great and Little Osage nations, who reside at this place, and who do strictly conform to, and pursue the counsels or admonitions of the President of the United States through his subordinate officers. In exchange for access to the trading post, the attending Osage agreed to cede all of their lands east of the fort in Louisiana Territory to the US. This effectively left them with a small band of territory on the extreme western border of what is now the state of Missouri. The Great Osage were to receive $1,000 and the Little Osage were to get $500. The government trading post was established in 1808 and removed to Arrow Rock in 1813. Operations The fort was officially christened "Fort Osage" by Captain Eli Clemson; he commanded the military garrison at Fort Osage from 1808 until it was evacuated in 1813. It has also been informally referred to as "Fort Clark" in honor of William Clark, who was in charge of Indian Affairs. It was one of the first United States military installations in Louisiana Territory and became a major stopping point for visitors traveling the Missouri. Daniel Boone visited it in 1816, at the age of 82, while on one of his last hunting trips. Sacagawea and her husband, Toussaint Charbonneau, who had accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, also stayed at the fort on their way back north to Dakota Territory after time in St. Louis. Fort Osage was abandoned in June 1813 during the War of 1812 because it was not considered to be under threat. Since most of the war's fighting was further east and north, the soldiers there were transferred to different locations. After the war the fort was reoccupied in 1815. Fort Osage was for many years a productive trading location, with the first Factor George C. Sibley reporting prosperous trade with the Osage due to goods being sold "at prices less than half what the traders extort from them..." Abandonment The end of the War of 1812 and the Adams–Onís Treaty removed the threat of Spanish or British-backed Indigenous campaigns against the United States throughout the Louisiana Purchase. As the Osage ceded more and more of their land, the US established a new trading post at Fort Scott, Kansas, closer to the ancestral villages near the headwaters of the Osage River near Nevada, Missouri. Fort Osage formally was closed in 1822, but remained a landmark on the Santa Fe Trail and a transit point for supplies going north. By 1836 it had been obliterated; local settlers took its pre-cut wood to use for building houses and barns. The factory house was the last remaining structure, but it burned to the ground, leaving only the rock foundation. Fort Osage National Historic Landmark Archaeologists rediscovered the foundations of Fort Osage in the 1940s. The station was reconstructed to portray Fort Osage as it was in 1812 by using the preserved surveys created by William Clark and others. This made restoration to exact specifications possible. The rebuilt post has been designated as Fort Osage National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is owned and operated by Jackson County Parks and Recreation of Missouri. It is open to the public Tuesday through Sunday from 9:00am to 4:30pm year round. The Fort Osage Education Center, opened in November 2007, contains exhibits about the site's geology, 19th century natural history, the Hopewell and Osage native cultures, Lewis and Clark, Fort Osage, and the Missouri River. In addition, the location has living history demonstrations about early 19th-century military and civilian life. See also List of National Historic Landmarks in Missouri National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, Missouri References ^ Fort Osage National Historic Landmark Archived 2014-12-14 at the Wayback Machine. jacksongov.org ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007. ^ "Fort Osage". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 2008-06-28. ^ Prucha, Francis P. (1964) A Guide to the Military Posts of the United States 1789–1895. State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.; also Prucha, Francis P. (1969) The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier 1783–1846. Macmillan, New York. ^ Fort Osage – National Park Service. Cr.nps.gov. Retrieved on 2013-08-28. ^ Jefferson, Thomas, "Trade," 18 Jan. 1803, American State Papers: Indian Affairs (Washington, D.C., 1832), Vol. 1: 684. ^ Treaty of Fort Clark Archived 2007-03-19 at the Wayback Machine. Digital.library.okstate.edu. Retrieved on 2013-08-28. ^ Wesley, Edgar Bruce (1935). Guarding the Frontier. University of Minnesota Press, p. 40. ^ Rodriguez, Junius P. (2002) The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia, Clio, Santa Barbara, CA, p. 270, ISBN 157607188X. ^ a b Isenberg, Andrew C. "The Market Revolution in the Borderlands: George Champlin Sibley in Missouri and New Mexico, 1808-1826." Journal of the Early Republic 21, No. 3 (2001), pp. 445-465. ^ "1942 Fort Osage Archaeological Report". The Society of Friends of Fort Osage. Retrieved 11 July 2018. Further reading Missouri Valley Historical Society, Kansas City, MO State centennial souvenir number and program -1921, Missouri centennial, Kansas City, Oct. 3, 1921. (1921) 136pp online External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fort Osage. Fort Osage National Historic Landmark Archived 2014-12-14 at the Wayback Machine Santa Fe Trail Research vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Osage (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Osage_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upper_Mississippi_1812.png"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Fort Belle Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Belle_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"Fort Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Madison"},{"link_name":"Fort Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Shelby_(Wisconsin)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rock Island Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids"},{"link_name":"Battle of Credit Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Credit_Island"},{"link_name":"Fort Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Fort Cap au Gris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Cap_au_Gris"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Sink Hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole"},{"link_name":"factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_(fur_trade)"},{"link_name":"trading post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_post"},{"link_name":"United States Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government"},{"link_name":"American frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier"},{"link_name":"Sibley, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibley,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Fort Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Clark"},{"link_name":"Osage Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Nation"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase"},{"link_name":"Fort Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Madison"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Fort Belle Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Belle_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fort Osage High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Osage_High_School"},{"link_name":"Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence,_Missouri"}],"text":"For the 1952 film, see Fort Osage (film).United States historic placeThe Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812. 1: Fort Belle Fontaine U.S. headquarters; 2: Fort Osage, abandoned 1813; 3: Fort Madison, defeated 1813; 4: Fort Shelby, defeated 1814; 5: Battle of Rock Island Rapids, July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island, Sept. 1814; 6: Fort Johnson, abandoned 1814; 7: Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole, May 1815.Fort Osage (also known as Fort Clark or Fort Sibley) was an early 19th-century factory trading post run by the United States Government in western Missouri on the American frontier; it was located in present-day Sibley, Missouri. The Treaty of Fort Clark, signed with certain members of the Osage Nation in 1808, called for the United States to establish Fort Osage as a trading post and to protect the Osage from tribal enemies.It was one of three forts established by the U.S. Army to establish control over the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase territories west of the Mississippi River. Fort Madison in SE Iowa was built to control trade and pacify Native Americans in the Upper Mississippi River region. Fort Belle Fontaine, near St. Louis, controlled the mouth of the Missouri at the Mississippi.[4]Fort Osage ceased operations in the 1820s as the Osage in subsequent treaties had ceded the rest of their land in Missouri to the US. A replica of the fort was constructed on the site between 1948 and 1961. The Fort Osage school district (including Fort Osage High School), which serves northeast Independence and the surrounding area, was named after it.","title":"Fort Osage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Meriwether Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis"},{"link_name":"William Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clark_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pierre Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Chouteau"},{"link_name":"Chouteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chouteau"},{"link_name":"agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_(law)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Federal trading posts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Fur_Trade_Factory_System"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"During their famous expedition up the Missouri River in seeking the Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean, Americans Meriwether Lewis and William Clark noted this spot in June 1804, as they camped for the night just across the river:high commanding position, more than 70 feet above high-water mark, and overlooking the river, which is here but of little depth...[5]In the same year Pierre Chouteau, part of the Chouteau fur trading family and an agent for the Osage, took Osage chiefs to Washington, DC to meet President Thomas Jefferson who promised to build them a trading post. Previously Jefferson promoted his plan of expanding Federal trading posts on the frontier as means to remove the harmful influence of individual merchants by \"undersell[ing] private traders\" to make them withdraw from borderlands and \"earn the good will of the Indians\".[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Fort Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Clark"},{"link_name":"Osage Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Nation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fire Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_River"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Territory"},{"link_name":"government trading post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Government_Fur_Trade_Factory_System"},{"link_name":"Arrow Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Rock,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"William Clark led a team in September 1808 back to the site to begin construction of Fort Osage. In November 1808 Pierre Chouteau negotiated the Treaty of Fort Clark with certain members of the Osage Nation, for the fort to be built for the protection of the Osage. The specific terms of the deal noted:[7]The United States being anxious to promote peace, friendship and intercourse with the Osage tribes, to afford them every assistance in their power, and to protect them from the insults and injuries of other tribes of Indians, situated near the settlements of the white people, have thought proper to build a fort on the right bank of the Missouri, a few miles above the Fire Prairie, and do agree to garrison the same with as many regular troops as the President of the United States may, from time to time, deem necessary for the protection of all orderly, friendly and well disposed Indians of the Great and Little Osage nations, who reside at this place, and who do strictly conform to, and pursue the counsels or admonitions of the President of the United States through his subordinate officers.In exchange for access to the trading post, the attending Osage agreed to cede all of their lands east of the fort in Louisiana Territory to the US. This effectively left them with a small band of territory on the extreme western border of what is now the state of Missouri. The Great Osage were to receive $1,000 and the Little Osage were to get $500.The government trading post was established in 1808 and removed to Arrow Rock in 1813.[8]","title":"Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eli Clemson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eli_Clemson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clark_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Boone"},{"link_name":"Sacagawea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacagawea"},{"link_name":"Toussaint Charbonneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toussaint_Charbonneau"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_(agent)"},{"link_name":"George C. Sibley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Sibley"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Market-10"}],"text":"The fort was officially christened \"Fort Osage\" by Captain Eli Clemson; he commanded the military garrison at Fort Osage from 1808 until it was evacuated in 1813. It has also been informally referred to as \"Fort Clark\" in honor of William Clark, who was in charge of Indian Affairs. It was one of the first United States military installations in Louisiana Territory and became a major stopping point for visitors traveling the Missouri. Daniel Boone visited it in 1816, at the age of 82, while on one of his last hunting trips. Sacagawea and her husband, Toussaint Charbonneau, who had accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, also stayed at the fort on their way back north to Dakota Territory after time in St. Louis.Fort Osage was abandoned in June 1813 during the War of 1812 because it was not considered to be under threat. Since most of the war's fighting was further east and north, the soldiers there were transferred to different locations. After the war the fort was reoccupied in 1815.[9] Fort Osage was for many years a productive trading location, with the first Factor George C. Sibley reporting prosperous trade with the Osage due to goods being sold \"at prices less than half what the traders extort from them...\"[10]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adams–Onís Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Market-10"},{"link_name":"Fort Scott, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Scott,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Osage River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_River"},{"link_name":"Nevada, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail"}],"sub_title":"Abandonment","text":"The end of the War of 1812 and the Adams–Onís Treaty removed the threat of Spanish or British-backed Indigenous campaigns against the United States throughout the Louisiana Purchase.[10] As the Osage ceded more and more of their land, the US established a new trading post at Fort Scott, Kansas, closer to the ancestral villages near the headwaters of the Osage River near Nevada, Missouri.Fort Osage formally was closed in 1822, but remained a landmark on the Santa Fe Trail and a transit point for supplies going north. By 1836 it had been obliterated; local settlers took its pre-cut wood to use for building houses and barns. The factory house was the last remaining structure, but it burned to the ground, leaving only the rock foundation.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"natural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"Hopewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_tradition"},{"link_name":"Osage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Nation"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"}],"text":"Archaeologists rediscovered the foundations of Fort Osage in the 1940s. The station was reconstructed to portray Fort Osage as it was in 1812 by using the preserved surveys created by William Clark and others. This made restoration to exact specifications possible.[11]The rebuilt post has been designated as Fort Osage National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is owned and operated by Jackson County Parks and Recreation of Missouri. It is open to the public Tuesday through Sunday from 9:00am to 4:30pm year round.The Fort Osage Education Center, opened in November 2007, contains exhibits about the site's geology, 19th century natural history, the Hopewell and Osage native cultures, Lewis and Clark, Fort Osage, and the Missouri River. In addition, the location has living history demonstrations about early 19th-century military and civilian life.","title":"Fort Osage National Historic Landmark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/item/tmp92001145/"}],"text":"Missouri Valley Historical Society, Kansas City, MO State centennial souvenir number and program -1921, Missouri centennial, Kansas City, Oct. 3, 1921. (1921) 136pp online","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812. 1: Fort Belle Fontaine U.S. headquarters; 2: Fort Osage, abandoned 1813; 3: Fort Madison, defeated 1813; 4: Fort Shelby, defeated 1814; 5: Battle of Rock Island Rapids, July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island, Sept. 1814; 6: Fort Johnson, abandoned 1814; 7: Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole, May 1815.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Upper_Mississippi_1812.png/300px-Upper_Mississippi_1812.png"}]
[{"title":"List of National Historic Landmarks in Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Missouri"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jackson_County,_Missouri"}]
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Osage\". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07. Retrieved 2008-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121007064848/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=290&ResourceType=District","url_text":"\"Fort Osage\""},{"url":"http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=290&ResourceType=District","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1942 Fort Osage Archaeological Report\". The Society of Friends of Fort Osage. Retrieved 11 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fortosagenhs.com/thehendronreport.html","url_text":"\"1942 Fort Osage Archaeological Report\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Osage&params=39.187562_N_94.192121_W_type:landmark_region:US-MO","external_links_name":"39°11′15″N 94°11′32″W / 39.187562°N 94.192121°W / 39.187562; -94.192121"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fort_Osage&params=39.187562_N_94.192121_W_type:landmark_region:US-MO","external_links_name":"39°11′15″N 94°11′32″W / 39.187562°N 94.192121°W / 39.187562; -94.192121"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000418","external_links_name":"66000418"},{"Link":"http://www.jacksongov.org/fortosage","external_links_name":"Fort Osage National Historic Landmark"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141214040055/http://www.jacksongov.org/fortosage/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121007064848/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=290&ResourceType=District","external_links_name":"\"Fort Osage\""},{"Link":"http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=290&ResourceType=District","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/lewisandclark/osa.htm","external_links_name":"Fort Osage – National Park Service"},{"Link":"https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsp&fileName=007/llsp007.db&recNum=685","external_links_name":"Jefferson, Thomas, \"Trade,\" 18 Jan. 1803, American State Papers: Indian Affairs (Washington, D.C., 1832), Vol. 1: 684."},{"Link":"http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Kappler/Vol2/treaties/osa0095.htm#mn1","external_links_name":"Treaty of Fort Clark"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070319004633/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Kappler/Vol2/treaties/osa0095.htm#mn1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fortosagenhs.com/thehendronreport.html","external_links_name":"\"1942 Fort Osage Archaeological Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/tmp92001145/","external_links_name":"online"},{"Link":"http://www.jacksongov.org/fortosage","external_links_name":"Fort Osage National Historic Landmark"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141214040055/http://www.jacksongov.org/fortosage/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.santafetrailresearch.com/","external_links_name":"Santa Fe Trail Research"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545718505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85050887","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Pepper
Simon Pepper
["1 References","2 External links"]
For the professor of architecture, see Simon Pepper (professor). Simon PepperOBE FRSGSBorn(1947-09-27)27 September 1947Worthing, West Sussex, EnglandDied18 September 2018(2018-09-18) (aged 70)Aberfeldy, Perthshire, ScotlandNationalityBritishOccupationEnvironmentalistOfficeDirector of WWF (Scotland)Termin office 1985–2005SpouseMorag MackenzieChildren5ParentsRichard Pepper (father)Patricia Pepper (née Mackenzie) (mother) Simon Pepper OBE FRSGS (27 September 1947 – 18 September 2018) was Director of the World Wildlife Fund (Scotland) from 1985 to 2005. He was also Lord Rector of the University of St Andrews between 2005 and 2008, having been inaugurated on 10 March, and was succeeded by Kevin Dunion. Pepper was a board member of the Deer and Forestry Commissions in Scotland, as well as acting as an advisor to Scottish Ministers on Sustainable Development as a member of the Cabinet Sub-Committee on Sustainable Scotland. He was awarded the OBE in the Millennium Honours List for his services to Sustainable Development, having served as a member of the Secretary of State's Advisory Group on Sustainable Development from 1994 to 1998. Before joining WWF, Simon Pepper ran his own business in Scotland, providing holiday courses about cultural and natural heritage. In 1971 he worked for one year as United Nations Volunteer for the Food and Agriculture Organization in Chad. In 2011, Simon Pepper was appointed a member of the Heritage Lottery Fund's Committee for Scotland. Simon Pepper died suddenly on 18 September 2018. References ^ a b "Obituary - Simon Pepper, environmental campaigner and leading figure in WWF Scotland". The Herald. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2024. ^ "New Rector to be installed". University of St Andrews News. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ Raven, Hugh (21 November 2018). "Simon Pepper obituary". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "Simon Pepper OBE (1947-2018)". The Andrew Raven Trust. The Andrew Raven Trust, Scottish Charity Number SCO39488. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "Simon Pepper OBE". Scottish Environment LINK. Scottish Environment LINK. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ Edwards, Rob. "Simon Pepper 1947 - 2018". Environmental News and Comment. Rob Edwards (Freelance journalist). Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "Deer Working Group". Scottish Government. Scottish Government. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ Raven, Hugh (21 November 2018). "Simon Pepper obituary". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 2 September 2020. ^ "Death of Simon Pepper". 19 September 2018. External links List of Rectors Academic offices Preceded bySir Clement Freud Rector of the University of St Andrews 2005—2008 Succeeded byKevin Dunion vteRectors of the University of St AndrewsUniversity of St Andrews Sir Ralph Abercromby Anstruther, 4th Baronet Sir William Stirling-Maxwell, 9th Baronet John Stuart Mill James Anthony Froude Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves Arthur Penrhyn Stanley Roundell Palmer, 1st Earl of Selborne Sir Theodore Martin Donald Mackay, 11th Lord Reay Arthur Balfour Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute James Stuart Andrew Carnegie John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig Sir J. M. Barrie Rudyard Kipling Fridtjof Nansen Wilfred Grenfell Jan Smuts Guglielmo Marconi Robert MacGregor Mitchell, Lord MacGregor Mitchell Sir David Munro Sir George Cunningham David Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter David Lindsay, 28th Earl of Crawford David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir Robert Boothby, Baron Boothby C. P. Snow Sir John Rothenstein Learie Constantine John Cleese Alan Coren Frank Muir Tim Brooke-Taylor Katharine Whitehorn Stanley Adams Nicholas Parsons Nicky Campbell Donald Findlay Andrew Neil Sir Clement Freud Simon Pepper Kevin Dunion Alistair Moffat Catherine Stihler Srđa Popović Leyla Hussein Stella Maris This Scottish biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an environmental activist or conservationist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Pepper (professor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Pepper_(professor)"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"FRSGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Scottish_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald-1"},{"link_name":"World Wildlife Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund"},{"link_name":"Rector of the University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Kevin Dunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Dunion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald-1"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"United Nations Volunteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"Food and Agriculture Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simon_Pepper_Death-9"}],"text":"For the professor of architecture, see Simon Pepper (professor).Simon Pepper OBE FRSGS (27 September 1947 – 18 September 2018)[1] was Director of the World Wildlife Fund (Scotland) from 1985 to 2005. He was also Lord Rector of the University of St Andrews between 2005 and 2008, having been inaugurated on 10 March, and was succeeded by Kevin Dunion.[2][3][4][5][6][1]Pepper was a board member of the Deer and Forestry Commissions in Scotland, as well as acting as an advisor to Scottish Ministers on Sustainable Development as a member of the Cabinet Sub-Committee on Sustainable Scotland.[7]He was awarded the OBE in the Millennium Honours List for his services to Sustainable Development, having served as a member of the Secretary of State's Advisory Group on Sustainable Development from 1994 to 1998.Before joining WWF, Simon Pepper ran his own business in Scotland, providing holiday courses about cultural and natural heritage. In 1971 he worked for one year as United Nations Volunteer for the Food and Agriculture Organization in Chad.[8]In 2011, Simon Pepper was appointed a member of the Heritage Lottery Fund's Committee for Scotland.Simon Pepper died suddenly on 18 September 2018.[9]","title":"Simon Pepper"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Obituary - Simon Pepper, environmental campaigner and leading figure in WWF Scotland\". The Herald. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/16956704.obituary---simon-pepper-environmental-campaigner-leading-figure-wwf-scotland/","url_text":"\"Obituary - Simon Pepper, environmental campaigner and leading figure in WWF Scotland\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Rector to be installed\". University of St Andrews News. University of St Andrews. Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/new-rector-to-be-installed-2/","url_text":"\"New Rector to be installed\""}]},{"reference":"Raven, Hugh (21 November 2018). \"Simon Pepper obituary\". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/21/simon-pepper-obituary","url_text":"\"Simon Pepper obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Pepper OBE (1947-2018)\". The Andrew Raven Trust. The Andrew Raven Trust, Scottish Charity Number SCO39488. Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://andrewraventrust.org.uk/about/simon_pepper_obe_1947_2018/","url_text":"\"Simon Pepper OBE (1947-2018)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simon Pepper OBE\". Scottish Environment LINK. Scottish Environment LINK. Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotlink.org/people/simon-pepper-obe/","url_text":"\"Simon Pepper OBE\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Rob. \"Simon Pepper 1947 - 2018\". Environmental News and Comment. Rob Edwards (Freelance journalist). Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.robedwards.com/2018/11/simon-pepper-1947-2018.html","url_text":"\"Simon Pepper 1947 - 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deer Working Group\". Scottish Government. Scottish Government. Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.scot/groups/deer-working-group/","url_text":"\"Deer Working Group\""}]},{"reference":"Raven, Hugh (21 November 2018). \"Simon Pepper obituary\". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 2 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/21/simon-pepper-obituary","url_text":"\"Simon Pepper obituary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Death of Simon Pepper\". 19 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/Feorlean/status/1042515786454249472","url_text":"\"Death of Simon Pepper\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.heraldscotland.com/opinion/16956704.obituary---simon-pepper-environmental-campaigner-leading-figure-wwf-scotland/","external_links_name":"\"Obituary - Simon Pepper, environmental campaigner and leading figure in WWF Scotland\""},{"Link":"https://news.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/new-rector-to-be-installed-2/","external_links_name":"\"New Rector to be installed\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/21/simon-pepper-obituary","external_links_name":"\"Simon Pepper obituary\""},{"Link":"http://andrewraventrust.org.uk/about/simon_pepper_obe_1947_2018/","external_links_name":"\"Simon Pepper OBE (1947-2018)\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotlink.org/people/simon-pepper-obe/","external_links_name":"\"Simon Pepper OBE\""},{"Link":"https://www.robedwards.com/2018/11/simon-pepper-1947-2018.html","external_links_name":"\"Simon Pepper 1947 - 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.scot/groups/deer-working-group/","external_links_name":"\"Deer Working Group\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/nov/21/simon-pepper-obituary","external_links_name":"\"Simon Pepper obituary\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/Feorlean/status/1042515786454249472","external_links_name":"\"Death of Simon Pepper\""},{"Link":"http://foi.st-andrews.ac.uk/PublicationScheme/servlet/core.generator.gblobserv?id=295","external_links_name":"List of Rectors"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Pepper&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_Pepper&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_(1932_film)
The House of the Dead (1932 film)
["1 Cast","2 Release","3 References","4 External links"]
1932 film Not to be confused with other films titled "The House of the Dead". The House of the Dead (1932) The House of the Dead (Russian: Мёртвый дом, romanized: Myortvyy dom) is an 1932 Russian film directed by Vasili Fyodorov from a script by Viktor Shklovsky, based on the novel of the same name by Fyodor Dostoevsky. Shklovsky changed the name of the script several times, eventually calling it The House of the Dead (Mertvyi dom). The film stars Nikolay Khmelyov, Nikolay Podgorny, Nikolai Vitovtov and Mikhail Zharov. Cast Nikolay Khmelyov as Fyodor Dostoyevsky Nikolai Podgorny as K.P. Pobedonstzev Nikolai Vitovtov as Tsar Nikolai I Nikolai Radin as L.V. Doubelt Vladimir Belokurov as Stammering Announcer Vladimir Uralsky Vasili Kovrigin as Uspensky Gleb Kuznetsov as Guards soldier Viktor Shklovsky as Petrashevsky Georgiy Sochevko as Yastrzhembskiy Release The film was banned in Spain in 1935, but acquired by the British National Film Centre and the British Film Museum for showing in the Dostoyevsky jubilee in 1972. References ^ Мёртвый дом —   информация о фильме (in Russian) ^ Soviet Cinema: Politics and Persuasion Under Stalin — ISBN 085771693X Jamie Miller — 2009 Page 59 Shklovsky changed the name of the script several times eventually calling it The House of the Dead (Mertvyi dom, 1932). The script was rejected on four other occasions. However, in the early to mid thirties, the existence of the Mezhrabpomfilm studio still provided an alternative for writers and filmmakers. Despite the public denunciations of Shklovsky as a Formalist, the studio accepted his script and entrusted the film to the director Vasili Fyodorov. ^ N. M. Lary — Dostoevsky and Soviet film: visions of demonic realism 1986 — Page 24 It is clear that the idea for House of the Dead, one of the first Soviet sound films, was Shklovsky's. Unfortunately, the studio entrusted the shooting of it to a director of mean talent, Vasili Fedorov. The film was attended by controversy from the start of work on it in 1930. Shklovsky had just been driven to renounce the scientific error of Formalism, but his startling pronouncements and his early Social Revolutionary attachments were not forgotten or forgiven. According to one account he... ^ Николай Хмелёв. Биография. (in Russian) ^ Román Gubern, Paul Hammond Luis Buñuel : The Red Years, 1929–1939 — (2012) ISBN 0299284735 p. 195 In August 1935 Piqueras denounced the Republican government for forbidding the showing of Patriots (Boris Barnet, 1933), about an episode in a Russian village in World War I; The House of the Dead (Vasili Fyodorov, 1932), a biography of... ^ Острова. Михаил Жаров (in Russian) ^ Soviet Film 1972 — Page 56 At the request of the British National Film Centre, the Archives supplied the British Film Museum with a number of films for the Dostoyevsky jubilee, among them Ivan Pyryev's screen adaptation of the Idiot (1958), also St Petersburg Night, made by Grigori Roshal and Vera Stroyeva in 1934, and The House of the Dead (1932), directed by Vassili Fyodorov. External links The House of the Dead at IMDb The House of the Dead at the kino-teatr.ru This article related to Russian film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The House of the Dead\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"Vasili Fyodorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%91%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%91%D1%80)"},{"link_name":"Viktor Shklovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Shklovsky"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Khmelyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Khmelyov"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Podgorny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Zharov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Zharov"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Not to be confused with other films titled \"The House of the Dead\".The House of the Dead (1932)The House of the Dead (Russian: Мёртвый дом, romanized: Myortvyy dom) is an 1932 Russian film directed by Vasili Fyodorov from a script by Viktor Shklovsky, based on the novel of the same name by Fyodor Dostoevsky.[1] Shklovsky changed the name of the script several times, eventually calling it The House of the Dead (Mertvyi dom).[2][3] The film stars Nikolay Khmelyov, Nikolay Podgorny, Nikolai Vitovtov and Mikhail Zharov.[4]","title":"The House of the Dead (1932 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikolay Khmelyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Khmelyov"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Podgorny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Vitovtov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Vitovtov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Radin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Radin"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Belokurov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Belokurov"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Uralsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Uralsky"},{"link_name":"Vasili Kovrigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasili_Kovrigin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gleb Kuznetsov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gleb_Kuznetsov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Viktor Shklovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Shklovsky"},{"link_name":"Georgiy Sochevko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgiy_Sochevko&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Nikolay Khmelyov as Fyodor Dostoyevsky\nNikolai Podgorny as K.P. Pobedonstzev\nNikolai Vitovtov as Tsar Nikolai I\nNikolai Radin as L.V. Doubelt\nVladimir Belokurov as Stammering Announcer\nVladimir Uralsky\nVasili Kovrigin as Uspensky\nGleb Kuznetsov as Guards soldier\nViktor Shklovsky as Petrashevsky\nGeorgiy Sochevko as Yastrzhembskiy","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The film was banned in Spain in 1935,[5] but acquired by the British National Film Centre and the British Film Museum for showing in the Dostoyevsky jubilee in 1972.[6][7]","title":"Release"}]
[{"image_text":"The House of the Dead (1932)"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/movie/sov/8570/annot/","external_links_name":"Мёртвый дом —   информация о фильме"},{"Link":"https://www.zamos.ru/dossier/h/4365/","external_links_name":"Николай Хмелёв. Биография."},{"Link":"https://tvkultura.ru/video/show/brand_id/20882/episode_id/154241/video_id/154241/","external_links_name":"Острова. Михаил Жаров"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0023256/","external_links_name":"The House of the Dead"},{"Link":"http://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/acter/m/sov/3387/foto/m8570/584392/","external_links_name":"The House of the Dead"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_of_the_Dead_(1932_film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokey%27s_Haunt
Smokey's Haunt
["1 Overview","2 Tour","3 Track listing","4 Charts","5 References"]
2012 studio album by UrthboySmokey's HauntStudio album by UrthboyReleased12 October 2012GenreAustralian hip hopLabelElefant TraksProducerAngus Stuart (aka El Gusto), Phillip Norman (aka Count Bounce)Urthboy chronology Spitshine(2009) Smokey's Haunt(2012) The Past Beats Inside Me Like a Second Heartbeat(2016) Smokey's Haunt is the fourth studio album by Australian hip hop artist and member of The Herd, Urthboy. It was released on 12 October 2012. Overview Levinson's fourth album under the Urthboy moniker, released on the Elefant Traks label, was made available to the public on 12 October 2012. Produced by fellow Australian hip hop colleagues Count Bounce (TZU) and Hermitude, the album was selected as a "Feature Album" on national Australian radio station Triple J. Jimblah, Solo and Alex Burnett (of Sparkadia) feature as guests on the album. Jimblah and Solo appear on a song entitled "On Your Shoulders" (Jimblah also appears on the song "Glimpses"), and Burnett features on the song "The Big Sleep". Tour In late February 2013, a national Australian tour, in support of the fourth Urthboy album, was confirmed and a live band, featuring drums and keyboard(s)/piano(s), was also announced. Herd member Jane Tyrell was also named as a member of the touring group, while the support acts were identified as fellow Elefant Traks artist Jimblah and One Sixth from Melbourne, Australia. In 2013 Urthboy was announced as the national support for Paul Kelly's 'Spring & Fall' Tour—the selection follows multiple previous collaborations, including Urthboy's 2008 cover of "From Little Things Big Things Grow", and a combined cover of Hunters and Collectors' "Tears Of Joy" in early 2013. Track listing Smokey's HauntNo.TitleLength1."Stories"3:492."Naïve Bravado" (featuring Daniel Merriweather)3:173."Cleopatra"3:384."Clean Slate" (featuring Delta)3:205."The Big Sleep" (featuring Alex Burnett)5:196."On Your Shoulders" (featuring Solo and Jimblah)4:497."Hey Dianne" (featuring Bobby Flynn)4:278."Empire Tags"3:519."Knee Length Socks"4:0410."Glimpses" (featuring Jane Tyrrell and Jimblah)5:2411."Calling Cards" (featuring Texture Like Sun and Ev Jones)4:2612."Orphan Rocker"5:09 Charts Chart (2014) Peak position Australian Albums (ARIA) 14 References ^ a b c "Urthboy Smokey's Haunt". triple j. ABC. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012. ^ a b c "Urthboy - Smokey's Haunt". Elefant Tracks. Retrieved 14 May 2013. ^ Staff Writer (1 October 2012). "URTHBOY – SMOKEY'S HAUNT". Alternative Media Group of Australia. AMG. Retrieved 20 October 2012. ^ hillydilly (13 October 2012). "URTHBOY – SMOKEY'S HAUNT". hillydilly. The Swaave Network. Retrieved 21 October 2012. ^ "Urthboy – 'Smokey's Tour'". Oztix. Ticket Solutions Pty Ltd. February 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013. ^ "Urthboy announces 2013 Smokey's Haunt tour". Triple J. ABC. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2013. ^ "Paul Kelly hitting the road with Urthboy:". ABC. ABC. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013. ^ "Smokey's Haunt - Urthboy". JB Hi-Fi. Retrieved 14 May 2013. ^ "Australiancharts.com – Urthboy – Smokey's Haunt". Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 May 2016. vteUrthboyStudio albums Distant Sense of Random Menace (2004) The Signal (2007) Spitshine (2009) Smokey's Haunt (2012) Singles "Long Loud Hours" Related articles Trampled – The Elefant Traks Remix Album Blades Elefant Traks Kenny Sabir Sound Summit This 2010s hip hop album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_hip_hop"},{"link_name":"The Herd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herd_(Australian_band)"},{"link_name":"Urthboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urthboy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jjj-fa-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-et-album-2"}],"text":"2012 studio album by UrthboySmokey's Haunt is the fourth studio album by Australian hip hop artist and member of The Herd, Urthboy. It was released on 12 October 2012.[1][2]","title":"Smokey's Haunt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jjj-fa-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jjj-fa-1"},{"link_name":"Sparkadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkadia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-et-album-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Levinson's fourth album under the Urthboy moniker, released on the Elefant Traks label, was made available to the public on 12 October 2012.[1] Produced by fellow Australian hip hop colleagues Count Bounce (TZU) and Hermitude, the album was selected as a \"Feature Album\" on national Australian radio station Triple J.[1]Jimblah, Solo and Alex Burnett (of Sparkadia) feature as guests on the album.[3] Jimblah and Solo appear on a song entitled \"On Your Shoulders\" (Jimblah also appears on the song \"Glimpses\"), and Burnett features on the song \"The Big Sleep\".[2][4]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tix-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Paul Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kelly_(Australian_musician)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In late February 2013, a national Australian tour, in support of the fourth Urthboy album, was confirmed and a live band, featuring drums and keyboard(s)/piano(s), was also announced.[5] Herd member Jane Tyrell was also named as a member of the touring group, while the support acts were identified as fellow Elefant Traks artist Jimblah and One Sixth from Melbourne, Australia.[6] In 2013 Urthboy was announced as the national support for Paul Kelly's 'Spring & Fall' Tour—the selection follows multiple previous collaborations, including Urthboy's 2008 cover of \"From Little Things Big Things Grow\", and a combined cover of Hunters and Collectors' \"Tears Of Joy\" in early 2013.[7]","title":"Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-et-album-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jbhifi-8"},{"link_name":"Daniel Merriweather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Merriweather"}],"text":"Smokey's Haunt[2][8]No.TitleLength1.\"Stories\"3:492.\"Naïve Bravado\" (featuring Daniel Merriweather)3:173.\"Cleopatra\"3:384.\"Clean Slate\" (featuring Delta)3:205.\"The Big Sleep\" (featuring Alex Burnett)5:196.\"On Your Shoulders\" (featuring Solo and Jimblah)4:497.\"Hey Dianne\" (featuring Bobby Flynn)4:278.\"Empire Tags\"3:519.\"Knee Length Socks\"4:0410.\"Glimpses\" (featuring Jane Tyrrell and Jimblah)5:2411.\"Calling Cards\" (featuring Texture Like Sun and Ev Jones)4:2612.\"Orphan Rocker\"5:09","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Urthboy Smokey's Haunt\". triple j. ABC. 15 October 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/review/album/s3608468.htm","url_text":"\"Urthboy Smokey's Haunt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Urthboy - Smokey's Haunt\". Elefant Tracks. Retrieved 14 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.elefanttraks.com/releases/smokeys-haunt","url_text":"\"Urthboy - Smokey's Haunt\""}]},{"reference":"Staff Writer (1 October 2012). \"URTHBOY – SMOKEY'S HAUNT\". Alternative Media Group of Australia. AMG. Retrieved 20 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.altmedia.net.au/urthboy-smokeys-haunt/62987","url_text":"\"URTHBOY – SMOKEY'S HAUNT\""}]},{"reference":"hillydilly (13 October 2012). \"URTHBOY – SMOKEY'S HAUNT\". hillydilly. The Swaave Network. Retrieved 21 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hillydilly.com/2012/10/13/urthboy-smokeys-haunt/","url_text":"\"URTHBOY – SMOKEY'S HAUNT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Urthboy – 'Smokey's Tour'\". Oztix. Ticket Solutions Pty Ltd. February 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://urthboy.oztix.com.au/default.aspx?Event=31235","url_text":"\"Urthboy – 'Smokey's Tour'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Urthboy announces 2013 Smokey's Haunt tour\". Triple J. ABC. 15 November 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s3633376.htm","url_text":"\"Urthboy announces 2013 Smokey's Haunt tour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Kelly hitting the road with Urthboy:\". ABC. ABC. 6 June 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s3776193.htm","url_text":"\"Paul Kelly hitting the road with Urthboy:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smokey's Haunt - Urthboy\". JB Hi-Fi. Retrieved 14 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jbhifionline.com.au/music/urban-grooves/smokey-s-haunt/672906","url_text":"\"Smokey's Haunt - Urthboy\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/review/album/s3608468.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urthboy Smokey's Haunt\""},{"Link":"http://www.elefanttraks.com/releases/smokeys-haunt","external_links_name":"\"Urthboy - Smokey's Haunt\""},{"Link":"http://www.altmedia.net.au/urthboy-smokeys-haunt/62987","external_links_name":"\"URTHBOY – SMOKEY'S HAUNT\""},{"Link":"http://hillydilly.com/2012/10/13/urthboy-smokeys-haunt/","external_links_name":"\"URTHBOY – SMOKEY'S HAUNT\""},{"Link":"http://urthboy.oztix.com.au/default.aspx?Event=31235","external_links_name":"\"Urthboy – 'Smokey's Tour'\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s3633376.htm","external_links_name":"\"Urthboy announces 2013 Smokey's Haunt tour\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/triplej/musicnews/s3776193.htm","external_links_name":"\"Paul Kelly hitting the road with Urthboy:\""},{"Link":"https://www.jbhifionline.com.au/music/urban-grooves/smokey-s-haunt/672906","external_links_name":"\"Smokey's Haunt - Urthboy\""},{"Link":"https://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Urthboy&titel=Smokey%27s+Haunt&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Australiancharts.com – Urthboy – Smokey's Haunt\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smokey%27s_Haunt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_E._Sloan
Martha E. Sloan
["1 Education and teaching career","2 Professional societies","3 Awards and honors","4 References"]
American electrical engineer (born 1939) Martha E. SloanBornMartha Ann Evans1939 (age 84–85)Aurora, IllinoisNationalityAmericanAlma materStanford UniversityMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyKnown forPresident of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1993Awards Frederick Emmons Terman Award (1979) IEEE Centennial Medal (1984) IEEE Richard E. Merwin Distinguished Service Award (1990) IEEE Fellow (1991) ACM Fellow (1994) Scientific careerInstitutionsLockheed Missiles and Space CompanyFrankfurt International SchoolMichigan Technological University Martha Ann Evans Sloan (born 1939) is an American electrical engineer. She taught engineering for many years at Michigan Technological University, and became the first female president of the IEEE. Her service to the profession has been honored by several society fellowships and awards. Education and teaching career Martha Ann Evans was born in Aurora, Illinois in 1939, the daughter of an obstetrician. She first learned about circuit design between her junior and senior years at high school, at a summer institute run by Northwestern University. Attracted to the San Francisco Bay Area because a friend had moved there, she went to Stanford University intending to major in physics, but instead ended up studying electrical engineering. At this time she was involved with radio, through Stanford's student station KZSU, and as a junior in 1959–1960 she was the secretary of the Stanford student chapter of the Institute of Radio Engineers, one of the predecessor organizations of the IEEE. She graduated in 1961, Phi Beta Kappa and with great distinction, as the only woman among approximately 600 engineering graduates. Later she earned a master's degree in electrical engineering from Stanford. In the 1960s she worked at the Palo Alto Research Laboratory of the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company. She began a Ph.D. program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology but, feeling isolated there and pregnant with her first child, she did not complete the program. Instead, she followed her husband to Germany, where she taught for two years at the Frankfurt International School. In 1969, she took a teaching position in electrical engineering at Michigan Technological University, becoming the first female faculty member in the department. Needing a doctorate for her new job, she returned to Stanford and completed a Ph.D. in education in 1973, with a thesis concerning the COSINE Committee, an NSF-funded project to include computer engineering as part of the electrical engineering curriculum. She retired from Michigan Tech in 2013, becoming a professor emerita, after 43 years of service there. Professional societies In the late 1970s, Merlin Smith, the president of the IEEE Computer Society, appointed Sloan to the Board of Governors of the Computer Society, the first woman on the board, and soon afterwards appointed her as treasurer of the society, not long before those positions changed from being appointed to being elected. After continuing in several other elected roles in the society, but (in her view) being passed over as a presidential candidate, she ran as a write-in candidate for president of the society, and won the election for the 1984–1985 term. In 1993, again running as a write-in candidate, she was elected as the first female president of the whole IEEE. She was also the only person to become president of the IEEE after leading the Computer Society. In 1998 she chaired the American Association of Engineering Societies. Awards and honors Sloan became a fellow of the IEEE in 1991 "for contributions to engineering education, leadership in the development of computer engineering education as a discipline, and leadership in extending engineering education to women." Sloan's other honors include the Frederick Emmons Terman Award of the American Society for Engineering Education in 1979, the IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984, the IEEE Richard E. Merwin Distinguished Service Award in 1990, an honorary doctorate from Concordia University in 1993, election as a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1994, the Distinguished Engineering Educator Award of the Society of Women Engineers in 1994, the Michigan Tech Distinguished Service Award in 2012, and being named an honorary alumna of Michigan Tech in 2014. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j Martha Sloan, an oral history conducted in 2009 by John Vardalas, Hoboken, NJ, USA: IEEE History Center, retrieved 2015-06-15. ^ a b Hatch, Sybil E. (2006), "A woman in charge", Changing Our World: True Stories of Women Engineers, ASCE Publications, p. 123, ISBN 9780784408353. ^ "Phi Beta Kappa Names New Stanford Members", The Stanford Daily, vol. 139, no. 56, May 17, 1961. ^ "255 Chosen for Distinction", The Stanford Daily, vol. 139, no. 64, May 29, 1961. ^ a b Gillmor, C. Stewart (2004), Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley, Stanford University Press, p. 481, ISBN 9780804749145. ^ a b c d e Swamy, M. N. S. (June 1993), Honorary Degree Citation – Martha Sloan, Concordia University. ^ a b Dr. Martha Sloan, Michigan Tech Alumni Association, retrieved 2015-06-15. ^ Sloan, Martha Ann Evans (1973), The impact of the COSINE committee on the undergraduate electrical engineering curriculum, Stanford University Library Catalog. ^ Donavan, Jennifer (February 28, 2013), "Michigan Tech Board Approves Video Scoreboard for Ice Arena", Michigan Tech News, retrieved 2015-06-16. ^ Martha Sloan: 1984–85 IEEE Computer Society President, IEEE Computer Society, retrieved 2015-06-15. ^ "Harris Poll: What's an Engineer?", Briefings, Prism, American Society for Engineering Education, December 1998. ^ IEEE Fellows directory, accessed 2015-06-15. ^ "IEEE Fellows 1991 | IEEE Communications Society". ^ Richard E. Merwin Award, IEEE, retrieved 2015-06-15. ^ ACM Fellow award citation, retrieved 2015-06-15. ^ Past Awards: Distinguished Engineering Educator Award recipients, Society of Women Engineers, retrieved 2015-06-16. ^ Gagnon, John (May 24, 2012), "Martha Sloan Receives Distinguished Service Award", Michigan Tech News, retrieved 2015-06-16. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics Association for Computing Machinery DBLP Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electrical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineer"},{"link_name":"Michigan Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers"}],"text":"Martha Ann Evans Sloan (born 1939) is an American electrical engineer. She taught engineering for many years at Michigan Technological University, and became the first female president of the IEEE. Her service to the profession has been honored by several society fellowships and awards.","title":"Martha E. Sloan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aurora, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oral-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hatch-2"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"KZSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZSU"},{"link_name":"Institute of Radio Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Radio_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oral-1"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oral-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terman-5"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Missiles and Space Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space_Systems"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concordia-6"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oral-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oral-1"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_International_School"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concordia-6"},{"link_name":"Michigan Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concordia-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumna-7"},{"link_name":"computer engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oral-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Martha Ann Evans was born in Aurora, Illinois[1] in 1939,[2] the daughter of an obstetrician. She first learned about circuit design between her junior and senior years at high school, at a summer institute run by Northwestern University. Attracted to the San Francisco Bay Area because a friend had moved there, she went to Stanford University intending to major in physics, but instead ended up studying electrical engineering. At this time she was involved with radio, through Stanford's student station KZSU, and as a junior in 1959–1960 she was the secretary of the Stanford student chapter of the Institute of Radio Engineers, one of the predecessor organizations of the IEEE.[1] She graduated in 1961, Phi Beta Kappa and with great distinction,[3][4] as the only woman among approximately 600 engineering graduates.[1] Later she earned a master's degree in electrical engineering from Stanford.[5]In the 1960s she worked at the Palo Alto Research Laboratory of the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company.[6] She began a Ph.D. program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology but, feeling isolated there and pregnant with her first child, she did not complete the program.[1]\nInstead, she followed her husband to Germany,[1] where she taught for two years at the Frankfurt International School.[6]\nIn 1969, she took a teaching position in electrical engineering at Michigan Technological University,[6] becoming the first female faculty member in the department.[7] Needing a doctorate for her new job, she returned to Stanford and completed a Ph.D. in education in 1973, with a thesis concerning the COSINE Committee, an NSF-funded project to include computer engineering as part of the electrical engineering curriculum.[1][8] She retired from Michigan Tech in 2013, becoming a professor emerita, after 43 years of service there.[9]","title":"Education and teaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IEEE Computer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oral-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oral-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oral-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hatch-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oral-1"},{"link_name":"American Association of Engineering Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Engineering_Societies"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In the late 1970s, Merlin Smith, the president of the IEEE Computer Society, appointed Sloan to the Board of Governors of the Computer Society, the first woman on the board, and soon afterwards appointed her as treasurer of the society, not long before those positions changed from being appointed to being elected.[1] After continuing in several other elected roles in the society, but (in her view) being passed over as a presidential candidate, she ran as a write-in candidate for president of the society, and won the election for the 1984–1985 term.[1][10] In 1993, again running as a write-in candidate, she was elected as the first female president of the whole IEEE.[1][2] She was also the only person to become president of the IEEE after leading the Computer Society.[1] In 1998 she chaired the American Association of Engineering Societies.[11]","title":"Professional societies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"American Society for Engineering Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Engineering_Education"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-terman-5"},{"link_name":"IEEE Centennial Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Centennial_Medal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concordia-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Concordia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-concordia-6"},{"link_name":"Association for Computing Machinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Society of Women Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Women_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alumna-7"}],"text":"Sloan became a fellow of the IEEE in 1991 \"for contributions to engineering education, leadership in the development of computer engineering education as a discipline, and leadership in extending engineering education to women.\"[12][13] Sloan's other honors include\nthe Frederick Emmons Terman Award of the American Society for Engineering Education in 1979,[5]\nthe IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984,[6]\nthe IEEE Richard E. Merwin Distinguished Service Award in 1990,[14]\nan honorary doctorate from Concordia University in 1993,[6]\nelection as a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1994,[15]\nthe Distinguished Engineering Educator Award of the Society of Women Engineers in 1994,[16]\nthe Michigan Tech Distinguished Service Award in 2012,[17]\nand being named an honorary alumna of Michigan Tech in 2014.[7]","title":"Awards and honors"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Martha Sloan, an oral history conducted in 2009 by John Vardalas, Hoboken, NJ, USA: IEEE History Center, retrieved 2015-06-15","urls":[{"url":"http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Martha_Sloan","url_text":"Martha Sloan, an oral history conducted in 2009 by John Vardalas"}]},{"reference":"Hatch, Sybil E. (2006), \"A woman in charge\", Changing Our World: True Stories of Women Engineers, ASCE Publications, p. 123, ISBN 9780784408353","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dKptTDl6eUcC&pg=PA123","url_text":"Changing Our World: True Stories of Women Engineers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780784408353","url_text":"9780784408353"}]},{"reference":"\"Phi Beta Kappa Names New Stanford Members\", The Stanford Daily, vol. 139, no. 56, May 17, 1961","urls":[{"url":"http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19610517-01.2.6","url_text":"\"Phi Beta Kappa Names New Stanford Members\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stanford_Daily","url_text":"The Stanford Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"255 Chosen for Distinction\", The Stanford Daily, vol. 139, no. 64, May 29, 1961","urls":[{"url":"http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19610529-01.2.30","url_text":"\"255 Chosen for Distinction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stanford_Daily","url_text":"The Stanford Daily"}]},{"reference":"Gillmor, C. Stewart (2004), Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley, Stanford University Press, p. 481, ISBN 9780804749145","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JJKgq1YCkeAC&pg=PA481","url_text":"Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804749145","url_text":"9780804749145"}]},{"reference":"Swamy, M. N. S. (June 1993), Honorary Degree Citation – Martha Sloan, Concordia University","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.concordia.ca/sloan","url_text":"Honorary Degree Citation – Martha Sloan"}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Martha Ann Evans (1973), The impact of the COSINE committee on the undergraduate electrical engineering curriculum, Stanford University Library Catalog","urls":[{"url":"http://searchworks.stanford.edu/?q=%22Sloan%2C+Martha+Ann+Evans.%22&search_field=search_author","url_text":"The impact of the COSINE committee on the undergraduate electrical engineering curriculum"}]},{"reference":"Donavan, Jennifer (February 28, 2013), \"Michigan Tech Board Approves Video Scoreboard for Ice Arena\", Michigan Tech News, retrieved 2015-06-16","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtu.edu/news/stories/2013/february/michigan-tech-board-approves-video-scoreboard-for-ice-arena.html","url_text":"\"Michigan Tech Board Approves Video Scoreboard for Ice Arena\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harris Poll: What's an Engineer?\", Briefings, Prism, American Society for Engineering Education, December 1998","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prism-magazine.org/december/html/december_briefings.htm","url_text":"\"Harris Poll: What's an Engineer?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Engineering_Education","url_text":"American Society for Engineering Education"}]},{"reference":"\"IEEE Fellows 1991 | IEEE Communications Society\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comsoc.org/membership/ieee-fellows/1991","url_text":"\"IEEE Fellows 1991 | IEEE Communications Society\""}]},{"reference":"Gagnon, John (May 24, 2012), \"Martha Sloan Receives Distinguished Service Award\", Michigan Tech News, retrieved 2015-06-16","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtu.edu/news/stories/2012/may/martha-sloan-receives-distinguished-service-award.html","url_text":"\"Martha Sloan Receives Distinguished Service Award\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Martha_Sloan","external_links_name":"Martha Sloan, an oral history conducted in 2009 by John Vardalas"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dKptTDl6eUcC&pg=PA123","external_links_name":"Changing Our World: True Stories of Women Engineers"},{"Link":"http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19610517-01.2.6","external_links_name":"\"Phi Beta Kappa Names New Stanford Members\""},{"Link":"http://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19610529-01.2.30","external_links_name":"\"255 Chosen for Distinction\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JJKgq1YCkeAC&pg=PA481","external_links_name":"Fred Terman at Stanford: Building a Discipline, a University, and Silicon Valley"},{"Link":"http://archives.concordia.ca/sloan","external_links_name":"Honorary Degree Citation – Martha Sloan"},{"Link":"http://www.mtu.edu/alumni/notables/profiles/Martha-Sloan.html","external_links_name":"Dr. Martha Sloan"},{"Link":"http://searchworks.stanford.edu/?q=%22Sloan%2C+Martha+Ann+Evans.%22&search_field=search_author","external_links_name":"The impact of the COSINE committee on the undergraduate electrical engineering curriculum"},{"Link":"http://www.mtu.edu/news/stories/2013/february/michigan-tech-board-approves-video-scoreboard-for-ice-arena.html","external_links_name":"\"Michigan Tech Board Approves Video Scoreboard for Ice Arena\""},{"Link":"http://www.computer.org/web/cshistory/martha-sloan","external_links_name":"Martha Sloan: 1984–85 IEEE Computer Society President"},{"Link":"http://www.prism-magazine.org/december/html/december_briefings.htm","external_links_name":"\"Harris Poll: What's an Engineer?\""},{"Link":"https://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/fellows/fellowsDirectory.html","external_links_name":"IEEE Fellows directory"},{"Link":"https://www.comsoc.org/membership/ieee-fellows/1991","external_links_name":"\"IEEE Fellows 1991 | IEEE Communications Society\""},{"Link":"http://www.computer.org/web/awards/merwin","external_links_name":"Richard E. Merwin Award"},{"Link":"http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/sloan_1304641.cfm","external_links_name":"ACM Fellow award citation"},{"Link":"http://societyofwomenengineers.swe.org/awards/past-awards/193-individual-awards/distinguished-engineering-educator-award-recipients","external_links_name":"Past Awards: Distinguished Engineering Educator Award recipients"},{"Link":"http://www.mtu.edu/news/stories/2012/may/martha-sloan-receives-distinguished-service-award.html","external_links_name":"\"Martha Sloan Receives Distinguished Service Award\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000084366317","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/33268845","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvCRYbXdKWFC3Y9qX6qcP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/117727129X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007376171405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79022293","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p135368197","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dl.acm.org/profile/81100524588","external_links_name":"Association for Computing Machinery"},{"Link":"https://dblp.org/pid/21/640","external_links_name":"DBLP"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/254572081","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silas_Condict
Silas Condict
["1 References","2 External links"]
American politician This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may need to be rewritten to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The talk page may contain suggestions. (January 2023) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Silas Condict" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Silas Condict (March 7, 1738 – September 6, 1801) was an American farmer, prominent surveyor, and large landowner from Morris County, New Jersey. He served as a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress from 1781 to 1783. Later, he served a number of terms in the State Assembly, and was its Speaker in 1792-1794 and in 1797. His name can be found in archived Congressional records @ " A Biographical Congressional Directory, 1774-1903" (WASHINGTON: 1903)@ page 467 (also naming Dr. John Condict, Silas Condict, Jr. and Sr., and a nephew, Dr. Lewis Condict), found at Google books and at Archive.org. It is found here also:, one of many Congressional Archive sources showing the Condict family. Silas' great grandfather, John, the Norman ancestor, is footnoted by archivists in the Archives for the State of New Jersey, First Series, V. XV at the index re: the HorseNeck Indian Land Purchase where his name is misspelled as Candet and Canduct, however, both times the surname is corrected to Condict by archivists at pages: 530 (No. 1) & 533 (No. 24); the book can be found at archive.org. Silas Condict died in Morristown, New Jersey and is buried in the Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Morristown. His nephew, Lewis Condict, and great-grandson, Augustus W. Cutler, would later serve in the U.S. Congress. Sources: The United States Magazine and Democratic Review,1839, January–June,No. VIII, at page 603-604. 1st-11th Annual Reports DAR. Senate documents (United States Congress, Senate). Government Printing Office: Washington, DC. Also, Hoskins' Men From Morris County NJ Who Served in Rev, pg 49; SAR Graves Registry by KP Bgbertson. Silas Condict is also found in the First Presbyterian Church of Morristown, NJ records: at pages 59–67. There is a large park (over 1500 acres) in Morris County, named for him. References ^ Congress, United States (1903). A Biographical Congressional Directory, 1774 to 1903: The Continental Congress: September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788, Inclusive. The United States Congress: The First Congress to the Fifty-seventh Congress, March 4, 1903, Inclusive. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 467. ^ "A biographical congressional directory, 1774-1903". Washington, Govt. print. off. 1903. ^ "History of the First Presbyterian Church, Morristown, N.J". Morristown, N.J. : "Banner" Steam Print. 1880. External links Condict’s Congressional biography vteSpeakers of the New Jersey General Assembly Gardiner Fretwell Jennings T. Gordon Kay D. Coxe Kinsey Johnstone Trent Johnstone Kinsey Jr. Bonnel A. Johnston Nevill Lawrence Nevill Charles Read Lawrence Nevill Ogden Skinner Crane Skinner Hart Camp Hornblower Meheim Harris Hendrickson Van Cleve Harris Van Cleve Beatty Dayton E. Elmer S. Condict E. Elmer Imlay S. Condict W. Coxe Dickerson W. Coxe P. Gordon Cox L. Condict Kennedy Pearson Bateman Pennington Clark E. Elmer D. Thompson L. Elmer D. Johnston Drake Ewing Wurts J. Jackson Ryall T. Haight L. Condict Stites Emley Halsey J. Taylor Van Wagenen Howell J. Evans Whelpley Nixon Phillips Huyler Fennimore Parry Demarest Dutcher Holsman Salter Patterson Teese C. Haight Crowell J. N. Taylor Crowell Hill Curtis A. Evans Abbett Condit Niles Fisher G. Hobart Vanderbilt Caracallen Rabe Egan S. Jackson Oviatt Van Duyne Dunn O'Connor Stoney Armstrong Baird Dickinson Hudspeth Heppenheimer Bergen Flynn Holt Cross DeRousse MacPherson Watkins B. Jones Bradley Horner Avis Robbins Lethbridge Jess Prince Ward Kenny McCran L. R. Taylor Beekman Godfrey Pilgrim Schoen Wolverton Pierson Glover G. S. Hobart Rowland W. Evans Eaton Powell Chandless Siracusa Hanson Gabrielson Knight Wise Greenberg Otto Pascoe Altman Clee Newcomb Walker De Voe Pascoe McClave Boswell Amlicke Cavicchia Hess W. Jones Leonard Brescher Mehorter Miller Fraser M. Thompson Cavinato Simmill Thomas Salsburg Mosch Mills Hyland Kurtz Brady D'Aloia Davis Matthews Beadleston Higgins Brady Hauser Halpin Smith Moraites Dickey Parker Kean Woodson LeFante Hamilton Jackman Karcher Hardwick Doria Haytaian Collins Sires Roberts Oliver Prieto Coughlin Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morris County, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Congressional Archive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_archives"},{"link_name":"Morristown, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Morristown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_Cemetery,_Morristown"},{"link_name":"Lewis Condict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Condict"},{"link_name":"Augustus W. Cutler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_W._Cutler"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"First Presbyterian Church of Morristown, NJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church_(Morristown,_New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Silas Condict (March 7, 1738 – September 6, 1801) was an American farmer, prominent surveyor, and large landowner from Morris County, New Jersey. He served as a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress from 1781 to 1783. Later, he served a number of terms in the State Assembly, and was its Speaker in 1792-1794 and in 1797. His name can be found in archived Congressional records @ \" A Biographical Congressional Directory, 1774-1903\" (WASHINGTON: 1903)@ page 467 (also naming Dr. John Condict, Silas Condict, Jr. and Sr., and a nephew, Dr. Lewis Condict), found at Google books and at Archive.org.[1] It is found here also:,[2] one of many Congressional Archive sources showing the Condict family.Silas' great grandfather, John, the Norman ancestor, is footnoted by archivists in the Archives for the State of New Jersey, First Series, V. XV at the index re: the HorseNeck Indian Land Purchase where his name is misspelled as Candet and Canduct, however, both times the surname is corrected to Condict by archivists at pages: 530 (No. 1) & 533 (No. 24); the book can be found at archive.org. Silas Condict died in Morristown, New Jersey and is buried in the Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Morristown. His nephew, Lewis Condict, and great-grandson, Augustus W. Cutler, would later serve in the U.S. Congress.\nSources: The United States Magazine and Democratic Review,1839, January–June,No. VIII, at page 603-604. 1st-11th Annual Reports DAR. Senate documents (United States Congress, Senate). Government Printing Office: Washington, DC. Also, Hoskins' Men From Morris County NJ Who Served in Rev, pg 49; SAR Graves Registry by KP Bgbertson. Silas Condict is also found in the First Presbyterian Church of Morristown, NJ records:[3] at pages 59–67.There is a large park (over 1500 acres) in Morris County, named for him.","title":"Silas Condict"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Congress, United States (1903). A Biographical Congressional Directory, 1774 to 1903: The Continental Congress: September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788, Inclusive. The United States Congress: The First Congress to the Fifty-seventh Congress, March 4, 1903, Inclusive. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 467.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/abiographicalco00enyagoog","url_text":"A Biographical Congressional Directory, 1774 to 1903: The Continental Congress: September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788, Inclusive. The United States Congress: The First Congress to the Fifty-seventh Congress, March 4, 1903, Inclusive"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/abiographicalco00enyagoog/page/n485","url_text":"467"}]},{"reference":"\"A biographical congressional directory, 1774-1903\". Washington, Govt. print. off. 1903.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/biographicalcong01unit#page/466/mode/2up","url_text":"\"A biographical congressional directory, 1774-1903\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the First Presbyterian Church, Morristown, N.J\". Morristown, N.J. : \"Banner\" Steam Print. 1880.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstp00firs","url_text":"\"History of the First Presbyterian Church, Morristown, N.J\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silas_Condict&action=edit","external_links_name":"You can help"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Silas+Condict%22","external_links_name":"\"Silas Condict\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Silas+Condict%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Silas+Condict%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Silas+Condict%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Silas+Condict%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Silas+Condict%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/abiographicalco00enyagoog","external_links_name":"A Biographical Congressional Directory, 1774 to 1903: The Continental Congress: September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788, Inclusive. The United States Congress: The First Congress to the Fifty-seventh Congress, March 4, 1903, Inclusive"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/abiographicalco00enyagoog/page/n485","external_links_name":"467"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/biographicalcong01unit#page/466/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"A biographical congressional directory, 1774-1903\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyoffirstp00firs","external_links_name":"\"History of the First Presbyterian Church, Morristown, N.J\""},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000669","external_links_name":"Condict’s Congressional biography"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/177225/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/38376628","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJx4kJP3g6qXkgbchC4KBP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85353826","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=C000669","external_links_name":"US Congress"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6g55gdz","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6wx2128","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Stefano_Colonna
Portrait of Stefano Colonna
["1 Description","2 References"]
Painting by Bronzino Portrait of Stefano IV ColonnaArtistBronzinoYearcirca 1546MediumOil on canvasDimensions125 cm × 95 cm (49 in × 37 in)LocationGallerie Nazionali di Arte Antica, Rome Portrait of Stefano IV Colonna is an oil on canvas painting completed by the Italian Renaissance painter Bronzino and housed in the Pinacoteca of the Gallerie Nazionali di Arte Antica (Palazzo Barberini) in Rome, Italy. Description The portrait of the condottiero is dated 1546 at the bottom of the column. Stefano was a member of the Roman Colonna family and served as a mercenary lieutenant general of the armies of the Duke Cosimo de' Medici. The portrait is similar to the 1530 portrait by Bronzino depicting Guidobaldo della Rovere, a painting held in the Palazzo Pitti. Colonna is girded with his dark armor and sword, with hand upon his helmet, standing before a column and red curtain. The condotierre died in 1548. References ^ Entry at Gallerie Nazionali di Arte Antica vteBronzinoList of worksPortraits Portrait of a Young Man as Saint Sebastian (c. 1533) Portrait of Ugolino Martelli (1536–1537) Portrait of Andrea Doria as Neptune (c. 1530s–1540s) Portrait of a Young Man with a Book (c. 1540) Portrait of Bartolomeo Panciatichi (c. 1540) Portrait of Bia de' Medici (c. 1542) Portrait of Cosimo I de' Medici (1545) Portrait of the Dwarf Nano Morgante (1552) Portrait of Giovanni de' Medici as a Child (c. 1545) Portrait of Lucrezia Panciatichi (c. 1545) Portrait of Eleanor of Toledo (c. 1545) Portrait of Stefano Colonna (c. 1546) Religious Pietà (1529) Adoration of the Shepherds (1539–1540) Panciatichi Holy Family (1541) Crossing of the Red Sea (1542) Adoration of the Bronze Snake (1540–1545) Deposition of Christ (1545) Holy Family with St. Anne and the Infant St. John (c. 1525–1550) Secular Flaying of Marsyas (c. 1531) Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time (c. 1545) Allegory of Happiness (1567) Related Capponi Chapel Cappella di Eleonora Mannerism Cosimo I de' Medici (patron) Pontormo (teacher) This article about a sixteenth-century painting is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art"},{"link_name":"Bronzino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzino"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Barberini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Barberini"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Portrait of Stefano IV Colonna is an oil on canvas painting completed by the Italian Renaissance painter Bronzino and housed in the Pinacoteca of the Gallerie Nazionali di Arte Antica (Palazzo Barberini) in Rome, Italy.","title":"Portrait of Stefano Colonna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"condottiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condottiero"},{"link_name":"Colonna family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna_family"},{"link_name":"Duke Cosimo de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Cosimo_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Guidobaldo della Rovere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidobaldo_II_della_Rovere,_Duke_of_Urbino"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Pitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The portrait of the condottiero is dated 1546 at the bottom of the column. Stefano was a member of the Roman Colonna family and served as a mercenary lieutenant general of the armies of the Duke Cosimo de' Medici.The portrait is similar to the 1530 portrait by Bronzino depicting Guidobaldo della Rovere, a painting held in the Palazzo Pitti. Colonna is girded with his dark armor and sword, with hand upon his helmet, standing before a column and red curtain. The condotierre died in 1548.[1]","title":"Description"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://galleriabarberini.beniculturali.it/index.php?it/102/bronzino-ritratto-di-stefano-iv-colonnae","external_links_name":"Entry at Gallerie Nazionali di Arte Antica"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portrait_of_Stefano_Colonna&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_local_elections
2015 United Kingdom local elections
["1 Background","2 Results","3 Analysis","4 Metropolitan boroughs","5 Unitary authorities","5.1 Whole council","5.2 Third of council","6 Non-metropolitan districts","6.1 Whole council","6.2 Third of council","7 Mayoral elections","8 Local referendums results","9 Notes","10 References"]
2015 United Kingdom local elections ← 2014 7 May 2015 2016 → All 36 metropolitan boroughs, 49 out of 55 unitary authorities, 194 out of 201 district councils, and 6 directly elected mayorsTurnout65%   First party Second party   Leader David Cameron Ed Miliband Party Conservative Labour Leader since 6 December 2005 25 September 2010 Swing 6% 2% Projected vote-share 35% 29% Councils 163 74 Councils +/– 32 3 Councillors 5,521 2,278 Councillors +/– 541 203   Third party Fourth party   Leader Nick Clegg Nigel Farage Party Liberal Democrats UKIP Leader since 18 December 2007 5 November 2010 Swing 2% 4% Projected vote-share 11% 13% Councils 4 1 Councils +/– 4 1 Councillors 658 202 Councillors +/– 411 176 The results in England. White areas indicate elections were not held here in 2015. The 2015 United Kingdom local elections were held on Thursday 7 May 2015, the same day as the general election for the House of Commons. With the exception of those areas that have had boundary changes, the council seats up for election in England were last contested in the 2011 local elections. To date these are the last local elections to coincide with a general election in the United Kingdom. Background Elections would have been due in Northern Ireland given the previous elections to all 26 local councils in 2011, but these councils have since been scrapped and replaced by 11 super-councils, which had their inaugural elections in 2014. All registered electors (British, Irish, Commonwealth and European Union citizens) who will be aged 18 or over on the day of the election were entitled to vote in the local elections. Those who will be temporarily away from their ordinary address (for example, away working, on holiday, in student accommodation or in hospital) are also entitled to vote in the local elections, although those who have moved abroad and registered as overseas electors cannot vote in the local elections. Those who are registered to vote at more than one address (such as a university student who has a term-time address and lives at home during holidays) are entitled to vote in the local elections at either address, as long as they are not in the same local government area. Results Full results as reported by BBC News: Party Councillors Councils Number Change Number Change Conservative 5,521 541 163 32 Labour 2,278 203 74 3 Liberal Democrats 658 411 4 4 UKIP 202 176 1 1 Green 87 10 0 Residents 55 2 0 1 Liberal 6 3 0 Health Concern 2 3 0 Independent 517 125 0 1 BNP 0 1 0 English Democrat 0 2 0 No overall control — 36 25 Analysis In 2015, direct elections were held in 279 of the 293 local districts in England: 36 metropolitan boroughs, 194 of the second-tier districts, and 49 of the unitary authorities. There were no local elections in London, Scotland, or Wales. There were also six elections for directly elected mayors, as well as elections to many parish councils and town councils, and a few local referendums. As was the case in the simultaneously-held general election, the Conservative Party was considered the clear winners of the local elections, winning overall control of more than thirty local councils, mostly from councils that before the election had no overall control (i.e., no majority held by any one party). The Conservatives retained control of the Solihull and Trafford councils, the only two metropolitan boroughs that it held before the election, slightly increasing its majority on both. Among the unitary councils, the Conservatives won control of Bath and North East Somerset for the first time. As was the case in the general election, the Labour Party and Liberal Democrats performed poorly. Labour lost control of the Walsall metropolitan borough and the Plymouth and Stoke-on-Trent unitary authorities, both to no overall control. The Green Party of England and Wales lost their status as the largest party on Brighton and Hove City Council to Labour. The UK Independence Party won control of the Thanet District Council, going from two to 33 seats on that council. This marked the first time that UKIP won control of a local council. According to an analysis by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher, more than three-quarters of councils across the UK are now under the majority control of the two largest parties, Conservative and Labour—the highest percentage since the 1970s local government reform. The dominance of the Conservative and Labour parties was not limited to control of councils, but also extended to a seat count, with the two parties holding 77% of seats, the highest since 1980. Rallings and Thrasher found that the decline of the Liberal Democrats accounted for part of this trend. They concluded that "much is said about multi-party Britain but it is time instead to talk about two-party local government." Metropolitan boroughs In 35 of the 36 English metropolitan borough councils, one-third of their seats were up for re-election. In Doncaster, all seats were up for re-election due to ward-boundary changes there. Council Previous control Result Details Barnsley Labour Labour Details Birmingham Labour Labour Details Bolton Labour Labour Details Bradford Labour Labour Details Bury Labour Labour Details Calderdale No overall control (Con-Ind coalition with LD support) No overall control (Lab minority) Details Coventry Labour Labour Details Doncaster Labour Labour Details Dudley Labour Labour Details Gateshead Labour Labour Details Kirklees No overall control (Labour minority) No overall control (Labour minority) Details Knowsley Labour Labour Details Leeds Labour Labour Details Liverpool Labour Labour Details Manchester Labour Labour Details Newcastle upon Tyne Labour Labour Details North Tyneside Labour Labour Details Oldham Labour Labour Details Rochdale Labour Labour Details Rotherham Labour Labour Details St Helens Labour Labour Details Salford Labour Labour Details Sandwell Labour Labour Details Sefton Labour Labour Details Sheffield Labour Labour Details Solihull Conservative Conservative Details South Tyneside Labour Labour Details Stockport No overall control (LibDem-Ind minority) No overall control (LibDem-Ind minority) Details Sunderland Labour Labour Details Tameside Labour Labour Details Trafford Conservative Conservative Details Wakefield Labour Labour Details Walsall No overall control (Labour minority) No overall control (Labour minority) Details Wigan Labour Labour Details Wirral Labour Labour Details Wolverhampton Labour Labour Details Unitary authorities Whole council In 30 English unitary authorities the whole council is up for election. These were the last elections to the unitary authorities for Bournemouth and Poole, as they are set to be merged into one, along with the area covered by Christchurch District Council into one new authority in 2019. Council Previous control Result Details Bath and North East Somerset No overall control Conservative Details Bedford No overall control No overall control (Lab-LibDem coalition) Details Blackpool Labour Labour Details Bournemouth Conservative Conservative Details Bracknell Forest Conservative Conservative Details Brighton & Hove No overall control (Green minority) No overall control (Labour minority) Details Central Bedfordshire Conservative Conservative Details Cheshire East Conservative Conservative Details Cheshire West and Chester Conservative Labour Details Darlington Labour Labour Details East Riding of Yorkshire Conservative Conservative Details Herefordshire No overall control Conservative Details Leicester Labour Labour Details Luton Labour Labour Details Medway Conservative Conservative Details Middlesbrough Labour Labour Details North Lincolnshire Conservative Conservative Details North Somerset Conservative Conservative Details Nottingham Labour Labour Details Poole No overall control Conservative Details Redcar and Cleveland No overall control No overall control (Labour minority) Details Rutland Conservative Conservative Details South Gloucestershire No overall control Conservative Details Stockton-on-Tees No overall control Labour Details Stoke-on-Trent Labour No overall control (Ind-Con-UKIP coalition) Details Telford and Wrekin Labour No overall control (Labour minority) Details Torbay Conservative Conservative Details West Berkshire Conservative Conservative Details Windsor and Maidenhead Conservative Conservative Details York Labour No overall control (Con-LibDem coalition) Details Third of council In 19 English unitary authorities one third of the council is up for election. Council Previous control Result Details Blackburn with Darwen Labour Labour Details Bristol No overall control No overall control (Lab minority) Details Derby Labour Labour Details Halton Labour Labour Details Hartlepool Labour Labour Details Kingston upon Hull Labour Labour Details Milton Keynes No overall control No overall control (Lab minority) Details North East Lincolnshire No overall control No overall control (Lab-LibDem coalition) Details Peterborough No overall control No overall control (Con minority) Details Plymouth Labour No overall control (Lab-Con coalition) Details Portsmouth No overall control (Con with UKIP & Lab support) No overall control (Con with UKIP support) Details Reading Labour Labour Details Slough Labour Labour Details Southampton Labour Labour Details Southend-on-Sea No overall control (Ind-Lab-LibDem coalition) No overall control (Ind-Lab-LibDem coalition) Details Swindon Conservative Conservative Details Thurrock No overall control (Lab with UKIP support) No overall control (Lab minority) Details Warrington Labour Labour Details Wokingham Conservative Conservative Details Non-metropolitan districts Whole council In 128 English district authorities the whole council is up for election. These were the last elections to councils in Christchurch, Corby, East Dorset, East Northamptonshire, Forest Heath, Kettering, North Dorset, Northampton, Purbeck, South Northamptonshire, St Edmundsbury, Suffolk Coastal, Taunton Deane, Waveney, Wellingborough, West Dorset and West Somerset. These councils are either being merged into larger districts, specifically those in Somerset and Suffolk at the 2019 local elections, while those in Northamptonshire and Dorset are due to have their county councils abolished and converted into 4 unitary authorities, with the new Dorset authorities electing in 2019 and the Northamptonshire authorities electing in 2020 - thus meaning all of the district and borough councillors in Northamptonshire have their terms extended for one year. Council Previous control Result Details Allerdale No overall control (Labour minority) No overall control (Labour minority) Details Arun Conservative Conservative Details Ashfield Labour Labour Details Ashford Conservative Conservative Details Aylesbury Vale Conservative Conservative Details Babergh No overall control Conservative Details Barrow-in-Furness Labour Labour Details Bassetlaw Labour Labour Details Blaby Conservative Conservative Details Bolsover Labour Labour Details Boston Conservative No overall control (Con-Ind coalition) Details Braintree Conservative Conservative Details Breckland Conservative Conservative Details Broadland Conservative Conservative Details Bromsgrove Conservative Conservative Details Broxtowe No overall control Conservative Details Canterbury Conservative Conservative Details Charnwood Conservative Conservative Details Chelmsford Conservative Conservative Details Chesterfield Labour Labour Details Chichester Conservative Conservative Details Chiltern Conservative Conservative Details Christchurch Conservative Conservative Details Copeland Labour Labour Details Corby Labour Labour Details Cotswold Conservative Conservative Details Dacorum Conservative Conservative Details Dartford Conservative Conservative Details Derbyshire Dales Conservative Conservative Details Dover Conservative Conservative Details Eastbourne Liberal Democrats Liberal Democrats Details East Cambridgeshire Conservative Conservative Details East Devon Conservative Conservative Details East Dorset Conservative Conservative Details East Hampshire Conservative Conservative Details East Hertfordshire Conservative Conservative Details East Lindsey No overall control Conservative Details East Northamptonshire Conservative Conservative Details East Staffordshire No overall control Conservative Details Eden No overall control Conservative Details Epsom and Ewell Residents Association Residents Association Details Erewash Conservative Conservative Details Fenland Conservative Conservative Details Forest Heath Conservative Conservative Details Forest of Dean No overall control (Conservative minority) No overall control (Conservative minority) Details Fylde Conservative Conservative Details Gedling Labour Labour Details Gravesham Labour Conservative Details Guildford Conservative Conservative Details Hambleton Conservative Conservative Details Harborough Conservative Conservative Details High Peak No overall control Conservative Details Hinckley and Bosworth Liberal Democrats Conservative Details Horsham Conservative Conservative Details Kettering Conservative Conservative Details King's Lynn and West Norfolk Conservative Conservative Details Lancaster No overall control (Labour-Green coalition) No overall control (Labour minority) Details Lewes No overall control Conservative Details Lichfield Conservative Conservative Details Maldon Conservative Conservative Details Malvern Hills Conservative Conservative Details Mansfield Labour Labour Details Melton Conservative Conservative Details Mendip Conservative Conservative Details Mid Devon Conservative Conservative Details Mid Suffolk Conservative Conservative Details Mid Sussex Conservative Conservative Details New Forest Conservative Conservative Details Newark and Sherwood No overall control Conservative Details North Devon No overall control (LibDem-Ind coalition) No overall control (Con-Ind coalition) Details North Dorset Conservative Conservative Details North East Derbyshire Labour Labour Details North Kesteven Conservative Conservative Details North Norfolk Conservative Conservative Details North Warwickshire Labour Conservative Details North West Leicestershire Conservative Conservative Details Northampton Conservative Conservative Details Oadby and Wigston Liberal Democrats Liberal Democrats Details Purbeck No overall control Conservative Details Ribble Valley Conservative Conservative Details Richmondshire No overall control Conservative Details Rother Conservative Conservative Details Rushcliffe Conservative Conservative Details Ryedale Conservative Conservative Details Scarborough No overall control Conservative Details Sedgemoor Conservative Conservative Details Selby Conservative Conservative Details Sevenoaks Conservative Conservative Details Shepway Conservative Conservative Details South Bucks Conservative Conservative Details South Derbyshire Conservative Conservative Details South Hams Conservative Conservative Details South Holland Conservative Conservative Details South Kesteven Conservative Conservative Details South Norfolk Conservative Conservative Details South Northamptonshire Conservative Conservative Details South Oxfordshire Conservative Conservative Details South Ribble Conservative Conservative Details South Somerset Liberal Democrats No overall control (LibDem-Ind coalition) Details South Staffordshire Conservative Conservative Details Spelthorne Conservative Conservative Details St Edmundsbury Conservative Conservative Details Stafford Conservative Conservative Details Staffordshire Moorlands No overall control Conservative Details Stratford-on-Avon Conservative Conservative Details Suffolk Coastal Conservative Conservative Details Surrey Heath Conservative Conservative Details Swale Conservative Conservative Details Taunton Deane No overall control Conservative Details Teignbridge Conservative Conservative Details Tendring Conservative No overall control (Con-Ind coalition) Details Test Valley Conservative Conservative Details Tewkesbury Conservative Conservative Details Thanet No overall control UKIP Details Tonbridge and Malling Conservative Conservative Details Torridge No overall control Conservative Details Uttlesford Conservative Conservative Details Vale of White Horse Conservative Conservative Details Warwick Conservative Conservative Details Waveney No overall control Conservative Details Waverley Conservative Conservative Details Wealden Conservative Conservative Details Wellingborough Conservative Conservative Details West Devon Conservative Conservative Details West Dorset Conservative Conservative Details West Lindsey Conservative Conservative Details West Somerset Conservative Conservative Details Wychavon Conservative Conservative Details Wycombe Conservative Conservative Details Wyre Conservative Conservative Details Wyre Forest No overall control Conservative Details Third of council In 66 English district authorities one third of the council is up for election. Council Previous control Result Details Amber Valley Labour Conservative Details Basildon No overall control (Con-UKIP coalition) No overall control (Con minority) Details Basingstoke and Deane No overall control Conservative Details Brentwood No overall control Conservative Details Broxbourne Conservative Conservative Details Burnley Labour Labour Details Cambridge Labour Labour Details Cannock Chase Labour Labour Details Carlisle Labour Labour Details Castle Point Conservative Conservative Details Cherwell Conservative Conservative Details Chorley Labour Labour Details Colchester No overall control (LibDem-Lab-Ind Coalition) No overall control (LibDem-Lab-Ind Coalition) Details Craven Conservative Conservative Details Crawley Labour Labour Details Daventry Conservative Conservative Details Eastleigh Liberal Democrats Liberal Democrats Details Elmbridge Conservative Conservative Details Epping Forest Conservative Conservative Details Exeter Labour Labour Details Gloucester No overall control Conservative Details Great Yarmouth No overall control (Lab minority) No overall control (Lab minority) Details Harlow Labour Labour Details Harrogate Conservative Conservative Details Hart No overall control Conservative Details Havant Conservative Conservative Details Hertsmere Conservative Conservative Details Huntingdonshire Conservative Conservative Details Hyndburn Labour Labour Details Ipswich Labour Labour Details Lincoln Labour Labour Details Maidstone No overall control (Con minority) No overall control (LibDem-Ind minority) Details Mole Valley No overall control Conservative Details Newcastle-under-Lyme Labour No overall control (Lab minority) Details North Hertfordshire Conservative Conservative Details Norwich Labour Labour Details Pendle No overall control (Con-LibDem coalition) No overall control (Con-LibDem coalition) Details Preston Labour Labour Details Redditch Labour Labour Details Reigate and Banstead Conservative Conservative Details Rochford Conservative Conservative Details Rossendale Labour Labour Details Rugby Conservative Conservative Details Runnymede Conservative Conservative Details Rushmoor Conservative Conservative Details St Albans No overall control Conservative Details South Cambridgeshire Conservative Conservative Details South Lakeland Liberal Democrats Liberal Democrats Details Stevenage Labour Labour Details Stroud No overall control (Lab-Green-LibDem coalition) No overall control (Lab-Green-LibDem coalition) Details Tamworth Conservative Conservative Details Tandridge Conservative Conservative Details Three Rivers Liberal Democrats No overall control (Con minority w/ Lab support) Details Tunbridge Wells Conservative Conservative Details Watford Liberal Democrats No overall control (LibDem minority) Details Welwyn Hatfield Conservative Conservative Details West Lancashire No overall control Labour Details West Oxfordshire Conservative Conservative Details Weymouth and Portland No overall control (Lab minority) No overall control (Con minority) Details Winchester No overall control Conservative Details Woking Conservative Conservative Details Worcester No overall control Conservative Details Worthing Conservative Conservative Details Mayoral elections Six direct mayoral elections were held. Local Authority Previous Mayor Mayor-elect Bedford Dave Hodgson (Liberal Democrats) Dave Hodgson (Liberal Democrats) Copeland New Post Mike Starkie (Independent) Leicester Sir Peter Soulsby (Labour) Sir Peter Soulsby (Labour) Mansfield Tony Egginton (Mansfield Independent Forum) Kate Allsop (Mansfield Independent Forum) Middlesbrough Ray Mallon (Independent) Dave Budd (Labour) Torbay Gordon Oliver (Conservative) Gordon Oliver (Conservative) Local referendums results A local referendum in Bedfordshire was held on a proposal by Bedfordshire Police and Crime Commissioner Olly Martins, to fund one hundred additional police officers through a 15.8% increase in the police precept (the portion of the council tax set by the police and crime commissioner). The proposal would provide an additional £4.5 million in revenue. The referendum was triggered because the proposed tax increase was above the 2% threshold. Voters decisively rejected the proposal, with 30.5% (91,086 votes) voting yes and 69.5% (207,551 votes) no. Notes ^ Swing figures are between the BBC national projected vote share extrapolation from 2014 local elections, and the BBC equivalent vote share projection from these local elections held in different areas References ^ Daniel Wainwright (9 April 2019). "Council elections: Why don't people vote?". Retrieved 20 April 2019. ^ "The Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (England and Wales) Regulations 2006, Schedule Part 1". Legislation.gov.uk. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2012. ^ "Students". aboutmyvote.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013. ^ "I have two homes. Can I register at both addresses?". The Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2011. ^ "Local Election Results 2015 - BBC News". bbc.co.uk. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chris Game, The forgotten local elections – Conservatives defy predictions in council votes too, The Conversation (May 11, 2015). ^ The English local government bodies which did not hold local elections were seven unitary authorities (Cornwall, Durham, the Isle of Wight, Northumberland, Isles of Scilly, Shropshire and Wiltshire), seven district and borough councils (Adur, Cheltenham, Fareham, Gosport, Hastings, Nuneaton and Bedworth and Oxford), and the 32 London boroughs. ^ Elections 2015: Green Party loses Brighton Council to Labour, BBC News (May 10, 2015). ^ Election 2015: UKIP controls Thanet Council, BBC News (May 10, 2015). ^ David Feeney, Ukip wins control of its first UK council, Guardian (May 9, 2015). ^ a b c d Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher, Local elections analysis: Talk of multi-party England is premature, Local Government Chronicle (May 11, 2015). ^ Mansfield, Katie (5 November 2014). "Defector gives power back to Conservatives". The Echo. NewsBank. Retrieved 24 December 2014. ^ "A Directly Elected Mayor". copeland.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2015. ^ Bedfordshire Police council tax rise rejected at referendum, BBC News (May 11, 2015). ^ Council Tax Referendum Archived 4 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Bedford Borough Council. ^ Kate Youde, 'No' vote in first council tax referendum, Local Government Chronicle (May 11, 2015). vte(2014 ←)   2015 United Kingdom local elections   (→ 2016)Metropolitan boroughs Barnsley Birmingham Bolton Bradford Bury Calderdale Coventry Doncaster Dudley Gateshead Kirklees Knowsley Leeds Liverpool Manchester Newcastle upon Tyne North Tyneside Oldham Rochdale Rotherham St Helens Salford Sandwell Sefton Sheffield Solihull South Tyneside Stockport Sunderland Tameside Trafford Wakefield Walsall Wigan Wirral Wolverhampton Unitary authorities(England) Bath and North East Somerset Bedford Blackburn with Darwen Blackpool Bournemouth Bracknell Forest Brighton & Hove Bristol Central Bedfordshire Cheshire East Cheshire West and Chester Darlington Derby East Riding of Yorkshire Halton Hartlepool Herefordshire Kingston upon Hull Leicester Luton Medway Middlesbrough Milton Keynes North East Lincolnshire North Lincolnshire North Somerset Nottingham Peterborough Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Redcar and Cleveland Rutland Slough South Gloucestershire Southampton Southend-on-Sea Stockton-on-Tees Stoke-on-Trent Swindon Telford and Wrekin Thurrock Torbay Warrington West Berkshire Windsor and Maidenhead Wokingham York District councils(England) Allerdale Amber Valley Arun Ashfield Ashford Aylesbury Vale Babergh Barrow-in-Furness Basildon Basingstoke and Deane Bassetlaw Blaby Bolsover Boston Braintree Breckland Brentwood Broadland Bromsgrove Broxbourne Broxtowe Burnley Cambridge Cannock Chase Canterbury Carlisle Castle Point Charnwood Chelmsford Cherwell Chesterfield Chichester Chiltern Chorley Christchurch Colchester Copeland Corby Cotswold Craven Crawley Dacorum Dartford Daventry Derbyshire Dales Dover East Cambridgeshire East Devon East Dorset East Hampshire East Hertfordshire East Lindsey East Northamptonshire East Staffordshire Eastbourne Eastleigh Eden Elmbridge Epping Forest Epsom and Ewell Erewash Exeter Fenland Forest Heath Forest of Dean Fylde Gedling Gloucester Gravesham Great Yarmouth Guildford Hambleton Harborough Harlow Harrogate Hart Havant Hertsmere High Peak Hinckley and Bosworth Horsham Huntingdonshire Hyndburn Ipswich Kettering King's Lynn and West Norfolk Lancaster Lewes Lichfield Lincoln Maidstone Maldon Malvern Hills Mansfield Melton Mendip Mid Devon Mid Suffolk Mid Sussex Mole Valley New Forest Newark and Sherwood Newcastle-under-Lyme North Devon North Dorset North East Derbyshire North Hertfordshire North Kesteven North Norfolk North Warwickshire North West Leicestershire Northampton Norwich Oadby and Wigston Pendle Preston Purbeck Redditch Reigate and Banstead Ribble Valley Richmondshire Rochford Rossendale Rother Rugby Runnymede Rushcliffe Rushmoor Ryedale Scarborough Sedgemoor Selby Sevenoaks Shepway South Bucks South Cambridgeshire South Derbyshire South Hams South Holland South Kesteven South Lakeland South Norfolk South Northamptonshire South Oxfordshire South Ribble South Somerset South Staffordshire Spelthorne St Albans St Edmundsbury Stafford Staffordshire Moorlands Stevenage Stratford-on-Avon Stroud Suffolk Coastal Surrey Heath Swale Tamworth Tandridge Taunton Deane Teignbridge Tendring Test Valley Tewkesbury Thanet Three Rivers Tonbridge and Malling Torridge Tunbridge Wells Uttlesford Vale of White Horse Warwick Watford Waveney Waverley Wealden Wellingborough Welwyn Hatfield West Devon West Dorset West Lancashire West Lindsey West Oxfordshire West Somerset Weymouth and Portland Winchester Woking Worcester Worthing Wychavon Wycombe Wyre Wyre Forest Mayoral elections Bedford Copeland Leicester Mansfield Middlesbrough Torbay See also: 2015 United Kingdom general election vte Elections and referendums in the United KingdomGeneral elections 1801 1802 1806 1807 1812 1818 1820 1826 1830 1831 1832 1835 1837 1841 1847 1852 1857 1859 1865 1868 1874 1880 1885 1886 1892 1895 1900 1906 1910 (Jan) 1910 (Dec) 1918 1922 1923 1924 1929 1931 1935 1945 1950 1951 1955 1959 1964 1966 1970 1974 (Feb) 1974 (Oct) 1979 1983 1987 1992 1997 2001 2005 2010 2015 2017 2019 2024 Local elections 1889 1890 1892 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 European elections 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 Referendums 1975 2011 2016 vte2015 United Kingdom general election Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 ← 2010 election Constituencies Debates Endorsements MPs elected seniority lost their seat stood down Opinion polling Parties Results breakdown by constituency Seat gains and losses Target seats 2017 election → Incumbent prime minister: David Cameron (Conservative) Appointed prime minister: David Cameron (Conservative) Incumbent deputy prime minister: Nick Clegg (Liberal Democrats) Appointed deputy prime minister: None Parties elected to the House of Commons Conservative (David Cameron) Labour (Ed Miliband) Scottish National Party (Nicola Sturgeon) Liberal Democrats (Nick Clegg) Democratic Unionist Party (Peter Robinson) Sinn Féin (Gerry Adams) Plaid Cymru (Leanne Wood) Social Democratic and Labour Party (Alasdair McDonnell) Ulster Unionist Party (Mike Nesbitt) UK Independence Party (Nigel Farage) Green Party of England and Wales (Natalie Bennett) Parties only represented in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, London, or the European Parliament Green Party Northern Ireland (Steven Agnew) Scottish Greens (Patrick Harvie/Maggie Chapman) Traditional Unionist Voice (Jim Allister) Alliance Party of Northern Ireland (David Ford) Other Full list of parties standing candidates Results by area England (list) Northern Ireland (list) Scotland (list) Wales (list) See also EdStone Milifandom Party spending investigation Woman to Woman campaign Ballot Monkeys Meet the Ukippers UKIP: The First 100 Days The Vote Newzoids 2015 United Kingdom local elections 2016 EU membership referendum
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"2011 local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_local_elections"}],"text":"The 2015 United Kingdom local elections were held on Thursday 7 May 2015, the same day as the general election for the House of Commons.With the exception of those areas that have had boundary changes, the council seats up for election in England were last contested in the 2011 local elections. To date these are the last local elections to coincide with a general election in the United Kingdom.","title":"2015 United Kingdom local elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"26 local councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"11 super-councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_of_local_government_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"inaugural elections in 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Northern_Ireland_local_elections"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_citizen"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_citizen"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_citizen"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Elections would have been due in Northern Ireland given the previous elections to all 26 local councils in 2011, but these councils have since been scrapped and replaced by 11 super-councils, which had their inaugural elections in 2014.All registered electors (British, Irish, Commonwealth and European Union citizens) who will be aged 18 or over on the day of the election were entitled to vote in the local elections. Those who will be temporarily away from their ordinary address (for example, away working, on holiday, in student accommodation or in hospital) are also entitled to vote in the local elections,[2] although those who have moved abroad and registered as overseas electors cannot vote in the local elections. Those who are registered to vote at more than one address (such as a university student who has a term-time address and lives at home during holidays) are entitled to vote in the local elections at either address, as long as they are not in the same local government area.[3][4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Full results as reported by BBC News:[5]","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"metropolitan boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_borough"},{"link_name":"second-tier districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district"},{"link_name":"unitary authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game-7"},{"link_name":"local elections in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_borough"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"directly elected mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"parish councils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_councils_in_England"},{"link_name":"local referendums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game-7"},{"link_name":"no overall control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_overall_control"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game-7"},{"link_name":"Solihull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solihull_Metropolitan_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Trafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafford_Metropolitan_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game-7"},{"link_name":"Bath and North East Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_and_North_East_Somerset_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game-7"},{"link_name":"Walsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walsall_Metropolitan_Borough_Council"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game-7"},{"link_name":"Green Party of England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"UK Independence Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Independence_Party"},{"link_name":"Thanet District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanet_District"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Colin Rallings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Rallings"},{"link_name":"Michael Thrasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Thrasher"},{"link_name":"1970s local government reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rallings-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rallings-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rallings-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rallings-12"}],"text":"In 2015, direct elections were held in 279 of the 293 local districts in England: 36 metropolitan boroughs, 194 of the second-tier districts, and 49 of the unitary authorities.[6] There were no local elections in London, Scotland, or Wales.[6][7]There were also six elections for directly elected mayors, as well as elections to many parish councils and town councils, and a few local referendums.[6]As was the case in the simultaneously-held general election, the Conservative Party was considered the clear winners of the local elections, winning overall control of more than thirty local councils, mostly from councils that before the election had no overall control (i.e., no majority held by any one party).[6] The Conservatives retained control of the Solihull and Trafford councils, the only two metropolitan boroughs that it held before the election, slightly increasing its majority on both.[6] Among the unitary councils, the Conservatives won control of Bath and North East Somerset for the first time.[6]As was the case in the general election, the Labour Party and Liberal Democrats performed poorly.[6] Labour lost control of the Walsall metropolitan borough and the Plymouth and Stoke-on-Trent unitary authorities, both to no overall control.[6]The Green Party of England and Wales lost their status as the largest party on Brighton and Hove City Council to Labour.[6][8]The UK Independence Party won control of the Thanet District Council, going from two to 33 seats on that council. This marked the first time that UKIP won control of a local council.[6][9][10]According to an analysis by Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher, more than three-quarters of councils across the UK are now under the majority control of the two largest parties, Conservative and Labour—the highest percentage since the 1970s local government reform.[11] The dominance of the Conservative and Labour parties was not limited to control of councils, but also extended to a seat count, with the two parties holding 77% of seats, the highest since 1980.[11] Rallings and Thrasher found that the decline of the Liberal Democrats accounted for part of this trend.[11] They concluded that \"much is said about multi-party Britain but it is time instead to talk about two-party local government.\"[11]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 35 of the 36 English metropolitan borough councils, one-third of their seats were up for re-election. In Doncaster, all seats were up for re-election due to ward-boundary changes there.","title":"Metropolitan boroughs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Unitary authorities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unitary authorities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_authority#United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Whole council","text":"In 30 English unitary authorities the whole council is up for election.These were the last elections to the unitary authorities for Bournemouth and Poole, as they are set to be merged into one, along with the area covered by Christchurch District Council into one new authority in 2019.","title":"Unitary authorities"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Third of council","text":"In 19 English unitary authorities one third of the council is up for election.","title":"Unitary authorities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Non-metropolitan districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Corby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Corby"},{"link_name":"East Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Dorset"},{"link_name":"East Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Forest Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Heath"},{"link_name":"Kettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Kettering"},{"link_name":"North Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dorset"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"Purbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purbeck_(district)"},{"link_name":"South Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"St Edmundsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_St_Edmundsbury"},{"link_name":"Suffolk Coastal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk_Coastal"},{"link_name":"Taunton Deane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton_Deane"},{"link_name":"Waveney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveney_District"},{"link_name":"Wellingborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Wellingborough"},{"link_name":"West Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Dorset"},{"link_name":"West Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Somerset"}],"sub_title":"Whole council","text":"In 128 English district authorities the whole council is up for election.These were the last elections to councils in Christchurch, Corby, East Dorset, East Northamptonshire, Forest Heath, Kettering, North Dorset, Northampton, Purbeck, South Northamptonshire, St Edmundsbury, Suffolk Coastal, Taunton Deane, Waveney, Wellingborough, West Dorset and West Somerset.These councils are either being merged into larger districts, specifically those in Somerset and Suffolk at the 2019 local elections, while those in Northamptonshire and Dorset are due to have their county councils abolished and converted into 4 unitary authorities, with the new Dorset authorities electing in 2019 and the Northamptonshire authorities electing in 2020 - thus meaning all of the district and borough councillors in Northamptonshire have their terms extended for one year.","title":"Non-metropolitan districts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Third of council","text":"In 66 English district authorities one third of the council is up for election.","title":"Non-metropolitan districts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"direct mayoral elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England_and_Wales"}],"text":"Six direct mayoral elections were held.","title":"Mayoral elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bedfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordshire"},{"link_name":"Bedfordshire Police and Crime Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedfordshire_Police_and_Crime_Commissioner"},{"link_name":"Olly Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olly_Martins"},{"link_name":"council tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_tax"},{"link_name":"police and crime commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_and_crime_commissioner"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"A local referendum in Bedfordshire was held on a proposal by Bedfordshire Police and Crime Commissioner Olly Martins, to fund one hundred additional police officers through a 15.8% increase in the police precept (the portion of the council tax set by the police and crime commissioner). The proposal would provide an additional £4.5 million in revenue. The referendum was triggered because the proposed tax increase was above the 2% threshold. Voters decisively rejected the proposal, with 30.5% (91,086 votes) voting yes and 69.5% (207,551 votes) no.[14][15][16]","title":"Local referendums results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SwingNote_2-0"},{"link_name":"2014 local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_United_Kingdom_local_elections"}],"text":"^ Swing figures are between the BBC national projected vote share extrapolation from 2014 local elections, and the BBC equivalent vote share projection from these local elections held in different areas","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Daniel Wainwright (9 April 2019). \"Council elections: Why don't people vote?\". Retrieved 20 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-47666080?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/ceeqy0e9894t/england-local-elections-2019&link_location=live-reporting-story","url_text":"\"Council elections: Why don't people vote?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (England and Wales) Regulations 2006, Schedule Part 1\". Legislation.gov.uk. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/1694/schedule/made","url_text":"\"The Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (England and Wales) Regulations 2006, Schedule Part 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Students\". aboutmyvote.co.uk. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130822035308/http://www.aboutmyvote.co.uk/register_to_vote/students.aspx","url_text":"\"Students\""},{"url":"http://www.aboutmyvote.co.uk/register_to_vote/students.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"I have two homes. Can I register at both addresses?\". The Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190507083825/https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/faq/voting-and-registration/i-have-two-homes.-can-i-register-to-vote-at-both-addresses","url_text":"\"I have two homes. Can I register at both addresses?\""},{"url":"http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/faq/voting-and-registration/i-have-two-homes.-can-i-register-to-vote-at-both-addresses","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Local Election Results 2015 - BBC News\". bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2015/results/councils","url_text":"\"Local Election Results 2015 - BBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Mansfield, Katie (5 November 2014). \"Defector gives power back to Conservatives\". The Echo. NewsBank. Retrieved 24 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/11578782.Defector_gives_power_back_to_Conservatives/","url_text":"\"Defector gives power back to Conservatives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Echo_(Essex)","url_text":"The Echo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsBank","url_text":"NewsBank"}]},{"reference":"\"A Directly Elected Mayor\". copeland.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085221/http://www.copeland.gov.uk/section/directly-elected-mayor","url_text":"\"A Directly Elected Mayor\""},{"url":"http://www.copeland.gov.uk/section/directly-elected-mayor","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-47666080?intlink_from_url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/ceeqy0e9894t/england-local-elections-2019&link_location=live-reporting-story","external_links_name":"\"Council elections: Why don't people vote?\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/1694/schedule/made","external_links_name":"\"The Representation of the People (Form of Canvass) (England and Wales) Regulations 2006, Schedule Part 1\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130822035308/http://www.aboutmyvote.co.uk/register_to_vote/students.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Students\""},{"Link":"http://www.aboutmyvote.co.uk/register_to_vote/students.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190507083825/https://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/faq/voting-and-registration/i-have-two-homes.-can-i-register-to-vote-at-both-addresses","external_links_name":"\"I have two homes. Can I register at both addresses?\""},{"Link":"http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/faq/voting-and-registration/i-have-two-homes.-can-i-register-to-vote-at-both-addresses","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2015/results/councils","external_links_name":"\"Local Election Results 2015 - BBC News\""},{"Link":"https://theconversation.com/the-forgotten-local-elections-conservatives-defy-predictions-in-council-votes-too-41627","external_links_name":"The forgotten local elections – Conservatives defy predictions in council votes too"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/election-2015-32680552","external_links_name":"Elections 2015: Green Party loses Brighton Council to Labour"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32672010","external_links_name":"Election 2015: UKIP controls Thanet Council"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/may/09/ukip-wins-control-of-its-first-uk-council","external_links_name":"Ukip wins control of its first UK council"},{"Link":"http://www.lgcplus.com/news/election-2015/local-elections-analysis-talk-of-multi-party-england-is-premature/5084921.article?blocktitle=Local-Elections&contentID=18803","external_links_name":"Local elections analysis: Talk of multi-party England is premature"},{"Link":"http://www.echo-news.co.uk/news/11578782.Defector_gives_power_back_to_Conservatives/","external_links_name":"\"Defector gives power back to Conservatives\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170204085221/http://www.copeland.gov.uk/section/directly-elected-mayor","external_links_name":"\"A Directly Elected Mayor\""},{"Link":"http://www.copeland.gov.uk/section/directly-elected-mayor","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32694166","external_links_name":"Bedfordshire Police council tax rise rejected at referendum"},{"Link":"http://www.bedford.gov.uk/advice_and_benefits/council_tax/council_tax_referendum.aspx","external_links_name":"Council Tax Referendum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160804172427/http://www.bedford.gov.uk/advice_and_benefits/council_tax/council_tax_referendum.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.lgcplus.com/news/no-vote-in-first-council-tax-referendum/5084900.article","external_links_name":"'No' vote in first council tax referendum"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Academy_of_Cinema_and_Television_Arts
Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts
["1 Background","2 Structure","2.1 Executives","2.2 Honorary Councillors","3 Events","3.1 Festival of film","3.2 Awards","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Film and television organization Australian Academy of Cinema and Television ArtsAbbreviationAACTAFormation18 August 2011TypeFilm and television organisationPurpose"to identify, award, promote and celebrate Australia's greatest achievements in film and television."HeadquartersSouth Melbourne, VictoriaLocation236 Dorcas Street, South Melbourne, Victoria 3205Region served AustraliaPresidentRussell CrowePatronGeorge MillerChairmanJack ChristianParent organisationAustralian Film Institute (AFI)Websiteaacta.org The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) is a professional organisation of film and television practitioners in Australia. The Academy's aim is "to identify, award, promote, and celebrate Australia's greatest achievements in film and television". It was established in August 2011 with the backing of the Australian Film Institute (AFI) to act as its industry engagement arm and to administer the AACTA Awards (formerly the Australian Film Institute Awards, also known as the AFI Awards) which rewards achievements in Australian feature film, television, documentary and short films. The Academy is composed of 15 Chapters, each of which represents different screen artists including actors, directors, producers and writers, and it is overseen by the Academy's president and the Honorary Council. Australian actor Geoffrey Rush was the inaugural President from 2011 to 2017, and hosted the inaugural AACTA Awards in January 2012. Background See also: Australian Film Institute The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA), is a not for profit, membership based, organisation whose aim is "to identify, award, promote and celebrate Australia's greatest achievements in film and television." The Academy is a subsidiary of the Australian Film Institute (AFI), a non-profit organisation which was established in 1958 to develop an active film culture in Australia and to foster engagement between the general public and the Australian film industry. The AFI was also responsible for administering the Australian Film Institute Awards (more commonly known as the AFI Awards), which until 2011 rewarded Australian practitioners in feature film, television, documentary and short film screen crafts. The Academy receives funding by the AFI, and Australian state and federal governments. In June 2011, the AFI proposed the establishment of an "Australian Academy". The objectives for the proposed academy was to raise the profile of Australian film and television in Australia and abroad, and to change the way it rewards talent by mimicking the methods used in foreign film organisations, such as Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) and British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). The voting system would change through the establishment of an "Honorary Council", which will govern fifteen chapters composed of professionals from industry guilds and organisations including actors, directors, producers and screenwriters. It was also stated that the Academy would not replace the AFI and past winners of the AFI Awards would " constitute the founding heritage of an 'Australian Academy.'" When the announcement of the proposal was made, the AFI began the consultation phase where members of the public and screen industry gave their feedback on the proposed changes throughout June, 2011. Of the announcement Damian Trewhella, CEO of the AFI said, "We thought a better way to engage with the industry would be to try and improve our professional membership structure It's quite a big improvement on the way the AFI does things." By 20 July, weeks after the consultation period ended, the AFI announced that it would go ahead with the proposed changes and the Australian Academy. When asked about the timing of the announcement Trewhella stated that, "Based on the overwhelming industry support we have received, we are now confident that we are moving in the right direction, and therefore that we can move briskly to establish the initial phase of the Academy." On 18 August 2011, the AFI announced, in a special event at the Sydney Opera House, that the academy would be called the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) and the inaugural awards ceremony would be renamed the AACTA Awards, but serve as a continuum to the annual AFI Awards. During the event it was also made known that the president of the inaugural awards would be Geoffrey Rush. On the night a new gold statuette was revealed, created by Australian sculptor Ron Gomboc, which depicts "a human silhouette based on the shape of the Southern Cross constellation." Structure The Academy, which has between 1,500 and 2,000 members, comprises fifteen Chapters, with each representing a different area of speciality in feature film, television, documentary and short film. It is overseen by the Academy's president and the Honorary Council. The role of the Honorary Council is to determine policies and strategies for the way the Academy rewards practitioners. The Chapters are as follows: Actors Animation Cinematographers Composers Costume Designers Directors Editors Executives Hair and Make-up Artists Media and Public Relations Producers Production Designers Screenwriters Sound Visual and Special Effects Executives Russell Crowe – President Nicole Kidman – Vice President George Miller – Patron Cate Blanchett – Ambassador Jack Christian - Chairman Source: Honorary Councillors Stuart Beattie, 2011–present Jan Chapman, 2011–present Jonathan Chissick, 2011–present Abbie Cornish, 2011–present Rolf de Heer, 2011–present Elizabeth Drake, 2011–present Adam Elliot, 2011–present Antony I. Ginnane Nikki Gooley, 2011–present Ian Gracie, 2011–present David Hirschfelder, 2011–present Jessica Hobbs, 2011–present Cappi Ireland, 2011–present Peter James ACS ASC, 2011–present Claudia Karvan, 2011–present Aphrodite Kondos, 2011–present Andrew Mason, 2011–present Deborah Mailman, 2011–present Tony Murtagh, 2011–present Antony Partos, 2011–present Jan Sardi, 2011–present Fred Schepisi, 2011–present Emile Sherman, 2011–present Jack Thompson, 2011–present Events Festival of film The Festival of Film, which is held in conjunction with the Australian Film Institute, showcases the films in competition for the AACTA Awards, with the inaugural festival held in Sydney and Melbourne from October to November in 2011. The festival marks the beginning of the Australian film awards season, and members of the Academy can commence voting for films in all categories, while members of the Institute vote for the Best Short Animation, Best Short Fiction Film and Members' Choice Award only. Awards Main article: AACTA Awards The AACTA Awards replaced the previous Australian Film Institute Awards, but serve as a continuum to past ceremonies. The awards were first instituted by the Australian Film Institute in 1958 (as the Australian Film Awards) as part of the Melbourne International Film Festival, until 1972. Before 1969, awards were presented as a prize to non-feature films due to a lack of feature films produced in Australia. By 1976 competitive film awards were established and in 1987, awards for television was introduced. The awards were usually held at the end of each year in Melbourne but, prior to the announcement of the Academy, the AFI announced that it would move the awards to January 2012 at the Sydney Opera House, in order to align them with the international film awards season. The awards are held over two events: the AACTA Awards Luncheon, a black tie event where accolades are handed out for non-feature and short films, film production, non-drama related television programs and the Raymond Longford Award, and the AACTA Awards Ceremony which hands out the awards in all other categories at a larger venue and is broadcast on television. Additionally, awards for achievements in foreign film were presented once at the AACTA International Awards in Los Angeles in 2012. See also Cinema in Australia References ^ a b c d "AACTA - The Academy". Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2011. ^ Staff (19 August 2011). "Rush named president of Australian Oscars". Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Retrieved 15 December 2011. ^ a b c d "AACTA - The Awards, Overview". Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Retrieved 31 August 2011. ^ a b c "The Australian Film Institute - About AFI". Australian Film Institute (AFI). Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011. ^ a b c Adam Fulton (19 August 2011). "AFI is recast with new academy taking a bow". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 30 August 2011. ^ "The Australian Film Institute - Sponsors and Partners". Australian Film Institute (AFI). Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2011. ^ Paul Kalina (29 June 2011). "AFI looks to Academy Awards in reinvention". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2011. ^ a b "Proposed AFI Developments". Australian Film Institute (AFI). Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011. ^ "Building the Australian Film and Television brand". Australian Film Institute (AFI). Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011. ^ Staff (1 June 2011). "AFI awards to move to January". Sky News Australia. Australian News Channel Pty Ltd. Retrieved 30 August 2011. ^ Cara Nash (1 June 2011). "AFI looks to Academy Awards in reinvention". Filmink. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011. ^ Michael Bodey (20 July 2011). "AFI moves ahead with plans to establish academy". The Australian. News Limited (News Corporation). Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011. ^ Paul Chai (20 July 2011). "Aussies to open 'Australian Academy'". Variety. Reed Elsevier. Retrieved 14 February 2012. ^ Karl Quinn (19 August 2011). "AFI gong gone in hustle for global muscle". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 30 August 2011. ^ "The Story of the Statuette". Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2011. ^ Christy Grosz (27 January 2012). "Australian Academy lauds 'Artist'". Variety. Reed Elsevier. Retrieved 28 January 2012. ^ "AACTA - Honorary Council" (PDF). Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2011. ^ AACTA - Our People ^ Siemienowicz, Rochelle (9 August 2012). "Last Dance – an interview with producer Antony I. Ginnane". Australian Film Institute (AFI) Blog. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013. ^ McCrae-Moore, Lia (16 August 2012). "AACTA Member Spotlight: Nikki Gooley – Hair & Make-Up Artist". Australian Film Institute (AFI) Blog. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2013. ^ Siemienowicz, Rochelle (21 December 2011). "Focus on the Television Nominees: Part 2 – Direction and Screenplay". Australian Film Institute (AFI) Blog. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2013. ^ "AFI/AACTA Festival of Films announced". Encore Magazine. 21 September 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011. ^ Staff (21 September 2011). "New Festival of Film sees exciting start to Australian screen awards season" (PDF). Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2011. ^ "Festival of Film Starts Exciting Awards Season". Australian Film Institute (AFI). 29 September 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2011. ^ French, Lisa; Poole, Mark (2009). Shining a Light: 50 Years of the Australian Film Institute. Australian Teachers of Media. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-876467-20-3. ^ French, Lisa; Poole, Mark (2009). Shining a Light: 50 Years of the Australian Film Institute. Australian Teachers of Media. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-876467-20-3. ^ French, Lisa; Poole, Mark (2009). Shining a Light: 50 Years of the Australian Film Institute. Australian Teachers of Media. pp. 142–182. ISBN 978-1-876467-20-3. ^ French, Lisa; Poole, Mark (2009). Shining a Light: 50 Years of the Australian Film Institute. Australian Teachers of Media. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-876467-20-3. ^ Staff (19 August 2011). "Geoffrey Rush at the helm for Aussie Oscars". The Australian. News Limited (News Corporation). Retrieved 15 December 2011. ^ "AACTA - The Awards - Dates". Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Retrieved 8 November 2011. ^ Daly, Brooke (15 January 2012). "Australian Academy Launches New International Awards in Los Angeles" (PDF). Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012. ^ "AACTA - Awards Presented" (PDF). Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2011. External links Official website vteAACTA Awards Australian Film Institute (AFI) Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) AustralianFeature film Best Film Best Indie Film Best Direction Best Adapted Screenplay Best Original Screenplay Best Actor Best Actress Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Best Cinematography Best Costume Design Best Editing Best Original Score Best Production Design Best Sound Best Casting in Film InternationalFeature film Best Film – International Best Actor – International Best Actress – International Best Supporting Actor – International Best Supporting Actress – International Best Direction – International Best Screenplay – International Television Best Comedy Series Best Drama Series Best Children's Series Best Children's Animation Best Telefeature, Mini Series or Short Run Series Best Light Entertainment Series Best Reality Series Best Comedy Performance Best Actor – Drama Best Actress – Drama Best Guest or Supporting Actor – Drama Best Guest or Supporting Actress – Drama Best Direction – Drama or Comedy Best Direction – Light Entertainment or Reality Series Best Screenplay Best Cinematography Best Costume Design Best Editing Best Original Score Best Production Design Best Sound Documentaryand Short film Best Feature Length Documentary Best Documentary Television Program Best Short Animation Best Short Fiction Film Best Cinematography – Documentary Best Director – Documentary Best Editing – Documentary Best Original Music Score– Documentary Best Sound – Documentary Special awards Byron Kennedy Award Longford Lyell Award Best Visual Effects or Animation Best Hair and Makeup Retired awards AFI Members' Choice Award Best Documentary Best Documentary Under One Hour Best Experimental Film Best Foreign Film Global Achievement Award International Best Actor International Best Actress International Award Excellence in Filmmaking Jury Prize Best Screenplay Best Screenplay in a Short Film Best Sponsored Documentary Best Television Documentary Best Young Actor Screen Content Innovation Award Outstanding Achievement in Television Screen Craft Outstanding Achievement in Short Film Screen Craft CeremoniesAFI Awards 1958 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974–75 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 AACTA Awards(Australia) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2024 AACTA Awards(International) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2024 vte Cinema of AustraliaFilmsBy decade pre-1910 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s By year 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Production companiesand studios Cinesound Commonwealth Film Laboratories Disney Studios Australia Film Australia VicScreen Kennedy Miller Mitchell Limelight Department Pagewood Studios Palace South Australian Film Corporation Screen Queensland Screen NSW Screenwest Village Roadshow Pictures Village Roadshow Studios Organisations Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) Australian Cinematographers Society Australian Costumers' Guild Australian Directors Guild Australian Film Institute (AFI) Australian Classification Board Australian Guild of Screen Composers Australian Production Design Guild Australian Screen Editors Australian Writers' Guild Casting Guild of Australia Film Critics Circle of Australia FTI Salvation Army Screen Australia Screen Producers Australia Sydney Filmmakers Cooperative Awards AACTA Awards ACS Awards ADG Awards APDG Awards ASE Awards ATOM Awards AWGIE Awards Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards Inside Film Awards Screen Music Awards Theatres Ace Cinemas Australian Multiplex Cinemas Dendy Cinemas Event Cinemas Grand Cinemas Hoyts Ozone Theatres Palace Cinemas Reading Cinemas Village Cinemas Wallis Cinemas Topics Film and television financing in Australia Film industry in Western Australia Bushranger ban Ozploitation Australian New Wave Australian Western
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-academyoverview-1"},{"link_name":"Australian Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"AACTA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACTA_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AACTAoverview-3"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Rush"},{"link_name":"inaugural AACTA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_AACTA_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AACTAoverview-3"}],"text":"Film and television organizationThe Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) is a professional organisation of film and television practitioners in Australia. The Academy's aim is \"to identify, award, promote, and celebrate Australia's greatest achievements in film and television\".[1]It was established in August 2011 with the backing of the Australian Film Institute (AFI) to act as its industry engagement arm and to administer the AACTA Awards (formerly the Australian Film Institute Awards, also known as the AFI Awards) which rewards achievements in Australian feature film, television, documentary and short films.[2][3]The Academy is composed of 15 Chapters, each of which represents different screen artists including actors, directors, producers and writers, and it is overseen by the Academy's president and the Honorary Council. Australian actor Geoffrey Rush was the inaugural President from 2011 to 2017, and hosted the inaugural AACTA Awards in January 2012.[3]","title":"Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-academyoverview-1"},{"link_name":"Australian Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI2010-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH19Aug2011-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI2010-4"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"federal governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI2010-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"British Academy of Film and Television Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFIannouncement-8"},{"link_name":"actors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"screenwriters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFIannouncement-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sydney Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"AACTA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACTA_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AACTAoverview-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Rush"},{"link_name":"Ron Gomboc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Gomboc"},{"link_name":"Southern Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Cross"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH19Aug2011-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"See also: Australian Film InstituteThe Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA), is a not for profit, membership based, organisation whose aim is \"to identify, award, promote and celebrate Australia's greatest achievements in film and television.\"[1] The Academy is a subsidiary of the Australian Film Institute (AFI), a non-profit organisation which was established in 1958 to develop an active film culture in Australia and to foster engagement between the general public and the Australian film industry.[4][5] The AFI was also responsible for administering the Australian Film Institute Awards (more commonly known as the AFI Awards), which until 2011 rewarded Australian practitioners in feature film, television, documentary and short film screen crafts.[4] The Academy receives funding by the AFI, and Australian state and federal governments.[4][6]In June 2011, the AFI proposed the establishment of an \"Australian Academy\".[7] The objectives for the proposed academy was to raise the profile of Australian film and television in Australia and abroad, and to change the way it rewards talent by mimicking the methods used in foreign film organisations, such as Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) and British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA).[8] The voting system would change through the establishment of an \"Honorary Council\", which will govern fifteen chapters composed of professionals from industry guilds and organisations including actors, directors, producers and screenwriters.[8] It was also stated that the Academy would not replace the AFI and past winners of the AFI Awards would \"[...] constitute the founding heritage of an 'Australian Academy.'\"[9] When the announcement of the proposal was made, the AFI began the consultation phase where members of the public and screen industry gave their feedback on the proposed changes throughout June, 2011.[10] Of the announcement Damian Trewhella, CEO of the AFI said, \"We thought a better way to engage with the industry would be to try and improve our professional membership structure[...] It's quite a big improvement on the way the AFI does things.\"[11]By 20 July, weeks after the consultation period ended, the AFI announced that it would go ahead with the proposed changes and the Australian Academy.[12] When asked about the timing of the announcement Trewhella stated that, \"Based on the overwhelming industry support we have received, we are now confident that we are moving in the right direction, and therefore that we can move briskly to establish the initial phase of the Academy.\"[13] On 18 August 2011, the AFI announced, in a special event at the Sydney Opera House, that the academy would be called the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA) and the inaugural awards ceremony would be renamed the AACTA Awards, but serve as a continuum to the annual AFI Awards.[3][14] During the event it was also made known that the president of the inaugural awards would be Geoffrey Rush. On the night a new gold statuette was revealed, created by Australian sculptor Ron Gomboc, which depicts \"a human silhouette based on the shape of the Southern Cross constellation.\"[5][15]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-academyoverview-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Academy, which has between 1,500 and 2,000 members,[16] comprises fifteen Chapters, with each representing a different area of speciality in feature film, television, documentary and short film. It is overseen by the Academy's president and the Honorary Council. The role of the Honorary Council is to determine policies and strategies for the way the Academy rewards practitioners.[1] The Chapters are as follows:[17]Actors\nAnimation\nCinematographers\nComposers\nCostume Designers\nDirectors\nEditors\nExecutives\nHair and Make-up Artists\nMedia and Public Relations\nProducers\nProduction Designers\nScreenwriters\nSound\nVisual and Special Effects","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russell Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Crowe"},{"link_name":"Nicole Kidman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Kidman"},{"link_name":"George Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Miller_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"Cate Blanchett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cate_Blanchett"},{"link_name":"Jack Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Christian"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Executives","text":"Russell Crowe – President\nNicole Kidman – Vice President\nGeorge Miller – Patron\nCate Blanchett – Ambassador\nJack Christian - ChairmanSource:[18]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stuart Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Beattie"},{"link_name":"Jan Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Chapman"},{"link_name":"Abbie Cornish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbie_Cornish"},{"link_name":"Rolf de Heer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_de_Heer"},{"link_name":"Adam Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Elliot"},{"link_name":"Antony I. Ginnane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_I._Ginnane"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Nikki Gooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Gooley"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"David Hirschfelder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hirschfelder"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Peter James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_James_(cinematographer)"},{"link_name":"Claudia Karvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Karvan"},{"link_name":"Deborah Mailman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Mailman"},{"link_name":"Antony Partos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Partos"},{"link_name":"Jan Sardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Sardi"},{"link_name":"Fred Schepisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Schepisi"},{"link_name":"Jack Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Thompson_(actor)"}],"sub_title":"Honorary Councillors","text":"Stuart Beattie, 2011–present\nJan Chapman, 2011–present\nJonathan Chissick, 2011–present\nAbbie Cornish, 2011–present\nRolf de Heer, 2011–present\nElizabeth Drake, 2011–present\nAdam Elliot, 2011–present\nAntony I. Ginnane[19]\nNikki Gooley, 2011–present[20]\nIan Gracie, 2011–present\nDavid Hirschfelder, 2011–present\nJessica Hobbs, 2011–present[21]\nCappi Ireland, 2011–present\nPeter James ACS ASC, 2011–present\nClaudia Karvan, 2011–present\nAphrodite Kondos, 2011–present\nAndrew Mason, 2011–present\nDeborah Mailman, 2011–present\nTony Murtagh, 2011–present\nAntony Partos, 2011–present\nJan Sardi, 2011–present\nFred Schepisi, 2011–present\nEmile Sherman, 2011–present\nJack Thompson, 2011–present","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AACTA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACTA_Awards"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Best Short Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACTA_Award_for_Best_Short_Animation"},{"link_name":"Best Short Fiction Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AACTA_Award_for_Best_Short_Fiction_Film&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Members' Choice Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Members%27_Choice_Award"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Festival of film","text":"The Festival of Film, which is held in conjunction with the Australian Film Institute, showcases the films in competition for the AACTA Awards, with the inaugural festival held in Sydney and Melbourne from October to November in 2011.[22] The festival marks the beginning of the Australian film awards season, and members of the Academy can commence voting for films in all categories, while members of the Institute vote for the Best Short Animation, Best Short Fiction Film and Members' Choice Award only.[23][24]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AACTA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AACTA_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AACTAoverview-3"},{"link_name":"Melbourne International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shinelight29-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Sydney Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMH19Aug2011-5"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Raymond Longford Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Longford_Award"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"The AACTA Awards replaced the previous Australian Film Institute Awards, but serve as a continuum to past ceremonies.[3] The awards were first instituted by the Australian Film Institute in 1958 (as the Australian Film Awards) as part of the Melbourne International Film Festival, until 1972.[25] Before 1969, awards were presented as a prize to non-feature films due to a lack of feature films produced in Australia.[26] By 1976 competitive film awards were established and in 1987, awards for television was introduced.[27][28] The awards were usually held at the end of each year in Melbourne but, prior to the announcement of the Academy, the AFI announced that it would move the awards to January 2012 at the Sydney Opera House, in order to align them with the international film awards season.[5][29] The awards are held over two events: the AACTA Awards Luncheon, a black tie event where accolades are handed out for non-feature and short films, film production, non-drama related television programs and the Raymond Longford Award, and the AACTA Awards Ceremony which hands out the awards in all other categories at a larger venue and is broadcast on television.[30][31] Additionally, awards for achievements in foreign film were presented once at the AACTA International Awards in Los Angeles in 2012.[32]","title":"Events"}]
[]
[{"title":"Cinema in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_in_Australia"}]
[{"reference":"\"AACTA - The Academy\". Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120624200524/http://aacta.org/the-academy.aspx","url_text":"\"AACTA - The Academy\""},{"url":"http://aacta.org/the-academy.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff (19 August 2011). \"Rush named president of Australian Oscars\". Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Retrieved 15 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-08-19/geoffrey-rush-australian-academy/2846536","url_text":"\"Rush named president of Australian Oscars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"}]},{"reference":"\"AACTA - The Awards, Overview\". Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Retrieved 31 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://aacta.org/the-awards.aspx","url_text":"\"AACTA - The Awards, Overview\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Australian Film Institute - About AFI\". Australian Film Institute (AFI). Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613035907/http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=12382&Section=About","url_text":"\"The Australian Film Institute - About AFI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Film_Institute","url_text":"Australian Film Institute"},{"url":"http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=12382&Section=About","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adam Fulton (19 August 2011). \"AFI is recast with new academy taking a bow\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 30 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/afi-is-recast-with-new-academy-taking-a-bow-20110818-1izyb.html","url_text":"\"AFI is recast with new academy taking a bow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"The Australian Film Institute - Sponsors and Partners\". Australian Film Institute (AFI). Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120506090917/http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=13084&Section=Sponsors_and_Partners","url_text":"\"The Australian Film Institute - Sponsors and Partners\""},{"url":"http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=13084&Section=Sponsors_and_Partners","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paul Kalina (29 June 2011). \"AFI looks to Academy Awards in reinvention\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160615/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/afi-looks-to-academy-awards-in-reinvention-20110628-1gp2j.html","url_text":"\"AFI looks to Academy Awards in reinvention\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax Media"},{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/afi-looks-to-academy-awards-in-reinvention-20110628-1gp2j.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Proposed AFI Developments\". Australian Film Institute (AFI). Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=12535&Section=Consultation#prop_dev","url_text":"\"Proposed AFI Developments\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613041738/http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=12535&Section=Consultation","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Building the Australian Film and Television brand\". Australian Film Institute (AFI). Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=12535&Section=Consultation#prop_dev","url_text":"\"Building the Australian Film and Television brand\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613041738/http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=12535&Section=Consultation","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Staff (1 June 2011). \"AFI awards to move to January\". Sky News Australia. Australian News Channel Pty Ltd. Retrieved 30 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.skynews.com.au/showbiz/article.aspx?id=620194&vId=","url_text":"\"AFI awards to move to January\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_News_Australia","url_text":"Sky News Australia"}]},{"reference":"Cara Nash (1 June 2011). \"AFI looks to Academy Awards in reinvention\". Filmink. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605014218/http://www.filmink.com.au/news/change-ahead-for-the-afi/","url_text":"\"AFI looks to Academy Awards in reinvention\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmink","url_text":"Filmink"},{"url":"http://www.filmink.com.au/news/change-ahead-for-the-afi/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Michael Bodey (20 July 2011). \"AFI moves ahead with plans to establish academy\". The Australian. News Limited (News Corporation). Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/afi-moves-ahead-with-plans-to-establish-academy/story-e6frg9sx-1226097810423","url_text":"\"AFI moves ahead with plans to establish academy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Limited","url_text":"News Limited"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)","url_text":"News Corporation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725004151/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/afi-moves-ahead-with-plans-to-establish-academy/story-e6frg9sx-1226097810423","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Paul Chai (20 July 2011). \"Aussies to open 'Australian Academy'\". Variety. Reed Elsevier. Retrieved 14 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118040164?refcatid=19&printerfriendly=true","url_text":"\"Aussies to open 'Australian Academy'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Elsevier","url_text":"Reed Elsevier"}]},{"reference":"Karl Quinn (19 August 2011). \"AFI gong gone in hustle for global muscle\". The Age. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 30 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/afi-gong-gone-in-hustle-for-global-muscle-20110818-1j063.html","url_text":"\"AFI gong gone in hustle for global muscle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"\"The Story of the Statuette\". Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150503030222/http://www.aacta.org/story-of-the-statuette.aspx","url_text":"\"The Story of the Statuette\""},{"url":"http://aacta.org/story-of-the-statuette.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christy Grosz (27 January 2012). \"Australian Academy lauds 'Artist'\". Variety. Reed Elsevier. Retrieved 28 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118049398/","url_text":"\"Australian Academy lauds 'Artist'\""}]},{"reference":"\"AACTA - Honorary Council\" (PDF). Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330231501/http://aacta.org/files/AACTA-Honorary-Council.pdf","url_text":"\"AACTA - Honorary Council\""},{"url":"http://aacta.org/files/AACTA-Honorary-Council.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siemienowicz, Rochelle (9 August 2012). \"Last Dance – an interview with producer Antony I. Ginnane\". Australian Film Institute (AFI) Blog. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130404035827/http://blogafi.org/2012/08/09/last-dance-an-interview-with-producer-antony-i-ginnane/","url_text":"\"Last Dance – an interview with producer Antony I. Ginnane\""},{"url":"http://blogafi.org/2012/08/09/last-dance-an-interview-with-producer-antony-i-ginnane/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McCrae-Moore, Lia (16 August 2012). \"AACTA Member Spotlight: Nikki Gooley – Hair & Make-Up Artist\". Australian Film Institute (AFI) Blog. Archived from the original on 20 August 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120820091137/http://blogafi.org/2012/08/16/aacta-member-spotlight-nikki-gooley-hair-make-up-artist/","url_text":"\"AACTA Member Spotlight: Nikki Gooley – Hair & Make-Up Artist\""},{"url":"http://blogafi.org/2012/08/16/aacta-member-spotlight-nikki-gooley-hair-make-up-artist/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siemienowicz, Rochelle (21 December 2011). \"Focus on the Television Nominees: Part 2 – Direction and Screenplay\". Australian Film Institute (AFI) Blog. Archived from the original on 1 February 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201193631/http://blogafi.org/2011/12/21/focus-on-the-television-nominees-part-2-direction-and-screenplay/","url_text":"\"Focus on the Television Nominees: Part 2 – Direction and Screenplay\""},{"url":"http://blogafi.org/2011/12/21/focus-on-the-television-nominees-part-2-direction-and-screenplay/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AFI/AACTA Festival of Films announced\". Encore Magazine. 21 September 2011. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015163353/http://www.encoremagazine.com.au/afiaacta-festival-of-films-announced-10666","url_text":"\"AFI/AACTA Festival of Films announced\""},{"url":"http://www.encoremagazine.com.au/afiaacta-festival-of-films-announced-10666","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff (21 September 2011). \"New Festival of Film sees exciting start to Australian screen awards season\" (PDF). Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 23 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330231630/http://aacta.org/media/112227/samsung-afi-aacta-festival-of-film_pr.pdf","url_text":"\"New Festival of Film sees exciting start to Australian screen awards season\""},{"url":"http://aacta.org/media/112227/samsung-afi-aacta-festival-of-film_pr.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Festival of Film Starts Exciting Awards Season\". Australian Film Institute (AFI). 29 September 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://afi.informz.net/afi/archives/archive_431314.html","url_text":"\"Festival of Film Starts Exciting Awards Season\""}]},{"reference":"French, Lisa; Poole, Mark (2009). Shining a Light: 50 Years of the Australian Film Institute. Australian Teachers of Media. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-876467-20-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876467-20-3","url_text":"978-1-876467-20-3"}]},{"reference":"French, Lisa; Poole, Mark (2009). Shining a Light: 50 Years of the Australian Film Institute. Australian Teachers of Media. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-876467-20-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876467-20-3","url_text":"978-1-876467-20-3"}]},{"reference":"French, Lisa; Poole, Mark (2009). Shining a Light: 50 Years of the Australian Film Institute. Australian Teachers of Media. pp. 142–182. ISBN 978-1-876467-20-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876467-20-3","url_text":"978-1-876467-20-3"}]},{"reference":"French, Lisa; Poole, Mark (2009). Shining a Light: 50 Years of the Australian Film Institute. Australian Teachers of Media. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-876467-20-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876467-20-3","url_text":"978-1-876467-20-3"}]},{"reference":"Staff (19 August 2011). \"Geoffrey Rush at the helm for Aussie Oscars\". The Australian. News Limited (News Corporation). Retrieved 15 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/geoffrey-rush-at-the-helm-for-aussie-oscars/story-e6frg6nf-1226117741894","url_text":"\"Geoffrey Rush at the helm for Aussie Oscars\""}]},{"reference":"\"AACTA - The Awards - Dates\". Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Retrieved 8 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aacta.org/the-awards/dates.aspx","url_text":"\"AACTA - The Awards - Dates\""}]},{"reference":"Daly, Brooke (15 January 2012). \"Australian Academy Launches New International Awards in Los Angeles\" (PDF). Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 14 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120624204047/http://aacta.org/media/173365/australian%20academy%20launches%20new%20international%20awards%20in%20los%20angeles.pdf","url_text":"\"Australian Academy Launches New International Awards in Los Angeles\""},{"url":"http://aacta.org/media/173365/australian%20academy%20launches%20new%20international%20awards%20in%20los%20angeles.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AACTA - Awards Presented\" (PDF). Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts (AACTA). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120624204047/http://aacta.org/media/173365/australian%20academy%20launches%20new%20international%20awards%20in%20los%20angeles.pdf","url_text":"\"AACTA - Awards Presented\""},{"url":"http://aacta.org/media/173365/australian%20academy%20launches%20new%20international%20awards%20in%20los%20angeles.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://aacta.org/","external_links_name":"aacta.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120624200524/http://aacta.org/the-academy.aspx","external_links_name":"\"AACTA - The Academy\""},{"Link":"http://aacta.org/the-academy.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-08-19/geoffrey-rush-australian-academy/2846536","external_links_name":"\"Rush named president of Australian Oscars\""},{"Link":"http://aacta.org/the-awards.aspx","external_links_name":"\"AACTA - The Awards, Overview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613035907/http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=12382&Section=About","external_links_name":"\"The Australian Film Institute - About AFI\""},{"Link":"http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=12382&Section=About","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/afi-is-recast-with-new-academy-taking-a-bow-20110818-1izyb.html","external_links_name":"\"AFI is recast with new academy taking a bow\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120506090917/http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=13084&Section=Sponsors_and_Partners","external_links_name":"\"The Australian Film Institute - Sponsors and Partners\""},{"Link":"http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=13084&Section=Sponsors_and_Partners","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924160615/http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/afi-looks-to-academy-awards-in-reinvention-20110628-1gp2j.html","external_links_name":"\"AFI looks to Academy Awards in reinvention\""},{"Link":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/afi-looks-to-academy-awards-in-reinvention-20110628-1gp2j.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=12535&Section=Consultation#prop_dev","external_links_name":"\"Proposed AFI Developments\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613041738/http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=12535&Section=Consultation","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=12535&Section=Consultation#prop_dev","external_links_name":"\"Building the Australian Film and Television brand\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613041738/http://www.afi.org.au/AM/ContentManagerNet/HTMLDisplay.aspx?ContentID=12535&Section=Consultation","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.skynews.com.au/showbiz/article.aspx?id=620194&vId=","external_links_name":"\"AFI awards to move to January\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605014218/http://www.filmink.com.au/news/change-ahead-for-the-afi/","external_links_name":"\"AFI looks to Academy Awards in reinvention\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmink.com.au/news/change-ahead-for-the-afi/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/afi-moves-ahead-with-plans-to-establish-academy/story-e6frg9sx-1226097810423","external_links_name":"\"AFI moves ahead with plans to establish academy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725004151/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/opinion/afi-moves-ahead-with-plans-to-establish-academy/story-e6frg9sx-1226097810423","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118040164?refcatid=19&printerfriendly=true","external_links_name":"\"Aussies to open 'Australian Academy'\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/afi-gong-gone-in-hustle-for-global-muscle-20110818-1j063.html","external_links_name":"\"AFI gong gone in hustle for global muscle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150503030222/http://www.aacta.org/story-of-the-statuette.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The Story of the Statuette\""},{"Link":"http://aacta.org/story-of-the-statuette.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1118049398/","external_links_name":"\"Australian Academy lauds 'Artist'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330231501/http://aacta.org/files/AACTA-Honorary-Council.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AACTA - Honorary Council\""},{"Link":"http://aacta.org/files/AACTA-Honorary-Council.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.aacta.org/about-us/our-people/","external_links_name":"AACTA - Our People"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130404035827/http://blogafi.org/2012/08/09/last-dance-an-interview-with-producer-antony-i-ginnane/","external_links_name":"\"Last Dance – an interview with producer Antony I. Ginnane\""},{"Link":"http://blogafi.org/2012/08/09/last-dance-an-interview-with-producer-antony-i-ginnane/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120820091137/http://blogafi.org/2012/08/16/aacta-member-spotlight-nikki-gooley-hair-make-up-artist/","external_links_name":"\"AACTA Member Spotlight: Nikki Gooley – Hair & Make-Up Artist\""},{"Link":"http://blogafi.org/2012/08/16/aacta-member-spotlight-nikki-gooley-hair-make-up-artist/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140201193631/http://blogafi.org/2011/12/21/focus-on-the-television-nominees-part-2-direction-and-screenplay/","external_links_name":"\"Focus on the Television Nominees: Part 2 – Direction and Screenplay\""},{"Link":"http://blogafi.org/2011/12/21/focus-on-the-television-nominees-part-2-direction-and-screenplay/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015163353/http://www.encoremagazine.com.au/afiaacta-festival-of-films-announced-10666","external_links_name":"\"AFI/AACTA Festival of Films announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.encoremagazine.com.au/afiaacta-festival-of-films-announced-10666","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120330231630/http://aacta.org/media/112227/samsung-afi-aacta-festival-of-film_pr.pdf","external_links_name":"\"New Festival of Film sees exciting start to Australian screen awards season\""},{"Link":"http://aacta.org/media/112227/samsung-afi-aacta-festival-of-film_pr.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://afi.informz.net/afi/archives/archive_431314.html","external_links_name":"\"Festival of Film Starts Exciting Awards Season\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/geoffrey-rush-at-the-helm-for-aussie-oscars/story-e6frg6nf-1226117741894","external_links_name":"\"Geoffrey Rush at the helm for Aussie Oscars\""},{"Link":"http://www.aacta.org/the-awards/dates.aspx","external_links_name":"\"AACTA - The Awards - Dates\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120624204047/http://aacta.org/media/173365/australian%20academy%20launches%20new%20international%20awards%20in%20los%20angeles.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Australian Academy Launches New International Awards in Los Angeles\""},{"Link":"http://aacta.org/media/173365/australian%20academy%20launches%20new%20international%20awards%20in%20los%20angeles.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120624204047/http://aacta.org/media/173365/australian%20academy%20launches%20new%20international%20awards%20in%20los%20angeles.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AACTA - Awards Presented\""},{"Link":"http://aacta.org/media/173365/australian%20academy%20launches%20new%20international%20awards%20in%20los%20angeles.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://aacta.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaby_River
Barnaby River
["1 River Crossings","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 46°53′17″N 65°32′58″W / 46.887944°N 65.549326°W / 46.887944; -65.549326The Barnaby River is a tributary of the Miramichi River in New Brunswick, Canada. The Barnaby River rises in southern Northumberland County, close to the Kent County, New Brunswick boundary and flows north and west into the south side of the Southwest Miramichi River at the community of Kirkwood, New Brunswick. The Barnaby River watershed is entirely rural, dominated by forests and small farms in the communities of Lower Barnaby, Upper Barnaby, and the Community of Barnaby River. River Crossings New Brunswick Route 118 south of Kirkwood close to Barnaby Island between Lower Barnaby & Upper Barnaby, South East of the Community of Barnaby River North of Murray Settlement on New Brunswick Route 126 Route 126 north of Collette See also List of rivers of New Brunswick References ^ Harry Collins; Vladimir King Trajkovic (November 2019). "Atlantic Salmon Management Plan Barnaby River 2019" (PDF). MREAC. p. 6. Retrieved 29 February 2024. 46°53′17″N 65°32′58″W / 46.887944°N 65.549326°W / 46.887944; -65.549326 vteRivers of New Brunswick by drainage systemBay of FundyCumberland Basin Missaguash River Chignecto Bay Upper Salmon River Passamaquoddy Bay Magaguadavic River St. Croix River Watershed of Saint John River Aroostook River Becaguimec Stream Canaan River Hammond River Iroquois River Jemseg River Kennebecasis River Keswick River Little Iroquois River Madawaska River Meduxnekeag River Nashwaak River Nerepis River North Branch Meduxnekeag River Oromocto River River De Chute Saint Francis River Saint John River Tobique River Wolastoq Shepody Bay (watershed of Petitcodiac River) Jonathan Creek Memramcook River Petitcodiac River Turtle Creek Others Big Salmon River Quiddy River Gulf of Saint LawrenceChaleur Bay (watershed of Restigouche River) Belle Kedgwick River Gounamitz River Kedgwick River Little Main Restigouche River Little Southeast Upsalquitch River North Branch Gounamitz River Northwest Upsalquitch River Patapédia River Popelogan River Restigouche River South Branch Kedgwick River Southeast Upsalquitch River Upsalquitch River West Branch Gounamitz River Miramichi Bay (watershed of Miramichi River) Barnaby River Bartholomew River Bartibog River Cains River Dungarvon River Little Southwest Miramichi River Miramichi River Napan River North Pole Stream Northwest Miramichi River Oyster River Renous River Sevogle River Southwest Miramichi River Tuadook River Northumberland Strait Buctouche River Kouchibouguac River Kouchibouguacis River Molus River Richibucto River Watershed of Saint Lawrence River Rimouski River Others Black River Caraquet River Nepisiguit River Pokemouche River Rivière du Nord This article related to a river in New Brunswick, Canada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Miramichi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramichi_River"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Northumberland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_County,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Kent County, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_County,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Southwest Miramichi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_Miramichi_River"},{"link_name":"Kirkwood, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Barnaby River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaby_River,_New_Brunswick"}],"text":"The Barnaby River is a tributary of the Miramichi River in New Brunswick, Canada.[1]The Barnaby River rises in southern Northumberland County, close to the Kent County, New Brunswick boundary and flows north and west into the south side of the Southwest Miramichi River at the community of Kirkwood, New Brunswick.The Barnaby River watershed is entirely rural, dominated by forests and small farms in the communities of Lower Barnaby, Upper Barnaby, and the Community of Barnaby River.","title":"Barnaby River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Brunswick Route 118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick_Route_118"},{"link_name":"Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkwood,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Barnaby Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnaby_Island,_New_Brunswick&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Barnaby River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaby_River,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Murray Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Settlement,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick Route 126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick_Route_126"},{"link_name":"Route 126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick_Route_126"},{"link_name":"Collette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collette,_New_Brunswick"}],"text":"New Brunswick Route 118 south of Kirkwood close to Barnaby Island\nbetween Lower Barnaby & Upper Barnaby,\nSouth East of the Community of Barnaby River\nNorth of Murray Settlement on New Brunswick Route 126\nRoute 126 north of Collette","title":"River Crossings"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of rivers of New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_New_Brunswick"}]
[{"reference":"Harry Collins; Vladimir King Trajkovic (November 2019). \"Atlantic Salmon Management Plan Barnaby River 2019\" (PDF). MREAC. p. 6. Retrieved 29 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://mreac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/ASCF_BARNABY_RIVER_MGNT_PLAN_2019-_v3.pdf","url_text":"\"Atlantic Salmon Management Plan Barnaby River 2019\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barnaby_River&params=46.887944_N_65.549326_W_region:CA-NB_scale:100000_type:river","external_links_name":"46°53′17″N 65°32′58″W / 46.887944°N 65.549326°W / 46.887944; -65.549326"},{"Link":"http://mreac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/ASCF_BARNABY_RIVER_MGNT_PLAN_2019-_v3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Atlantic Salmon Management Plan Barnaby River 2019\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Barnaby_River&params=46.887944_N_65.549326_W_region:CA-NB_scale:100000_type:river","external_links_name":"46°53′17″N 65°32′58″W / 46.887944°N 65.549326°W / 46.887944; -65.549326"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barnaby_River&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaa_Kafra
Bekaa Kafra
["1 Etymology","2 Climate","3 Position","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 34°14′25.1″N 36°00′09.6″E / 34.240306°N 36.002667°E / 34.240306; 36.002667This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bekaa Kafra" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For other uses, see Kafra. Village in North GovernorateBekaa Kafra بقاع كفراVillageBekaa Kafra in WinterBekaa KafraLocation within LebanonCoordinates: 34°14′25.1″N 36°00′09.6″E / 34.240306°N 36.002667°E / 34.240306; 36.002667Country LebanonGovernorateNorth GovernorateDistrictBsharri DistrictElevation1,800 m (5,900 ft)Highest elevation2,780 m (9,120 ft)Lowest elevation1,500 m (4,900 ft)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Dialing code+961 Bekaa Kafra (Arabic: بقاع كفرا) is a Lebanese village located in the Bsharri District in Northern Lebanon. Bekaa Kafra is located in front of the village of Bsharri across the Kadisha Valley. It is the birth town of Saint Charbel. Bekaa Kafra has an altitude ranging from 1500 m to 2000 m at its highest point, making it the highest village in Lebanon and one of the highest in the Middle East. Etymology The name Bekaa Kafra comes from the Syriac language and means "mountain crack village" Climate This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bekaa Kafra has a temperate climate with warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. It is cold in winter for two reasons: Its location in Northern Lebanon, and its high altitude. Temperatures in winter average around 0 °C and can reach -10 °C to -30 °C. Temperatures in summer average around 18 °C, but they may reach 20 °C to 25 °C in July and August, but can also drop to as low as 6 °C at night. Snow in winter can accumulate up to 6 meters and occasionally more. Position Main article: Highest Village in Lebanon Bekaa Kafra is among the claimants to the status of highest village in Lebanon. Most of its settled is situated approximately 1700 meters above sea level. External links Bqaa Kafra Archived 2016-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Localiban vte Bsharri District, North GovernorateCapital: BsharriTowns and villages Aabdine Bane Bazoun Barhalyoun Beit Minzer Bekaa Kafra Billa Blaouza Bqarqacha Brisat Bsharri Chira Dimane El-Arz Hadath El Jebbeh Hadchit Hasroun Mazraat Assaf Mazraat Bani Saab Moghr El Ahwal Qnat Qnaywer Tourza Notable landmarks Kadisha Valley Cedars of God Gibran Museum Qannoubine Notable people Saint Charbel Khalil Gibran Anthony Peter Arida This Lebanon location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kafra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafra_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Lebanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Bsharri District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bsharri_District"},{"link_name":"Northern Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Bsharri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bsharri"},{"link_name":"Kadisha Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadisha_Valley"},{"link_name":"Saint Charbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbel_Makhluf"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-East"}],"text":"For other uses, see Kafra.Village in North GovernorateBekaa Kafra (Arabic: بقاع كفرا) is a Lebanese village located in the Bsharri District in Northern Lebanon. Bekaa Kafra is located in front of the village of Bsharri across the Kadisha Valley. It is the birth town of Saint Charbel. Bekaa Kafra has an altitude ranging from 1500 m to 2000 m at its highest point, making it the highest village in Lebanon and one of the highest in the Middle East.","title":"Bekaa Kafra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syriac language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The name Bekaa Kafra comes from the Syriac language and means \"mountain crack village\" [citation needed]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"temperate climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climate"}],"text":"Bekaa Kafra has a temperate climate with warm, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. It is cold in winter for two reasons: Its location in Northern Lebanon, and its high altitude. Temperatures in winter average around 0 °C and can reach -10 °C to -30 °C. Temperatures in summer average around 18 °C, but they may reach 20 °C to 25 °C in July and August, but can also drop to as low as 6 °C at night. Snow in winter can accumulate up to 6 meters and occasionally more.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bekaa Kafra is among the claimants to the status of highest village in Lebanon. Most of its settled is situated approximately 1700 meters above sea level.","title":"Position"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lebanon_districts_Bsharri.png/100px-Lebanon_districts_Bsharri.png"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bekaa_Kafra&params=34_14_25.1_N_36_00_09.6_E_type:city","external_links_name":"34°14′25.1″N 36°00′09.6″E / 34.240306°N 36.002667°E / 34.240306; 36.002667"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bekaa+Kafra%22","external_links_name":"\"Bekaa Kafra\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bekaa+Kafra%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bekaa+Kafra%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bekaa+Kafra%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bekaa+Kafra%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bekaa+Kafra%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bekaa_Kafra&params=34_14_25.1_N_36_00_09.6_E_type:city","external_links_name":"34°14′25.1″N 36°00′09.6″E / 34.240306°N 36.002667°E / 34.240306; 36.002667"},{"Link":"http://www.localiban.org/article3847.html","external_links_name":"Bqaa Kafra"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161006153156/http://www.localiban.org/article3847.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bekaa_Kafra&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney_Park
Abney Park
["1 Parkland","2 Abney House","3 Fleetwood House","4 References","5 Sources","6 See also"]
Coordinates: 51°33′54″N 0°04′41″W / 51.5649°N 0.0781°W / 51.5649; -0.0781For the band of the same name, see Abney Park (band). For the cemetery and nature park, see Abney Park Cemetery. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Abney Park in 2021 Abney Park is in Stoke Newington, London, England. It is a 13-hectare (32-acre) park dating from just before 1700, named after Lady Abney, the wife of Sir Thomas Abney, Lord Mayor of London in 1700 and one of the first directors of the Bank of England and associated with Isaac Watts, who laid out an arboretum. In the early 18th century it was accessed via the frontages and gardens of two large mansions: her own manor house (Abney House) and Fleetwood House. Both fronted onto Church Street in what was then a quiet mainly Nonconformist (non-Anglican) village. In 1840, the grounds were turned into Abney Park Cemetery, where 200,000 people were buried. Since 1978, the grounds have served as a cemetery open only to burials in a few remaining paid-up plots; an enclosed woodland park and events venue open to the public managed by the London Borough of Hackney, and since 1993, as a Local Nature Reserve, too. Parkland In the early 18th century, Lady Abney laid out Abney Park after inheriting the Manor of Stoke Newington in 1701 from her brother Thomas Gunston. Initially she and her husband Sir Thomas Abney lived there part-time, also living at his country residence in Hertfordshire. She began work on the park in those years. After her husband's death in 1722, Lady Abney moved to Abney House full-time, becoming the first Lady of the Manor of Stoke Newington in her own right. She was said to be helped in designing the landscaping of the grounds as an English garden by the learned Isaac Watts, who had been a long-term house guest of her and her late husband, and continued to live in her household. The neighbouring Hartopp family of Fleetwood House, who leased the eastern part of the park to Lady Mary, also helped with the park. Her improvements included planting of the Great Elm Walk and Little Elm Walk, which established shady walkways down to the island heronry of the Hackney Brook at the bottom of the park. Both Wych Elm and English Elm were planted. The Hartopp family had already completed one of the early plantings of a Cedar of Lebanon tree in Great Britain, adjacent to an ornamental pond. This tree survived into the 1920s and is illustrated in many engravings of the period. Other trees planted at an early date at Abney Park (either in the portion leased by Fleetwood House, or that attached solely to Abney House) included American Larch and Tulip Trees from the New World. The Nonconformists of Stoke Newington had strong connections to colonists in New England. Abney House Abney Park was dominated by Abney House which was built in 1700. For some time in the early decades of the 19th century, it was the residence of James William Freshfield and his family. In its final years, it was adapted for use as a Wesleyan Methodist training college (c.1838/9–1843). Rev. John Farrar was the Governor of the college. He was elected Secretary of the Methodist Conference on fourteen occasions and twice its president. When the Methodists moved into their first purpose-built college at Richmond, south of London in 1843, Farrar was appointed as the Classical Tutor. He worked there until 1857. After 1843, Abney House was 'recycled' (broken up for sale as building materials) for the building trade of the rapidly expanding metropolis, as was common in the Victorian era. Fleetwood House Fleetwood House was built in the 1630s for Sir Edward Hartopp. By marriage the estate passed to Charles Fleetwood, one of Oliver Cromwell's generals, and was named for him. It was later owned by various parties. It served as a meeting place for Dissenters and Nonconformists, for which residents Stoke Newington was known. In the grounds was a third building, called the Summerhouse. From 1774, it was used as a summer residence by the family of young James Stephen (1758–1832). Although not a Quaker, he became closely involved with the abolitionist cause, which they supported. In 1800, he married Sarah Wilberforce, sister of his friend William, who visited Stoke Newington regularly. Between them, the two men drafted the Slave Trade Act 1807, to prohibit the international slave trade originating in Africa. In 1824, Fleetwood House was adapted for use as a new Quaker school, known as Newington Academy for Girls (also Newington College for Girls). In a time when girls' educational opportunities were limited, it offered a wide range of subjects (including sciences) "on a plan in degree differing from any hitherto adopted", according to the prospectus. It commissioned the world's first school bus, designed by George Shillibeer. One of the school's founders was William Allen, a Quaker active with the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. His marriage to Grizell Hoare was the subject of a satirical cartoon, in which the school is referred to as the Newington Nunnery. Joseph Pease, later the first Quaker MP, wrote a doggerel verse praising Allen's marriage. Fleetwood House was demolished in 1872. A fire station was constructed on the site. References ^ "Abney House". ^ "Fleetwood House" Archived 19 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, London Gardens Online, drawing on English Heritage Register Upgrade (1998); John Wittich, London Villages, (Shire Publications) 3rd ed. 1987; Ben Weinreb & Christopher Hibbert, The London Encyclopaedia (Macmillan) revised ed. 1993; Bridget Cherry & Nikolaus Pevsner, The Buildings of England: London 4: North (Penguin) 1998; Arthur Mee The King's England: London North of the Thames except the City and Westminster (Hodder & Stoughton Ltd) 1972; Paul Joyce, A Guide to Abney Park Cemetery (Abney Park Cemetery Trust, 2nd ed. 1994); various Abney Park Cemetery leaflets; John Harvey, The Nursery Garden (Museum of London) 1990.] ^ Stoke Newington: Public services, A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 8: Islington and Stoke Newington parishes (1985), pp. 200–204. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=10537 Date accessed: 23 October 2011. Sources Shirren, A. J. (reprint; 1951 1st ed.) The Chronicles of Fleetwood House. University of Houston Foundation: Pacesetter Whitehead, Jack (1983). The Growth of Stoke Newington. London: J. Whitehead Joyce, Paul (1984). A guide to Abney Park Cemetery. London: Hackney Society See also Abney Park Cemetery Temple Lodges Abney Park Abney Park Chapel The Reservoirs Nature Society (TeRNS). Wildlife information from Stoke Newington, Hackney N16. 51°33′54″N 0°04′41″W / 51.5649°N 0.0781°W / 51.5649; -0.0781
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abney Park (band)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney_Park_(band)"},{"link_name":"Abney Park Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney_Park_Cemetery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abney_Park_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stoke Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Newington"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Lady Abney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Mary_Abney"},{"link_name":"Thomas Abney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Abney"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"Bank of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England"},{"link_name":"Isaac Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Watts"},{"link_name":"manor house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"},{"link_name":"Church Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Newington_Church_Street"},{"link_name":"Nonconformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)"},{"link_name":"Abney Park Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney_Park_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Local Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Nature_Reserve"}],"text":"For the band of the same name, see Abney Park (band). For the cemetery and nature park, see Abney Park Cemetery.Abney Park in 2021Abney Park is in Stoke Newington, London, England. It is a 13-hectare (32-acre) park dating from just before 1700, named after Lady Abney, the wife of Sir Thomas Abney, Lord Mayor of London in 1700 and one of the first directors of the Bank of England and associated with Isaac Watts, who laid out an arboretum. In the early 18th century it was accessed via the frontages and gardens of two large mansions: her own manor house (Abney House) and Fleetwood House. Both fronted onto Church Street in what was then a quiet mainly Nonconformist (non-Anglican) village. In 1840, the grounds were turned into Abney Park Cemetery, where 200,000 people were buried. Since 1978, the grounds have served as a cemetery open only to burials in a few remaining paid-up plots; an enclosed woodland park and events venue open to the public managed by the London Borough of Hackney, and since 1993, as a Local Nature Reserve, too.","title":"Abney Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abney_Park_7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lady Abney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Mary_Abney"},{"link_name":"Thomas Abney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Abney"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Stoke Newington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_Newington"},{"link_name":"English garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_garden"},{"link_name":"Isaac Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Watts"},{"link_name":"heronry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heronry"},{"link_name":"Wych Elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wych_Elm"},{"link_name":"English Elm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Elm"},{"link_name":"Cedar of Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_Cedar"},{"link_name":"American Larch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarack_Larch"},{"link_name":"Tulip Trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulip_Tree"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"}],"text":"In the early 18th century, Lady Abney laid out Abney Park after inheriting the Manor of Stoke Newington in 1701 from her brother Thomas Gunston. Initially she and her husband Sir Thomas Abney lived there part-time, also living at his country residence in Hertfordshire. She began work on the park in those years.After her husband's death in 1722, Lady Abney moved to Abney House full-time, becoming the first Lady of the Manor of Stoke Newington in her own right. She was said to be helped in designing the landscaping of the grounds as an English garden by the learned Isaac Watts, who had been a long-term house guest of her and her late husband, and continued to live in her household. The neighbouring Hartopp family of Fleetwood House, who leased the eastern part of the park to Lady Mary, also helped with the park.Her improvements included planting of the Great Elm Walk and Little Elm Walk, which established shady walkways down to the island heronry of the Hackney Brook at the bottom of the park. Both Wych Elm and English Elm were planted. The Hartopp family had already completed one of the early plantings of a Cedar of Lebanon tree in Great Britain, adjacent to an ornamental pond. This tree survived into the 1920s and is illustrated in many engravings of the period.Other trees planted at an early date at Abney Park (either in the portion leased by Fleetwood House, or that attached solely to Abney House) included American Larch and Tulip Trees from the New World. The Nonconformists of Stoke Newington had strong connections to colonists in New England.","title":"Parkland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"James William Freshfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_William_Freshfield"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_Methodist_Church_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Rev. John Farrar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Farrar_(minister)"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_London"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"}],"text":"Abney Park was dominated by Abney House which was built in 1700.[1] For some time in the early decades of the 19th century, it was the residence of James William Freshfield and his family.In its final years, it was adapted for use as a Wesleyan Methodist training college (c.1838/9–1843). Rev. John Farrar was the Governor of the college. He was elected Secretary of the Methodist Conference on fourteen occasions and twice its president. When the Methodists moved into their first purpose-built college at Richmond, south of London in 1843, Farrar was appointed as the Classical Tutor. He worked there until 1857.After 1843, Abney House was 'recycled' (broken up for sale as building materials) for the building trade of the rapidly expanding metropolis, as was common in the Victorian era.","title":"Abney House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Fleetwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fleetwood"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"James Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stephen_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"abolitionist cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce"},{"link_name":"Slave Trade Act 1807","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807"},{"link_name":"Quaker school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Friends_schools"},{"link_name":"Newington Academy for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newington_Academy_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"girls' educational opportunities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_education"},{"link_name":"school bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_bus"},{"link_name":"George Shillibeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shillibeer"},{"link_name":"William Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allen_(English_Quaker)"},{"link_name":"Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Effecting_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade"},{"link_name":"Grizell Hoare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grizell_Hoare&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Joseph Pease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pease_(1799-1872)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Fleetwood House was built in the 1630s for Sir Edward Hartopp. By marriage the estate passed to Charles Fleetwood, one of Oliver Cromwell's generals, and was named for him. It was later owned by various parties.[2] It served as a meeting place for Dissenters and Nonconformists, for which residents Stoke Newington was known.In the grounds was a third building, called the Summerhouse. From 1774, it was used as a summer residence by the family of young James Stephen (1758–1832). Although not a Quaker, he became closely involved with the abolitionist cause, which they supported. In 1800, he married Sarah Wilberforce, sister of his friend William, who visited Stoke Newington regularly. Between them, the two men drafted the Slave Trade Act 1807, to prohibit the international slave trade originating in Africa.In 1824, Fleetwood House was adapted for use as a new Quaker school, known as Newington Academy for Girls (also Newington College for Girls). In a time when girls' educational opportunities were limited, it offered a wide range of subjects (including sciences) \"on a plan in degree differing from any hitherto adopted\", according to the prospectus. It commissioned the world's first school bus, designed by George Shillibeer.One of the school's founders was William Allen, a Quaker active with the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. His marriage to Grizell Hoare was the subject of a satirical cartoon, in which the school is referred to as the Newington Nunnery. Joseph Pease, later the first Quaker MP, wrote a doggerel verse praising Allen's marriage.Fleetwood House was demolished in 1872. A fire station was constructed on the site.[3]","title":"Fleetwood House"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Shirren, A. J. (reprint; 1951 1st ed.) The Chronicles of Fleetwood House. University of Houston Foundation: Pacesetter\nWhitehead, Jack (1983). The Growth of Stoke Newington. London: J. Whitehead\nJoyce, Paul (1984). A guide to Abney Park Cemetery. London: Hackney Society","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Abney Park in 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Abney_Park_3.jpg/220px-Abney_Park_3.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Abney_Park_7.jpg/220px-Abney_Park_7.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Abney Park Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney_Park_Cemetery"},{"title":"Temple Lodges Abney Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Lodges_Abney_Park"},{"title":"Abney Park Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abney_Park_Chapel"},{"title":"The Reservoirs Nature Society (TeRNS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sites.google.com/site/stokenewingtonreservoirs/abney-park-cemetery-and-clissold-park"},{"title":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"title":"51°33′54″N 0°04′41″W / 51.5649°N 0.0781°W / 51.5649; -0.0781","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abney_Park&params=51.5649_N_0.0781_W_type:landmark"}]
[{"reference":"\"Abney House\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/abney-house","url_text":"\"Abney House\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abney_Park&params=51.5649_N_0.0781_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°33′54″N 0°04′41″W / 51.5649°N 0.0781°W / 51.5649; -0.0781"},{"Link":"https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/abney-house","external_links_name":"\"Abney House\""},{"Link":"http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=HAC001","external_links_name":"\"Fleetwood House\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131119031035/http://www.londongardensonline.org.uk/gardens-online-record.asp?ID=HAC001","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=10537","external_links_name":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=10537"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/stokenewingtonreservoirs/abney-park-cemetery-and-clissold-park","external_links_name":"The Reservoirs Nature Society (TeRNS)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abney_Park&params=51.5649_N_0.0781_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°33′54″N 0°04′41″W / 51.5649°N 0.0781°W / 51.5649; -0.0781"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniloan_River
Siniloan River
["1 Tourist sites","2 Conservation","3 References","4 See also"]
Coordinates: 14°23′42″N 121°26′21″E / 14.39495°N 121.43920°E / 14.39495; 121.43920River in Calabarzon, PhilippinesSiniloan RiverRomelo RiverSiniloan River mouthShow map of LuzonSiniloan River (Philippines)Show map of PhilippinesLocationCountryPhilippinesRegionCalabarzonProvinceLagunaCity/municipalitySanta CruzPhysical characteristicsSourceMount Romelo on the southern tip of the Sierra Madre Mountain Range Mouthnorthern tip of the easternmost lobe of Laguna de Bay • coordinates14°23′42″N 121°26′21″E / 14.39495°N 121.43920°E / 14.39495; 121.43920 • elevationover 240 m (790 ft) above sea levelBasin size74.31 km2 (28.69 sq mi) The Siniloan River (Tagalog: Ilog ng Siniloan), also known as the Romelo River, is a river system that runs through Siniloan, Laguna on the island of Luzon, in the Philippines. It is one of 21 tributaries of Laguna de Bay and is regularly monitored by the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) through one of its 15 river monitoring stations. The river's headwaters can be found in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range, particularly Mount Romelo for which the river is often alternately named. In this part of the river, a number of falls have become popular destinations amongst mountaineers, with a reputation for clear waters and a reasonably easy trek. The river then heads down into the coastal plains, going through the main population area of the municipality of Siniloan before finally emptying into Laguna de Bay. Throughout its watershed, from mountains to lowlands, the Siniloan is dominated by coconut and grasses. The mountain areas are also characterized by forests, while the lowlands are also characterized by rice paddies and residential areas. The Siniloan River sub-basin has a drainage area of 74.31 square kilometres (28.69 sq mi). Tourist sites Cascading from the Siniloan's headwaters on Mount Romelo, five falls have become particularly well known among the locals and are frequented by tourists. These are: Guiling-Guiling Falls Lanzones Falls Binaytuan Falls Sebakon Falls Buruwisan Falls is the most popular because it is the most accessible among the falls. It has a drop of more or less 50 metres (160 ft), giving it a reputation as "an excellent training ground for neophyte mountain climbers." The waters of Buruwisan eventually meet the waters of the Lanzones falls, and then lead to the much bigger Binaytuan Falls, which has a more or less 200-metre (660 ft) drop. Conservation In the latest (December 2005) Water Quality Status Report listed on the Laguna Lake Development Authority's site, the Siniloan River was listed as "Class D." It also indicated that this status had been "improved" from "worse than Class D" since the river was last monitored. According to the Water Usage & Classification for Fresh Water system used by the Philippines' Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Class D Quality freshwater is suitable for agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering and industrial water supply class II. The LLDA's conservation efforts for the major tributaries and watersheds of Laguna de Bay have led to the creation of the Laguna de Bay River Basin Councils, of which the Siniloan River Rehabilitation &. Management Fdn., Inc. (SRRMFI) is particularly tasked with conservation of the Siniloan. Through the SRRMFI, the LLDA implemented a World Bank-funded project in 2006 to control growing populations of the janitor fish (Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus) in Laguna de Bay. Released into the Lake accidentally during a typhoon in the mid-1990s, the species had become a major problem for the freshwater fisheries industry. The project involved paying fisherfolk P10 per kilogram of Janitor Fish, and converting it into feeds for use either in piggeries or in fishpens. References ^ a b Perlado, Cristy Crema (1998). "GIS Development" (asp). Remote Sensing and (GIS) applications in the Erosion studies at the Romero river Watershed. Agricultural Land Management and Evaluation Division Bureau of Soils and Water Management. Retrieved 2007-09-30. ^ Liongson, Leonardo; Guillermo Q. Tabios III; Antonio Daño (2005). "Laguna Lake's Tributary River Watersheds". In Lasco, Rodel D.; Espaldon, Ma. Victoria O. (eds.). Ecosystems and People: the Philippine Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) Sub-global Assessment (PDF). Environmental Forestry Programme, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños. ^ IslandsAccommodations.com (2005). "About Laguna Province". Retrieved 2007-09-30. ^ "Monthly Water Quality Status Report December 2005" (Press release). Laguna Lake Development Authority. December 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-11-25. Retrieved 2007-09-30. ^ Siniloan River Rehabilitation and Management Foundation, Inc. (15 November 2005). "Development Marketplace" (pdf). Benefiting from the Dreaded Janitor Fish 2005 Project Implementation Progress Report. World Bank. Retrieved 2007-09-30. ^ Banos, Mike (5 June 2006). "Janitor Fish Threatens Asia's Largest Marshland". American Chronicle. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siniloan River. Laguna de Bay Laguna Lake Development Authority vteLaguna de Bay"The Largest Lake in the Philippines"Location Calabarzon Metro Manila Basin country Philippines Islands Talim Island Wonder Island Cielito Lindo Island Primary outflow Pasig River Primary inflows 21 tributaries: Bumbungan River (formerly Pagsanjan River) Santa Cruz River Balanak River Marikina River Mangangate River Tunasan River San Pedro River Cabuyao River San Cristobal River San Juan River Bay River Calo River Maitem River Molawin River Dampalit River Pele River Pangil River Tanay River Morong River Siniloan River Sapang Baho River SettlementsProvinces Laguna Rizal Metro Manila Cities Biñan Cabuyao Calamba Muntinlupa San Pedro Santa Rosa Taguig Municipalities Angono Baras Bay Binangonan Calauan Cardona Jalajala Kalayaan Los Baños Lumban Mabitac Morong Paete Pakil Pangil Pila Pililla Santa Cruz Siniloan Tanay Taytay Victoria Luzon, Philippines
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"Siniloan, Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniloan,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributaries"},{"link_name":"Laguna de Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay"},{"link_name":"Laguna Lake Development Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Lake_Development_Authority"},{"link_name":"headwaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwaters"},{"link_name":"Sierra Madre Mountain Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Madre_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Mount Romelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Romelo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Siniloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniloan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cristycreme-1"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"rice paddies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_paddies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cristycreme-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liongson-2"}],"text":"River in Calabarzon, PhilippinesThe Siniloan River (Tagalog: Ilog ng Siniloan), also known as the Romelo River, is a river system that runs through Siniloan, Laguna on the island of Luzon, in the Philippines. It is one of 21 tributaries of Laguna de Bay and is regularly monitored by the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) through one of its 15 river monitoring stations.The river's headwaters can be found in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range, particularly Mount Romelo for which the river is often alternately named. In this part of the river, a number of falls have become popular destinations amongst mountaineers, with a reputation for clear waters and a reasonably easy trek. The river then heads down into the coastal plains, going through the main population area of the municipality of Siniloan before finally emptying into Laguna de Bay.[1]Throughout its watershed, from mountains to lowlands, the Siniloan is dominated by coconut and grasses. The mountain areas are also characterized by forests, while the lowlands are also characterized by rice paddies and residential areas.[1]The Siniloan River sub-basin has a drainage area of 74.31 square kilometres (28.69 sq mi).[2]","title":"Siniloan River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buruwisan_Falls.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guiling-Guiling Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guiling-Guiling_Falls&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lanzones Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lanzones_Falls&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Binaytuan Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binaytuan_Falls&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sebakon Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebakon_Falls&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Cascading from the Siniloan's headwaters on Mount Romelo, five falls have become particularly well known among the locals and are frequented by tourists.[3] These are:Guiling-Guiling Falls\nLanzones Falls\nBinaytuan Falls\nSebakon FallsBuruwisan Falls is the most popular because it is the most accessible among the falls. It has a drop of more or less 50 metres (160 ft), giving it a reputation as \"an excellent training ground for neophyte mountain climbers.\"The waters of Buruwisan eventually meet the waters of the Lanzones falls, and then lead to the much bigger Binaytuan Falls, which has a more or less 200-metre (660 ft) drop.","title":"Tourist sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-December2005-4"},{"link_name":"Department of Environment and Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wb-5"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygoplichthys"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In the latest (December 2005[4]) Water Quality Status Report listed on the Laguna Lake Development Authority's site, the Siniloan River was listed as \"Class D.\" It also indicated that this status had been \"improved\" from \"worse than Class D\" since the river was last monitored.According to the Water Usage & Classification for Fresh Water system used by the Philippines' Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Class D Quality freshwater is suitable for agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering and industrial water supply class II.The LLDA's conservation efforts for the major tributaries and watersheds of Laguna de Bay have led to the creation of the Laguna de Bay River Basin Councils, of which the Siniloan River Rehabilitation &. Management Fdn., Inc. (SRRMFI) is particularly tasked with conservation of the Siniloan.\n[5]Through the SRRMFI, the LLDA implemented a World Bank-funded project in 2006 to control growing populations of the janitor fish (Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus) in Laguna de Bay. Released into the Lake accidentally during a typhoon in the mid-1990s, the species had become a major problem for the freshwater fisheries industry. The project involved paying fisherfolk P10 per kilogram of Janitor Fish, and converting it into feeds for use either in piggeries or in fishpens.\n[6]","title":"Conservation"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Buruwisan_Falls.jpg/220px-Buruwisan_Falls.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Siniloan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Siniloan_River"},{"title":"Laguna de Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay"},{"title":"Laguna Lake Development Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Lake_Development_Authority"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Laguna_de_Bay"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Laguna_de_Bay"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laguna_de_Bay"},{"title":"Laguna de Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay"},{"title":"Calabarzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabarzon"},{"title":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Laguna_de_Bay_zoom.jpg"},{"title":"Basin country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"title":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"title":"Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_in_lakes"},{"title":"Talim Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talim_Island"},{"title":"Wonder Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna"},{"title":"Cielito Lindo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardona,_Rizal"},{"title":"Primary outflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outflow_(hydrology)"},{"title":"Pasig River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig_River"},{"title":"Primary inflows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)"},{"title":"21 tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"title":"Bumbungan River (formerly Pagsanjan River)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumbungan_River"},{"title":"Santa Cruz River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_River_(Philippines)"},{"title":"Balanak River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balanak_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Marikina River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikina_River"},{"title":"Mangangate River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangangate_River"},{"title":"Tunasan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunasan_River"},{"title":"San Pedro River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Pedro_River_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Cabuyao River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cabuyao_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"San Cristobal River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Cristobal_River"},{"title":"San Juan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Calamba)"},{"title":"Bay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_River"},{"title":"Calo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calo_River"},{"title":"Maitem River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitem_River"},{"title":"Molawin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molawin_River"},{"title":"Dampalit River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dampalit_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Pele River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pele_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Pangil River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangil_River"},{"title":"Tanay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanay_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Morong River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morong_River"},{"title":"Siniloan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Sapang Baho River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapang_Baho_River"},{"title":"Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)"},{"title":"Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_(province)"},{"title":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"title":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Biñan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B1an"},{"title":"Cabuyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabuyao"},{"title":"Calamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna"},{"title":"Muntinlupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntinlupa"},{"title":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Laguna"},{"title":"Santa Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_Laguna"},{"title":"Taguig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig"},{"title":"Municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines"},{"title":"Angono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angono,_Rizal"},{"title":"Baras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baras,_Rizal"},{"title":"Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay,_Laguna"},{"title":"Binangonan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binangonan,_Rizal"},{"title":"Calauan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calauan,_Laguna"},{"title":"Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardona,_Rizal"},{"title":"Jalajala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalajala,_Rizal"},{"title":"Kalayaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalayaan,_Laguna"},{"title":"Los Baños","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Ba%C3%B1os,_Laguna"},{"title":"Lumban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumban,_Laguna"},{"title":"Mabitac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabitac,_Laguna"},{"title":"Morong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morong,_Rizal"},{"title":"Paete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paete,_Laguna"},{"title":"Pakil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakil,_Laguna"},{"title":"Pangil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangil,_Laguna"},{"title":"Pila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pila,_Laguna"},{"title":"Pililla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pililla,_Rizal"},{"title":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Laguna"},{"title":"Siniloan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniloan,_Laguna"},{"title":"Tanay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanay,_Rizal"},{"title":"Taytay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taytay,_Rizal"},{"title":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_Laguna"},{"title":"Luzon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzon"},{"title":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}]
[{"reference":"Perlado, Cristy Crema (1998). \"GIS Development\" (asp). Remote Sensing and (GIS) applications in the Erosion studies at the Romero river Watershed. Agricultural Land Management and Evaluation Division Bureau of Soils and Water Management. Retrieved 2007-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristy_Crema_Perlado&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Perlado, Cristy Crema"},{"url":"http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1998/ts1/ts1006.asp","url_text":"\"GIS Development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Soils_and_Water_Management","url_text":"Bureau of Soils and Water Management"}]},{"reference":"Liongson, Leonardo; Guillermo Q. Tabios III; Antonio Daño (2005). \"Laguna Lake's Tributary River Watersheds\". In Lasco, Rodel D.; Espaldon, Ma. Victoria O. (eds.). Ecosystems and People: the Philippine Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) Sub-global Assessment (PDF). Environmental Forestry Programme, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_Q._Liongson&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Liongson, Leonardo"},{"url":"http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents_sga/Philippine%20SGA%20Report.pdf","url_text":"Ecosystems and People: the Philippine Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) Sub-global Assessment"}]},{"reference":"IslandsAccommodations.com (2005). \"About Laguna Province\". Retrieved 2007-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.islandsaccommodations.com/places/laguna.htm","url_text":"\"About Laguna Province\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly Water Quality Status Report December 2005\" (Press release). Laguna Lake Development Authority. December 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-11-25. Retrieved 2007-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071125211344/http://www.llda.gov.ph/SD_Mondriaan/MonthlyReport_files/2005/December_Home.htm","url_text":"\"Monthly Water Quality Status Report December 2005\""},{"url":"http://www.llda.gov.ph/SD_Mondriaan/MonthlyReport_files/2005/December_Home.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Siniloan River Rehabilitation and Management Foundation, Inc. (15 November 2005). \"Development Marketplace\" (pdf). Benefiting from the Dreaded Janitor Fish 2005 Project Implementation Progress Report. World Bank. Retrieved 2007-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEVMARKETPLACE/Resources/205097-1129583246908/DM2005-3765-01.pdf","url_text":"\"Development Marketplace\""}]},{"reference":"Banos, Mike (5 June 2006). \"Janitor Fish Threatens Asia's Largest Marshland\". American Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mike_Banos&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Banos, Mike"},{"url":"http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=10714","url_text":"\"Janitor Fish Threatens Asia's Largest Marshland\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siniloan_River&params=14.39495_N_121.4392_E_type:river","external_links_name":"14°23′42″N 121°26′21″E / 14.39495°N 121.43920°E / 14.39495; 121.43920"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siniloan_River&params=14.39495_N_121.4392_E_type:river","external_links_name":"14°23′42″N 121°26′21″E / 14.39495°N 121.43920°E / 14.39495; 121.43920"},{"Link":"http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1998/ts1/ts1006.asp","external_links_name":"\"GIS Development\""},{"Link":"http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents_sga/Philippine%20SGA%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"Ecosystems and People: the Philippine Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) Sub-global Assessment"},{"Link":"http://www.islandsaccommodations.com/places/laguna.htm","external_links_name":"\"About Laguna Province\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071125211344/http://www.llda.gov.ph/SD_Mondriaan/MonthlyReport_files/2005/December_Home.htm","external_links_name":"\"Monthly Water Quality Status Report December 2005\""},{"Link":"http://www.llda.gov.ph/SD_Mondriaan/MonthlyReport_files/2005/December_Home.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEVMARKETPLACE/Resources/205097-1129583246908/DM2005-3765-01.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Development Marketplace\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=10714","external_links_name":"\"Janitor Fish Threatens Asia's Largest Marshland\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Orefici
Giuseppe Orefici
["1 Biography","2 Current research","3 Scientific publications","4 Bibliography","5 References"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Giuseppe Orefici" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources: "Giuseppe Orefici" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Giuseppe Orefici (born 1946) is an Italian archaeologist noted for his studies of the Pre-Hispanic civilizations of the Nazca and Rapa Nui cultures. Biography Orefici has a degree in architecture. Since 1982 he has been Director of the Nasca Project and has conducted several investigations in Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, Cuba, and Nicaragua. He directed archaeological excavations in the ceremonial center of Cahuachi(Peru) since 1984, Pueblo Viejo near Nazca (1983–85), Tiwanaku, Bolivia from 2007 to 2014, and Easter Island (1991–93, 2001). He has published several books and articles on Nasca and Rapa Nui cultures and has curated numerous exhibitions on Pre-Hispanic culture in the Americas and in Europe. The most important research, which continues, is the archaeological excavation and conservation of Cahuachi. Current research Orefici is Director of Centro de Estudio Arquelogicos Precolombinos, es:Museo Arqueológico Antonini in Nazca, Peru and the Nasca Project. He is concentrating on the study of Nasca and Tiwanaku civilizations, with particular reference to architecture, and pre-Hispanic petroglyphs. Scientific publications Ligabue G., Orefici G., Rapa Nui, Erizzo, 1994. Orefici G., Nasca: arte e società del popolo dei geoglifi, Jaca Book, Milano, 1993. Orefici G., Cahuachi. Capital Teocratica Nasca. Lima: University of San Martin de Porres, 2012. Orefici G., Mensajes de nuestros antepasados: petroglifos de Nasca y Palpa, Apus Graph Ediciones, Lima, 2013 Lasaponara R., Masini N., Orefici G. (Eds). The Ancient Nasca World: New Insights from Science and Archaeology. Springer International Publishing, 2016 Bibliography Aimi A., Arqueólogos Intelectuales Italianos en el Peru. Instituto Italiano de Cultura de Lima, Lima, 2015, pp. 46–47. References ^ Orefici 1993 ^ Ligabue & Orefici 1994 ^ Orefici 2012 ^ "Dr. Giuseppe Orefici". National Geographic. 26 March 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ "Museo Antonini". Mystery Peru. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2020. ^ "Proyecto". ^ Orefici 2013 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Poland Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pre-Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Hispanic"},{"link_name":"Nazca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_culture"},{"link_name":"Rapa Nui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapa_Nui"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Giuseppe Orefici (born 1946) is an Italian archaeologist noted for his studies of the Pre-Hispanic civilizations of the Nazca and Rapa Nui cultures.[1][2]","title":"Giuseppe Orefici"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cahuachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuachi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nazca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca"},{"link_name":"Tiwanaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanaku"},{"link_name":"Easter Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island"},{"link_name":"Rapa Nui cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rapa_Nui_culture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cahuachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuachi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Orefici has a degree in architecture. Since 1982 he has been Director of the Nasca Project and has conducted several investigations in Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, Cuba, and Nicaragua. He directed archaeological excavations in the ceremonial center of Cahuachi(Peru) since 1984,[3] Pueblo Viejo near Nazca (1983–85), Tiwanaku, Bolivia from 2007 to 2014, and Easter Island (1991–93, 2001).He has published several books and articles on Nasca and Rapa Nui cultures and has curated numerous exhibitions on Pre-Hispanic culture in the Americas and in Europe.[4] The most important research, which continues, is the archaeological excavation and conservation of Cahuachi.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"es:Museo Arqueológico Antonini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_Antonini"},{"link_name":"Nazca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Orefici is Director of Centro de Estudio Arquelogicos Precolombinos, es:Museo Arqueológico Antonini in Nazca, Peru and the Nasca Project.[6] He is concentrating on the study of Nasca and Tiwanaku civilizations, with particular reference to architecture, and pre-Hispanic petroglyphs.[7]","title":"Current research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masini N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Masini"}],"text":"Ligabue G., Orefici G., Rapa Nui, Erizzo, 1994.\nOrefici G., Nasca: arte e società del popolo dei geoglifi, Jaca Book, Milano, 1993.\nOrefici G., Cahuachi. Capital Teocratica Nasca. Lima: University of San Martin de Porres, 2012.\nOrefici G., Mensajes de nuestros antepasados: petroglifos de Nasca y Palpa, Apus Graph Ediciones, Lima, 2013\nLasaponara R., Masini N., Orefici G. (Eds). The Ancient Nasca World: New Insights from Science and Archaeology. Springer International Publishing, 2016","title":"Scientific publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Aimi A., Arqueólogos Intelectuales Italianos en el Peru. Instituto Italiano de Cultura de Lima, Lima, 2015, pp. 46–47.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Dr. Giuseppe Orefici\". National Geographic. 26 March 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/dr-giuseppe-orefici.aspx","url_text":"\"Dr. Giuseppe Orefici\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic","url_text":"National Geographic"}]},{"reference":"\"Museo Antonini\". Mystery Peru. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225808/http://www.mysteryperu.com/esp/co_museo_antonini_nazca.html","url_text":"\"Museo Antonini\""},{"url":"http://www.mysteryperu.com/esp/co_museo_antonini_nazca.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Proyecto\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.progettonasca.org/proyecto","url_text":"\"Proyecto\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Giuseppe+Orefici%22","external_links_name":"\"Giuseppe Orefici\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Giuseppe+Orefici%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Giuseppe+Orefici%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Giuseppe+Orefici%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Giuseppe+Orefici%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Giuseppe+Orefici%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Giuseppe+Orefici%22","external_links_name":"\"Giuseppe Orefici\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Giuseppe+Orefici%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Giuseppe+Orefici%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Giuseppe+Orefici%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Giuseppe+Orefici%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Giuseppe+Orefici%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/dr-giuseppe-orefici.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Giuseppe Orefici\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225808/http://www.mysteryperu.com/esp/co_museo_antonini_nazca.html","external_links_name":"\"Museo Antonini\""},{"Link":"http://www.mysteryperu.com/esp/co_museo_antonini_nazca.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.progettonasca.org/proyecto","external_links_name":"\"Proyecto\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000115717125","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/59152061","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8XvMBhpcq3HMdp7dfbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123163353","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123163353","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1056595493","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV111132","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010649196305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91036347","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2018982435&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810662707505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/032061250","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_warship_Fus%C5%8D
Japanese ironclad Fusō
["1 Background","2 Description","2.1 Propulsion","2.2 Armament and armor","3 Construction and career","4 Notes","5 Footnotes","6 References"]
Imperial Japanese Navy's ironclad For other ships with the same name, see Japanese ship Fusō. Fusō as completed History Japan NameFusō (Japanese: 扶桑) NamesakeClassical name for Japan Ordered24 September 1875 BuilderSamuda Brothers, Cubitt Town, London Laid down24 September 1875? Launched17 April 1877 CompletedJanuary 1878 ReclassifiedCoast defense ship, December 1905 Stricken1 April 1908 FateSold for scrap, 1909 General characteristics (as built) TypeCentral-battery ironclad Displacement3,717 long tons (3,777 t) Length220 ft (67.1 m) Beam48 ft (14.6 m) Draft18 ft 5 in (5.6 m) Installed power 3,500 ihp (2,600 kW) 8 cylindrical boilers Propulsion2 shafts, 2 trunk steam engines Sail planBarque rigged Speed13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) Range4,500 nmi (8,300 km; 5,200 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) Complement295 Armament 4 × 240 mm (9.4 in) Krupp guns 2 × 17 cm RK L/25 (6.8 in) Krupp guns 4 × long 75 mm (3.0 in) guns 2 × short 75 mm (3.0 in) guns Armor Belt: 6.4–9 in (163–229 mm) Battery: 9 in (229 mm) Bulkheads: 8 in (203 mm) Fusō (扶桑) was a central-battery ironclad built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the 1870s. She was built in the United Kingdom because such ships could not yet be constructed in Japan. The ship participated in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 where she was damaged during the Battle of the Yalu River in 1894 and participated in the Battle of Weihaiwei in early 1895. She collided with two Japanese ships during a storm and sank in 1897. She was refloated the following year and repaired. Fusō played a minor role in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and was reclassified as a coast defense ship after the war. She was struck from the Navy List in 1908 and sold for scrap the following year. Background Tensions between Japan and China heightened after the former launched its punitive expedition against Taiwan in May 1874 in retaliation of the murder of a number of shipwrecked sailors by the Paiwan aborigines. China inquired into the possibility of buying ironclad warships from Great Britain and Japan was already negotiating with the Brazilian government about the purchase of the ironclad Independencia then under construction in Britain. The Japanese terminated the negotiations with the Brazilians in October after the ship was badly damaged upon launching and the expeditionary force was about to withdraw from Taiwan. The crisis illustrated the need to reinforce the IJN and a budget request was submitted that same month by Acting Navy Minister Kawamura Sumiyoshi for ¥3.9–4.2 million to purchase three warships from abroad. This was rejected as too expensive and a revised request of ¥2.3 million was approved later that month. No Japanese shipyard was able to build ships of this size so they were ordered from Great Britain. Nothing was done until March 1875 when Kawamura proposed to buy one ironclad for half of the money authorized and use the rest for shipbuilding and gun production at the Yokosuka Shipyard. No response was made by the Prime Minister's office before the proposal was revised to use all of the allocated money to buy three ships, one iron-hulled armored warship and two armored corvettes of composite construction to be designed by the prominent British naval architect Sir Edward Reed, formerly the Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy. Reed would also supervise the construction of the ships for an honorarium of five percent of the construction cost. The Prime Minister's office approved the revised proposal on 2 May and notified the Japanese consul, Ueno Kagenori, that navy officers would be visiting to negotiate the contract with Reed. Commander Matsumura Junzō arrived in London on 21 July and gave Reed the specifications for the ships. Reed responded on 3 September with a proposal that exceeded the amount allocated in the budget. Ueno signed the contracts for all three ships on 24 September despite this issue because Reed was scheduled to depart for a trip to Russia and the matter had to be concluded before his departure. Ueno had informed the Navy Ministry about the costs before signing, but Kawamura's response to postpone the order for the armored frigate did not arrive until 8 October. The totals for all three contracts came to £433,850 or ¥2,231,563 and did not include the armament. These were ordered from Krupp with a 50 percent down payment of £24,978. The government struggled to provide the necessary money even though the additional expenses had been approved by the Prime Minister's office on 5 June 1876, especially as more money was necessary to fully equip the ships for sea and to provision them for the delivery voyage to Japan. Description The design of Fusō was based on a scaled-down version of HMS Iron Duke, an Audacious-class central-battery ironclad, familiar to the Japanese as the flagship of the Royal Navy China Station from 1871 to 1875. The ship was 220 feet (67.1 m) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 48 feet (14.6 m). She had a forward draft of 17 feet 9 inches (5.4 m) and drew 18 feet 5 inches (5.6 m) aft. She displaced 2,248 long tons (2,284 t) and had a crew of 26 officers and 269 enlisted men. Propulsion Fusō had a pair of two-cylinder, double-expansion trunk steam engines made by John Penn and Sons, each driving a two-bladed 15-foot-6-inch (4.7 m) propeller. Eight cylindrical boilers provided steam to the engine at a working pressure of 4.09 bar (409 kPa; 59 psi). The engines were designed to produce 3,500 indicated horsepower (2,600 kW) to give the ships a speed of 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph). During her sea trials on 3 January 1878, she reached a maximum speed of 13.16 knots (24.37 km/h; 15.14 mph) from 3,824 ihp (2,852 kW). The ship carried a maximum of 350 long tons (360 t) of coal, enough to steam 4,500 nautical miles (8,300 km; 5,200 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). The three-masted ironclad was barque-rigged and had a sail area of 17,000 square feet (1,579 m2). To reduce wind resistance while under sail alone, the funnel was semi-retractable. The ship was modernized at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal beginning in 1891. Her masts were removed and the fore- and mizzenmasts were replaced by two military masts also fitted with fighting tops. Her funnel was fixed in height and she received four new cylindrical boilers. To offset the reduced number of boilers, the new ones were fitted with forced draught which increased their working pressure to 6.13 bar (613 kPa; 89 psi). The space made available by removal of the boilers was used to increase her coal storage by 36 long tons (37 t). Armament and armor Fusō was fitted with four 20-caliber 24-centimeter (9.4 in) Krupp rifled breech-loading (RBL) guns and two 22-caliber 17-centimeter (6.7 in) Krupp guns. The 24 cm guns were mounted at the corners of the armored citadel on the main deck at an angle of 65 degrees to the centerline of the ship. Each gun could traverse 35 degrees to the left and right. Only the 60-degree arc at the bow and stern could not be fired upon. The two pivot-mounted 17-centimeter guns were positioned on the sides of the upper deck, each with three gun ports that allowed them to act as chase guns, firing fore and aft, as well as on the broadside. The ship also carried four long and two short 75-millimeter (3.0 in) guns, the latter intended for use ashore or mounted on the ship's boats. The armor-piercing shell of the 24-centimeter gun weighed 352.7 pounds (160 kg). It had a muzzle velocity of 1,560 ft/s (475 m/s) and was credited with the ability to penetrate 15.5 inches (393 mm) of wrought iron armor at the muzzle. The 132.3-pound (60 kg) 17-centimeter shell had a muzzle velocity of 1,510–1,600 ft/s (460–487 m/s) and could penetrate 10.3–11.4 inches (262–290 mm) of armor. The only data available for the 75-millimeter guns is their muzzle velocities of 1,550 ft/s (473 m/s) and 960 ft/s (292 m/s) for the long and short-barreled guns respectively. During the 1880s the armament of Fusō was augmented several times. In June 1883 seven quadruple-barreled 25.4-millimeter (1.0 in) Nordenfelt machine guns were added for defense against torpedo boats. Five were positioned on the upper deck and one each in the fighting tops. Three years later two quintuple-barreled 11-millimeter (0.4 in) Nordenfeldt machine guns were mounted in the fighting tops. Slightly earlier, Fusō became the first ship in the IJN to mount 356-millimeter (14.0 in) torpedo tubes for Schwartzkopff torpedoes when two above-water, traversable tubes, one on each broadside, were added in late 1885. She first fired these weapons on 14 January 1886 although further testing revealed that the torpedoes were often damaged by the impact with the water. Upon the recommendation of the prominent French naval architect Louis-Émile Bertin, a "spoon" was added to the ends of the tubes to make the torpedoes strike the water horizontally which better distributed the shock of impact. The modifications were made and successful tests were conducted before the end of the year. When the ship was being refitted from 1891 to 1894, her anti-torpedo boat armament was reinforced by the replacement of three 25.4-millimeter Nordenfelt guns by a pair of 2.5-pounder Hotchkiss guns and a single 3-pounder Hotchkiss gun. Two additional 11-millimeter Nordenfelt guns in the fighting tops were also added at that time. After the Sino-Japanese War, a small poop deck was added in 1896 and a quick-firing (QF) 12-centimetre (4.7 in) gun was mounted there as the stern chase gun. Another such gun was mounted on the forecastle as the forward chase gun and the two 17-centimeter guns were replaced by another pair of 12-centimeter quick-firers. In addition twelve 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns were added and the 11-millimeter guns were replaced by 25.4-millimeter Nordenfelts. In March 1900 the 12-centimeter chase guns were superseded by two QF 15-centimetre (5.9 in) guns and the former chase guns were shifted to make room for them. The final change to Fusō's armament was made in July 1906 when her obsolete 24-centimeter guns were replaced by two QF 15-centimeter guns and two more 3-pounders were added. Fusō had a wrought-iron waterline armor belt 9 inches (229 mm) thick amidships that tapered to 6.4 inches (162 mm) at the ends of the ship. The sides of the central battery were 9 inches thick and the transverse bulkheads were 8 inches (203 mm) thick. Construction and career Given a classical name for Japan, Fusō was built at the Samuda Brothers shipyard in Cubitt Town, London. Japanese sources universally give the date for Kongō's keel-laying as 24 September 1875—the same as that for the awarding of the contract—but historian Hans Langerer describes this as improbable, arguing that no shipyard would order enough material to begin construction without cash in hand. Fusō was launched on 14 April 1877 when Ueno Ikuko, wife of the Japanese consul, cut the retaining rope with a hammer and chisel. Completed in January 1878, the ship sailed for Japan before 22 March under the command of a British captain and with a British crew because the IJN was not yet ready for such a long voyage. While transiting the Suez Canal, she was lightly damaged when she ran aground. She received temporary repairs at a local dockyard and arrived in Yokohama on 11 June. She was classified as a second-class warship while still in transit. She was transferred to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 17 June for permanent repairs. On 10 July a formal ceremony was held in Yokohama for the receipt of the ship that was attended by the Meiji Emperor and many senior government officials. The ship was then opened for tours by the nobility, their families and invited guests for three days after the ceremony. Beginning on 14 July, the general public was allowed to tour the ship for a week. Fusō was assigned to the Tokai Naval District and the Standing Fleet in 1880. That same year she transported the Naval Lord, Enomoto Takeaki, on a tour of Hokkaido. On 10 August 1881 she departed with Emperor Meiji on a tour of Aomori Prefecture and Otaru, Hokkaido that lasted until 30 September. The ship was transferred to the Medium Fleet in 1882 and made port visits in Kyushu and Pusan, Korea the following year. Fusō visited Hong Kong and Shanghai, China in 1884. She hosted Empress Shōken for the launching ceremony of the corvette Musashi on 30 March 1886 and was transferred to the Small Standing Fleet in 1887. The ship made a lengthy cruise in the Western Pacific in 1888 and visited ports in Korea, Russia and China the following year. Fusō participated in the fleet maneuvers on 25 March 1880 and then hosted Emperor Meiji for his visits to Kure, Sasebo, and Etajima. From November 1891 to July 1894, Fusō was extensively refitted and partially modernized at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal. Fusō at anchor after her reconstruction During the Battle of the Yalu River on 17 September 1894, Fusō was assigned to the rear of the Japanese main body and was heavily engaged by the Chinese ships. Although hit many times by 6-inch (152 mm) shells, not one penetrated her armor; of her crew only five were killed and nine wounded. During the battle her crew fired twenty-nine 24 cm, thirty-two 17 cm, one hundred thirty-six 75 mm, one hundred sixty-four 2.5- and 3-pounder shells and over fifteen hundred shells from her machine guns. The ship was present during the Battle of Weihaiwei in January–February 1895, although she did not see any significant combat. On 29 October 1897, Fusō's anchor chain broke during a strong gale off Nagahama, Ehime and she collided with the ram of the protected cruiser Matsushima at 16:30. She then struck Matsushima's sister ship, Itsukushima, and sank at 16:57. Re-classed as a second-class battleship on 21 March 1898 and refloated on 7 July, Fusō was repaired at Kure Naval Arsenal and ran her trials on 8 April 1900. Fusō served as the flagship of Rear Admiral Sukeuji Hosoya, Seventh Division, Third Squadron, during the Russo-Japanese War and was held in reserve south of Tsushima Island during the Battle of Tsushima in case the battle drifted her way. On 7 September 1904, her 15-centimeter guns were dismounted for use in the siege of Port Arthur. They were replaced by guns transferred from the damaged Akashi at Maizuru Naval Arsenal on 28 December. She was reclassified as a coast defense ship in December 1905, and stricken on 1 April 1908. Relegated to the status of a "miscellaneous service craft", she was assigned to the Yokosuka Harbor Master until she was ordered to be sold on 15 February 1909. Yokosuka reported her sale on 30 November, but provided no information on the date of sale or the name of the winning bidder. Notes ^ A number of sources say that the armor of the ship's battery was 8 inches thick and that of the transverse bulkheads was 7 inches (178 mm) thick and even Lengerer himself quotes both sets of figures in different places. Footnotes ^ Lengerer, Pt. I, pp. 40–41 ^ Evans & Peattie, pp. 13–14 ^ Lengerer, Pt. I, pp. 41–42 ^ Lengerer, Pt. I, pp. 43–46 ^ a b c Japanese Ironclads Fuso and Hiei, p. 201 ^ a b c Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 13 ^ a b c Japanese Ironclads Fuso and Hiei, p. 202 ^ a b c d e Lengerer, Pt. III, p. 50 ^ Lengerer, Pt. II, p. 41 ^ Lengerer, Pt. I, p. 48 ^ a b Lengerer, Pt. II, p. 35 ^ Lengerer, Pt. II, pp. 35, 43 ^ Lengerer, Pt. II, pp. 33–34 ^ Lengerer, Pt. II, p. 39 ^ Lengerer, Pt. II, pp. 34–35 ^ Lengerer, Pt. II, pp. 35–38 ^ Bogart, p. 277; Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 219; Jane, p. 44; Silverstone, p. 308 ^ Lengerer, Pt. II, p. 40 ^ Silverstone, p. 328 ^ Lengerer, Pt. I, pp. 43, 46–47 ^ Lengerer, Pt. I, pp. 49–52 ^ Lengerer, Pt. III, pp. 45–46 ^ Jane, pp. 132, 148 ^ Lengerer, Pt. II, p. 36 ^ a b c d Lengerer, Pt. III, p. 46 ^ Wright, pp. 100–04 ^ Lengerer, Pt. II, pp. 37–38 References Bogart, C. H. (1972). "Fu-so". Warship International. IX (3). Toledo, Ohio: International Naval Records Organization: 276–79. Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4. Evans, David & Peattie, Mark R. (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-192-7. Jane, Fred T. (1904). The Imperial Japanese Navy. London: W. Thacker. OCLC 66148499. "Japanese Ironclads Fuso and Hiei". Warship International. VIII (2). Toledo, Ohio: International Naval Records Organization: 201–02. 30 June 1971. Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X. Lengerer, Hans (December 2020). "The 1884 Coup d'État in Korea — Revision and Acceleration of the Expansion of the IJN: A Contribution to the Pre-History of the Chinese-Japanese War 1894–95". Warship International. LVII (4): 289–302. ISSN 0043-0374. Lengerer, Hans (September 2006). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "The IJN's First Warship Order to a Foreign Country: Armoured Frigate Fusô and Belted Corvettes Kongô and Hiei – Part I". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper I): 40–53.(subscription required)(contact the editor at [email protected] for subscription information) Lengerer, Hans (March 2007). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "The IJN's First Warship Order to a Foreign Country: Armoured Frigate Fusô and Belted Corvettes Kongô and Hiei – Part II". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper II): 31–43.(subscription required) Lengerer, Hans (September 2007). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). "The IJN's First Warship Order to a Foreign Country: Armoured Frigate Fusô and Belted Corvettes Kongô and Hiei – Part III". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper III): 45–54.(subscription required) Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0. Wright, Richard N. J. (2000). The Chinese Steam Navy 1862–1945. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-144-9. vteIronclads of Japan KōtetsuS RyūjōS FusōS Kongō S Single ship of class vteMajor Japanese naval combatants of the First Sino-Japanese War Protected cruisers Matsushima (flagship) Itsukushima Hashidate Naniwa Takachiho Yaeyama Akitsushima Yoshino Chiyoda Takao Tsukushi Armored corvettes Hiei Kongō Yamato Katsuragi Musashi Kaimon Tenryū Amagi Ironclad warship Fusō Gunboats Maya Chōkai Atago Akagi Banjō Ōshima vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1878Shipwrecks 25 Jan: King Philip 31 Jan: Metropolis 24 Mar: Eurydice 31 May: SMS Großer Kurfürst 1 Jun: Loch Ard 24 Jun: Hydrabad 30 Jun: Lady Elizabeth 3 Sep: Princess Alice 18 Oct: Daniel Lyons 21 Oct: Livadia 21 Dec: Iserbrook 24 Dec: Alabama Other incidents 10 Jan: Traffic 21 Jan: Royalist 9 Feb: HMS Alexandra 15 Feb: HMS Raleigh 20 Feb: Royalist 7 Mar: Necm-i Şevket 29 Apr: HMS Monarch 21 May: HMS Cormorant 31 May: SMS König Wilhelm 23 Jun: Norah Creina 18 Jul: Adriatic 3 Sep: Bywell Castle 6 Sep: Utopia 15 Sep: Comus 26 Oct: Britannic 2 Nov: HMS Malabar 4 Nov: Djemnah Nov: HMS Thunderer 18 Dec: HMS Cleopatra 21 Dec: Mona Dec: Mona's Isle Unk: Fusō Unk: Red Jacket ← 1877 1879 → vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1897Shipwrecks 2 Jan: Commodore 14 Jan: Warren Hastings 29 Apr: Ada 1 May: Ability 9 Jun: Aden 10 Jun: Prins Hendrik 12 Jun: Gangut 16 Jun: HMS Foudroyant 26 Jul: Advance 7 Oct: Antelope 29 Oct: Fusō November (unknown date): Innisfallen 2 Dec: Friend to all Nations Other incidents 1 Jan: Willehad 29 May: Valencia 9 Aug: Oakland 29 Sep: HMS Lynx, HMS Thrasher 29 Oct: Japanese cruiser Itsukushima, Matsushima September (unknown date): Coptic 1896 1898
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese ship Fusō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_ship_Fus%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"central-battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_battery_ship"},{"link_name":"ironclad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"First Sino-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Yalu River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yalu_River_(1894)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Weihaiwei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Weihaiwei"},{"link_name":"refloated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_salvage"},{"link_name":"Russo-Japanese War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War"},{"link_name":"coast defense ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_defense_ship"},{"link_name":"Navy List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_List"},{"link_name":"scrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"}],"text":"Imperial Japanese Navy's ironcladFor other ships with the same name, see Japanese ship Fusō.Fusō (扶桑) was a central-battery ironclad built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the 1870s. She was built in the United Kingdom because such ships could not yet be constructed in Japan. The ship participated in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95 where she was damaged during the Battle of the Yalu River in 1894 and participated in the Battle of Weihaiwei in early 1895. She collided with two Japanese ships during a storm and sank in 1897. She was refloated the following year and repaired. Fusō played a minor role in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and was reclassified as a coast defense ship after the war. She was struck from the Navy List in 1908 and sold for scrap the following year.","title":"Japanese ironclad Fusō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"punitive expedition against Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)"},{"link_name":"Paiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paiwan_people"},{"link_name":"Independencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Neptune_(1874)"},{"link_name":"launching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching"},{"link_name":"Navy Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kawamura Sumiyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawamura_Sumiyoshi"},{"link_name":"¥","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"corvettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette"},{"link_name":"composite construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_ship"},{"link_name":"naval architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architect"},{"link_name":"Edward Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_James_Reed"},{"link_name":"Chief Constructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Naval_Construction"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_(representative)"},{"link_name":"Ueno Kagenori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagenori_Ueno"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Tensions between Japan and China heightened after the former launched its punitive expedition against Taiwan in May 1874 in retaliation of the murder of a number of shipwrecked sailors by the Paiwan aborigines. China inquired into the possibility of buying ironclad warships from Great Britain and Japan was already negotiating with the Brazilian government about the purchase of the ironclad Independencia then under construction in Britain. The Japanese terminated the negotiations with the Brazilians in October after the ship was badly damaged upon launching and the expeditionary force was about to withdraw from Taiwan. The crisis illustrated the need to reinforce the IJN and a budget request was submitted that same month by Acting Navy Minister Kawamura Sumiyoshi for ¥3.9–4.2 million to purchase three warships from abroad.[1] This was rejected as too expensive and a revised request of ¥2.3 million was approved later that month. No Japanese shipyard was able to build ships of this size so they were ordered from Great Britain.[2] Nothing was done until March 1875 when Kawamura proposed to buy one ironclad for half of the money authorized and use the rest for shipbuilding and gun production at the Yokosuka Shipyard. No response was made by the Prime Minister's office before the proposal was revised to use all of the allocated money to buy three ships, one iron-hulled armored warship and two armored corvettes of composite construction to be designed by the prominent British naval architect Sir Edward Reed, formerly the Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy. Reed would also supervise the construction of the ships for an honorarium of five percent of the construction cost. The Prime Minister's office approved the revised proposal on 2 May and notified the Japanese consul, Ueno Kagenori, that navy officers would be visiting to negotiate the contract with Reed.[3]Commander Matsumura Junzō arrived in London on 21 July and gave Reed the specifications for the ships. Reed responded on 3 September with a proposal that exceeded the amount allocated in the budget. Ueno signed the contracts for all three ships on 24 September despite this issue because Reed was scheduled to depart for a trip to Russia and the matter had to be concluded before his departure. Ueno had informed the Navy Ministry about the costs before signing, but Kawamura's response to postpone the order for the armored frigate did not arrive until 8 October. The totals for all three contracts came to £433,850 or ¥2,231,563 and did not include the armament. These were ordered from Krupp with a 50 percent down payment of £24,978. The government struggled to provide the necessary money even though the additional expenses had been approved by the Prime Minister's office on 5 June 1876, especially as more money was necessary to fully equip the ships for sea and to provision them for the delivery voyage to Japan.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Iron Duke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Iron_Duke_(1870)"},{"link_name":"Audacious-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audacious-class_ironclad"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"China Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jif1-5"},{"link_name":"long between perpendiculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_between_perpendiculars"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j7-6"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jif-7"},{"link_name":"displaced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l50-8"}],"text":"The design of Fusō was based on a scaled-down version of HMS Iron Duke, an Audacious-class central-battery ironclad, familiar to the Japanese as the flagship of the Royal Navy China Station from 1871 to 1875.[5] The ship was 220 feet (67.1 m) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 48 feet (14.6 m).[6] She had a forward draft of 17 feet 9 inches (5.4 m) and drew 18 feet 5 inches (5.6 m) aft.[7] She displaced 2,248 long tons (2,284 t) and had a crew of 26 officers and 269 enlisted men.[8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trunk steam engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trunk_engine"},{"link_name":"John Penn and Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Penn_and_Sons"},{"link_name":"boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_(steam_generator)"},{"link_name":"bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)"},{"link_name":"kPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch"},{"link_name":"indicated horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"sea trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trial"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l50-8"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j7-6"},{"link_name":"barque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barque"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jif-7"},{"link_name":"funnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l35-11"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka Naval Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_Naval_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"mizzenmasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizzenmast"},{"link_name":"military masts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_mast"},{"link_name":"fighting tops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_(sailing_ship)"},{"link_name":"forced draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_draught"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Propulsion","text":"Fusō had a pair of two-cylinder, double-expansion trunk steam engines made by John Penn and Sons, each driving a two-bladed 15-foot-6-inch (4.7 m) propeller. Eight cylindrical boilers provided steam to the engine at a working pressure of 4.09 bar (409 kPa; 59 psi). The engines were designed to produce 3,500 indicated horsepower (2,600 kW) to give the ships a speed of 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph).[9] During her sea trials on 3 January 1878, she reached a maximum speed of 13.16 knots (24.37 km/h; 15.14 mph) from 3,824 ihp (2,852 kW).[10] The ship carried a maximum of 350 long tons (360 t) of coal,[8] enough to steam 4,500 nautical miles (8,300 km; 5,200 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).[6] The three-masted ironclad was barque-rigged and had a sail area of 17,000 square feet (1,579 m2).[7] To reduce wind resistance while under sail alone, the funnel was semi-retractable.[11]The ship was modernized at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal beginning in 1891. Her masts were removed and the fore- and mizzenmasts were replaced by two military masts also fitted with fighting tops. Her funnel was fixed in height and she received four new cylindrical boilers. To offset the reduced number of boilers, the new ones were fitted with forced draught which increased their working pressure to 6.13 bar (613 kPa; 89 psi). The space made available by removal of the boilers was used to increase her coal storage by 36 long tons (37 t).[12]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp"},{"link_name":"rifled breech-loading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifled_breech_loader"},{"link_name":"17-centimeter (6.7 in)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_cm_RK_L/25"},{"link_name":"pivot-mounted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivot_gun"},{"link_name":"gun ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A-L)#G"},{"link_name":"chase guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_gun"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"armor-piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor-piercing_shot_and_shell"},{"link_name":"muzzle velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_velocity"},{"link_name":"wrought iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"muzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Nordenfelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-inch_Nordenfelt_gun"},{"link_name":"machine guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"torpedo tubes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_tube"},{"link_name":"Schwartzkopff torpedoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartzkopff_torpedo"},{"link_name":"broadside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_(naval)"},{"link_name":"Louis-Émile Bertin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-%C3%89mile_Bertin"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2.5-pounder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_3-pounder_Hotchkiss#Japanese_service"},{"link_name":"Hotchkiss guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotchkiss_gun"},{"link_name":"poop deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poop_deck"},{"link_name":"quick-firing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_British_ordnance_terms#QF"},{"link_name":"forecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecastle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"wrought-iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline"},{"link_name":"armor belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor"},{"link_name":"amidships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amidships"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l50-8"},{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery#Naval_usage"},{"link_name":"bulkheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jif-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l50-8"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Armament and armor","text":"Fusō was fitted with four 20-caliber 24-centimeter (9.4 in) Krupp rifled breech-loading (RBL) guns and two 22-caliber 17-centimeter (6.7 in) Krupp guns. The 24 cm guns were mounted at the corners of the armored citadel on the main deck at an angle of 65 degrees to the centerline of the ship. Each gun could traverse 35 degrees to the left and right. Only the 60-degree arc at the bow and stern could not be fired upon. The two pivot-mounted 17-centimeter guns were positioned on the sides of the upper deck, each with three gun ports that allowed them to act as chase guns, firing fore and aft, as well as on the broadside. The ship also carried four long and two short 75-millimeter (3.0 in) guns, the latter intended for use ashore or mounted on the ship's boats.[13]The armor-piercing shell of the 24-centimeter gun weighed 352.7 pounds (160 kg). It had a muzzle velocity of 1,560 ft/s (475 m/s) and was credited with the ability to penetrate 15.5 inches (393 mm) of wrought iron armor at the muzzle. The 132.3-pound (60 kg) 17-centimeter shell had a muzzle velocity of 1,510–1,600 ft/s (460–487 m/s) and could penetrate 10.3–11.4 inches (262–290 mm) of armor. The only data available for the 75-millimeter guns is their muzzle velocities of 1,550 ft/s (473 m/s) and 960 ft/s (292 m/s) for the long and short-barreled guns respectively.[14]During the 1880s the armament of Fusō was augmented several times. In June 1883 seven quadruple-barreled 25.4-millimeter (1.0 in) Nordenfelt machine guns were added for defense against torpedo boats. Five were positioned on the upper deck and one each in the fighting tops. Three years later two quintuple-barreled 11-millimeter (0.4 in) Nordenfeldt machine guns were mounted in the fighting tops. Slightly earlier, Fusō became the first ship in the IJN to mount 356-millimeter (14.0 in) torpedo tubes for Schwartzkopff torpedoes when two above-water, traversable tubes, one on each broadside, were added in late 1885. She first fired these weapons on 14 January 1886 although further testing revealed that the torpedoes were often damaged by the impact with the water. Upon the recommendation of the prominent French naval architect Louis-Émile Bertin, a \"spoon\" was added to the ends of the tubes to make the torpedoes strike the water horizontally which better distributed the shock of impact. The modifications were made and successful tests were conducted before the end of the year.[15]When the ship was being refitted from 1891 to 1894, her anti-torpedo boat armament was reinforced by the replacement of three 25.4-millimeter Nordenfelt guns by a pair of 2.5-pounder Hotchkiss guns and a single 3-pounder Hotchkiss gun. Two additional 11-millimeter Nordenfelt guns in the fighting tops were also added at that time. After the Sino-Japanese War, a small poop deck was added in 1896 and a quick-firing (QF) 12-centimetre (4.7 in) gun was mounted there as the stern chase gun. Another such gun was mounted on the forecastle as the forward chase gun and the two 17-centimeter guns were replaced by another pair of 12-centimeter quick-firers. In addition twelve 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns were added and the 11-millimeter guns were replaced by 25.4-millimeter Nordenfelts. In March 1900 the 12-centimeter chase guns were superseded by two QF 15-centimetre (5.9 in) guns and the former chase guns were shifted to make room for them. The final change to Fusō's armament was made in July 1906 when her obsolete 24-centimeter guns were replaced by two QF 15-centimeter guns and two more 3-pounders were added.[16]Fusō had a wrought-iron waterline armor belt 9 inches (229 mm) thick amidships that tapered to 6.4 inches (162 mm) at the ends of the ship.[8] The sides of the central battery were 9 inches thick and the transverse bulkheads were 8 inches (203 mm) thick.[7][8][Note 1]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical name for Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Japan#Classical"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Samuda Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuda_Brothers"},{"link_name":"shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Cubitt Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubitt_Town"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l50-8"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"ran aground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_grounding"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"Meiji Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Emperor"},{"link_name":"nobility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazoku"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Tokai Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Standing Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Naval Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Enomoto Takeaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enomoto_Takeaki"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Aomori Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aomori_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Otaru, Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaru,_Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Kyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"link_name":"Pusan, Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusan,_Korea"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Empress Shōken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Sh%C5%8Dken"},{"link_name":"Musashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_corvette_Musashi"},{"link_name":"Kure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure,_Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Sasebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasebo,_Nagasaki"},{"link_name":"Etajima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etajima"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l35-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fuso.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l46-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor"},{"link_name":"gale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale"},{"link_name":"Nagahama, Ehime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagahama,_Ehime"},{"link_name":"ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_ram"},{"link_name":"protected cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_cruiser"},{"link_name":"Matsushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Matsushima"},{"link_name":"sister ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_ship"},{"link_name":"Itsukushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Itsukushima"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l46-26"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l46-26"},{"link_name":"Kure Naval Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kure_Naval_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jif1-5"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Sukeuji Hosoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukeuji_Hosoya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tsushima Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsushima_Island"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tsushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tsushima"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jif1-5"},{"link_name":"siege of Port Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Akashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Akashi"},{"link_name":"Maizuru Naval Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maizuru_Naval_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"coast defense ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_defense_ship"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l46-26"}],"text":"Given a classical name for Japan,[19] Fusō was built at the Samuda Brothers shipyard in Cubitt Town, London. Japanese sources universally give the date for Kongō's keel-laying as 24 September 1875—the same as that for the awarding of the contract—but historian Hans Langerer describes this as improbable, arguing that no shipyard would order enough material to begin construction without cash in hand. Fusō was launched on 14 April 1877 when Ueno Ikuko, wife of the Japanese consul, cut the retaining rope with a hammer and chisel.[20] Completed in January 1878,[8] the ship sailed for Japan before 22 March under the command of a British captain and with a British crew because the IJN was not yet ready for such a long voyage. While transiting the Suez Canal, she was lightly damaged when she ran aground. She received temporary repairs at a local dockyard and arrived in Yokohama on 11 June. She was classified as a second-class warship while still in transit. She was transferred to Yokosuka Naval Arsenal on 17 June for permanent repairs. On 10 July a formal ceremony was held in Yokohama for the receipt of the ship that was attended by the Meiji Emperor and many senior government officials. The ship was then opened for tours by the nobility, their families and invited guests for three days after the ceremony. Beginning on 14 July, the general public was allowed to tour the ship for a week.[21]Fusō was assigned to the Tokai Naval District and the Standing Fleet in 1880. That same year she transported the Naval Lord, Enomoto Takeaki, on a tour of Hokkaido. On 10 August 1881 she departed with Emperor Meiji on a tour of Aomori Prefecture and Otaru, Hokkaido that lasted until 30 September. The ship was transferred to the Medium Fleet in 1882 and made port visits in Kyushu and Pusan, Korea the following year. Fusō visited Hong Kong and Shanghai, China in 1884. She hosted Empress Shōken for the launching ceremony of the corvette Musashi on 30 March 1886 and was transferred to the Small Standing Fleet in 1887. The ship made a lengthy cruise in the Western Pacific in 1888 and visited ports in Korea, Russia and China the following year. Fusō participated in the fleet maneuvers on 25 March 1880 and then hosted Emperor Meiji for his visits to Kure, Sasebo, and Etajima.[22] From November 1891 to July 1894, Fusō was extensively refitted and partially modernized at Yokosuka Naval Arsenal.[11]Fusō at anchor after her reconstructionDuring the Battle of the Yalu River on 17 September 1894, Fusō was assigned to the rear of the Japanese main body and was heavily engaged by the Chinese ships. Although hit many times by 6-inch (152 mm) shells, not one penetrated her armor; of her crew only five were killed and nine wounded.[23] During the battle her crew fired twenty-nine 24 cm, thirty-two 17 cm, one hundred thirty-six 75 mm, one hundred sixty-four 2.5- and 3-pounder shells and over fifteen hundred shells from her machine guns.[24] The ship was present during the Battle of Weihaiwei in January–February 1895,[25] although she did not see any significant combat.[26] On 29 October 1897, Fusō's anchor chain broke during a strong gale off Nagahama, Ehime and she collided with the ram of the protected cruiser Matsushima at 16:30. She then struck Matsushima's sister ship, Itsukushima, and sank at 16:57.[25] Re-classed as a second-class battleship on 21 March 1898\nand refloated on 7 July,[25] Fusō was repaired at Kure Naval Arsenal and ran her trials on 8 April 1900.[5]Fusō served as the flagship of Rear Admiral Sukeuji Hosoya, Seventh Division, Third Squadron, during the Russo-Japanese War and was held in reserve south of Tsushima Island during the Battle of Tsushima in case the battle drifted her way.[5] On 7 September 1904, her 15-centimeter guns were dismounted for use in the siege of Port Arthur. They were replaced by guns transferred from the damaged Akashi at Maizuru Naval Arsenal on 28 December.[27] She was reclassified as a coast defense ship in December 1905, and stricken on 1 April 1908. Relegated to the status of a \"miscellaneous service craft\", she was assigned to the Yokosuka Harbor Master until she was ordered to be sold on 15 February 1909. Yokosuka reported her sale on 30 November, but provided no information on the date of sale or the name of the winning bidder.[25]","title":"Construction and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-j7-6"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"^ A number of sources say that the armor of the ship's battery was 8 inches thick and that of the transverse bulkheads was 7 inches (178 mm) thick and even Lengerer himself quotes both sets of figures in different places.[6][17][18]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jif1_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jif1_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jif1_5-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-j7_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-j7_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-j7_6-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jif_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jif_7-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jif_7-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l50_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l50_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l50_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l50_8-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l50_8-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l35_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l35_11-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l46_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l46_26-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l46_26-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l46_26-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"}],"text":"^ Lengerer, Pt. I, pp. 40–41\n\n^ Evans & Peattie, pp. 13–14\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. I, pp. 41–42\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. I, pp. 43–46\n\n^ a b c Japanese Ironclads Fuso and Hiei, p. 201\n\n^ a b c Jentschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 13\n\n^ a b c Japanese Ironclads Fuso and Hiei, p. 202\n\n^ a b c d e Lengerer, Pt. III, p. 50\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. II, p. 41\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. I, p. 48\n\n^ a b Lengerer, Pt. II, p. 35\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. II, pp. 35, 43\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. II, pp. 33–34\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. II, p. 39\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. II, pp. 34–35\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. II, pp. 35–38\n\n^ Bogart, p. 277; Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 219; Jane, p. 44; Silverstone, p. 308\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. II, p. 40\n\n^ Silverstone, p. 328\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. I, pp. 43, 46–47\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. I, pp. 49–52\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. III, pp. 45–46\n\n^ Jane, pp. 132, 148\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. II, p. 36\n\n^ a b c d Lengerer, Pt. III, p. 46\n\n^ Wright, pp. 100–04\n\n^ Lengerer, Pt. II, pp. 37–38","title":"Footnotes"}]
[{"image_text":"Fusō at anchor after her reconstruction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fuso.jpg/220px-Fuso.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Bogart, C. H. (1972). \"Fu-so\". Warship International. IX (3). Toledo, Ohio: International Naval Records Organization: 276–79.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M., eds. (1979). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. Greenwich, UK: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-0302-4","url_text":"0-8317-0302-4"}]},{"reference":"Evans, David & Peattie, Mark R. (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887–1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-192-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-192-7","url_text":"0-87021-192-7"}]},{"reference":"Jane, Fred T. (1904). The Imperial Japanese Navy. London: W. Thacker. OCLC 66148499.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_T._Jane","url_text":"Jane, Fred T."},{"url":"https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=yIqNNiNxhRoC&rdid=book-yIqNNiNxhRoC&rdot=1","url_text":"The Imperial Japanese Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66148499","url_text":"66148499"}]},{"reference":"\"Japanese Ironclads Fuso and Hiei\". Warship International. VIII (2). Toledo, Ohio: International Naval Records Organization: 201–02. 30 June 1971.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977). Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-893-X","url_text":"0-87021-893-X"}]},{"reference":"Lengerer, Hans (December 2020). \"The 1884 Coup d'État in Korea — Revision and Acceleration of the Expansion of the IJN: A Contribution to the Pre-History of the Chinese-Japanese War 1894–95\". Warship International. LVII (4): 289–302. ISSN 0043-0374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","url_text":"0043-0374"}]},{"reference":"Lengerer, Hans (September 2006). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). \"The IJN's First Warship Order to a Foreign Country: Armoured Frigate Fusô and Belted Corvettes Kongô and Hiei – Part I\". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper I): 40–53.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lengerer, Hans (March 2007). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). \"The IJN's First Warship Order to a Foreign Country: Armoured Frigate Fusô and Belted Corvettes Kongô and Hiei – Part II\". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper II): 31–43.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lengerer, Hans (September 2007). Ahlberg, Lars (ed.). \"The IJN's First Warship Order to a Foreign Country: Armoured Frigate Fusô and Belted Corvettes Kongô and Hiei – Part III\". Contributions to the History of Imperial Japanese Warships (Paper III): 45–54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88254-979-0","url_text":"0-88254-979-0"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Richard N. J. (2000). The Chinese Steam Navy 1862–1945. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-144-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-144-9","url_text":"1-86176-144-9"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"Link":"https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=yIqNNiNxhRoC&rdid=book-yIqNNiNxhRoC&rdot=1","external_links_name":"The Imperial Japanese Navy"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66148499","external_links_name":"66148499"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","external_links_name":"0043-0374"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_It%27s_You!
Baby It's You!
["1 Background","1.1 Greenberg and the Shirelles","1.2 Mutrux and Escott's collaborations","1.3 Involvement of Epps","2 Synopsis","3 Musical numbers","4 Original Broadway cast","5 Productions","5.1 California (2009)","5.2 Broadway (2011)","6 Response","7 Awards and nominations","8 Recordings","9 2011 lawsuit","10 References","11 External links"]
Jukebox musical This article is about the musical. For other uses, see Baby It's You (disambiguation). Baby It's You!The MusicalMusicVarious ArtistsLyricsVarious ArtistsBookFloyd MutruxColin EscottBasisThe life and career of Florence GreenbergProductions2009 Los Angeles2009 Pasadena2011 Broadway Baby It's You! is a jukebox musical written by Floyd Mutrux and Colin Escott, featuring pop and rock hits of the 1960s, with a special emphasis on songs by the Shirelles and other acts signed to Scepter Records. The show "tells the story of Florence Greenberg and Scepter Records, the label Greenberg started when she signed the Shirelles." After several tryouts and premieres, the show debuted on Broadway in April 2011, directed by Sheldon Epps. Background Greenberg and the Shirelles The Shirelles were an American girl group in the early 1960s, and the first to have a number one single on the Billboard Hot 100. The members of the quartet were Shirley Owens (the main lead singer), Doris Coley, Beverly Lee, and Addie "Micki" Harris. Florence Greenberg (September 16, 1913 – November 2, 1995) originally created Tiara Records. The first song recorded and released on the label was "I Met Him On a Sunday", by the Shirelles. Just as the record started to break locally, Greenberg sold the company with the Shirelles' contract to Decca Records for US$4000. With that money, she started a new label in 1959, called Scepter Records, which became one of the leading record labels in the 60s. Mutrux and Escott's collaborations Mutrux and Escott had collaborated on the book for the Broadway musical Million Dollar Quartet, which was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Musical and Best Book of a Musical. Mutrux, who knew about Florence Greenberg, conceived Baby It's You! The Musical, which is part of Mutrux's planned "American Pop Anthology" series, focusing on American music from the 1950s to the 1980s. Million Dollar Quartet was also part of this series. Involvement of Epps Epps is director of the Pasadena Playhouse. In late 2009, one of the shows scheduled to play there suddenly closed: ". . . I'd heard several good things about a smaller workshop production of this show that was at the Coast Playhouse in West Hollywood. I did a little reading about the subject matter — about the Shirelles and Florence Greenberg and all of that — and went over to see it. I was very taken with it and very taken with the idea of developing it for a larger venue, so we were able to make an arrangement to make it the last show of our season." This is not the first jukebox musical Epps had worked on: he directed Play On!, with Duke Ellington songs, and Blues in the Night. Synopsis Florence Greenberg is an average New Jersey housewife. A talent show is held at her daughter's school, and a group of African-American girls are preparing to perform. Florence's daughter is surprised at their talent, quickly notifying her mother, and Florence decides to make the group recording artists. To accommodate them, she founds Scepter Records. After the success of the Shirelles, the new name of the group, Florence and Scepter Records go on to "discover recording artists like the Kingsmen, the Isley Brothers and Dionne Warwick." Musical numbers Act I Mr. Lee – Company Book of Love – Company Rockin' Robin – Company Dance With Me – Company Mama Said – Florence Yakety Yak – Bernie Get a Job – Stanley The Stroll – Orchestra I Met Him on a Sunday – Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki Dedicated to the One I Love – Florence, Stan, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki 16 Candles – Florence Tonight's the Night – Luther, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki Dedicated to the One I Love (Reprise) – Florence and Stanley Since I Don't Have You – Chuck Jackson Big John (Ain't You Gonna Marry Me) – Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki He's So Fine – Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki Soldier Boy – Florence, Luther, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki Dedicated to the One I Love (Reprise) – Shirley, Beverly, Doris, Micki, and Company Act II Shout – Ron Isley, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki Twist And Shout – Ron Isley, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki Mama Said (Reprise) – Shirley, Beverly, Doris, Micki, Luther and Florence Mr. Bassman – Johnny Cymbal and Bass Men Duke of Earl – Gene Chandler, Shirley, Micki, Beverly and Doris Foolish Little Girl – Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki It's My Party – Lesley Gore Our Day Will Come – Ruby & the Romantics The Dark End of the Street – Luther, Florence, Chuck Jackson and Shirley Rhythm of the Rain – Stanley, Mary Jane and Florence You're So Fine – Chuck Jackson, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki Hey Paula – Chuck Jackson, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki Louie Louie – Kingsmen, Chuck Jackson, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki You Really Got a Hold on Me – Chuck Jackson, Beverly, Shirley, Micki, Doris, Mary Jane and Florence Baby It's You – Shirley, Beverly, Doris, Micki, Florence and Luther Any Day Now – Chuck Jackson A Thing of the Past – Beverly, Micki and Shirley Don't Make Me Over – Dionne Warwick and Florence Walk On By – Dionne Warwick, Florence and Luther Baby It's You (Reprise) – Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki Tonight's the Night (Reprise) – Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki Dedicated to the One I Love (Reprise) – Shirley, Beverly, Doris, Micki and Florence I Say a Little Prayer – Company Original Broadway cast Character Original Cast Florence Greenberg Beth Leavel Luther Dixon Allan Louis Shirley Owens± Christina Sajous Doris Coley± Crystal Starr Knighton Addie "Micki" Harris± Erica Ash Beverly Lee± Kyra Da Costa Bernie Greenberg Barry Pearl Mary Jane Greenberg Kelli Barrett Stanley Greenberg Brandon Uranowitz Chuck Jackson Geno Henderson Ensemble Erica Dorfler Ensemble Jahi A. Kearse ±Denotes that character is a member of the Shirelles. Productions California (2009) The show premiered at the Coast Playhouse in Los Angeles on July 18, 2009, playing until August 30, 2009, choreographed by Birgitte Mutrux, directed by Floyd Mutrux, and starring Meeghan Holaway. Other cast members included Erica Ash and Barry Pearl. Another production with the same cast played at the Pasadena Playhouse from November 13, 2009, to December 13, 2009. Broadway (2011) The show opened on Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre, starring Beth Leavel as Florence, directed by Sheldon Epps, and with musical supervision and arrangements by Rahn Coleman. Baby It's You! began previews on March 26, 2011, and officially opened on April 27, with choreography by Brigitte Mutrux, orchestrations by Don Sebesky, scenic design by Anna Louizos, costume design by Lizz Wolf, lighting design by Howell Binkley, and projection design by Jason H. Thompson. Joining Leavel as the Shirelles were Christina Sajous, Erica Ash, Kyra DaCosta, and Crystal Starr Knighton. The production closed on September 4, 2011. Response Entertainment Weekly's Clark Collis gave the musical a "B−" rating, calling it "a night out that is easy on the ear ... 'Baby It's You' gives Leavel, a Tony Award-winner for The Drowsy Chaperone, a platform for both her vocal and her dramatic talents ... he quartet playing the Shirelles are given little to do but capably sing and dance their way through the group's repertoire while breaking a succession of costume change land speed records. But there is never any doubt that the main attractions here ARE the hits — this is a jukebox musical so unashamed about its nature that it starts with the projected image of an actual jukebox." Charles Isherwood in The New York Times called the production "dismal" and criticized the "nvitations to sing along" and the "inducements to wallow in visions of happy yesterdays". Steven Suskin in Variety unfavorably compared the show to Jersey Boys: "Imagine without the carefully integrated character development of Frankie Valli and Bob Gaudio, and with a tunestack only one quarter as imperishable. You needn't imagine it; just wander to the Broadhurst for Baby It's You!" He further stated that Leavel did a capable job filling a poorly scripted role. In the Chicago Tribune, Chris Jones wrote, "The Shirelles, one of the greatest girl groups of all time, get a show of such total ineptitude and cynical profiteering that your mouth pretty much dangles open in disbelief for the duration of the entire tawdry proceedings." Linda Winer (Newsday) said of the show: "t's just another jukebox musical." Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominee Result 2011 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actress in a Musical Beth Leavel Nominated Tony Award Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Beth Leavel Nominated Recordings An original Broadway cast recording was released by Universal Music Group on June 14, 2011. The album, recorded from April 17 to 25, 2011, is produced by Richard Perry and associate-produced by Rahn Coleman. 2011 lawsuit On April 27, 2011, the date the production opened on Broadway, it was announced that a personality rights lawsuit against the play's producers had been filed with the Supreme Court of the State of New York. The suit alleged unauthorized and uncompensated use of the names, likenesses, and biographical information of Beverly Lee (a surviving member of The Shirelles who owns the trademark to the group's name); late Shirelles members Doris Coley Jackson and Addie Harris Jackson; Dionne Warwick; and Chuck Jackson. The suit sought damages on the plaintiffs' behalf. (The other surviving member of the original Shirelles, Shirley Alston Reeves, was not named as a plaintiff.) On December 15, 2011, a federal judge asserted that the suit be discontinued after both sides agreed to settle. References ^ Jones, Kenneth (October 20, 2010). "Shirelles Musical Baby It's You! Takes More Steps Toward Broadway". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ Shaffer, Paul (April 22, 2005). "The Immortals: The First Fifty". Rolling Stone Issue 946. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 8, 2008. ^ Lynwander, Linda (February 18, 2011). "A second chance for Florence Greenberg". northjersey.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011. ^ Gans, Andrew (January 21, 2010). "Foster and Stanley Will Join Original Chicago Quartet for Broadway's Million Dollar Quartet". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ Fick, David (April 11, 2010). "MILLION DOLLAR QUARTET Opens Tonight". Musical Cyberspace. ^ "Who's Nominated?". Tony Awards. IBM Corp. Archived from the original on May 7, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010. ^ a b c Haun, Harry (April 11, 2011). "PLAYBILL.COM'S BRIEF ENCOUNTER With Baby It's You! Co-Director Sheldon Epps". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ "Girl Group-Themed Baby, It's You Eyes Winter 2011 Broadway Bow". Broadway.com. July 26, 2010. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (January 24, 2011). "Jukebox Musical 'Baby It's You!' Will Get Broadway Rotation This Spring". The New York Times. ^ "World Premiere Musical BABY IT'S YOU! Begins 7/18 At The Coast Playhouse". BroadwayWorld. July 10, 2009. ^ Henerson, Evan (November 13, 2010). "Baby It's You!, a CurtainUp Los Angeles Review". CurtainUp. ^ Jones, Kenneth (October 20, 2010). "Shirelles Musical Baby It's You! Takes More Steps Toward Broadway". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ a b Jones, Kenneth (January 14, 2011). "Producers of Baby It's You! Eyeing Broadhurst Theatre and Beth Leavel". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ Chatter, Rialto (January 14, 2011). "Mutrux's BABY, IT'S YOU Musical to Play Broadhurst in Spring with Leavel in Talks to Star?". BroadwayWorld. ^ a b Hetrick, Adam (January 24, 2011). "Shirelles Musical Baby It's You!, With Beth Leavel, Will Play the Broadhurst; Complete Cast Announced". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ Jones, Kenneth (February 4, 2011). "Baby It's You! Box Office Will Open Feb. 5". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ "Baby It's You! at Broadhurst Theatre". Playbill. Archived from the original on March 3, 2011. ^ Simonson, Robert (August 5, 2011). "PLAYBILL.COM'S THEATRE WEEK IN REVIEW, July 30-Aug. 5: Ghost to Broadway?, Theresa Rebeck's Latest, Bye Bye Baby". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ Collis, Clark (April 26, 2011). "Baby It's You". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ Isherwood, Charles (April 27, 2011). "Girl Group Tale Is Reharmonized". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2011. ^ Suskin, Steven (April 27, 2011). "Baby It's You!". Variety Magazine. Retrieved April 28, 2011. ^ Jones, Chris (April 27, 2011). "'Baby It's You' on Broadway: As the jukebox story of the Shirelles, baby it's who?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2011. ^ Winer, Linda (April 26, 2011). "'Baby,' it's just another jukebox musical". Newsday. Retrieved April 28, 2011. ^ Jones, Kenneth (April 26, 2011). "The Shirelles Live Again on Disc; Baby It's You! Cast Album Due June 14". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ Jones, Kenneth (April 27, 2011). "Baby It's You! Producers Being Sued by Beverly Lee of The Shirelles, Dionne Warwick and Others". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021. ^ Jones, Kenneth (December 19, 2011). "Baby It's You! Legal Dispute Settled". Playbill. Retrieved November 2, 2015. External links Official website of Baby It's You! Internet Broadway Database listing vteThe Shirelles Shirley Owens Doris Coley Addie Harris Beverly Lee Albums Tonight's the Night The Shirelles Sing to Trumpets and Strings The Shirelles and King Curtis Give a Twist Party (with King Curtis) Baby It's You Foolish Little Girl Hear & Now Happy and In Love Singles "Tonight's the Night" "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" "Dedicated to the One I Love" "Mama Said" "Big John (Ain't You Gonna Marry Me)" "Baby It's You" "Soldier Boy" "Welcome Home, Baby" "Everybody Loves a Lover" "Foolish Little Girl" "Sha-La-La" Related topics "Boys" Baby It's You! The Musical vteWarner Bros. Theatre VenturesBook adaptations Lestat (2006) Doctor Zhivago (2006) The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time (2012) Misery (2012) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2013) The Bridges of Madison County (2013) Warner live-action film adaptations Elf (2010) A Christmas Story: The Musical (2012) Beetlejuice (2018) Other adaptations Baby It's You! (2009) Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas 2014 TV film A Christmas Story Live! 2017 TV film Also see Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (2016) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baby It's You (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_It%27s_You_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"jukebox musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukebox_musical"},{"link_name":"Floyd Mutrux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floyd_Mutrux"},{"link_name":"Colin Escott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Escott"},{"link_name":"the Shirelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shirelles"},{"link_name":"Scepter Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scepter_Records"},{"link_name":"Florence Greenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Greenberg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Epps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Epps"}],"text":"This article is about the musical. For other uses, see Baby It's You (disambiguation).Baby It's You! is a jukebox musical written by Floyd Mutrux and Colin Escott, featuring pop and rock hits of the 1960s, with a special emphasis on songs by the Shirelles and other acts signed to Scepter Records. The show \"tells the story of Florence Greenberg and Scepter Records, the label Greenberg started when she signed the Shirelles.\"[1] After several tryouts and premieres, the show debuted on Broadway in April 2011, directed by Sheldon Epps.","title":"Baby It's You!"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Shirelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shirelles"},{"link_name":"girl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_group"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Shirley Owens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Owens"},{"link_name":"Doris Coley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Coley"},{"link_name":"Beverly Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Lee"},{"link_name":"Addie \"Micki\" Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addie_%22Micki%22_Harris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Florence Greenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Greenberg"},{"link_name":"Tiara Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiara_Records"},{"link_name":"Decca Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decca_Records"},{"link_name":"Scepter Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scepter_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Greenberg and the Shirelles","text":"The Shirelles were an American girl group in the early 1960s, and the first to have a number one single on the Billboard Hot 100. The members of the quartet were Shirley Owens (the main lead singer), Doris Coley, Beverly Lee, and Addie \"Micki\" Harris.[2]Florence Greenberg (September 16, 1913 – November 2, 1995) originally created Tiara Records. The first song recorded and released on the label was \"I Met Him On a Sunday\", by the Shirelles. Just as the record started to break locally, Greenberg sold the company with the Shirelles' contract to Decca Records for US$4000. With that money, she started a new label in 1959, called Scepter Records, which became one of the leading record labels in the 60s.[3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Million Dollar Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Dollar_Quartet_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tony Award for Best Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Musical"},{"link_name":"Best Book of a Musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Book"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Mutrux and Escott's collaborations","text":"Mutrux and Escott had collaborated on the book for the Broadway musical Million Dollar Quartet,[4][5] which was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Musical and Best Book of a Musical.[6] Mutrux, who knew about Florence Greenberg, conceived Baby It's You! The Musical,[7] which is part of Mutrux's planned \"American Pop Anthology\" series, focusing on American music from the 1950s to the 1980s. Million Dollar Quartet was also part of this series.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pasadena Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Blues in the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_in_the_Night_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"sub_title":"Involvement of Epps","text":"Epps is director of the Pasadena Playhouse. In late 2009, one of the shows scheduled to play there suddenly closed:\". . . I'd heard several good things about a smaller workshop production of this show that was at the Coast Playhouse in West Hollywood. I did a little reading about the subject matter — about the Shirelles and Florence Greenberg and all of that — and went over to see it. I was very taken with it and very taken with the idea of developing it for a larger venue, so we were able to make an arrangement to make it the last show of our season.\"[7]This is not the first jukebox musical Epps had worked on: he directed Play On!, with Duke Ellington songs, and Blues in the Night.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Florence Greenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Greenberg"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"housewife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housewife"},{"link_name":"recording artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_artist"},{"link_name":"Scepter Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scepter_Records"},{"link_name":"the Shirelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shirelles"},{"link_name":"the Kingsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingsmen"},{"link_name":"the Isley Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Dionne Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_Warwick"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Florence Greenberg is an average New Jersey housewife. A talent show is held at her daughter's school, and a group of African-American girls are preparing to perform. Florence's daughter is surprised at their talent, quickly notifying her mother, and Florence decides to make the group recording artists. To accommodate them, she founds Scepter Records. After the success of the Shirelles, the new name of the group, Florence and Scepter Records go on to \"discover recording artists like the Kingsmen, the Isley Brothers and Dionne Warwick.\"[9]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mr. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Lee_(song)"},{"link_name":"Book of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Love_(The_Monotones_song)"},{"link_name":"Rockin' Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockin%27_Robin_(song)"},{"link_name":"Mama Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Said_(The_Shirelles_song)"},{"link_name":"Yakety Yak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakety_Yak"},{"link_name":"Get a Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_a_Job_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Stroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stroll"},{"link_name":"Dedicated to the One I Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedicated_to_the_One_I_Love"},{"link_name":"16 Candles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Candles_(song)"},{"link_name":"Tonight's the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonight%27s_the_Night_(The_Shirelles_song)"},{"link_name":"Since I Don't Have You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Since_I_Don%27t_Have_You"},{"link_name":"Chuck Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Big John (Ain't You Gonna Marry Me)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_John_(Ain%27t_You_Gonna_Marry_Me)"},{"link_name":"He's So Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He%27s_So_Fine"},{"link_name":"Soldier Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_Boy_(The_Shirelles_song)"},{"link_name":"Shout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout_(The_Isley_Brothers_song)"},{"link_name":"Ron Isley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Isley"},{"link_name":"Twist And Shout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist_And_Shout"},{"link_name":"Johnny Cymbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Cymbal"},{"link_name":"Duke of Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Earl"},{"link_name":"Gene Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Foolish Little Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foolish_Little_Girl_(song)"},{"link_name":"It's My Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_My_Party_(Lesley_Gore_song)"},{"link_name":"Lesley Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Gore"},{"link_name":"Our Day Will Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Day_Will_Come"},{"link_name":"Ruby & the Romantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_%26_the_Romantics"},{"link_name":"The Dark End of the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_End_of_the_Street"},{"link_name":"Rhythm of the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_of_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"You're So Fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27re_So_Fine_(The_Falcons_song)"},{"link_name":"Hey Paula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Paula_(song)"},{"link_name":"Louie Louie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Louie"},{"link_name":"Kingsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kingsmen"},{"link_name":"You Really Got a Hold on Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Really_Got_a_Hold_on_Me"},{"link_name":"Baby It's You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_It%27s_You"},{"link_name":"Any Day Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Any_Day_Now_(Chuck_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Don't Make Me Over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Make_Me_Over_(song)"},{"link_name":"Dionne Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne_Warwick"},{"link_name":"Walk On By","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_On_By_(song)"},{"link_name":"I Say a Little Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Say_a_Little_Prayer"}],"text":"Act I\nMr. Lee – Company\nBook of Love – Company\nRockin' Robin – Company\nDance With Me – Company\nMama Said – Florence\nYakety Yak – Bernie\nGet a Job – Stanley\nThe Stroll – Orchestra\nI Met Him on a Sunday – Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nDedicated to the One I Love – Florence, Stan, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\n16 Candles – Florence\nTonight's the Night – Luther, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nDedicated to the One I Love (Reprise) – Florence and Stanley\nSince I Don't Have You – Chuck Jackson\nBig John (Ain't You Gonna Marry Me) – Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nHe's So Fine – Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nSoldier Boy – Florence, Luther, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nDedicated to the One I Love (Reprise) – Shirley, Beverly, Doris, Micki, and Company\n\n\nAct II\nShout – Ron Isley, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nTwist And Shout – Ron Isley, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nMama Said (Reprise) – Shirley, Beverly, Doris, Micki, Luther and Florence\nMr. Bassman – Johnny Cymbal and Bass Men\nDuke of Earl – Gene Chandler, Shirley, Micki, Beverly and Doris\nFoolish Little Girl – Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nIt's My Party – Lesley Gore\nOur Day Will Come – Ruby & the Romantics\nThe Dark End of the Street – Luther, Florence, Chuck Jackson and Shirley\nRhythm of the Rain – Stanley, Mary Jane and Florence\nYou're So Fine – Chuck Jackson, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nHey Paula – Chuck Jackson, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nLouie Louie – Kingsmen, Chuck Jackson, Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nYou Really Got a Hold on Me – Chuck Jackson, Beverly, Shirley, Micki, Doris, Mary Jane and Florence\nBaby It's You – Shirley, Beverly, Doris, Micki, Florence and Luther\nAny Day Now – Chuck Jackson\nA Thing of the Past – Beverly, Micki and Shirley\nDon't Make Me Over – Dionne Warwick and Florence\nWalk On By – Dionne Warwick, Florence and Luther\nBaby It's You (Reprise) – Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nTonight's the Night (Reprise) – Shirley, Beverly, Doris and Micki\nDedicated to the One I Love (Reprise) – Shirley, Beverly, Doris, Micki and Florence\nI Say a Little Prayer – Company","title":"Musical numbers"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"±Denotes that character is a member of the Shirelles.","title":"Original Broadway cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Erica Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_Ash"},{"link_name":"Barry Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Pearl"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pasadena Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"California (2009)","text":"The show premiered at the Coast Playhouse in Los Angeles on July 18, 2009, playing until August 30, 2009,[10] choreographed by Birgitte Mutrux, directed by Floyd Mutrux, and starring Meeghan Holaway. Other cast members included Erica Ash and Barry Pearl.[11] Another production with the same cast played at the Pasadena Playhouse from November 13, 2009, to December 13, 2009.[12]","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadhurst Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadhurst_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Beth Leavel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Leavel"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Epps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Epps"},{"link_name":"Rahn Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahn_Coleman"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"Don Sebesky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Sebesky"},{"link_name":"Anna Louizos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Louizos"},{"link_name":"Howell Binkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell_Binkley"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"Erica Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_Ash"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Broadway (2011)","text":"The show opened on Broadway at the Broadhurst Theatre, starring Beth Leavel as Florence,[13][14] directed by Sheldon Epps, and with musical supervision and arrangements by Rahn Coleman. Baby It's You! began previews on March 26, 2011, and officially opened on April 27,[13] with choreography by Brigitte Mutrux, orchestrations by Don Sebesky, scenic design by Anna Louizos, costume design by Lizz Wolf, lighting design by Howell Binkley, and projection design by Jason H. Thompson.[15] Joining Leavel as the Shirelles were Christina Sajous, Erica Ash, Kyra DaCosta, and Crystal Starr Knighton.[15][16][17] The production closed on September 4, 2011.[18]","title":"Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Tony Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"The Drowsy Chaperone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drowsy_Chaperone"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Charles Isherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Isherwood"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Steven Suskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Suskin"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Jersey Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Boys"},{"link_name":"Frankie Valli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Valli"},{"link_name":"Bob Gaudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Gaudio"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Entertainment Weekly's Clark Collis gave the musical a \"B−\" rating, calling it \"a night out that is easy on the ear ... 'Baby It's You' gives Leavel, a Tony Award-winner for The Drowsy Chaperone, a platform for both her vocal and her dramatic talents ... [T]he quartet playing the Shirelles are given little to do but capably sing and dance their way through the group's repertoire while breaking a succession of costume change land speed records. But there is never any doubt that the main attractions here ARE the hits — this is a jukebox musical so unashamed about its nature that it starts with the projected image of an actual jukebox.\"[19]Charles Isherwood in The New York Times called the production \"dismal\" and criticized the \"[i]nvitations to sing along\" and the \"inducements to wallow in visions of happy yesterdays\".[20]Steven Suskin in Variety unfavorably compared the show to Jersey Boys: \"Imagine [the latter] without the carefully integrated character development of Frankie Valli and Bob Gaudio, and with a tunestack only one quarter as imperishable. You needn't imagine it; just wander to the Broadhurst for Baby It's You!\" He further stated that Leavel did a capable job filling a poorly scripted role.[21]In the Chicago Tribune, Chris Jones wrote, \"The Shirelles, one of the greatest girl groups of all time, get a show of such total ineptitude and cynical profiteering that your mouth pretty much dangles open in disbelief for the duration of the entire tawdry proceedings.\"[22] Linda Winer (Newsday) said of the show: \"[I]t's just another jukebox musical.\"[23]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cast recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_recording"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Richard Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Perry"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"An original Broadway cast recording was released by Universal Music Group on June 14, 2011. The album, recorded from April 17 to 25, 2011, is produced by Richard Perry and associate-produced by Rahn Coleman.[24]","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personality rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_rights"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Shirley Alston Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Owens"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"On April 27, 2011, the date the production opened on Broadway, it was announced that a personality rights lawsuit against the play's producers had been filed with the Supreme Court of the State of New York. The suit alleged unauthorized and uncompensated use of the names, likenesses, and biographical information of Beverly Lee (a surviving member of The Shirelles who owns the trademark to the group's name); late Shirelles members Doris Coley Jackson and Addie Harris Jackson; Dionne Warwick; and Chuck Jackson. The suit sought damages on the plaintiffs' behalf. (The other surviving member of the original Shirelles, Shirley Alston Reeves, was not named as a plaintiff.)[25] On December 15, 2011, a federal judge asserted that the suit be discontinued after both sides agreed to settle.[26]","title":"2011 lawsuit"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Jones, Kenneth (October 20, 2010). \"Shirelles Musical Baby It's You! Takes More Steps Toward Broadway\". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/shirelles-musical-baby-its-you-takes-more-steps-toward-broadway-com-172843","url_text":"\"Shirelles Musical Baby It's You! Takes More Steps Toward Broadway\""}]},{"reference":"Shaffer, Paul (April 22, 2005). \"The Immortals: The First Fifty\". Rolling Stone Issue 946. Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on January 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080108152349/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7248611/76_the_shirelles","url_text":"\"The Immortals: The First Fifty\""},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7248611/76_the_shirelles","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lynwander, Linda (February 18, 2011). \"A second chance for Florence Greenberg\". northjersey.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714200048/http://www.northjersey.com/news/opinions/editorials/116480338_A_second_chance_for_Florence_Greenberg.html","url_text":"\"A second chance for Florence Greenberg\""},{"url":"http://www.northjersey.com/news/opinions/editorials/116480338_A_second_chance_for_Florence_Greenberg.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gans, Andrew (January 21, 2010). \"Foster and Stanley Will Join Original Chicago Quartet for Broadway's Million Dollar Quartet\". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playbill.com/article/foster-and-stanley-will-join-original-chicago-quartet-for-broadways-million-dollar-quartet-com-165125","url_text":"\"Foster and Stanley Will Join Original Chicago Quartet for Broadway's Million Dollar Quartet\""}]},{"reference":"Fick, David (April 11, 2010). \"MILLION DOLLAR QUARTET Opens Tonight\". Musical Cyberspace.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicalcyberspace.wordpress.com/2010/04/11/million-dollar-quartet-opens-tonight/","url_text":"\"MILLION DOLLAR QUARTET Opens Tonight\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who's Nominated?\". Tony Awards. IBM Corp. Archived from the original on May 7, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100507080412/http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/index.html","url_text":"\"Who's Nominated?\""},{"url":"http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haun, Harry (April 11, 2011). \"PLAYBILL.COM'S BRIEF ENCOUNTER With Baby It's You! Co-Director Sheldon Epps\". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/playbillcoms-brief-encounter-with-baby-its-you-co-director-sheldon-epps-com-178121","url_text":"\"PLAYBILL.COM'S BRIEF ENCOUNTER With Baby It's You! Co-Director Sheldon Epps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Girl Group-Themed Baby, It's You Eyes Winter 2011 Broadway Bow\". Broadway.com. July 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadway.com/buzz/153100/girl-group-themed-baby-its-you-eyes-winter-2011-broadway-bow/","url_text":"\"Girl Group-Themed Baby, It's You Eyes Winter 2011 Broadway Bow\""}]},{"reference":"Itzkoff, Dave (January 24, 2011). \"Jukebox Musical 'Baby It's You!' Will Get Broadway Rotation This Spring\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/jukebox-musical-baby-its-you-will-get-broadway-rotation-this-spring/","url_text":"\"Jukebox Musical 'Baby It's You!' Will Get Broadway Rotation This Spring\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Premiere Musical BABY IT'S YOU! Begins 7/18 At The Coast Playhouse\". BroadwayWorld. July 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/los-angeles/article/World-Premiere-Musical-BABY-ITS-YOU-Begins-718-At-The-Coast-Playhouse-20090710","url_text":"\"World Premiere Musical BABY IT'S YOU! Begins 7/18 At The Coast Playhouse\""}]},{"reference":"Henerson, Evan (November 13, 2010). \"Baby It's You!, a CurtainUp Los Angeles Review\". CurtainUp.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.curtainup.com/babyitsyoula.html","url_text":"\"Baby It's You!, a CurtainUp Los Angeles Review\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Kenneth (October 20, 2010). \"Shirelles Musical Baby It's You! Takes More Steps Toward Broadway\". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/shirelles-musical-baby-its-you-takes-more-steps-toward-broadway-com-172843","url_text":"\"Shirelles Musical Baby It's You! Takes More Steps Toward Broadway\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Kenneth (January 14, 2011). \"Producers of Baby It's You! Eyeing Broadhurst Theatre and Beth Leavel\". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/producers-of-baby-its-you-eyeing-broadhurst-theatre-and-beth-leavel-com-175208","url_text":"\"Producers of Baby It's You! Eyeing Broadhurst Theatre and Beth Leavel\""}]},{"reference":"Chatter, Rialto (January 14, 2011). \"Mutrux's BABY, IT'S YOU Musical to Play Broadhurst in Spring with Leavel in Talks to Star?\". BroadwayWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Mutruxs-BABY-ITS-YOU-Musical-to-Play-Broadhurst-in-Spring-with-Leavel-in-Talks-to-Star-20110114","url_text":"\"Mutrux's BABY, IT'S YOU Musical to Play Broadhurst in Spring with Leavel in Talks to Star?\""}]},{"reference":"Hetrick, Adam (January 24, 2011). \"Shirelles Musical Baby It's You!, With Beth Leavel, Will Play the Broadhurst; Complete Cast Announced\". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/shirelles-musical-baby-its-you-with-beth-leavel-will-play-the-broadhurst-complete-cast-announced-com-175472","url_text":"\"Shirelles Musical Baby It's You!, With Beth Leavel, Will Play the Broadhurst; Complete Cast Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Kenneth (February 4, 2011). \"Baby It's You! Box Office Will Open Feb. 5\". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/baby-its-you-box-office-will-open-feb-5-com-175876","url_text":"\"Baby It's You! Box Office Will Open Feb. 5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baby It's You! at Broadhurst Theatre\". Playbill. Archived from the original on March 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110303012102/http://www.playbill.com/events/event_detail/21873-Baby-Its-You-at-Broadhurst-Theatre","url_text":"\"Baby It's You! at Broadhurst Theatre\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/events/event_detail/21873-Baby-Its-You-at-Broadhurst-Theatre","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simonson, Robert (August 5, 2011). \"PLAYBILL.COM'S THEATRE WEEK IN REVIEW, July 30-Aug. 5: Ghost to Broadway?, Theresa Rebeck's Latest, Bye Bye Baby\". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/playbillcoms-theatre-week-in-review-july-30-aug-5-ghost-to-broadway-theresa-rebecks-latest-bye-bye-baby-com-181549","url_text":"\"PLAYBILL.COM'S THEATRE WEEK IN REVIEW, July 30-Aug. 5: Ghost to Broadway?, Theresa Rebeck's Latest, Bye Bye Baby\""}]},{"reference":"Collis, Clark (April 26, 2011). \"Baby It's You\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2011/04/27/baby-its-you/","url_text":"\"Baby It's You\""}]},{"reference":"Isherwood, Charles (April 27, 2011). \"Girl Group Tale Is Reharmonized\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://theater.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/theater/reviews/baby-its-you-story-of-the-shirelles-review.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1303956639-xYht5Zle67syffPxnjRuVw","url_text":"\"Girl Group Tale Is Reharmonized\""}]},{"reference":"Suskin, Steven (April 27, 2011). \"Baby It's You!\". Variety Magazine. Retrieved April 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117945106","url_text":"\"Baby It's You!\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Chris (April 27, 2011). \"'Baby It's You' on Broadway: As the jukebox story of the Shirelles, baby it's who?\". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110519184421/http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/the_theater_loop/2011/04/baby-its-you-broadway-review-shirelles.html","url_text":"\"'Baby It's You' on Broadway: As the jukebox story of the Shirelles, baby it's who?\""},{"url":"http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/the_theater_loop/2011/04/baby-its-you-broadway-review-shirelles.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Winer, Linda (April 26, 2011). \"'Baby,' it's just another jukebox musical\". Newsday. Retrieved April 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/theater/baby-it-s-just-another-jukebox-musical-1.2840373","url_text":"\"'Baby,' it's just another jukebox musical\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Kenneth (April 26, 2011). \"The Shirelles Live Again on Disc; Baby It's You! Cast Album Due June 14\". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/the-shirelles-live-again-on-disc-baby-its-you-cast-album-due-june-14-com-178578","url_text":"\"The Shirelles Live Again on Disc; Baby It's You! Cast Album Due June 14\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Kenneth (April 27, 2011). \"Baby It's You! Producers Being Sued by Beverly Lee of The Shirelles, Dionne Warwick and Others\". Playbill. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/baby-its-you-producers-being-sued-by-beverly-lee-of-the-shirelles-dionne-warwick-and-others-com-178629","url_text":"\"Baby It's You! Producers Being Sued by Beverly Lee of The Shirelles, Dionne Warwick and Others\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Kenneth (December 19, 2011). \"Baby It's You! Legal Dispute Settled\". Playbill. Retrieved November 2, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/baby-its-you-legal-dispute-settled-185689","url_text":"\"Baby It's You! Legal Dispute Settled\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/shirelles-musical-baby-its-you-takes-more-steps-toward-broadway-com-172843","external_links_name":"\"Shirelles Musical Baby It's You! Takes More Steps Toward Broadway\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080108152349/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7248611/76_the_shirelles","external_links_name":"\"The Immortals: The First Fifty\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/7248611/76_the_shirelles","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110714200048/http://www.northjersey.com/news/opinions/editorials/116480338_A_second_chance_for_Florence_Greenberg.html","external_links_name":"\"A second chance for Florence Greenberg\""},{"Link":"http://www.northjersey.com/news/opinions/editorials/116480338_A_second_chance_for_Florence_Greenberg.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.playbill.com/article/foster-and-stanley-will-join-original-chicago-quartet-for-broadways-million-dollar-quartet-com-165125","external_links_name":"\"Foster and Stanley Will Join Original Chicago Quartet for Broadway's Million Dollar Quartet\""},{"Link":"https://musicalcyberspace.wordpress.com/2010/04/11/million-dollar-quartet-opens-tonight/","external_links_name":"\"MILLION DOLLAR QUARTET Opens Tonight\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100507080412/http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Who's Nominated?\""},{"Link":"http://www.tonyawards.com/en_US/nominees/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/playbillcoms-brief-encounter-with-baby-its-you-co-director-sheldon-epps-com-178121","external_links_name":"\"PLAYBILL.COM'S BRIEF ENCOUNTER With Baby It's You! Co-Director Sheldon Epps\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadway.com/buzz/153100/girl-group-themed-baby-its-you-eyes-winter-2011-broadway-bow/","external_links_name":"\"Girl Group-Themed Baby, It's You Eyes Winter 2011 Broadway Bow\""},{"Link":"https://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/24/jukebox-musical-baby-its-you-will-get-broadway-rotation-this-spring/","external_links_name":"\"Jukebox Musical 'Baby It's You!' Will Get Broadway Rotation This Spring\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/los-angeles/article/World-Premiere-Musical-BABY-ITS-YOU-Begins-718-At-The-Coast-Playhouse-20090710","external_links_name":"\"World Premiere Musical BABY IT'S YOU! Begins 7/18 At The Coast Playhouse\""},{"Link":"http://www.curtainup.com/babyitsyoula.html","external_links_name":"\"Baby It's You!, a CurtainUp Los Angeles Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/shirelles-musical-baby-its-you-takes-more-steps-toward-broadway-com-172843","external_links_name":"\"Shirelles Musical Baby It's You! Takes More Steps Toward Broadway\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/producers-of-baby-its-you-eyeing-broadhurst-theatre-and-beth-leavel-com-175208","external_links_name":"\"Producers of Baby It's You! Eyeing Broadhurst Theatre and Beth Leavel\""},{"Link":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Mutruxs-BABY-ITS-YOU-Musical-to-Play-Broadhurst-in-Spring-with-Leavel-in-Talks-to-Star-20110114","external_links_name":"\"Mutrux's BABY, IT'S YOU Musical to Play Broadhurst in Spring with Leavel in Talks to Star?\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/shirelles-musical-baby-its-you-with-beth-leavel-will-play-the-broadhurst-complete-cast-announced-com-175472","external_links_name":"\"Shirelles Musical Baby It's You!, With Beth Leavel, Will Play the Broadhurst; Complete Cast Announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/baby-its-you-box-office-will-open-feb-5-com-175876","external_links_name":"\"Baby It's You! Box Office Will Open Feb. 5\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110303012102/http://www.playbill.com/events/event_detail/21873-Baby-Its-You-at-Broadhurst-Theatre","external_links_name":"\"Baby It's You! at Broadhurst Theatre\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/events/event_detail/21873-Baby-Its-You-at-Broadhurst-Theatre","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/playbillcoms-theatre-week-in-review-july-30-aug-5-ghost-to-broadway-theresa-rebecks-latest-bye-bye-baby-com-181549","external_links_name":"\"PLAYBILL.COM'S THEATRE WEEK IN REVIEW, July 30-Aug. 5: Ghost to Broadway?, Theresa Rebeck's Latest, Bye Bye Baby\""},{"Link":"https://ew.com/article/2011/04/27/baby-its-you/","external_links_name":"\"Baby It's You\""},{"Link":"http://theater.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/theater/reviews/baby-its-you-story-of-the-shirelles-review.html?adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1303956639-xYht5Zle67syffPxnjRuVw","external_links_name":"\"Girl Group Tale Is Reharmonized\""},{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117945106","external_links_name":"\"Baby It's You!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110519184421/http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/the_theater_loop/2011/04/baby-its-you-broadway-review-shirelles.html","external_links_name":"\"'Baby It's You' on Broadway: As the jukebox story of the Shirelles, baby it's who?\""},{"Link":"http://leisureblogs.chicagotribune.com/the_theater_loop/2011/04/baby-its-you-broadway-review-shirelles.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/theater/baby-it-s-just-another-jukebox-musical-1.2840373","external_links_name":"\"'Baby,' it's just another jukebox musical\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/the-shirelles-live-again-on-disc-baby-its-you-cast-album-due-june-14-com-178578","external_links_name":"\"The Shirelles Live Again on Disc; Baby It's You! Cast Album Due June 14\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/article/baby-its-you-producers-being-sued-by-beverly-lee-of-the-shirelles-dionne-warwick-and-others-com-178629","external_links_name":"\"Baby It's You! Producers Being Sued by Beverly Lee of The Shirelles, Dionne Warwick and Others\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/baby-its-you-legal-dispute-settled-185689","external_links_name":"\"Baby It's You! Legal Dispute Settled\""},{"Link":"http://www.babyitsyouonbroadway.com/","external_links_name":"Official website of Baby It's You!"},{"Link":"http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=489611","external_links_name":"Internet Broadway Database listing"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/7f07b7af-787e-44e8-95d2-26001c1b5075","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/68460f29-af35-45f4-a86d-f5a79efb3efd","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrinkles_in_Time
Wrinkles in Time
["1 Summary","2 Contents","3 In popular culture","4 Editions","5 References","6 External links"]
Book by George Smoot For the science fantasies, see A Wrinkle in Time. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Wrinkles in Time" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wrinkles in Time Hardcover editionAuthorGeorge Smoot, Keay DavidsonLanguageEnglishSubjectCosmologyGenreNon-fictionPublisherWilliam MorrowPublication dateOctober 1, 1994Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrintPages360 pp.ISBN0-380-72044-2 Wrinkles in Time is a book on cosmology by the Nobel laureate physicist George Smoot and Keay Davidson, a science writer for the San Francisco Examiner. It was published in 1994 by William Morrow in hardback. Summary On April 23, 1992, a scientific team led by astrophysicist George Smoot announced that it had found the primordial "seeds" from which the universe has grown. They analyzed data gathered by NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite and discovered the oldest known objects in the universe—so called "wrinkles" in time—thus finding a long-anticipated missing piece in the Big Bang model. In this book, Smoot tells the remarkable tale of his quest for what has been called the cosmologists' Holy Grail. His quest for the seeds of structure in the universe consumed about twenty years. The book traces the obstacle course of discovery. In the book, Smoot describes the adventure and along the way he brings the reader up to date in cosmology, giving brief introductions to some important concepts and discoveries in physics and cosmology. The research in the book eventually resulted in Smoot winning the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics, and the book was reprinted in 2007 as a result of the new interest generated by the award. On the cover of the reprint, theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking calls Smoot's observations in the book "the scientific discovery of the century, if not of all time". Contents Preface In the Beginning The Dark Night Sky The Expanding Universe Cosmological Conflict In Search of Antiworlds Spy in the Sky A Different Universe The Heart of Darkness The Inflationary Universe The Promise of Space COBE: The Aftermath First Glimpse of Wrinkles An Awful Place to Do Science Toward the Ultimate Question Appendix: Contributors to COBE To Dig Deeper: Further Readings Acknowledgments Index In popular culture Wrinkles in Time was featured in an episode of The Big Bang Theory. In the episode "The Terminator Decoupling", Leonard Hofstadter was reading a copy of the book on the train. At the end of the episode, author George Smoot made a cameo appearance. Editions Smoot, George; Keay Davidson (1994). Wrinkles in Time. William Morrow & Company. ISBN 0-380-72044-2. References ^ Smoot, George; Davidson, Keay (18 September 2007). Wrinkles in Time: Witness to the Birth of the Universe. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0061344442. ^ "Wrinkles in Time". goodreads.com. Retrieved 2015-02-21. External links What's next: George Smoot at TEDxCERN on YouTube George Smoot: The design of the universe on YouTube
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Wrinkle in Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Wrinkle_in_Time"},{"link_name":"cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"},{"link_name":"Nobel laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_laureate"},{"link_name":"George Smoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smoot"},{"link_name":"Keay Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keay_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For the science fantasies, see A Wrinkle in Time.Wrinkles in Time is a book on cosmology by the Nobel laureate physicist George Smoot and Keay Davidson, a science writer for the San Francisco Examiner. It was published in 1994 by William Morrow in hardback.[1][2]","title":"Wrinkles in Time"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Smoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smoot"},{"link_name":"Cosmic Background Explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer"},{"link_name":"Big Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"theoretical physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hawking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"}],"text":"On April 23, 1992, a scientific team led by astrophysicist George Smoot announced that it had found the primordial \"seeds\" from which the universe has grown. They analyzed data gathered by NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer satellite and discovered the oldest known objects in the universe—so called \"wrinkles\" in time—thus finding a long-anticipated missing piece in the Big Bang model. In this book, Smoot tells the remarkable tale of his quest for what has been called the cosmologists' Holy Grail. His quest for the seeds of structure in the universe consumed about twenty years. The book traces the obstacle course of discovery. In the book, Smoot describes the adventure and along the way he brings the reader up to date in cosmology, giving brief introductions to some important concepts and discoveries in physics and cosmology.The research in the book eventually resulted in Smoot winning the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics, and the book was reprinted in 2007 as a result of the new interest generated by the award. On the cover of the reprint, theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking calls Smoot's observations in the book \"the scientific discovery of the century, if not of all time\".","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer"}],"text":"PrefaceIn the Beginning\nThe Dark Night Sky\nThe Expanding Universe\nCosmological Conflict\nIn Search of Antiworlds\nSpy in the Sky\nA Different Universe\nThe Heart of Darkness\nThe Inflationary Universe\nThe Promise of Space\nCOBE: The Aftermath\nFirst Glimpse of Wrinkles\nAn Awful Place to Do Science\nToward the Ultimate QuestionAppendix: Contributors to COBE\nTo Dig Deeper: Further Readings\nAcknowledgments\nIndex","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Big Bang Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory"},{"link_name":"The Terminator Decoupling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Terminator_Decoupling"},{"link_name":"Leonard Hofstadter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Hofstadter"}],"text":"Wrinkles in Time was featured in an episode of The Big Bang Theory. In the episode \"The Terminator Decoupling\", Leonard Hofstadter was reading a copy of the book on the train. At the end of the episode, author George Smoot made a cameo appearance.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smoot, George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smoot"},{"link_name":"Keay Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keay_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wrinkles in Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/isbn_9780380720446"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-380-72044-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-72044-2"}],"text":"Smoot, George; Keay Davidson (1994). Wrinkles in Time. William Morrow & Company. ISBN 0-380-72044-2.","title":"Editions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Smoot, George; Keay Davidson (1994). Wrinkles in Time. William Morrow & Company. ISBN 0-380-72044-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smoot","url_text":"Smoot, George"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keay_Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Keay Davidson"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780380720446","url_text":"Wrinkles in Time"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-380-72044-2","url_text":"0-380-72044-2"}]},{"reference":"Smoot, George; Davidson, Keay (18 September 2007). Wrinkles in Time: Witness to the Birth of the Universe. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0061344442.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061344442","url_text":"978-0061344442"}]},{"reference":"\"Wrinkles in Time\". goodreads.com. Retrieved 2015-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/180.Wrinkles_in_Time?from_search=true&search_version=service_impr","url_text":"\"Wrinkles in Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodreads.com","url_text":"goodreads.com"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Wrinkles+in+Time%22","external_links_name":"\"Wrinkles in Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Wrinkles+in+Time%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Wrinkles+in+Time%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Wrinkles+in+Time%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Wrinkles+in+Time%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Wrinkles+in+Time%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780380720446","external_links_name":"Wrinkles in Time"},{"Link":"http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/180.Wrinkles_in_Time?from_search=true&search_version=service_impr","external_links_name":"\"Wrinkles in Time\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PmUUMnxwpjM","external_links_name":"What's next: George Smoot at TEDxCERN"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c64Aia4XE1Y","external_links_name":"George Smoot: The design of the universe"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Worthington
Craig Worthington
["1 Career","2 External links"]
American baseball player (born 1965) Baseball player Craig WorthingtonThird basemanBorn: (1965-04-17) April 17, 1965 (age 59)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightProfessional debutMLB: April 26, 1988, for the Baltimore OriolesNPB: June 30, 1996, for the Hanshin TigersCPBL: April 25, 1997, for the Koos Group WhalesLast appearanceMLB: May 14, 1996, for the Texas RangersNPB: October 9, 1996, for the Hanshin TigersCPBL: May 8, 1997, for the Koos Group WhalesMLB statisticsBatting average.230Home runs33Runs batted in144NPB statisticsBatting average.267Home runs3Runs batted in12CPBL statisticsBatting average.100Home runs0Runs batted in0 Teams Baltimore Orioles (1988–1991) Cleveland Indians (1992) Cincinnati Reds (1995) Texas Rangers (1995–1996) Hanshin Tigers (1996) Koos Group Whales (1997) Craig Richard Worthington (born April 17, 1965) is an American former professional baseball third baseman who played all or part of seven seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), between 1988 and 1996. He was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles, and later played for the Cleveland Indians, Cincinnati Reds, and Texas Rangers. He also played the end of the 1996 season for the Hanshin Tigers, and part of the 1997 season for the Koos Group Whales. Career Worthington attended Cantwell High School in Montebello, California. He was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in the 1st round (11th pick) of the 1985 amateur draft's secondary phase. The third baseman showed much promise, posting 15 home runs and 70 RBIs in 1989 with the Orioles. Craig was named to the Topps rookie all-star team. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors) Preceded byChris Sabo Topps Rookie All-Star Third Baseman 1989 Succeeded byRobin Ventura vteInternational League MVP Award 1932: Owen 1933: Rolfe 1934: Boone 1935: Puccinelli 1936: McGowan 1937: Crouse 1938: Carnegie 1939: Witek 1940: Ryba 1941: Hutchinson 1942: Barrett 1943: Schoendienst 1944: Moss 1945: Lollar 1946: Robinson 1947: Sauer 1948: Bloodworth 1949: B. Morgan 1950: Poholsky 1951: Wilson 1952: Gilliam 1953: Nelson 1954: Howard 1955: Nelson 1956: Goliat 1957: Baxes 1958: Nelson 1959: Herrera 1960: King 1961: Savage 1962: Martínez 1963: Buford 1964: J. Morgan 1965: Foy 1966: Epstein 1967: Aaron 1968: Rettenmund 1969: Alvarado 1970: Freed 1970: Kopacz 1971: Grich 1972: Evans 1973: Fuller 1974: Rice 1975: Vail 1976: Dauer 1976: Klutts 1976: Lis 1977: T. Cox 1978: Allenson 1979: Brown 1979: Stapleton 1980: Brant 1981: Butler 1982: Ashford 1983: Teufel 1984: Bradley 1985: Pasqua 1986: Dodson 1987: Milligan 1988: Worthington 1989: O'Malley 1990: Meulens 1991: Bell 1992: Snow 1993: Thome 1994: Manto 1995: Huskey 1996: Hiatt 1997: Petagine 1998: Petagine 1999: S. Cox 2000: Mottola 2001: Hall 2002: González 2003: Seguignol 2004: Peralta 2005: Victorino 2006: Witt 2007: Hessman 2008: Bailey 2009: Duncan 2010: Johnson 2011: Canzler 2012: Gómez 2013: Colabello 2014: Souza 2015: Hague 2016: Gamel 2017: Hoskins 2018: Meneses 2019: Mountcastle 2020: none 2021: Rodríguez 2022: Aranda 2023: Baker vteSporting News MLB Rookie of the Year AwardMLB Rookie 1946: Ennis 1947: J. Robinson 1948: Ashburn 1950: Ford AL Rookie 1949: Sievers 1951: Miñoso 1952: Courtney 1953: Kuenn 1954: Grim 1955: Score 1956: Aparicio 1957: Kubek & Bouchee 1959: Allison 1960: Hansen 1962: Tresh 2004: Crosby 2005: Street 2006: Verlander 2007: Pedroia 2008: Longoria 2009: Bailey 2010: Jackson 2011: Trumbo 2012: Trout 2013: Myers 2014: Abreu 2015: Correa 2016: Fulmer 2017: Judge 2018: Ohtani 2019: Álvarez 2020: Lewis 2021: García 2022: Rodríguez 2023: Henderson NL Rookie 1949: Newcombe 1951: Mays 1952: Black 1953: Gilliam 1954: Moon 1955: Virdon 1956: F. Robinson 1957: Sanford 1959: McCovey 1960: Howard 1962: Hubbs 2004: Bay 2005: Taveras 2006: Ramírez 2007: Braun 2008: Soto 2009: Happ 2010: Heyward 2011: Kimbrel 2012: Miley 2013: Fernández 2014: deGrom 2015: Bryant 2016: Seager 2017: Bellinger 2018: Acuña Jr. 2019: Alonso 2020: Cronenworth 2021: India 2022: Strider 2023: Carroll AL RookiePlayer 1958: Pearson 1961: Howser 1963: Ward 1964: Oliva 1965: Blefary 1966: Agee 1967: Carew 1968: Unser 1969: C. May 1970: Foster 1971: Chambliss 1972: Fisk 1973: Bumbry 1974: Hargrove 1975: Lynn 1976: Wynegar 1977: Page 1978: Molitor 1979: Putnam 1980: Charboneau 1981: Gedman 1982: Ripken Jr. 1983: Kittle 1984: Davis 1985: Guillén 1986: Canseco 1987: McGwire 1988: Harvey 1989: Worthington 1990: Alomar Jr. 1991: Knoblauch 1992: Listach 1993: Salmon 1994: Hamelin 1995: G. Anderson 1996: Jeter 1997: Garciaparra 1998: Grieve 1999: Beltrán 2000: Quinn 2001: Suzuki 2002: Hinske 2003: Gerut AL RookiePitcher 1958: Duren 1961: Schwall 1963: Peters 1964: Bunker 1965: M. López 1966: Nash 1967: Phoebus 1968: Bahnsen 1969: Nagy 1970: Blyleven 1971: Parsons 1972: Tidrow 1973: Busby 1974: Tanana 1975: Eckersley 1976: Fidrych 1977: Rozema 1978: Gale 1979: Clear 1980: Burns 1981: Righetti 1982: Vande Berg 1983: Boddicker 1984: Langston 1985: Higuera 1986: Eichhorn 1987: Henneman 1988: Harvey 1989: Gordon 1990: Appier 1991: Guzmán 1992: Eldred 1993: Sele 1994: B. Anderson 1995: Tavárez 1996: Baldwin 1997: Dickson 1998: Arrojo 1999: Hudson 2000: Sasaki 2001: Sabathia 2002: R. López 2003: Soriano NL RookiePlayer 1958: Willey 1961: B. Williams 1963: Rose 1964: Allen 1965: Morgan 1966: Helms 1967: L. May 1968: Bench 1969: Laboy 1970: Carbo 1971: E. Williams 1972: Rader 1973: Matthews 1974: Gross 1975: Carter 1976: Herndon 1977: Dawson 1978: Horner 1979: Leonard 1980: Smith 1981: Raines 1982: Ray 1983: Strawberry 1984: Samuel 1985: Coleman 1986: Thompson 1987: Santiago 1988: Grace 1989: Walton 1990: Justice 1991: Bagwell 1992: Karros 1993: Piazza 1994: Mondesí 1995: Jones 1996: Kendall 1997: Rolen 1998: Helton 1999: Wilson 2000: Furcal 2001: Pujols 2002: Wilkerson 2003: Podsednik NL RookiePitcher 1958: Cepeda 1961: Hunt 1963: Culp 1964: McCool 1965: Linzy 1966: Sutton 1967: Hughes 1968: Koosman 1969: Griffin 1970: Morton 1971: Cleveland 1972: Matlack 1973: Rogers 1974: D'Acquisto 1975: Montefusco 1976: Metzger 1977: Owchinko 1978: D. Robinson 1979: Sutcliffe 1980: Burns 1981: Valenzuela 1982: Bedrosian 1983: McMurtry 1984: Gooden 1985: Browning 1986: Worrell 1987: Dunne 1988: Belcher 1989: Benes 1990: Harkey 1991: Osuna 1992: Wakefield 1993: Rueter 1994: Trachsel 1995: Nomo 1996: Benes 1997: Morris 1998: Wood 1999: Williamson 2000: Ankiel 2001: Oswalt 2002: Jennings 2003: Willis This biographical article relating to an American baseball third baseman is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Hanshin Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanshin_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Koos Group Whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinatrust_Whales"}],"text":"Baseball playerCraig Richard Worthington (born April 17, 1965) is an American former professional baseball third baseman who played all or part of seven seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), between 1988 and 1996. He was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles, and later played for the Cleveland Indians, Cincinnati Reds, and Texas Rangers. He also played the end of the 1996 season for the Hanshin Tigers, and part of the 1997 season for the Koos Group Whales.","title":"Craig Worthington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cantwell High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantwell-Sacred_Heart_of_Mary_High_School"},{"link_name":"Montebello, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montebello,_California"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"1985 amateur draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"Topps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topps"}],"text":"Worthington attended Cantwell High School in Montebello, California. He was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles in the 1st round (11th pick) of the 1985 amateur draft's secondary phase. The third baseman showed much promise, posting 15 home runs and 70 RBIs in 1989 with the Orioles. Craig was named to the Topps rookie all-star team.","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/w/worthcr01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1014261","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=worthi001cra","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craig_Worthington&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambonese_people
Ambonese
["1 Language","2 Religion","3 History","4 Economy","5 Social structure","6 Culture and lifestyle","6.1 Clothing","6.2 Food","6.3 Music","7 References"]
Indonesia ethnic group Ethnic group AmboneseOrang AmbongAmbon bride and groom in traditional costumes.Regions with significant populations Indonesia Netherlands SurinameLanguagesAmbonese Malay, Indonesian (in Indonesia), Dutch (in Netherlands)ReligionChristianity (Protestantism-Reformed Church, Roman Catholicism), Islam (Sunni Islam)Related ethnic groupsMelanesians, Polynesians, Moluccans, Malagasy The Ambonese (Ambonese: Orang Ambong), misunderstood as well as Moluccans, are an ethnic group of mixed Austronesian and Melanesian origin. They are majority Christians followed by Muslims. The Ambonese are from Ambon Island in Maluku, an island group east of Sulawesi and north of Timor in Indonesia. They also live on the southwest of Seram Island; which is part of the Moluccas, Java, New Guinea; on the West Papua side and other regions of Indonesia. Additionally, there are about 35,000 Ambonese people living in the Netherlands. By the end of the 20th century, there were 258,331 (2007 census) Ambonese people living in Ambon, Maluku. Language An Ambonese Malay speaker, recorded in the United States. The predominant language of the island is Ambonese Malay, also called Ambonese. It developed as the trade language of central Maluku, and is spoken elsewhere in Maluku as a second language. Bilingualism in Indonesian is high around Ambon City. They are an ethnic mixture of Austronesians and the Melanesians. Religion Oldest mosque in Ambon. The Ambonese ethnicity is split of Christian (Reformed Christianity and Roman Catholicism) and Muslim (Sunni Islam), while indigenous customs such as tattooing have largely disappeared. According to Mikhail Anatolievich Chlenov, relationship between the adherents of both faiths here have traditionally been neighborly peaceful, based on the union of the communities' pela; which in the Ambonese language means "friend". However, he also mentions that clashes between Ambonese people and other non-indigenous ethnic groups occurs on religious grounds. Mounted tension then resulted in the 1998 inter-religious conflict in Ambon, of which until today the number of victims have turned into thousands of people. In the situation of an almost civil war, people were forced to move to refugee camps across the capital of the island, Ambon, Maluku, with lines dividing its Muslim and Christian sections were made. The problem is not completely resolved, and the religious issue is still acute, as indeed, in other parts of Indonesia. History A group of men after the institute of the M.P. in a church in Ambon, pre-1943. Ambon belonged to the so-called colonial ethnic group. They were formed in the 16th to 18th century as a result of the mixing of the indigenous population of Ambon Island and West Seram Regency, the human trade of the Hitu people, and with the immigrants from both other parts of Indonesia and Europeans. In the 15th to 16th century, the largest center of spice trade was established under the rule of the Sultanate of Ternate, and its capture then became the goal of the foreign colonialists, who at the beginning of the 16th century were the Portuguese colonials, and at the beginning of the 17th century the Dutch colonials. The Ambonese people resisted the Dutch colonization until the beginning of the 19th century. However, their resistance did not help in preventing the Dutch conquering the Indonesian Archipelago and suppressing uprisings of local ethnic groups against the colonialists. Due to its far-sighted policy, the Ambonese people have achieved a privileged position in Indonesia since the mid-19th century. Many of them were Europeanized, adopted Christianity, the wealthy townspeople were legally equated with the ruling colonizers, and they were involved in state and military services. For such loyalty, the Ambonese authorities were nicknamed "black Dutch". During the Indonesian National Revolution war for the Independence of Indonesia in 1945–1949, large groups of Ambonese people, especially members of the colonial army, emigrated to the Netherlands and New Guinea. Economy The arrival of the fishermen at Ambon, Maluku, pre-1919. At present, the Ambonese people are considered one of the most developed peoples of Indonesia, belong to the class of local intellectuals. Mostly engaged in the production for sale of spices such as carnation and nutmeg, as well as sago as a food source. Since the 17th century, they were producers of nutmeg; which led to the conquest of the Dutch colonial in Ambon Island and its surrounding region in 1605 as an attempt to monopolized the nutmeg trade, and finally the Amboyna massacre. Developed fishery, agriculture, horticulture and small trades are also means of earning a living. Ambonese craftsmen work in various industries such as pottery, blacksmithing, weapons making, shipbuilding, carving on tortoiseshell shell and mother of pearl, making ornamental crafts from buds of carnation, weaving boxes and mats from strips of palm leaves. Traditionally, they serve in the army and the administrative sector. Social structure A portrait of the King and his entourage in Ambon, Maluku, between 1890 and 1915. The Ambonese people live in traditional rural communities, called negeri and headed by a starosta called raja. Communities are divided into territorial-related groups called soa, which, in turn, unites the patrilineal clans that are called mata ruma. Marriages are concluded only within confessional groups. For the Ambonese people, they have been traditionally characterized by patrilocal marriage settlement. Relations between members of the community are regulated by traditional norms of behavior called adat, coming from the customs of the ancestors. Today the adat largely regulates matter on family, hereditary, land law, as well as on elections for leadership positions. Culture and lifestyle A group portrait of Ambonese people with musical instruments. A typical Ambonese village consists of about 1,500 people who live in houses made of materials from woven sago leaves or plastered bamboo, wood, coral stones, on stone foundations; they cultivate surrounding hillsides. Traditional rural settlements of Ambonese people are located on the shore and have a linear layout. Houses are built on stilts. Clothing Men adopted modern European style clothing, and only on special occasions they would wear short jackets and black trousers. Women also wear thin blouses or small-patterned sarongs with black color for the older women and the younger women wear bright colored cotton dresses up to knee-length. Food The basis of the diet of Ambonese people is a porridge of sago starch, vegetables, taro, cassava, and fish. The inhabitants of the Ambon Island also have access to imported rice. Music The Ambonese people have rich musical folklore, many of which have absorbed many European musical elements, for example, the Ambonese quadrille (katreji) and the songs of the lagoon, accompanied by a violin and with a lap steel guitar. As of traditional musical instruments such as the 12 gongs, drums, bamboo flute (efluit), xylophone (tatabuhan kayu) and Aeolian harp are included. References ^ a b Georgina Ashworth, ed. (1977). "Minority Rights Group". World Minorities, Volume 1. Quartermaine House. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-905898-00-1. ^ Adam, Jeroen (2010). "How ordinary folk became involved in the Ambonese conflict: Understanding private opportunities during communal violence". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 166 (1): 25–48. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003624. JSTOR 27868550. ^ James T. Collins (1980). Ambonese Malay and Creolization Theory. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ASIN B007FCCSKG. ^ a b "Grolier Incorporated". Academic American Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Grolier. 1989. ISBN 978-0-7172-2024-3. ^ Maarten Hesselt Van Dinter (2005). The World Of Tattoo: An Illustrated History. Centraal Boekhuis. ISBN 978-90-683-2192-0. ^ Михаил Анатольевич Членов (1976). Население Молуккских Островов. Наука. OCLC 10478045. ^ Patricia Spyer (October 2002). "Fire without Smoke and Other Phantoms of Ambon's Violence: Media Effects, Agency, and the Work of Imagination". Indonesia. 74 (74): 31. doi:10.2307/3351523. hdl:1813/54277. JSTOR 3351523. ^ "Ambon: Colonialism, Peace and Music". What an Amazing World!. 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2022-09-12. ^ Илья Полонский (2018). Кровь джунглей: партизанские войны в Азии. Litres. ISBN 978-50-403-3809-2. ^ Muridan Satrio Widjojo (2009). The Revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-Cultural Alliance-making in Maluku, C.1780-1810. BRILL. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-041-7201-2. ^ Budy P Resosudarmo & Frank Jotzo, ed. (2009). Working with Nature against Poverty: Development, Resources and the Environment in Eastern Indonesia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 278. ISBN 978-98-123-0959-4. ^ a b A. Kurniawan Ulung (29 September 2017). "Banda Islands a hidden treasure in Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2018-07-19. ^ a b c Ellen Hitipeuw-Palyama (1 January 2018). "Siwalima Museum, Treasures from the Moluccas Revisited". Global Indonesian Voices. Retrieved 2018-07-19. ^ John E. Dixon & Robert P. Scheurell (1995). Social security programs: a cross-cultural comparative perspective. Greenwood Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-313-29654-3. ^ Richard Chauvel (1990). Nationalists, soldiers and separatists: the Ambonese islands from colonialism to revolt, 1880–1950. KITLV Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-671-8025-2. ^ Frank L. Cooley (1962). Ambonese kin groups. Ethnology. Vol. 1. p. 102. OCLC 882992239. ^ Frank L. Cooley (1966). "Altar and Throne in Central Moluccan Societies". Indonesia: A Semi-Annual Journal Devoted to Indonesia's Culture, History and Social and Political Problems. Indonesia, No. 2: 140. ISSN 0019-7289. ^ John E. Dixon & Robert P. Scheurell (1995). Social security programs: a cross-cultural comparative perspective. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29654-3. ^ Roxana Waterson (2009). Paths and Rivers: Sa'dan Toraja Society in Transformation. KITLV Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-90-671-8307-9. ^ H. W. Ponder (1944). In Javanese Waters: Some Sidelights on a Few of the Countless Lovely, Little Known Islands Scattered Over the Banda Sea & Some Glimpses of Their Strange & Stormy History. Seeley, Service & Company Limited. p. 176. OCLC 274703. ^ The National Geographic Magazine, Volume 73. National Geographic Society. 1938. p. 707. ^ Reimar Schefold, Vincent Dekker & Nico de Jonge (1991). Indonesia in focus: ancient traditions, modern times. Kegan Paul International. p. 126. ^ Don Van Minde (1997). Malayu Ambong: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax. Research School CNWS. p. 342. ISBN 978-90-737-8294-5. ^ Don Niles & Denis Crowdy, ed. (2000). Papers from Ivilikou: Papua New Guinea Music Conference & Festival (1997). Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies. p. 22. ISBN 978-99-806-8041-9. ^ Jaap Kunst (2013). Music in Java: Its history, Its Theory and Its Technique. Springer. p. 160. ISBN 978-94-017-7130-6. ^ Tom Dutton & Darrell T. Tryon (1994). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Walter de Gruyter. p. 262. ISBN 978-3-11-088309-1. ^ Jaap Kunst, Elisabeth den Otter, Felix van Lamsweerde & Maya Frijn (1994). Sammlung. Royal Tropical Institute Press (KIT (Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen). p. 193.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Indonesia portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ambonese. vteIndonesia articlesHistory Timeline Prehistoric Hinduism-Buddhism era Spread of Islam Portuguese era (1512–1605) VOC era (1603–1800) French and British era (1806–1816) Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) Japanese occupation (1942–45) National Revolution (1945–49) Liberal democracy era (1950–59) Guided Democracy (1959–65) Transitional period (1965–66) New Order (1966–98) Reformasi (since 1998) Geography Borders Cities Climate Climate change Conservation Biosphere reserves National parks Deforestation Earthquakes Environmental issues Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Provincial highest points Natural history Fauna Flora Regions Rivers Volcanoes Politics Administrative divisions Historical Provinces Regencies & Cities Districts Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Refugees Law Censorship Enforcement Military (Babinsa) National capital Pancasila People's Consultative Assembly Police Political parties President (List) Wawasan Nusantara Economy Agriculture Automotive Aviation Banks Energy History Science and technology Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport Water supply and sanitation Society Abortion Crime Human trafficking Piracy Prostitution Smoking Culture Architecture Candi Colonial Mosques Rumah adat Art Cinema Costume Cuisine Dance Festivals Legends Literature Martial arts Media Music Mythology National heroes Painting Properties Public holidays Sport Theatre Video games Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health Healthcare Homelessness Languages Religion Refugees Women LGBT rights Symbols Anthem Costume Emblem Historical Subdivision Faunal emblems Flag Subdivision Floral emblems Motto Nusantara Personification Songs OutlineIndex Category Portal Gallery Atlas vte Ethnic groups in Indonesia by regionIndonesiansSumatra Aboriginal Akit Batin Bonai Lubu Mante Orang Kuala Orang Rimba Sakai Petalangan Talang Mamak Acehnese Alas Batak Angkola Karo Mandailing Pakpak Simalungun Toba Batak Enggano Gayo Kluet Lampung Laut Lembak Malay Asahan Deli Lahat Langkat Riau Serdang Mentawai Sakuddei Minangkabau Aneuk Jamee Nias Haloban Palembang Rejang Simeulue Singkil Java Betawi Javanese Cirebonese Banyumasan Osing Tenggerese Kangeanese Madurese Bawean Malay Sundanese Baduy Bantenese Kalimantan Banjar Dayak Apo Duat Kelabit Lun Bawang Sa'ban Apo Kayan Bahau Kayan Kenyah Lebbo' Uma Baka' Bidayuh Kendayan Selako Iban Mualang Murut Tidung Ot Danum Lawangan Ma'anyan Ngaju Bakumpai Meratus Punan Bah Bukitan Krio Malay Berau Pontianak Moro Orang Laut Bajau Suluk Sulawesi Buginese Bungku Butonese Bonerate Gorontaloan Kalumpang Lindu Makassar Malay Mandarese Minahasan Mongondow Muna Pamona Rampi Sangirese Seko Tau Taa Wana Torajan Mamasa Papua Melanesian Papuan Abun Asmat Bauzi Dani Fayu Ketengban Kombai Korowai Koteka Amungme Ekari Lani Moni Yali Marind Marori Mek Sawi Sentani Tehit Tobati Wambon Waropen Wolani Yaur Lesser Sunda Islands Abui Atoni Bali Aga Balinese Bimanese Bunak Helong Kemak Lamaholot Malay Loloan Manggarai Nage Rotenese Sasak Savu Sikka Sumba Sumbawa Tetum Maluku Islands Moluccan Alfur Alune Manusela Nuaulu Ambelau Ambonese Buru Wai Apu Kayeli Lisela Tanimbarese Tobelo Togutil Wemale Non-indigenous African Black Dutchmen Arab Armenian Chindian Chinese Benteng Bangka Belitung Chinese Maluku Chinese Peranakan Filipino Indian Klingalese Tamil Indo Japanese Jewish Korean Mardijker Pakistani Portuguese Totok
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambonese_Malay"},{"link_name":"Moluccans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccans"},{"link_name":"Austronesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Melanesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"Ambon Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_Island"},{"link_name":"Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_(province)"},{"link_name":"Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timor"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Seram Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seram_Island"},{"link_name":"Moluccas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluccas"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"West Papua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Papua_(province)"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WM140-1"},{"link_name":"Ambon, Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ethnic groupThe Ambonese (Ambonese: Orang Ambong), misunderstood as well as Moluccans, are an ethnic group of mixed Austronesian and Melanesian origin. They are majority Christians followed by Muslims. The Ambonese are from Ambon Island in Maluku, an island group east of Sulawesi and north of Timor in Indonesia. They also live on the southwest of Seram Island; which is part of the Moluccas, Java, New Guinea; on the West Papua side and other regions of Indonesia. Additionally, there are about 35,000 Ambonese people living in the Netherlands.[1] By the end of the 20th century, there were 258,331 (2007 census) Ambonese people living in Ambon, Maluku.[2]","title":"Ambonese"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ambonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambonese_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Ambon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_City"},{"link_name":"Melanesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanesians"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"An Ambonese Malay speaker, recorded in the United States.The predominant language of the island is Ambonese Malay, also called Ambonese. It developed as the trade language of central Maluku, and is spoken elsewhere in Maluku as a second language. Bilingualism in Indonesian is high around Ambon City. They are an ethnic mixture of Austronesians and the Melanesians.[3]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_oldest_mosque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reformed Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Sunni Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAEV1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ambonese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambonese_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"inter-religious conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluku_sectarian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Ambon, Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"}],"text":"Oldest mosque in Ambon.The Ambonese ethnicity is split of Christian (Reformed Christianity and Roman Catholicism) and Muslim (Sunni Islam), while indigenous customs such as tattooing have largely disappeared.[4][5] According to Mikhail Anatolievich Chlenov, relationship between the adherents of both faiths here have traditionally been neighborly peaceful, based on the union of the communities' pela; which in the Ambonese language means \"friend\".[6] However, he also mentions that clashes between Ambonese people and other non-indigenous ethnic groups occurs on religious grounds. Mounted tension then resulted in the 1998 inter-religious conflict in Ambon, of which until today the number of victims have turned into thousands of people. In the situation of an almost civil war, people were forced to move to refugee camps across the capital of the island, Ambon, Maluku, with lines dividing its Muslim and Christian sections were made.[7]The problem is not completely resolved, and the religious issue is still acute, as indeed, in other parts of Indonesia.","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_mannen_na_de_instituering_van_de_M.P._in_de_kerk_op_Ambon_TMnr_10000762.jpg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ambon Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_Island"},{"link_name":"West Seram Regency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Seram_Regency"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sultanate of Ternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Independence of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WM140-1"}],"text":"A group of men after the institute of the M.P. in a church in Ambon, pre-1943.Ambon belonged to the so-called colonial ethnic group.[8] They were formed in the 16th to 18th century as a result of the mixing of the indigenous population of Ambon Island and West Seram Regency, the human trade of the Hitu people, and with the immigrants from both other parts of Indonesia and Europeans.[9] In the 15th to 16th century, the largest center of spice trade was established under the rule of the Sultanate of Ternate, and its capture then became the goal of the foreign colonialists, who at the beginning of the 16th century were the Portuguese colonials, and at the beginning of the 17th century the Dutch colonials.[10]The Ambonese people resisted the Dutch colonization until the beginning of the 19th century. However, their resistance did not help in preventing the Dutch conquering the Indonesian Archipelago and suppressing uprisings of local ethnic groups against the colonialists. Due to its far-sighted policy, the Ambonese people have achieved a privileged position in Indonesia since the mid-19th century. Many of them were Europeanized, adopted Christianity, the wealthy townspeople were legally equated with the ruling colonizers, and they were involved in state and military services. For such loyalty, the Ambonese authorities were nicknamed \"black Dutch\".[11]During the Indonesian National Revolution war for the Independence of Indonesia in 1945–1949, large groups of Ambonese people, especially members of the colonial army, emigrated to the Netherlands and New Guinea.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_binnenkomst_van_de_vissers_op_Ambon_Molukken._TMnr_60013216.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ambon, Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku"},{"link_name":"carnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation"},{"link_name":"nutmeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIAHTII-12"},{"link_name":"sago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMTFTMR-13"},{"link_name":"nutmeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg"},{"link_name":"Ambon Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_Island"},{"link_name":"nutmeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutmeg"},{"link_name":"Amboyna massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amboyna_massacre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIAHTII-12"},{"link_name":"fishery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"The arrival of the fishermen at Ambon, Maluku, pre-1919.At present, the Ambonese people are considered one of the most developed peoples of Indonesia, belong to the class of local intellectuals. Mostly engaged in the production for sale of spices such as carnation and nutmeg,[12] as well as sago as a food source.[13] Since the 17th century, they were producers of nutmeg; which led to the conquest of the Dutch colonial in Ambon Island and its surrounding region in 1605 as an attempt to monopolized the nutmeg trade, and finally the Amboyna massacre.[12] Developed fishery, agriculture, horticulture and small trades are also means of earning a living.[14] Ambonese craftsmen work in various industries such as pottery, blacksmithing, weapons making, shipbuilding, carving on tortoiseshell shell and mother of pearl, making ornamental crafts from buds of carnation, weaving boxes and mats from strips of palm leaves. Traditionally, they serve in the army and the administrative sector.[15]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_vorst_met_zijn_gevolg_Ambon_TMnr_60039375.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ambon, Maluku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon,_Maluku"},{"link_name":"starosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starosta"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"A portrait of the King and his entourage in Ambon, Maluku, between 1890 and 1915.The Ambonese people live in traditional rural communities, called negeri and headed by a starosta called raja. Communities are divided into territorial-related groups called soa, which, in turn, unites the patrilineal clans that are called mata ruma. Marriages are concluded only within confessional groups. For the Ambonese people, they have been traditionally characterized by patrilocal marriage settlement.[16] Relations between members of the community are regulated by traditional norms of behavior called adat, coming from the customs of the ancestors. Today the adat largely regulates matter on family, hereditary, land law, as well as on elections for leadership positions.[17]","title":"Social structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_Ambonezen_met_muziekinstrumenten_TMnr_10000859.jpg"},{"link_name":"sago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sago"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMTFTMR-13"},{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAEV1-4"}],"text":"A group portrait of Ambonese people with musical instruments.A typical Ambonese village consists of about 1,500 people who live in houses made of materials from woven sago leaves[13] or plastered bamboo, wood, coral stones, on stone foundations;[18] they cultivate surrounding hillsides.[4] Traditional rural settlements of Ambonese people are located on the shore and have a linear layout. Houses are built on stilts.","title":"Culture and lifestyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Clothing","text":"Men adopted modern European style clothing,[19] and only on special occasions they would wear short jackets and black trousers.[20] Women also wear thin blouses or small-patterned sarongs with black color for the older women and the younger women wear bright colored cotton dresses up to knee-length.[21][22]","title":"Culture and lifestyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMTFTMR-13"},{"link_name":"Ambon Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambon_Island"}],"sub_title":"Food","text":"The basis of the diet of Ambonese people is a porridge of sago starch,[13] vegetables, taro, cassava, and fish. The inhabitants of the Ambon Island also have access to imported rice.","title":"Culture and lifestyle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quadrille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrille"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"lap steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"gongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"xylophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Aeolian harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolian_harp"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The Ambonese people have rich musical folklore, many of which have absorbed many European musical elements, for example, the Ambonese quadrille (katreji)[23] and the songs of the lagoon, accompanied by a violin and with a lap steel guitar.[24] As of traditional musical instruments such as the 12 gongs,[25] drums, bamboo flute (efluit),[26] xylophone (tatabuhan kayu)[27] and Aeolian harp are included.","title":"Culture and lifestyle"}]
[{"image_text":"An Ambonese Malay speaker, recorded in the United States."},{"image_text":"Oldest mosque in Ambon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_oldest_mosque.jpg/220px-The_oldest_mosque.jpg"},{"image_text":"A group of men after the institute of the M.P. in a church in Ambon, pre-1943.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_mannen_na_de_instituering_van_de_M.P._in_de_kerk_op_Ambon_TMnr_10000762.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_groep_mannen_na_de_instituering_van_de_M.P._in_de_kerk_op_Ambon_TMnr_10000762.jpg"},{"image_text":"The arrival of the fishermen at Ambon, Maluku, pre-1919.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_binnenkomst_van_de_vissers_op_Ambon_Molukken._TMnr_60013216.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_De_binnenkomst_van_de_vissers_op_Ambon_Molukken._TMnr_60013216.jpg"},{"image_text":"A portrait of the King and his entourage in Ambon, Maluku, between 1890 and 1915.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_vorst_met_zijn_gevolg_Ambon_TMnr_60039375.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Portret_van_een_vorst_met_zijn_gevolg_Ambon_TMnr_60039375.jpg"},{"image_text":"A group portrait of Ambonese people with musical instruments.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_Ambonezen_met_muziekinstrumenten_TMnr_10000859.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Groepsportret_van_Ambonezen_met_muziekinstrumenten_TMnr_10000859.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Georgina Ashworth, ed. (1977). \"Minority Rights Group\". World Minorities, Volume 1. Quartermaine House. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-905898-00-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905898-00-1","url_text":"978-0-905898-00-1"}]},{"reference":"Adam, Jeroen (2010). \"How ordinary folk became involved in the Ambonese conflict: Understanding private opportunities during communal violence\". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 166 (1): 25–48. doi:10.1163/22134379-90003624. JSTOR 27868550.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003624","url_text":"\"How ordinary folk became involved in the Ambonese conflict: Understanding private opportunities during communal violence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003624","url_text":"10.1163/22134379-90003624"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27868550","url_text":"27868550"}]},{"reference":"James T. Collins (1980). Ambonese Malay and Creolization Theory. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. ASIN B007FCCSKG.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B007FCCSKG","url_text":"B007FCCSKG"}]},{"reference":"\"Grolier Incorporated\". Academic American Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Grolier. 1989. ISBN 978-0-7172-2024-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7172-2024-3","url_text":"978-0-7172-2024-3"}]},{"reference":"Maarten Hesselt Van Dinter (2005). The World Of Tattoo: An Illustrated History. Centraal Boekhuis. ISBN 978-90-683-2192-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-683-2192-0","url_text":"978-90-683-2192-0"}]},{"reference":"Михаил Анатольевич Членов (1976). Население Молуккских Островов. Наука. OCLC 10478045.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10478045","url_text":"10478045"}]},{"reference":"Patricia Spyer (October 2002). \"Fire without Smoke and Other Phantoms of Ambon's Violence: Media Effects, Agency, and the Work of Imagination\". Indonesia. 74 (74): 31. doi:10.2307/3351523. hdl:1813/54277. JSTOR 3351523.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3351523","url_text":"10.2307/3351523"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F54277","url_text":"1813/54277"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3351523","url_text":"3351523"}]},{"reference":"\"Ambon: Colonialism, Peace and Music\". What an Amazing World!. 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2022-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://harindabama.com/2016/11/05/ambon-colonialism-peace-and-music/","url_text":"\"Ambon: Colonialism, Peace and Music\""}]},{"reference":"Илья Полонский (2018). Кровь джунглей: партизанские войны в Азии. Litres. ISBN 978-50-403-3809-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-50-403-3809-2","url_text":"978-50-403-3809-2"}]},{"reference":"Muridan Satrio Widjojo (2009). The Revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-Cultural Alliance-making in Maluku, C.1780-1810. BRILL. p. 1. ISBN 978-90-041-7201-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-041-7201-2","url_text":"978-90-041-7201-2"}]},{"reference":"Budy P Resosudarmo & Frank Jotzo, ed. (2009). Working with Nature against Poverty: Development, Resources and the Environment in Eastern Indonesia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 278. ISBN 978-98-123-0959-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-98-123-0959-4","url_text":"978-98-123-0959-4"}]},{"reference":"A. Kurniawan Ulung (29 September 2017). \"Banda Islands a hidden treasure in Indonesia\". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2018-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/09/29/banda-islands-a-hidden-treasure-in-indonesia.html","url_text":"\"Banda Islands a hidden treasure in Indonesia\""}]},{"reference":"Ellen Hitipeuw-Palyama (1 January 2018). \"Siwalima Museum, Treasures from the Moluccas Revisited\". Global Indonesian Voices. Retrieved 2018-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/31751/siwalima-museum-treasures-from-the-moluccas-revisited/","url_text":"\"Siwalima Museum, Treasures from the Moluccas Revisited\""}]},{"reference":"John E. Dixon & Robert P. Scheurell (1995). Social security programs: a cross-cultural comparative perspective. Greenwood Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-313-29654-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29654-3","url_text":"978-0-313-29654-3"}]},{"reference":"Richard Chauvel (1990). Nationalists, soldiers and separatists: the Ambonese islands from colonialism to revolt, 1880–1950. KITLV Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-90-671-8025-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-671-8025-2","url_text":"978-90-671-8025-2"}]},{"reference":"Frank L. Cooley (1962). Ambonese kin groups. Ethnology. Vol. 1. p. 102. OCLC 882992239.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/882992239","url_text":"882992239"}]},{"reference":"Frank L. Cooley (1966). \"Altar and Throne in Central Moluccan Societies\". Indonesia: A Semi-Annual Journal Devoted to Indonesia's Culture, History and Social and Political Problems. Indonesia, No. 2: 140. ISSN 0019-7289.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7289","url_text":"0019-7289"}]},{"reference":"John E. Dixon & Robert P. Scheurell (1995). Social security programs: a cross-cultural comparative perspective. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29654-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29654-3","url_text":"978-0-313-29654-3"}]},{"reference":"Roxana Waterson (2009). Paths and Rivers: Sa'dan Toraja Society in Transformation. KITLV Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-90-671-8307-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-671-8307-9","url_text":"978-90-671-8307-9"}]},{"reference":"H. W. Ponder (1944). In Javanese Waters: Some Sidelights on a Few of the Countless Lovely, Little Known Islands Scattered Over the Banda Sea & Some Glimpses of Their Strange & Stormy History. Seeley, Service & Company Limited. p. 176. OCLC 274703.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/274703","url_text":"274703"}]},{"reference":"The National Geographic Magazine, Volume 73. National Geographic Society. 1938. p. 707.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Reimar Schefold, Vincent Dekker & Nico de Jonge (1991). Indonesia in focus: ancient traditions, modern times. Kegan Paul International. p. 126.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Don Van Minde (1997). Malayu Ambong: Phonology, Morphology, Syntax. Research School CNWS. p. 342. ISBN 978-90-737-8294-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-737-8294-5","url_text":"978-90-737-8294-5"}]},{"reference":"Don Niles & Denis Crowdy, ed. (2000). Papers from Ivilikou: Papua New Guinea Music Conference & Festival (1997). Institute of Papua New Guinea Studies. p. 22. ISBN 978-99-806-8041-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99-806-8041-9","url_text":"978-99-806-8041-9"}]},{"reference":"Jaap Kunst (2013). Music in Java: Its history, Its Theory and Its Technique. Springer. p. 160. ISBN 978-94-017-7130-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-7130-6","url_text":"978-94-017-7130-6"}]},{"reference":"Tom Dutton & Darrell T. Tryon (1994). Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World. Walter de Gruyter. p. 262. ISBN 978-3-11-088309-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088309-1","url_text":"978-3-11-088309-1"}]},{"reference":"Jaap Kunst, Elisabeth den Otter, Felix van Lamsweerde & Maya Frijn (1994). Sammlung. Royal Tropical Institute Press (KIT (Koninklijk Instituut voor de Tropen). p. 193.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003624","external_links_name":"\"How ordinary folk became involved in the Ambonese conflict: Understanding private opportunities during communal violence\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003624","external_links_name":"10.1163/22134379-90003624"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27868550","external_links_name":"27868550"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B007FCCSKG","external_links_name":"B007FCCSKG"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10478045","external_links_name":"10478045"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3351523","external_links_name":"10.2307/3351523"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F54277","external_links_name":"1813/54277"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3351523","external_links_name":"3351523"},{"Link":"https://harindabama.com/2016/11/05/ambon-colonialism-peace-and-music/","external_links_name":"\"Ambon: Colonialism, Peace and Music\""},{"Link":"http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/09/29/banda-islands-a-hidden-treasure-in-indonesia.html","external_links_name":"\"Banda Islands a hidden treasure in Indonesia\""},{"Link":"http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/31751/siwalima-museum-treasures-from-the-moluccas-revisited/","external_links_name":"\"Siwalima Museum, Treasures from the Moluccas Revisited\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/882992239","external_links_name":"882992239"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-7289","external_links_name":"0019-7289"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/274703","external_links_name":"274703"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaji-ki-Dheri
Shaji-ki-Dheri
["1 References","2 Further reading"]
Site of an ancient Kanishka stupa in Pakistan 1899 engraving showing the remnants of the Kanishka stupa in Shaji-ki-Dheri. Shaji-ki-Dheri is the site of an ancient Kanishka stupa about 6 kilometers from Peshawar, Pakistan. French archaeologist Alfred Charles Auguste Foucher, who was a professor at the University of Paris, had visited Peshawar towards the end of the 19th century, and had noticed two mounds southeast of Peshawar outside the walled city. He tried to relate them to Hiuen Tsang's description of the place. The excavations began. American archaeologist David Brainard Spooner conducted excavations there in 1908-09 for the Archaeological Survey of India leading to the identification of the Kanishka stupa dated to the 2nd century CE, and the discovery of the Kanishka casket. Spooner published a paper following the excavations: "Excavation at Shaji-ki-dheri: Annual Reports of the Archaeological Survey of India 1908–09". Many statues of the Buddha at Shaji-ki-Dheri feature a halo similar to the haloes seen in the Buddha coins of Kanishka I, suggesting a 2nd century CE date for the creation of the statues, rather than the usual datation to the 3-4th century CE. Statue of the Buddha, probably Shaji-ki-Dheri. Excavations in 1910. Remains of the stupa. Kanishka casket found in the ruins, British Museum. Statue of Kubera and Hariti. Jataka of the Bow contest. Ground plan of the stupa. References ^ The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys, Rafi U. Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p.146 ^ The Grandeur of Gandhara: The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys, Rafi U. Samad, Algora Publishing, 2011, p.146 ^ The Cambridge World History: Volume 3, Early Cities in Comparative Perspective, 4000 BCE–1200 CE, Norman Yoffee, Cambridge University Press, 2015 ^ Tanabe, Katsumi (1974). "KANISHKA I COINS WITH THE BUDDHA IMAGE ON THE REVERSE AND SOME REFERENCES TO THE ART OF GANDHARA". Orient. 10: 37. doi:10.5356/orient1960.10.31. ISSN 1884-1392. S2CID 194085819. vteGandharaHistory Gandhara Kingdom Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley Greek conquests in India Mauryan Empire Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Indo-Greek Kingdom Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians Kushan Empire Alchon Huns Turk Shahis Hindu Shahis Ghaznavid Empire Culture Greco-Buddhist art Greco-Buddhism Hellenistic influence on Indian art Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Art of Gandhara by museum ArchaeologyPeshawar basin Takht-i-Bahi Sahr-i-Bahlol Baho Dheri Aziz Dheri Shaji-ki-Dheri Kanishka stupa Loriyan Tangai Jamal Garhi Yusufzai‎ Sikri Yusufzai Butkara Stupa Bhamala Aziz Dheri Shingardara Ali Masjid Sphola Ahin Posh Swat Saidu Sharif Chakpat Barikot Charsadda Pushkalavati Ranigat Hashtnagar Sikri stupa Taxila Sirkap Dharmarajika Jaulian Kalawan Mohra Muradu Jandial Kunala Stupa Lalchak monastery Badalpur Bhallar Mankiala Bhir Mound Eastern Afghanistan Hadda Tapa Shotor Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Tapa-i Kafariha Shotorak Paitava Bimaran Mes Aynak Fondukistan Khair Khaneh Sphola Stupa Tapa Sardar Tepe Narenj Tepe Maranjan Artifacts Aramaic Inscription of Taxila Bimaran Casket Kanishka reliquary Stone palettes Buddhas of Bamiyan Buner reliefs Saptarishi Tila statue Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara Kabul hoard Shinkot casket Rukhuna reliquary Treasure of Begram Wardak Vase Standing Buddha Brussels Buddha Bajaur casket Silver Reliquary of Indravarman Hephthalite silver bowl Gardez Ganesha Further reading Fenet, Annick (2020): « "In other words, authentic relics of the Buddha himself !" La fouille du stūpa de Kanishka à Shāh-jī-kī-Dherī (février-mars 1909) », in S. Alaura (ed.), Digging in the archives. From the history of oriental studies to the history of ideas, Roma (Documenta Asiana XI), 2020, p. 63-90
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ShahJiKiDheriStupa.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kanishka stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_stupa"},{"link_name":"Kanishka stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_stupa"},{"link_name":"Peshawar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alfred Charles Auguste Foucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Charles_Auguste_Foucher"},{"link_name":"David Brainard Spooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brainard_Spooner"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"Kanishka stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_stupa"},{"link_name":"Kanishka casket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_casket"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kanishka I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_I"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lahore_Museum_Buddha.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shah-ji-ki-Dheri_excavation_1910.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shah-ji-ki-Dheri_remains_1910.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KanishkaCasket.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kanishka casket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanishka_casket"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shah-ji-ki-Dheri_Kubera_and_Hariti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kubera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubera"},{"link_name":"Hariti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shah-ji-ki-DheriJataka_of_the_archery_contest.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shah-ji-ki-Dheri_stupa_plan.jpg"},{"link_name":"stupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa"}],"text":"1899 engraving showing the remnants of the Kanishka stupa in Shaji-ki-Dheri.Shaji-ki-Dheri is the site of an ancient Kanishka stupa about 6 kilometers from Peshawar, Pakistan.[1]French archaeologist Alfred Charles Auguste Foucher, who was a professor at the University of Paris, had visited Peshawar towards the end of the 19th century, and had noticed two mounds southeast of Peshawar outside the walled city. He tried to relate them to Hiuen Tsang's description of the place. The excavations began. American archaeologist David Brainard Spooner conducted excavations there in 1908-09 for the Archaeological Survey of India leading to the identification of the Kanishka stupa dated to the 2nd century CE, and the discovery of the Kanishka casket.[2] Spooner published a paper following the excavations: \"Excavation at Shaji-ki-dheri: Annual Reports of the Archaeological Survey of India 1908–09\".[3]Many statues of the Buddha at Shaji-ki-Dheri feature a halo similar to the haloes seen in the Buddha coins of Kanishka I, suggesting a 2nd century CE date for the creation of the statues, rather than the usual datation to the 3-4th century CE.[4]Statue of the Buddha, probably Shaji-ki-Dheri.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tExcavations in 1910.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRemains of the stupa.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKanishka casket found in the ruins, British Museum.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStatue of Kubera and Hariti.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJataka of the Bow contest.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGround plan of the stupa.","title":"Shaji-ki-Dheri"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fenet, Annick (2020): « \"In other words, authentic relics of the Buddha himself !\" La fouille du stūpa de Kanishka à Shāh-jī-kī-Dherī (février-mars 1909) », in S. Alaura (ed.), Digging in the archives. From the history of oriental studies to the history of ideas, Roma (Documenta Asiana XI), 2020, p. 63-90","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"1899 engraving showing the remnants of the Kanishka stupa in Shaji-ki-Dheri.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/ShahJiKiDheriStupa.jpg/300px-ShahJiKiDheriStupa.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Tanabe, Katsumi (1974). \"KANISHKA I COINS WITH THE BUDDHA IMAGE ON THE REVERSE AND SOME REFERENCES TO THE ART OF GANDHARA\". Orient. 10: 37. doi:10.5356/orient1960.10.31. ISSN 1884-1392. S2CID 194085819.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/34135441","url_text":"\"KANISHKA I COINS WITH THE BUDDHA IMAGE ON THE REVERSE AND SOME REFERENCES TO THE ART OF GANDHARA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5356%2Forient1960.10.31","url_text":"10.5356/orient1960.10.31"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1884-1392","url_text":"1884-1392"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194085819","url_text":"194085819"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cJtMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cJtMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SQS7BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA341","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/34135441","external_links_name":"\"KANISHKA I COINS WITH THE BUDDHA IMAGE ON THE REVERSE AND SOME REFERENCES TO THE ART OF GANDHARA\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5356%2Forient1960.10.31","external_links_name":"10.5356/orient1960.10.31"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1884-1392","external_links_name":"1884-1392"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194085819","external_links_name":"194085819"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadisho_Qatraya
Dadisho Qatraya
["1 Life","2 Works","3 Notes","4 Bibliography"]
7th-century Arabian Christian monk Dadisho Qatraya or Dadisho of Qatar (Classical Syriac: ܕܕܝܫܘܥ ܩܛܪܝܐ; late 7th century) was a Nestorian monk and author of ascetic literature in Syriac. His works were widely read, from Ethiopia to Central Asia. Life Dadisho flourished in the late 7th century. Originally from Beth Qatraye (eastern Arabia), he became attached first to the unidentified monastery of Rab-kennārē then later to those of Rabban Shabur (near Shushtar in Khuzestan) and of the Blessed Apostles. Nothing else about his life is known. Giuseppe Simone Assemani identified him with Dadisho of Mount Izla, who lived a century earlier. Addai Scher, however, demonstrated that there were two distinct individuals. Works He wrote extensively in Syriac. All of his writings are concerned with shelya (stillness). Among his surviving works are: Treatise on Solitude, also called the Retreat of the Seven Weeks or the Seven Weeks of Solitude, which describes how a monk should retreat into complete solitude and prayer for seven weeks at a time Letter to Mar Abkosh on Hesychia, also called On Stillness (i.e., hesychia) Commentary on Abba Isaiah, which is a commentary on the Syriac version of the Asceticon of Isaiah of Scetis and describes shelya as the condition the soul must meet to reach God. All surviving manuscripts break off after the fifteenth discourse of Isaiah (out of twenty-six), but there are quotations from the rest of the work in a fragmentary commentary on Isaiah that was apparently a reworking of Dadisho's. Commentary on the Paradise of the Fathers, which is a commentary on the Paradise of the Fathers of Enanisho in the form of a series of questions posed by some monks to their superior concerning the issues raised by the sayings of the Egyptian Fathers collected by Enanisho He also wrote a few short work on similar ascetic themes. Both of his commentaries were translated into Arabic and Sogdian. Although only fragments of the latter survive, the Arabic version survives both complete and abridged and in both Arabic script and Garshuni. The Commentary on the Paradise was also translated from Arabic into Ethiopic. The Arabic version of the Abba Isaiah commentary describes Dadisho as a disciple of Isaac of Nineveh. These translations assured him a wide diffusion among the Oriental Orthodox. Dadisho is the earliest writer to credit an Egyptian monk, Mar Awgin (a figure he may have invented), with introducing monasticism to Mesopotamia in the 4th century. Notes ^ With diacritics Dadīshōʿ Qaṭrāya or Dadīshōʿ Ḳaṭrāya. ^ "Dadishoʿ Qatraya". Syriaca.org. 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2024-02-19. ^ Albert 2005: "second half of the 7th century"; Wilmshurst 2011, p. 495: "fl. 670"; Mingana 2012, p. 70: "died about 690". ^ a b c d e f Brock 2018. ^ Kozah 2019, p. 1. ^ Scher 1906. ^ For lists of editions of his works, see Brock 2018 and Kitchen 2018. ^ a b c d Kitchen 2018. ^ a b Sims-Williams 1993. ^ a b Albert 2005. ^ Kozah 2019, p. 1, who quotes ʿAbdishoʿ bar Brikha's 14th-century catalogue of Nestorian writers: "he wrote a commentary on the Paradise of the Occidentals; he elucidated Abba Isaiah; he wrote a book on the way of life, treatises on the sanctification of the cell, consolatory dirges; he also wrote letters and inquiries on stillness in the body and soul." ^ a b Sims-Williams 1994, p. 38. ^ Wilmshurst 2011, p. 174. Bibliography Albert, Micheline (2005) . "Dadisho Qatraya". In André Vauchez (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press ISBN 9780227679319. Retrieved 4 June 2020. Brock, Sebastian P. (1999). "Syriac Writers from Beth Qaṭraye". ARAM Periodical. 11 (1): 85–96. doi:10.2143/aram.11.1.504452. Brock, Sebastian P. (2018) . "Dadishoʿ Qaṭraya". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Beth Mardutho . Retrieved 4 June 2020. Mingana, Alphonse (2012) . Early Christian Mystics. Gorgias Press. Kitchen, Robert (2018). "Dadīshōʿ Qatrāya". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Volume 1: A–I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-19-881624-9. Kozah, Mario (2019). "Introduction". In Mario Kozah; Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn; Suleiman Mourad (eds.). Dadishoʿ Qaṭraya's Compendious Commentary on The Paradise of the Egyptian Fathers. Gorgias Press. Scher, Addai (1906). "Notice sur la vie et les oeuvres de Dadîšôʿ Qaṭrāya". Journal asiatique. 10th ser. (7): 103–111. Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1993). "Dādišoʿ Qaṭrāyā". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1994). "Dādišoʿ Qaṭrāyā's Commentary on the Paradise of the Fathers". Analecta Bollandiana. 112 (1): 33–64. doi:10.1484/j.abol.4.01639. Wilmshurst, David (2011). The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East. East and West Publishing. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Poland Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Classical Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nestorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"}],"text":"Dadisho Qatraya[1] or Dadisho of Qatar (Classical Syriac: ܕܕܝܫܘܥ ܩܛܪܝܐ;[2] late 7th century) was a Nestorian monk and author of ascetic literature in Syriac. His works were widely read, from Ethiopia to Central Asia.","title":"Dadisho Qatraya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Beth Qatraye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_Eastern_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Rabban Shabur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_Rabban_Shabur&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shushtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shushtar"},{"link_name":"Khuzestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan_Province"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2018-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozah20191-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2018-4"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Simone Assemani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Simone_Assemani"},{"link_name":"Dadisho of Mount Izla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadisho_of_Mount_Izla"},{"link_name":"Addai Scher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addai_Scher"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScher1906-6"}],"text":"Dadisho flourished in the late 7th century.[3] Originally from Beth Qatraye (eastern Arabia), he became attached first to the unidentified monastery of Rab-kennārē then later to those of Rabban Shabur (near Shushtar in Khuzestan) and of the Blessed Apostles.[4][5] Nothing else about his life is known.[4] Giuseppe Simone Assemani identified him with Dadisho of Mount Izla, who lived a century earlier. Addai Scher, however, demonstrated that there were two distinct individuals.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2018-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims-Williams1993-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbert2005-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2018-4"},{"link_name":"hesychia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesychia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2018-8"},{"link_name":"Isaiah of Scetis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_of_Scetis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2018-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbert2005-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2018-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims-Williams1993-9"},{"link_name":"Enanisho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFEnanisho%CA%BF"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2018-4"},{"link_name":"sayings of the Egyptian Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apophthegmata_Patrum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2018-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Sogdian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogdian_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_script"},{"link_name":"Garshuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garshuni"},{"link_name":"Ethiopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2018-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims-Williams199438-12"},{"link_name":"Isaac of Nineveh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_of_Nineveh"},{"link_name":"Oriental Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESims-Williams199438-12"},{"link_name":"Mar Awgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Awgin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2011174-13"}],"text":"He wrote extensively in Syriac.[7] All of his writings are concerned with shelya (stillness).[8] Among his surviving works are:Treatise on Solitude, also called the Retreat of the Seven Weeks[9] or the Seven Weeks of Solitude,[10] which describes how a monk should retreat into complete solitude and prayer for seven weeks at a time[4]\nLetter to Mar Abkosh on Hesychia, also called On Stillness (i.e., hesychia)[8]\nCommentary on Abba Isaiah, which is a commentary on the Syriac version of the Asceticon of Isaiah of Scetis[4][10] and describes shelya as the condition the soul must meet to reach God.[8] All surviving manuscripts break off after the fifteenth discourse of Isaiah (out of twenty-six), but there are quotations from the rest of the work in a fragmentary commentary on Isaiah that was apparently a reworking of Dadisho's.[9]\nCommentary on the Paradise of the Fathers, which is a commentary on the Paradise of the Fathers of Enanisho[4] in the form of a series of questions posed by some monks to their superior concerning the issues raised by the sayings of the Egyptian Fathers collected by Enanisho[8]He also wrote a few short work on similar ascetic themes.[11] Both of his commentaries were translated into Arabic and Sogdian. Although only fragments of the latter survive, the Arabic version survives both complete and abridged and in both Arabic script and Garshuni. The Commentary on the Paradise was also translated from Arabic into Ethiopic.[4][12] The Arabic version of the Abba Isaiah commentary describes Dadisho as a disciple of Isaac of Nineveh. These translations assured him a wide diffusion among the Oriental Orthodox.[12] Dadisho is the earliest writer to credit an Egyptian monk, Mar Awgin (a figure he may have invented), with introducing monasticism to Mesopotamia in the 4th century.[13]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Dadishoʿ Qatraya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//syriaca.org/person/434"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Albert 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAlbert2005"},{"link_name":"Wilmshurst 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilmshurst2011"},{"link_name":"Mingana 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMingana2012"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2018_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2018_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2018_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2018_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2018_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2018_4-5"},{"link_name":"Brock 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrock2018"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozah20191_5-0"},{"link_name":"Kozah 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKozah2019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScher1906_6-0"},{"link_name":"Scher 1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFScher1906"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Brock 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrock2018"},{"link_name":"Kitchen 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKitchen2018"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2018_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2018_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2018_8-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKitchen2018_8-3"},{"link_name":"Kitchen 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKitchen2018"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims-Williams1993_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims-Williams1993_9-1"},{"link_name":"Sims-Williams 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSims-Williams1993"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbert2005_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbert2005_10-1"},{"link_name":"Albert 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAlbert2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Kozah 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKozah2019"},{"link_name":"ʿAbdishoʿ bar Brikha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFAbdisho%CA%BF_bar_Brikha"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims-Williams199438_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESims-Williams199438_12-1"},{"link_name":"Sims-Williams 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSims-Williams1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilmshurst2011174_13-0"},{"link_name":"Wilmshurst 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilmshurst2011"}],"text":"^ With diacritics Dadīshōʿ Qaṭrāya or Dadīshōʿ Ḳaṭrāya.\n\n^ \"Dadishoʿ Qatraya\". Syriaca.org. 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2024-02-19.\n\n^ Albert 2005: \"second half of the 7th century\"; Wilmshurst 2011, p. 495: \"fl. 670\"; Mingana 2012, p. 70: \"died about 690\".\n\n^ a b c d e f Brock 2018.\n\n^ Kozah 2019, p. 1.\n\n^ Scher 1906.\n\n^ For lists of editions of his works, see Brock 2018 and Kitchen 2018.\n\n^ a b c d Kitchen 2018.\n\n^ a b Sims-Williams 1993.\n\n^ a b Albert 2005.\n\n^ Kozah 2019, p. 1, who quotes ʿAbdishoʿ bar Brikha's 14th-century catalogue of Nestorian writers: \"he wrote a commentary on the Paradise of the Occidentals; he elucidated Abba Isaiah; he wrote a book on the way of life, treatises on the sanctification of the cell, consolatory dirges; he also wrote letters and inquiries on stillness in the body and soul.\"\n\n^ a b Sims-Williams 1994, p. 38.\n\n^ Wilmshurst 2011, p. 174.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert, Micheline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micheline_Albert"},{"link_name":"\"Dadisho Qatraya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001/acref-9780227679319-e-766"},{"link_name":"André Vauchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Vauchez"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780227679319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780227679319"},{"link_name":"Brock, Sebastian P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2143/aram.11.1.504452","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2143%2Faram.11.1.504452"},{"link_name":"\"Dadishoʿ Qaṭraya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dadisho-Qatraya"},{"link_name":"George A. Kiraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Kiraz"},{"link_name":"Mingana, Alphonse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Mingana"},{"link_name":"\"Dadīshōʿ Qatrāya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-1368"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-881624-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881624-9"},{"link_name":"Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulrahim_Abu-Husayn"},{"link_name":"Scher, Addai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addai_Scher"},{"link_name":"\"Notice sur la vie et les oeuvres de Dadîšôʿ Qaṭrāya\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93268q/f105.image"},{"link_name":"Journal asiatique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_asiatique"},{"link_name":"Sims-Williams, Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Sims-Williams"},{"link_name":"\"Dādišoʿ Qaṭrāyā\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//iranicaonline.org/articles/dadiso-qatraya-late-7th-century-c"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia Iranica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1484/j.abol.4.01639","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1484%2Fj.abol.4.01639"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3011772#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1814736/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000043871536"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/88707608"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrmdFwfkvytBJqhKDvCQq"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX870625"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12819810q"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12819810q"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/102441650"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007599030705171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14956594"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005089248"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p088032930"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9813175677805606"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/6070"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd102441650.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/110585801"}],"text":"Albert, Micheline (2005) [2002]. \"Dadisho Qatraya\". In André Vauchez (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press [James Clarke & Co.] ISBN 9780227679319. Retrieved 4 June 2020.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (1999). \"Syriac Writers from Beth Qaṭraye\". ARAM Periodical. 11 (1): 85–96. doi:10.2143/aram.11.1.504452.\nBrock, Sebastian P. (2018) [2011]. \"Dadishoʿ Qaṭraya\". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Beth Mardutho [Gorgias Press]. Retrieved 4 June 2020.\nMingana, Alphonse (2012) [1934]. Early Christian Mystics. Gorgias Press.\nKitchen, Robert (2018). \"Dadīshōʿ Qatrāya\". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Volume 1: A–I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-19-881624-9.\nKozah, Mario (2019). \"Introduction\". In Mario Kozah; Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn; Suleiman Mourad (eds.). Dadishoʿ Qaṭraya's Compendious Commentary on The Paradise of the Egyptian Fathers. Gorgias Press.\nScher, Addai (1906). \"Notice sur la vie et les oeuvres de Dadîšôʿ Qaṭrāya\". Journal asiatique. 10th ser. (7): 103–111.\nSims-Williams, Nicholas (1993). \"Dādišoʿ Qaṭrāyā\". Encyclopaedia Iranica.\nSims-Williams, Nicholas (1994). \"Dādišoʿ Qaṭrāyā's Commentary on the Paradise of the Fathers\". Analecta Bollandiana. 112 (1): 33–64. doi:10.1484/j.abol.4.01639.\nWilmshurst, David (2011). The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East. East and West Publishing.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPoland\nVatican\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Dadishoʿ Qatraya\". Syriaca.org. 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2024-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://syriaca.org/person/434","url_text":"\"Dadishoʿ Qatraya\""}]},{"reference":"Albert, Micheline (2005) [2002]. \"Dadisho Qatraya\". In André Vauchez (ed.). Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press [James Clarke & Co.] ISBN 9780227679319. Retrieved 4 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micheline_Albert","url_text":"Albert, Micheline"},{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001/acref-9780227679319-e-766","url_text":"\"Dadisho Qatraya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Vauchez","url_text":"André Vauchez"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780227679319","url_text":"9780227679319"}]},{"reference":"Brock, Sebastian P. (1999). \"Syriac Writers from Beth Qaṭraye\". ARAM Periodical. 11 (1): 85–96. doi:10.2143/aram.11.1.504452.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_P._Brock","url_text":"Brock, Sebastian P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2143%2Faram.11.1.504452","url_text":"10.2143/aram.11.1.504452"}]},{"reference":"Brock, Sebastian P. (2018) [2011]. \"Dadishoʿ Qaṭraya\". In Sebastian P. Brock; Aaron M. Butts; George A. Kiraz; Lucas Van Rompay (eds.). Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Beth Mardutho [Gorgias Press]. Retrieved 4 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dadisho-Qatraya","url_text":"\"Dadishoʿ Qaṭraya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Kiraz","url_text":"George A. Kiraz"}]},{"reference":"Mingana, Alphonse (2012) [1934]. Early Christian Mystics. Gorgias Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Mingana","url_text":"Mingana, Alphonse"}]},{"reference":"Kitchen, Robert (2018). \"Dadīshōʿ Qatrāya\". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity, Volume 1: A–I. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-19-881624-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-1368","url_text":"\"Dadīshōʿ Qatrāya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Late_Antiquity","url_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881624-9","url_text":"978-0-19-881624-9"}]},{"reference":"Kozah, Mario (2019). \"Introduction\". In Mario Kozah; Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn; Suleiman Mourad (eds.). Dadishoʿ Qaṭraya's Compendious Commentary on The Paradise of the Egyptian Fathers. Gorgias Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulrahim_Abu-Husayn","url_text":"Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn"}]},{"reference":"Scher, Addai (1906). \"Notice sur la vie et les oeuvres de Dadîšôʿ Qaṭrāya\". Journal asiatique. 10th ser. (7): 103–111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addai_Scher","url_text":"Scher, Addai"},{"url":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93268q/f105.image","url_text":"\"Notice sur la vie et les oeuvres de Dadîšôʿ Qaṭrāya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_asiatique","url_text":"Journal asiatique"}]},{"reference":"Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1993). \"Dādišoʿ Qaṭrāyā\". Encyclopaedia Iranica.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Sims-Williams","url_text":"Sims-Williams, Nicholas"},{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dadiso-qatraya-late-7th-century-c","url_text":"\"Dādišoʿ Qaṭrāyā\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Iranica"}]},{"reference":"Sims-Williams, Nicholas (1994). \"Dādišoʿ Qaṭrāyā's Commentary on the Paradise of the Fathers\". Analecta Bollandiana. 112 (1): 33–64. doi:10.1484/j.abol.4.01639.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1484%2Fj.abol.4.01639","url_text":"10.1484/j.abol.4.01639"}]},{"reference":"Wilmshurst, David (2011). The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East. East and West Publishing.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://syriaca.org/person/434","external_links_name":"\"Dadishoʿ Qatraya\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780227679319.001.0001/acref-9780227679319-e-766","external_links_name":"\"Dadisho Qatraya\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2143%2Faram.11.1.504452","external_links_name":"10.2143/aram.11.1.504452"},{"Link":"https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Dadisho-Qatraya","external_links_name":"\"Dadishoʿ Qaṭraya\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-1368","external_links_name":"\"Dadīshōʿ Qatrāya\""},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k93268q/f105.image","external_links_name":"\"Notice sur la vie et les oeuvres de Dadîšôʿ Qaṭrāya\""},{"Link":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dadiso-qatraya-late-7th-century-c","external_links_name":"\"Dādišoʿ Qaṭrāyā\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1484%2Fj.abol.4.01639","external_links_name":"10.1484/j.abol.4.01639"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1814736/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000043871536","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/88707608","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrmdFwfkvytBJqhKDvCQq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX870625","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12819810q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12819810q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/102441650","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007599030705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14956594","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005089248","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p088032930","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9813175677805606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/6070","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd102441650.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/110585801","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheyene_Gerardi
Sheyene Gerardi
["1 Early life and career","1.1 Entertainment","1.2 Later career","2 NASA","3 Wealth","4 Business career","4.1 Sheyene Institute","4.2 Sheyene Technology","5 Activism and Politics","5.1 Politics","5.2 Human rights and Peace activism","6 Institutional affiliations","7 Education","8 Personal life","9 Philanthropy","9.1 Program areas and initiatives","10 Filmography","11 References","12 External links"]
Co-founder of NASA's Planetary Landing Team. Sheyene GerardiBornApril 13Caracas, VenezuelaNationalityVenezuelan and ItalianOccupation(s)Former actress, producer, media proprietor, mining executiveYears active1998–presentEmployer(s)NASA Center for Lunar and Asteroid Surface Science (CLASS)Known forRobotics Outreach Lead (2018-Present), co-founder NASA Planetary Landing TeamHeight5 ft 6 in (168 cm)MovementSpurring Participation in Aerospace Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship (S.P.A.C.E)Board member of International Political Science Association and the committee on professional ethics, rights, and freedoms American Society of International Law Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Next Generation Committee of the Robotics Society of Japan Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) The IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS) PartnerSingleChildrenNoneFamilyBoth parents killed in a car Accident. No living relativesAwards Emmy (Nominated in 3 but won 2 categories in the 2017 Ceremony which are: Outstanding Newscast or News Magazine in Spanish, Outstanding Investigative Journalism in Spanish) Meridiano de Oro Won 1 Award 2 de Oro Won 2 Awards Imagen Awards Won 1 AwardWebsitesheyenegerardi.net Sheyene Gerardi (born April 13) is an Italo-Venezuelan former actress, producer, media proprietor, and mining executive. She is the Lead of Robotics Outreach at NASA (CLASS), where she co-founded the NASA's Planetary Landing Team in 2018. She was granted the status of an individual with exceptional ability in the national interest In the United States. She has won the numerous awards for her work and charitable efforts; the National Interest status is the Nation’s highest civilian recognition, presented to individuals for achievements and significant contributions to the security, prosperity, and social wellbeing of the United States, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant public or private endeavors. Gerardi is the founder of the Sheyene Institute, she operates two philanthropic organizations through the Sheyene Gerardi Foundation. The Sheyene School, to address technological literacy. The Sheyene e-health, an electronic healthcare information delivery network for rare diseases, after becoming a survivor of an unclassifiable splenic hairy small B-Cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a rare cancer. Sheyene is member of The International Political Science Association (IPSA), the American Society of International Law and member to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. She is working with governments introducing robotics education into low-resource communities or conflict affected areas, such as rural schools, refugee camps, non-formal school systems and prison system. Early life and career Entertainment Her career as a professional model began in conjunction with her medical education; prior to attending university she represented her school in mathematics and chemistry competitions. Sheyene studied medicine at the Universidad Central de Venezuela. She worked as a model part time and participated in the Miss Venezuela Pageant. During her time at the university, the school plunged into turmoil, reaching the verge of closing as students protested. Around that time, a TV producer discovered Sheyene, and she garnered a starring role on a popular soap opera series that was broadcast internationally. Sheyene is known for her work in more than 30 countries, including Russia, Germany, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Puerto Rico. Given her influence on the culture, a non-profit charity foundation in Barlovento, Venezuela — the Sheyene School — is named after her. Gerardi has won several awards such as the Emmy Award, the 2 de Oro award, She has received the key of the city in Barlovento, the Meridiano de Oro award and the Imagen Awards. The actress has also credits in roles as a TV host. In 2016, Gerardi was named a Mogul Influencer in New York City. Later career Sheyene is the founder of the Sheyene Gerardi Network (SGN), a variety of mainstream entertainment forms, dedicated to foster awareness related to the space revolution. On March 9, 2020, Sheyene began hosting a TV show documentary entitled "To the Moon and Back with Sheyene Gerardi" distributed through cable television, where Sheyene aims to educate about leading-edge technological developments. Sheyene is also executive producing this series. NASA In 2018, Sheyene was appointed as the Lead for Robotics Outreach at NASA, later the same year she co-founded the NASA's Planetary Landing Team. She earned a Ph.D in Space resource utilization and subsequently was granted the status of an individual with exceptional ability in the national interest. The National Interest status is the Nation’s highest civilian recognition, presented to individuals for achievements and significant contributions to the security, prosperity, and social wellbeing of the United States, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant public or private endeavors. The NASA's Planetary Landing Team co-founded by Sheyene is a node of the Center for Lunar & Asteroid Surface Science (CLASS) at the University of Central Florida (UCF). Her role infusing scientific progress into robotics outreach includes to develop a series of robotics competitions for universities and to develop robotics for constructing landing pads on the Moon. Sheyene Gerardi started working with NASA Kennedy Space Center Swamp Works and the Florida Space Institute (FSI) to teach planetary engineering and creating robotics competitions for low-income children through Sheyene School in 2017. She is also working with governments introducing robotics education into low-resource communities or conflict areas, such as rural schools, refugee camps and non-formal school systems. The program is serving prison systems providing assistance with education to people who has been wrongfully convicted. Wealth Gerardi acquired her wealth after her mother and father were killed in an automobile accident, leaving Sheyene with no living relatives. Sheyene's family has owned and operated a mining company, since 1954. Gerardi serves as a CEO of GEMS corporation, she took over the company after her parents died, one of her first major actions following the death of her parents was to implement automated mining. GEMS is acronym that stands for Gerardi, Edgar (her father), Marina (her mother), Sheyene. The family office, which opened in 2009, serves as the private investment vehicle for Sheyene. Sheyene's lands are in the Orinoco Mining Arc, in the same area of the Cristinas and the Brisas mine, which, according to a business valuation, the property may be worth more than $1 billion. According to Roberto Mirabal, former minister of the Popular Power for Ecological Mining Development, the Orinoco Mining Arc has tons of reserves of gold, copper, diamond, coltan, iron, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, thorium and other minerals and it has a potential of about 2 trillion dollars, which would make it the second biggest gold reserve in the world. Another one of her businesses include a robotics product line for commercial use and the Sheyene Gerardi Network (SGN), a variety of mainstream entertainment forms, such as films, magazines and TV channel, that focus on various projects and activities within NASA, including the International Space Station, robotic missions and international Space launch. Business career Sheyene Institute After becoming involved with NASA Sheyene founded the Sheyene Institute, a company that works on technologies to mining and manufacturing on the Moon, Mars and asteroids. The institute conducts applied research and development in Autonomous Navigation Technologies (ANTs). Sheyene Technology Sheyene is active in the area of robotics towards autonomous mining and self-driving cars. In 2017, Sheyene established a robotic company spun out of the Sheyene Institute to commercialize her robotics product line for industrial and commercial uses. Sheyene's company builds its own robots for mining operations. The firm has sold its portfolio of products and services to various organizations, including government agencies in the USA; it also has product research and development operations in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) and for deployment on in situ planetary and lunar missions. Headquartered in Silicon Valley, California, the company products are available for commercial, industrial, enterprise and university research applications. Sheyene Technology is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Sheyene Gerardi Family Office with additional offices in Shanghai, China and Barcelona, Spain. Activism and Politics Politics In April 2020, Sheyene enrolled in the University of Naples Federico II to acquire a degree in Political science. Sheyene is currently working along with governments and international organizations to introduce robotics education into low-resource communities or conflict areas, such as rural schools, refugee camps, non-formal school systems and prison systems in concert with entertainment productions for social change to educate the public and guide them to take action. Human rights and Peace activism In 2020, Gerardi joined the American Society of International Law and became involved with the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Sheyene has been a featured speaker at several international business and technology forums, including the World Economic Forum, the World Government Summit and the Nobel Prize Summit. In the "Sheyene Institute founder's letter", Gerardi stressed the importance of the role of entertainment with a long-standing interest in social issues such as technological literacy and the space revolution, as well as settlement work to uplift misrepresented people to Spurring Participation in Aerospace Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship (S.P.A.C.E), a movement intended to promote citizen participation in, and broadened ownership of, space industry. Institutional affiliations Sheyene is member of the American Political Science Association (APSA), member of the International Political Science Association (IPSA) and to the committee on professional ethics, rights, and freedoms. Gerardi is member of L'association française de science politique (AFSP). Sheyene is also member of the American Society of International Law; and member of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Sheyene is both member of the Law and Ethics of Robotics committee group and strategic advisor of the Next Generation Committee of The Robotics Society of Japan, member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS). Education Gerardi graduated in art from institutions such as Charles III University of Madrid (UC3M), Sotheby's Institute of Art and Central University of Venezuela. Sheyene was accepted to a master's degree program for space In situ resource utilization (ISRU), offered by NASA Center for Lunar and Asteroid Surface Science (CLASS), she earned a master certification in Space Resource Utilization with 100% final grade, in 2018.Sheyene entered the University of Naples Federico II in 2020, to study Political science and to a Monte Carlo method program at Stanford University. Personal life Sheyene Gerardi was born in Venezuela, she holds dual-citizenship with Italy, from where her mother hails. In 2006, her mother and father were killed in an automobile accident, leaving Sheyene with no living relatives. A year later, she received a diagnosis of advanced lymphoma stage IV, a very rare type of cancer with only 60 cases reported worldwide with no survivors. The cancer spread throughout 85% of her body and doctors gave her three months to live. During her chemotherapy treatments, Gerardi worked in two films in Mexico, first, starred in La virgen de la caridad del cobre. Six months later, in Santa Juanita de los lagos, Gerardi underwent three years of chemotherapy, she suffered no hair loss. Sheyene grew up an avid fan of racing, her father was a race-car driver in Venezuela; he had five consecutive wins before he died. Sheyene has spoken about her passion for sailing, she is a certified yacht captain and owns a yacht, named after her in Florida. Philanthropy Sheyene founded the Sheyene Gerardi Foundation in 2007, originally in Venezuela but re-organized in New York. The foundation is dedicated to harnessing the potential of emerging technologies like AI and space exploration to address global challenges. Through research, education, and outreach initiatives, SGF fosters ethical and equitable solutions in areas such as economic development, environmental sustainability, and social justice. As of Jan 2024, the foundation is organized into four program areas under president Sheyene Gerardi, who sets strategic priorities, monitors results, and facilitates relationships with key partners. Research and Development Division Social Impact and Governance Division Outreach & Education Division Mission Operations Manager Division In addition to her management positions at the organization, Ms. Gerardi herself led lobbying and public relation efforts for the organization, according to public records. Program areas and initiatives Education The Sheyene School, its role is to address technological literacy in robotics and STEM related fields, for low-income children in underdeveloped regions. Food program Launched in 2021, SGF's food program delivers emergency food assistance to vulnerable communities facing pandemic, environmental, or humanitarian crises. CEO Program The Commonwealth Enrichment and Outreach (CEO) Program, established in 2022, fosters financial security through entrepreneurial support initiatives. Telemedicine Sheyene E-health, which provides free medical consultations via Internet, email and via phone for people suffering from rare diseases. Filmography Year Title Role Country 1998 Hoy te vi Perla Ecuador, U.R.S.S.R, Poland, Dominican Republic, Honduras, United States, Puerto Rico, Arabic Countries, Israel 1998 Niña mimada La Araña Panama, Ecuador, Paraguay, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, United States, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia 2003–2004 La Invasora Yoly Panama, Ecuador, Paraguay, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, United States, Puerto Rico, Romania, Russia 2004–2005 Mujer con pantalones Guillermina Peréz Venezuela, Paraguay, El Salvador, Panama, Ecuador, Bulgaria, Dominican Republic, United States, Puerto Rico, Albania, Honduras, Spain, Armenia, Guatemala, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Nicaragua, Romania, Russia, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Turkey, Iceland, Kosovo, Uzbekistan, Poland, Arabic Countries, Israel 2006–2007 Por todo lo alto Sonia Venezuela, Paraguay, El Salvador, Panama, Ecuador, Bulgaria, Dominican Republic, United States, Puerto Rico, Albania, Honduras, Spain, Armenia, Guatemala, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Nicaragua, Romania, Russia, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Turkey, Iceland, Kosovo, Uzbekistan, Poland, Arabic Countries, Israel 2007–2008 Camaleona Susana Rincón Venezuela, Paraguay, El Salvador, Panama, Ecuador, Bulgaria, Dominican Republic, United States, Puerto Rico, Albania, Honduras, Spain, Armenia, Guatemala, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Nicaragua, Romania, Russia, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Turkey, Iceland, Kosovo, Uzbekistan, Poland, Arabic Countries, Israel 2008–2009 La virgen de la caridad del cobre Martha Venezuela, Mexico, Spain, Colombia, Bulgaria, Peru, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, United States, Honduras, El Salvador 2010–2011 Santa Juanita de los lagos Venezuela, Mexico, Spain, Colombia, Bulgaria, Peru, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, United States, Honduras, El Salvador 2012–2013 Esta noche tu night Host United States, Puerto Rico, Panama, Ecuador, Paraguay, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, Romania, Russia, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay 2013–2014 Los Implicados Host United States, Puerto Rico, Panama, Ecuador, Paraguay, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, Romania, Russia, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay 2014–2015 A tacon quitao Host United States, Puerto Rico, Panama, Ecuador, Paraguay, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, Romania, Russia, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay 2017–2018 Noticiero Telemundo Anchor Venezuela, Paraguay, El Salvador, Panama, Ecuador, Bulgaria, Dominican Republic, United States, Puerto Rico, Albania, Honduras, Spain, Armenia, Guatemala, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Uzbekistan, Nicaragua, Romania, Russia, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, Peru, Turkey, Iceland, Kosovo, Uzbekistan, Poland, Arabic Countries, Israel, Africa. 2020 To the moon and back with Sheyene Gerardi Host/ Executive Producer DISH Network, DIRECTV, Verizon FiOS TV, Univision communication, Discovery Channel, History Channel, A&E References ^ "CLASS Planetary Landing Team". ^ "Sheyene Gerardi NASA Planetary Landing team 2018". ^ a b "Sheyene Gerardi - The American way of life". Retrieved 2023-12-05. ^ "Informational Message". appext20.dos.ny.gov. ^ Behdad, Amir; Bailey, Nathanael G. (2014). "Diagnosis of Splenic B-Cell Lymphomas in the Bone Marrow: A Review of Histopathologic, Immunophenotypic, and Genetic Findings". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 138 (10): 1295–1301. doi:10.5858/arpa.2014-0291-cc. PMID 25268192. ^ Sainati, L.; Matutes, E.; Mulligan, S.; Oliveira, MP de; Rani, S.; Lampert, I. A.; Catovsky, D. (1 July 1990). "A variant form of hairy cell leukemia resistant to alpha-interferon: clinical and phenotypic characteristics of 17 patients". Blood. 76 (1): 157–162. doi:10.1182/blood.v76.1.157.157. PMID 2364167 – via www.bloodjournal.org. ^ "Sheyene Gerardi, una actriz al servicio del arte y la tecnología". Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-19. ^ "Sheyene Gerardi - A Plus". ^ International, WILPF. "Home". WILPF. Retrieved 2021-06-04. ^ https://www.asil.org/community/user/100077430 ^ a b "Sheyene Gerardi Infusing Scientific Progress into Robotics Outreach". Archived from the original on 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2018-09-25. ^ "RCTV.net". 1 October 2005. Archived from the original on 1 October 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b Rivera, Zayda (19 April 2017). "This International Celebrity Survived A Deadly Cancer, And Along The Way Discovered Her New Purpose In Life". A Plus. ^ "Sheyene Gerardi". IMDb. ^ "SHEYENE GERARDI una actriz al servicio del arte y la tecnología". 17 April 2016. ^ "Sheyene Gerardi ingresa como influenciadora a la comunidad Mogul para apoyar el desarrollo de la mujer - Venevision". www.venevision.com. Archived from the original on 2019-07-22. Retrieved 2016-08-15. ^ "Entertainment | SGN". www.sheyenegerardi.net. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ "To The Moon and Back with Sheyene Gerardi 2020". IMDb. ^ a b "Watch To the Moon and Back with Sheyene Gerardi - Ethics of ai | Prime Video". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2021-06-04. ^ "Sheyene Gerardi". IMDb. ^ "To the moon and back with Sheyene Gerardi". 9 March 2020 – via www.imdb.com. ^ "Sheyene Gerardi NASA CLASS Robotics Outreach Lead: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming". Internet Archive. 2018. ^ "Space Education Outreach with Sheyene Gerardi". Archived from the original on 2018-04-06. Retrieved 2018-04-05. ^ "Sheyene Gerardi NASA FSl UCF Robotics Competitions: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming". Internet Archive. ^ "Jóvenes latinoamericanos de escasos recursos podrán competir en la NASA". Globovisión. ^ "NASA CLASS Announces Collaboration With Actress Sheyene Gerardi | Aero-News Network". www.aero-news.net. ^ "Space Education Outreach with Sheyene Gerardi". fsi.ucf.edu. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018. ^ Globovision (2018-02-10). "e-planning". Globovisión (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-08-20. ^ Environmental, Natural Resources. "Orinoco's Mining Arc: An environmental crime with global effects - Luis Palacios". law.lclark.edu. Retrieved 2021-06-04. ^ "GMS value". ^ Rachel Boothroyd Rojas (February 26, 2016). "Venezuela and Canadian Company Sign $5 Billion Gold Mining Deal". nsnbc international. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016. ...Venezuela is also estimated to possess the planet's second greatest gold reserves... ^ Ellis, Trevor R. (April 17, 2006). "Appraisal of Market Value Las Brisas Gold Mining Concessions Bolivar State, Venezuela" (PDF). minevaluation.com. Retrieved 2021-06-04. ^ "Who Owns Las Cristinas Gold?". www.banderasnews.com. Retrieved 2021-06-04. ^ "Tasan en $2 trillones potencial del... - Economía | EL UNIVERSAL". 2017-11-14. Archived from the original on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2021-06-04. ^ "Comenzó etapa de exploración en el Arco Minero del Orinoco | Últimas Noticias". 2017-10-28. Archived from the original on 2017-10-28. Retrieved 2021-06-04. ^ https://arpa-e-foa.energy.gov/TeamingPartners.aspx?foaid=84f7fc0c-8b2f-4b78-95ad-723fc7255c86 ^ "Teaming Partners". ARPA-E. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ "Sheyene Technology Velodyne LiDar USA 2023.PDF". ^ "Town of Palm Beach Award Letter for Sheyene Technology". ^ "Prospective Supplier Registration Status". ^ "Sheyene Technology Bescom.PDF". ^ "Sheyene GERARDI | Association Française de Science Politique". ^ https://www.asil.org/ ^ https://www.idi-iil.org/en/ ^ Asbury, Michael (August 11, 2017). "Monte Carlo Simulation". NASA. ^ "MONTE". montepy.jpl.nasa.gov. ^ "Fotografo - PhotoVogue - Vogue". ^ "Sheyene Gerardi habla con Cala sobre su batalla contra el cáncer". 6 September 2011. ^ "Beverly Hills Entertainment - Religious". www.brandariz.com. ^ "Beverly Hills Entertainment - Religious". www.brandariz.com. ^ "Charytin entrevista a Sheyene Gerardi, nos habla de sus nuevos proyectos. • mega.tv". 12 September 2013. ^ MegaTV (23 August 2013). "Charytin entrevista a Sheyene Gerardi, nos de sus nuevos proyectos" – via YouTube. ^ "Video". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2020-08-20. ^ "Video". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2020-08-20. ^ "Video". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2020-08-20. ^ "Search Charities Database". www.charitiesnys.com. ^ "ARPA-E eXCHANGE: Teaming Partners". arpa-e-foa.energy.gov. External links Official website Sheyene Gerardi at IMDb CNN interview CNN interview La Invasora(2003)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"media proprietor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_proprietor"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Informational_Message-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"International Political Science Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Political_Science_Association"},{"link_name":"American Society of International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_International_Law"},{"link_name":"Women's International League for Peace and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools"},{"link_name":"refugee camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_camps"},{"link_name":"school systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_systems"},{"link_name":"prison system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_system"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-11"}],"text":"Sheyene Gerardi (born April 13) is an Italo-Venezuelan former actress, producer, media proprietor, and mining executive. She is the Lead of Robotics Outreach at NASA (CLASS), where she co-founded the NASA's Planetary Landing Team in 2018.[1][2] She was granted the status of an individual with exceptional ability in the national interest In the United States.[3]She has won the numerous awards for her work and charitable efforts; the National Interest status is the Nation’s highest civilian recognition, presented to individuals for achievements and significant contributions to the security, prosperity, and social wellbeing of the United States, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant public or private endeavors.Gerardi is the founder of the Sheyene Institute, she operates two philanthropic organizations through the Sheyene Gerardi Foundation.[4] The Sheyene School, to address technological literacy. The Sheyene e-health, an electronic healthcare information delivery network for rare diseases, after becoming a survivor of an unclassifiable splenic hairy small B-Cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a rare cancer.[5][6][7][8] Sheyene is member of The International Political Science Association (IPSA), the American Society of International Law and member to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[9][10]She is working with governments introducing robotics education into low-resource communities or conflict affected areas, such as rural schools, refugee camps, non-formal school systems and prison system.[11]","title":"Sheyene Gerardi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Universidad Central de Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Central_de_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Miss Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Barlovento, Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlovento,_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-13"},{"link_name":"Emmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy"},{"link_name":"Meridiano de Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridiano_de_Oro"},{"link_name":"Imagen Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen_Awards"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"sub_title":"Entertainment","text":"Her career as a professional model began in conjunction with her medical education; prior to attending university she represented her school in mathematics and chemistry competitions. Sheyene studied medicine at the Universidad Central de Venezuela. She worked as a model part time and participated in the Miss Venezuela Pageant. During her time at the university, the school plunged into turmoil, reaching the verge of closing as students protested. Around that time, a TV producer discovered Sheyene, and she garnered a starring role on a popular soap opera series that was broadcast internationally. Sheyene is known for her work in more than 30 countries, including Russia, Germany, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Puerto Rico. Given her influence on the culture, a non-profit charity foundation in Barlovento, Venezuela — the Sheyene School — is named after her.[12][13]Gerardi has won several awards such as the Emmy Award, the 2 de Oro award, She has received the key of the city in Barlovento, the Meridiano de Oro award and the Imagen Awards.[14][15][16] The actress has also credits in roles as a TV host. In 2016, Gerardi was named a Mogul Influencer in New York City.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV"},{"link_name":"To the Moon and Back with Sheyene Gerardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Moon_and_Back_with_Sheyene_Gerardi"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon.com-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"Sheyene is the founder of the Sheyene Gerardi Network (SGN), a variety of mainstream entertainment forms, dedicated to foster awareness related to the space revolution.[17]On March 9, 2020, Sheyene began hosting a TV show documentary entitled \"To the Moon and Back with Sheyene Gerardi\"[18][19] distributed through cable television, where Sheyene aims to educate about leading-edge technological developments.[20] Sheyene is also executive producing this series.[21]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Informational_Message-3"},{"link_name":"University of Central Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-11"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Kennedy Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"Swamp Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swamp_Works"},{"link_name":"Florida Space Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Space_Institute"},{"link_name":"planetary engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_engineering"},{"link_name":"robotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In 2018, Sheyene was appointed as the Lead for Robotics Outreach at NASA, later the same year she co-founded the NASA's Planetary Landing Team. She earned a Ph.D in Space resource utilization and subsequently was granted the status of an individual with exceptional ability in the national interest.[3] The National Interest status is the Nation’s highest civilian recognition, presented to individuals for achievements and significant contributions to the security, prosperity, and social wellbeing of the United States, to world peace, or to cultural or other significant public or private endeavors.The NASA's Planetary Landing Team co-founded by Sheyene is a node of the Center for Lunar & Asteroid Surface Science (CLASS) at the University of Central Florida (UCF). Her role infusing scientific progress into robotics outreach includes to develop a series of robotics competitions for universities and to develop robotics for constructing landing pads on the Moon.[11][22]Sheyene Gerardi started working with NASA Kennedy Space Center Swamp Works and the Florida Space Institute (FSI) to teach planetary engineering and creating robotics competitions for low-income children through Sheyene School in 2017.[23][24][25] She is also working with governments introducing robotics education into low-resource communities or conflict areas, such as rural schools, refugee camps and non-formal school systems. The program is serving prison systems providing assistance with education to people who has been wrongfully convicted.[26][27][28]","title":"NASA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a mining company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"automated mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_mining"},{"link_name":"Orinoco Mining Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco_Mining_Arc"},{"link_name":"Brisas mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisas_mine"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsnbc022616-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper"},{"link_name":"diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond"},{"link_name":"coltan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coltan"},{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"cerium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerium"},{"link_name":"lanthanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum"},{"link_name":"neodymium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium"},{"link_name":"thorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"Space launch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_launch"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon.com-19"}],"text":"Gerardi acquired her wealth after her mother and father were killed in an automobile accident, leaving Sheyene with no living relatives.Sheyene's family has owned and operated a mining company, since 1954.[29] Gerardi serves as a CEO of GEMS corporation, she took over the company after her parents died, one of her first major actions following the death of her parents was to implement automated mining. GEMS is acronym that stands for Gerardi, Edgar (her father), Marina (her mother), Sheyene. The family office, which opened in 2009, serves as the private investment vehicle for Sheyene.Sheyene's lands are in the Orinoco Mining Arc, in the same area of the Cristinas and the Brisas mine, which, according to a business valuation, the property may be worth more than $1 billion.[30][31][32][33] According to Roberto Mirabal, former minister of the Popular Power for Ecological Mining Development, the Orinoco Mining Arc has tons of reserves of gold, copper, diamond, coltan, iron, cerium, lanthanum, neodymium, thorium and other minerals and it has a potential of about 2 trillion dollars, which would make it the second biggest gold reserve in the world.[34][35]Another one of her businesses include a robotics product line for commercial use and the Sheyene Gerardi Network (SGN), a variety of mainstream entertainment forms, such as films, magazines and TV channel, that focus on various projects and activities within NASA, including the International Space Station, robotic missions and international Space launch.[19]","title":"Wealth"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Sheyene Institute","text":"After becoming involved with NASA Sheyene founded the Sheyene Institute, a company that works on technologies to mining and manufacturing on the Moon, Mars and asteroids. The institute conducts applied research and development in Autonomous Navigation Technologies (ANTs).[36][37]","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"}],"sub_title":"Sheyene Technology","text":"Sheyene is active in the area of robotics towards autonomous mining and self-driving cars. In 2017, Sheyene established a robotic company spun out of the Sheyene Institute to commercialize her robotics product line for industrial and commercial uses. Sheyene's company builds its own robots for mining operations. The firm has sold its portfolio of products and services to various organizations, including government agencies in the USA; it also has product research and development operations in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAV) and for deployment on in situ planetary and lunar missions.[38][39][40]Headquartered in Silicon Valley, California, the company products are available for commercial, industrial, enterprise and university research applications. Sheyene Technology is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Sheyene Gerardi Family Office with additional offices in Shanghai, China[41] and Barcelona, Spain.","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Activism and Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Naples Federico II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II"},{"link_name":"Political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"In April 2020, Sheyene enrolled in the University of Naples Federico II to acquire a degree in Political science. Sheyene is currently working along with governments and international organizations to introduce robotics education into low-resource communities or conflict areas, such as rural schools, refugee camps, non-formal school systems and prison systems in concert with entertainment productions for social change to educate the public and guide them to take action.","title":"Activism and Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Society of International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_International_Law"},{"link_name":"Women's International League for Peace and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"World Economic Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum"},{"link_name":"World Government Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Government_Summit"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize"}],"sub_title":"Human rights and Peace activism","text":"In 2020, Gerardi joined the American Society of International Law and became involved with the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Sheyene has been a featured speaker at several international business and technology forums, including the World Economic Forum, the World Government Summit and the Nobel Prize Summit. In the \"Sheyene Institute founder's letter\", Gerardi stressed the importance of the role of entertainment with a long-standing interest in social issues such as technological literacy and the space revolution, as well as settlement work to uplift misrepresented people to Spurring Participation in Aerospace Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship (S.P.A.C.E), a movement intended to promote citizen participation in, and broadened ownership of, space industry.","title":"Activism and Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Political Science Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association"},{"link_name":"International Political Science Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Political_Science_Association"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"American Society of International Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_International_Law"},{"link_name":"Women's International League for Peace and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_International_League_for_Peace_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers"},{"link_name":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Robotics_and_Automation_Society"}],"text":"Sheyene is member of the American Political Science Association (APSA), member of the International Political Science Association (IPSA) and to the committee on professional ethics, rights, and freedoms. Gerardi is member of L'association française de science politique (AFSP).[42] Sheyene is also member of the American Society of International Law; and member of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[43][44]Sheyene is both member of the Law and Ethics of Robotics committee group and strategic advisor of the Next Generation Committee of The Robotics Society of Japan, member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS).","title":"Institutional affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles III University of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_University_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Sotheby's Institute of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotheby%27s_Institute_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Central University of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_University_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"In situ resource utilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ_resource_utilization"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"University of Naples Federico II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II"},{"link_name":"Political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"Gerardi graduated in art from institutions such as Charles III University of Madrid (UC3M), Sotheby's Institute of Art and Central University of Venezuela. Sheyene was accepted to a master's degree program for space In situ resource utilization (ISRU), offered by NASA Center for Lunar and Asteroid Surface Science (CLASS), she earned a master certification in Space Resource Utilization with 100% final grade, in 2018.Sheyene entered the University of Naples Federico II in 2020, to study Political science and to a Monte Carlo method program at Stanford University.[45][46]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mega.tv-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Sheyene Gerardi was born in Venezuela, she holds dual-citizenship with Italy, from where her mother hails.[47]In 2006, her mother and father were killed in an automobile accident, leaving Sheyene with no living relatives. A year later, she received a diagnosis of advanced lymphoma stage IV, a very rare type of cancer with only 60 cases reported worldwide with no survivors. The cancer spread throughout 85% of her body and doctors gave her three months to live.[48] During her chemotherapy treatments, Gerardi worked in two films in Mexico, first, starred in La virgen de la caridad del cobre.[49] Six months later, in Santa Juanita de los lagos,[50] Gerardi underwent three years of chemotherapy, she suffered no hair loss.[51][52]Sheyene grew up an avid fan of racing, her father was a race-car driver in Venezuela; he had five consecutive wins before he died. Sheyene has spoken about her passion for sailing, she is a certified yacht captain and owns a yacht, named after her in Florida.[53][54][55]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheyene Gerardi Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheyene_Gerardi_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Sheyene founded the Sheyene Gerardi Foundation in 2007, originally in Venezuela but re-organized in New York.[56] The foundation is dedicated to harnessing the potential of emerging technologies like AI and space exploration to address global challenges. Through research, education, and outreach initiatives, SGF fosters ethical and equitable solutions in areas such as economic development, environmental sustainability, and social justice.As of Jan 2024, the foundation is organized into four program areas under president Sheyene Gerardi, who sets strategic priorities, monitors results, and facilitates relationships with key partners.Research and Development Division[57]\nSocial Impact and Governance Division\nOutreach & Education Division\nMission Operations Manager DivisionIn addition to her management positions at the organization, Ms. Gerardi herself led lobbying and public relation efforts for the organization, according to public records.","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rare diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_diseases"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-13"}],"sub_title":"Program areas and initiatives","text":"EducationThe Sheyene School, its role is to address technological literacy in robotics and STEM related fields, for low-income children in underdeveloped regions.Food programLaunched in 2021, SGF's food program delivers emergency food assistance to vulnerable communities facing pandemic, environmental, or humanitarian crises.CEO ProgramThe Commonwealth Enrichment and Outreach (CEO) Program, established in 2022, fosters financial security through entrepreneurial support initiatives.TelemedicineSheyene E-health, which provides free medical consultations via Internet, email and via phone for people suffering from rare diseases.[13]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"CLASS Planetary Landing Team\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sciences.ucf.edu/class/landing-team/","url_text":"\"CLASS Planetary Landing Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Gerardi NASA Planetary Landing team 2018\".","urls":[{"url":"https://imgsnp.co/il67m","url_text":"\"Sheyene Gerardi NASA Planetary Landing team 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Gerardi - The American way of life\". Retrieved 2023-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sheyenegerardi.net/essays/the-american-way-of-life","url_text":"\"Sheyene Gerardi - The American way of life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Informational Message\". appext20.dos.ny.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://appext20.dos.ny.gov/corp_public/CORPSEARCH.ENTITY_INFORMATION?p_token=869631A70FF3A17F932741D48CAB7DE6581340193EC3DA43A1B4937C55EE3FDD6030B66B4E4A16710A0BB76A39C157F5&p_nameid=A74A16BC34BE0133&p_corpid=68B5BB23F1BF1848&p_captcha=10603&p_captcha_check=869631A70FF3A17F932741D48CAB7DE6581340193EC3DA43A1B4937C55EE3FDDF875A9193300ED405AC01189B46DF825&p_entity_name=sheyene+gerardi&p_name_type=%25&p_search_type=CONTAINS&p_srch_results_page=0","url_text":"\"Informational Message\""}]},{"reference":"Behdad, Amir; Bailey, Nathanael G. (2014). \"Diagnosis of Splenic B-Cell Lymphomas in the Bone Marrow: A Review of Histopathologic, Immunophenotypic, and Genetic Findings\". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 138 (10): 1295–1301. doi:10.5858/arpa.2014-0291-cc. PMID 25268192.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5858%2Farpa.2014-0291-cc","url_text":"\"Diagnosis of Splenic B-Cell Lymphomas in the Bone Marrow: A Review of Histopathologic, Immunophenotypic, and Genetic Findings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5858%2Farpa.2014-0291-cc","url_text":"10.5858/arpa.2014-0291-cc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25268192","url_text":"25268192"}]},{"reference":"Sainati, L.; Matutes, E.; Mulligan, S.; Oliveira, MP de; Rani, S.; Lampert, I. A.; Catovsky, D. (1 July 1990). \"A variant form of hairy cell leukemia resistant to alpha-interferon: clinical and phenotypic characteristics of 17 patients\". Blood. 76 (1): 157–162. doi:10.1182/blood.v76.1.157.157. PMID 2364167 – via www.bloodjournal.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/76/1/157","url_text":"\"A variant form of hairy cell leukemia resistant to alpha-interferon: clinical and phenotypic characteristics of 17 patients\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.v76.1.157.157","url_text":"10.1182/blood.v76.1.157.157"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2364167","url_text":"2364167"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Gerardi, una actriz al servicio del arte y la tecnología\". Archived from the original on 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2016-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160422023854/http://diariodecaracas.com/gente/sheyene-gerardi-actriz-al-servicio-del-arte-la-tecnologia","url_text":"\"Sheyene Gerardi, una actriz al servicio del arte y la tecnología\""},{"url":"http://diariodecaracas.com/gente/sheyene-gerardi-actriz-al-servicio-del-arte-la-tecnologia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Gerardi - A Plus\".","urls":[{"url":"http://aplus.com/t/sheyene+gerardi","url_text":"\"Sheyene Gerardi - A Plus\""}]},{"reference":"International, WILPF. \"Home\". WILPF. Retrieved 2021-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wilpf.org/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Gerardi Infusing Scientific Progress into Robotics Outreach\". Archived from the original on 2018-09-26. Retrieved 2018-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014044/https://fsi.ucf.edu/sheyene-gerardi-infusing-scientific-progress-into-robotics-outreach/","url_text":"\"Sheyene Gerardi Infusing Scientific Progress into Robotics Outreach\""},{"url":"https://fsi.ucf.edu/sheyene-gerardi-infusing-scientific-progress-into-robotics-outreach/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RCTV.net\". 1 October 2005. Archived from the original on 1 October 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051001211920/http://www.rctv.net/","url_text":"\"RCTV.net\""}]},{"reference":"Rivera, Zayda (19 April 2017). \"This International Celebrity Survived A Deadly Cancer, And Along The Way Discovered Her New Purpose In Life\". A Plus.","urls":[{"url":"http://aplus.com/a/sheyene-gerardi-actress-cancer-survivor-philanthropist","url_text":"\"This International Celebrity Survived A Deadly Cancer, And Along The Way Discovered Her New Purpose In Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Gerardi\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1566463/awards","url_text":"\"Sheyene Gerardi\""}]},{"reference":"\"SHEYENE GERARDI una actriz al servicio del arte y la tecnología\". 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diariolaregion.net/2016/04/17/sheyene-gerardi-una-actriz-al-servicio-del-arte-y-la-tecnologia/","url_text":"\"SHEYENE GERARDI una actriz al servicio del arte y la tecnología\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Gerardi ingresa como influenciadora a la comunidad Mogul para apoyar el desarrollo de la mujer - Venevision\". www.venevision.com. Archived from the original on 2019-07-22. Retrieved 2016-08-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190722080000/http://www.venevision.com/mundo-show/nota/sheyene-gerardi-ingresa-como-influenciadora-a-la-comunidad-mogul-para-apoyar-el-desa","url_text":"\"Sheyene Gerardi ingresa como influenciadora a la comunidad Mogul para apoyar el desarrollo de la mujer - Venevision\""},{"url":"http://www.venevision.com/mundo-show/nota/sheyene-gerardi-ingresa-como-influenciadora-a-la-comunidad-mogul-para-apoyar-el-desa","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Entertainment | SGN\". www.sheyenegerardi.net. Archived from the original on 21 September 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200921200626/https://www.sheyenegerardi.net/entertainment","url_text":"\"Entertainment | SGN\""},{"url":"https://www.sheyenegerardi.net/entertainment","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"To The Moon and Back with Sheyene Gerardi 2020\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/video/vi2373303833","url_text":"\"To The Moon and Back with Sheyene Gerardi 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch To the Moon and Back with Sheyene Gerardi - Ethics of ai | Prime Video\". www.amazon.com. Retrieved 2021-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/Moon-Back-Sheyene-Gerardi-Ethics/dp/B08GQCZWVF","url_text":"\"Watch To the Moon and Back with Sheyene Gerardi - Ethics of ai | Prime Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Gerardi\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1566463/","url_text":"\"Sheyene Gerardi\""}]},{"reference":"\"To the moon and back with Sheyene Gerardi\". 9 March 2020 – via www.imdb.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11957264/","url_text":"\"To the moon and back with Sheyene Gerardi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Gerardi NASA CLASS Robotics Outreach Lead: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming\". Internet Archive. 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sheyene-gerardi-nasa-class-robotics-outreach-lead","url_text":"\"Sheyene Gerardi NASA CLASS Robotics Outreach Lead: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Space Education Outreach with Sheyene Gerardi\". Archived from the original on 2018-04-06. Retrieved 2018-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180406101840/https://fsi.ucf.edu/space-education-outreach-with-sheyene-gerardi/","url_text":"\"Space Education Outreach with Sheyene Gerardi\""},{"url":"https://fsi.ucf.edu/space-education-outreach-with-sheyene-gerardi/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Gerardi NASA FSl UCF Robotics Competitions: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming\". Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fsl-ucf-article-robotics-competitions","url_text":"\"Sheyene Gerardi NASA FSl UCF Robotics Competitions: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jóvenes latinoamericanos de escasos recursos podrán competir en la NASA\". Globovisión.","urls":[{"url":"http://globovision.com/article/jovenes-latinoamericanos-de-escasos-recursos-podran-competir-en-la-nasa","url_text":"\"Jóvenes latinoamericanos de escasos recursos podrán competir en la NASA\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASA CLASS Announces Collaboration With Actress Sheyene Gerardi | Aero-News Network\". www.aero-news.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=38c46884-5abc-491a-89aa-c9bb0b71195c","url_text":"\"NASA CLASS Announces Collaboration With Actress Sheyene Gerardi | Aero-News Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"Space Education Outreach with Sheyene Gerardi\". fsi.ucf.edu. Archived from the original on April 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180406101840/https://fsi.ucf.edu/space-education-outreach-with-sheyene-gerardi/","url_text":"\"Space Education Outreach with Sheyene Gerardi\""},{"url":"https://fsi.ucf.edu/space-education-outreach-with-sheyene-gerardi/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Globovision (2018-02-10). \"e-planning\". Globovisión (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://globovision.com/article/jovenes-latinoamericanos-de-escasos-recursos-podran-competir-en-la-nasa","url_text":"\"e-planning\""}]},{"reference":"Environmental, Natural Resources. \"Orinoco's Mining Arc: An environmental crime with global effects - Luis Palacios\". law.lclark.edu. Retrieved 2021-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.lclark.edu/live/blogs/125-orinocos-mining-arc-an-environmental-crime-with","url_text":"\"Orinoco's Mining Arc: An environmental crime with global effects - Luis Palacios\""}]},{"reference":"\"GMS value\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pdfslide.net/education/gms-value.html","url_text":"\"GMS value\""}]},{"reference":"Rachel Boothroyd Rojas (February 26, 2016). \"Venezuela and Canadian Company Sign $5 Billion Gold Mining Deal\". nsnbc international. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2016. ...Venezuela is also estimated to possess the planet's second greatest gold reserves...","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405053048/http://nsnbc.me/2016/02/26/venezuela-and-canadian-company-sign-5-billion-gold-mining-deal/","url_text":"\"Venezuela and Canadian Company Sign $5 Billion Gold Mining Deal\""},{"url":"http://nsnbc.me/2016/02/26/venezuela-and-canadian-company-sign-5-billion-gold-mining-deal/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Trevor R. (April 17, 2006). \"Appraisal of Market Value Las Brisas Gold Mining Concessions Bolivar State, Venezuela\" (PDF). minevaluation.com. Retrieved 2021-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minevaluation.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/EllisBrisasValuationReport170406c.pdf","url_text":"\"Appraisal of Market Value Las Brisas Gold Mining Concessions Bolivar State, Venezuela\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who Owns Las Cristinas Gold?\". www.banderasnews.com. Retrieved 2021-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.banderasnews.com/0812/edat-lascristinasgold.htm","url_text":"\"Who Owns Las Cristinas Gold?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tasan en $2 trillones potencial del... - Economía | EL UNIVERSAL\". 2017-11-14. Archived from the original on 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2021-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171114163804/http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/economia/tasan-trillones-potencial-del-arco_432404","url_text":"\"Tasan en $2 trillones potencial del... - Economía | EL UNIVERSAL\""},{"url":"http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/economia/tasan-trillones-potencial-del-arco_432404","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Comenzó etapa de exploración en el Arco Minero del Orinoco | Últimas Noticias\". 2017-10-28. Archived from the original on 2017-10-28. Retrieved 2021-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171028145006/http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/economia/comenzo-etapa-exploracion-arco-minero-del-orinoco/","url_text":"\"Comenzó etapa de exploración en el Arco Minero del Orinoco | Últimas Noticias\""},{"url":"http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/economia/comenzo-etapa-exploracion-arco-minero-del-orinoco/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Teaming Partners\". ARPA-E. Retrieved 26 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://arpa-e-foa.energy.gov/TeamingPartners.aspx?foaid=84f7fc0c-8b2f-4b78-95ad-723fc7255c86","url_text":"\"Teaming Partners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Technology Velodyne LiDar USA 2023.PDF\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/2019group/sheyene-technology-velodyne-lidar-usa-2023pdf","url_text":"\"Sheyene Technology Velodyne LiDar USA 2023.PDF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Town of Palm Beach Award Letter for Sheyene Technology\".","urls":[{"url":"https://pdfhost.io/v/lo2QIf7oC_Town_of_Palm_Beach_Award_Letter_for_Sheyene_Technology","url_text":"\"Town of Palm Beach Award Letter for Sheyene Technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prospective Supplier Registration Status\".","urls":[{"url":"https://supplierportal.sandia.gov/OA_HTML/OA.jsp?page=/oracle/apps/pos/onboard/webui/ProsRegStatusPG&OAHP=POS_GUEST_REG_HP&OASF=POS_SUPP_REG_STATUS&OAPB=POS_ISP_BRAND&regkey=00AAE3A860E402A70EB8CF84E6494759B056CB1BF2D430A4758066824069075E","url_text":"\"Prospective Supplier Registration Status\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Technology Bescom.PDF\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slideshare.net/2019group/sheyene-technology-bescompdf","url_text":"\"Sheyene Technology Bescom.PDF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene GERARDI | Association Française de Science Politique\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afsp.info/author/sheyene_gerardi/","url_text":"\"Sheyene GERARDI | Association Française de Science Politique\""}]},{"reference":"Asbury, Michael (August 11, 2017). \"Monte Carlo Simulation\". NASA.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ivv/jstar/monte_carlo.html","url_text":"\"Monte Carlo Simulation\""}]},{"reference":"\"MONTE\". montepy.jpl.nasa.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://montepy.jpl.nasa.gov/","url_text":"\"MONTE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fotografo - PhotoVogue - Vogue\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.it/photovogue/portfolio/?id=243442","url_text":"\"Fotografo - PhotoVogue - Vogue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheyene Gerardi habla con Cala sobre su batalla contra el cáncer\". 6 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2011/09/06/sheyene-gerardi-habla-con-cala-sobre-su-batalla-contra-el-cancer/","url_text":"\"Sheyene Gerardi habla con Cala sobre su batalla contra el cáncer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beverly Hills Entertainment - Religious\". www.brandariz.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brandariz.com/html/virgencaridaddelcobre.html","url_text":"\"Beverly Hills Entertainment - Religious\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beverly Hills Entertainment - Religious\". www.brandariz.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brandariz.com/html/santajuanita.html","url_text":"\"Beverly Hills Entertainment - Religious\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charytin entrevista a Sheyene Gerardi, nos habla de sus nuevos proyectos. • mega.tv\". 12 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://mega.tv/programacion/charytin/charytin-entrevista-a-sheyene-gerardi-nos-de-sus-nuevos-proyectos","url_text":"\"Charytin entrevista a Sheyene Gerardi, nos habla de sus nuevos proyectos. • mega.tv\""}]},{"reference":"MegaTV (23 August 2013). \"Charytin entrevista a Sheyene Gerardi, nos de sus nuevos proyectos\" – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJxBeEWX4ag","url_text":"\"Charytin entrevista a Sheyene Gerardi, nos de sus nuevos proyectos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Video\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACIyy-OcUac","url_text":"\"Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Video\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8eRPZlTwPY","url_text":"\"Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Video\". www.youtube.com. Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJxBeEWX4ag","url_text":"\"Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search Charities Database\". www.charitiesnys.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.charitiesnys.com/RegistrySearch/show_details.jsp?id={0039AB7A-0000-CE1A-97BA-ADE43FE4D0EC}","url_text":"\"Search Charities Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARPA-E eXCHANGE: Teaming Partners\". arpa-e-foa.energy.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://arpa-e-foa.energy.gov/TeamingPartners.aspx?foaid=6bc02dc0-751d-45b4-a58b-218fc9aadec8","url_text":"\"ARPA-E eXCHANGE: Teaming Partners\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.sheyenegerardi.net/","external_links_name":"sheyenegerardi.net"},{"Link":"https://sciences.ucf.edu/class/landing-team/","external_links_name":"\"CLASS Planetary Landing Team\""},{"Link":"https://imgsnp.co/il67m","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Gerardi NASA Planetary Landing team 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.sheyenegerardi.net/essays/the-american-way-of-life","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Gerardi - The American way of life\""},{"Link":"https://appext20.dos.ny.gov/corp_public/CORPSEARCH.ENTITY_INFORMATION?p_token=869631A70FF3A17F932741D48CAB7DE6581340193EC3DA43A1B4937C55EE3FDD6030B66B4E4A16710A0BB76A39C157F5&p_nameid=A74A16BC34BE0133&p_corpid=68B5BB23F1BF1848&p_captcha=10603&p_captcha_check=869631A70FF3A17F932741D48CAB7DE6581340193EC3DA43A1B4937C55EE3FDDF875A9193300ED405AC01189B46DF825&p_entity_name=sheyene+gerardi&p_name_type=%25&p_search_type=CONTAINS&p_srch_results_page=0","external_links_name":"\"Informational Message\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5858%2Farpa.2014-0291-cc","external_links_name":"\"Diagnosis of Splenic B-Cell Lymphomas in the Bone Marrow: A Review of Histopathologic, Immunophenotypic, and Genetic Findings\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5858%2Farpa.2014-0291-cc","external_links_name":"10.5858/arpa.2014-0291-cc"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25268192","external_links_name":"25268192"},{"Link":"http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/76/1/157","external_links_name":"\"A variant form of hairy cell leukemia resistant to alpha-interferon: clinical and phenotypic characteristics of 17 patients\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1182%2Fblood.v76.1.157.157","external_links_name":"10.1182/blood.v76.1.157.157"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2364167","external_links_name":"2364167"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160422023854/http://diariodecaracas.com/gente/sheyene-gerardi-actriz-al-servicio-del-arte-la-tecnologia","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Gerardi, una actriz al servicio del arte y la tecnología\""},{"Link":"http://diariodecaracas.com/gente/sheyene-gerardi-actriz-al-servicio-del-arte-la-tecnologia","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://aplus.com/t/sheyene+gerardi","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Gerardi - A Plus\""},{"Link":"https://www.wilpf.org/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.asil.org/community/user/100077430","external_links_name":"https://www.asil.org/community/user/100077430"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180926014044/https://fsi.ucf.edu/sheyene-gerardi-infusing-scientific-progress-into-robotics-outreach/","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Gerardi Infusing Scientific Progress into Robotics Outreach\""},{"Link":"https://fsi.ucf.edu/sheyene-gerardi-infusing-scientific-progress-into-robotics-outreach/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051001211920/http://www.rctv.net/","external_links_name":"\"RCTV.net\""},{"Link":"http://aplus.com/a/sheyene-gerardi-actress-cancer-survivor-philanthropist","external_links_name":"\"This International Celebrity Survived A Deadly Cancer, And Along The Way Discovered Her New Purpose In Life\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1566463/awards","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Gerardi\""},{"Link":"http://www.diariolaregion.net/2016/04/17/sheyene-gerardi-una-actriz-al-servicio-del-arte-y-la-tecnologia/","external_links_name":"\"SHEYENE GERARDI una actriz al servicio del arte y la tecnología\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190722080000/http://www.venevision.com/mundo-show/nota/sheyene-gerardi-ingresa-como-influenciadora-a-la-comunidad-mogul-para-apoyar-el-desa","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Gerardi ingresa como influenciadora a la comunidad Mogul para apoyar el desarrollo de la mujer - Venevision\""},{"Link":"http://www.venevision.com/mundo-show/nota/sheyene-gerardi-ingresa-como-influenciadora-a-la-comunidad-mogul-para-apoyar-el-desa","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200921200626/https://www.sheyenegerardi.net/entertainment","external_links_name":"\"Entertainment | SGN\""},{"Link":"https://www.sheyenegerardi.net/entertainment","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/video/vi2373303833","external_links_name":"\"To The Moon and Back with Sheyene Gerardi 2020\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Moon-Back-Sheyene-Gerardi-Ethics/dp/B08GQCZWVF","external_links_name":"\"Watch To the Moon and Back with Sheyene Gerardi - Ethics of ai | Prime Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1566463/","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Gerardi\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11957264/","external_links_name":"\"To the moon and back with Sheyene Gerardi\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/sheyene-gerardi-nasa-class-robotics-outreach-lead","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Gerardi NASA CLASS Robotics Outreach Lead: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180406101840/https://fsi.ucf.edu/space-education-outreach-with-sheyene-gerardi/","external_links_name":"\"Space Education Outreach with Sheyene Gerardi\""},{"Link":"https://fsi.ucf.edu/space-education-outreach-with-sheyene-gerardi/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fsl-ucf-article-robotics-competitions","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Gerardi NASA FSl UCF Robotics Competitions: Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming\""},{"Link":"http://globovision.com/article/jovenes-latinoamericanos-de-escasos-recursos-podran-competir-en-la-nasa","external_links_name":"\"Jóvenes latinoamericanos de escasos recursos podrán competir en la NASA\""},{"Link":"http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=38c46884-5abc-491a-89aa-c9bb0b71195c","external_links_name":"\"NASA CLASS Announces Collaboration With Actress Sheyene Gerardi | Aero-News Network\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180406101840/https://fsi.ucf.edu/space-education-outreach-with-sheyene-gerardi/","external_links_name":"\"Space Education Outreach with Sheyene Gerardi\""},{"Link":"https://fsi.ucf.edu/space-education-outreach-with-sheyene-gerardi/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://globovision.com/article/jovenes-latinoamericanos-de-escasos-recursos-podran-competir-en-la-nasa","external_links_name":"\"e-planning\""},{"Link":"https://law.lclark.edu/live/blogs/125-orinocos-mining-arc-an-environmental-crime-with","external_links_name":"\"Orinoco's Mining Arc: An environmental crime with global effects - Luis Palacios\""},{"Link":"https://pdfslide.net/education/gms-value.html","external_links_name":"\"GMS value\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160405053048/http://nsnbc.me/2016/02/26/venezuela-and-canadian-company-sign-5-billion-gold-mining-deal/","external_links_name":"\"Venezuela and Canadian Company Sign $5 Billion Gold Mining Deal\""},{"Link":"http://nsnbc.me/2016/02/26/venezuela-and-canadian-company-sign-5-billion-gold-mining-deal/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.minevaluation.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/EllisBrisasValuationReport170406c.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Appraisal of Market Value Las Brisas Gold Mining Concessions Bolivar State, Venezuela\""},{"Link":"http://www.banderasnews.com/0812/edat-lascristinasgold.htm","external_links_name":"\"Who Owns Las Cristinas Gold?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171114163804/http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/economia/tasan-trillones-potencial-del-arco_432404","external_links_name":"\"Tasan en $2 trillones potencial del... - Economía | EL UNIVERSAL\""},{"Link":"http://www.eluniversal.com/noticias/economia/tasan-trillones-potencial-del-arco_432404","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171028145006/http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/economia/comenzo-etapa-exploracion-arco-minero-del-orinoco/","external_links_name":"\"Comenzó etapa de exploración en el Arco Minero del Orinoco | Últimas Noticias\""},{"Link":"http://www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve/noticias/economia/comenzo-etapa-exploracion-arco-minero-del-orinoco/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://arpa-e-foa.energy.gov/TeamingPartners.aspx?foaid=84f7fc0c-8b2f-4b78-95ad-723fc7255c86","external_links_name":"https://arpa-e-foa.energy.gov/TeamingPartners.aspx?foaid=84f7fc0c-8b2f-4b78-95ad-723fc7255c86"},{"Link":"https://arpa-e-foa.energy.gov/TeamingPartners.aspx?foaid=84f7fc0c-8b2f-4b78-95ad-723fc7255c86","external_links_name":"\"Teaming Partners\""},{"Link":"https://www.slideshare.net/2019group/sheyene-technology-velodyne-lidar-usa-2023pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Technology Velodyne LiDar USA 2023.PDF\""},{"Link":"https://pdfhost.io/v/lo2QIf7oC_Town_of_Palm_Beach_Award_Letter_for_Sheyene_Technology","external_links_name":"\"Town of Palm Beach Award Letter for Sheyene Technology\""},{"Link":"https://supplierportal.sandia.gov/OA_HTML/OA.jsp?page=/oracle/apps/pos/onboard/webui/ProsRegStatusPG&OAHP=POS_GUEST_REG_HP&OASF=POS_SUPP_REG_STATUS&OAPB=POS_ISP_BRAND&regkey=00AAE3A860E402A70EB8CF84E6494759B056CB1BF2D430A4758066824069075E","external_links_name":"\"Prospective Supplier Registration Status\""},{"Link":"https://www.slideshare.net/2019group/sheyene-technology-bescompdf","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Technology Bescom.PDF\""},{"Link":"https://www.afsp.info/author/sheyene_gerardi/","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene GERARDI | Association Française de Science Politique\""},{"Link":"https://www.asil.org/","external_links_name":"https://www.asil.org/"},{"Link":"https://www.idi-iil.org/en/","external_links_name":"https://www.idi-iil.org/en/"},{"Link":"http://www.nasa.gov/centers/ivv/jstar/monte_carlo.html","external_links_name":"\"Monte Carlo Simulation\""},{"Link":"https://montepy.jpl.nasa.gov/","external_links_name":"\"MONTE\""},{"Link":"https://www.vogue.it/photovogue/portfolio/?id=243442","external_links_name":"\"Fotografo - PhotoVogue - Vogue\""},{"Link":"http://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2011/09/06/sheyene-gerardi-habla-con-cala-sobre-su-batalla-contra-el-cancer/","external_links_name":"\"Sheyene Gerardi habla con Cala sobre su batalla contra el cáncer\""},{"Link":"http://www.brandariz.com/html/virgencaridaddelcobre.html","external_links_name":"\"Beverly Hills Entertainment - Religious\""},{"Link":"http://www.brandariz.com/html/santajuanita.html","external_links_name":"\"Beverly Hills Entertainment - Religious\""},{"Link":"http://mega.tv/programacion/charytin/charytin-entrevista-a-sheyene-gerardi-nos-de-sus-nuevos-proyectos","external_links_name":"\"Charytin entrevista a Sheyene Gerardi, nos habla de sus nuevos proyectos. • mega.tv\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJxBeEWX4ag","external_links_name":"\"Charytin entrevista a Sheyene Gerardi, nos de sus nuevos proyectos\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACIyy-OcUac","external_links_name":"\"Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8eRPZlTwPY","external_links_name":"\"Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJxBeEWX4ag","external_links_name":"\"Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.charitiesnys.com/RegistrySearch/show_details.jsp?id={0039AB7A-0000-CE1A-97BA-ADE43FE4D0EC}","external_links_name":"\"Search Charities Database\""},{"Link":"https://arpa-e-foa.energy.gov/TeamingPartners.aspx?foaid=6bc02dc0-751d-45b4-a58b-218fc9aadec8","external_links_name":"\"ARPA-E eXCHANGE: Teaming Partners\""},{"Link":"http://www.sheyenegerardi.net/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1566463/","external_links_name":"Sheyene Gerardi"},{"Link":"http://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2011/09/06/sheyene-gerardi-habla-con-cala-sobre-su-batalla-contra-el-cancer/","external_links_name":"CNN interview"},{"Link":"https://cnnespanol.wordpress.com/2011/09/06/sheyene-gerardi-habla-con-cala-sobre-su-batalla-contra-el-cancer/","external_links_name":"CNN interview"},{"Link":"http://www.vencor.narod.ru/texts2/200311/01a.htm","external_links_name":"La Invasora(2003)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hexyne
3-Hexyne
["1 References"]
3-Hexyne Names Preferred IUPAC name Hex-3-yne Other names Diethylacetylene Identifiers CAS Number 928-49-4 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive imageInteractive image ChemSpider 12979 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.011.977 EC Number 213-173-4 PubChem CID 13568 UNII 9GTQ990Q4K Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID30239144 InChI InChI=1S/C6H10/c1-3-5-6-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3 YKey: DQQNMIPXXNPGCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/C6H10/c1-3-5-6-4-2/h3-4H2,1-2H3Key: DQQNMIPXXNPGCV-UHFFFAOYAF SMILES C(#CCC)CCCCC#CCC Properties Chemical formula C6H10 Molar mass 82.14 g/mol Appearance Colorless liquid Density 0.723 g/cm3 Melting point −105 °C (−157 °F; 168 K) Boiling point 81 to 82 °C (178 to 180 °F; 354 to 355 K) Solubility in water low Hazards GHS labelling: Pictograms Signal word Danger Hazard statements H225, H304, H315, H319, H335 Precautionary statements P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P331, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, P501 Flash point −14 °C (7 °F; 259 K) Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound 3-Hexyne is the organic compound with the formula C2H5CCC2H5. This colorless liquid is one of three isomeric hexynes. 3-Hexyne forms with 5-decyne, 4-octyne, and 2-butyne a series of symmetric alkynes. It is a reagent in organometallic chemistry. Structure of the coordination complex NbCl3(dimethoxyethane)(3-hexyne). References ^ Maynard, R. B.; Borodinsky, L.; Grimes, R. N. (1984). "2,3-diethyl-2,3-dicarba- nido -hexaborane(8)". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 22. pp. 211–214. doi:10.1002/9780470132531.ch49. ISBN 9780470132531. ^ Arteaga-Müller, Rocío; Tsurugi, Hayato; Saito, Teruhiko; Yanagawa, Masao; Oda, Seiji; Mashima, Kazushi (2009). "New Tantalum Ligand-Free Catalyst System for Highly Selective Trimerization of Ethylene Affording 1-Hexene: New Evidence of a Metallacycle Mechanism". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (15): 5370–5371. doi:10.1021/ja8100837. PMID 20560633. vteAlkynes Ethyne (C2H2) Propyne (C3H4) Butyne (C4H6) 1 2 Pentyne (C5H8) 1 2 Hexyne (C6H10) 1 2 3 Heptyne (C7H12) Octyne (C8H14) 2 4 Nonyne (C9H16) Decyne (C10H18) 1 5 Preparations Cracking Dehydrogenation of alkane, alkene Alkylation of alkynyl anion Dehydrohalogenation of dihaloalkane Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement Corey–Fuchs reaction Seyferth–Gilbert homologation Reactions Deprotonation Hydrogenation Halogenation Hydration Hydroboration Hydrohalogenation Alkynylation Thiol-yne reaction Alkyne trimerisation Diels–Alder reaction Pauson–Khand reaction Azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition Sonogashira coupling Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling Glaser coupling Favorskii reaction This article about a hydrocarbon is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"hexynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexyne"},{"link_name":"5-decyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-decyne"},{"link_name":"4-octyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-octyne"},{"link_name":"2-butyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-butyne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NbCl3(dme)(hexyne).png"},{"link_name":"coordination complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_complex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chemical compound3-Hexyne is the organic compound with the formula C2H5CCC2H5. This colorless liquid is one of three isomeric hexynes. 3-Hexyne forms with 5-decyne, 4-octyne, and 2-butyne a series of symmetric alkynes. It is a reagent in organometallic chemistry.[1]Structure of the coordination complex NbCl3(dimethoxyethane)(3-hexyne).[2]","title":"3-Hexyne"}]
[{"image_text":"Structure of the coordination complex NbCl3(dimethoxyethane)(3-hexyne).[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/NbCl3%28dme%29%28hexyne%29.png/144px-NbCl3%28dme%29%28hexyne%29.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Maynard, R. B.; Borodinsky, L.; Grimes, R. N. (1984). \"2,3-diethyl-2,3-dicarba- nido -hexaborane(8)\". Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 22. pp. 211–214. doi:10.1002/9780470132531.ch49. ISBN 9780470132531.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470132531.ch49","url_text":"10.1002/9780470132531.ch49"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470132531","url_text":"9780470132531"}]},{"reference":"Arteaga-Müller, Rocío; Tsurugi, Hayato; Saito, Teruhiko; Yanagawa, Masao; Oda, Seiji; Mashima, Kazushi (2009). \"New Tantalum Ligand-Free Catalyst System for Highly Selective Trimerization of Ethylene Affording 1-Hexene: New Evidence of a Metallacycle Mechanism\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131 (15): 5370–5371. doi:10.1021/ja8100837. PMID 20560633.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja8100837","url_text":"10.1021/ja8100837"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20560633","url_text":"20560633"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=928-49-4","external_links_name":"928-49-4"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%28%23CCC%29CC","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CCC%23CCC","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.12979.html","external_links_name":"12979"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.011.977","external_links_name":"100.011.977"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/13568","external_links_name":"13568"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/9GTQ990Q4K","external_links_name":"9GTQ990Q4K"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID30239144","external_links_name":"DTXSID30239144"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477218540&page2=3-Hexyne","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470132531.ch49","external_links_name":"10.1002/9780470132531.ch49"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja8100837","external_links_name":"10.1021/ja8100837"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20560633","external_links_name":"20560633"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3-Hexyne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2007_F1
C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)
["1 References","2 External links"]
C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)The comet on 29 October 2007 by STEREO ADiscoveryDiscovered byBrian A. SkiffDiscovery dateMarch 19, 2007Orbital characteristicsEpochJune 7, 2007(JD 2454258.5)AphelionN/APerihelion0.40237 AUSemi-major axisN/AEccentricity1.000091.000021 (epoch 2011+)Orbital periodN/AInclination116.08°Last perihelionOctober 28, 2007Next perihelionejectionComet totalmagnitude (M1)10.8 C/2007 F1 (LONEOS) is a hyperbolic comet discovered on March 19, 2007 as part as the Lowell Observatory Near Earth Object Search (LONEOS). The comet reached perihelion, or closest approach to the sun on October 28, 2007. The comet reached 5th magnitude in October, making it visible in binoculars, lying near the western horizon at the end of the twilight, before starting slowly to dim on its way out of the solar system. It continued to move south in the sky and became visible to southern hemisphere comet chasers in mid November. The comet was also observed from both the STEREO spacecraft, first by STEREO-B on October 22 and then by STEREO-A for several days starting from October 28 as the comet had just passed perihelion and was receding from the Sun. References ^ a b c "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)" (2007-10-28 last obs). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2011-03-13. ^ Horizons output. "Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)". Retrieved 2011-03-12. (Solution using the Solar System Barycenter and barycentric coordinates. Select Ephemeris Type:Elements and Center:@0) ^ MacRobert, Alan (19 October 2007). "SKY AT A GLANCE | OCTOBER 19TH, 2007". skyandtelescope.org. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ Kracht, Rainer. "Comets in SECCHI Images". External links C/2007 F1 at Cometography 24 Minute telescope Time Lapse Video of path NASA Java Applet Orbital Diagram vteCometsFeatures Nucleus Coma Tails Antitail Comet dust Meteor shower Types Periodic Numbered Lost Long period Halley-type Jupiter-family Encke-type Main-belt Non-periodic Near-parabolic Hyperbolic Unknown-orbit Great Comet Sungrazing (Kreutz) Extinct Exocomet Interstellar Related Naming of comets Observational history of comets Centaur Comet discoverers LINEAR Extraterrestrial atmosphere Oort cloud Small Solar System body Asteroid Exploration List of missions to comets List of comets visited by spacecraft Latest C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) C/2023 E1 (ATLAS) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) C/2022 E3 (ZTF) C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS) C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard) C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2020 F5 (MASTER) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS) C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) 2I/Borisov C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) C/2018 C2 (Lemmon) C/2017 U7 C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE) C/2015 V2 (Johnson) C/2015 G2 (MASTER) C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) Culture andspeculation Antimatter comet Comets in fiction Comet vintages Lists of comets (more)PeriodiccometsUntil 1985(all) 1P/Halley 2P/Encke 3D/Biela 4P/Faye 5D/Brorsen 6P/d'Arrest 7P/Pons–Winnecke 8P/Tuttle 9P/Tempel 10P/Tempel 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 12P/Pons–Brooks 13P/Olbers 14P/Wolf 15P/Finlay 16P/Brooks 17P/Holmes 18D/Perrine–Mrkos 19P/Borrelly 20D/Westphal 21P/Giacobini–Zinner 22P/Kopff 23P/Brorsen–Metcalf 24P/Schaumasse 25D/Neujmin 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup 27P/Crommelin 28P/Neujmin 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 30P/Reinmuth 31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 32P/Comas Solà 33P/Daniel 34D/Gale 35P/Herschel–Rigollet 36P/Whipple 37P/Forbes 38P/Stephan–Oterma 39P/Oterma 40P/Väisälä 41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák 42P/Neujmin 43P/Wolf–Harrington 44P/Reinmuth 45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková 46P/Wirtanen 47P/Ashbrook–Jackson 48P/Johnson 49P/Arend–Rigaux 50P/Arend 51P/Harrington 52P/Harrington–Abell 53P/Van Biesbroeck 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 55P/Tempel–Tuttle 56P/Slaughter–Burnham 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 58P/Jackson–Neujmin 59P/Kearns–Kwee 60P/Tsuchinshan 61P/Shajn–Schaldach 62P/Tsuchinshan 63P/Wild 64P/Swift–Gehrels 65P/Gunn 66P/du Toit 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 68P/Klemola 69P/Taylor 70P/Kojima 71P/Clark 72P/Denning–Fujikawa 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 74P/Smirnova–Chernykh 75D/Kohoutek 76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura 77P/Longmore 78P/Gehrels 79P/du Toit–Hartley 80P/Peters–Hartley 81P/Wild 82P/Gehrels 83D/Russell 84P/Giclas 85D/Boethin After 1985(notable) 88P/Howell 92P/Sanguin 96P/Machholz 97P/Metcalf–Brewington 103P/Hartley 107P/Wilson–Harrington 108P/Ciffréo 109P/Swift–Tuttle 122P/de Vico 126P/IRAS 141P/Machholz 144P/Kushida 147P/Kushida–Muramatsu 153P/Ikeya–Zhang 156P/Russell–LINEAR 161P/Hartley–IRAS 168P/Hergenrother 169P/NEAT 177P/Barnard 178P/Hug–Bell 205P/Giacobini 209P/LINEAR 238P/Read 246P/NEAT 252P/LINEAR 255P/Levy 273P/Pons–Gambart 289P/Blanpain 311P/PanSTARRS 322P/SOHO 323P/SOHO 332P/Ikeya–Murakami 333P/LINEAR 354P/LINEAR 362P 460P/PanSTARRS Comet-likeasteroids 596 Scheila 2060 Chiron (95P) 4015 Wilson–Harrington (107P) 7968 Elst–Pizarro (133P) 165P/LINEAR 166P/NEAT 167P/CINEOS 60558 Echeclus (174P) 118401 LINEAR (176P) 238P/Read 259P/Garradd 311P/PanSTARRS 324P/La Sagra 331P/Gibbs 354P/LINEAR 358P/PANSTARRS P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS) (300163) 2006 VW139 LostRecovered 11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR 15P/Finlay 17P/Holmes 27P/Crommelin 54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT 55P/Tempel–Tuttle 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 69P/Taylor 72P/Denning–Fujikawa 80P/Peters–Hartley 97P/Metcalf–Brewington 107P/Wilson–Harrington 113P/Spitaler 122P/de Vico 157P/Tritton 177P/Barnard 205P/Giacobini 206P/Barnard–Boattini 226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski 271P/van Houten–Lemmon 289P/Blanpain Destroyed 3D/Biela D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9) Not found D/1770 L1 (Lexell) 5D/Brorsen 18D/Perrine–Mrkos 20D/Westphal 25D/Neujmin 34D/Gale 75D/Kohoutek 83D/Russell 85D/Boethin Visited byspacecraft 21P/Giacobini–Zinner (1985) 1P/Halley (1986) 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup (1992) 19P/Borrelly (2001) 81P/Wild (2004) 9P/Tempel (2005, 2011) C/2006 P1 (2007) 103P/Hartley (2010) 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (2014) Near-Paraboliccomets(notable)Until 1990 C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet) X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106) C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264) C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402) C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472) C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577) C/1652 Y1 C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)) C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702) C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat) C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux) C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760) C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769) C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807) C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811) C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819) C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823) C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843) C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet) C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati) C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher) C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861) C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865) X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet) C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia) C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt) C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882) C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887) C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901) C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910) C/1911 O1 (Brooks) C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky) C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany) C/1931 P1 (Ryves) C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos) C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet) C/1948 V1 (Eclipse) C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland) C/1957 P1 (Mrkos) C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)  C/1961 R1 (Humason) C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines) C/1963 A1 (Ikeya) C/1963 R1 (Pereyra) C/1964 N1 (Ikeya) C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki) C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)  C/1969 Y1 (Bennett) C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli) C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek) C/1975 V1 (West) C/1980 E1 (Bowell) C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock) C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington) C/1989 X1 (Austin) C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George) After 1990 C/1990 K1 (Levy) C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz) C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell) C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake) C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam) C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse) C/1998 J1 (SOHO) C/1999 F1 (Catalina) C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR) C/2001 A2 (LINEAR) C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS) C/2001 Q4 (NEAT) C/2002 T7 (LINEAR) C/2002 V1 (NEAT) C/2004 F4 (Bradfield) C/2004 Q2 (Machholz) C/2006 A1 (Pojmański) C/2006 M4 (SWAN) C/2006 P1 (McNaught) C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy) C/2007 F1 (LONEOS) C/2007 N3 (Lulin) C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring) C/2007 W1 (Boattini) C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN) C/2009 R1 (McNaught) C/2010 X1 (Elenin) C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) C/2012 E2 (SWAN) C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) C/2012 S1 (ISON) C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) C/2013 US10 (Catalina) C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden) C/2014 E2 (Jacques) C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS) C/2015 V2 (Johnson) C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS) 1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto) 2I/Borisov C/2019 U6 (Lemmon) C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE) C/2020 F8 (SWAN) C/2021 A1 (Leonard) C/2022 E3 (ZTF) C/2023 P1 (Nishimura) After 1910(by name) Aarseth-Brewington Arend–Roland Austin Beljawsky Bennett Boattini Borisov Bowell Bradfield Brooks Catalina C/1999 F1 C/2013 US10 de Kock–Paraskevopoulos Eclipse Elenin Hale-Bopp Humason Hyakutake Ikeya C/1963 A1 C/1964 N1 Ikeya-Seki IRAS–Araki–Alcock ISON Iwamoto Jacques Johnson Kohoutek Lemmon C/2012 F6 C/2018 C2 C/2019 U6 Leonard Levy LINEAR C/1999 S4 C/2000 WM1 C/2001 A2 C/2002 T7 LONEOS C/2001 OG108 C/2007 F1 Lovejoy C/2007 E2 C/2011 W3 C/2013 R1 C/2014 Q2 Lulin Machholz McNaught C/2006 P1 C/2009 R1 McNaught–Russell Mrkos NEAT C/2001 Q4 C/2002 V1 NEOWISE Nishimura Oukaimeden ʻOumuamua Pan-STARRS C/2011 L4 C/2012 K1 311P/PanSTARRS C/2014 Q1 C/2015 ER61 C/2017 K2 Pereyra Pojmański Ryves Seki–Lines Siding Spring C/2007 Q3 C/2013 A1 Skjellerup–Maristany Skorichenko–George SOHO Southern Spacewatch–Rabinowitz Stonehouse SWAN C/2006 M4 C/2012 E2 C/2020 F8 Tago-Sato-Kosaka  West White–Ortiz–Bolelli Wilson–Hubbard  Yi–SWAN Zhu–Balam ZTF Category Authority control databases JPL SBDB This comet-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hyperbolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_trajectory"},{"link_name":"comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet"},{"link_name":"Lowell Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory"},{"link_name":"LONEOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LONEOS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpldata-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"STEREO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEREO"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun"}],"text":"C/2007 F1 (LONEOS) is a hyperbolic comet discovered on March 19, 2007 as part as the Lowell Observatory Near Earth Object Search (LONEOS). The comet reached perihelion, or closest approach to the sun on October 28, 2007.[1]The comet reached 5th magnitude in October, making it visible in binoculars, lying near the western horizon at the end of the twilight,[3] before starting slowly to dim on its way out of the solar system. It continued to move south in the sky and became visible to southern hemisphere comet chasers in mid November.The comet was also observed from both the STEREO spacecraft, first by STEREO-B on October 22 and then by STEREO-A for several days starting from October 28[4] as the comet had just passed perihelion and was receding from the Sun.","title":"C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)\" (2007-10-28 last obs). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2011-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=C/2007+F1","url_text":"\"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"Horizons output. \"Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)\". Retrieved 2011-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System","url_text":"Horizons"},{"url":"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=C/2007+F1","url_text":"\"Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)\""}]},{"reference":"MacRobert, Alan (19 October 2007). \"SKY AT A GLANCE | OCTOBER 19TH, 2007\". skyandtelescope.org. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://skyandtelescope.org/observing/sky-at-a-glance/this-weeks-sky-at-a-glance-229/","url_text":"\"SKY AT A GLANCE | OCTOBER 19TH, 2007\""}]},{"reference":"Kracht, Rainer. \"Comets in SECCHI Images\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rkracht.de/secchi/comets.htm","url_text":"\"Comets in SECCHI Images\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=C/2007+F1","external_links_name":"\"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)\""},{"Link":"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=sb&sstr=C/2007+F1","external_links_name":"\"Barycentric Osculating Orbital Elements for Comet C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)\""},{"Link":"https://skyandtelescope.org/observing/sky-at-a-glance/this-weeks-sky-at-a-glance-229/","external_links_name":"\"SKY AT A GLANCE | OCTOBER 19TH, 2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.rkracht.de/secchi/comets.htm","external_links_name":"\"Comets in SECCHI Images\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071201063824/http://cometography.com/lcomets/2007f1.html","external_links_name":"C/2007 F1 at Cometography"},{"Link":"http://www.spaceweather.com/swpod2007/13oct07/Filipe-Alves-loneoss_1192162610.gif?PHPSESSID=uh9ivb66focree1fino9r767v4","external_links_name":"24 Minute telescope Time Lapse"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071026074432/http://www.astronomy.ie/loneos.html","external_links_name":"Video of path"},{"Link":"http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2007%20F1&orb=1","external_links_name":"NASA Java Applet Orbital Diagram"},{"Link":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=1002450","external_links_name":"JPL SBDB"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C/2007_F1_(LONEOS)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetian_ASSR
North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
["1 History","2 Population","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Entity within the Russian SFSR North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist RepublicЦӕгат Ирыстоны ACCP (Ossetian)Северо-Осетинская АССР (Russian)ASSR of the Russian SFSRRepublic of the Russian Federation5 December 1936–9 November 1993 Flag Emblem CapitalVladikavkazDemonymNorth OssetianOssetian • TypeSoviet republic History • Established 5 December 1936• Disestablished 9 November 1993 Preceded by Succeeded by North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast North Ossetia–Alania Today part ofRussia · North Ossetia–Alania The North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Ossetian: Цӕгат Ирыстоны Автономон Советон Социалистон Республикӕ, romanized: Tsagât Ireštone Âvtonomon Šovêton Šotsiâlišton Rêšpublika; Russian: Северо-Осетинская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика) was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union. It existed from 5 December 1936 until 9 November 1993, when it became the Republic of North Ossetia (since 1994 the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania), a federal subject of Russia. History In 1990 the North Ossetian ASSR declared itself independent as part of rising ethnic conflict with Ingushetia. Originally part of the Ingush territory was transferred to North Ossetia in 1944, bringing with it thousands of Ingush people, and with the dissolution of the Soviet Union conflicts began. During the summer and early autumn of 1992, there was a steady increase in the militancy of Ingush nationalists. At the same time, there was a steady increase in incidents of organized harassment, kidnapping and rape against Ingush inhabitants of North Ossetia by their Ossetian neighbors, police, security forces, and militia. This would eventually lead to the Ossetian–Ingush Conflict. Population Year Population Source 1939 329 205 1939 Soviet census 1959 450 581 1959 Soviet census 1970 552 581 1970 Soviet census 1979 596 921 1979 Soviet census 1989 634 009 1989 Soviet census See also First Secretary of the North Ossetian Communist Party References ^ Северная Осетия: Этнополитические процессы, 1990-1994 гг.: Очерки. Документы. Хроника. Vol. 1. Центр по изучению межнациональных отношений Института этнологии и антропологии им. Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая Российской академии наук. 1995. p. 179. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help) ^ Lynn-Jones, Sean M.; Motley, Karen (1997). Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51093-6. ^ Wixman (2017-07-28). Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-47540-0. ^ Radio Liberty Research Bulletin. Indiana University: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 1982. ^ Russia, the Ingush-Ossetian conflict in the Prigorodnyi region. New York: Human Rights Watch. 1996. ISBN 1-56432-165-7. OCLC 38494937. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 г." Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2010-10-09. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 г." Archived from the original on 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2010-10-09. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 г." Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2010-10-09. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г." Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2010-10-09. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г." Archived from the original on 2011-10-10. Retrieved 2010-10-09. External links A People Reborn: The Story of North Ossetia, 1954. vteAutonomous Soviet Socialist Republics of the Soviet UnionBy name Abkhaz Adjarian Bashkir Buryat1 Checheno-Ingush Chuvash Crimean Dagestan Gorno-Altai Kabardin Kabardino-Balkarian Kalmyk Karakalpak Karelian Kazakh2 Kirghiz2 Kirghiz Komi Mari Moldavian Mordovian Mountain Nakhichevan North Ossetian Tajik Tatar Turkestan Tuvan Udmurt Volga German Yakut By yearestablished    1918–1924  Turkestan3 1918–1941  Volga German4 1919–1990  Bashkir 1920–1925  Kirghiz2 1920–1990  Tatar 1921–1991  Adjarian 1921–1945  Crimean 1921–1991  Dagestan 1921–1924  Mountain 1921–1990  Nakhichevan 1922–1991  Yakut 1923–1990  Buryat1 1923–1940  Karelian 1924–1940  Moldavian 1924–1929  Tajik 1925–1992  Chuvash5 1925–1936  Kazakh2 1926–1936  Kirghiz 1931–1992  Abkhaz 1932–1992  Karakalpak 1934–1990  Mordovian 1934–1990  Udmurt6 1935–1943  Kalmyk 1936–1944  Checheno-Ingush 1936–1944  Kabardino-Balkarian 1936–1990  Komi 1936–1990  Mari 1936–1990  North Ossetian 1944–1957  Kabardin 1956–1991  Karelian 1957–1992  Checheno-Ingush 1957–1991  Kabardino-Balkarian 1958–1990  Kalmyk 1961–1992  Tuvan 1990–1991  Gorno-Altai 1991–1992  Crimean 1 Buryat–Mongol until 1958. 2 Kazakh ASSR was called Kirghiz ASSR until 1925 3 Autonomous Republic since 1920 4 Autonomous Republic since 1923 5 Autonomous Republic since 1925 6 Autonomous Republic since 1934 This Soviet Union–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"autonomous republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics"},{"link_name":"Russian SFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Republic of North Ossetia-Alania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Ossetian: Цӕгат Ирыстоны Автономон Советон Социалистон Республикӕ, romanized: Tsagât Ireštone Âvtonomon Šovêton Šotsiâlišton Rêšpublika; Russian: Северо-Осетинская Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика) was an autonomous republic of the Russian SFSR within the Soviet Union. It existed from 5 December 1936 until 9 November 1993, when it became the Republic of North Ossetia (since 1994 the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania), a federal subject of Russia.[1]","title":"North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ingushetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingushetia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ingush people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_people"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetians"},{"link_name":"Ossetian–Ingush Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian%E2%80%93Ingush_conflict"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1990 the North Ossetian ASSR declared itself independent as part of rising ethnic conflict with Ingushetia.[2] Originally part of the Ingush territory was transferred to North Ossetia in 1944, bringing with it thousands of Ingush people, and with the dissolution of the Soviet Union conflicts began.[3][4]During the summer and early autumn of 1992, there was a steady increase in the militancy of Ingush nationalists. At the same time, there was a steady increase in incidents of organized harassment, kidnapping and rape against Ingush inhabitants of North Ossetia by their Ossetian neighbors, police, security forces, and militia. This would eventually lead to the Ossetian–Ingush Conflict.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]
[]
[{"title":"First Secretary of the North Ossetian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_North_Ossetian_Communist_Party"}]
[{"reference":"Северная Осетия: Этнополитические процессы, 1990-1994 гг.: Очерки. Документы. Хроника. Vol. 1. Центр по изучению межнациональных отношений Института этнологии и антропологии им. Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая Российской академии наук. 1995. p. 179.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lynn-Jones, Sean M.; Motley, Karen (1997). Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-51093-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ArKtx7XsMHAC&dq=North+Ossetian+Autonomous+Soviet+Socialist+Republic&pg=PA47","url_text":"Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-51093-6","url_text":"978-0-262-51093-6"}]},{"reference":"Wixman (2017-07-28). Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-47540-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XpcuDwAAQBAJ&dq=North+Ossetian+ASSR&pg=PA83","url_text":"Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-47540-0","url_text":"978-1-315-47540-0"}]},{"reference":"Radio Liberty Research Bulletin. Indiana University: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 1982.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=64zwAAAAMAAJ&q=North+Ossetian+ASSR","url_text":"Radio Liberty Research Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Russia, the Ingush-Ossetian conflict in the Prigorodnyi region. New York: Human Rights Watch. 1996. ISBN 1-56432-165-7. OCLC 38494937.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38494937","url_text":"Russia, the Ingush-Ossetian conflict in the Prigorodnyi region"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-165-7","url_text":"1-56432-165-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38494937","url_text":"38494937"}]},{"reference":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 г.\" Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2010-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220617143808/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39_gs.php?reg=75","url_text":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 г.\""},{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39_gs.php?reg=75&gor=3&Submit=OK","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 г.\" Archived from the original on 2012-12-05. Retrieved 2010-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20121205081339/http://www.webgeo.ru/db/1959/rus-assr.htm","url_text":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 г.\""},{"url":"http://www.webgeo.ru/db/1959/rus-assr.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 г.\" Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2010-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111103171000/http://www.webgeo.ru/db/1970/rus-kavkaz.htm","url_text":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 г.\""},{"url":"http://www.webgeo.ru/db/1970/rus-kavkaz.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г.\" Archived from the original on 2011-11-03. Retrieved 2010-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111103165017/http://www.webgeo.ru/db/1979/rus-kavkaz.htm","url_text":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г.\""},{"url":"http://www.webgeo.ru/db/1979/rus-kavkaz.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г.\" Archived from the original on 2011-10-10. Retrieved 2010-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111010033657/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg1.php","url_text":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г.\""},{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg1.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ArKtx7XsMHAC&dq=North+Ossetian+Autonomous+Soviet+Socialist+Republic&pg=PA47","external_links_name":"Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XpcuDwAAQBAJ&dq=North+Ossetian+ASSR&pg=PA83","external_links_name":"Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=64zwAAAAMAAJ&q=North+Ossetian+ASSR","external_links_name":"Radio Liberty Research Bulletin"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38494937","external_links_name":"Russia, the Ingush-Ossetian conflict in the Prigorodnyi region"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38494937","external_links_name":"38494937"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220617143808/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39_gs.php?reg=75","external_links_name":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 г.\""},{"Link":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39_gs.php?reg=75&gor=3&Submit=OK","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121205081339/http://www.webgeo.ru/db/1959/rus-assr.htm","external_links_name":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 г.\""},{"Link":"http://www.webgeo.ru/db/1959/rus-assr.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111103171000/http://www.webgeo.ru/db/1970/rus-kavkaz.htm","external_links_name":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 г.\""},{"Link":"http://www.webgeo.ru/db/1970/rus-kavkaz.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111103165017/http://www.webgeo.ru/db/1979/rus-kavkaz.htm","external_links_name":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г.\""},{"Link":"http://www.webgeo.ru/db/1979/rus-kavkaz.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111010033657/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg1.php","external_links_name":"\"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г.\""},{"Link":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg1.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/APeopleRebornTheStoryOfNorthOssetia","external_links_name":"A People Reborn: The Story of North Ossetia"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Ossetian_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paigah_Palace
Paigah Palace
["1 History","2 Paigah Family","3 US diplomatic mission","4 Description","5 References"]
Historic palace in Hyderabad, India Paigah PalaceEtymologyPaigah familyGeneral informationAddressBegumpet, Hyderabad, Telangana, IndiaCompleted1900; 124 years ago (1900) Paigah Palace is a palace in Hyderabad, India. It was built by Sir Vicar-ul-Umra, a Paigah nobleman. This was built after he gave the famous Falaknuma Palace to the sixth Nizam of Hyderabad state, Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI. The Palace housed the Consulate General of the United States of America in Hyderabad till 15 March 2023, after which the mission began services in its new chancery at Nanakramguda. History Between 1975 and 2008, the palace housed the office of the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority. In 1999, a four-storeyed annexe was added towards the rear side of the palace. Paigah Family In the hierarchy of nobles of Hyderabad, the Paigah family ranked immediately next to the ruling family of Nizams. The Paigahs were also the foremost palace builders of Hyderabad. Vikarul Umra also built the Paigah Palace in Begumpet, in 1900. Nawab Abul Fatah Khan Bahadur, the eldest grandson of Sir Vicar ul Umra and son of Amir e Paigah H.E. Nawab Sultan ul Mulk, was the last member of the Paigah family to have lived in this Palace. Near the Paigah Palace lies the Deoris of Nawab Muzaffar Nawaz Jung, Fareed Nawaz Jung, Nawab Nazir Nawaz Jung, Nawab Khair Nawaz Jung and Nawab Hassan Yar Jung, grandsons of Sir Vikar ul Umra and Vikhar Manzil (all these palaces were built by Sir Vicar between 1897 and 1901). The Deori of Nazir Nawaz Jung and Fareed Nawaz Jung, called Chiraan Fort Palace, is a beautiful, two-storeyed palace in Mughal style. It has wide verandas facing outwards as well as inwards overlooking a courtyard. The complex is partly converted into a club. The rest of the area is used as a residence. US diplomatic mission Former United States Ambassador to India, David Mulford and his wife Jeeni Mulford during their visit to the designate U.S. Consulate General at the Paigah Palace The palace was acquired from the descendants of Vicar-ul-Umra by the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority in 1981. In 2008, the site was temporarily leased to the United States to house its consulate-general until 2012. The preparation work required by the US included felling 42 trees for security reasons, including a 200-year-old banyan tree. This came in for heavy criticism from Indian environmentalists and architects for disrespecting a heritage site in a way that would not be permitted in the US. Description The palace is spread over 4 acres of land. It is a large two-storied neo-classical building with a portico, semicircular arches, unfluted Corinthian columns, projected and pedimented windows and deep arcaded verandahs on all four sides. References ^ "From March 20, US consulate at Hyderabad's Nanakramguda". The Times of India. ^ Ahmed, Mohammed Hussain (13 September 2021). "Telangana govt eyes Paigah palace". The Siasat Daily. Retrieved 29 October 2022. ^ "Structure so pure". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 September 2004. Retrieved 29 October 2022. ^ "Timber! Timber! A temporary consulate costs forty-two trees", Outlook, p. 12, May 20–26, 2008. ^ Khalidi, Omar. A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India. p. 140. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paigah Palace.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Sir Vicar-ul-Umra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Vicar-ul-Umra"},{"link_name":"Paigah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paigah_family"},{"link_name":"nobleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobleman"},{"link_name":"Falaknuma Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaknuma_Palace"},{"link_name":"Nizam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_state"},{"link_name":"Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahbub_Ali_Khan,_Asaf_Jah_VI"},{"link_name":"Consulate General of the United States of America in Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States_of_America_in_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Historic palace in Hyderabad, IndiaPaigah Palace is a palace in Hyderabad, India. It was built by Sir Vicar-ul-Umra, a Paigah nobleman. This was built after he gave the famous Falaknuma Palace to the sixth Nizam of Hyderabad state, Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI.The Palace housed the Consulate General of the United States of America in Hyderabad till 15 March 2023, after which the mission began services in its new chancery at Nanakramguda.[1]","title":"Paigah Palace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hyderabad Urban Development Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_Urban_Development_Authority"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Between 1975 and 2008, the palace housed the office of the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority.[2] In 1999, a four-storeyed annexe was added towards the rear side of the palace.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paigah family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paigah_family"},{"link_name":"Begumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begumpet"},{"link_name":"Deoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdi"},{"link_name":"Vikhar Manzil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikhar_Manzil"},{"link_name":"Chiraan Fort Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiraan_Fort_Palace"}],"text":"In the hierarchy of nobles of Hyderabad, the Paigah family ranked immediately next to the ruling family of Nizams.The Paigahs were also the foremost palace builders of Hyderabad. Vikarul Umra also built the Paigah Palace in Begumpet, in 1900.Nawab Abul Fatah Khan Bahadur, the eldest grandson of Sir Vicar ul Umra and son of Amir e Paigah H.E. Nawab Sultan ul Mulk, was the last member of the Paigah family to have lived in this Palace.Near the Paigah Palace lies the Deoris of Nawab Muzaffar Nawaz Jung, Fareed Nawaz Jung, Nawab Nazir Nawaz Jung, Nawab Khair Nawaz Jung and Nawab Hassan Yar Jung, grandsons of Sir Vikar ul Umra and Vikhar Manzil (all these palaces were built by Sir Vicar between 1897 and 1901). The Deori of Nazir Nawaz Jung and Fareed Nawaz Jung, called Chiraan Fort Palace, is a beautiful, two-storeyed palace in Mughal style. It has wide verandas facing outwards as well as inwards overlooking a courtyard. The complex is partly converted into a club. The rest of the area is used as a residence.","title":"Paigah Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paigah_Palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_India"},{"link_name":"David Mulford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mulford"},{"link_name":"Vicar-ul-Umra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar-ul-Umra"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad Urban Development Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_Urban_Development_Authority"},{"link_name":"consulate-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"banyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Former United States Ambassador to India, David Mulford and his wife Jeeni Mulford during their visit to the designate U.S. Consulate General at the Paigah PalaceThe palace was acquired from the descendants of Vicar-ul-Umra by the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority in 1981. In 2008, the site was temporarily leased to the United States to house its consulate-general until 2012. The preparation work required by the US included felling 42 trees for security reasons, including a 200-year-old banyan tree. This came in for heavy criticism from Indian environmentalists and architects for disrespecting a heritage site in a way that would not be permitted in the US.[4]","title":"US diplomatic mission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neo-classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The palace is spread over 4 acres of land. It is a large two-storied neo-classical building with a portico, semicircular arches, unfluted Corinthian columns, projected and pedimented windows and deep arcaded verandahs on all four sides.[5]","title":"Description"}]
[{"image_text":"Former United States Ambassador to India, David Mulford and his wife Jeeni Mulford during their visit to the designate U.S. Consulate General at the Paigah Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Paigah_Palace.jpg/150px-Paigah_Palace.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"From March 20, US consulate at Hyderabad's Nanakramguda\". The Times of India.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/from-march-20-us-consulate-at-hyderabad-s-nanakramguda/articleshow/98487664.cms","url_text":"\"From March 20, US consulate at Hyderabad's Nanakramguda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Ahmed, Mohammed Hussain (13 September 2021). \"Telangana govt eyes Paigah palace\". The Siasat Daily. Retrieved 29 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.siasat.com/telangana-govt-eyes-paigah-palace-plans-to-either-convert-as-hotel-or-sell-it-2191840/","url_text":"\"Telangana govt eyes Paigah palace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Structure so pure\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 19 September 2004. Retrieved 29 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040919030526/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/31/stories/2003123100350300.htm","url_text":"\"Structure so pure\""},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/31/stories/2003123100350300.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khalidi, Omar. A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India. p. 140.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Khalidi","url_text":"Khalidi, Omar"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/from-march-20-us-consulate-at-hyderabad-s-nanakramguda/articleshow/98487664.cms","external_links_name":"\"From March 20, US consulate at Hyderabad's Nanakramguda\""},{"Link":"https://www.siasat.com/telangana-govt-eyes-paigah-palace-plans-to-either-convert-as-hotel-or-sell-it-2191840/","external_links_name":"\"Telangana govt eyes Paigah palace\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040919030526/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/31/stories/2003123100350300.htm","external_links_name":"\"Structure so pure\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/31/stories/2003123100350300.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WjEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"\"Timber! Timber! A temporary consulate costs forty-two trees\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyurinae
Dasyurinae
["1 References"]
Subfamily of mammals Dasyurinae Tiger quoll Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Marsupialia Order: Dasyuromorphia Family: Dasyuridae Subfamily: DasyurinaeGoldfuss, 1820 Tribes Dasyurini - 10 genera Phascogalini - 7 genera The subfamily Dasyurinae includes several genera of small carnivorous marsupials native to Australia: quolls, kowari, mulgara, kaluta, dibblers, phascogales, pseudantechinuses, and the Tasmanian devil. The subfamily is defined largely on biochemical criteria. Order Dasyuromorphia Family Thylacinidae Family Dasyuridae: (carnivorous marsupials) Subfamily Dasyurinae: †Wakamatha tasselii Archer & Rich, 1979; Mioc. Aust. †Dasylurinja kokuminola Archer, 1982; Miocene †Ankotarinja tirarensis Archer, 1976; Late Oligcene to Early Miocene †Keeuna woodburnei Archer, 1976; Late Oligcene to Early Miocene Tribe Dasyurini Mulgaras = Dasycercus spp. Little red kaluta = Dasykaluta rosamondae Kowari = Dasyuroides byrnei †Dasyuroides achilpatna Archer, 1982 Quolls = Dasyurus spp. Some dasyures = Myoictis and Neophascogale spp. Dibbler = Parantechinus apicalis Marsupial shrews = Phascolosorex spp. False antechinuses = Pseudantechinus spp. (includes sandstone dibbler) Tasmanian devil = Sarcophilus harrisii Tribe Phascogalini Antechinuses = Antechinus spp. Other dasyures = Micromurexia, Murexechinus, Murexia, Paramurexia, Phascomurexia spp. Phascogales = Phascogale spp. Subfamily Sminthopsinae: dunnarts, kultarr, planigales, and ningauas Family Myrmecobiidae References Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 24–32. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494. Strahan, Ronald (1995). The Mammals of Australia, Reed Books, 54 vteExtant Dasyuromorphia species Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Infraclass Marsupialia Family Dasyuridae, subfamily DasyurinaeDasyuriniDasycercus(Mulgaras) Southern mulgara (D. archeri) Brush-tailed mulgara (D. blythi) Crest-tailed mulgara (D. cristicauda) Ampurta (D. hilleri) Little mulgara (D. marlowi) Northern mulgara (D. woolleyae Dasykaluta Little red kaluta (D. rosamondae) Dasyuroides Kowari (D. byrnei) Dasyurus(Quolls) New Guinean quoll (D. albopunctatus) Western quoll (D. geoffroii) Northern quoll (D. hallucatus) Tiger quoll (D. maculatus) Bronze quoll (D. spartacus) Eastern quoll (D. viverrinus) Myoictis Woolley's three-striped dasyure (M. leucura) Three-striped dasyure (M. melas) Wallace's dasyure (M. wallacii) Tate's three-striped dasyure (M. wavicus) Neophascogale Speckled dasyure (N. lorentzi) Parantechinus Dibbler (P. apicalis) Phascolosorex(Marsupial shrews) Red-bellied marsupial shrew (P. doriae) Narrow-striped marsupial shrew (P. dorsalis) Pseudantechinus(False antechinuses) Sandstone false antechinus (P. bilarni) Fat-tailed false antechinus (P. macdonnellensis) Alexandria false antechinus (P. mimulus) Ningbing false antechinus (P. ningbing) Rory Cooper's false antechinus (P. roryi) Woolley's false antechinus (P. woolleyae) Sarcophilus Tasmanian devil (S. harrisii) PhascogaliniAntechinus Tropical antechinus (A. adustus) Agile antechinus (A. agilis) Fawn antechinus (A. bellus) Yellow-footed antechinus (A. flavipes) Atherton antechinus (A. godmani) Cinnamon antechinus (A. leo) Swamp antechinus (A. minimus) Brown antechinus (A. stuartii) Subtropical antechinus (A. subtropicus) Dusky antechinus (A. swainsonii) Murexia Habbema dasyure (M. habbema) Short-furred dasyure (M. longicaudata) Black-tailed dasyure (M. melanurus) Long-nosed dasyure (M. naso) Broad-striped dasyure (M. rothschildi) Phascogale Red-tailed phascogale (P. calura) Brush-tailed phascogale (P. tapoatafa) Family Dasyuridae, subfamily SminthopsinaeSminthopsiniAntechinomys Kultarr (A. laniger) Ningaui Wongai ningaui (N. ridei) Pilbara ningaui (N. timealeyi) Southern ningaui (N. yvonnae) Sminthopsis(Dunnarts) S. crassicaudata species-group: Fat-tailed dunnart (S. crassicaudata) S. macroura species-group: Kakadu dunnart (S. bindi) Carpentarian dunnart (S. butleri) Julia Creek dunnart (S. douglasi) Stripe-faced dunnart (S. macroura) Red-cheeked dunnart (S. virginiae) S. granulipes species-group: White-tailed dunnart (S. granulipes) S. griseoventer species-group: Kangaroo Island dunnart (S. aitkeni) Boullanger Island dunnart (S. boullangerensis) Grey-bellied dunnart (S. griseoventer) S. longicaudata species-group: Long-tailed dunnart (S. longicaudata) S. murina species-group: Chestnut dunnart (S. archeri) Little long-tailed dunnart (S. dolichura) Sooty dunnart (S. fulginosus) Gilbert's dunnart (S. gilberti) White-footed dunnart (S. leucopus) Slender-tailed dunnart (S. murina) S. psammophila species-group: Hairy-footed dunnart (S. hirtipes) Ooldea dunnart (S. ooldea) Sandhill dunnart (S. psammophila) Lesser hairy-footed dunnart (S. youngsoni) PlanigaliniPlanigale Paucident planigale (P. gilesi) Long-tailed planigale (P. ingrami) Common planigale (P. maculata) New Guinean planigale (P. novaeguineae) Narrow-nosed planigale (P. tenuirostris) Orange-headed Pilbara planigale (P. kendricki) Cracking-clay Pilbara planigale (P. tealei) Family MyrmecobiidaeMyrmecobius Numbat (M. fasciatus) Taxon identifiersDasyurinae Wikidata: Q902243 Wikispecies: Dasyurinae AFD: Dasyurinae CoL: 628HY ITIS: 709313 MSW: 10800011 Paleobiology Database: 234415 This article about a marsupial is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"marsupials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"quolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoll"},{"link_name":"kowari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowari"},{"link_name":"mulgara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulgara"},{"link_name":"kaluta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_red_kaluta"},{"link_name":"dibblers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibbler"},{"link_name":"phascogales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phascogale"},{"link_name":"pseudantechinuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudantechinus"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_devil"},{"link_name":"biochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical"},{"link_name":"Dasyuromorphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyuromorphia"},{"link_name":"Thylacinidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacine"},{"link_name":"Dasyuridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyuridae"},{"link_name":"Dasylurinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasylurinja&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keeuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keeuna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dasyurini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyurini"},{"link_name":"Mulgaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulgara"},{"link_name":"Little red kaluta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_red_kaluta"},{"link_name":"Kowari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kowari"},{"link_name":"Quolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoll"},{"link_name":"dasyures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyure"},{"link_name":"Myoictis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoictis"},{"link_name":"Neophascogale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neophascogale"},{"link_name":"Dibbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibbler"},{"link_name":"Marsupial shrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsupial_shrew"},{"link_name":"False antechinuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_antechinus"},{"link_name":"sandstone dibbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone_dibbler"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_devil"},{"link_name":"Phascogalini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phascogalini"},{"link_name":"Antechinuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antechinus"},{"link_name":"dasyures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasyure"},{"link_name":"Micromurexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromurexia"},{"link_name":"Murexechinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murexechinus"},{"link_name":"Murexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murexia"},{"link_name":"Paramurexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramurexia"},{"link_name":"Phascomurexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phascomurexia"},{"link_name":"Phascogales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phascogale"},{"link_name":"Sminthopsinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sminthopsinae"},{"link_name":"dunnarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnart"},{"link_name":"kultarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultarr"},{"link_name":"planigales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planigale"},{"link_name":"ningauas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningaui"},{"link_name":"Myrmecobiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbat"}],"text":"The subfamily Dasyurinae includes several genera of small carnivorous marsupials native to Australia: quolls, kowari, mulgara, kaluta, dibblers, phascogales, pseudantechinuses, and the Tasmanian devil. The subfamily is defined largely on biochemical criteria.Order DasyuromorphiaFamily Thylacinidae\nFamily Dasyuridae: (carnivorous marsupials)\nSubfamily Dasyurinae:\n†Wakamatha tasselii Archer & Rich, 1979; Mioc. Aust.\n†Dasylurinja kokuminola Archer, 1982; Miocene\n†Ankotarinja tirarensis Archer, 1976; Late Oligcene to Early Miocene\n†Keeuna woodburnei Archer, 1976; Late Oligcene to Early Miocene\nTribe Dasyurini\nMulgaras = Dasycercus spp.\nLittle red kaluta = Dasykaluta rosamondae\nKowari = Dasyuroides byrnei\n†Dasyuroides achilpatna Archer, 1982\nQuolls = Dasyurus spp.\nSome dasyures = Myoictis and Neophascogale spp.\nDibbler = Parantechinus apicalis\nMarsupial shrews = Phascolosorex spp.\nFalse antechinuses = Pseudantechinus spp. (includes sandstone dibbler)\nTasmanian devil = Sarcophilus harrisii\nTribe Phascogalini\nAntechinuses = Antechinus spp.\nOther dasyures = Micromurexia, Murexechinus, Murexia, Paramurexia, Phascomurexia spp.\nPhascogales = Phascogale spp.\nSubfamily Sminthopsinae: dunnarts, kultarr, planigales, and ningauas\nFamily Myrmecobiidae","title":"Dasyurinae"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 24–32. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Groves","url_text":"Groves, C. P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D. E."},{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-801-88221-4","url_text":"0-801-88221-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp","external_links_name":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","external_links_name":"62265494"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Dasyurinae","external_links_name":"Dasyurinae"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/628HY","external_links_name":"628HY"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=709313","external_links_name":"709313"},{"Link":"https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=10800011","external_links_name":"10800011"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=234415","external_links_name":"234415"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasyurinae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodens_BK
Bodens BK
["1 Linguistics","2 History","3 Organization","4 Achievements","5 Season to season","6 Players","6.1 First-team squad","6.2 Out on loan","7 Attendances","8 References","9 External links"]
Swedish football club This article is about Bodens BK's football section. For other sections of the club, see Bodens BK (disambiguation). Football clubBodenFull nameBodens BollklubbNickname(s)BBKFounded2 November 1916; 107 years ago (2 November 1916)GroundBoden Arena,Boden, SwedenCapacity5,300 seats, FIFA 2-star qualificationChairmanOlle LindströmManagerTomas ErikssonLeagueDivision 1 Norra2022Division 2 Norrland, 1st WebsiteClub website Home colours Away colours Bodens BK is a Swedish football club located in Boden in Norrbotten. The club was formed on 2 November 1916 and began playing soccer in 1918. It is currently playing in the third tier of Swedish football, Division 1. Linguistics Note that the s in the first part of the club name (Bodens) is the Swedish possessive s, meaning that it is not correct to call the club just Bodens. Correct forms are Bodens Bandyklubb (the complete name, very formal), Bodens BK (abbreviated formal), BBK (abbreviated informal), or just Boden (since there are no other football clubs with the town name Boden in their name). Bandyklubb means bandy club, but the club has actually not been playing bandy since 1966. History During the three seasons of 2003 to 2005, Boden played in the second highest division, Superettan, which made them the northernmost team in Swedish professional football by a margin of 400 km or more, depending on season. After successfully staying up with some margin in 2003, the ensuing season saw Boden barely scrape through to avoid relegation on the last day of the season. The 2005 Superettan campaign appeared to be the most successful thus far, and included memorable victories against teams such as the previous year's top-flight residents Örebro SK (1–0) and AIK (5–1). With 24 games played and stunning form Boden seemed safe at mid-table, but failure to win or even draw any of their last six games, together with the Phoenix-like resurrection of near-discarded Mjällby AIF, saw the latter team secure a new contract while relegating Boden to the newly recreated Division 1. For the 2006 season, the club which had managed to keep hold of several key players, entertained an outspoken ambition of instantly returning to Superettan. However, injuries to important staff such as the two main new signings, New Zealand striker Brent Fisher and American midfielder Ryan Caugherty, as well as poor results away from home, meant the team finished at a mediocre 8th place. The following season resulted in another mid-table finish. In 2008, Boden were relegated from Division 1 after finishing last, failing to record a single win in their last nine games. Unlike what had been the case after their Superettan relegation in 2005, Boden did manage to immediately bounce back from Division 2 in 2009. In their first season back at Sweden's fourth tier level since 1998, the club produced a strong season finish, winning eight out of their last nine games and eventually the league, five points clear of local rivals IFK Luleå. Once back in Division 1, the objective for 2010 was survival, which was ensured only in the last game of the season, when Boden defeated Carlstad United away from home, leapfrogging that team into 10th place and a renewed contract. Unable to repeat the accomplishment, Boden were again relegated to Division 2 in 2011, finishing nine points from safety and winning only four league games. In the two years that followed, Boden were unable to regain promotion, finishing fifth in Division 2 on both occasions. In 2014, the club produced an eighth-place finish, after uninspiring results. Organization The club is affiliated to the Norrbottens Fotbollförbund. Achievements Division 2/Division 1/Superettan: Best placement (3rd): 1955–56 Norrländska Mästerskapet: Winners (8): 1926, 1928, 1929, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1941, 1944 Runners-up (3): 1925, 1939, 1949 Season to season Season Level Division Section Position Movements 1994 Tier 4 Division 3 Norra Norrland 2nd Promoted 1995 Tier 3 Division 2 Norrland 5th 1996 Tier 3 Division 2 Norrland 5th 1997 Tier 3 Division 2 Norrland 10th Relegated 1998 Tier 4 Division 3 Norra Norrland 1st Promoted 1999 Tier 3 Division 2 Norrland 8th 2000 Tier 3 Division 2 Norrland 2nd 2001 Tier 3 Division 2 Norrland 2nd 2002 Tier 3 Division 2 Norrland 1st Promoted 2003 Tier 2 Superettan 11th 2004 Tier 2 Superettan 13th 2005 Tier 2 Superettan 14th Relegated 2006* Tier 3 Division 1 Norra 8th 2007 Tier 3 Division 1 Norra 7th 2008 Tier 3 Division 1 Norra 14th Relegated 2009 Tier 4 Division 2 Norrland 1st Promoted 2010 Tier 3 Division 1 Norra 10th 2011 Tier 3 Division 1 Norra 13th Relegated 2012 Tier 4 Division 2 Norrland 5th 2013 Tier 4 Division 2 Norrland 5th 2014 Tier 4 Division 2 Norrland 8th 2015 Tier 4 Division 2 Norrland 4th 2016 Tier 4 Division 2 Norrland 5th 2017 Tier 4 Division 2 Norrland 7th 2018 Tier 4 Division 2 Norrland 1st Promoted 2019 Tier 3 Division 1 Norra 14th Relegated 2020 Tier 4 Division 2 Norrland * League restructuring in 2006 resulted in a new division being created at Tier 3 and subsequent divisions dropping a level. Players First-team squad As of 5 September 2023 Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player 1 GK  SWE Simon Bandh 2 DF  SWE Felix Gustavsson 3 DF  SWE Abdukarim Silla 4 MF  SWE Kevin Roberts 5 DF  SWE Andreas Wärja 6 DF  SWE Hampus Myske 7 MF  ENG Josh Chatee 8 MF  SWE Emanuel Swedi 9 MF  SWE Adam Samuelsson 10 FW  LBR Sam Johnson 11 MF  SWE Renan Correa Faustini 12 MF  SWE Jack Nilsson 14 MF  USA Vincenzo Candela No. Pos. Nation Player 15 MF  ERI Saber Amine Hejai 16 MF  USA Steve Zishim Bawa 17 DF  SWE Anton Hallstensson 20 FW  SWE Nisse Nilsson 21 DF  SWE Jonatan Wikström 23 MF  ERI Sargal Amine Hejai 33 MF  SWE William Roberts 35 DF  SWE Linus Sahlin 44 GK  SWE Rasmus Granholm Fredriksson 77 FW  ARG Valentín Álvarez 88 FW  SWE William Nordell - MF  VEN Cesar Samper Out on loan Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality. No. Pos. Nation Player Attendances In recent seasons Bodens BK FF have had the following average attendances: Season Average Attendance Division / Section Level 2002 537 Division 2 Norrland Tier 3 2003 2,158 Superettan Tier 2 2004 1,880 Superettan Tier 2 2005 2,537 Superettan Tier 2 2006 1,043 Div 1 Norra Tier 3 2007 1,043 Div 1 Norra Tier 3 2008 1,038 Div 1 Norra Tier 3 2009 1,352 Div 2 Norrland Tier 4 2010 809 Div 1 Norra Tier 3 2011 1,190 Div 1 Norra Tier 3 2012 345 Div 2 Norrland Tier 4 2013 460 Div 2 Norrland Tier 4 2014 490 Div 2 Norrland Tier 4 2015 355 Div 2 Norrland Tier 4 2016 301 Div 2 Norrland Tier 4 2017 213 Div 2 Norrland Tier 4 2018 ? Div 2 Norrland Tier 4 2019 ? Div 1 Norra Tier 3 2020 Div 2 Norrland Tier 4 * Attendances are provided in the Publikliga sections of the Svenska Fotbollförbundet website. References ^ "Klubbinfo" (in Swedish). Bodens BK. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021. ^ "Om föreningen" (in Swedish). Bodens BK. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021. ^ "Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Norrbottens Fotbollförbund – Svenskfotboll.se". Archived from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011. ^ "GAIS – Lagfacta – Bodens BK". Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010. ^ "Truppen". Retrieved 16 July 2023. ^ "Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Svenska Fotbollförbundet – svenskfotboll.se". Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bodens BK. Official website Unofficial supporters' site (archived) Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bodens BK (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodens_BK_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"football club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Boden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boden,_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Norrbotten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrbotten"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Swedish football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_football"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_1_(Swedish_football)"}],"text":"This article is about Bodens BK's football section. For other sections of the club, see Bodens BK (disambiguation).Football clubBodens BK is a Swedish football club located in Boden in Norrbotten. The club was formed on 2 November 1916[1] and began playing soccer in 1918.[2] It is currently playing in the third tier of Swedish football, Division 1.","title":"Bodens BK"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"bandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandy"}],"text":"Note that the s in the first part of the club name (Bodens) is the Swedish possessive s, meaning that it is not correct to call the club just Bodens. Correct forms are Bodens Bandyklubb (the complete name, very formal), Bodens BK (abbreviated formal), BBK (abbreviated informal), or just Boden (since there are no other football clubs with the town name Boden in their name).[citation needed] Bandyklubb means bandy club, but the club has actually not been playing bandy since 1966.","title":"Linguistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superettan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superettan"},{"link_name":"Örebro SK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rebro_SK"},{"link_name":"AIK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIK_Fotboll"},{"link_name":"Mjällby AIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%A4llby_AIF"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Football_Division_1"},{"link_name":"Brent Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Fisher"},{"link_name":"Ryan Caugherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Caugherty"},{"link_name":"Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_football_Division_2#Division_2_Norrland"},{"link_name":"IFK Luleå","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_Lule%C3%A5"},{"link_name":"Carlstad United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlstad_United"}],"text":"During the three seasons of 2003 to 2005, Boden played in the second highest division, Superettan, which made them the northernmost team in Swedish professional football by a margin of 400 km or more, depending on season.After successfully staying up with some margin in 2003, the ensuing season saw Boden barely scrape through to avoid relegation on the last day of the season. The 2005 Superettan campaign appeared to be the most successful thus far, and included memorable victories against teams such as the previous year's top-flight residents Örebro SK (1–0) and AIK (5–1). With 24 games played and stunning form Boden seemed safe at mid-table, but failure to win or even draw any of their last six games, together with the Phoenix-like resurrection of near-discarded Mjällby AIF, saw the latter team secure a new contract while relegating Boden to the newly recreated Division 1.For the 2006 season, the club which had managed to keep hold of several key players, entertained an outspoken ambition of instantly returning to Superettan. However, injuries to important staff such as the two main new signings, New Zealand striker Brent Fisher and American midfielder Ryan Caugherty, as well as poor results away from home, meant the team finished at a mediocre 8th place. The following season resulted in another mid-table finish. In 2008, Boden were relegated from Division 1 after finishing last, failing to record a single win in their last nine games.Unlike what had been the case after their Superettan relegation in 2005, Boden did manage to immediately bounce back from Division 2 in 2009. In their first season back at Sweden's fourth tier level since 1998, the club produced a strong season finish, winning eight out of their last nine games and eventually the league, five points clear of local rivals IFK Luleå. Once back in Division 1, the objective for 2010 was survival, which was ensured only in the last game of the season, when Boden defeated Carlstad United away from home, leapfrogging that team into 10th place and a renewed contract. Unable to repeat the accomplishment, Boden were again relegated to Division 2 in 2011, finishing nine points from safety and winning only four league games.In the two years that followed, Boden were unable to regain promotion, finishing fifth in Division 2 on both occasions. In 2014, the club produced an eighth-place finish, after uninspiring results.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norrbottens Fotbollförbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrbottens_Fotbollf%C3%B6rbund"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The club is affiliated to the Norrbottens Fotbollförbund.[3]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Division 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_football_Division_2"},{"link_name":"Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_football_Division_1"},{"link_name":"Superettan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superettan"},{"link_name":"Norrländska Mästerskapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrl%C3%A4ndska_M%C3%A4sterskapet"}],"text":"Division 2/Division 1/Superettan:\nBest placement (3rd): 1955–56\nNorrländska Mästerskapet:\nWinners (8): 1926, 1928, 1929, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1941, 1944\nRunners-up (3): 1925, 1939, 1949","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season to season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"First-team squad","text":"As of 5 September 2023[5]Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIFA eligibility rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_eligibility_rules"}],"sub_title":"Out on loan","text":"Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In recent seasons Bodens BK FF have had the following average attendances:","title":"Attendances"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Klubbinfo\" (in Swedish). Bodens BK. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://idrottonline.se/BodensBKFF-Fotboll/Foreningen/Klubbinfo","url_text":"\"Klubbinfo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422220435/https://idrottonline.se/BodensBKFF-Fotboll/Foreningen/Klubbinfo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Om föreningen\" (in Swedish). Bodens BK. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskalag.se/bbkff/om","url_text":"\"Om föreningen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210304125442/https://www.svenskalag.se/bbkff/om","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Norrbottens Fotbollförbund – Svenskfotboll.se\". Archived from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/om-svff/distrikten/?ffid=12","url_text":"\"Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Norrbottens Fotbollförbund – Svenskfotboll.se\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111214073040/http://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/om-svff/distrikten/?ffid=12","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GAIS – Lagfacta – Bodens BK\". Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311213533/http://www.gais.se/fotboll/GAIS.nsf/Statistics%20by%20Team?OpenForm&Lag=Bodens%20BK","url_text":"\"GAIS – Lagfacta – Bodens BK\""},{"url":"http://www.gais.se/fotboll/GAIS.nsf/Statistics%20by%20Team?OpenForm&Lag=Bodens%20BK","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Truppen\". Retrieved 16 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.svenskalag.se/bbkff_a/truppen","url_text":"\"Truppen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Svenska Fotbollförbundet – svenskfotboll.se\". Archived from the original on 9 June 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/om-svff/distrikten/","url_text":"\"Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Svenska Fotbollförbundet – svenskfotboll.se\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090609222754/http://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/om-svff/distrikten/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.svenskalag.se/bbkff","external_links_name":"Club website"},{"Link":"https://idrottonline.se/BodensBKFF-Fotboll/Foreningen/Klubbinfo","external_links_name":"\"Klubbinfo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210422220435/https://idrottonline.se/BodensBKFF-Fotboll/Foreningen/Klubbinfo","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.svenskalag.se/bbkff/om","external_links_name":"\"Om föreningen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210304125442/https://www.svenskalag.se/bbkff/om","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/om-svff/distrikten/?ffid=12","external_links_name":"\"Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Norrbottens Fotbollförbund – Svenskfotboll.se\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111214073040/http://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/om-svff/distrikten/?ffid=12","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120311213533/http://www.gais.se/fotboll/GAIS.nsf/Statistics%20by%20Team?OpenForm&Lag=Bodens%20BK","external_links_name":"\"GAIS – Lagfacta – Bodens BK\""},{"Link":"http://www.gais.se/fotboll/GAIS.nsf/Statistics%20by%20Team?OpenForm&Lag=Bodens%20BK","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.svenskalag.se/bbkff_a/truppen","external_links_name":"\"Truppen\""},{"Link":"https://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/om-svff/distrikten/","external_links_name":"\"Kontaktuppgifter och tävlingar – Svenska Fotbollförbundet – svenskfotboll.se\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090609222754/http://svenskfotboll.se/svensk-fotboll/om-svff/distrikten/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.svenskalag.se/bbkff","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070312044920/http://www.garnisonen.net/","external_links_name":"Unofficial supporters' site"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143652853","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamralipta
Tamralipta
["1 History","1.1 Literary Sources","1.2 Archaeological finds","1.3 Epigraphy and numismatic evidence","1.4 Interpretation","1.5 Causes of decline","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
Ancient port city of Bengal, India TamraliptaTamralipti shown in eastern India, c. 375 CEHistorical eraAncient IndiaToday part ofIndia Tamralipta or Tamralipti (Pali: Tāmaliti) was an ancient port city and capital of Suhma Kingdom in ancient India, located on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. The Tamluk town in present-day Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, is generally identified as the site of Tamralipti. It was located near the Rupnarayan river. It gets its name from the Sanskrit term "Tāmra," or copper, which was mined nearby at Ghatsila in the Singbhum region of the Chota Nagpur Plateau and traded through this port. During the Gupta dynasty, Tamralipta was the main emporium, serving as a point of departure for trade with Ceylon, Java, and China, as well as the west. It was linked by roads with the major cities of ancient India of that time, i.e., Rajagriha, Shravasti, Pataliputra, Varanasi, Champa, Kaushambi, and Taxila. History Tamralipta was surrounded in the south by the Bay of Bengal, east by the river Rupnarayana, and west by the river Subarnarekha. The Bay of Bengal, along with these incredible waterways, and their innumerable branches, built up an affluent and easy water navigation framework that cultivated commerce, culture, and early contacts with people from other parts of the world. The origins of Tamralipta are obscure. Many historians date its settlement to the seventh century B.C., but archaeological remains indicate its continuous settlement from about the third century B.C. Several literary sources, archaeological finds, epigraphy, and numismatic evidence are studied to construct the history of Tamralipta. Literary Sources In early Indian literary works, Tamralipta, with its other "dialectical variants," was mentioned. It was also mentioned by the Greek astronomer-geographer Ptolemy, the Roman author and philosopher Pliny, and the Chinese monk travellers Fa-hien, Hsuan-tsang, and Yi Jing. The Kurma-vibhaga segment of the Atharva-veda Parisista incorporates the primal testimony to Tamralipta in Indian literary sources. The Mahabharata distinguishes this ancient city from Suhma, but a later work, Dashakumaracharita, adds "Damalipta" within the Suhma Kingdom. It is said that Tamralipta was the capital of Suhma. In the Raghuvamsha, it is described as being located on the bank of the river Kapisa. The Kathsaritsagara observes Tamralipta as an important maritime port and trading center. Some Pali literature identifies it as "Tamalitti" or "Tamalitthi" and describes it as a port. Tamralipti is mentioned numerous times in the Arthasastra as an imperative center of maritime exchange. The Brihat-Samhita distinguishes "Tamraliptika" from "Gaudaka" and mentions the sailing of ships from Yavana to the port of "Damalipta". Ptolemy mentions "Tāmralipta" as a significant town and royal residence. Pliny denotes Tamralipti as 'Taluctae'. The earliest meticulous description of Tamralipta appears in Buddhist literature. In the early fifth century CE, the Chinese Buddhist monk Fa-Hien reported seeing twenty Buddhist monasteries in Tamralipta. Fa-Hien traces Tamralipta, as situated on the seaboard. Whereas Hiuen-Tsang describes that Tamralipta was situated on a creek relatively away from the main Bay of Bengal. According to Hiuen-Tsang, this port town spanned approximately 250 miles and served as the point of convergence of the land and sea trade routes. According to him, the main exports from Tamralipta port were indigo, silk, and copper. In c. 675, the Chinese Buddhist monk YiJing reached the east coast of India. He spent five months in Tamralipti and learned Sanskrit. Yijing travelled up the Ganga from Tamralipti to the Buddhist monastery complex of Nalanda, which was the home of thirty-five hundred monks at that time. According to Mahavamsa, an epic history of Sri Lanka, it was the exit point for Ruler Vijaya's voyage to conquer Sri Lanka and the Buddhist mission propelled to Sri Lanka by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Tamralipta is mentioned in Dipavamsa as well. The Vanga is referred to as possessing the city of Tamralipta in one of the Jaina Upangas called Prajñāpanā. According to the Jaina texts, Tamralipta was the capital of the kingdom of Vanga. Tamralipta is mentioned as one of the Jaina ascetic orders in the Jaina Kalpasūtra. Archaeological finds Archaeological explorations have unveiled a chronology of habitations extending back to a period in which stone axes and rudimentary pottery were in use. Excavations in the Indian state of West Bengal have revealed a steatite seal with hieroglyphic and pictographic signs, thought to be of the Mediterranean root. Terracotta figurines, spindle-whorls and earthenware are accepted to be from Crete and Egypt. Findings in Tamralipta unearthed potteries characterized by rouletted ware, grey ware, redware, black polished ware, and northern black polished ware. The excavation carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) discovered rammed floor levels and ring wells. Coins and terracotta figurines dating back to the Sunga period (3rd century B.C.) have been discovered during excavations at a site in Tamralipti. A brick-built stepped tank, dating back to the 2nd–3rd century A.D., was unearthed among the ancient structural remains of Tamralipta. Excavations at Moghalmari confirmed the presence of Buddhist vihars in the area, which was mentioned by Chinese travellers Fa Hien and Hiuen Tsang. Epigraphy and numismatic evidence Coins with engraved boat symbols, issued by the Satavahana Kings, were found on the Andhra coast. Punch mark coins with similar motifs were also excavated from different sites in Bengal. This evidence confirms brisk maritime activity in Bengal. The Roman gold coins found in Tamralipta indicate contact with the Romans. The terracotta seals, protected in the Tamralipta museum as examined by Mukherjee, are inscribed in the Kharoshti Brahmi script of the early centuries of the Christian era. The vessel depicted on the seal of Bangarh is a bowl-shaped sailing boat filled with corn. The bows of the vessel at both ends are decorated with "Makaramukhas". A seal found at Chandraketugarh has a boat with a single mast portrayed on it and bears the Kharoshti-Brahmi inscription. The ship motif found on the coin of Gautamiputra Yajna Satkarni and the boat motif painted in the cave of Ajanta are identical to this vessel. An archaeological excavation in Birbhum unearthed several pieces of evidence, including coins and other artefacts. In an inscription from Java, the merchant Budhagupta is mentioned as a resident of Raktamrittika. Most likely, Budhagupta sailed down the Ganga and took a ship from Tamralipta. The Dudhpani rock inscription of Udayman is probably the last South Asian inscription that contains the record of Tamralipta as a port city in 8th-century C.E. Interpretation The textual references have prompted academics to identify Tamralipti as one of the most prominent hubs of trade and commerce of early historic India. According to Darian, with the rise of the Mauryan Empire, Tamralipti rose to universal popularity as the chief harbour of the entire basin. Ships from Ceylon, Southeast Asia, western India, and the Middle East used to arrive at this port. The brick-built stepped tank, found in an archaeological excavation, indicates the prosperity of Tamralipta. At least from the beginning of the Christian era until the 11th or 12th century A.D., Tamralipti was an important port for the sea-borne trade of Bengal. Three significant routes of foreign exchange were transmitted from Tamralipti : one to Burma and beyond through the Arakan coast; a second to the Malaya peninsula and the Distant East via Paloura, near Chicacole; and a third to South India and Ceylon through Kalinga and the Coromandal coast. Tamralipta appears to have been connected by distinct routes with Pataliputra and Kausambi. The southern route, passing through Tamralipta and proceeding to the coastal region of Orissa, also reached as far as Kanchi in the south. Through the southern route, extra inland trade corridors in Kalinga were connected with Tamralipta. Tamralipta had multidirectional connections with diverse geographical locations of South Asia. It served as a gateway to countries such as Indonesia and as a departure point for excursions to Sri Lanka. Archaeological finds suggest the overseas connection of the Tamralipti with the Romans. According to the evidence of Kan-Tai (Fu-nan-chuan), a regular maritime route existed between China and Tamralipti in the middle of the third century A.D. A comparison between the Chandraketugarh terracottas and those recovered from Tamluk would imply that the former contained significantly more indigenous motifs, whereas at the latter site, several non-indigenous motifs have been unearthed. The existence of the Kharoshthi script in some of the inscriptions at Chandraketugarh suggests close interaction with the north-western part of the subcontinent, where this script was prominent. According to Sengupta, the difference in descriptions of the location of Tamralipta as made by Fa-Hien and Hiuen-Tsang indicates a profound geographical change that had occurred in between their visits. According to Chattopadhyay, in comparison to Chandraketugarh, the settlement aspects of Tamralipti addressed by the area of Tamluk on the right bank of the Rupnarayan, a feeder of the Bhagirathi, are as yet unclear. The existence of Painted Grey Ware and Northern Black Polished Ware in the places near the waterways of Ghaghara, Ganga and Yamuna indicate the utilization of riverine channels for the ancient commerce networks. According to Dasgupta, Despite the undeniable significance of Tamralipta, little is known about its rulers and administration. According to him, both Fa-Hien and Hiuen-Tsang, the two Chinese travellers who stayed in Tamralipta, never revealed anything about the state organization or administration. Causes of decline Man-made issues such as political disorder, taxes, and foreign attack, as well as natural factors such as alteration in the courses of rivers, siltation, and erosion, have all contributed to the progressive deterioration of the Tamralipta port. The Saraswati river flowed through various courses until the seventh century A.D., when it discharged through the Rupnarayan estuary. Tamralipta was located on the right bank of the Rupnarayan river. The Saraswati branch that connects it to the Rupnarayan has been identified on a recent satellite image, and a map is being prepared. Fergusson also described this channel. The eastward flight of the flow from its off-take at Tribeni, as well as rapid sedimentation, contributed to the collapse of the channel. Since 700 A.D., the Saraswati had abandoned its allegiance to the Rupnarayan and migrated eastwards, opening a new outlet along the Sankrail, resulting in the decline of the port of Tamralipta. Saptagram (colloquially known as Satgaon) emerged as a prominent port, following the demise of Tamralipta. See also Vanga Pundravardhana Samatata Medinipur Notes ^ i.e., Tamralipti, Tamalitti, Tamalitta, Damalipta, Tamraliptika, etc. Abhidhānachintāmani confirms that, Dāmalipta,Tāmralipta,Tāmalinī,Stambhapura and Vishnugriha are synonyms to Tāmraliptī. ^ In the map of the Greek geographer Ptolemy, "Tāmralipta" appears as Tamalities. ^ Tamralipta had a deep connection with Buddhism.It is said that Bodhidrum was sent to Ceylon from Tamralipti.Jataka often mentions trade and missionary voyages from Tamralipta to Suvarnabhumi (Myanmar/Southeast Asia). Pandit, Shashwati (2021), Bargabhima temple: seeking an unknown mystery., p. 1599 ^ Hiuen-Tsang denoted Tāmralipta as "Tan-mo-li-ti". ^ In Mahavamsa Tamralipta is denoted as "Tamalitti". ^ The Prajñāpanā denoted Tāmralipta as "Tamalitti". ^ The Tamluk Museum's holdings include terracotta sculptures of yaksis, animals, and plaques showing the daily lives of ordinary men and women. The famous Yaksi figurine is now preserved in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford. ^ Two types of cast coins are found: 1. the rectangular type and 2. the round type. ^ Raktamrittika mahavihara is presently situated in the Chiruti region of the Murshidabad District. ^ Tamralipti used to be the principal trade hub of the large territory between China and Alexandria. References ^ a b Haraniya, Krutika (25 June 2017). "Tamralipti - The Ancient Copper Port". www.livehistoryindia.com. Retrieved 4 March 2022. ^ a b Dilip K. Chakrabarti (2001). Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga. Orient Blackswan. p. 125. ISBN 978-81-7824-016-9. ^ Congress, Indian History (1988). Proceedings. Indian History Congress. p. 22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chattopadhyay, Rupendra Kumar (19 January 2018). The Archaeology of Coastal Bengal. Oxford University Press. pp. 40–45, 69. ISBN 978-0-19-909180-5. ^ Schendel, Willem van (12 February 2009). A History of Bangladesh. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-316-26497-3. ^ a b c d e f g h Tripati, S.; Rao, S. (1 January 1994). "Tamralipti: The Ancient Port of India". Studies in History and Culture. 2: 33–39. ^ "History | Purba Medinipur | India". Retrieved 18 March 2022. ^ a b c d e Ramachandran 1951, p. 226-239. ^ a b c Puri, Baij Nath (1966). Cities of Ancient India. Meenakshi Prakashan. p. 110. ^ Choudhury, Pratap Chandra (1988). Assam-Bengal Relations from the Earliest Times to the Twelfth Century A.D. Spectrum Publications. p. 67. ^ a b c Chowdhury, A.M (1991), INTEGRAL STUDY OF THE SILK ROADS, pp. 4–5 ^ a b c Darian, Steven G. (2001). The Ganges in Myth and History. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 138. ISBN 978-81-208-1757-9. ^ "New twist from excavations". Deccan Herald. 2 April 2016. ^ a b c d e Sengupta, Nitish (19 July 2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-530-5. ^ Schmiedchen, Annette (2019). "Medieval Endowment Cultures in Western India: Buddhist and Muslim Encounters – Some Preliminary Observations". Mondes de l'Asie du Sud et de l'Asie Centrale: 7. ^ Paine, Lincoln (6 February 2014). The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World. Atlantic Books. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-78239-357-3. ^ Bhaumick 2001, p. 7-8. ^ CHATTOPADHYAY, SUHRID SANKAR (5 February 2013). "Unearthing a culture". Frontline. Retrieved 4 March 2022. ^ Journal of Ancient Indian History. D.C. Sircar. 1994. p. 162. ^ Dasgupta, Biplab (2005). European Trade and Colonial Conquest. Anthem Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84331-029-7. ^ Rudra, Kalyan (2 April 2018). Rivers of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta: A Fluvial Account of Bengal. Springer. p. 87. ISBN 978-3-319-76544-0. Sources Bhaumick, Manoranjan (2001). History, Culture, and Antiquities of Tāmralipta. Punthi Pustak. ISBN 978-81-86791-27-1. Ramachandran, T. N. (1951). "Tāmraliptī (Taṁluk)". Artibus Asiae. 14 (3): 226–239. doi:10.2307/3248590. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3248590. Duraiswamy, Dayalan (1 January 2019). "ANCIENT SEAPORTS ON THE EASTERN COAST OF INDIA: THE HUB OF THE MARITIME SILK ROUTE NETWORK". Acta Via Serica. External links Archaeological Museum, Tamluk (West Bengal) Tamralipti in Banglapedia vteAncient-Medieval sites in BengalWest Bengal Bahiri Ballal Dhipi Bangarh Baneswardanga Betor Bharatpur Haraipur Bishnupur temples Chandraketugarh Debalgarh Deulpota Dihar Dhosa Gauda Gobindapur Harinarayanpur Jagjivanpur Kalikata Kana Karnasubarna Mahisdal Moghalmari Mongalkote Nanoor Natsal Pakhanna Pandu Rajar Dhibi Pandua Rajpat Saptagram Sijua Sutanuti Tamralipta Tanda Telkupi Tilpi Bangladesh Bhitargarh Bikrampur Vihara Chandrapur University Halud Vihara Gokul Medh Jagaddala Mahavihara Mahasthangarh Mainamati Nateshwar Deul Pandit Vihara Shalban Vihara Sitakot Vihara Somapura Mahavihara Sonargaon Vasu Vihara Wari-Bateshwar vtePurba Medinipur district topicsGeneral Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee Dharmathakur Haldia Refinery Haldia Utsav Nandigram violence Partition of Midnapore Tamralipta Subdivisions Contai Egra Haldia Tamluk Territories Dandabhukti Midnapore district Municipalities Contai Egra Haldia Panskura Tamluk Community developmentblocksTamluk subdivision Nandakumar Moyna Tamluk Sahid Matangini Panskura Kolaghat Chandipur Haldia subdivision Mahisadal Nandigram I Nandigram II Sutahata Haldia Egra subdivision Bhagabanpur I Egra I Egra II Patashpur I Patashpur II Contai subdivision Bhagabanpur II Contai I Deshapran Contai III Khejuri I Khejuri II Ramnagar I Ramnagar II Rivers Haldi Hooghly Keleghai Rasulpur Rupnarayan Transport NH 6 NH 116 South Eastern Railway zone Kolkata Suburban Railway Railway stations Bhogpur Digha Haldia Panskura Junction Institutes of higher learning Mahatma Gandhi University, West Bengal College of Engineering and Management, Kolaghat Haldia Institute of Technology Lok Sabha constituencies Kanthi (Contai) Tamluk Panskura - now defunct Vidhan Sabha constituencies Tamluk Panskura Purba Panskura Paschim Moyna Nandakumar Mahisadal Haldia Nandigram Chandipur Patashpur Kanthi Uttar Bhagabanpur Khejuri Kanthi Dakshin Ramnagar Egra FormerVidhan Sabha constituencies Narghat Sutahata Mugberia See also Haldia Institute of Maritime Studies and Research Cities, towns and locations in Purba Medinipur district People from Purba Medinipur district Villages in Purba Medinipur district
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_language"},{"link_name":"Suhma Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhma_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"Tamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamluk"},{"link_name":"Purba Medinipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Rupnarayan river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupnarayan_River"},{"link_name":"Ghatsila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghatshila"},{"link_name":"Chota Nagpur Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Gupta dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gupta_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rajagriha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajgir"},{"link_name":"Shravasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shravasti"},{"link_name":"Pataliputra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataliputra"},{"link_name":"Varanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi"},{"link_name":"Champa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champapuri"},{"link_name":"Kaushambi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosambi"},{"link_name":"Taxila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Tamralipta or Tamralipti (Pali: Tāmaliti) was an ancient port city and capital of Suhma Kingdom in ancient India, located on the coast of the Bay of Bengal.[1] The Tamluk town in present-day Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, is generally identified as the site of Tamralipti.[2]It was located near the Rupnarayan river. It gets its name from the Sanskrit term \"Tāmra,\" or copper, which was mined nearby at Ghatsila in the Singbhum region of the Chota Nagpur Plateau and traded through this port. During the Gupta dynasty, Tamralipta was the main emporium, serving as a point of departure for trade with Ceylon, Java, and China, as well as the west. It was linked by roads with the major cities of ancient India of that time, i.e., Rajagriha, Shravasti, Pataliputra, Varanasi, Champa, Kaushambi, and Taxila.[1][3][4]","title":"Tamralipta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Tamralipta was surrounded in the south by the Bay of Bengal, east by the river Rupnarayana, and west by the river Subarnarekha. The Bay of Bengal, along with these incredible waterways, and their innumerable branches, built up an affluent and easy water navigation framework that cultivated commerce, culture, and early contacts with people from other parts of the world. The origins of Tamralipta are obscure. Many historians date its settlement to the seventh century B.C., but archaeological remains indicate its continuous settlement from about the third century B.C. Several literary sources, archaeological finds, epigraphy, and numismatic evidence are studied to construct the history of Tamralipta.[5][6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Mahabharata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharata"},{"link_name":"Suhma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhma_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Dashakumaracharita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashakumaracharita"},{"link_name":"Raghuvamsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghuvamsha"},{"link_name":"Kathsaritsagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathasaritsagara"},{"link_name":"Arthasastra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastra"},{"link_name":"Brihat-Samhita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihat_Samhita"},{"link_name":"Yavana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yavana"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-14"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Fa-Hien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa-Hien"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hiuen-Tsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiuen-Tsang"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-18"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"YiJing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yijing_(monk)"},{"link_name":"Mahavamsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavamsa"},{"link_name":"Ruler Vijaya's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Vijaya"},{"link_name":"Ashoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka"},{"link_name":"[n 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Dipavamsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipavamsa"},{"link_name":"Vanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[n 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Kalpasūtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran1951226-239-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhaumick20017-8-23"}],"sub_title":"Literary Sources","text":"In early Indian literary works, Tamralipta, with its other \"dialectical variants,\" was mentioned.[n 1] It was also mentioned by the Greek astronomer-geographer Ptolemy, the Roman author and philosopher Pliny, and the Chinese monk travellers Fa-hien, Hsuan-tsang, and Yi Jing.[4] The Kurma-vibhaga segment of the Atharva-veda Parisista incorporates the primal testimony to Tamralipta in Indian literary sources. The Mahabharata distinguishes this ancient city from Suhma, but a later work, Dashakumaracharita, adds \"Damalipta\" within the Suhma Kingdom. It is said that Tamralipta was the capital of Suhma. In the Raghuvamsha, it is described as being located on the bank of the river Kapisa. The Kathsaritsagara observes Tamralipta as an important maritime port and trading center. Some Pali literature identifies it as \"Tamalitti\" or \"Tamalitthi\" and describes it as a port. Tamralipti is mentioned numerous times in the Arthasastra as an imperative center of maritime exchange. The Brihat-Samhita distinguishes \"Tamraliptika\" from \"Gaudaka\" and mentions the sailing of ships from Yavana to the port of \"Damalipta\".[9][10][2][4][11] Ptolemy mentions \"Tāmralipta\"[n 2] as a significant town and royal residence. Pliny denotes Tamralipti as 'Taluctae'.[6][4][9] The earliest meticulous description of Tamralipta appears in Buddhist literature.[12][n 3] In the early fifth century CE, the Chinese Buddhist monk Fa-Hien reported seeing twenty Buddhist monasteries in Tamralipta.[13] Fa-Hien traces Tamralipta, as situated on the seaboard. Whereas Hiuen-Tsang describes that Tamralipta[n 4] was situated on a creek relatively away from the main Bay of Bengal. According to Hiuen-Tsang, this port town spanned approximately 250 miles and served as the point of convergence of the land and sea trade routes. According to him, the main exports from Tamralipta port were indigo, silk, and copper.[14][9] In c. 675, the Chinese Buddhist monk YiJing reached the east coast of India. He spent five months in Tamralipti and learned Sanskrit. Yijing travelled up the Ganga from Tamralipti to the Buddhist monastery complex of Nalanda, which was the home of thirty-five hundred monks at that time. According to Mahavamsa, an epic history of Sri Lanka, it was the exit point for Ruler Vijaya's voyage to conquer Sri Lanka and the Buddhist mission propelled to Sri Lanka by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka.[n 5] Tamralipta is mentioned in Dipavamsa as well. The Vanga is referred to as possessing the city of Tamralipta in one of the Jaina Upangas called Prajñāpanā.[n 6] According to the Jaina texts, Tamralipta was the capital of the kingdom of Vanga. Tamralipta is mentioned as one of the Jaina ascetic orders in the Jaina Kalpasūtra.[15][16][8][17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"Sunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunga"},{"link_name":"[n 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Moghalmari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moghalmari"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Archaeological finds","text":"Archaeological explorations have unveiled a chronology of habitations extending back to a period in which stone axes and rudimentary pottery were in use. Excavations in the Indian state of West Bengal have revealed a steatite seal with hieroglyphic and pictographic signs, thought to be of the Mediterranean root. Terracotta figurines, spindle-whorls and earthenware are accepted to be from Crete and Egypt. Findings in Tamralipta unearthed potteries characterized by rouletted ware, grey ware, redware, black polished ware, and northern black polished ware. The excavation carried out by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) discovered rammed floor levels and ring wells. Coins and terracotta figurines dating back to the Sunga period (3rd century B.C.) have been discovered during excavations at a site in Tamralipti.[n 7] A brick-built stepped tank, dating back to the 2nd–3rd century A.D., was unearthed among the ancient structural remains of Tamralipta.[6][4] Excavations at Moghalmari confirmed the presence of Buddhist vihars in the area, which was mentioned by Chinese travellers Fa Hien and Hiuen Tsang.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Satavahana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[n 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Bangarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangarh"},{"link_name":"Chandraketugarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandraketugarh"},{"link_name":"Gautamiputra Yajna Satkarni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautamiputra_Yajna_Satakarni"},{"link_name":"Birbhum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birbhum_district"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran1951226-239-8"},{"link_name":"[n 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"sub_title":"Epigraphy and numismatic evidence","text":"Coins with engraved boat symbols, issued by the Satavahana Kings, were found on the Andhra coast. Punch mark coins with similar motifs were also excavated from different sites in Bengal.[n 8] This evidence confirms brisk maritime activity in Bengal. The Roman gold coins found in Tamralipta indicate contact with the Romans. The terracotta seals, protected in the Tamralipta museum as examined by Mukherjee, are inscribed in the Kharoshti Brahmi script of the early centuries of the Christian era. The vessel depicted on the seal of Bangarh is a bowl-shaped sailing boat filled with corn. The bows of the vessel at both ends are decorated with \"Makaramukhas\". A seal found at Chandraketugarh has a boat with a single mast portrayed on it and bears the Kharoshti-Brahmi inscription. The ship motif found on the coin of Gautamiputra Yajna Satkarni and the boat motif painted in the cave of Ajanta are identical to this vessel. An archaeological excavation in Birbhum unearthed several pieces of evidence, including coins and other artefacts.[6][8] In an inscription from Java, the merchant Budhagupta is mentioned as a resident of Raktamrittika.[n 9] Most likely, Budhagupta sailed down the Ganga and took a ship from Tamralipta. The Dudhpani rock inscription of Udayman is probably the last South Asian inscription that contains the record of Tamralipta as a port city in 8th-century C.E.[19][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Mauryan Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran1951226-239-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Interpretation","text":"The textual references have prompted academics to identify Tamralipti as one of the most prominent hubs of trade and commerce of early historic India.[n 10] According to Darian, with the rise of the Mauryan Empire, Tamralipti rose to universal popularity as the chief harbour of the entire basin. Ships from Ceylon, Southeast Asia, western India, and the Middle East used to arrive at this port.[12] The brick-built stepped tank, found in an archaeological excavation, indicates the prosperity of Tamralipta.[6] At least from the beginning of the Christian era until the 11th or 12th century A.D., Tamralipti was an important port for the sea-borne trade of Bengal.[11] Three significant routes of foreign exchange were transmitted from Tamralipti : one to Burma and beyond through the Arakan coast; a second to the Malaya peninsula and the Distant East via Paloura, near Chicacole; and a third to South India and Ceylon through Kalinga and the Coromandal coast.[8] Tamralipta appears to have been connected by distinct routes with Pataliputra and Kausambi. The southern route, passing through Tamralipta and proceeding to the coastal region of Orissa, also reached as far as Kanchi in the south. Through the southern route, extra inland trade corridors in Kalinga were connected with Tamralipta. Tamralipta had multidirectional connections with diverse geographical locations of South Asia. It served as a gateway to countries such as Indonesia and as a departure point for excursions to Sri Lanka.[4][14] Archaeological finds suggest the overseas connection of the Tamralipti with the Romans.[6] According to the evidence of Kan-Tai (Fu-nan-chuan), a regular maritime route existed between China and Tamralipti in the middle of the third century A.D.[11] A comparison between the Chandraketugarh terracottas and those recovered from Tamluk would imply that the former contained significantly more indigenous motifs, whereas at the latter site, several non-indigenous motifs have been unearthed. The existence of the Kharoshthi script in some of the inscriptions at Chandraketugarh suggests close interaction with the north-western part of the subcontinent, where this script was prominent.[14] According to Sengupta, the difference in descriptions of the location of Tamralipta as made by Fa-Hien and Hiuen-Tsang indicates a profound geographical change that had occurred in between their visits.[14] According to Chattopadhyay, in comparison to Chandraketugarh, the settlement aspects of Tamralipti addressed by the area of Tamluk on the right bank of the Rupnarayan, a feeder of the Bhagirathi, are as yet unclear.[4] The existence of Painted Grey Ware and Northern Black Polished Ware in the places near the waterways of Ghaghara, Ganga and Yamuna indicate the utilization of riverine channels for the ancient commerce networks.[6] According to Dasgupta, Despite the undeniable significance of Tamralipta, little is known about its rulers and administration. According to him, both Fa-Hien and Hiuen-Tsang, the two Chinese travellers who stayed in Tamralipta, never revealed anything about the state organization or administration.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sankrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankrail"},{"link_name":"Saptagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptagram"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-18"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Causes of decline","text":"Man-made issues such as political disorder, taxes, and foreign attack, as well as natural factors such as alteration in the courses of rivers, siltation, and erosion, have all contributed to the progressive deterioration of the Tamralipta port. The Saraswati river flowed through various courses until the seventh century A.D., when it discharged through the Rupnarayan estuary. Tamralipta was located on the right bank of the Rupnarayan river. The Saraswati branch that connects it to the Rupnarayan has been identified on a recent satellite image, and a map is being prepared. Fergusson also described this channel. The eastward flight of the flow from its off-take at Tribeni, as well as rapid sedimentation, contributed to the collapse of the channel. Since 700 A.D., the Saraswati had abandoned its allegiance to the Rupnarayan and migrated eastwards, opening a new outlet along the Sankrail, resulting in the decline of the port of Tamralipta. Saptagram (colloquially known as Satgaon) emerged as a prominent port, following the demise of Tamralipta.[14][6][21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran1951226-239-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Ceylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceylon"},{"link_name":"Jataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jataka_tales"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran1951226-239-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-14"}],"text":"^ i.e., Tamralipti, Tamalitti, Tamalitta, Damalipta, Tamraliptika, etc.[4] Abhidhānachintāmani confirms that, Dāmalipta,Tāmralipta,Tāmalinī,Stambhapura and Vishnugriha are synonyms to Tāmraliptī.[8]\n\n^ In the map of the Greek geographer Ptolemy, \"Tāmralipta\" appears as Tamalities.\n\n^ Tamralipta had a deep connection with Buddhism.It is said that Bodhidrum was sent to Ceylon from Tamralipti.Jataka often mentions trade and missionary voyages from Tamralipta to Suvarnabhumi (Myanmar/Southeast Asia). Pandit, Shashwati (2021), Bargabhima temple: seeking an unknown mystery., p. 1599\n\n^ Hiuen-Tsang denoted Tāmralipta as \"Tan-mo-li-ti\".\n\n^ In Mahavamsa Tamralipta is denoted as \"Tamalitti\".\n\n^ The Prajñāpanā denoted Tāmralipta as \"Tamalitti\".\n\n^ The Tamluk Museum's holdings include terracotta sculptures of yaksis, animals, and plaques showing the daily lives of ordinary men and women. The famous Yaksi figurine is now preserved in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford.\n\n^ Two types of cast coins are found: 1. the rectangular type and 2. the round type.[8]\n\n^ Raktamrittika mahavihara is presently situated in the Chiruti region of the Murshidabad District.[4]\n\n^ Tamralipti used to be the principal trade hub of the large territory between China and Alexandria.[12]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History, Culture, and Antiquities of Tāmralipta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TCFuAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-86791-27-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86791-27-1"},{"link_name":"\"Tāmraliptī (Taṁluk)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3248590"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/3248590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F3248590"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0004-3648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3248590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3248590"},{"link_name":"\"ANCIENT SEAPORTS ON THE EASTERN COAST OF INDIA: THE HUB OF THE MARITIME SILK ROUTE NETWORK\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/40704995"}],"text":"Bhaumick, Manoranjan (2001). History, Culture, and Antiquities of Tāmralipta. Punthi Pustak. ISBN 978-81-86791-27-1.\nRamachandran, T. N. (1951). \"Tāmraliptī (Taṁluk)\". Artibus Asiae. 14 (3): 226–239. doi:10.2307/3248590. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3248590.\nDuraiswamy, Dayalan (1 January 2019). \"ANCIENT SEAPORTS ON THE EASTERN COAST OF INDIA: THE HUB OF THE MARITIME SILK ROUTE NETWORK\". Acta Via Serica.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
[{"title":"Vanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom"},{"title":"Pundravardhana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundravardhana"},{"title":"Samatata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samatata"},{"title":"Medinipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medinipur"}]
[{"reference":"Pandit, Shashwati (2021), Bargabhima temple: seeking an unknown mystery., p. 1599","urls":[]},{"reference":"Haraniya, Krutika (25 June 2017). \"Tamralipti - The Ancient Copper Port\". www.livehistoryindia.com. Retrieved 4 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/lost-cities/tamralipti-the-ancient-copper-port","url_text":"\"Tamralipti - The Ancient Copper Port\""}]},{"reference":"Dilip K. Chakrabarti (2001). Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga. Orient Blackswan. p. 125. ISBN 978-81-7824-016-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&pg=PA125","url_text":"Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-016-9","url_text":"978-81-7824-016-9"}]},{"reference":"Congress, Indian History (1988). Proceedings. Indian History Congress. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RBdDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Proceedings"}]},{"reference":"Chattopadhyay, Rupendra Kumar (19 January 2018). The Archaeology of Coastal Bengal. Oxford University Press. pp. 40–45, 69. ISBN 978-0-19-909180-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRmDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Archaeology of Coastal Bengal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909180-5","url_text":"978-0-19-909180-5"}]},{"reference":"Schendel, Willem van (12 February 2009). A History of Bangladesh. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-316-26497-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ","url_text":"A History of Bangladesh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-26497-3","url_text":"978-1-316-26497-3"}]},{"reference":"Tripati, S.; Rao, S. (1 January 1994). \"Tamralipti: The Ancient Port of India\". Studies in History and Culture. 2: 33–39.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"History | Purba Medinipur | India\". Retrieved 18 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://purbamedinipur.gov.in/history/","url_text":"\"History | Purba Medinipur | India\""}]},{"reference":"Puri, Baij Nath (1966). Cities of Ancient India. Meenakshi Prakashan. p. 110.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cz8uAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Cities of Ancient India"}]},{"reference":"Choudhury, Pratap Chandra (1988). Assam-Bengal Relations from the Earliest Times to the Twelfth Century A.D. Spectrum Publications. p. 67.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EE1uAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Assam-Bengal Relations from the Earliest Times to the Twelfth Century A.D."}]},{"reference":"Chowdhury, A.M (1991), INTEGRAL STUDY OF THE SILK ROADS, pp. 4–5","urls":[]},{"reference":"Darian, Steven G. (2001). The Ganges in Myth and History. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 138. ISBN 978-81-208-1757-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0obUy_W9NREC&pg=PA138","url_text":"The Ganges in Myth and History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1757-9","url_text":"978-81-208-1757-9"}]},{"reference":"\"New twist from excavations\". Deccan Herald. 2 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deccanherald.com/content/538184/twist-excavations.html","url_text":"\"New twist from excavations\""}]},{"reference":"Sengupta, Nitish (19 July 2011). Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-530-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TI8GQioaoL4C","url_text":"Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-530-5","url_text":"978-81-8475-530-5"}]},{"reference":"Schmiedchen, Annette (2019). \"Medieval Endowment Cultures in Western India: Buddhist and Muslim Encounters – Some Preliminary Observations\". Mondes de l'Asie du Sud et de l'Asie Centrale: 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03012318/document","url_text":"\"Medieval Endowment Cultures in Western India: Buddhist and Muslim Encounters – Some Preliminary Observations\""}]},{"reference":"Paine, Lincoln (6 February 2014). The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World. Atlantic Books. p. 265. ISBN 978-1-78239-357-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6vglAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT265","url_text":"The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78239-357-3","url_text":"978-1-78239-357-3"}]},{"reference":"CHATTOPADHYAY, SUHRID SANKAR (5 February 2013). \"Unearthing a culture\". Frontline. Retrieved 4 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/unearthing-a-culture/article4372313.ece","url_text":"\"Unearthing a culture\""}]},{"reference":"Journal of Ancient Indian History. D.C. Sircar. 1994. p. 162.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KoBDAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Journal of Ancient Indian History"}]},{"reference":"Dasgupta, Biplab (2005). European Trade and Colonial Conquest. Anthem Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84331-029-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YRRnRK8lEYEC&pg=PA12","url_text":"European Trade and Colonial Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-029-7","url_text":"978-1-84331-029-7"}]},{"reference":"Rudra, Kalyan (2 April 2018). Rivers of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta: A Fluvial Account of Bengal. Springer. p. 87. ISBN 978-3-319-76544-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uelTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87","url_text":"Rivers of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta: A Fluvial Account of Bengal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-76544-0","url_text":"978-3-319-76544-0"}]},{"reference":"Bhaumick, Manoranjan (2001). History, Culture, and Antiquities of Tāmralipta. Punthi Pustak. ISBN 978-81-86791-27-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TCFuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"History, Culture, and Antiquities of Tāmralipta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86791-27-1","url_text":"978-81-86791-27-1"}]},{"reference":"Ramachandran, T. N. (1951). \"Tāmraliptī (Taṁluk)\". Artibus Asiae. 14 (3): 226–239. doi:10.2307/3248590. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3248590.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3248590","url_text":"\"Tāmraliptī (Taṁluk)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3248590","url_text":"10.2307/3248590"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648","url_text":"0004-3648"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3248590","url_text":"3248590"}]},{"reference":"Duraiswamy, Dayalan (1 January 2019). \"ANCIENT SEAPORTS ON THE EASTERN COAST OF INDIA: THE HUB OF THE MARITIME SILK ROUTE NETWORK\". Acta Via Serica.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/40704995","url_text":"\"ANCIENT SEAPORTS ON THE EASTERN COAST OF INDIA: THE HUB OF THE MARITIME SILK ROUTE NETWORK\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/lost-cities/tamralipti-the-ancient-copper-port","external_links_name":"\"Tamralipti - The Ancient Copper Port\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OEZe-wAIiKIC&pg=PA125","external_links_name":"Archaeological Geography of the Ganga Plain: The Lower and the Middle Ganga"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RBdDAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Proceedings"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5aRmDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Archaeology of Coastal Bengal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"A History of Bangladesh"},{"Link":"https://purbamedinipur.gov.in/history/","external_links_name":"\"History | Purba Medinipur | India\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cz8uAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Cities of Ancient India"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EE1uAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Assam-Bengal Relations from the Earliest Times to the Twelfth Century A.D."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0obUy_W9NREC&pg=PA138","external_links_name":"The Ganges in Myth and History"},{"Link":"https://www.deccanherald.com/content/538184/twist-excavations.html","external_links_name":"\"New twist from excavations\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TI8GQioaoL4C","external_links_name":"Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib"},{"Link":"https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03012318/document","external_links_name":"\"Medieval Endowment Cultures in Western India: Buddhist and Muslim Encounters – Some Preliminary Observations\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6vglAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT265","external_links_name":"The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World"},{"Link":"https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/heritage/unearthing-a-culture/article4372313.ece","external_links_name":"\"Unearthing a culture\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KoBDAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Journal of Ancient Indian History"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YRRnRK8lEYEC&pg=PA12","external_links_name":"European Trade and Colonial Conquest"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uelTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87","external_links_name":"Rivers of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta: A Fluvial Account of Bengal"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TCFuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"History, Culture, and Antiquities of Tāmralipta"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3248590","external_links_name":"\"Tāmraliptī (Taṁluk)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3248590","external_links_name":"10.2307/3248590"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3648","external_links_name":"0004-3648"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3248590","external_links_name":"3248590"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/40704995","external_links_name":"\"ANCIENT SEAPORTS ON THE EASTERN COAST OF INDIA: THE HUB OF THE MARITIME SILK ROUTE NETWORK\""},{"Link":"http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_tamiluk.asp","external_links_name":"Archaeological Museum, Tamluk (West Bengal)"},{"Link":"http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tamralipti","external_links_name":"Tamralipti"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassae
Bassae
["1 History of the Temple of Apollo Epicurius","1.1 Construction and decoration","1.2 Re-discovery and removals by the British","1.3 Preservation","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°25′47″N 21°54′01″E / 37.42972°N 21.90028°E / 37.42972; 21.90028UNESCO World Heritage Site in Oichalia, Greece Temple of Apollo Epicurius at BassaeUNESCO World Heritage SiteView of the temple in 1982LocationOichalia, GreeceReference392Inscription1986 (10th Session)Area20.46 ha (50.6 acres)Buffer zone201.58 ha (498.1 acres)Coordinates37°25′47″N 21°54′01″E / 37.42972°N 21.90028°E / 37.42972; 21.90028Location of Bassae in Greece Bassae (Latin: Bassae, Ancient Greek: Βάσσαι - Bassai, meaning "little vale in the rocks") is an archaeological site in Oichalia, a municipality in the northeastern part of Messenia, Greece. In classical antiquity, it was part of Arcadia. Bassae lies near the village of Skliros, northeast of Figaleia, south of Andritsaina and west of Megalopolis. It is famous for the well-preserved mid- to late-5th century BC Temple of Apollo Epicurius. Although this temple is geographically remote from major polities of ancient Greece, it is one of the most studied ancient Greek temples because of its multitude of unusual features. Bassae was the first Greek site to be inscribed on the World Heritage List, in 1986. History of the Temple of Apollo Epicurius The temple was dedicated to Apollo Epikourios ("Apollo the helper"). It sits at an elevation of 1,131 metres above sea level on the slopes of Kotylion Mountain. Its construction is placed between 450 BC and 400 BC; the plague its dedication related to was probably the plague of Athens of 430 BC. It was supposedly designed by Iktinos, architect at Athens of the Parthenon. Modern scholars such as A. W. Lawrence are doubtful about this, as though the Doric order used is "extremely similar" to that of the Parthenon, where they differ Bassae is "old-fashioned", yet it was probably built later. The ancient writer Pausanias praises the temple as eclipsing all others in the Peloponnesos except the Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea by the beauty of its stone and the harmony of its construction. Pausanias described it in the 2nd century AD: Phigalia is surrounded by mountains, on the left by the mountain called Kotilios . . . The distance from the city to Mount Kotilios is about forty stades. On the mountain is a place called Bassai, and the temple of Apollon Epikourios (the Helper), which, including the roof, is of stone. Of the temples in the Peloponnesos, this might be placed first after the one at Tegea for the beauty of its stone and for its symmetry. Apollon received his name from the help he gave in time of plague, just as the Athenians gave him the name of Alexikakos (Averter of Evil) for turning the plague away from them. It was at the time of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians that he also saved the Phigalians, and at no other time; the evidence is that of the two surnames of Apollon, which have practically the same meaning, and also the fact that Iktinos, the architect of the temple at Phigalia, was a contemporary of Perikles, and built for the Athenians what is called the Parthenon. My narrative has already said that the tile image of Apollon is in the market-place of Megalopolis. It was in use until the 4th- or 5th-century AD, when all pagan temples were forcibly closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire. Probably because of the remoteness of the site, the temple remained unusually well-preserved. Depictions by artists, which begin in the early 19th century, show the pteron or external colonnade standing complete, and the architrave nearly so. The internal walls were a mass of fallen blocks, but relatively few had been removed for reuse, the normal fate of these conveniently sized pieces. Floor plan of the Temple of Apollo1 = Opisthodomos, 2 = Adyton, 3 = Naos, 4 = Pronaos Construction and decoration The temple is aligned north-south, in contrast to the majority of Greek temples which are aligned east-west; its principal entrance is from the north. This was necessitated by the limited space available on the steep slopes of the mountain. To overcome this restriction a door was placed in the side of the temple, perhaps to let light in to illuminate the cult statue. The temple is of a relatively modest size, with the stylobate measuring 38.3 by 14.5 metres containing a Doric peristyle of six by fifteen columns (hexastyle). It has been proposed that there was a central space in the roof left open to admit light and air but there is no proof of this feature. The temple was constructed entirely out of grey Arcadian limestone except for the Bassae Frieze which was carved from marble (probably in ancient times colored with paint). Like most major temples it has three "rooms" or porches: the pronaos, plus a naos and an opisthodomos. The naos may have housed a cult statue of Apollo, although it is also surmised that the single 'proto-Corinthian' capital discovered by Charles Robert Cockerell and subsequently lost at sea, may have topped the single column that stood in the centre of the naos, and have been intended as an aniconic representation of Apollo Borealis. The temple lacks some optical refinements found in the Parthenon, such as a subtly curved floor, though the columns have entasis. Fragment of a metope, depicting an Amazon, displayed at the British Museum The temple is unusual in that it has examples of all three of the classical orders used in ancient Greek architecture: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Doric columns form the peristyle while Ionic columns support the interior and a single Corinthian column features in the centre of the interior. The Corinthian capital is the earliest example of the order found to date. It was relatively sparsely decorated on the exterior. Inside, however, there was a continuous Ionic frieze showing Athenians in battle with Amazons and the Lapiths engaged in battle with Centaurs. This frieze's metopes were removed by Cockerell and taken to the British Museum in 1815 (they are still to be seen in the British Museum's Gallery 16, near the Elgin Marbles). Cockerell decorated the walls of the Ashmolean Museum's Great Staircase and that of the Travellers Club with plaster casts of the same frieze. Re-discovery and removals by the British The Bassae Frieze has its own room at the British Museum. Foot fragment of a colossal statue at Bassae, displayed at the British Museum The temple had been noticed first in November 1765 by the French architect J. Bocher, who was building villas at Zante and came upon it quite by accident; he recognized it from its site, but when he returned for a second look, he was murdered by bandits. Charles Robert Cockerell and Carl Haller von Hallerstein, having secured sculptures at Aegina, hoped for more successes at Bassae in 1811; all Haller's careful drawings of the site were lost at sea, however. In 1812, British antiquaries explored the remains. They took sculptures including 23 slabs from the Ionic cella frieze to Zante. They had been given permission to explore by Veli Pasha, the Ottoman governor of the Peloponnese, who was bribed to relinquish his claim on the finds, and the frieze was bought at auction by the British Museum in 1815. This frieze's metopes were removed personally by Cockerell. The frieze sculptures were published in Rome in 1814 and officially, by the British Museum in 1820. Other hasty visits resulted in further publications. The first fully published excavation was not begun until 1836; it was carried out by Russian archaeologists, among which the painter Karl Bryullov. Perhaps the most striking discovery was the oldest Corinthian capital found to date. Some of the recovered artefacts are on display at the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow. In 1902, a systematic excavation of the area was carried out by the Greek Archaeological Society of Athens under archaeologist Konstantinos Kourouniotis along with Konstantinos Romaios and Panagiotis Kavvadias. Further excavations were carried out in 1959, 1970 and from 1975–1979, under the direction of Nikolaos Gialouris. Preservation Partial view of the temple under restoration The temple's remoteness — Pausanias is the only ancient traveller whose remarks on Bassae have survived — has worked to its advantage for its preservation. Other, more accessible temples were damaged or destroyed by war or preserved only by conversion to Christian uses; the Temple of Apollo escaped both these fates. Due to its distance from major metropolitan areas it also has less of a problem with acid rain which quickly dissolves limestone and damages marble carvings. The temple of Apollo is presently covered in a white tent in order to protect the ruins from the elements. Conservation work is currently being carried out under the supervision of the Committee for the Conservation of the Temple of Apollo Epikourios of the Greek Ministry of Culture, which is based in Athens. See also List of Ancient Greek temples Architecture of Ancient Greece List of Greco-Roman roofs References ^ a b c d e f g h Hellenic Ministry of Culture: The Temple of Epicurean Apollo Archived 2007-05-09 at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae". World Heritage Convention. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 23 October 2022.}. ^ The attribution was noted by Pausanias, 8.41.7ff. ^ Lawrence, 177 ^ Pausanias, 8.41.7 ff. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 8. 41. 7 - 9 ^ Lawrence, 178 ^ Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae Archived 2006-12-31 at the Wayback Machine, World Heritage Site. ^ Takis Theodoropoulos, "The temple of Apollo the Helper - Heritage" Archived 2019-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, UNESCO Courier, January 1996. ^ Dinsmoore 1933:207 ^ Lawrence, 178 ^ Antony., Spawforth (2006). The complete Greek temples. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 156-157. ISBN 0500051429. OCLC 63702755. ^ Lawrence, 179 ^ William Dinsmoor made a detailed case for recognising former pedimental sculptures from Bassae, looted by Romans, in three pedimental figures of Niobids discovered at various times in the later nineteenth century on the site of the Gardens of Sallust, Rome (Dinsmoor, "The Lost Pedimental Sculptures of Bassae" American Journal of Archaeology 43.1 (January–March 1939:27-47). ^ a b Bassae Sculpture, British Museum. ^ "Beazley Archive". Archived from the original on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2007-07-11. ^ William Bell Dinsmoor, "The Temple of Apollo at Bassae" Metropolitan Museum Studies 4.2 (March 1933:204-227) p 204, notes Bocher's drawings, acquired by the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1914. ^ Dinsmoor 1933:205. ^ "Photograph:A giant polystyrene tent encases the 2500-year-old temple of Epikourios Apollo at Bassae, Greece, as part of a $US5 million ($A6.97 million) restoration plan". The Canberra Times. Vol. 62, no. 19, 070. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 21 December 1987. p. 5. Retrieved 25 February 2017 – via National Library of Australia. Lawrence, A. W., Greek Architecture, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bassae. Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Bassae Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Temple of Apollo Epikourios UNESCO: Temple of Apollo Epicureus at Bassae vteWorld Heritage Sites in GreeceNorth Aigai Mount Athos Paleochristian and Byzantine monuments of Thessaloniki City Walls Rotunda Church of the Acheiropoietos Church of Saint Demetrios Latomou Monastery Church of Hagia Sophia Church of Panagia Chalkeon Church of Saint Panteleimon Church of the Holy Apostles Church of Saint Nicholas Orphanos Church of Saint Catherine Church of the Saviour Vlatades Monastery Church of Prophet Elijah Byzantine Bath Philippi Central Delphi Temple of Athena Pronaia Tholos Athenian Treasury Gymnasium Stoa of the Athenians Temple of Apollo Hosios Loukas Meteora Old Town of Corfu Attica Acropolis of Athens Daphni Monastery South Epidaurus Mycenae and Tiryns Lion Gate Tomb of Aegisthus Treasury of Atreus Tomb of Clytemnestra Grave Circle A Grave Circle B Mystras Olympia Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae Aegean Islands Delos Medieval City of Rhodes Grand Master's Palace Fortifications Monastery of Saint John the Theologian and the Cave of the Apocalypse Nea Moni of Chios Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ministry-1"},{"link_name":"archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Oichalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oichalia,_Messenia"},{"link_name":"Messenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenia"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)"},{"link_name":"Skliros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skliros"},{"link_name":"Figaleia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figaleia"},{"link_name":"Andritsaina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andritsaina"},{"link_name":"Megalopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Greek temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_temple"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO1-2"}],"text":"UNESCO World Heritage Site in Oichalia, GreeceBassae (Latin: Bassae, Ancient Greek: Βάσσαι - Bassai, meaning \"little vale in the rocks\"[1]) is an archaeological site in Oichalia, a municipality in the northeastern part of Messenia, Greece. In classical antiquity, it was part of Arcadia. Bassae lies near the village of Skliros, northeast of Figaleia, south of Andritsaina and west of Megalopolis. It is famous for the well-preserved mid- to late-5th century BC Temple of Apollo Epicurius.Although this temple is geographically remote from major polities of ancient Greece, it is one of the most studied ancient Greek temples because of its multitude of unusual features. Bassae was the first Greek site to be inscribed on the World Heritage List, in 1986.[2]","title":"Bassae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ministry-1"},{"link_name":"plague of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Iktinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iktinos"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Parthenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ministry-1"},{"link_name":"A. W. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._W._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Doric order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pausanias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"Peloponnesos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesos"},{"link_name":"Temple of Athena Alea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Alea"},{"link_name":"Tegea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegea"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"pteron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteron"},{"link_name":"colonnade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonnade"},{"link_name":"architrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architrave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bassai_Temple_of_Apollo_Plan.svg"},{"link_name":"Opisthodomos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthodomos"},{"link_name":"Adyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyton"},{"link_name":"Naos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cella"},{"link_name":"Pronaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"}],"text":"The temple was dedicated to Apollo Epikourios (\"Apollo the helper\"). It sits at an elevation of 1,131 metres[1] above sea level on the slopes of Kotylion Mountain. Its construction is placed between 450 BC and 400 BC; the plague its dedication related to was probably the plague of Athens of 430 BC. It was supposedly designed by Iktinos,[3] architect at Athens of the Parthenon.[1] Modern scholars such as A. W. Lawrence are doubtful about this, as though the Doric order used is \"extremely similar\" to that of the Parthenon, where they differ Bassae is \"old-fashioned\", yet it was probably built later.[4]The ancient writer Pausanias praises the temple as eclipsing all others in the Peloponnesos except the Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea by the beauty of its stone and the harmony of its construction.[5]Pausanias described it in the 2nd century AD:Phigalia is surrounded by mountains, on the left by the mountain called Kotilios . . . The distance from the city to Mount Kotilios is about forty stades. On the mountain is a place called Bassai, and the temple of Apollon Epikourios (the Helper), which, including the roof, is of stone. Of the temples in the Peloponnesos, this might be placed first after the one at Tegea for the beauty of its stone and for its symmetry. Apollon received his name from the help he gave in time of plague, just as the Athenians gave him the name of Alexikakos (Averter of Evil) for turning the plague away from them. It was at the time of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians that he also saved the Phigalians, and at no other time; the evidence is that of the two surnames of Apollon, which have practically the same meaning, and also the fact that Iktinos, the architect of the temple at Phigalia, was a contemporary of Perikles, and built for the Athenians what is called the Parthenon. My narrative has already said that the tile image of Apollon is in the market-place of Megalopolis.[6]It was in use until the 4th- or 5th-century AD, when all pagan temples were forcibly closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire. Probably because of the remoteness of the site, the temple remained unusually well-preserved. Depictions by artists, which begin in the early 19th century, show the pteron or external colonnade standing complete, and the architrave nearly so. The internal walls were a mass of fallen blocks, but relatively few had been removed for reuse, the normal fate of these conveniently sized pieces.Floor plan of the Temple of Apollo1 = Opisthodomos, 2 = Adyton, 3 = Naos, 4 = Pronaos","title":"History of the Temple of Apollo Epicurius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"stylobate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylobate"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO-8"},{"link_name":"Doric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"peristyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristyle"},{"link_name":"hexastyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexastyle"},{"link_name":"Arcadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO2-9"},{"link_name":"Bassae Frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassae_Frieze"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"pronaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronaos"},{"link_name":"naos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cella"},{"link_name":"opisthodomos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opisthodomos"},{"link_name":"cult statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_statue"},{"link_name":"Charles Robert Cockerell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Cockerell"},{"link_name":"Parthenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon"},{"link_name":"entasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entasis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BassaeMetope.jpg"},{"link_name":"metope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metope_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"classical orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_orders"},{"link_name":"Doric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_order"},{"link_name":"Ionic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_order"},{"link_name":"Corinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ministry-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ministry-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Amazons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazons"},{"link_name":"Lapiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapith"},{"link_name":"Centaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaur"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BM-15"},{"link_name":"metopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metope_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Elgin Marbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_Marbles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BM-15"},{"link_name":"Ashmolean Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum"},{"link_name":"Travellers Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travellers_Club"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beazley_Archive-16"}],"sub_title":"Construction and decoration","text":"The temple is aligned north-south, in contrast to the majority of Greek temples which are aligned east-west; its principal entrance is from the north.[7] This was necessitated by the limited space available on the steep slopes of the mountain. To overcome this restriction a door was placed in the side of the temple, perhaps to let light in to illuminate the cult statue.The temple is of a relatively modest size, with the stylobate measuring 38.3 by 14.5 metres[8] containing a Doric peristyle of six by fifteen columns (hexastyle). It has been proposed that there was a central space in the roof left open to admit light and air but there is no proof of this feature. The temple was constructed entirely out of grey Arcadian limestone[9] except for the Bassae Frieze which was carved from marble (probably in ancient times colored with paint). Like most major temples it has three \"rooms\" or porches: the pronaos, plus a naos and an opisthodomos. The naos may have housed a cult statue of Apollo, although it is also surmised that the single 'proto-Corinthian' capital discovered by Charles Robert Cockerell and subsequently lost at sea, may have topped the single column that stood in the centre of the naos, and have been intended as an aniconic representation of Apollo Borealis. The temple lacks some optical refinements found in the Parthenon, such as a subtly curved floor, though the columns have entasis.[10][11]Fragment of a metope, depicting an Amazon, displayed at the British MuseumThe temple is unusual in that it has examples of all three of the classical orders used in ancient Greek architecture: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.[1] Doric columns form the peristyle while Ionic columns support the interior and a single Corinthian column features in the centre of the interior.[12] The Corinthian capital is the earliest example of the order found to date.[1][13]It was relatively sparsely decorated on the exterior.[14] Inside, however, there was a continuous Ionic frieze showing Athenians in battle with Amazons and the Lapiths engaged in battle with Centaurs.[15] This frieze's metopes were removed by Cockerell and taken to the British Museum in 1815 (they are still to be seen in the British Museum's Gallery 16, near the Elgin Marbles[15]). Cockerell decorated the walls of the Ashmolean Museum's Great Staircase and that of the Travellers Club with plaster casts of the same frieze.[16]","title":"History of the Temple of Apollo Epicurius"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bassar_Frieze_1064.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bassae Frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassae_Frieze"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BassaeFragment.JPG"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"Zante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zante"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Charles Robert Cockerell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Cockerell"},{"link_name":"Carl Haller von Hallerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Haller_von_Hallerstein"},{"link_name":"Aegina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegina"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"cella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cella"},{"link_name":"Veli Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veli_Pasha"},{"link_name":"governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ministry-1"},{"link_name":"Karl Bryullov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Bryullov"},{"link_name":"Corinthian capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order"},{"link_name":"Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkin_Museum_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Greek Archaeological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Archaeological_Society"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Kourouniotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstantinos_Kourouniotis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Konstantinos Romaios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Konstantinos_Romaios&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Panagiotis Kavvadias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagiotis_Kavvadias"},{"link_name":"Nikolaos Gialouris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Gialouris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ministry-1"}],"sub_title":"Re-discovery and removals by the British","text":"The Bassae Frieze has its own room at the British Museum.Foot fragment of a colossal statue at Bassae, displayed at the British MuseumThe temple had been noticed first in November 1765 by the French architect J. Bocher, who was building villas at Zante and came upon it quite by accident; he recognized it from its site, but when he returned for a second look, he was murdered by bandits.[17] Charles Robert Cockerell and Carl Haller von Hallerstein, having secured sculptures at Aegina, hoped for more successes at Bassae in 1811; all Haller's careful drawings of the site were lost at sea, however.[18]In 1812, British antiquaries explored the remains. They took sculptures including 23 slabs from the Ionic cella frieze to Zante. They had been given permission to explore by Veli Pasha, the Ottoman governor of the Peloponnese, who was bribed to relinquish his claim on the finds, and the frieze was bought at auction by the British Museum in 1815.[1] This frieze's metopes were removed personally by Cockerell. The frieze sculptures were published in Rome in 1814 and officially, by the British Museum in 1820. Other hasty visits resulted in further publications. The first fully published excavation was not begun until 1836; it was carried out by Russian archaeologists, among which the painter Karl Bryullov. Perhaps the most striking discovery was the oldest Corinthian capital found to date. Some of the recovered artefacts are on display at the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow.In 1902, a systematic excavation of the area was carried out by the Greek Archaeological Society of Athens under archaeologist Konstantinos Kourouniotis along with Konstantinos Romaios and Panagiotis Kavvadias. Further excavations were carried out in 1959, 1970 and from 1975–1979, under the direction of Nikolaos Gialouris.[1]","title":"History of the Temple of Apollo Epicurius"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Temple_of_Apollo_Epikourios_at_Bassae,_east_colonnade,_Arcadia,_Greece_(14087181020).jpg"},{"link_name":"conversion to Christian uses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianised_sites"},{"link_name":"acid rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ministry-1"}],"sub_title":"Preservation","text":"Partial view of the temple under restorationThe temple's remoteness — Pausanias is the only ancient traveller whose remarks on Bassae have survived — has worked to its advantage for its preservation. Other, more accessible temples were damaged or destroyed by war or preserved only by conversion to Christian uses; the Temple of Apollo escaped both these fates. Due to its distance from major metropolitan areas it also has less of a problem with acid rain which quickly dissolves limestone and damages marble carvings.The temple of Apollo is presently covered in a white tent in order to protect the ruins from the elements.[19] Conservation work is currently being carried out under the supervision of the Committee for the Conservation of the Temple of Apollo Epikourios of the Greek Ministry of Culture, which is based in Athens.[1]","title":"History of the Temple of Apollo Epicurius"}]
[{"image_text":"Floor plan of the Temple of Apollo1 = Opisthodomos, 2 = Adyton, 3 = Naos, 4 = Pronaos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bassai_Temple_of_Apollo_Plan.svg/350px-Bassai_Temple_of_Apollo_Plan.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Fragment of a metope, depicting an Amazon, displayed at the British Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/BassaeMetope.jpg/220px-BassaeMetope.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Bassae Frieze has its own room at the British Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bassar_Frieze_1064.jpg/220px-Bassar_Frieze_1064.jpg"},{"image_text":"Foot fragment of a colossal statue at Bassae, displayed at the British Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/BassaeFragment.JPG/220px-BassaeFragment.JPG"},{"image_text":"Partial view of the temple under restoration","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/The_Temple_of_Apollo_Epikourios_at_Bassae%2C_east_colonnade%2C_Arcadia%2C_Greece_%2814087181020%29.jpg/220px-The_Temple_of_Apollo_Epikourios_at_Bassae%2C_east_colonnade%2C_Arcadia%2C_Greece_%2814087181020%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg/65px-Parthenon_%2830276156187%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg/65px-Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/RhodesInt%C3%A9rieurDuPalais.JPG/65px-RhodesInt%C3%A9rieurDuPalais.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mystras_palace.JPG/65px-Mystras_palace.JPG"}]
[{"title":"List of Ancient Greek temples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples"},{"title":"Architecture of Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Ancient_Greece"},{"title":"List of Greco-Roman roofs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greco-Roman_roofs"}]
[{"reference":"\"Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae\". World Heritage Convention. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 23 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/392","url_text":"\"Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae\""}]},{"reference":"Antony., Spawforth (2006). The complete Greek temples. London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 156-157. ISBN 0500051429. OCLC 63702755.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/completegreektem00spaw/page/156","url_text":"The complete Greek temples"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/completegreektem00spaw/page/156","url_text":"156-157"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500051429","url_text":"0500051429"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63702755","url_text":"63702755"}]},{"reference":"\"Beazley Archive\". Archived from the original on 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2007-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084525/http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/sculpture/collection/staircase.htm","url_text":"\"Beazley Archive\""},{"url":"http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/sculpture/collection/staircase.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Photograph:A giant polystyrene tent encases the 2500-year-old temple of Epikourios Apollo at Bassae, Greece, as part of a $US5 million ($A6.97 million) restoration plan\". The Canberra Times. Vol. 62, no. 19, 070. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 21 December 1987. p. 5. Retrieved 25 February 2017 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122417396","url_text":"\"Photograph:A giant polystyrene tent encases the 2500-year-old temple of Epikourios Apollo at Bassae, Greece, as part of a $US5 million ($A6.97 million) restoration plan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bassae&params=37_25_47_N_21_54_01_E_region:GR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°25′47″N 21°54′01″E / 37.42972°N 21.90028°E / 37.42972; 21.90028"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/392","external_links_name":"392"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bassae&params=37_25_47_N_21_54_01_E_region:GR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°25′47″N 21°54′01″E / 37.42972°N 21.90028°E / 37.42972; 21.90028"},{"Link":"http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=6664","external_links_name":"Hellenic Ministry of Culture: The Temple of Epicurean Apollo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070509054416/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=6664","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/392","external_links_name":"\"Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/apolloepicurius.html","external_links_name":"Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061231045240/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/apolloepicurius.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1996_Jan/ai_18082754","external_links_name":"Takis Theodoropoulos, \"The temple of Apollo the Helper - Heritage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084526/http://www.findarticles.com/?noadc=1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/completegreektem00spaw/page/156","external_links_name":"The complete Greek temples"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/completegreektem00spaw/page/156","external_links_name":"156-157"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63702755","external_links_name":"63702755"},{"Link":"http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/explore/galleries/ancient_greece_and_rome/room_16_bassae_sculptures.aspx","external_links_name":"Bassae Sculpture"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191017084525/http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/sculpture/collection/staircase.htm","external_links_name":"\"Beazley Archive\""},{"Link":"http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/sculpture/collection/staircase.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122417396","external_links_name":"\"Photograph:A giant polystyrene tent encases the 2500-year-old temple of Epikourios Apollo at Bassae, Greece, as part of a $US5 million ($A6.97 million) restoration plan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070509054416/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/3/eh351.jsp?obj_id=6664","external_links_name":"Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Bassae"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080304231828/http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/2/eh251.jsp?obj_id=1142","external_links_name":"Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Temple of Apollo Epikourios"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/392","external_links_name":"UNESCO: Temple of Apollo Epicureus at Bassae"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/248546498","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4086878-3","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561069905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh92003473","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricao_Afuera
Maricao Afuera
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 18°10′16″N 66°59′17″W / 18.171036°N 66.987931°W / 18.171036; -66.987931Barrio of Maricao, Puerto Rico Barrio in Maricao, Puerto RicoMaricao AfueraBarrioLocation of Maricao Afuera within the municipality of Maricao shown in redMaricao AfueraLocation of Puerto RicoCoordinates: 18°10′16″N 66°59′17″W / 18.171036°N 66.987931°W / 18.171036; -66.987931Commonwealth Puerto RicoMunicipality MaricaoArea • Total9.04 sq mi (23.4 km2) • Land9.04 sq mi (23.4 km2) • Water0 sq mi (0 km2)Elevation1,611 ft (491 m)Population (2010) • Total2,076 • Density229.6/sq mi (88.6/km2) Source: 2010 CensusTime zoneUTC−4 (AST) Maricao Afuera is a barrio in the municipality of Maricao, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 2,076. History Maricao Afuera was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Maricao Afuera barrio was 1,390. Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19001,390—19101,4171.9%19201,66517.5%19301,631−2.0%19401,454−10.9%19501,338−8.0%1960977−27.0%19700−100.0%19801,491—19901,6299.3%20001,7406.8%20102,07619.3%U.S. Decennial Census1899 (shown as 1900) 1910-19301930-19501960 1980-2000 2010 See also Puerto Rico portal List of communities in Puerto Rico References ^ a b "US Gazetteer 2019". US Census. US Government. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Maricao Afuera barrio ^ Picó, Rafael; Buitrago de Santiago, Zayda; Berrios, Hector H. Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios. San Juan Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico,1969. ^ Gwillim Law (20 May 2015). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3. Retrieved 25 December 2018. ^ Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. ^ "Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administración. 1881". Biblioteca Nacional de España (in Spanish). p. 1614. Retrieved 4 April 2023. ^ Joseph Prentiss Sanger; Henry Gannett; Walter Francis Willcox (1900). Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico, 1899, United States. War Dept. Porto Rico Census Office (in Spanish). Imprenta del gobierno. p. 164. ^ "Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899". War Department Office Director Census of Porto Rico. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ "Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ "Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2014. ^ Census of Population, 1960: Number of Inhabitants, General Population Characteristics, General Social and Economic Characteristics, and Detailed Characteristics. Characteristics of the population. 1963. p. 53. Retrieved June 10, 2023. ^ "Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017. ^ Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2019-08-02. This Maricao, Puerto Rico location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Maricao, Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricao,_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pico_1969-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law2015-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_Census-5"}],"text":"Barrio of Maricao, Puerto RicoBarrio in Maricao, Puerto RicoMaricao Afuera is a barrio in the municipality of Maricao, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 2,076.[3][4][5]","title":"Maricao Afuera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gazetteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetteer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris of 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_of_1898"},{"link_name":"unincorporated territory of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_area"},{"link_name":"United States Department of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficeSanger1900-7"}],"text":"Maricao Afuera was in Spain's gazetteers[6] until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Maricao Afuera barrio was 1,390.[7]","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"Puerto Rico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"List of communities in Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_communities_in_Puerto_Rico"}]
[{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer 2019\". US Census. US Government.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_cousubs_72.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer 2019\""}]},{"reference":"Picó, Rafael; Buitrago de Santiago, Zayda; Berrios, Hector H. Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios. San Juan Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico,1969.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nuevageografad00pic/page/247","url_text":"Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios"}]},{"reference":"Gwillim Law (20 May 2015). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3. Retrieved 25 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-0447-3","url_text":"978-1-4766-0447-3"}]},{"reference":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau. 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","url_text":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf"}]},{"reference":"\"Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administración. 1881\". Biblioteca Nacional de España (in Spanish). p. 1614. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=9047075f-3c7e-411c-9e1e-41a2f650e1ba&page=1587","url_text":"\"Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administración. 1881\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph Prentiss Sanger; Henry Gannett; Walter Francis Willcox (1900). Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico, 1899, United States. War Dept. Porto Rico Census Office (in Spanish). Imprenta del gobierno. p. 164.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/informesobreelc00joangoog","url_text":"Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico, 1899, United States. War Dept. Porto Rico Census Office"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/informesobreelc00joangoog/page/n255","url_text":"164"}]},{"reference":"\"Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899\". War Department Office Director Census of Porto Rico. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/reportoncensusof00unitiala#page/n245/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170716033905/https://archive.org/stream/reportoncensusof00unitiala#page/n245/mode/2up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00476569ch4.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170817181600/https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00476569ch4.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch12.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150830033735/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch12.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Census of Population, 1960: Number of Inhabitants, General Population Characteristics, General Social and Economic Characteristics, and Detailed Characteristics. Characteristics of the population. 1963. p. 53. Retrieved June 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nd8WAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Census of Population, 1960: Number of Inhabitants, General Population Characteristics, General Social and Economic Characteristics, and Detailed Characteristics. Characteristics of the population"}]},{"reference":"\"Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf","url_text":"\"Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170724061852/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2019-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","url_text":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220183043/https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maricao_Afuera&params=18.171036_N_66.987931_W_region:US-PR_type:city(2076)","external_links_name":"18°10′16″N 66°59′17″W / 18.171036°N 66.987931°W / 18.171036; -66.987931"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Maricao_Afuera&params=18.171036_N_66.987931_W_region:US-PR_type:city(2076)","external_links_name":"18°10′16″N 66°59′17″W / 18.171036°N 66.987931°W / 18.171036; -66.987931"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_cousubs_72.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer 2019\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2415647","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Maricao Afuera barrio"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nuevageografad00pic/page/247","external_links_name":"Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nXCeCQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998"},{"Link":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","external_links_name":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf"},{"Link":"https://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/hd/es/viewer?id=9047075f-3c7e-411c-9e1e-41a2f650e1ba&page=1587","external_links_name":"\"Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administración. 1881\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/informesobreelc00joangoog","external_links_name":"Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico, 1899, United States. War Dept. Porto Rico Census Office"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/informesobreelc00joangoog/page/n255","external_links_name":"164"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/reportoncensusof00unitiala#page/n245/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Report of the Census of Porto Rico 1899\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170716033905/https://archive.org/stream/reportoncensusof00unitiala#page/n245/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00476569ch4.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170817181600/https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/00476569ch4.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch12.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150830033735/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/23761117v1ch12.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nd8WAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Census of Population, 1960: Number of Inhabitants, General Population Characteristics, General Social and Economic Characteristics, and Detailed Characteristics. Characteristics of the population"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170724061852/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/phc-3-53-eng.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","external_links_name":"Puerto Rico: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts.pdf"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170220183043/https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/gpo35934/cph-2-53.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maricao_Afuera&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(Lower_Dandenong/Cheltenham)_Highway
State (Lower Dandenong/Cheltenham) Highway
["1 Route","2 History","3 Major Intersections","4 References","5 See also"]
State (Lower Dandenong/Cheltenham) HighwayLower Dandenong Road, Cheltenham Road, Foster StreetVictoriaCheltenham Road, DandenongWest endEast endCoordinates 37°58′57″S 145°04′27″E / 37.982596°S 145.074167°E / -37.982596; 145.074167 (West end) 37°59′24″S 145°12′53″E / 37.990115°S 145.214630°E / -37.990115; 145.214630 (East end) General informationTypeHighwayLength12.6 km (7.8 mi)GazettedDecember 1913 (as Main Road)December 1990 (as State Highway)Route number(s) Metro Route 10 (1965–present)Major junctionsWest end Nepean HighwayMentone, Melbourne  Mornington Peninsula Freeway Springvale Road EastLink Lonsdale Street East end Foster StreetDandenong, MelbourneLocation(s)Major settlementsParkdale, Braeside, Dingley Village, KeysboroughHighway system Highways in Australia National Highway • Freeways in Australia Highways in Victoria State (Lower Dandenong/Cheltenham) Highway (after its longest constituent parts), is a major arterial road in the southeastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. These names are not widely known to most drivers, as the entire allocation is still best known as by the names of its constituent parts: Lower Dandenong Road, Cheltenham Road, and Foster Street. This article will deal with the entire length of the corridor for sake of completion. Route Lower Dandenong Road (and the beginning of the highway) starts at the interchange with Nepean Highway, Mentone, and heads east as a four-lane single-carriageway road until it meets Boundary Road in Braeside, where it widens into a four-lane, dual-carriageway road and continues east, widening again into a six-lane, dual-carriageway highway past the full diamond interchange with Mornington Peninsula Freeway, continuing east until it reaches the intersection with Springvale Road. As Cheltenham Road it continues east through Keysborough past the half diamond interchange with EastLink, until it meets Hammond Road in Dandenong, where it narrows back into a four-lane, single-carriageway road, crosses under the Pakenham and Cranbourne railway lines, intersects with and changes name to Foster Street, before it (and the end of the highway) ends at the intersection with Princes Highway in central Dandenong. History The passing of the Country Roads Act of 1912 through the Parliament of Victoria provided for the establishment of the Country Roads Board (later VicRoads) and their ability to declare Main Roads, taking responsibility for the management, construction and care of the state's major roads from local municipalities. Cheltenham Road was declared a Main Road on 1 December 1913, from Dandenong through Keysborough to Dingley Village. The passing of the Country Roads Act of 1958 (itself an evolution from the original Highways and Vehicles Act of 1924) provided for the declaration of State Highways, roads two-thirds financed by the State government through the Country Roads Board. Lower Dandenong Road was declared a Main Road on 9 May 1983, from the intersection with Nepean Highway in Mentone to meet Cheltenham Road in Keysborough. The passing of the Transport Act of 1983 updated the definition of State Highways. State Highway (Lower Dandenong Road, Cheltenham Road) was declared a State Highway by VicRoads in December 1990, from Nepean Highway in Mentone to Lonsdale Street in Dandenong, subsuming the original declarations of Lower Dandenong Road, and Cheltenham Road between Keysborough and Dandenong, as Main Roads; the route was known (and signposted) as its constituent parts. The route (as its constituent roads) was allocated Metropolitan Route 10 between Mentone and Dandenong in 1965, continuing west beyond Nepean Highway along entire length of Balcombe Road to Black Rock. The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared the road as State (Lower Dandenong/Cheltenham) Highway (Arterial #6050), from Nepean Highway in Mentone to Lonsdale Street in Dandenong, however the road is still presently known (and signposted) as its constituent parts. Major Intersections LGALocationkmmiDestinationsNotes KingstonMentone–Parkdale boundary0.00.0 Nepean Highway (Metro Routes 3/10 west, Metro Route 3 southeast) – Frankston, CityWestern terminus of highwayWestern end of Lower Dandenong RoadMetro Route 10 continues west along Nepean Highway to Balcombe Road Moorabbin Airport–Braeside–Dingley Village–Mordialloc quadripoint3.11.9 Boundary Road (Metro Route 23) – Doncaster, Clayton, Aspendale Braeside–Dingley Village boundary3.92.4 Mornington Peninsula Freeway (M11) – Dingley Village, Frankston, RosebudDiamond interchangeNorthbound exit via Woodlands Drive 6.03.7Centre Dandenong Road – Dingley Village, Cheltenham Kingston–Greater Dandenong boundaryKeysborough–Braeside–Dingley Village tripoint6.33.9 Springvale Road (Metro Route 40) – Donvale, Springvale, EdithvaleEastern end of Lower Dandenong RoadWestern end of Cheltenham Road Greater DandenongKeysborough10.56.5 EastLink (M3) – RingwoodHalf diamond interchange, northbound entrance and southbound exit only Dandenong12.47.7Pakenham and Cranbourne railway lines 12.57.8Thomas Street – DandenongFoster Street (west) – Noble ParkEastern end of Cheltenham RoadWestern end of Foster Street 12.67.8 Lonsdale Street (Alt National Route 1 north, Alt National Route 1/Metro Route 9 south) – Caulfield, Oakleigh, Berwick, City Foster Street (Metro Route 9 east) – Rowville, Wantirna SouthEastern terminus of highway and Metro Route 10 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Incomplete access      Route transition References ^ Google (28 October 2021). "State (Lower Dandenong/Cheltenham) Highway" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 28 October 2021. ^ a b "Victorian Government Gazette". State Library of Victoria. 14 January 1914. p. 91. Retrieved 14 June 2024. ^ a b "Victorian Government Gazette". State Library of Victoria. 19 December 1990. pp. 3783, 3785. Retrieved 30 December 2021. ^ a b VicRoads. "VicRoads – Register of Public Roads (Part A) 2015" (PDF). Government of Victoria. pp. 940–2. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2021. ^ An Act relating to Country Roads State of Victoria, 23 December 1912 ^ An Act to consolidate the Law relating to Country Roads State of Victoria, 30 September 1958 ^ State of Victoria, An Act to make further provision with respect to Highways and Country Roads Motor Cars and Traction Engines and for other purposes 30 December 1924 ^ "Victorian Government Gazette". State Library of Victoria. 30 June 1983. p. 1984. Retrieved 30 December 2021. ^ [http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/hist_act/ta1983153.pdf An Act to Re-enact with Amendments the Law relating to Transport including the Law with respect to Railways, Roads and Tramways... State of Victoria, 23 June 1983 ^ a b Melway Greater Melbourne Street Directory (Map). Ausway. pp. 87–90.. Retrieved 19 April 2014 from Street-directory.com.au ^ State Government of Victoria. "Road Management Act 2004" (PDF). Government of Victoria. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021. See also Australian Roads portal List of Melbourne highways vteRoad infrastructure in MelbourneFreeways Princes Freeway West Gate Freeway CityLink Southern Link Monash Freeway CityLink Western Link Tullamarine Freeway Eastern Freeway EastLink Frankston Freeway Western Freeway Mornington Peninsula Freeway Hume Freeway Calder Freeway M80 Ring Road South Gippsland Freeway Highways/Primary Arterial Roads Plenty Road Nepean Highway Maroondah Highway Warburton Highway Western Port Highway Alexandra Parade Burwood Highway Bell Street / Springvale Road Bulleen Road Cheltenham Road / Lower Dandenong Road Dandenong Bypass Dandenong Road / Geelong Road Dingley Bypass Greensborough Highway Frankston–Dandenong Road / Stud Road Hoddle Street / Punt Road Moorooduc Highway Ringwood Bypass St Georges Road Warrigal Road Yarra Bank Highway Secondary/Other Arterial Roads Fitzsimons Lane Hallam Road Airport Drive Ballarat Road Burke Road Boronia Road Canterbury Road Chandler Highway Clayton Road / Middleborough Road Craigieburn Road Donnybrook Road Dorset Road Epping Road Flemington Road Glenferrie Road Heidelberg Road Koo Wee Rup Bypass Maribyrnong Road Melton Highway Mickleham Road Mountain Highway Mount Alexander Road Pascoe Vale Road St Kilda Road Sydney Road Thompson Road Westall Road Yan Yean Road Bridges and tunnels Bolte Bridge Burnley Tunnel Charles Grimes Bridge Domain Tunnel King Street Bridge Melba Tunnel Mullum Mullum Tunnel West Gate Bridge Proposals 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan Dingley Arterial (partially completed) East West Link Healesville Freeway Mornington Peninsula Freeway (southern extension) North East Link (under construction) Outer Ring Road West Gate Tunnel (under construction) West Gate Distributor Streets in Melbourne Highways in Melbourne VicRoads Transport in Melbourne
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicreg-4"}],"text":"State (Lower Dandenong/Cheltenham) Highway (after its longest constituent parts), is a major arterial road in the southeastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia. These names are not widely known to most drivers, as the entire allocation is still best known as by the names of its constituent parts: Lower Dandenong Road, Cheltenham Road, and Foster Street.[4] This article will deal with the entire length of the corridor for sake of completion.","title":"State (Lower Dandenong/Cheltenham) Highway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nepean Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepean_Highway"},{"link_name":"Mentone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentone,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Braeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braeside,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Mornington Peninsula Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Keysborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keysborough,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"EastLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastLink_(Melbourne)"},{"link_name":"Dandenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Pakenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakenham_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne railway lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Princes Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Highway"}],"text":"Lower Dandenong Road (and the beginning of the highway) starts at the interchange with Nepean Highway, Mentone, and heads east as a four-lane single-carriageway road until it meets Boundary Road in Braeside, where it widens into a four-lane, dual-carriageway road and continues east, widening again into a six-lane, dual-carriageway highway past the full diamond interchange with Mornington Peninsula Freeway, continuing east until it reaches the intersection with Springvale Road. As Cheltenham Road it continues east through Keysborough past the half diamond interchange with EastLink, until it meets Hammond Road in Dandenong, where it narrows back into a four-lane, single-carriageway road, crosses under the Pakenham and Cranbourne railway lines, intersects with and changes name to Foster Street, before it (and the end of the highway) ends at the intersection with Princes Highway in central Dandenong.","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Country Roads Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Roads_Board"},{"link_name":"VicRoads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VicRoads"},{"link_name":"Dandenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Keysborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keysborough,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Dingley Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingley_Village,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicgovgaz14-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nepean Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepean_Highway"},{"link_name":"Mentone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentone,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Keysborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keysborough,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicgovgaz83-8"},{"link_name":"Transport Act of 1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Act_1983"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicgovgaz90-3"},{"link_name":"Nepean Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepean_Highway"},{"link_name":"Mentone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentone,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Lonsdale Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Highway"},{"link_name":"Dandenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-d_melway-10"},{"link_name":"Black Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Rock,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s-d_melway-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roadact-11"},{"link_name":"VicRoads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VicRoads"},{"link_name":"Nepean Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepean_Highway"},{"link_name":"Mentone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentone,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Lonsdale Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Highway"},{"link_name":"Dandenong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vicreg-4"}],"text":"The passing of the Country Roads Act of 1912[5] through the Parliament of Victoria provided for the establishment of the Country Roads Board (later VicRoads) and their ability to declare Main Roads, taking responsibility for the management, construction and care of the state's major roads from local municipalities. Cheltenham Road was declared a Main Road on 1 December 1913, from Dandenong through Keysborough to Dingley Village.[2]The passing of the Country Roads Act of 1958[6] (itself an evolution from the original Highways and Vehicles Act of 1924[7]) provided for the declaration of State Highways, roads two-thirds financed by the State government through the Country Roads Board. Lower Dandenong Road was declared a Main Road on 9 May 1983, from the intersection with Nepean Highway in Mentone to meet Cheltenham Road in Keysborough.[8]The passing of the Transport Act of 1983[9] updated the definition of State Highways. State Highway (Lower Dandenong Road, Cheltenham Road) was declared a State Highway by VicRoads in December 1990,[3] from Nepean Highway in Mentone to Lonsdale Street in Dandenong, subsuming the original declarations of Lower Dandenong Road, and Cheltenham Road between Keysborough and Dandenong, as Main Roads; the route was known (and signposted) as its constituent parts.The route (as its constituent roads) was allocated Metropolitan Route 10 between Mentone and Dandenong in 1965,[10] continuing west beyond Nepean Highway along entire length of Balcombe Road to Black Rock.[10]The passing of the Road Management Act 2004[11] granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared the road as State (Lower Dandenong/Cheltenham) Highway (Arterial #6050), from Nepean Highway in Mentone to Lonsdale Street in Dandenong,[4] however the road is still presently known (and signposted) as its constituent parts.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major Intersections"}]
[]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australia_road_sign_W5-29.svg"},{"title":"Australian Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australian_Roads"},{"title":"List of Melbourne highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Melbourne_highways"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Road_infrastructure_in_Melbourne"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Road_infrastructure_in_Melbourne"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_infrastructure_in_Melbourne"},{"title":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"title":"Freeways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeways_in_Australia#Victoria"},{"title":"Princes Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Freeway"},{"title":"West Gate Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Gate_Freeway"},{"title":"CityLink Southern Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityLink"},{"title":"Monash Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_Freeway"},{"title":"CityLink Western Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CityLink"},{"title":"Tullamarine Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullamarine_Freeway"},{"title":"Eastern Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Freeway_(Melbourne)"},{"title":"EastLink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastLink_(Melbourne)"},{"title":"Frankston Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankston_Freeway"},{"title":"Western Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Highway_(Victoria)"},{"title":"Mornington Peninsula Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_Freeway"},{"title":"Hume Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hume_Highway"},{"title":"Calder Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calder_Highway"},{"title":"M80 Ring Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M80_Ring_Road"},{"title":"South Gippsland Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gippsland_Freeway"},{"title":"Plenty Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plenty_Road"},{"title":"Nepean Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepean_Highway"},{"title":"Maroondah Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroondah_Highway"},{"title":"Warburton Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warburton_Highway"},{"title":"Western Port Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Port_Highway"},{"title":"Alexandra Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Highway"},{"title":"Burwood Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwood_Highway"},{"title":"Bell Street / Springvale Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_(Bell/Springvale)_Highway"},{"title":"Bulleen Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulleen_Road"},{"title":"Cheltenham Road / Lower Dandenong Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Dandenong Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Bypass"},{"title":"Dandenong Road / Geelong Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_Highway"},{"title":"Dingley Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingley_Bypass"},{"title":"Greensborough Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensborough_Highway"},{"title":"Frankston–Dandenong Road / Stud Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandenong_Valley_Highway"},{"title":"Hoddle Street / Punt Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoddle_Highway"},{"title":"Moorooduc Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorooduc_Highway"},{"title":"Ringwood Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwood_Bypass"},{"title":"St Georges Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Georges_Road"},{"title":"Warrigal Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrigal_Road"},{"title":"Yarra Bank Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_Bank_Highway"},{"title":"Fitzsimons Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster%E2%80%93Eltham_Road"},{"title":"Hallam Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallam_Road"},{"title":"Airport Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airport_Drive_(Melbourne)"},{"title":"Ballarat Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat_Road"},{"title":"Burke Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_Road"},{"title":"Boronia Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronia_Road"},{"title":"Canterbury Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Road,_Melbourne"},{"title":"Chandler Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler_Highway"},{"title":"Clayton Road / Middleborough Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster%E2%80%93Mordialloc_Road"},{"title":"Craigieburn Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craigieburn_Road"},{"title":"Donnybrook Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnybrook_Road"},{"title":"Dorset Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Road"},{"title":"Epping Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping_Road,_Melbourne"},{"title":"Flemington Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemington_Road"},{"title":"Glenferrie Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenferrie_Road"},{"title":"Heidelberg Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_Road"},{"title":"Koo Wee Rup Bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koo_Wee_Rup_Bypass"},{"title":"Maribyrnong Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribyrnong_Road"},{"title":"Melton Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melton_Highway"},{"title":"Mickleham Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickleham_Road"},{"title":"Mountain Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Highway"},{"title":"Mount Alexander Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Alexander_Road"},{"title":"Pascoe Vale Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascoe_Vale_Road"},{"title":"St Kilda Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Kilda_Road"},{"title":"Sydney Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Road"},{"title":"Thompson Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_Road,_Melbourne"},{"title":"Westall Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westall_Road"},{"title":"Yan Yean Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan_Yean_Road"},{"title":"Bolte Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolte_Bridge"},{"title":"Burnley Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnley_Tunnel"},{"title":"Charles Grimes Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grimes_Bridge"},{"title":"Domain Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Tunnel"},{"title":"King Street Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Street_Bridge_(Melbourne)"},{"title":"Melba Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melba_Tunnel"},{"title":"Mullum Mullum Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullum_Mullum_Tunnel"},{"title":"West Gate Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Gate_Bridge"},{"title":"1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Melbourne_Transportation_Plan"},{"title":"Dingley Arterial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingley_Arterial_Project"},{"title":"East West Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_West_Link_(Melbourne)"},{"title":"Healesville Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healesville_Freeway"},{"title":"Mornington Peninsula Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula_Freeway"},{"title":"North East Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Link_(Melbourne)"},{"title":"Outer Ring Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Metropolitan_Ring_Road"},{"title":"West Gate Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Gate_Tunnel"},{"title":"West Gate Distributor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Gate_Distributor"},{"title":"Streets in Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Streets_in_Melbourne"},{"title":"Highways in Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highways_in_Melbourne"},{"title":"VicRoads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VicRoads"},{"title":"Transport in Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Melbourne"}]
[{"reference":"Google (28 October 2021). \"State (Lower Dandenong/Cheltenham) Highway\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 28 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com.au/maps/dir/-37.9823745,145.0737331/-37.9900678,145.2145557/@-37.985821,145.1124497,13.64z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","url_text":"\"State (Lower Dandenong/Cheltenham) Highway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"\"Victorian Government Gazette\". State Library of Victoria. 14 January 1914. p. 91. Retrieved 14 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/view.cgi?year=1914&class=general&page_num=81&state=V&classNum=G6&id=","url_text":"\"Victorian Government Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"\"Victorian Government Gazette\". State Library of Victoria. 19 December 1990. pp. 3783, 3785. Retrieved 30 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/view.cgi?year=1990&class=general&page_num=3743&state=V&classNum=G50&id=","url_text":"\"Victorian Government Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"VicRoads. \"VicRoads – Register of Public Roads (Part A) 2015\" (PDF). Government of Victoria. pp. 940–2. Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/-/media/files/documents/utilities/about-vr/acts-and-regulations/register-of-public-roads---part-a-v-2015.ashx?la=en&hash=116BE6FB86F506FF0B5BAFBEA45FCD6C","url_text":"\"VicRoads – Register of Public Roads (Part A) 2015\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200501042521/https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/-/media/files/documents/utilities/about-vr/acts-and-regulations/register-of-public-roads---part-a-v-2015.ashx?la=en&hash=116BE6FB86F506FF0B5BAFBEA45FCD6C","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Victorian Government Gazette\". State Library of Victoria. 30 June 1983. p. 1984. Retrieved 30 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/view.cgi?year=1983&class=general&page_num=1969&state=V&classNum=G64&id=","url_text":"\"Victorian Government Gazette\""}]},{"reference":"Melway Greater Melbourne Street Directory (Map). Ausway. pp. 87–90.","urls":[]},{"reference":"State Government of Victoria. \"Road Management Act 2004\" (PDF). Government of Victoria. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://content.legislation.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-08/04-12aa062%20authorised.pdf","url_text":"\"Road Management Act 2004\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211018233332/https://content.legislation.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-08/04-12aa062%20authorised.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=State_(Lower_Dandenong/Cheltenham)_Highway&params=37.982596_S_145.074167_E_region:AU-VIC_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°58′57″S 145°04′27″E / 37.982596°S 145.074167°E / -37.982596; 145.074167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=State_(Lower_Dandenong/Cheltenham)_Highway&params=37.990115_S_145.21463_E_region:AU-VIC_type:landmark","external_links_name":"37°59′24″S 145°12′53″E / 37.990115°S 145.214630°E / -37.990115; 145.214630"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com.au/maps/dir/-37.9823745,145.0737331/-37.9900678,145.2145557/@-37.985821,145.1124497,13.64z/data=!4m2!4m1!3e0","external_links_name":"\"State (Lower Dandenong/Cheltenham) Highway\""},{"Link":"https://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/view.cgi?year=1914&class=general&page_num=81&state=V&classNum=G6&id=","external_links_name":"\"Victorian Government Gazette\""},{"Link":"http://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/view.cgi?year=1990&class=general&page_num=3743&state=V&classNum=G50&id=","external_links_name":"\"Victorian Government Gazette\""},{"Link":"https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/-/media/files/documents/utilities/about-vr/acts-and-regulations/register-of-public-roads---part-a-v-2015.ashx?la=en&hash=116BE6FB86F506FF0B5BAFBEA45FCD6C","external_links_name":"\"VicRoads – Register of Public Roads (Part A) 2015\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200501042521/https://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/-/media/files/documents/utilities/about-vr/acts-and-regulations/register-of-public-roads---part-a-v-2015.ashx?la=en&hash=116BE6FB86F506FF0B5BAFBEA45FCD6C","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/hist_act/cra1912182.pdf","external_links_name":"An Act relating to Country Roads"},{"Link":"http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/hist_act/cra1958182.pdf","external_links_name":"An Act to consolidate the Law relating to Country Roads"},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/hist_act/hava1924204/","external_links_name":"State of Victoria, An Act to make further provision with respect to Highways and Country Roads Motor Cars and Traction Engines and for other purposes 30 December 1924"},{"Link":"http://gazette.slv.vic.gov.au/view.cgi?year=1983&class=general&page_num=1969&state=V&classNum=G64&id=","external_links_name":"\"Victorian Government Gazette\""},{"Link":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/hist_act/ta1983153.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/hist_act/ta1983153.pdf"},{"Link":"http://www.street-directory.com.au/vic/dandenong","external_links_name":"Street-directory.com.au"},{"Link":"https://content.legislation.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-08/04-12aa062%20authorised.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Road Management Act 2004\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211018233332/https://content.legislation.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-08/04-12aa062%20authorised.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Roitt
Ivan Roitt
["1 References","2 External links"]
British scientist Ivan Maurice Roitt (born 30 September 1927) is a British scientist. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham and Balliol College, Oxford University. He was Head of the Department of Immunology at University College London from 1967 to 1992, and is currently Honorary Director of the Centre for Investigative & Diagnostic Oncology at Middlesex University, London. In 1956, together with Deborah Doniach and Peter Campbell, he made the classic discovery of thyroglobulin autoantibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis which helped to open the whole concept of a relationship between autoimmunity and human disease. The work was extended to an intensive study of autoimmune phenomena in pernicious anemia and primary biliary cirrhosis. In 1983 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and has been elected to Honorary Membership of the Royal College of Physicians and appointed Honorary Fellow of The Royal Society of Medicine. He was awarded the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 1964. He is an honorary member of the British Society for Immunology. References ^ "Professor Ivan M. Roitt - the Royal Society of Medicine". Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014. Royal Society of Medicine ^ "Our research | Middlesex University London". www.mdx.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 December 2022. ^ Brostoff, Jonathan (15 January 2004). "Obituary: Deborah Doniach". the Guardian. Retrieved 9 December 2022. ^ "Professor Ivan M. Roitt - the Royal Society of Medicine". Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014. Royal Society of Medicine ^ "Honorary members | British Society for Immunology". External links http://www.roitt.com/ Ivan Roitt on the History of Modern Biomedicine Research Group website vteFellows of the Royal Society elected in 1983Fellows Martin Aitken Patrick Bateson Edward Cocking Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar Pierre Deslongchamps William Douglas R. John Ellis Malcolm Ferguson-Smith Alan Fersht William Alexander Gambling Ian Graham Gass Ian Gibbons George Gray Ray Guillery Richard Henderson Peter Higgs Christopher Hooley Anthony James Peter Lawrence John Lawson George Lusztig C David Marsden Donald Metcalf Keith O'Nions Ted Paige Michael Pepper Michael J. D. Powell Philip Randle Ivan Roitt Alan Sargeson Dennis Sciama Ian Sneddon Edwin Southern Brian Spalding Nigel Unwin Ian Ward Felix Weinberg Charles Weissmann John Westcott Dudley Williams Statute 12 David Attenborough Margaret Thatcher Foreign  Anatole Abragam  G. Evelyn Hutchinson  Jean Leray  Henry Stommel  Frank Westheimer Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway 2 Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Scopus Other IdRef This article about a British biochemist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Edward's School, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Balliol College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balliol_College"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Middlesex University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Deborah Doniach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Doniach"},{"link_name":"thyroglobulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroglobulin"},{"link_name":"autoantibodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoantibodies"},{"link_name":"Hashimoto's thyroiditis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis"},{"link_name":"autoimmunity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_diseases"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"pernicious anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pernicious_anemia"},{"link_name":"cirrhosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirrhosis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Gairdner Foundation International Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award"},{"link_name":"British Society for Immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Society_for_Immunology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ivan Maurice Roitt (born 30 September 1927) is a British scientist. He was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham and Balliol College, Oxford University. He was Head of the Department of Immunology at University College London from 1967 to 1992, and is currently Honorary Director of the Centre for Investigative & Diagnostic Oncology at Middlesex University, London.[1][2]In 1956, together with Deborah Doniach and Peter Campbell, he made the classic discovery of thyroglobulin autoantibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis which helped to open the whole concept of a relationship between autoimmunity and human disease.[3] The work was extended to an intensive study of autoimmune phenomena in pernicious anemia and primary biliary cirrhosis.[4]In 1983 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and has been elected to Honorary Membership of the Royal College of Physicians and appointed Honorary Fellow of The Royal Society of Medicine. He was awarded the Gairdner Foundation International Award in 1964.\nHe is an honorary member of the British Society for Immunology.[5]","title":"Ivan Roitt"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Professor Ivan M. Roitt - the Royal Society of Medicine\". Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130616042519/http://www.rsm.ac.uk/welcom/council/ivan-roitt.php","url_text":"\"Professor Ivan M. Roitt - the Royal Society of Medicine\""},{"url":"http://www.rsm.ac.uk/welcom/council/ivan-roitt.php/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our research | Middlesex University London\". www.mdx.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mdx.ac.uk/our-research","url_text":"\"Our research | Middlesex University London\""}]},{"reference":"Brostoff, Jonathan (15 January 2004). \"Obituary: Deborah Doniach\". the Guardian. Retrieved 9 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/jan/15/health.obituaries","url_text":"\"Obituary: Deborah Doniach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Ivan M. Roitt - the Royal Society of Medicine\". Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130616042519/http://www.rsm.ac.uk/welcom/council/ivan-roitt.php","url_text":"\"Professor Ivan M. Roitt - the Royal Society of Medicine\""},{"url":"http://www.rsm.ac.uk/welcom/council/ivan-roitt.php/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary members | British Society for Immunology\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.immunology.org/about-us/our-people/our-members/honorary-members","url_text":"\"Honorary members | British Society for Immunology\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130616042519/http://www.rsm.ac.uk/welcom/council/ivan-roitt.php","external_links_name":"\"Professor Ivan M. Roitt - the Royal Society of Medicine\""},{"Link":"http://www.rsm.ac.uk/welcom/council/ivan-roitt.php/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.mdx.ac.uk/our-research","external_links_name":"\"Our research | Middlesex University London\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2004/jan/15/health.obituaries","external_links_name":"\"Obituary: Deborah Doniach\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130616042519/http://www.rsm.ac.uk/welcom/council/ivan-roitt.php","external_links_name":"\"Professor Ivan M. Roitt - the Royal Society of Medicine\""},{"Link":"http://www.rsm.ac.uk/welcom/council/ivan-roitt.php/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.immunology.org/about-us/our-people/our-members/honorary-members","external_links_name":"\"Honorary members | British Society for Immunology\""},{"Link":"http://www.roitt.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.roitt.com/"},{"Link":"http://www.histmodbiomed.org/taxonomy/term/ivan-m-roitt.html","external_links_name":"Ivan Roitt"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/16469/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121467978","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/108123036","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpYryRbFrMjfq69F9Tfv3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90092733","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/44114","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1079509","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11922421t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11922421t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521716206706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/138601704","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV060631","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007439237305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14098538","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50048195","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/1zcfbswk1fd95gl","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000029904&P_CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Latvia"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00454542","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0001178&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36163561","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record86562","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199623361","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000027734&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06824875X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810625023405606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00016703?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=35433044400","external_links_name":"Scopus"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027106403","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Roitt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whalestoe_Letters
The Whalestoe Letters
["1 Plot introduction","2 References","3 External links"]
2000 novella by Mark Z. Danielewski The Whalestoe Letters Cover to the first editionAuthorMark Z. DanielewskiLanguageEnglish (United States)GenreEpistolary NovellaPublisherPantheon BooksPublication date10 October 2000Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (paperback)Pages86 p. (paperback edition)ISBN0-375-71441-3 (paperback edition)OCLC44811700Dewey Decimal813/.54 21LC ClassPS3554.A5596 W48 2000Preceded byHouse of Leaves Followed byThe Fifty Year Sword  The Whalestoe Letters (2000), by the American fiction author Mark Z. Danielewski, is an epistolary novella which more fully develops the literary correspondence between Pelafina H. Lièvre and her son Johnny from 1982–1989, characters first introduced in Danielewski's prior work House of Leaves. The letters are included in the second edition of House of Leaves, in Appendix II, under the name E – The Three Attic Whalestoe Institute Letters, although the companion piece includes eleven additional letters not found in House of Leaves. Plot introduction Pelafina writes these letters to Johnny from The Three Attic Whalestoe Institute, a mental institution where she has been residing for a number of years. While a number of these letters appear in House of Leaves, The Whalestoe Letters introduces a number of new letters which serve to more fully develop Pelafina's character as well as her relationship with Johnny. References ^ "The Whalestoe Letters by Mark Z. Danielewski". Penguin Random House Canada. Retrieved 2023-09-02. External links Pantheon Books catalog page Powells Books review vteMark Z. DanielewskiBibliography House of Leaves (2000) The Whalestoe Letters (2000) The Fifty Year Sword (2005) Only Revolutions (2006) The Little Blue Kite (2019) The Familiar One Rainy Day in May (2015) Into the Forest (2015) Honeysuckle & Pain (2016) Hades (2017) Redwood (2017) Related articles "Hey Pretty" Poe (sister) Tad Danielewski (father) This article about a postmodern novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte This article about an epistolary novel or fictional diary of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mark Z. Danielewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Z._Danielewski"},{"link_name":"epistolary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistolary_novel"},{"link_name":"novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novella"},{"link_name":"House of Leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Leaves"}],"text":"The Whalestoe Letters (2000), by the American fiction author Mark Z. Danielewski, is an epistolary novella which more fully develops the literary correspondence between Pelafina H. Lièvre and her son Johnny from 1982–1989, characters first introduced in Danielewski's prior work House of Leaves.The letters are included in the second edition of House of Leaves, in Appendix II, under the name E – The Three Attic Whalestoe Institute Letters, although the companion piece includes eleven additional letters not found in House of Leaves.","title":"The Whalestoe Letters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Pelafina writes these letters to Johnny from The Three Attic Whalestoe Institute, a mental institution where she has been residing for a number of years. While a number of these letters appear in House of Leaves, The Whalestoe Letters introduces a number of new letters which serve to more fully develop Pelafina's character as well as her relationship with Johnny.[1]","title":"Plot introduction"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Whalestoe Letters by Mark Z. Danielewski\". Penguin Random House Canada. Retrieved 2023-09-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/36528/the-whalestoe-letters-by-mark-z-danielewski/9780375714412","url_text":"\"The Whalestoe Letters by Mark Z. Danielewski\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44811700","external_links_name":"44811700"},{"Link":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.ca/books/36528/the-whalestoe-letters-by-mark-z-danielewski/9780375714412","external_links_name":"\"The Whalestoe Letters by Mark Z. Danielewski\""},{"Link":"http://www.randomhouse.com/pantheon/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780375714412","external_links_name":"Pantheon Books catalog page"},{"Link":"http://www.powells.com/biblio/17-0375714413-0","external_links_name":"Powells Books review"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Whalestoe_Letters&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Whalestoe_Letters&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mercy_Catholic_High_School_(Georgia)
Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School (Georgia)
["1 Merging of schools","2 Filming location","3 Notable alumni","4 See also","5 Notes and references"]
Coordinates: 33°32′53″N 84°27′44″W / 33.54806°N 84.46222°W / 33.54806; -84.46222For other similarly named schools, see Our Lady of Mercy High School. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School" Georgia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Private / co-ed / secondary school in Fayetteville, , Georgia, United StatesOur Lady of Mercy High SchoolAddress861 Highway 279Fayetteville, (Fayette County), Georgia 30214United StatesCoordinates33°32′53″N 84°27′44″W / 33.54806°N 84.46222°W / 33.54806; -84.46222InformationTypePrivate / co-ed / secondaryReligious affiliation(s)Roman CatholicEstablished2000LocaleUrban, fringe of large cityFaculty38Grades9–12Color(s)Red and white   Team nameBobcatsAccreditationSouthern Association of Colleges and SchoolsAthletic DirectorBill SchmitzWebsitehttps://www.mercycatholic.org/default.asp Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School is a private, Catholic high school in Fayetteville, Georgia, United States. It is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta. It is a Catholic college-preparatory high school located and one of several schools established by Archbishop John F. Donoghue. Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School opened to freshman and sophomore classes in August 2000. OLM is fully accredited through District-Wide Accreditation of The Office of Catholic Schools. Each school maintains full accreditation through AdvancED (the parent company of SACS – Southern Association of Colleges and Schools). Merging of schools On January 22, 2021, it was announced that the schools of Our Lady of Mercy High School and Our Lady of Victory Catholic School would merge into a new PK-12 school at the Our Lady of Mercy campus. This new school would be called St. Mary's Academy, and the first school year officially started on August 8, 2022. Filming location The school served as the filming location for the high school scenes in Stephen Chbosky's 2021 film adaptation of Broadway musical Dear Evan Hansen. Notable alumni Christian Coleman - (2014) professional track and field athlete See also Catholicism portal National Catholic Educational Association Notes and references ^ SACS-CASI. "SACS-Council on Accreditation and School Improvement". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-06-23. ^ OLMCHS. "Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School Web site". Retrieved 2007-05-11. ^ "Archdiocese announces consolidation of two southside Catholic schools". Georgia Bulletin. Retrieved 2023-04-12. ^ "St. Mary's Academy begins first school year". Georgia Bulletin. Retrieved 2023-04-12. ^ "Dear Evan Hansen at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School - Sports Field - filming location". ^ "Dear Evan Hansen at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School - filming location". vteGHSA Class A Division II Region 2 Atkinson County Rebels Charlton County Indians Clinch County Panthers Echols County Wildcats Lanier County Bulldogs Turner County Titans vteRoman Catholic Archdiocese of AtlantaOrdinaries Bishop Francis Edward Hyland Archbishops Paul John Hallinan Thomas Andrew Donnellan Eugene Antonio Marino James Patterson Lyke John Francis Donoghue Wilton Daniel Gregory Gregory John Hartmayer Auxiliary bishops Joseph Bernardin Luis Rafael Zarama David Talley Bernard Shlesinger Joel Matthias Konzen John-Nhan Tran Churches Cathedral Cathedral of Christ the King Education High schools Blessed Trinity Catholic High School, Roswell Cristo Rey Atlanta Jesuit High School, Atlanta Holy Spirit Preparatory School, Atlanta and Sandy Springs Marist School, Brookhaven Monsignor Donovan Catholic High School, Athens Notre Dame Academy, Duluth Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School, Fayetteville Pinecrest Academy, Cumming St. Pius X Catholic High School Georgia (U.S. state) portal Catholicism portal Authority control databases ISNI This school-related article concerning the U.S. state of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Our Lady of Mercy High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mercy_High_School_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_Lady_of_Mercy_Catholic_High_School-2"}],"text":"For other similarly named schools, see Our Lady of Mercy High School.Private / co-ed / secondary school in Fayetteville, , Georgia, United StatesOur Lady of Mercy Catholic High School is a private, Catholic high school in Fayetteville, Georgia, United States. It is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta. It is a Catholic college-preparatory high school located and one of several schools established by Archbishop John F. Donoghue.Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School opened to freshman and sophomore classes in August 2000. [2]OLM is fully accredited through District-Wide Accreditation of The Office of Catholic Schools. Each school maintains full accreditation through AdvancED (the parent company of SACS – Southern Association of Colleges and Schools).","title":"Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School (Georgia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"On January 22, 2021, it was announced that the schools of Our Lady of Mercy High School and Our Lady of Victory Catholic School would merge into a new PK-12 school at the Our Lady of Mercy campus.[3] This new school would be called St. Mary's Academy, and the first school year officially started on August 8, 2022.[4]","title":"Merging of schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Chbosky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Chbosky"},{"link_name":"2021 film adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Evan_Hansen_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dear Evan Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Evan_Hansen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The school served as the filming location for the high school scenes in Stephen Chbosky's 2021 film adaptation of Broadway musical Dear Evan Hansen.[5][6]","title":"Filming location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Coleman"}],"text":"Christian Coleman - (2014) professional track and field athlete","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SACS-Council_on_Accreditation_and_School_Improvement_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"SACS-Council on Accreditation and School Improvement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090429033455/http://www.advanc-ed.org/schools_districts/school_district_listings/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.advanc-ed.org/schools_districts/school_district_listings/?"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Our_Lady_of_Mercy_Catholic_High_School_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School Web site\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mercycatholic.org/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Archdiocese announces consolidation of two southside Catholic schools\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//georgiabulletin.org/news/2021/02/archdiocese-announces-consolidation-of-two-southside-catholic-schools/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"St. Mary's Academy begins first school year\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//georgiabulletin.org/news/2022/09/st-marys-academy-begins-first-school-year/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Dear Evan Hansen at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School - Sports Field - filming location\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sceen-it.com/sceen/5480/Dear-Evan-Hansen/Our-Lady-of-Mercy-Catholic-High-School-Sports-Field"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Dear Evan Hansen at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School - filming location\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sceen-it.com/sceen/5481/Dear-Evan-Hansen/Our-Lady-of-Mercy-Catholic-High-School"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GHSA_Class_A_Division_II_Region_2"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:GHSA_Class_A_Division_II_Region_2&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GHSA_Class_A_Division_II_Region_2"},{"link_name":"GHSA Class A Division II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_High_School_Association"},{"link_name":"Atkinson County Rebels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkinson_County_High_School"},{"link_name":"Charlton County Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlton_County_High_School"},{"link_name":"Clinch County Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinch_County_High_School"},{"link_name":"Echols County Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echols_County_School_District#Schools#Elementary-middle-high_school"},{"link_name":"Lanier County Bulldogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanier_County_High_School"},{"link_name":"Turner County Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_County_School_District#Schools#High_school"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Francis Edward Hyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Edward_Hyland"},{"link_name":"Paul John Hallinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_John_Hallinan"},{"link_name":"Thomas Andrew Donnellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Andrew_Donnellan"},{"link_name":"Eugene Antonio Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Antonio_Marino"},{"link_name":"James Patterson Lyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Patterson_Lyke"},{"link_name":"John Francis Donoghue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Donoghue"},{"link_name":"Wilton Daniel Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton_Daniel_Gregory"},{"link_name":"Gregory John Hartmayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_John_Hartmayer"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bernardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bernardin"},{"link_name":"Luis Rafael Zarama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Rafael_Zarama"},{"link_name":"David Talley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Talley"},{"link_name":"Bernard Shlesinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Shlesinger"},{"link_name":"Joel Matthias Konzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Matthias_Konzen"},{"link_name":"John-Nhan Tran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John-Nhan_Tran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Atlanta.svg"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Christ the King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_King_(Atlanta)"},{"link_name":"Blessed Trinity Catholic High School, Roswell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_Trinity_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Cristo Rey Atlanta Jesuit High School, Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristo_Rey_Atlanta_Jesuit_High_School"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit Preparatory School, Atlanta and Sandy Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Preparatory_School"},{"link_name":"Marist School, Brookhaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_School_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Monsignor Donovan Catholic High School, Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor_Donovan_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame Academy, Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_Academy_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School, Fayetteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Pinecrest Academy, Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinecrest_Academy"},{"link_name":"St. Pius X Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Pius_X_Catholic_High_School_(Chamblee,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Georgia (U.S. state) portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7110879#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000405967528"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Mercy_Catholic_High_School_(Georgia)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:GeorgiaUS-school-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:GeorgiaUS-school-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GeorgiaUS-school-stub"}],"text":"^ SACS-CASI. \"SACS-Council on Accreditation and School Improvement\". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-06-23.\n\n^ OLMCHS. \"Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School Web site\". Retrieved 2007-05-11.\n\n^ \"Archdiocese announces consolidation of two southside Catholic schools\". Georgia Bulletin. Retrieved 2023-04-12.\n\n^ \"St. Mary's Academy begins first school year\". Georgia Bulletin. Retrieved 2023-04-12.\n\n^ \"Dear Evan Hansen at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School - Sports Field - filming location\".\n\n^ \"Dear Evan Hansen at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School - filming location\".vteGHSA Class A Division II Region 2\nAtkinson County Rebels\nCharlton County Indians\nClinch County Panthers\nEchols County Wildcats\nLanier County Bulldogs\nTurner County TitansvteRoman Catholic Archdiocese of AtlantaOrdinaries\nBishop\nFrancis Edward Hyland\nArchbishops\nPaul John Hallinan\nThomas Andrew Donnellan\nEugene Antonio Marino\nJames Patterson Lyke\nJohn Francis Donoghue\nWilton Daniel Gregory\nGregory John Hartmayer\nAuxiliary bishops\nJoseph Bernardin\nLuis Rafael Zarama\nDavid Talley\nBernard Shlesinger\nJoel Matthias Konzen\nJohn-Nhan Tran\nChurches\nCathedral\nCathedral of Christ the King\nEducation\nHigh schools\nBlessed Trinity Catholic High School, Roswell\nCristo Rey Atlanta Jesuit High School, Atlanta\nHoly Spirit Preparatory School, Atlanta and Sandy Springs\nMarist School, Brookhaven\nMonsignor Donovan Catholic High School, Athens\nNotre Dame Academy, Duluth\nOur Lady of Mercy Catholic High School, Fayetteville\nPinecrest Academy, Cumming\nSt. Pius X Catholic High School\n\n Georgia (U.S. state) portal\n Catholicism portalAuthority control databases \nISNIThis school-related article concerning the U.S. state of Georgia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Atlanta.svg/80px-Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Atlanta.svg.png"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"title":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"title":"National Catholic Educational Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Catholic_Educational_Association"}]
[{"reference":"SACS-CASI. \"SACS-Council on Accreditation and School Improvement\". Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-06-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090429033455/http://www.advanc-ed.org/schools_districts/school_district_listings/","url_text":"\"SACS-Council on Accreditation and School Improvement\""},{"url":"http://www.advanc-ed.org/schools_districts/school_district_listings/?","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"OLMCHS. \"Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School Web site\". Retrieved 2007-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mercycatholic.org/","url_text":"\"Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School Web site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archdiocese announces consolidation of two southside Catholic schools\". Georgia Bulletin. Retrieved 2023-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://georgiabulletin.org/news/2021/02/archdiocese-announces-consolidation-of-two-southside-catholic-schools/","url_text":"\"Archdiocese announces consolidation of two southside Catholic schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"St. Mary's Academy begins first school year\". Georgia Bulletin. Retrieved 2023-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://georgiabulletin.org/news/2022/09/st-marys-academy-begins-first-school-year/","url_text":"\"St. Mary's Academy begins first school year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Evan Hansen at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School - Sports Field - filming location\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sceen-it.com/sceen/5480/Dear-Evan-Hansen/Our-Lady-of-Mercy-Catholic-High-School-Sports-Field","url_text":"\"Dear Evan Hansen at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School - Sports Field - filming location\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Evan Hansen at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School - filming location\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sceen-it.com/sceen/5481/Dear-Evan-Hansen/Our-Lady-of-Mercy-Catholic-High-School","url_text":"\"Dear Evan Hansen at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School - filming location\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Our_Lady_of_Mercy_Catholic_High_School_(Georgia)&params=33_32_53_N_84_27_44_W_type:edu_region:US-GA","external_links_name":"33°32′53″N 84°27′44″W / 33.54806°N 84.46222°W / 33.54806; -84.46222"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Our+Lady+of+Mercy+Catholic+High+School%22+Georgia","external_links_name":"\"Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School\" Georgia"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Our+Lady+of+Mercy+Catholic+High+School%22+Georgia+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Our+Lady+of+Mercy+Catholic+High+School%22+Georgia&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Our+Lady+of+Mercy+Catholic+High+School%22+Georgia+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Our+Lady+of+Mercy+Catholic+High+School%22+Georgia","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Our+Lady+of+Mercy+Catholic+High+School%22+Georgia&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Our_Lady_of_Mercy_Catholic_High_School_(Georgia)&params=33_32_53_N_84_27_44_W_type:edu_region:US-GA","external_links_name":"33°32′53″N 84°27′44″W / 33.54806°N 84.46222°W / 33.54806; -84.46222"},{"Link":"https://www.mercycatholic.org/default.asp","external_links_name":"https://www.mercycatholic.org/default.asp"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090429033455/http://www.advanc-ed.org/schools_districts/school_district_listings/","external_links_name":"\"SACS-Council on Accreditation and School Improvement\""},{"Link":"http://www.advanc-ed.org/schools_districts/school_district_listings/?","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mercycatholic.org/","external_links_name":"\"Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School Web site\""},{"Link":"https://georgiabulletin.org/news/2021/02/archdiocese-announces-consolidation-of-two-southside-catholic-schools/","external_links_name":"\"Archdiocese announces consolidation of two southside Catholic schools\""},{"Link":"https://georgiabulletin.org/news/2022/09/st-marys-academy-begins-first-school-year/","external_links_name":"\"St. Mary's Academy begins first school year\""},{"Link":"https://www.sceen-it.com/sceen/5480/Dear-Evan-Hansen/Our-Lady-of-Mercy-Catholic-High-School-Sports-Field","external_links_name":"\"Dear Evan Hansen at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School - Sports Field - filming location\""},{"Link":"https://www.sceen-it.com/sceen/5481/Dear-Evan-Hansen/Our-Lady-of-Mercy-Catholic-High-School","external_links_name":"\"Dear Evan Hansen at Our Lady of Mercy Catholic High School - filming location\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000405967528","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Lady_of_Mercy_Catholic_High_School_(Georgia)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Olympiad_in_Informatics
International Olympiad in Informatics
["1 Competition structure and participation","2 Members","2.1 Former members","3 Summary","4 All-time medal table","5 Multiple IOI winners","6 Feeder competitions","7 Notes","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Annual programming competition This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "International Olympiad in Informatics" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The logo of the International Olympiad in Informatics The International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI) is an annual competitive programming competition and one of the International Science Olympiads for secondary school students. The first IOI was held in 1989 in Pravetz, Bulgaria. It is the second largest science olympiad, after the International Mathematical Olympiad, in terms of number of participating countries (88 at IOI 2022). Each country sends a team of up to four students, plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and guests. The contest consists of two days of computer programming/coding and problem-solving of algorithmic nature. To deal with problems involving very large amounts of data, it is necessary to have not only programmers, "but also creative coders, who can dream up what it is that the programmers need to tell the computer to do. The hard part isn't the programming, but the mathematics underneath it." Students in each country are selected for their country's team through national computing contests. Students at the IOI compete on an individual basis. There is no official team ranking. The IOI is one of the most prestigious computer science competitions in the world. UNESCO and IFIP are patrons. Competition structure and participation The competition room at the IOI 2006 FrontBackA bronze medal from IOI 2006 in Mexico In front of the competition room at the IOI 2007 On each of the two competition days, the students are typically given three problems which they have to solve in five hours. Each student works on his/her own, with only a computer and no other help allowed, specifically no communication with other contestants, books etc. Usually to solve a task the contestant has to write a computer program (only in C++) and submit it before the five-hour competition time ends. The program is graded by being run with secret test data. From IOI 2010, tasks are divided into subtasks with graduated difficulty, and points are awarded only when all tests for a particular subtask yield correct results, within specific time and memory limits. In some cases, the contestant's program has to interact with a secret computer library, which allows problems where the input is not fixed, but depends on the program's actions – for example in game problems. Another type of problem has known inputs which are publicly available already during the five hours of the contest. For these, the contestants have to submit an output file instead of a program, and it is up to them whether they obtain the output files by writing a program (possibly exploiting special characteristics of the input), or by hand, or by a combination of these means. Pascal has been removed as an available programming language as of 2019.:11 IOI 2010 for the first time had a live web scoreboard with real-time provisional results. Submissions will be scored as soon as possible during the contest, and the results posted. Contestants will be aware of their scores, but not others', and may resubmit to improve their scores. Starting from 2012, IOI has been using the Contest Management System (CMS) for developing and monitoring the contest. The scores from the two competition days and all problems are summed up separately for each contestant. At the awarding ceremony, contestants are awarded medals depending on their relative total score. The top 50% of the contestants are awarded medals, such that the relative number of gold : silver : bronze : no medal is approximately 1:2:3:6 (thus 1/12 of the contestants get a gold medal). Prior to IOI 2010, students who did not receive medals did not have their scores published, making it impossible for a country to be ranked by adding together scores of its competitors unless each wins a medal. From IOI 2010, although the scores of students who did not receive medals are still not available in the official results, they are known from the live web scoreboard. In IOI 2012 the top 3 nations ranked by aggregate score (Russia, China and USA) were subsequently awarded during the closing ceremony. Analysis of female performance shows 77.9% of women obtain no medal, while 49.2% of men obtain no medal. "The average female participation was 4.4% in 1989–1994 and 2.2% in 1996–2014." It also suggests much higher participation of women on the national level, claiming sometimes double-digit percentages in total participation on the first stage. President of the IOI (2011-2014), Richard Forster, says the competition has difficulty attracting women and that in spite of trying to solve it, "none of us have hit on quite what the problem is, let alone the solution." In IOI 2017 held in Iran, due to not being able to participate in Iran, the Israeli students participated in an offsite competition organized by IOI in Russia.:11 Due to visa issues, the full USA team was unable to attend, although one contestant Zhezheng Luo was able to attend by traveling with the Chinese team and winning gold medal and 3rd place in standings. In IOI 2019 held in Azerbaijan, the Armenia team did not participate due to the dispute between the two countries, despite the guarantees provided and official invitation letter sent by the host Azerbaijan. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, both the IOI 2020 and IOI 2021, originally scheduled to be hosted by Singapore, were held as online contests. The IOI 2022, hosted by Indonesia, was held as a hybrid event, with around 25% of the contestants participating online. Members  Albania  Algeria  Argentina  Armenia  Australia  Austria  Azerbaijan  Bangladesh  Belarus  Belgium  Bolivia  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Brazil  Bulgaria  Canada  Chile  China  Colombia  Croatia  Cuba  Cyprus  Czech Republic  Denmark  Dominican Republic  Ecuador  Egypt  El Salvador  Estonia  Finland  France  Georgia  Germany  Greece  Hong Kong  Hungary  Iceland  India  Indonesia  Iran  Ireland  Israel  Italy  Japan  Jordan  Kazakhstan  Kyrgyzstan  Latvia  Libya  Lithuania  Luxembourg  Macau  Malaysia  Mexico  Moldova  Mongolia  Montenegro  Morocco  Netherlands  New Zealand  Nigeria  North Macedonia  Norway  Pakistan  Palestine  Peru  Philippines  Poland  Portugal  Romania  Russia  Rwanda  Saudi Arabia  Serbia  Singapore  Slovakia  Slovenia  South Africa  South Korea  Spain  Sri Lanka  Sweden   Switzerland  Syria  Taiwan  Tajikistan  Thailand  Tunisia  Turkey  Turkmenistan  Ukraine  United Kingdom  United States  Uzbekistan  Venezuela  Vietnam Former members  Gabon  Ghana  Kuwait  Madagascar  Malta  Mauritius  Mozambique  Sudan  Trinidad and Tobago  United Arab Emirates  Zimbabwe Summary Number Year Dates Host country Host city Results Website 1 1989 May 16–19 Bulgaria Pravetz 2 1990 July 15–21 Belarus, Soviet Union Minsk 3 1991 May 19–25 Greece Athens 4 1992 July 11–21 Germany Bonn 5 1993 October 16–25 Argentina Mendoza 6 1994 July 3–10 Sweden Haninge 7 1995 June 26 – July 3 Netherlands Eindhoven 8 1996 July 25 – August 2 Hungary Veszprém 9 1997 November 30 – December 7 South Africa Cape Town 10 1998 September 5–12 Portugal Setúbal 11 1999 October 9–16 Turkey Antalya-Belek 12 2000 September 23–30 China Beijing 13 2001 July 14–21 Finland Tampere 14 2002 August 18–25 Korea Rep. Yong-In 15 2003 August 16–23 United States Kenosha, Wisconsin 16 2004 September 11–18 Greece Athens 17 2005 August 18–25 Poland Nowy Sącz 18 2006 August 13–20 Mexico Mérida, Yucatán 19 2007 August 15–22 Croatia Zagreb 20 2008 August 16–23 Egypt Cairo 21 2009 August 8–15 Bulgaria Plovdiv 22 2010 August 14–21 Canada Waterloo, Ontario 23 2011 July 22–29 Thailand Pattaya 24 2012 September 23–30 Italy Sirmione and Montichiari 25 2013 July 6–13 Australia Brisbane 26 2014 July 13–20 Taiwan Taipei 27 2015 July 26 – August 2 Kazakhstan Almaty 28 2016 August 12–19 Russia Kazan 29 2017 July 28 – August 4 Iran Tehran 30 2018 September 1–8 Japan Tsukuba 31 2019 August 4–11 Azerbaijan Baku 32 2020 September 13–19a Singapore online 33 2021 June 19–25 Singapore online 34 2022 August 7–15 Indonesia Yogyakarta 35 2023 August 28 – September 4 Hungary Szeged 36 2024 September 1–8 Egypt Alexandria 37 2025 Bolivia La Paz 38 2026 Uzbekistan All-time medal table As of 2023RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 China (CHN)10027121392 Russia (RUS)6840121203 United States (USA)6538161194 South Korea (KOR)4847281235 Poland (POL)4250351276 Japan (JPN)352810737 Romania (ROU)3358361278 Iran (IRN)3165231199 Bulgaria (BGR)27514512310 Taiwan (TWN)256127113Totals (10 entries)4744652441183 Multiple IOI winners The following is a list of the top performers in the history of the IOI. The P sign indicates a perfect score, a rare achievement in IOI history. The U sign indicates an unofficial participation, where a contestant participated in a host's second team. Also, first (I), second (II) and third (III) places among gold medalists are indicated where appropriate. Name Team Years Gennady Korotkevich Belarus G(II) 2012 GP(I) 2011 G(I) 2010 G(I) 2009 G 2008 G 2007 S 2006 Bruce Merry South Africa G 2001 G 2000 S 1999 B 1998 B 1997 B 1996 Rumen Hristov Bulgaria G 2012 G 2011 G(II) 2010 S 2009 S 2008 Hristo Venev Bulgaria G 2016 G 2015 G 2014 G 2013 S 2012 Encho Mishinev Bulgaria G 2017 G 2014 S 2016 S 2015 S 2013 Egor Lifar Russia G 2021 G 2019 S 2020 S 2018 S 2017 Harris Leung Hong Kong G 2021 G(III) 2020 S 2019 B 2018 B 2017 Zixiang Zhou Canada G 2022 G 2021 G 2020 G(III) 2019 S 2018 Wolfgang Thaller Austria G 1997 G 1996 S 1999 S 1998 Andrzej Gąsienica-Samek Poland G 1999 G 1998 G 1997 S 1996 Martin Pettai Estonia G 2002 G 2001 G 2000 S 1999 Alex Schwendner United States G 2005 G 2003 S 2004 S 2002 Filip Wolski Poland G(I) 2006 G 2005 G 2004 G 2003 Goran Žužić Croatia G 2008 G 2007 S 2009 B 2006 Vlad Alexandru Gavrilă Romania G 2013 G 2012 S 2011 B 2010 Eduard Batmendijn Slovakia G 2015 G 2013 G 2012 S 2014 Rareș Darius Buhai Romania G 2015 G 2014 G 2013 G 2012 Yuta Takaya Japan G(I) 2017 G 2016 G 2015 G 2014 Nikoloz Birkadze Georgia G 2020 G 2019 G 2018 S 2017 Dorijan Lendvaj Croatia G 2022 G 2021 S 2020 B 2019 Patrick Pavić Croatia G 2022 G 2021 G 2020 S 2019 Fredrik Huss Sweden GP(I) 1993 GP(I) 1992 S 1991 Martin Mareš Czech Republic G 1995 G 1994 GP(I) 1993 Vladimir Martianov Russia G 1999 GP(I) 1998 G(I) 1997 John Pardon United States G 2007 G 2006 G 2005 Marcin Andrychowicz Poland G 2008 G 2007 G 2006 Neal Wu United States G 2010 G 2009 G 2008 Shogo Murai Japan G 2012 G 2011 G 2010 Scott Wu United States GP(I) 2014 G 2013 G 2012 Jarosław Kwiecień Poland G 2016 G 2015 G 2014 Vladimir Romanov Russia G 2019 G 2018 G 2017 Masataka Yoneda Japan G 2020 G 2019 GU 2018 Daiki Kodama Japan G 2023 G 2022 G 2021 Feeder competitions Most participating countries use feeder competitions to select their team. A number of these are listed below: Australian Informatics Olympiad British Informatics Olympiad Canadian Computing Olympiad The participants of which are chosen from the Canadian Computing Competition Central European Olympiad in Informatics Indian Computing Olympiad National Olympiad in Informatics National Olympiad in Informatics, China Ro:Olimpiada Națională de Informatică NL:Nederlandse Informatica Olympiade Es:Olimpiada Mexicana de Informática South African Computer Olympiad Syrian Olympiad in Informatics Turkish Informatics Olympiad United States of America Computing Olympiad Moroccan Olympiad in Informatics All Ireland Programming Olympiad Indonesian Olympiad in Informatics Egyptian Olympiad in Informatics National Olympiad in Informatics - Philippines Bundeswettbewerb Informatik - Germany Vietnamese Olympiad in Informatics Further information: National Olympiad in Informatics Notes 1.^a IOI 2020 virtual closing ceremony was held on September 23, 2020. See also List of computer science awards International Science Olympiad ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest Central European Olympiad in Informatics Online judge International Mathematical Olympiad References ^ a b Robson, Frank (10 August 2013). "Numbers game". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 August 2013. ^ a b "Minutes of the Meetings held in Kazan, Russian Federation" (PDF). ioinformatics.org. General Assembly of International Olympiad in Informatics. 19 August 2016. pp. 7, 11. ^ Maggiolo, Stefano (2015). "An Update on the Female Presence at the IOI" (PDF). Olympiads in Informatics. 9, 127–137 (2015). London, U.K.: ioinformatics.org: 127–137. doi:10.15388/ioi.2015.10. Retrieved 13 July 2017. ^ "Zhezheng Luo". stats.ioinformatics.org. ^ Simões, Gabriel (31 July 2017). "IOI 2017, first round - Codeforces". Codeforces. Retrieved 4 August 2017. There is really only one USA contestant on site, it looks like he came with the Chinese team (straight from China). ^ "IOI 2017: Results". stats.ioinformatics.org. ^ "General Assembly Minutes of the Meetings held in Almaty, Kazakhstan 26 July – 2 August, 2015" (PDF). ^ "Number of Participants". ioi2022.id. ^ "IOI 1989 Results". ^ "IOI 1990 Results". ^ "IOI 1991 Results". ^ "IOI 1992 Results". ^ "IOI 1993 Results". ^ "IOI 1993 Website". ioi1993. ^ "IOI 1994 Results". ^ "IOI 1994 Website". ioi1994. ^ "IOI 1995 Results". ^ "IOI 1996 Results". ^ "IOI 1997 Results". ^ "IOI 1998 Results". ^ "IOI 1999 Results". ^ "IOI 2000 Results". ^ "IOI 2001 Results". ^ "IOI 2002 Results". ^ "IOI 2003 Results". ^ "IOI 2004 Results". ^ "IOI 2005 Results". ^ "IOI 2005 Website". ioi2005. ^ "IOI 2006 Results". ^ "IOI 2007 Results". ^ "IOI 2007 Website". ioi2007. ^ "IOI 2008 Results". ^ "IOI 2009 Results". ^ "IOI 2009 Website". ioi2009.org. ^ "IOI 2010 Results". ^ "IOI 2010 Website". ioi2010.org. ^ "IOI 2011 Results". ^ "IOI 2011 Website". ioi2011. ^ "IOI 2012 Results". ^ "IOI 2012 Website". ioi2012.org. ^ "IOI 2013 Results". ^ "IOI 2013 Website". ioi2013.org. ^ "IOI 2014 Results". ^ "IOI 2014 Website". ioi2014.org. ^ "IOI 2015 Results". ^ "IOI 2015 Website". ioi2017.kz. ^ "IOI 2016 Results". ^ "IOI 2016 Website". ioi2016.ru. ^ "IOI 2017 Results". ^ "IOI 2017 Website". ioi2017.org. ^ "IOI 2018 Results". ^ "IOI 2018 Website". ioi2018.jp. ^ "IOI 2019 Results". ^ "IOI 2019 Website". ioi2019.az. ^ "IOI 2020 Results". ^ "IOI 2020 Website". ioi2020.sg. ^ "IOI 2021 Results". ^ "IOI 2021 Website". ioi2021.sg. ^ "IOI 2022 Results". ^ "IOI 2022 Website". ioi2022.id. ^ "IOI 2023 Results". ^ "IOI 2023 Website". ioi2023.hu. ^ "IOI 2024 Website". ioi2024.eg. ^ "IOI 2025 Website". ioi2025.bo. ^ "Hall of Fame". stats.ioinformatics.org. ^ http://olimpiada.info/Romanian National Informatics Olympiad Archived 2019-06-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Informatica Olympiade". ^ "Home — NOI.PH". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Olympiad in Informatics. International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI) community (hosted on Commonlounge) IOI International Committee Website IOI Statistics IOI Secretariat Website vteInternational Science Olympiad Mathematics (IMO) Physics (IPhO) Chemistry (IChO) Informatics (IOI) Biology (IBO) Philosophy (IPO) Geography (iGeo) Astronomy (IAO) Linguistics (IOL) Junior Science (IJSO) Earth Science (IESO) Astronomy and Astrophysics (IOAA)
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InternationalOlympiadInInformatics.png"},{"link_name":"competitive programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_programming"},{"link_name":"International Science Olympiads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Science_Olympiads"},{"link_name":"for secondary school students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_competition"},{"link_name":"Pravetz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravetz"},{"link_name":"International Mathematical Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"algorithmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robson-1"},{"link_name":"national computing contests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Feeder_competitions"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"IFIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFIP"}],"text":"The logo of the International Olympiad in InformaticsThe International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI) is an annual competitive programming competition and one of the International Science Olympiads for secondary school students. The first IOI was held in 1989 in Pravetz, Bulgaria. It is the second largest science olympiad, after the International Mathematical Olympiad, in terms of number of participating countries (88 at IOI 2022). Each country sends a team of up to four students, plus one team leader, one deputy leader, and guests.The contest consists of two days of computer programming/coding and problem-solving of algorithmic nature. To deal with problems involving very large amounts of data, it is necessary to have not only programmers, \"but also creative coders, who can dream up what it is that the programmers need to tell the computer to do. The hard part isn't the programming, but the mathematics underneath it.\"[1]Students in each country are selected for their country's team through national computing contests. Students at the IOI compete on an individual basis. There is no official team ranking.The IOI is one of the most prestigious computer science competitions in the world. UNESCO and IFIP are patrons.","title":"International Olympiad in Informatics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IOI_2006_competition_room.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IOI_2006_bronze_medal_(front).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IOI_2006_bronze_medal_(back).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IOI_Zagreb_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"C++","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minutes16-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robson-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minutes16-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standings2017-6"},{"link_name":"dispute between the two countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_conflict"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The competition room at the IOI 2006FrontBackA bronze medal from IOI 2006 in MexicoIn front of the competition room at the IOI 2007On each of the two competition days, the students are typically given three problems which they have to solve in five hours. Each student works on his/her own, with only a computer and no other help allowed, specifically no communication with other contestants, books etc. Usually to solve a task the contestant has to write a computer program (only in C++) and submit it before the five-hour competition time ends. The program is graded by being run with secret test data. From IOI 2010, tasks are divided into subtasks with graduated difficulty, and points are awarded only when all tests for a particular subtask yield correct results, within specific time and memory limits. In some cases, the contestant's program has to interact with a secret computer library, which allows problems where the input is not fixed, but depends on the program's actions – for example in game problems. Another type of problem has known inputs which are publicly available already during the five hours of the contest. For these, the contestants have to submit an output file instead of a program, and it is up to them whether they obtain the output files by writing a program (possibly exploiting special characteristics of the input), or by hand, or by a combination of these means. Pascal has been removed as an available programming language as of 2019.[2]:11IOI 2010 for the first time had a live web scoreboard with real-time provisional results. Submissions will be scored as soon as possible during the contest, and the results posted. Contestants will be aware of their scores, but not others', and may resubmit to improve their scores. Starting from 2012, IOI has been using the Contest Management System (CMS) for developing and monitoring the contest.The scores from the two competition days and all problems are summed up separately for each contestant. At the awarding ceremony, contestants are awarded medals depending on their relative total score. The top 50% of the contestants are awarded medals, such that the relative number of gold : silver : bronze : no medal is approximately 1:2:3:6 (thus 1/12 of the contestants get a gold medal).Prior to IOI 2010, students who did not receive medals did not have their scores published, making it impossible for a country to be ranked by adding together scores of its competitors unless each wins a medal. From IOI 2010, although the scores of students who did not receive medals are still not available in the official results, they are known from the live web scoreboard. In IOI 2012 the top 3 nations ranked by aggregate score (Russia, China and USA) were subsequently awarded during the closing ceremony.Analysis of female performance shows 77.9% of women obtain no medal, while 49.2% of men obtain no medal. \"The average female participation was 4.4% in 1989–1994 and 2.2% in 1996–2014.\" It also suggests much higher participation of women on the national level, claiming sometimes double-digit percentages in total participation on the first stage.[3] President of the IOI (2011-2014), Richard Forster, says the competition has difficulty attracting women and that in spite of trying to solve it, \"none of us have hit on quite what the problem is, let alone the solution.\"[1]In IOI 2017 held in Iran, due to not being able to participate in Iran, the Israeli students participated in an offsite competition organized by IOI in Russia.[2]:11 Due to visa issues, the full USA team was unable to attend, although one contestant Zhezheng Luo[4] was able to attend by traveling with the Chinese team[5] and winning gold medal and 3rd place in standings.[6]In IOI 2019 held in Azerbaijan, the Armenia team did not participate due to the dispute between the two countries, despite the guarantees provided[7] and official invitation letter sent by the host Azerbaijan.Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, both the IOI 2020 and IOI 2021, originally scheduled to be hosted by Singapore, were held as online contests. The IOI 2022, hosted by Indonesia, was held as a hybrid event, with around 25% of the contestants participating online.[8]","title":"Competition structure and participation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"}],"text":"Albania\n Algeria\n Argentina\n Armenia\n Australia\n Austria\n Azerbaijan\n Bangladesh\n Belarus\n Belgium\n Bolivia\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n Brazil\n Bulgaria\n Canada\n Chile\n China\n Colombia\n Croatia\n Cuba\n Cyprus\n Czech Republic\n Denmark\n Dominican Republic\n Ecuador\n Egypt\n El Salvador\n Estonia\n Finland\n France\n Georgia\n Germany\n Greece\n Hong Kong\n Hungary\n Iceland\n India\n Indonesia\n Iran\n Ireland\n Israel\n Italy\n Japan\n Jordan\n Kazakhstan\n Kyrgyzstan\n Latvia\n Libya\n Lithuania\n Luxembourg\n Macau\n Malaysia\n Mexico\n Moldova\n Mongolia\n Montenegro\n Morocco\n Netherlands\n New Zealand\n Nigeria\n North Macedonia\n Norway\n Pakistan\n Palestine\n Peru\n Philippines\n Poland\n Portugal\n Romania\n Russia\n Rwanda\n Saudi Arabia\n Serbia\n Singapore\n Slovakia\n Slovenia\n South Africa\n South Korea\n Spain\n Sri Lanka\n Sweden\n  Switzerland\n Syria\n Taiwan\n Tajikistan\n Thailand\n Tunisia\n Turkey\n Turkmenistan\n Ukraine\n United Kingdom\n United States\n Uzbekistan\n Venezuela\n Vietnam","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"}],"sub_title":"Former members","text":"Gabon\n Ghana\n Kuwait\n Madagascar\n Malta\n Mauritius\n Mozambique\n Sudan\n Trinidad and Tobago\n United Arab Emirates\n Zimbabwe","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"All-time medal table"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"The following is a list of the top performers in the history of the IOI.[65] The P sign indicates a perfect score, a rare achievement in IOI history. The U sign indicates an unofficial participation, where a contestant participated in a host's second team. Also, first (I), second (II) and third (III) places among gold medalists are indicated where appropriate.","title":"Multiple IOI winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Informatics Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Informatics_Olympiad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British Informatics Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Informatics_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Canadian Computing Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Computing_Competition#Canadian_Computing_Olympiad_(CCO)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Computing Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Computing_Competition"},{"link_name":"Central European Olympiad in Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Olympiad_in_Informatics"},{"link_name":"Indian Computing Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Computing_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"National Olympiad in Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympiad_in_Informatics"},{"link_name":"National Olympiad in Informatics, China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Olympiad_in_Informatics,_China&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ro:Olimpiada Națională de Informatică","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiada_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Informatic%C4%83"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"NL:Nederlandse Informatica Olympiade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nederlandse_Informatica_Olympiade"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Es:Olimpiada Mexicana de Informática","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpiada_Mexicana_de_Inform%C3%A1tica"},{"link_name":"South African Computer Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Computer_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Syrian Olympiad in Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Olympiad_in_Informatics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Turkish Informatics Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Informatics_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"United States of America Computing Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America_Computing_Olympiad"},{"link_name":"Moroccan Olympiad in Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moroccan_Olympiad_in_Informatics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"All Ireland Programming Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_Ireland_Programming_Olympiad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Olympiad in Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indonesian_Olympiad_in_Informatics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Olympiad in Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Olympiad_in_Informatics"},{"link_name":"National Olympiad in Informatics - Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Olympiad_in_Informatics_-_Philippines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Bundeswettbewerb Informatik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bundeswettbewerb_Informatik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese Olympiad in Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnamese_Olympiad_in_Informatics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Olympiad in Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Olympiad_in_Informatics"}],"text":"Most participating countries use feeder competitions to select their team. A number of these are listed below:Australian Informatics Olympiad\nBritish Informatics Olympiad\nCanadian Computing Olympiad\nThe participants of which are chosen from the Canadian Computing Competition\nCentral European Olympiad in Informatics\nIndian Computing Olympiad\nNational Olympiad in Informatics\nNational Olympiad in Informatics, China\nRo:Olimpiada Națională de Informatică[66]\nNL:Nederlandse Informatica Olympiade[67]\nEs:Olimpiada Mexicana de Informática\nSouth African Computer Olympiad\nSyrian Olympiad in Informatics\nTurkish Informatics Olympiad\nUnited States of America Computing Olympiad\nMoroccan Olympiad in Informatics\nAll Ireland Programming Olympiad\nIndonesian Olympiad in Informatics\nEgyptian Olympiad in Informatics\nNational Olympiad in Informatics - Philippines[68]\nBundeswettbewerb Informatik - Germany\nVietnamese Olympiad in InformaticsFurther information: National Olympiad in Informatics","title":"Feeder competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_Alpha"}],"text":"1.^a IOI 2020 virtual closing ceremony was held on September 23, 2020.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"The logo of the International Olympiad in Informatics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/InternationalOlympiadInInformatics.png/220px-InternationalOlympiadInInformatics.png"},{"image_text":"The competition room at the IOI 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IOI_2006_competition_room.png/220px-IOI_2006_competition_room.png"},{"image_text":"In front of the competition room at the IOI 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/IOI_Zagreb_1.JPG/220px-IOI_Zagreb_1.JPG"}]
[{"title":"List of computer science awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_science_awards"},{"title":"International Science Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Science_Olympiad"},{"title":"ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACM_International_Collegiate_Programming_Contest"},{"title":"Central European Olympiad in Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Olympiad_in_Informatics"},{"title":"Online judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_judge"},{"title":"International Mathematical Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mathematical_Olympiad"}]
[{"reference":"Robson, Frank (10 August 2013). \"Numbers game\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/numbers-game-20130805-2r9yi.html","url_text":"\"Numbers game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Minutes of the Meetings held in Kazan, Russian Federation\" (PDF). ioinformatics.org. General Assembly of International Olympiad in Informatics. 19 August 2016. pp. 7, 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ioinformatics.org/files/ioi2016minutes.pdf","url_text":"\"Minutes of the Meetings held in Kazan, Russian Federation\""}]},{"reference":"Maggiolo, Stefano (2015). \"An Update on the Female Presence at the IOI\" (PDF). Olympiads in Informatics. 9, 127–137 (2015). London, U.K.: ioinformatics.org: 127–137. doi:10.15388/ioi.2015.10. Retrieved 13 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ioinformatics.org/oi/pdf/v9_2015_127_137.pdf","url_text":"\"An Update on the Female Presence at the IOI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15388%2Fioi.2015.10","url_text":"10.15388/ioi.2015.10"}]},{"reference":"\"Zhezheng Luo\". stats.ioinformatics.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.ioinformatics.org/people/6410","url_text":"\"Zhezheng Luo\""}]},{"reference":"Simões, Gabriel (31 July 2017). \"IOI 2017, first round - Codeforces\". Codeforces. Retrieved 4 August 2017. There is really only one USA contestant on site, it looks like he came with the Chinese team (straight from China).","urls":[{"url":"http://codeforces.com/blog/entry/53550#comment-375744","url_text":"\"IOI 2017, first round - Codeforces\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2017: Results\". stats.ioinformatics.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2017","url_text":"\"IOI 2017: Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Assembly Minutes of the Meetings held in Almaty, Kazakhstan 26 July – 2 August, 2015\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://ioinformatics.org/files/ioi2015minutes.pdf","url_text":"\"General Assembly Minutes of the Meetings held in Almaty, Kazakhstan 26 July – 2 August, 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Number of Participants\". ioi2022.id.","urls":[{"url":"https://ioi2022.id/number-of-participants/","url_text":"\"Number of Participants\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1989 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1989","url_text":"\"IOI 1989 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1990 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1990","url_text":"\"IOI 1990 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1991 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1991","url_text":"\"IOI 1991 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1992 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1992","url_text":"\"IOI 1992 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1993 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1993","url_text":"\"IOI 1993 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1993 Website\". ioi1993.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990224113008/http://www.ioi.org.ar/mendoza/","url_text":"\"IOI 1993 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1994 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1994","url_text":"\"IOI 1994 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1994 Website\". ioi1994.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970102155956/http://www.haninge.kth.se/IOI/ioi.html","url_text":"\"IOI 1994 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1995 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1995","url_text":"\"IOI 1995 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1996 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1996","url_text":"\"IOI 1996 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1997 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1997","url_text":"\"IOI 1997 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1998 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1998","url_text":"\"IOI 1998 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 1999 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1999","url_text":"\"IOI 1999 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2000 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2000","url_text":"\"IOI 2000 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2001 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2001","url_text":"\"IOI 2001 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2002 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2002","url_text":"\"IOI 2002 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2003 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2003","url_text":"\"IOI 2003 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2004 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2004","url_text":"\"IOI 2004 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2005 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2005","url_text":"\"IOI 2005 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2005 Website\". ioi2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oi.edu.pl/old/ioi/","url_text":"\"IOI 2005 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2006 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2006","url_text":"\"IOI 2006 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2007 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2007","url_text":"\"IOI 2007 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2007 Website\". ioi2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://ioi2007.hsin.hr/","url_text":"\"IOI 2007 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2008 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2008","url_text":"\"IOI 2008 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2009 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2009","url_text":"\"IOI 2009 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2009 Website\". ioi2009.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ioi2009.org/","url_text":"\"IOI 2009 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2010 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2010","url_text":"\"IOI 2010 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2010 Website\". ioi2010.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ioi2010.org/","url_text":"\"IOI 2010 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2011 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2011","url_text":"\"IOI 2011 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2011 Website\". ioi2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ioi2011.or.th/","url_text":"\"IOI 2011 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2012 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2012","url_text":"\"IOI 2012 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2012 Website\". ioi2012.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ioi2012.org/","url_text":"\"IOI 2012 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2013 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2013","url_text":"\"IOI 2013 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2013 Website\". ioi2013.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ioi2013.org/","url_text":"\"IOI 2013 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2014 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2014","url_text":"\"IOI 2014 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2014 Website\". ioi2014.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ioi2014.org/","url_text":"\"IOI 2014 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2015 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2015","url_text":"\"IOI 2015 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2015 Website\". ioi2017.kz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ioi2015.kz/","url_text":"\"IOI 2015 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2016 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2016","url_text":"\"IOI 2016 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2016 Website\". ioi2016.ru.","urls":[{"url":"http://ioi2016.ru/","url_text":"\"IOI 2016 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2017 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2017","url_text":"\"IOI 2017 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2017 Website\". ioi2017.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://ioi2017.org/","url_text":"\"IOI 2017 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2018 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2018","url_text":"\"IOI 2018 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2018 Website\". ioi2018.jp.","urls":[{"url":"https://ioi2018.jp/","url_text":"\"IOI 2018 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2019 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2019","url_text":"\"IOI 2019 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2019 Website\". ioi2019.az.","urls":[{"url":"https://ioi2019.az/","url_text":"\"IOI 2019 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2020 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2020","url_text":"\"IOI 2020 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2020 Website\". ioi2020.sg.","urls":[{"url":"https://ioi2020.sg/","url_text":"\"IOI 2020 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2021 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2021","url_text":"\"IOI 2021 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2021 Website\". ioi2021.sg.","urls":[{"url":"https://ioi2021.sg/","url_text":"\"IOI 2021 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2022 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2022","url_text":"\"IOI 2022 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2022 Website\". ioi2022.id.","urls":[{"url":"https://ioi2022.id/","url_text":"\"IOI 2022 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2023 Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2023","url_text":"\"IOI 2023 Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2023 Website\". ioi2023.hu.","urls":[{"url":"https://ioi2023.hu/","url_text":"\"IOI 2023 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2024 Website\". ioi2024.eg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ioi2024.eg/","url_text":"\"IOI 2024 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"IOI 2025 Website\". ioi2025.bo.","urls":[{"url":"https://ioi2025.bo/","url_text":"\"IOI 2025 Website\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame\". stats.ioinformatics.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://stats.ioinformatics.org/halloffame/","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"Informatica Olympiade\".","urls":[{"url":"https://informaticaolympiade.nl/","url_text":"\"Informatica Olympiade\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home — NOI.PH\".","urls":[{"url":"https://noi.ph/","url_text":"\"Home — NOI.PH\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22International+Olympiad+in+Informatics%22","external_links_name":"\"International Olympiad in Informatics\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22International+Olympiad+in+Informatics%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22International+Olympiad+in+Informatics%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22International+Olympiad+in+Informatics%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22International+Olympiad+in+Informatics%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22International+Olympiad+in+Informatics%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/numbers-game-20130805-2r9yi.html","external_links_name":"\"Numbers game\""},{"Link":"https://www.ioinformatics.org/files/ioi2016minutes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Minutes of the Meetings held in Kazan, Russian Federation\""},{"Link":"http://ioinformatics.org/oi/pdf/v9_2015_127_137.pdf","external_links_name":"\"An Update on the Female Presence at the IOI\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.15388%2Fioi.2015.10","external_links_name":"10.15388/ioi.2015.10"},{"Link":"http://stats.ioinformatics.org/people/6410","external_links_name":"\"Zhezheng Luo\""},{"Link":"http://codeforces.com/blog/entry/53550#comment-375744","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2017, first round - Codeforces\""},{"Link":"http://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2017","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2017: Results\""},{"Link":"https://ioinformatics.org/files/ioi2015minutes.pdf","external_links_name":"\"General Assembly Minutes of the Meetings held in Almaty, Kazakhstan 26 July – 2 August, 2015\""},{"Link":"https://ioi2022.id/number-of-participants/","external_links_name":"\"Number of Participants\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1989","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1989 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1990","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1990 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1991","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1991 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1992","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1992 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1993","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1993 Results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19990224113008/http://www.ioi.org.ar/mendoza/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1993 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1994","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1994 Results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970102155956/http://www.haninge.kth.se/IOI/ioi.html","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1994 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1995","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1995 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1996","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1996 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1997","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1997 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1998","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1998 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/1999","external_links_name":"\"IOI 1999 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2000","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2000 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2001","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2001 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2002","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2002 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2003","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2003 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2004","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2004 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2005","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2005 Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.oi.edu.pl/old/ioi/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2005 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2006","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2006 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2007","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2007 Results\""},{"Link":"https://ioi2007.hsin.hr/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2007 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2008","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2008 Results\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2009","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2009 Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.ioi2009.org/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2009 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2010","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2010 Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.ioi2010.org/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2010 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2011","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2011 Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.ioi2011.or.th/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2011 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2012","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2012 Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.ioi2012.org/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2012 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2013","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2013 Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.ioi2013.org/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2013 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2014","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2014 Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.ioi2014.org/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2014 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2015","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2015 Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.ioi2015.kz/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2015 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2016","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2016 Results\""},{"Link":"http://ioi2016.ru/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2016 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2017","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2017 Results\""},{"Link":"http://ioi2017.org/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2017 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2018","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2018 Results\""},{"Link":"https://ioi2018.jp/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2018 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2019","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2019 Results\""},{"Link":"https://ioi2019.az/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2019 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2020","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2020 Results\""},{"Link":"https://ioi2020.sg/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2020 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2021","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2021 Results\""},{"Link":"https://ioi2021.sg/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2021 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2022","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2022 Results\""},{"Link":"https://ioi2022.id/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2022 Website\""},{"Link":"https://stats.ioinformatics.org/results/2023","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2023 Results\""},{"Link":"https://ioi2023.hu/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2023 Website\""},{"Link":"https://www.ioi2024.eg/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2024 Website\""},{"Link":"https://ioi2025.bo/","external_links_name":"\"IOI 2025 Website\""},{"Link":"http://stats.ioinformatics.org/halloffame/","external_links_name":"\"Hall of Fame\""},{"Link":"http://olimpiada.info/Romanian","external_links_name":"http://olimpiada.info/Romanian"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190624190734/http://olimpiada.info/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://informaticaolympiade.nl/","external_links_name":"\"Informatica Olympiade\""},{"Link":"https://noi.ph/","external_links_name":"\"Home — NOI.PH\""},{"Link":"https://www.commonlounge.com/community/e4aac00a033a40ec96657906c6e1b43c","external_links_name":"International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI) community"},{"Link":"http://www.ioinformatics.org/","external_links_name":"IOI International Committee Website"},{"Link":"http://stats.ioinformatics.org/","external_links_name":"IOI Statistics"},{"Link":"http://olympiads.win.tue.nl/ioi/","external_links_name":"IOI Secretariat Website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindsight_(film)
Blindsight (film)
["1 Summary","2 Critical reception","3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Blindsight" film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2006 British filmBlindsightUK DVD SleeveDirected byLucy WalkerProduced bySybil Robson OrrStarringErik Weihenmayer, Sabriye Tenberken, Kyila, Tashi Pasang, Tenzin, Dachung, Gyenshen, Sonam BhumtsoRelease dates 11 September 2006 (2006-09-11) (Toronto International Film Festival) 8 August 2008 (2008-08-08) (United Kingdom) Running time104 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish Blindsight is a 2006 documentary film directed by Lucy Walker and produced by Sybil Robson Orr for Robson Entertainment. It premiered at 2006 Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) in the category Real to Reel. Summary Blindsight follows six Tibetan teenagers on their journey to climb the 23,000 foot Lhakpa Ri mountain in the shadow of Mount Everest, a challenge made all the more remarkable by the fact that the teenagers are blind. The children are at times feared by their parents, scorned by villagers and deemed sinners by devout followers of Buddhism, and believed to be cursed. Helped by Sabriye Tenberken — a blind German social worker who established the first school for the blind in Lhasa — the students invite the famous blind mountain climber Erik Weihenmayer to visit their school after learning about his climb to the summit of Everest. Erik arrives in Lhasa and helps the students and their educators climb higher than they have ever been before. Critical reception The film received near universally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 98% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 49 reviews. Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 72 out of 100, based on 12 reviews. Awards and nominations WINNER - Audience Award for Best film Berlin Film Festival Panorama 2007 WINNER – Audience Award for best documentary film American Film Institute - AFI - (see American Film Institute Awards 2006) Los Angeles WINNER - Audience Award for Best Documentary Palm Springs Film Festival NOMINEE – Best Documentary British Independent Film Awards 2006 References ^ "Blindsight - Movie Reviews, Trailers, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 23 September 2015. ^ "Blindsight (2008): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 23 September 2015. External links Blindsight at IMDb Blindsight at Rotten Tomatoes Blindsight at Metacritic Blindsight at AllMovie This article about a British documentary film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucy Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Walker_(director)"},{"link_name":"Sybil Robson Orr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_Robson_Orr"},{"link_name":"2006 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"}],"text":"2006 British filmBlindsight is a 2006 documentary film directed by Lucy Walker and produced by Sybil Robson Orr for Robson Entertainment. It premiered at 2006 Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) in the category Real to Reel.","title":"Blindsight (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_people"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Sabriye Tenberken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken"},{"link_name":"Lhasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa"},{"link_name":"mountain climber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering"},{"link_name":"Erik Weihenmayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Weihenmayer"}],"text":"Blindsight follows six Tibetan teenagers on their journey to climb the 23,000 foot Lhakpa Ri mountain in the shadow of Mount Everest, a challenge made all the more remarkable by the fact that the teenagers are blind. The children are at times feared by their parents, scorned by villagers and deemed sinners by devout followers of Buddhism, and believed to be cursed. Helped by Sabriye Tenberken — a blind German social worker who established the first school for the blind in Lhasa — the students invite the famous blind mountain climber Erik Weihenmayer to visit their school after learning about his climb to the summit of Everest. Erik arrives in Lhasa and helps the students and their educators climb higher than they have ever been before.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The film received near universally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 98% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 49 reviews.[1] Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 72 out of 100, based on 12 reviews.[2]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"American Film Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute"},{"link_name":"American Film Institute Awards 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Film_Institute_Awards_2006"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"British Independent Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Independent_Film_Awards"}],"text":"WINNER - Audience Award for Best film Berlin Film Festival Panorama 2007\nWINNER – Audience Award for best documentary film American Film Institute - AFI - (see American Film Institute Awards 2006) Los Angeles\nWINNER - Audience Award for Best Documentary Palm Springs Film Festival\nNOMINEE – Best Documentary British Independent Film Awards 2006","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Blindsight - Movie Reviews, Trailers, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 23 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/blindsight/","url_text":"\"Blindsight - Movie Reviews, Trailers, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"Blindsight (2008): Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved 23 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/blindsight","url_text":"\"Blindsight (2008): Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Blindsight%22+film","external_links_name":"\"Blindsight\" film"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Blindsight%22+film+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Blindsight%22+film&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Blindsight%22+film+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Blindsight%22+film","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Blindsight%22+film&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/blindsight/","external_links_name":"\"Blindsight - Movie Reviews, Trailers, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/blindsight","external_links_name":"\"Blindsight (2008): Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0841084/","external_links_name":"Blindsight"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/blindsight","external_links_name":"Blindsight"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/blindsight","external_links_name":"Blindsight"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v358921","external_links_name":"Blindsight"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blindsight_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xperia_Tablet_S
Sony Xperia Tablet S
["1 Hardware","2 Software","3 Variants","4 Reception","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Tablet designed by Sony Not to be confused with Sony Tablet S. Sony Xperia Tablet SAlso known asSGPT13ManufacturerSony MobileProduct familyXperia seriesTypeTablet computerRelease dateUS: September 7, 2012; 11 years ago (2012-09-07)Operating systemAndroid 4.0.3 "Ice Cream Sandwich"Upgradable to Android 4.1.2 "Jelly Bean"CPUNvidia Tegra 3, quad-core, 1.3 GHzMemory1 GB Storage16/32/64 GBDisplay1280x800 HD TFT LCD SoundInternal speakersInputMulti-touch touchscreen displayCameraRear: 8.0 MP Front: YesConnectivityWi-Fi 802.11b/g/n3G HSDPA in UKMass585g (20.64oz) PredecessorSony Tablet SSony Tablet PSuccessorSony Xperia Tablet ZWebsitediscover.store.sony.com/tablet/#intro The Sony Xperia Tablet S is a touchscreen Android tablet designed by Sony Mobile as part of the Xperia series. It was announced at Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (IFA) 2012, and debuted in the US on September 7, 2012. The tablet directly succeeded the Sony Tablet S, with a thinner and lighter design, a faster processor, and an improved camera. It is the first Sony tablet to be marketed with the Xperia branding and altogether succeeded the Sony Tablet branding. Hardware The Xperia Tablet S features a magazine inspired design similar to its predecessor's, but the angle is less pronounced than in the original. It includes a full sized SD card slot, along with a proprietary Sony charging port and a 3.5mm headphone jack. It also features an infrared blaster, which acts as a universal remote. Sony advertised the tablet as "splash proof" with its multi-port cover installed. Sales of the tablet were suspended in October 2012 when it was discovered that a manufacturing error left gaps between the screen and the case, which compromises its waterproofing. Software A modified version of Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich ships on the tablet. Some alterations include the ability to add multiple user accounts and control of the tablet's IR blaster. It is now upgradeable to Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean. Variants The Xperia Tablet S is sold in 16GB, 32GB, and 64GB models. These are Wifi-only in the US, but 3G/4G models are available in the UK. Reception Critical reception has been mixed. In his review, Engadget writer Joseph Volpe stated that the Xperia Tablet S "misses the mark in everyday performance." However, David Pierce of The Verge gave the tablet a 7.6 out of 10, concluding that it had "no glaring flaws." See also Comparison of tablet computers References ^ "Questions and Answers about SGPT13 Series | Sony AP". ^ Smith, Catharine (2012-09-04). "Xperia Tablet S release". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2012-10-03. ^ "Xperia Tablet S unveiled". Techradar.com. Retrieved 2012-10-03. ^ a b c d e "Xperia Tablet S Specs". Phonearena.com. Retrieved 2012-10-03. ^ a b c d "Verge Xperia Tablet S review". Theverge.com. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-03. ^ a b c "Engadget Xperia Tablet S review". Engadget.com. Retrieved 2012-10-03. ^ "Sony Tablet S: Footnotes". Sony. Retrieved 2012-10-05. ^ "Sony halts new Xperia tablet sales". BBC News. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-05. ^ "Sony halts Xperia tablet sales after defect found". Reuters. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-05. ^ "Support for Sony products | Sony UK". External links Official website Preceded bySony Tablet S Sony Xperia Tablet S 2012 Succeeded bySony Xperia Tablet Z vteSony tabletsSony Tablet S P Xperia Tablet S Z Z2 Z3 Compact Z4 vteAndroid tablet computers Acer Iconia Tab Ainol NOVO7 Amazon Fire HD HDX Archos Archos 5 (Archos Generation 6) Archos 5 (Archos Generation 7) Archos 43 Archos 70 Archos 101 Asus Eee Pad Transformer (TF101) Eee Pad Transformer Prime (TF201) Transformer Pad (TF300T) Transformer Pad Infinity (TF700T) Transformer Pad TF701T Nexus 7 2012 version 2013 version Barnes & Noble Nook Color Nook Tablet Nook HD/HD+ Samsung Galaxy Tab 4 Nook BQ Aquaris M10 DataWind Aakash 2 Google Pixel C HP Slate 7 Slate 21 HTC Flyer/EVO View 4G Jetstream Nexus 9 Huawei Mediapad M5 JadooTV JadooTab JPay JP4 JP5 JP6 Kobo Arc LeapFrog Epic Lenovo IdeaPad series LePad ThinkPad Tablet LG Optimus Pad LTE G Pad 7.0 8.0 8.3 10.1 MobyMax MobyMax Tablet Motorola Xoom Xyboard Nokia N1 Notion Ink Adam tablet NVIDIA Shield Tablet Pakistan Aeronautical Complex PAC-PAD 1 PAC-PAD Takhti 7 PocketBook IQ 701 A 10" Samsung Galaxy Tab series 7.0 7.7 8.9 10.1 Galaxy Tab 2 7.0 10.1 Galaxy Tab 3 7.0 8.0 10.1 Lite 7.0 Galaxy Tab 4 7.0 8.0 10.1 Galaxy Tab Pro 8.4 10.1 12.2 Galaxy Tab S S 8.4 S 10.5 S2 8.0 S2 9.7 S3 S4 S5e S6 S6 5G S6 Lite S7 S8 S9 Galaxy Tab A A 8.0 A 9.7 A 10.1 A 8.4 A7 A8 Galaxy Tab E E 9.6 Galaxy Note series 8.0 10.1 10.1 2014 Galaxy Note Pro 12.2 Nexus 10 Sony Sony Tablet S P Xperia Tablet S Z Z2 Z4 Toshiba Toshiba Thrive Toys "R" Us Tabeo ViewSonic G Tablet Xiaomi Mi Pad 2 3 4 5 6 Redmi Pad Pro SE Poco Pad Android smartphones Other Android devices List of features in Android
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sony Tablet S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Tablet_S"},{"link_name":"touchscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer"},{"link_name":"Sony Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Mobile"},{"link_name":"Xperia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Xperia"},{"link_name":"Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Funkausstellung_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Tablet S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_S"},{"link_name":"Xperia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xperia"},{"link_name":"Sony Tablet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Tablet"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Sony Tablet S.The Sony Xperia Tablet S is a touchscreen Android tablet designed by Sony Mobile as part of the Xperia series. It was announced at Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (IFA) 2012, and debuted in the US on September 7, 2012. The tablet directly succeeded the Sony Tablet S, with a thinner and lighter design, a faster processor, and an improved camera. It is the first Sony tablet to be marketed with the Xperia branding and altogether succeeded the Sony Tablet branding.","title":"Sony Xperia Tablet S"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verge_Xperia_Tablet_S_review-5"},{"link_name":"SD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verge_Xperia_Tablet_S_review-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engadget_Xperia_Tablet_S_review-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"waterproofing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterproofing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_splash-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters_splash-9"}],"text":"The Xperia Tablet S features a magazine inspired design similar to its predecessor's, but the angle is less pronounced than in the original.[5] It includes a full sized SD card slot, along with a proprietary Sony charging port and a 3.5mm headphone jack.[5] It also features an infrared blaster, which acts as a universal remote.[6]Sony advertised the tablet as \"splash proof\" with its multi-port cover installed.[7] Sales of the tablet were suspended in October 2012 when it was discovered that a manufacturing error left gaps between the screen and the case, which compromises its waterproofing.[8][9]","title":"Hardware"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich"},{"link_name":"Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_Jelly_Bean"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verge_Xperia_Tablet_S_review-5"}],"text":"A modified version of Android 4.0.3 Ice Cream Sandwich ships on the tablet. Some alterations include the ability to add multiple user accounts and control of the tablet's IR blaster. It is now upgradeable to Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean.[5]","title":"Software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engadget_Xperia_Tablet_S_review-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Xperia Tablet S is sold in 16GB, 32GB, and 64GB models. These are Wifi-only in the US, but 3G/4G models are available in the UK.[6][10]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Engadget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engadget"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engadget_Xperia_Tablet_S_review-6"},{"link_name":"The Verge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge_(website)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Verge_Xperia_Tablet_S_review-5"}],"text":"Critical reception has been mixed. In his review, Engadget writer Joseph Volpe stated that the Xperia Tablet S \"misses the mark in everyday performance.\"[6] However, David Pierce of The Verge gave the tablet a 7.6 out of 10, concluding that it had \"no glaring flaws.\"[5]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
[{"title":"Comparison of tablet computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_tablet_computers"}]
[{"reference":"\"Questions and Answers about SGPT13 Series | Sony AP\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sony-asia.com/electronics/support/tablet-s-sgpt13-series/faqs","url_text":"\"Questions and Answers about SGPT13 Series | Sony AP\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Catharine (2012-09-04). \"Xperia Tablet S release\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2012-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/04/xperia-tablet-s-sony_n_1853316.html","url_text":"\"Xperia Tablet S release\""}]},{"reference":"\"Xperia Tablet S unveiled\". Techradar.com. Retrieved 2012-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techradar.com/us/news/mobile-computing/tablets/slimmed-down-sony-xperia-tablet-s-unveiled-1093847","url_text":"\"Xperia Tablet S unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"\"Xperia Tablet S Specs\". Phonearena.com. Retrieved 2012-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phonearena.com/phones/Sony-Xperia-Tablet-S_id7461","url_text":"\"Xperia Tablet S Specs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Verge Xperia Tablet S review\". Theverge.com. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theverge.com/2012/9/24/3333106/sony-xperia-tablet-s-review","url_text":"\"Verge Xperia Tablet S review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Engadget Xperia Tablet S review\". Engadget.com. Retrieved 2012-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/09/24/sony-xperia-tablet-s-review/","url_text":"\"Engadget Xperia Tablet S review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony Tablet S: Footnotes\". Sony. Retrieved 2012-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://discover.store.sony.com/tablet/#specs/footnotes","url_text":"\"Sony Tablet S: Footnotes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony halts new Xperia tablet sales\". BBC News. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19845239","url_text":"\"Sony halts new Xperia tablet sales\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sony halts Xperia tablet sales after defect found\". Reuters. 5 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/sony-tablet-suspend-idUSL3E8L52B120121005","url_text":"\"Sony halts Xperia tablet sales after defect found\""}]},{"reference":"\"Support for Sony products | Sony UK\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sony.co.uk/product/xperia-tablet-s/tab/editorialarticle2","url_text":"\"Support for Sony products | Sony UK\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://discover.store.sony.com/tablet/#intro","external_links_name":"discover.store.sony.com/tablet/#intro"},{"Link":"https://www.sony-asia.com/electronics/support/tablet-s-sgpt13-series/faqs","external_links_name":"\"Questions and Answers about SGPT13 Series | Sony AP\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/04/xperia-tablet-s-sony_n_1853316.html","external_links_name":"\"Xperia Tablet S release\""},{"Link":"http://www.techradar.com/us/news/mobile-computing/tablets/slimmed-down-sony-xperia-tablet-s-unveiled-1093847","external_links_name":"\"Xperia Tablet S unveiled\""},{"Link":"https://www.phonearena.com/phones/Sony-Xperia-Tablet-S_id7461","external_links_name":"\"Xperia Tablet S Specs\""},{"Link":"https://www.theverge.com/2012/9/24/3333106/sony-xperia-tablet-s-review","external_links_name":"\"Verge Xperia Tablet S review\""},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2012/09/24/sony-xperia-tablet-s-review/","external_links_name":"\"Engadget Xperia Tablet S review\""},{"Link":"http://discover.store.sony.com/tablet/#specs/footnotes","external_links_name":"\"Sony Tablet S: Footnotes\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19845239","external_links_name":"\"Sony halts new Xperia tablet sales\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/sony-tablet-suspend-idUSL3E8L52B120121005","external_links_name":"\"Sony halts Xperia tablet sales after defect found\""},{"Link":"http://www.sony.co.uk/product/xperia-tablet-s/tab/editorialarticle2","external_links_name":"\"Support for Sony products | Sony UK\""},{"Link":"http://discover.store.sony.com/tablet","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncorhynchus_clarki_lewisi
Westslope cutthroat trout
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Range","4 Life cycle","5 Conservation","6 Notes","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Subspecies of fish Westslope cutthroat trout Conservation status Apparently Secure  (NatureServe) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Salmoniformes Family: Salmonidae Genus: Oncorhynchus Species: O. clarkii Subspecies: O. c. lewisi Trinomial name Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi(G. Suckley, 1856) The historic distribution of westslope cutthroat trout in the United States (modified from Behnke 1992). The large region consists primarily of the upper Columbia River and upper Missouri River basins; some waters in the eastern part of this region may not have been occupied historically (MTFWP, in litt. 1998). Also shown are the Lake Chelan and Methow River drainages in Washington and the John Day River drainage in Oregon. Synonyms Salmo mykiss lewisi (Jordan and Evermann, 1896) Salmo clarkii lewisi (Jordan and Evermann, 1898) Salar lewisi (Suckley, 1856) Salmo clarkii alpestris (Drymond, 1931) Main article: Cutthroat trout The westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), also known as the black-spotted trout, common cutthroat trout and red-throated trout is a subspecies of the cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) and is a freshwater fish in the salmon family (family Salmonidae) of order Salmoniformes. The cutthroat is the Montana state fish. This subspecies is a species of concern in its Montana and British Columbia ranges and is considered threatened in its native range in Alberta. Taxonomy The scientific name of the westslope cutthroat trout is Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi, as it was first described in the journals of explorer William Clark from specimens obtained during the Lewis and Clark Expedition from the Missouri River near Great Falls, Montana. Cutthroat trout were given the name Salmo clarki in honor of William Clark, who co-led the expedition of 1804–1806. One of Lewis and Clark's missions was to describe the flora and fauna encountered during the expedition. The type specimen of S. clarki was described by naturalist John Richardson in 1836 from a tributary of the lower Columbia River, identified as the "Katpootl", which was perhaps the Lewis River as there was a Multnomah village of similar name at the confluence. This type specimen was most likely the coastal cutthroat subspecies. In 1853, naturalist George Suckley while working for the Pacific Railroad Survey led by Isaac Stevens collected specimens of westslope cutthroat trout by fly fishing below the Great Falls on the Missouri River. In 1856, he described the trout as Salar lewisi to honor explorer Meriwether Lewis. In David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann's A Check-list of the Fishes and Fishlike Vertebrates of North and Middle America (1896), the name Salmo mykiss lewisi was given to Yellowstone trout or cut-throat trout and included a reference to specimens collected from the Missouri River by George Suckley. In 1898, Jordan and Evermann changed the name of cutthroat trout to Salmo clarki. Salmo clarki lewisi persisted as the subspecies name for both the Yellowstone cutthroat and westslope cutthroat trout until 1971 when fisheries biologist Robert J. Behnke gave the name Salmo clarki bouvieri to the Yellowstone cutthroat with Salmo clarki lewisi reserved for the westslope cutthroat trout. In 1989, morphological and genetic studies indicated trout of the Pacific basin were genetically closer to Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus species) than to the Salmos–brown trout (S. trutta) or Atlantic salmon (S. salar) of the Atlantic basin. Thus, in 1989, taxonomic authorities moved the rainbow, cutthroat and other Pacific basin trout into the genus Oncorhynchus. Description A Westslope cutthroat in the Flathead River near Missoula, Montana The fish has teeth under its tongue, on the roof of the mouth, and in the front of the mouth. Westslope cutthroat are common in both headwaters lake and stream environments. They feed mainly on insects and zooplankton. The average length of the fish is about 8-12 inches (30 cm) and rarely exceeds 18 inches (46 cm). The skin has small dark freckle-like spots clustered towards the tail, and is mostly orange-hued. They can be distinguished from rainbow trout by the red, pink, or orange marking beneath the jaw (hence the name "cutthroat"). Range Westslope cutthroat trout are native in northern Idaho's and British Columbia's upper Columbia River system and northern tributaries of the Snake River, but not the Snake River's main stem to the south. East of the Continental Divide in Alberta and Montana, westslope cutthroat trout are native to the upper Missouri, Milk and North Saskatchewan rivers, but not the Yellowstone River to the south. In Montana, the historic range extended east to the mouth of the Judith River and south into the Madison, Gallatin and Jefferson river systems. Isolated populations of westslope cutthroat trout exist in upper tributaries of the John Day River in the Strawberry Mountains of Oregon and Columbia River tributaries along the eastern side of the Cascade range in Washington. Isolated populations exist in the Fraser River basin in British Columbia. Existing populations of genetically pure westslope cutthroat trout exist in less than three percent of its historic range. Life cycle Westslope cutthroat trout reflect three life strategies—adfluvial, fluvial, or stream resident. Adfluvial fish live in the large lakes in the upper Columbia River drainage and spawn in lake tributaries. Fluvial fish live in medium to large rivers but migrate to tributaries for spawning. Most adults return to the river or lake after spawning. Stream resident fish complete their entire life in tributaries. All three forms occur in most basins. Conservation Genetically pure westslope cutthroat trout have been extirpated throughout most of their historic range due to habitat loss and introduction of non-native species. Remaining populations survive in isolated populations, mostly in headwater streams above natural downstream barriers. The introduction of rainbow and brown trout into Missouri River tributaries eliminated the westslope cutthroat trout from most of its eastern range in Montana. Introductions of non-native kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) into Flathead Lake and the Flathead River system caused drastic declines in westslope cutthroat trout populations. Existing populations are in imminent danger from land-use activities and hybridization with introduced rainbow trout (resulting in cutbows) and Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Even the strongest populations in Glacier National Park and the Flathead Basin of Montana are in serious decline. Reasons for the critical condition of the subspecies include habitat destruction from logging, road building, grazing, mining, urban development, agriculture and dams, introduction of non-native hatchery strains, competition and hybridization from introduced non-native fish species. Notes ^ NatureServe (2 February 2024). "Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ Deeds, Scott A.; Kaeding, Lynn R.; Lohr, Samuel C.; Young, Douglas A.; Campton, Don; Duke, Steve; Mogen, Jim T. (September 1999). Status Review for Westslope Cutthroat Trout in the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 7. Retrieved 2014-02-20. ^ "Synonyms of Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson, 1836)". Fishbase. Retrieved 2014-02-19. ^ "Montana Field Guide-Westslope Cutthroat". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-11. ^ 1-1-507. State fish Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine, Montana Code, accessed 23 April 2009. ^ Species of concern are native taxa that are at-risk due to declining population trends, threats to their habitats, restricted distribution, and/or other factors. Designation as a Montana species of concern or potential species of concern is based on the Montana Status Rank, and is not a statutory or regulatory classification. Rather, these designations provide information that helps resource managers make proactive decisions regarding species conservation and data collection priorities. See the latest species of concern reports for more detailed explanations and assessment criteria. "Montana Field Guide-Species of Concern". Retrieved 2010-12-07. ^ "Aquatic Species at Risk - The Westslope Cutthroat Trout (British Columbia Population)". Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Retrieved 2014-02-19. ^ "Aquatic Species at Risk - The Westslope Cutthroat Trout (Alberta Population)". Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Retrieved 2014-02-19. ^ a b Richardson, John; William Swainson; William Kirby (1836). Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expedition, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. London: J. Murray. pp. 225–226. ^ a b Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). "Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 137–234. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2. ^ a b c d Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). "Westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 155–162. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2. ^ Jordan, David Starr; Evermann, Barton Warren (1896). A Check-list of the Fishes and Fishlike Vertebrates of North and Middle America. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. p. 291. ^ Jordan, David Starr; Evermann, Barton Warren (1898). The Fishes of North and Middle America Part III. Smithsonian Institution. p. 2819. ^ Smith, Gerald R.; Stearley, Ralph F. (1989). "The Classification and Scientific Names of Rainbow and Cutthroat Trouts" (PDF). Fisheries. 14 (1). American Fisheries Society: 4–10. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1989)014<0004:TCASNO>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2027.42/140998. ^ Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). "Genus Oncorhynchus". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 10–21. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2. ^ Kevin Goodson; Bruce McIntosh; Mark Chilcote; Charlie Corrarino, eds. (2005). "Oregon Native Fish Status Report" (PDF). Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. pp. 452–457. Retrieved 2014-02-20. ^ Young, Michael K., ed. (1995). Conservation Assessment for Inland Cutthroat Trout (General Technical Report (GTR) RM-GTR-256). Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. p. 61. doi:10.2737/RM-GTR-256. hdl:2027/umn.31951d029777160. ^ Hitt, N.P., et al. (2003) Spread of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi, and nonnative rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60, 1440-1451. doi:10.1139/F03-125 ^ Muhlfeld, Clint C.; Kovach, Ryan P.; Jones, Leslie A.; Al-Chokhachy, Robert; Boyer, Matthew C.; Leary, Robb F.; Lowe, Winsor H.; Luikart, Gordon; Allendorf, Fred W. (July 2014). "Invasive hybridization in a threatened species is accelerated by climate change". Nature Climate Change. 4 (7): 620–624. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4..620M. doi:10.1038/nclimate2252. ISSN 1758-6798. Further reading Trotter, Patrick C. (2008). Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25458-9. Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). "Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 137–234. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2. External links Montana State Fish & Wildlife website: Westslope cutthroat trout at the Wayback Machine (archived January 1, 2012) Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks :: Westslope Cutthroat Trout vteCutthroat trout subspecies and formsSalmonidaePacific Coast Coastal cutthroat trout Lake Crescent cutthroat trout Great Basin Alvord cutthroat trout† Bonneville cutthroat trout Humboldt cutthroat trout Lahontan cutthroat trout Whitehorse Basin cutthroat trout Paiute cutthroat trout Northern Rockies Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout Westslope cutthroat trout Yellowfin cutthroat trout† Yellowstone cutthroat trout Southern Rockies Colorado River cutthroat trout Greenback cutthroat trout Rio Grande cutthroat trout Media related to Oncorhynchus clarkii at Wikimedia Commons vteTrout and char of the worldTrout - SalmonidaeTrout of Europe and Atlantic basinSalmo Adriatic trout Brown trout Fibreno trout Ferox trout Flathead trout Garda lake trout Gillaroo Lake (lacustrine) trout Marble trout Mediterranean trout Ohrid trout Prespa trout River trout Sea trout Sevan trout Sonaghen Trout of the Pacific basinOncorhynchus Apache trout Coastal cutthroat trout Cutthroat trout Gila trout Golden trout Mexican golden trout Rainbow trout Steelhead True charSalvelinus Arctic char Blunt-nosed Irish charr Brook trout Bull trout Cole's char Coomsaharn char Dolly Varden trout Haddy charr Kirikuchi char Lake char Lake trout Lough Melvin charr Orkney charr Silver trout Small-mouthed char Whitespotted char Media related to Trout at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiersOncorhynchus clarkii lewisi Wikidata: Q49459091 GBIF: 5711983 iNaturalist: 237535 ITIS: 553415 NAS: 895 NatureServe: 2.103630 NCBI: 490388 WoRMS: 323484 Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi Wikidata: Q7989725 GBIF: 5722955 ITIS: 914081 WoRMS: 403579
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cutthroat trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutthroat_trout"},{"link_name":"freshwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Salmonidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonidae"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Salmoniformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmoniformes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mtcode-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), also known as the black-spotted trout, common cutthroat trout and red-throated trout is a subspecies of the cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii) and is a freshwater fish in the salmon family (family Salmonidae) of order Salmoniformes.[4] The cutthroat is the Montana state fish.[5] This subspecies is a species of concern in its Montana[6] and British Columbia[7] ranges and is considered threatened in its native range in Alberta.[8]","title":"Westslope cutthroat trout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clark"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Missouri River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Great Falls, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls,_Montana"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richardson-9"},{"link_name":"type specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimen"},{"link_name":"John Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)"},{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-richardson-9"},{"link_name":"Lewis River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_River_(Washington)"},{"link_name":"Multnomah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multnomah_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"confluence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence"},{"link_name":"coastal cutthroat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_cutthroat_trout"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehnkeOclarki-10"},{"link_name":"George Suckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Suckley"},{"link_name":"Pacific Railroad Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Railroad_Survey"},{"link_name":"Isaac Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Stevens"},{"link_name":"fly fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing"},{"link_name":"Great Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls_(Missouri_River)"},{"link_name":"Meriwether Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehnkeOclarkilewisi-11"},{"link_name":"David Starr Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Barton Warren Evermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Warren_Evermann"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_cutthroat_trout"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Robert J. Behnke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Behnke"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehnkeOclarki-10"},{"link_name":"morphological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"genetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"Pacific basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Salmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmo"},{"link_name":"brown trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trout"},{"link_name":"Atlantic salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_salmon"},{"link_name":"Atlantic basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehnkeO.-15"}],"text":"The scientific name of the westslope cutthroat trout is Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi, as it was first described in the journals of explorer William Clark from specimens obtained during the Lewis and Clark Expedition from the Missouri River near Great Falls, Montana. Cutthroat trout were given the name Salmo clarki in honor of William Clark, who co-led the expedition of 1804–1806.[9] One of Lewis and Clark's missions was to describe the flora and fauna encountered during the expedition. The type specimen of S. clarki was described by naturalist John Richardson in 1836 from a tributary of the lower Columbia River, identified as the \"Katpootl\",[9] which was perhaps the Lewis River as there was a Multnomah village of similar name at the confluence. This type specimen was most likely the coastal cutthroat subspecies.[10] In 1853, naturalist George Suckley while working for the Pacific Railroad Survey led by Isaac Stevens collected specimens of westslope cutthroat trout by fly fishing below the Great Falls on the Missouri River. In 1856, he described the trout as Salar lewisi to honor explorer Meriwether Lewis.[11] In David Starr Jordan and Barton Warren Evermann's A Check-list of the Fishes and Fishlike Vertebrates of North and Middle America (1896), the name Salmo mykiss lewisi was given to Yellowstone trout or cut-throat trout and included a reference to specimens collected from the Missouri River by George Suckley.[12] In 1898, Jordan and Evermann changed the name of cutthroat trout to Salmo clarki.[13] Salmo clarki lewisi persisted as the subspecies name for both the Yellowstone cutthroat and westslope cutthroat trout until 1971 when fisheries biologist Robert J. Behnke gave the name Salmo clarki bouvieri to the Yellowstone cutthroat with Salmo clarki lewisi reserved for the westslope cutthroat trout.[10]In 1989, morphological and genetic studies indicated trout of the Pacific basin were genetically closer to Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus species) than to the Salmos–brown trout (S. trutta) or Atlantic salmon (S. salar) of the Atlantic basin.[14] Thus, in 1989, taxonomic authorities moved the rainbow, cutthroat and other Pacific basin trout into the genus Oncorhynchus.[15]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westslope_Cutthroat_Trout_Middle_Fork_Flathead_(27912294517)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Flathead River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flathead_River"},{"link_name":"Missoula, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missoula,_Montana"}],"text":"A Westslope cutthroat in the Flathead River near Missoula, MontanaThe fish has teeth under its tongue, on the roof of the mouth, and in the front of the mouth. Westslope cutthroat are common in both headwaters lake and stream environments. They feed mainly on insects and zooplankton. The average length of the fish is about 8-12 inches (30 cm) and rarely exceeds 18 inches (46 cm). The skin has small dark freckle-like spots clustered towards the tail, and is mostly orange-hued. They can be distinguished from rainbow trout by the red, pink, or orange marking beneath the jaw (hence the name \"cutthroat\").","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"Snake River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_River"},{"link_name":"Continental Divide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Divide"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_River"},{"link_name":"Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_River_(Alberta%E2%80%93Montana)"},{"link_name":"North Saskatchewan rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Saskatchewan_River"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_River"},{"link_name":"Judith River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_River"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_River"},{"link_name":"Gallatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallatin_River"},{"link_name":"Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_River"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehnkeOclarkilewisi-11"},{"link_name":"John Day River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Day_River"},{"link_name":"Strawberry Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cascade range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_range"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Fraser River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraser_River"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehnkeOclarkilewisi-11"}],"text":"Westslope cutthroat trout are native in northern Idaho's and British Columbia's upper Columbia River system and northern tributaries of the Snake River, but not the Snake River's main stem to the south. East of the Continental Divide in Alberta and Montana, westslope cutthroat trout are native to the upper Missouri, Milk and North Saskatchewan rivers, but not the Yellowstone River to the south. In Montana, the historic range extended east to the mouth of the Judith River and south into the Madison, Gallatin and Jefferson river systems.[11] Isolated populations of westslope cutthroat trout exist in upper tributaries of the John Day River in the Strawberry Mountains of Oregon[16] and Columbia River tributaries along the eastern side of the Cascade range in Washington. Isolated populations exist in the Fraser River basin in British Columbia.[11] Existing populations of genetically pure westslope cutthroat trout exist in less than three percent of its historic range.","title":"Range"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Westslope cutthroat trout reflect three life strategies—adfluvial, fluvial, or stream resident.\nAdfluvial fish live in the large lakes in the upper Columbia River drainage and spawn in lake tributaries. Fluvial fish live in medium to large rivers but migrate to tributaries for spawning. Most adults return to the river or lake after spawning. Stream resident fish complete their entire life in tributaries. All three forms occur in most basins.[17]","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extirpated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_extinction"},{"link_name":"rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"brown trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trout"},{"link_name":"kokanee salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokanee_salmon"},{"link_name":"lake trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Trout"},{"link_name":"lake whitefish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Whitefish"},{"link_name":"Flathead Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flathead_Lake"},{"link_name":"Flathead River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flathead_River"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BehnkeOclarkilewisi-11"},{"link_name":"rainbow trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout"},{"link_name":"cutbows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutbow"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone cutthroat trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_cutthroat_trout"},{"link_name":"Glacier National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier_National_Park_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Flathead Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flathead_Lake"},{"link_name":"habitat destruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Genetically pure westslope cutthroat trout have been extirpated throughout most of their historic range due to habitat loss and introduction of non-native species. Remaining populations survive in isolated populations, mostly in headwater streams above natural downstream barriers. The introduction of rainbow and brown trout into Missouri River tributaries eliminated the westslope cutthroat trout from most of its eastern range in Montana. Introductions of non-native kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) into Flathead Lake and the Flathead River system caused drastic declines in westslope cutthroat trout populations.[11] Existing populations are in imminent danger from land-use activities and hybridization with introduced rainbow trout (resulting in cutbows)[18] and Yellowstone cutthroat trout. Even the strongest populations in Glacier National Park and the Flathead Basin of Montana are in serious decline. Reasons for the critical condition of the subspecies include habitat destruction from logging, road building, grazing, mining, urban development, agriculture and dams, introduction of non-native hatchery strains, competition and hybridization from introduced non-native fish species.[19]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103630/Oncorhynchus_clarkii_lewisi"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Status Review for Westslope Cutthroat Trout in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fwp.mt.gov/fwpDoc.html?id=18717"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Synonyms of Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson, 1836)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fishbase.org/Nomenclature/SynonymsList.php?ID=2688&SynCode=156254&GenusName=Oncorhynchus&SpeciesName=clarkii"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Montana Field Guide-Westslope Cutthroat\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fieldguide.mt.gov/detail_AFCHA02088.aspx"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mtcode_5-0"},{"link_name":"1-1-507. State fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/1/1/1-1-507.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130117094517/http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/1/1/1-1-507.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Montana Field Guide-Species of Concern\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fieldguide.mt.gov/statusCodes.aspx#soc"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Aquatic Species at Risk - The Westslope Cutthroat Trout (British Columbia Population)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/species-especes/west_slopecutthroattrout-truitefardee_ouest-eng.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Aquatic Species at Risk - The Westslope Cutthroat Trout (Alberta Population)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/species-especes/slopecutthroattrout-truitefardee-eng.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-richardson_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-richardson_9-1"},{"link_name":"Richardson, John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)"},{"link_name":"Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expedition, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Cp4SAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BehnkeOclarki_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BehnkeOclarki_10-1"},{"link_name":"Behnke, Robert J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Behnke"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7432-2220-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2220-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BehnkeOclarkilewisi_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BehnkeOclarkilewisi_11-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BehnkeOclarkilewisi_11-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BehnkeOclarkilewisi_11-3"},{"link_name":"Behnke, Robert J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Behnke"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7432-2220-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2220-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"A Check-list of the Fishes and Fishlike Vertebrates of North and Middle America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TUIsAAAAYAAJ&q=clarkii"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"The Fishes of North and Middle America Part III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1yRusGhJXnUC&q=Fishes+of+North+and+Middle+America+1898&pg=PA2183"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"The Classification and Scientific Names of Rainbow and Cutthroat Trouts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140998/1/fsh0004.pdf"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1577/1548-8446(1989)014<0004:TCASNO>2.0.CO;2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1577%2F1548-8446%281989%29014%3C0004%3ATCASNO%3E2.0.CO%3B2"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027.42/140998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F140998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BehnkeO._15-0"},{"link_name":"Behnke, Robert J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Behnke"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7432-2220-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2220-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Oregon Native Fish Status Report\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dfw.state.or.us/fish/ONFSR/docs/volume-2-final.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Conservation Assessment for Inland Cutthroat Trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/31928"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2737/RM-GTR-256","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2737%2FRM-GTR-256"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/umn.31951d029777160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.31951d029777160"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1139/F03-125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1139%2FF03-125"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Invasive hybridization in a threatened species is accelerated by climate change\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2252"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2014NatCC...4..620M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCC...4..620M"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/nclimate2252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnclimate2252"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1758-6798","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6798"}],"text":"^ NatureServe (2 February 2024). \"Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi\". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 7 February 2024.\n\n^ Deeds, Scott A.; Kaeding, Lynn R.; Lohr, Samuel C.; Young, Douglas A.; Campton, Don; Duke, Steve; Mogen, Jim T. (September 1999). Status Review for Westslope Cutthroat Trout in the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 7. Retrieved 2014-02-20.\n\n^ \"Synonyms of Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson, 1836)\". Fishbase. Retrieved 2014-02-19.\n\n^ \"Montana Field Guide-Westslope Cutthroat\". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-11.\n\n^ 1-1-507. State fish Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine, Montana Code, accessed 23 April 2009.\n\n^ Species of concern are native taxa that are at-risk due to declining population trends, threats to their habitats, restricted distribution, and/or other factors. Designation as a Montana species of concern or potential species of concern is based on the Montana Status Rank, and is not a statutory or regulatory classification. Rather, these designations provide information that helps resource managers make proactive decisions regarding species conservation and data collection priorities. See the latest species of concern reports for more detailed explanations and assessment criteria. \"Montana Field Guide-Species of Concern\". Retrieved 2010-12-07.\n\n^ \"Aquatic Species at Risk - The Westslope Cutthroat Trout (British Columbia Population)\". Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Retrieved 2014-02-19.\n\n^ \"Aquatic Species at Risk - The Westslope Cutthroat Trout (Alberta Population)\". Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Retrieved 2014-02-19.\n\n^ a b Richardson, John; William Swainson; William Kirby (1836). Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expedition, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. London: J. Murray. pp. 225–226.\n\n^ a b Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). \"Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki\". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 137–234. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2.\n\n^ a b c d Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). \"Westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi\". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 155–162. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2.\n\n^ Jordan, David Starr; Evermann, Barton Warren (1896). A Check-list of the Fishes and Fishlike Vertebrates of North and Middle America. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. p. 291.\n\n^ Jordan, David Starr; Evermann, Barton Warren (1898). The Fishes of North and Middle America Part III. Smithsonian Institution. p. 2819.\n\n^ Smith, Gerald R.; Stearley, Ralph F. (1989). \"The Classification and Scientific Names of Rainbow and Cutthroat Trouts\" (PDF). Fisheries. 14 (1). American Fisheries Society: 4–10. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1989)014<0004:TCASNO>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2027.42/140998.\n\n^ Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). \"Genus Oncorhynchus\". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 10–21. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2.\n\n^ Kevin Goodson; Bruce McIntosh; Mark Chilcote; Charlie Corrarino, eds. (2005). \"Oregon Native Fish Status Report\" (PDF). Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. pp. 452–457. Retrieved 2014-02-20.\n\n^ Young, Michael K., ed. (1995). Conservation Assessment for Inland Cutthroat Trout (General Technical Report (GTR) RM-GTR-256). Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. p. 61. doi:10.2737/RM-GTR-256. hdl:2027/umn.31951d029777160.\n\n^ Hitt, N.P., et al. (2003) Spread of hybridization between native westslope cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi, and nonnative rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60, 1440-1451. doi:10.1139/F03-125\n\n^ Muhlfeld, Clint C.; Kovach, Ryan P.; Jones, Leslie A.; Al-Chokhachy, Robert; Boyer, Matthew C.; Leary, Robb F.; Lowe, Winsor H.; Luikart, Gordon; Allendorf, Fred W. (July 2014). \"Invasive hybridization in a threatened species is accelerated by climate change\". Nature Climate Change. 4 (7): 620–624. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4..620M. doi:10.1038/nclimate2252. ISSN 1758-6798.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-25458-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25458-9"},{"link_name":"Behnke, Robert J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Behnke"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7432-2220-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2220-2"}],"text":"Trotter, Patrick C. (2008). Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25458-9.\nBehnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). \"Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki\". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 137–234. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A Westslope cutthroat in the Flathead River near Missoula, Montana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Westslope_Cutthroat_Trout_Middle_Fork_Flathead_%2827912294517%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Westslope_Cutthroat_Trout_Middle_Fork_Flathead_%2827912294517%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"NatureServe (2 February 2024). \"Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi\". NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103630/Oncorhynchus_clarkii_lewisi","url_text":"\"Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi\""}]},{"reference":"Deeds, Scott A.; Kaeding, Lynn R.; Lohr, Samuel C.; Young, Douglas A.; Campton, Don; Duke, Steve; Mogen, Jim T. (September 1999). Status Review for Westslope Cutthroat Trout in the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. p. 7. Retrieved 2014-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://fwp.mt.gov/fwpDoc.html?id=18717","url_text":"Status Review for Westslope Cutthroat Trout in the United States"}]},{"reference":"\"Synonyms of Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson, 1836)\". Fishbase. Retrieved 2014-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fishbase.org/Nomenclature/SynonymsList.php?ID=2688&SynCode=156254&GenusName=Oncorhynchus&SpeciesName=clarkii","url_text":"\"Synonyms of Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson, 1836)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montana Field Guide-Westslope Cutthroat\". Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. Retrieved 2010-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://fieldguide.mt.gov/detail_AFCHA02088.aspx","url_text":"\"Montana Field Guide-Westslope Cutthroat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montana Field Guide-Species of Concern\". Retrieved 2010-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://fieldguide.mt.gov/statusCodes.aspx#soc","url_text":"\"Montana Field Guide-Species of Concern\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aquatic Species at Risk - The Westslope Cutthroat Trout (British Columbia Population)\". Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Retrieved 2014-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/species-especes/west_slopecutthroattrout-truitefardee_ouest-eng.htm","url_text":"\"Aquatic Species at Risk - The Westslope Cutthroat Trout (British Columbia Population)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aquatic Species at Risk - The Westslope Cutthroat Trout (Alberta Population)\". Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Retrieved 2014-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/species-especes/slopecutthroattrout-truitefardee-eng.htm","url_text":"\"Aquatic Species at Risk - The Westslope Cutthroat Trout (Alberta Population)\""}]},{"reference":"Richardson, John; William Swainson; William Kirby (1836). Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expedition, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. London: J. Murray. pp. 225–226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)","url_text":"Richardson, John"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp4SAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expedition, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N."}]},{"reference":"Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). \"Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki\". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 137–234. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Behnke","url_text":"Behnke, Robert J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2220-2","url_text":"0-7432-2220-2"}]},{"reference":"Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). \"Westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi\". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 155–162. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Behnke","url_text":"Behnke, Robert J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2220-2","url_text":"0-7432-2220-2"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, David Starr; Evermann, Barton Warren (1896). A Check-list of the Fishes and Fishlike Vertebrates of North and Middle America. U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. p. 291.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TUIsAAAAYAAJ&q=clarkii","url_text":"A Check-list of the Fishes and Fishlike Vertebrates of North and Middle America"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, David Starr; Evermann, Barton Warren (1898). The Fishes of North and Middle America Part III. Smithsonian Institution. p. 2819.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1yRusGhJXnUC&q=Fishes+of+North+and+Middle+America+1898&pg=PA2183","url_text":"The Fishes of North and Middle America Part III"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Gerald R.; Stearley, Ralph F. (1989). \"The Classification and Scientific Names of Rainbow and Cutthroat Trouts\" (PDF). Fisheries. 14 (1). American Fisheries Society: 4–10. doi:10.1577/1548-8446(1989)014<0004:TCASNO>2.0.CO;2. hdl:2027.42/140998.","urls":[{"url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140998/1/fsh0004.pdf","url_text":"\"The Classification and Scientific Names of Rainbow and Cutthroat Trouts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1577%2F1548-8446%281989%29014%3C0004%3ATCASNO%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1577/1548-8446(1989)014<0004:TCASNO>2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F140998","url_text":"2027.42/140998"}]},{"reference":"Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). \"Genus Oncorhynchus\". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 10–21. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Behnke","url_text":"Behnke, Robert J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2220-2","url_text":"0-7432-2220-2"}]},{"reference":"Kevin Goodson; Bruce McIntosh; Mark Chilcote; Charlie Corrarino, eds. (2005). \"Oregon Native Fish Status Report\" (PDF). Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. pp. 452–457. Retrieved 2014-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dfw.state.or.us/fish/ONFSR/docs/volume-2-final.pdf","url_text":"\"Oregon Native Fish Status Report\""}]},{"reference":"Young, Michael K., ed. (1995). Conservation Assessment for Inland Cutthroat Trout (General Technical Report (GTR) RM-GTR-256). Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. p. 61. doi:10.2737/RM-GTR-256. hdl:2027/umn.31951d029777160.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/31928","url_text":"Conservation Assessment for Inland Cutthroat Trout"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2737%2FRM-GTR-256","url_text":"10.2737/RM-GTR-256"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.31951d029777160","url_text":"2027/umn.31951d029777160"}]},{"reference":"Muhlfeld, Clint C.; Kovach, Ryan P.; Jones, Leslie A.; Al-Chokhachy, Robert; Boyer, Matthew C.; Leary, Robb F.; Lowe, Winsor H.; Luikart, Gordon; Allendorf, Fred W. (July 2014). \"Invasive hybridization in a threatened species is accelerated by climate change\". Nature Climate Change. 4 (7): 620–624. Bibcode:2014NatCC...4..620M. doi:10.1038/nclimate2252. ISSN 1758-6798.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2252","url_text":"\"Invasive hybridization in a threatened species is accelerated by climate change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCC...4..620M","url_text":"2014NatCC...4..620M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnclimate2252","url_text":"10.1038/nclimate2252"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6798","url_text":"1758-6798"}]},{"reference":"Trotter, Patrick C. (2008). Cutthroat: Native Trout of the West (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25458-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25458-9","url_text":"978-0-520-25458-9"}]},{"reference":"Behnke, Robert J.; Tomelleri, Joseph R. (illustrator) (2002). \"Cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki\". Trout and Salmon of North America. The Free Press. pp. 137–234. ISBN 0-7432-2220-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Behnke","url_text":"Behnke, Robert J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2220-2","url_text":"0-7432-2220-2"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103630/Oncorhynchus_clarkii_lewisi","external_links_name":"\"Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi\""},{"Link":"http://fwp.mt.gov/fwpDoc.html?id=18717","external_links_name":"Status Review for Westslope Cutthroat Trout in the United States"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/Nomenclature/SynonymsList.php?ID=2688&SynCode=156254&GenusName=Oncorhynchus&SpeciesName=clarkii","external_links_name":"\"Synonyms of Oncorhynchus clarkii (Richardson, 1836)\""},{"Link":"http://fieldguide.mt.gov/detail_AFCHA02088.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Montana Field Guide-Westslope Cutthroat\""},{"Link":"http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/1/1/1-1-507.htm","external_links_name":"1-1-507. State fish"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130117094517/http://data.opi.mt.gov/bills/mca/1/1/1-1-507.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://fieldguide.mt.gov/statusCodes.aspx#soc","external_links_name":"\"Montana Field Guide-Species of Concern\""},{"Link":"http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/species-especes/west_slopecutthroattrout-truitefardee_ouest-eng.htm","external_links_name":"\"Aquatic Species at Risk - The Westslope Cutthroat Trout (British Columbia Population)\""},{"Link":"http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/species-especes/species-especes/slopecutthroattrout-truitefardee-eng.htm","external_links_name":"\"Aquatic Species at Risk - The Westslope Cutthroat Trout (Alberta Population)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp4SAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Fauna boreali-americana, or, The zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expedition, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N."},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TUIsAAAAYAAJ&q=clarkii","external_links_name":"A Check-list of the Fishes and Fishlike Vertebrates of North and Middle America"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1yRusGhJXnUC&q=Fishes+of+North+and+Middle+America+1898&pg=PA2183","external_links_name":"The Fishes of North and Middle America Part III"},{"Link":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140998/1/fsh0004.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Classification and Scientific Names of Rainbow and Cutthroat Trouts\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1577%2F1548-8446%281989%29014%3C0004%3ATCASNO%3E2.0.CO%3B2","external_links_name":"10.1577/1548-8446(1989)014<0004:TCASNO>2.0.CO;2"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F140998","external_links_name":"2027.42/140998"},{"Link":"http://www.dfw.state.or.us/fish/ONFSR/docs/volume-2-final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Oregon Native Fish Status Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/31928","external_links_name":"Conservation Assessment for Inland Cutthroat Trout"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2737%2FRM-GTR-256","external_links_name":"10.2737/RM-GTR-256"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.31951d029777160","external_links_name":"2027/umn.31951d029777160"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2FF03-125","external_links_name":"10.1139/F03-125"},{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2252","external_links_name":"\"Invasive hybridization in a threatened species is accelerated by climate change\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NatCC...4..620M","external_links_name":"2014NatCC...4..620M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnclimate2252","external_links_name":"10.1038/nclimate2252"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1758-6798","external_links_name":"1758-6798"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120101183707/http://fwp.mt.gov/wildthings/concern/westslope.html","external_links_name":"Montana State Fish & Wildlife website: Westslope cutthroat trout"},{"Link":"http://fwp.mt.gov/fishAndWildlife/management/westslopeCT/","external_links_name":"Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks :: Westslope Cutthroat Trout"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5711983","external_links_name":"5711983"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/237535","external_links_name":"237535"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=553415","external_links_name":"553415"},{"Link":"https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=895","external_links_name":"895"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.103630/","external_links_name":"2.103630"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=490388","external_links_name":"490388"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=323484","external_links_name":"323484"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5722955","external_links_name":"5722955"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=914081","external_links_name":"914081"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=403579","external_links_name":"403579"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Coukos
George Coukos
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Major accomplishments","4 Awards and honors","5 References","6 External links"]
Tumor immunologist George CoukosBornDecember 23, 1961Alma materUniversity of Modena, Italy University of Patras, Greece University of Pennsylvania, USAScientific careerFieldsCancer immunotherapy George Coukos (born December 23, 1961) is a physician-scientist in tumor immunology, professor and director of the Ludwig Cancer Research Lausanne Branch and director of the Department of oncology UNIL-CHUV of the University of Lausanne and the Lausanne University Hospital in Lausanne, Switzerland. He is known for his work on the mechanisms by which tumors suppress anti-cancer immune responses, and the role of the tumor vasculature in that suppression. In addition to his work in ovarian cancer, the combinatorial immune therapies proposed by Professor Coukos have been successfully tested and approved for lung, liver and kidney cancers. Early life and education Born and raised in Greece, George Coukos obtained his MD in 1986 at the University of Modena, Italy, and his PhD in 1991 at the University of Patras, Greece. He completed training in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Modena in 1991. He then undertook a post-doctorate fellowship in cell biology at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia (1991–1994) where he also completed residency training in obstetrics and gynecology (1994–1997) as well as fellowship training in Gynecologic Oncology (1997–2000). Career In 2000, he became Assistant Professor at the University of Pennsylvania. He became Associate Professor in 2006 and Full Professor in 2010. At the University of Pennsylvania, George Coukos founded (2007) and directed the Ovarian Cancer Research Center, and served as associate director of the Division of Gynecologic Oncology. In 2012, Coukos was recruited by the University of Lausanne to head up the Department of oncology UNIL-CHUV, of the Lausanne University Hospital in Switzerland. He was appointed director of the Lausanne branch of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research in the same year. Major accomplishments Discovery of a spontaneous anti-tumor response in ovarian cancer, previously thought to be present only in few tumor types, such as kidney cancer or melanoma First to propose the notion that tumor endothelial barrier actively controls the localization of T cells in tumors, sparking major international efforts towards the development of combinations of anti-angiogenesis drugs with immune check points in numerous solid tumors Discovery of mechanisms of immune recognition, including neoantigens, and development of rational T-cell therapy based on pursuit of neoantigens Discovery of the pro-angiogenic role of T regulatory cells and tumor monocytes Development of immunotherapies such as an autologous dendritic cell vaccine and adoptive T-cell therapy with vaccine-primed autologous T-cells Awards and honors American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Foundation's Scholar (2000) Bristol-Myers Immunology-Oncology Young Investigator Grant, Gynecologic Cancer Foundation (2001) Translational Science Award, Sidney Kimmel Foundation (2002) Margaret Greenfield Award for Excellence in Ovarian Cancer Research, Gynecologic Cancer Foundation (2005) Judah Folkman Award, Alliance for Cancer Gene Therapy (2006) Sir William Osler Award for Excellence in Patient Oriented Research, University of Pennsylvania (2006) Mimi Yurkow Courage Award, National Ovarian Cancer Coalition, Southern New Jersey Chapter(2007) Teal Magnolias Award, National Ovarian Cancer Coalition (2008) Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance (2008 and 2012) Angela Carlino Award, Sandy Foundation (2009) Rosalind Franklin Excellence in Ovarian Cancer Research Award (2010) National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director's Transformative Award (2010) Claudia Cohen Research Foundation Prize for Outstanding Gynecologic (2012) Advanced grant, European Research Council (2013) Stewart J. Rahr Foundation Prostate Cancer Foundation Challenge Award (2018) Helga Salvesen Award for Best Translational Research, European Society of Gynecological Oncology (2019) European Society of Medical Oncology Award for Translational Research (2021) Web of Science Highly Cited Researcher (2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022) American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Academy Fellow (2023) References ^ "George Coukos: a temple from translational research". Cancer World Archive. 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2021-12-17. ^ "Ludwig Cancer Research". Retrieved 2021-12-17. ^ "The ESMO 2021 Award for Translational Research recognizes the work of the Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV and the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne by rewarding its director, Prof. George Coukos". CHUV (in Swiss French). Retrieved 2021-12-17. ^ "Center for Research on Early Detection and Cure of Ovarian Cancer Launches at PENN Medicine". Pennmedicine.org. Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ "George Coukos". Unil.ch. ^ "Ludwig Cancer Research". Ludwigcancerresearch.org. Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ Zhang, Lin; Conejo-Garcia, Jose R.; Katsaros, Dionyssios; Gimotty, Phyllis A.; Massobrio, Marco; Regnani, Giorgia; Makrigiannakis, Antonis; Gray, Heidi; Schlienger, Katia; Liebman, Michael N.; Coukos, George (2003). "Intratumoral T cells, recurrence, and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer". The New England Journal of Medicine. 348 (3): 203–213. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020177. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 12529460. ^ Buckanovich, Ronald J.; Facciabene, Andrea; Kim, Sarah; Benencia, Fabian; Sasaroli, Dimitra; Balint, Klara; Katsaros, Dionysios; O'Brien-Jenkins, Anne; Gimotty, Phyllis A.; Coukos, George (2008). "Endothelin B receptor mediates the endothelial barrier to T cell homing to tumors and disables immune therapy". Nature Medicine. 14 (1): 28–36. doi:10.1038/nm1699. ISSN 1546-170X. PMID 18157142. S2CID 14822376. ^ Motz, Gregory T.; Santoro, Stephen P.; Wang, Li-Ping; Garrabrant, Tom; Lastra, Ricardo R.; Hagemann, Ian S.; Lal, Priti; Feldman, Michael D.; Benencia, Fabian; Coukos, George (2014). "Tumor endothelium FasL establishes a selective immune barrier promoting tolerance in tumors". Nature Medicine. 20 (6): 607–615. doi:10.1038/nm.3541. ISSN 1546-170X. PMC 4060245. PMID 24793239. ^ Motz, Gregory T.; Coukos, George (2011-09-23). "The parallel lives of angiogenesis and immunosuppression: cancer and other tales". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 11 (10): 702–711. doi:10.1038/nri3064. ISSN 1474-1741. PMID 21941296. S2CID 28894601. ^ Motz, Greg T.; Coukos, George (2013-07-25). "Deciphering and reversing tumor immune suppression". Immunity. 39 (1): 61–73. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.005. ISSN 1097-4180. PMC 3782392. PMID 23890064. ^ Bobisse, Sara; Genolet, Raphael; Roberti, Annalisa; Tanyi, Janos L.; Racle, Julien; Stevenson, Brian J.; Iseli, Christian; Michel, Alexandra; Le Bitoux, Marie-Aude; Guillaume, Philippe; Coukos, George (2018). "Sensitive and frequent identification of high avidity neo-epitope specific CD8+T cells in immunotherapy-naive ovarian cancer". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 1092. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.1092B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03301-0. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5854609. PMID 29545564. ^ Chong, Chloe; Coukos, George; Bassani-Sternberg, Michal (2021-10-11). "Identification of tumor antigens with immunopeptidomics". Nature Biotechnology. 40 (2): 175–188. doi:10.1038/s41587-021-01038-8. ISSN 1546-1696. PMID 34635837. S2CID 238637137. ^ Arnaud, Marion; Chiffelle, Johanna; Genolet, Raphael; Navarro Rodrigo, Blanca; Perez, Marta A. S.; Huber, Florian; Magnin, Morgane; Nguyen-Ngoc, Tu; Guillaume, Philippe; Baumgaertner, Petra; Coukos, George (2021). "Sensitive identification of neoantigens and cognate TCRs in human solid tumors". Nature Biotechnology. 40 (5): 656–660. doi:10.1038/s41587-021-01072-6. ISSN 1546-1696. PMC 9110298. PMID 34782741. ^ Markiewski, Maciej M.; DeAngelis, Robert A.; Benencia, Fabian; Ricklin-Lichtsteiner, Salome K.; Koutoulaki, Anna; Gerard, Craig; Coukos, George; Lambris, John D. (2008). "Modulation of the antitumor immune response by complement". Nature Immunology. 9 (11): 1225–1235. doi:10.1038/ni.1655. ISSN 1529-2916. PMC 2678913. PMID 18820683. ^ Facciabene, Andrea; Peng, Xiaohui; Hagemann, Ian S.; Balint, Klara; Barchetti, Andrea; Wang, Li-Ping; Gimotty, Phyllis A.; Gilks, C. Blake; Lal, Priti; Zhang, Lin; Coukos, George (2011-07-13). "Tumour hypoxia promotes tolerance and angiogenesis via CCL28 and T(reg) cells". Nature. 475 (7355): 226–230. doi:10.1038/nature10169. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 21753853. S2CID 785079. ^ Tanyi, Janos L.; Bobisse, Sara; Ophir, Eran; Tuyaerts, Sandra; Roberti, Annalisa; Genolet, Raphael; Baumgartner, Petra; Stevenson, Brian J.; Iseli, Christian; Dangaj, Denarda; Coukos, George (2018-04-11). "Personalized cancer vaccine effectively mobilizes antitumor T cell immunity in ovarian cancer". Science Translational Medicine. 10 (436): eaao5931. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aao5931. ISSN 1946-6242. PMID 29643231. S2CID 4937557. ^ Giordano-Attianese, Greta; Gainza, Pablo; Gray-Gaillard, Elise; Cribioli, Elisabetta; Shui, Sailan; Kim, Seonghoon; Kwak, Mi-Jeong; Vollers, Sabrina; Corria Osorio, Angel De Jesus; Reichenbach, Patrick; Coukos, George (2020). "A computationally designed chimeric antigen receptor provides a small-molecule safety switch for T-cell therapy" (PDF). Nature Biotechnology. 38 (4): 426–432. doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0403-9. ISSN 1546-1696. PMID 32015549. S2CID 211017736. ^ "Former Scholars – American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Foundation". Aaogf.org. Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ a b c "Research Grants and Awards History Report" (PDF). Openwater-public.s3.amazonaws.com. Retrieved 8 June 2022. ^ "View coukos biographical sketch - Abramson Family Cancer". ^ "Coukos". Alliance for Cancer Gene Therapy. Retrieved 2021-12-17. ^ "CV - George Coukos". studyres.com. Retrieved 2021-12-18. ^ "University of Pennsylvania". Ocrahope.org. ^ "September 26, 2009 Fashion Fights Ovarian Cancer_ Sandy Rollman". Ovariancancer.blogspot.com. ^ "OCRA National Conference Awards & Prizes". Ocrahope.org. Archived from the original on 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2022-05-31. ^ "NIH Director's Transformative Research Award Program - 2010 Award Recipients". Commonfund.nih.gov. 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2021-12-17. ^ "European Research Council". News.unil.ch. Retrieved 2021-12-17. ^ "Challenge Awards - Class of 2018". Prostate Cancer Foundation. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 2021-12-17. ^ "Helga Salvesen Award". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-12-17. ^ ESMO. "ESMO Award for Translational Research". Esmo.org. Retrieved 2021-12-17. ^ "Highly Cited Researchers". Recognition.webofscience.com. ^ "AACR Announces Fellows of the AACR Academy Class of 2023 and New AACR Academy President". www.aacr.org. Retrieved 2023-04-10. External links George Coukos academic profile at University of Lausanne George Coukos profile at Ludwig Cancer Research George Coukos publications indexed by Google Scholar University of Lausanne Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tumor immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_immunology"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Cancer Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Cancer_Research"},{"link_name":"University of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Lausanne University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"George Coukos (born December 23, 1961) is a physician-scientist in tumor immunology, professor and director of the Ludwig Cancer Research Lausanne Branch and director of the Department of oncology UNIL-CHUV of the University of Lausanne and the Lausanne University Hospital in Lausanne, Switzerland.[1] He is known for his work on the mechanisms by which tumors suppress anti-cancer immune responses, and the role of the tumor vasculature in that suppression.[2] In addition to his work in ovarian cancer, the combinatorial immune therapies proposed by Professor Coukos have been successfully tested and approved for lung, liver and kidney cancers.[3]","title":"George Coukos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Modena"},{"link_name":"University of Patras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Patras"},{"link_name":"Obstetrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrics"},{"link_name":"Gynecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynaecology"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Gynecologic Oncology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology"}],"text":"Born and raised in Greece, George Coukos obtained his MD in 1986 at the University of Modena, Italy, and his PhD in 1991 at the University of Patras, Greece. He completed training in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Modena in 1991. He then undertook a post-doctorate fellowship in cell biology at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia (1991–1994) where he also completed residency training in obstetrics and gynecology (1994–1997) as well as fellowship training in Gynecologic Oncology (1997–2000).","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 2000, he became Assistant Professor at the University of Pennsylvania. He became Associate Professor in 2006 and Full Professor in 2010. At the University of Pennsylvania, George Coukos founded (2007) and directed the Ovarian Cancer Research Center,[4] and served as associate director of the Division of Gynecologic Oncology. In 2012, Coukos was recruited by the University of Lausanne to head up the Department of oncology UNIL-CHUV, of the Lausanne University Hospital in Switzerland.[5] He was appointed director of the Lausanne branch of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research in the same year.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ovarian cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_cancer"},{"link_name":"melanoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"endothelial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelial"},{"link_name":"T cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cells"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"angiogenesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"immune recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_recognition"},{"link_name":"neoantigens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoantigen"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"autologous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autologous"},{"link_name":"dendritic cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Discovery of a spontaneous anti-tumor response in ovarian cancer, previously thought to be present only in few tumor types, such as kidney cancer or melanoma[7]\nFirst to propose the notion that tumor endothelial barrier actively controls the localization of T cells in tumors,[8][9] sparking major international efforts towards the development of combinations of anti-angiogenesis drugs with immune check points in numerous solid tumors[10][11]\nDiscovery of mechanisms of immune recognition, including neoantigens, and development of rational T-cell therapy based on pursuit of neoantigens[12][13][14]\nDiscovery of the pro-angiogenic role of T regulatory cells and tumor monocytes[15][16]\nDevelopment of immunotherapies such as an autologous dendritic cell vaccine and adoptive T-cell therapy with vaccine-primed autologous T-cells[17][18]","title":"Major accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-20"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Helga Salvesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helga_Salvesen"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Foundation's Scholar[19] (2000)\nBristol-Myers Immunology-Oncology Young Investigator Grant, Gynecologic Cancer Foundation [20] (2001)\nTranslational Science Award, Sidney Kimmel Foundation [21] (2002)\nMargaret Greenfield Award for Excellence in Ovarian Cancer Research, Gynecologic Cancer Foundation [20] (2005)\nJudah Folkman Award, Alliance for Cancer Gene Therapy[22] (2006)\nSir William Osler Award for Excellence in Patient Oriented Research, University of Pennsylvania[23] (2006)\nMimi Yurkow Courage Award, National Ovarian Cancer Coalition, Southern New Jersey Chapter(2007)\nTeal Magnolias Award, National Ovarian Cancer Coalition (2008)\nOvarian Cancer Research Alliance [24] (2008 and 2012)\nAngela Carlino Award, Sandy Foundation [25] (2009)\nRosalind Franklin Excellence in Ovarian Cancer Research Award [26] (2010)\nNational Institutes of Health (NIH) Director's Transformative Award[27] (2010)\nClaudia Cohen Research Foundation Prize for Outstanding Gynecologic [20] (2012)\nAdvanced grant, European Research Council[28] (2013)\nStewart J. Rahr Foundation Prostate Cancer Foundation Challenge Award[29] (2018)\nHelga Salvesen Award for Best Translational Research, European Society of Gynecological Oncology[30] (2019)\nEuropean Society of Medical Oncology Award for Translational Research[31] (2021)\nWeb of Science Highly Cited Researcher [32] (2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022)\nAmerican Association for Cancer Research (AACR) Academy Fellow [33] (2023)","title":"Awards and honors"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"George Coukos: a temple from translational research\". Cancer World Archive. 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2021-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.cancerworld.net/cover-story/george-coukos-a-temple-from-translational-research/","url_text":"\"George Coukos: a temple from translational research\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ludwig Cancer Research\". Retrieved 2021-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ludwigcancerresearch.org/news-releases/ludwig-lausanne-director-george-coukos-receives-2021-esmo-translational-research-award/","url_text":"\"Ludwig Cancer Research\""}]},{"reference":"\"The ESMO 2021 Award for Translational Research recognizes the work of the Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV and the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne by rewarding its director, Prof. George Coukos\". CHUV (in Swiss French). Retrieved 2021-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chuv.ch/fr/chuv-home/espace-pro/journalistes/communiques-de-presse/detail/the-esmo-2021-award-for-translational-research-recognizes-the-work-of-the-department-of-oncology-unil-chuv-and-the-ludwig-institute-for-cancer-research-lausanne","url_text":"\"The ESMO 2021 Award for Translational Research recognizes the work of the Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV and the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne by rewarding its director, Prof. George Coukos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Center for Research on Early Detection and Cure of Ovarian Cancer Launches at PENN Medicine\". Pennmedicine.org. Retrieved 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2007/march/center-for-research-on-early?_ga=2.87785756.586338791.1653999695-2013326935.1651564758","url_text":"\"Center for Research on Early Detection and Cure of Ovarian Cancer Launches at PENN Medicine\""}]},{"reference":"\"George Coukos\". Unil.ch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unil.ch/fbm/fr/home/menuinst/la-releve-academique/nominations--promotions/professeurs-a-a-z/a-c/coukos-george.html","url_text":"\"George Coukos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ludwig Cancer Research\". Ludwigcancerresearch.org. Retrieved 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ludwigcancerresearch.org/news-releases/ludwig-welcomes-the-appointment-of-george-coukos-to-new-european-cancer-center-of-excellence/","url_text":"\"Ludwig Cancer Research\""}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Lin; Conejo-Garcia, Jose R.; Katsaros, Dionyssios; Gimotty, Phyllis A.; Massobrio, Marco; Regnani, Giorgia; Makrigiannakis, Antonis; Gray, Heidi; Schlienger, Katia; Liebman, Michael N.; Coukos, George (2003). \"Intratumoral T cells, recurrence, and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer\". The New England Journal of Medicine. 348 (3): 203–213. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020177. ISSN 1533-4406. PMID 12529460.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa020177","url_text":"\"Intratumoral T cells, recurrence, and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa020177","url_text":"10.1056/NEJMoa020177"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1533-4406","url_text":"1533-4406"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529460","url_text":"12529460"}]},{"reference":"Buckanovich, Ronald J.; Facciabene, Andrea; Kim, Sarah; Benencia, Fabian; Sasaroli, Dimitra; Balint, Klara; Katsaros, Dionysios; O'Brien-Jenkins, Anne; Gimotty, Phyllis A.; Coukos, George (2008). \"Endothelin B receptor mediates the endothelial barrier to T cell homing to tumors and disables immune therapy\". Nature Medicine. 14 (1): 28–36. doi:10.1038/nm1699. ISSN 1546-170X. PMID 18157142. S2CID 14822376.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18157142","url_text":"\"Endothelin B receptor mediates the endothelial barrier to T cell homing to tumors and disables immune therapy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1699","url_text":"10.1038/nm1699"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-170X","url_text":"1546-170X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18157142","url_text":"18157142"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14822376","url_text":"14822376"}]},{"reference":"Motz, Gregory T.; Santoro, Stephen P.; Wang, Li-Ping; Garrabrant, Tom; Lastra, Ricardo R.; Hagemann, Ian S.; Lal, Priti; Feldman, Michael D.; Benencia, Fabian; Coukos, George (2014). \"Tumor endothelium FasL establishes a selective immune barrier promoting tolerance in tumors\". Nature Medicine. 20 (6): 607–615. doi:10.1038/nm.3541. ISSN 1546-170X. PMC 4060245. PMID 24793239.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4060245","url_text":"\"Tumor endothelium FasL establishes a selective immune barrier promoting tolerance in tumors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm.3541","url_text":"10.1038/nm.3541"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-170X","url_text":"1546-170X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4060245","url_text":"4060245"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24793239","url_text":"24793239"}]},{"reference":"Motz, Gregory T.; Coukos, George (2011-09-23). \"The parallel lives of angiogenesis and immunosuppression: cancer and other tales\". Nature Reviews. Immunology. 11 (10): 702–711. doi:10.1038/nri3064. ISSN 1474-1741. PMID 21941296. S2CID 28894601.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21941296","url_text":"\"The parallel lives of angiogenesis and immunosuppression: cancer and other tales\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnri3064","url_text":"10.1038/nri3064"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1474-1741","url_text":"1474-1741"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21941296","url_text":"21941296"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28894601","url_text":"28894601"}]},{"reference":"Motz, Greg T.; Coukos, George (2013-07-25). \"Deciphering and reversing tumor immune suppression\". Immunity. 39 (1): 61–73. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.005. ISSN 1097-4180. PMC 3782392. PMID 23890064.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3782392","url_text":"\"Deciphering and reversing tumor immune suppression\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2013.07.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1097-4180","url_text":"1097-4180"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3782392","url_text":"3782392"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23890064","url_text":"23890064"}]},{"reference":"Bobisse, Sara; Genolet, Raphael; Roberti, Annalisa; Tanyi, Janos L.; Racle, Julien; Stevenson, Brian J.; Iseli, Christian; Michel, Alexandra; Le Bitoux, Marie-Aude; Guillaume, Philippe; Coukos, George (2018). \"Sensitive and frequent identification of high avidity neo-epitope specific CD8+T cells in immunotherapy-naive ovarian cancer\". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 1092. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.1092B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03301-0. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5854609. PMID 29545564.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854609","url_text":"\"Sensitive and frequent identification of high avidity neo-epitope specific CD8+T cells in immunotherapy-naive ovarian cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.1092B","url_text":"2018NatCo...9.1092B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-03301-0","url_text":"10.1038/s41467-018-03301-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723","url_text":"2041-1723"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854609","url_text":"5854609"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545564","url_text":"29545564"}]},{"reference":"Chong, Chloe; Coukos, George; Bassani-Sternberg, Michal (2021-10-11). \"Identification of tumor antigens with immunopeptidomics\". Nature Biotechnology. 40 (2): 175–188. doi:10.1038/s41587-021-01038-8. ISSN 1546-1696. PMID 34635837. S2CID 238637137.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34635837","url_text":"\"Identification of tumor antigens with immunopeptidomics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41587-021-01038-8","url_text":"10.1038/s41587-021-01038-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-1696","url_text":"1546-1696"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34635837","url_text":"34635837"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238637137","url_text":"238637137"}]},{"reference":"Arnaud, Marion; Chiffelle, Johanna; Genolet, Raphael; Navarro Rodrigo, Blanca; Perez, Marta A. S.; Huber, Florian; Magnin, Morgane; Nguyen-Ngoc, Tu; Guillaume, Philippe; Baumgaertner, Petra; Coukos, George (2021). \"Sensitive identification of neoantigens and cognate TCRs in human solid tumors\". Nature Biotechnology. 40 (5): 656–660. doi:10.1038/s41587-021-01072-6. ISSN 1546-1696. PMC 9110298. PMID 34782741.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9110298","url_text":"\"Sensitive identification of neoantigens and cognate TCRs in human solid tumors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41587-021-01072-6","url_text":"10.1038/s41587-021-01072-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-1696","url_text":"1546-1696"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9110298","url_text":"9110298"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34782741","url_text":"34782741"}]},{"reference":"Markiewski, Maciej M.; DeAngelis, Robert A.; Benencia, Fabian; Ricklin-Lichtsteiner, Salome K.; Koutoulaki, Anna; Gerard, Craig; Coukos, George; Lambris, John D. (2008). \"Modulation of the antitumor immune response by complement\". Nature Immunology. 9 (11): 1225–1235. doi:10.1038/ni.1655. ISSN 1529-2916. PMC 2678913. PMID 18820683.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678913","url_text":"\"Modulation of the antitumor immune response by complement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fni.1655","url_text":"10.1038/ni.1655"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1529-2916","url_text":"1529-2916"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678913","url_text":"2678913"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18820683","url_text":"18820683"}]},{"reference":"Facciabene, Andrea; Peng, Xiaohui; Hagemann, Ian S.; Balint, Klara; Barchetti, Andrea; Wang, Li-Ping; Gimotty, Phyllis A.; Gilks, C. Blake; Lal, Priti; Zhang, Lin; Coukos, George (2011-07-13). \"Tumour hypoxia promotes tolerance and angiogenesis via CCL28 and T(reg) cells\". Nature. 475 (7355): 226–230. doi:10.1038/nature10169. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 21753853. S2CID 785079.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21753853","url_text":"\"Tumour hypoxia promotes tolerance and angiogenesis via CCL28 and T(reg) cells\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10169","url_text":"10.1038/nature10169"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","url_text":"1476-4687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21753853","url_text":"21753853"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:785079","url_text":"785079"}]},{"reference":"Tanyi, Janos L.; Bobisse, Sara; Ophir, Eran; Tuyaerts, Sandra; Roberti, Annalisa; Genolet, Raphael; Baumgartner, Petra; Stevenson, Brian J.; Iseli, Christian; Dangaj, Denarda; Coukos, George (2018-04-11). \"Personalized cancer vaccine effectively mobilizes antitumor T cell immunity in ovarian cancer\". Science Translational Medicine. 10 (436): eaao5931. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aao5931. ISSN 1946-6242. PMID 29643231. S2CID 4937557.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.aao5931","url_text":"\"Personalized cancer vaccine effectively mobilizes antitumor T cell immunity in ovarian cancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.aao5931","url_text":"10.1126/scitranslmed.aao5931"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1946-6242","url_text":"1946-6242"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29643231","url_text":"29643231"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4937557","url_text":"4937557"}]},{"reference":"Giordano-Attianese, Greta; Gainza, Pablo; Gray-Gaillard, Elise; Cribioli, Elisabetta; Shui, Sailan; Kim, Seonghoon; Kwak, Mi-Jeong; Vollers, Sabrina; Corria Osorio, Angel De Jesus; Reichenbach, Patrick; Coukos, George (2020). \"A computationally designed chimeric antigen receptor provides a small-molecule safety switch for T-cell therapy\" (PDF). Nature Biotechnology. 38 (4): 426–432. doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0403-9. ISSN 1546-1696. PMID 32015549. S2CID 211017736.","urls":[{"url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/275813/files/s41587-019-0403-9.pdf","url_text":"\"A computationally designed chimeric antigen receptor provides a small-molecule safety switch for T-cell therapy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41587-019-0403-9","url_text":"10.1038/s41587-019-0403-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-1696","url_text":"1546-1696"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32015549","url_text":"32015549"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211017736","url_text":"211017736"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Scholars – American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Foundation\". Aaogf.org. Retrieved 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aaogf.org/scholarships/former-scholars/","url_text":"\"Former Scholars – American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Research Grants and Awards History Report\" (PDF). Openwater-public.s3.amazonaws.com. Retrieved 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://openwater-public.s3.amazonaws.com/sonar-uploads%2FB0eIah7Sj2V31RpZVIn7_FWC-Research-Grants-and-Awards-History-Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Research Grants and Awards History Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"View coukos biographical sketch - Abramson Family Cancer\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/37390181/view-coukos-biographical-sketch-abramson-family-cancer-","url_text":"\"View coukos biographical sketch - Abramson Family Cancer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coukos\". Alliance for Cancer Gene Therapy. Retrieved 2021-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://acgtfoundation.org/groundbreaking-research/what-we-fund/coukos/","url_text":"\"Coukos\""}]},{"reference":"\"CV - George Coukos\". studyres.com. Retrieved 2021-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://studyres.com/doc/7870055/cv---george-coukos---md-anderson-cancer-center","url_text":"\"CV - George Coukos\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of Pennsylvania\". Ocrahope.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://ocrahope.org/institution/university-of-pennsylvania/","url_text":"\"University of Pennsylvania\""}]},{"reference":"\"September 26, 2009 Fashion Fights Ovarian Cancer_ Sandy Rollman\". Ovariancancer.blogspot.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://ovariancancer.blogspot.com/2009/09/september-26-2009-fashion-fights.html","url_text":"\"September 26, 2009 Fashion Fights Ovarian Cancer_ Sandy Rollman\""}]},{"reference":"\"OCRA National Conference Awards & Prizes\". Ocrahope.org. Archived from the original on 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2022-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210517113616/https://ocrahope.org/events/conference/awards-prizes/","url_text":"\"OCRA National Conference Awards & Prizes\""},{"url":"https://ocrahope.org/events/conference/awards-prizes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NIH Director's Transformative Research Award Program - 2010 Award Recipients\". Commonfund.nih.gov. 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2021-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://commonfund.nih.gov/tra/recipients10","url_text":"\"NIH Director's Transformative Research Award Program - 2010 Award Recipients\""}]},{"reference":"\"European Research Council\". News.unil.ch. Retrieved 2021-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.unil.ch/display/1386931250272110","url_text":"\"European Research Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Challenge Awards - Class of 2018\". Prostate Cancer Foundation. 15 August 2018. Retrieved 2021-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcf.org/c/challenge-awards-class-of-2018/","url_text":"\"Challenge Awards - Class of 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Helga Salvesen Award\". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/esgo_society/status/1191264000987803648","url_text":"\"Helga Salvesen Award\""}]},{"reference":"ESMO. \"ESMO Award for Translational Research\". Esmo.org. Retrieved 2021-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esmo.org/about-esmo/awards/esmo-award-for-translational-research","url_text":"\"ESMO Award for Translational Research\""}]},{"reference":"\"Highly Cited Researchers\". Recognition.webofscience.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://recognition.webofscience.com/awards/highly-cited/2021/","url_text":"\"Highly Cited Researchers\""}]},{"reference":"\"AACR Announces Fellows of the AACR Academy Class of 2023 and New AACR Academy President\". www.aacr.org. Retrieved 2023-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aacr.org/about-the-aacr/newsroom/news-releases/aacr-announces-fellows-of-the-aacr-academy-class-of-2023-and-new-aacr-academy-president/","url_text":"\"AACR Announces Fellows of the AACR Academy Class of 2023 and New AACR Academy President\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.cancerworld.net/cover-story/george-coukos-a-temple-from-translational-research/","external_links_name":"\"George Coukos: a temple from translational research\""},{"Link":"https://www.ludwigcancerresearch.org/news-releases/ludwig-lausanne-director-george-coukos-receives-2021-esmo-translational-research-award/","external_links_name":"\"Ludwig Cancer Research\""},{"Link":"https://www.chuv.ch/fr/chuv-home/espace-pro/journalistes/communiques-de-presse/detail/the-esmo-2021-award-for-translational-research-recognizes-the-work-of-the-department-of-oncology-unil-chuv-and-the-ludwig-institute-for-cancer-research-lausanne","external_links_name":"\"The ESMO 2021 Award for Translational Research recognizes the work of the Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV and the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Lausanne by rewarding its director, Prof. George Coukos\""},{"Link":"https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2007/march/center-for-research-on-early?_ga=2.87785756.586338791.1653999695-2013326935.1651564758","external_links_name":"\"Center for Research on Early Detection and Cure of Ovarian Cancer Launches at PENN Medicine\""},{"Link":"https://www.unil.ch/fbm/fr/home/menuinst/la-releve-academique/nominations--promotions/professeurs-a-a-z/a-c/coukos-george.html","external_links_name":"\"George Coukos\""},{"Link":"https://www.ludwigcancerresearch.org/news-releases/ludwig-welcomes-the-appointment-of-george-coukos-to-new-european-cancer-center-of-excellence/","external_links_name":"\"Ludwig Cancer Research\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa020177","external_links_name":"\"Intratumoral T cells, recurrence, and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa020177","external_links_name":"10.1056/NEJMoa020177"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1533-4406","external_links_name":"1533-4406"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529460","external_links_name":"12529460"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18157142","external_links_name":"\"Endothelin B receptor mediates the endothelial barrier to T cell homing to tumors and disables immune therapy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1699","external_links_name":"10.1038/nm1699"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-170X","external_links_name":"1546-170X"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18157142","external_links_name":"18157142"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14822376","external_links_name":"14822376"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4060245","external_links_name":"\"Tumor endothelium FasL establishes a selective immune barrier promoting tolerance in tumors\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm.3541","external_links_name":"10.1038/nm.3541"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-170X","external_links_name":"1546-170X"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4060245","external_links_name":"4060245"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24793239","external_links_name":"24793239"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21941296","external_links_name":"\"The parallel lives of angiogenesis and immunosuppression: cancer and other tales\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnri3064","external_links_name":"10.1038/nri3064"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1474-1741","external_links_name":"1474-1741"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21941296","external_links_name":"21941296"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28894601","external_links_name":"28894601"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3782392","external_links_name":"\"Deciphering and reversing tumor immune suppression\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.immuni.2013.07.005","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.005"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1097-4180","external_links_name":"1097-4180"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3782392","external_links_name":"3782392"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23890064","external_links_name":"23890064"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854609","external_links_name":"\"Sensitive and frequent identification of high avidity neo-epitope specific CD8+T cells in immunotherapy-naive ovarian cancer\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.1092B","external_links_name":"2018NatCo...9.1092B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-03301-0","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41467-018-03301-0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723","external_links_name":"2041-1723"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5854609","external_links_name":"5854609"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545564","external_links_name":"29545564"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34635837","external_links_name":"\"Identification of tumor antigens with immunopeptidomics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41587-021-01038-8","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41587-021-01038-8"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-1696","external_links_name":"1546-1696"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34635837","external_links_name":"34635837"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238637137","external_links_name":"238637137"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9110298","external_links_name":"\"Sensitive identification of neoantigens and cognate TCRs in human solid tumors\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41587-021-01072-6","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41587-021-01072-6"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-1696","external_links_name":"1546-1696"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9110298","external_links_name":"9110298"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34782741","external_links_name":"34782741"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678913","external_links_name":"\"Modulation of the antitumor immune response by complement\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fni.1655","external_links_name":"10.1038/ni.1655"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1529-2916","external_links_name":"1529-2916"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678913","external_links_name":"2678913"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18820683","external_links_name":"18820683"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21753853","external_links_name":"\"Tumour hypoxia promotes tolerance and angiogenesis via CCL28 and T(reg) cells\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10169","external_links_name":"10.1038/nature10169"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","external_links_name":"1476-4687"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21753853","external_links_name":"21753853"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:785079","external_links_name":"785079"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.aao5931","external_links_name":"\"Personalized cancer vaccine effectively mobilizes antitumor T cell immunity in ovarian cancer\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.aao5931","external_links_name":"10.1126/scitranslmed.aao5931"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1946-6242","external_links_name":"1946-6242"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29643231","external_links_name":"29643231"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4937557","external_links_name":"4937557"},{"Link":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/275813/files/s41587-019-0403-9.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A computationally designed chimeric antigen receptor provides a small-molecule safety switch for T-cell therapy\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41587-019-0403-9","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41587-019-0403-9"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1546-1696","external_links_name":"1546-1696"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32015549","external_links_name":"32015549"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211017736","external_links_name":"211017736"},{"Link":"https://www.aaogf.org/scholarships/former-scholars/","external_links_name":"\"Former Scholars – American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Foundation\""},{"Link":"https://openwater-public.s3.amazonaws.com/sonar-uploads%2FB0eIah7Sj2V31RpZVIn7_FWC-Research-Grants-and-Awards-History-Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Research Grants and Awards History Report\""},{"Link":"https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/37390181/view-coukos-biographical-sketch-abramson-family-cancer-","external_links_name":"\"View coukos biographical sketch - Abramson Family Cancer\""},{"Link":"https://acgtfoundation.org/groundbreaking-research/what-we-fund/coukos/","external_links_name":"\"Coukos\""},{"Link":"https://studyres.com/doc/7870055/cv---george-coukos---md-anderson-cancer-center","external_links_name":"\"CV - George Coukos\""},{"Link":"https://ocrahope.org/institution/university-of-pennsylvania/","external_links_name":"\"University of Pennsylvania\""},{"Link":"https://ovariancancer.blogspot.com/2009/09/september-26-2009-fashion-fights.html","external_links_name":"\"September 26, 2009 Fashion Fights Ovarian Cancer_ Sandy Rollman\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210517113616/https://ocrahope.org/events/conference/awards-prizes/","external_links_name":"\"OCRA National Conference Awards & Prizes\""},{"Link":"https://ocrahope.org/events/conference/awards-prizes/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://commonfund.nih.gov/tra/recipients10","external_links_name":"\"NIH Director's Transformative Research Award Program - 2010 Award Recipients\""},{"Link":"https://news.unil.ch/display/1386931250272110","external_links_name":"\"European Research Council\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcf.org/c/challenge-awards-class-of-2018/","external_links_name":"\"Challenge Awards - Class of 2018\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/esgo_society/status/1191264000987803648","external_links_name":"\"Helga Salvesen Award\""},{"Link":"https://www.esmo.org/about-esmo/awards/esmo-award-for-translational-research","external_links_name":"\"ESMO Award for Translational Research\""},{"Link":"https://recognition.webofscience.com/awards/highly-cited/2021/","external_links_name":"\"Highly Cited Researchers\""},{"Link":"https://www.aacr.org/about-the-aacr/newsroom/news-releases/aacr-announces-fellows-of-the-aacr-academy-class-of-2023-and-new-aacr-academy-president/","external_links_name":"\"AACR Announces Fellows of the AACR Academy Class of 2023 and New AACR Academy President\""},{"Link":"https://www.unil.ch/dof/coukos","external_links_name":"George Coukos academic profile at University of Lausanne"},{"Link":"https://www.ludwigcancerresearch.org/scientist/george-coukos/","external_links_name":"George Coukos profile at Ludwig Cancer Research"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=hMCe4zYAAAAJ&hl=fr&oi=ao","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Thailand_Museum
Bank of Thailand Museum
["1 Displays","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 13°46′6″N 100°29′58″E / 13.76833°N 100.49944°E / 13.76833; 100.49944This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2018) Bank of Thailand Museum is a museum in Bangkok. The museum is housed in the Bang Khun Phrom Palace, the former residence of Prince Paribatra Sukhumbandhu, who was the 33rd son of King Chulalongkorn. The Bank of Thailand, Northern Region also has a museum in Chiang Mai. In June 2017, the museum was reopened. Displays The museum has 14 rooms, many of which display the history of Thai currency and the Bank of Thailand. The age range of the coins differs greatly and there are many ancient Thai coins found at excavation sites such as Funan coins (1st – 7th centuries), Sri Vijaya coins (8th – 13th centuries), Sukhothai period, (13th – 14th centuries), to the 14th – 19th centuries, from the Lanna Kingdom in the northern Thailand. The museum displays banknotes dating back to the reign of King Rama IV in 1853 and documenting the late 1850s, when Queen Victoria of Great Britain gave Thailand the gift of a minting machine and the minting of Thai coins followed in 1858. In the royal reception room, there are also portraits and photographs surrounded by lavish furnishing commemorating the visit by Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, in 1996. On 28 December 2006, Bang Khun Phrom Palace celebrated its centenary, which conducted traditional Thai performance in celebration. References ^ "Bank of Thailand Museum, Northern Region Office". BOT Museum, Northern Region. Bank of Thailalnd. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2014-10-29. ^ a b c d "The Bank of Thailand Museum a millennium of financial history". Tour Bangkok Legacies. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2008. External links Banks portal Bank of Thailand Museum Bank of Thailand Museum, Northern Region (Chiang Mai) 13°46′6″N 100°29′58″E / 13.76833°N 100.49944°E / 13.76833; 100.49944 vteMuseums and art galleries in BangkokMuseums Bang Khun Thien Museum Bangkok Folk Museum Bangkok Noi Museum Bank of Thailand Museum Children's Discovery Museum Museum of Counterfeit Goods Golden Jubilee Museum of Agriculture King Prajadhipok Museum King Rama VI Museum Museum of Imagery Technology National Museum Bangkok Plai Nern Palace Prasart Museum Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Anthropology Centre Queen Sirikit Gallery Royal Barge National Museum Royal Elephant National Museum Royal Thai Air Force Museum Siriraj Medical Museum Thai Human Imagery Museum Thai Labour Museum Thai Philatelic Museum Science Centre for Education National Science Museum Museum Siam Yaowarat Chinatown Heritage Center National Memorial Art galleries andcraft museums Abhisek Dusit Throne Hall (Handicraft) Bangkok Art and Culture Centre Bangkok Doll Museum Bangkok University Gallery Benchamabophit National Museum Gem and Jewelry Museum H Gallery Jamjuree Art Gallery Museum of Buddhist Art Museum of Contemporary Art National Gallery Rare Stone Museum Silpa Bhirasri National Museum Southeast Asian Ceramics Museum Span's Cultural Gallery Suan Dusit Art Gallery Tadu Art Gallery Tang's Gallery Silapakorn University Art Gallery Wat Phra Keo Gallery Thai Life Permanent Exhibition Hall Heritagebuildings Bangkok Corrections Museum Hall of Railway Heritage Jim Thompson House Kamthieng House Museum M.R. Kukrit's House Suan Pakkad Palace Varadis Palace Vimanmek Mansion Authority control databases International VIAF National United States This Thai museum-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Bang Khun Phrom Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Khun_Phrom_Palace"},{"link_name":"Prince Paribatra Sukhumbandhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paribatra_Sukhumbandhu"},{"link_name":"King Chulalongkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Chulalongkorn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Bank of Thailand Museum is a museum in Bangkok. The museum is housed in the Bang Khun Phrom Palace, the former residence of Prince Paribatra Sukhumbandhu, who was the 33rd son of King Chulalongkorn. The Bank of Thailand, Northern Region also has a museum in Chiang Mai.[1] In June 2017, the museum was reopened.","title":"Bank of Thailand Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Funan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Funan"},{"link_name":"Sri Vijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Vijaya"},{"link_name":"Sukhothai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lanna Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanna_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-2"},{"link_name":"King Rama IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Rama_IV"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-2"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legacy-2"}],"text":"The museum has 14 rooms, many of which display the history of Thai currency and the Bank of Thailand. The age range of the coins differs greatly and there are many ancient Thai coins found at excavation sites such as Funan coins (1st – 7th centuries), Sri Vijaya coins (8th – 13th centuries), Sukhothai period, (13th – 14th centuries), to the 14th – 19th centuries, from the Lanna Kingdom in the northern Thailand.[2]The museum displays banknotes dating back to the reign of King Rama IV in 1853 and documenting the late 1850s, when Queen Victoria of Great Britain gave Thailand the gift of a minting machine and the minting of Thai coins followed in 1858.[2]In the royal reception room, there are also portraits and photographs surrounded by lavish furnishing commemorating the visit by Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, in 1996.[2]On 28 December 2006, Bang Khun Phrom Palace celebrated its centenary, which conducted traditional Thai performance in celebration.[2]","title":"Displays"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Bank of Thailand Museum, Northern Region Office\". BOT Museum, Northern Region. Bank of Thailalnd. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2014-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151118210746/http://www2.bot.or.th/museum/eng/index.asp","url_text":"\"Bank of Thailand Museum, Northern Region Office\""},{"url":"http://www2.bot.or.th/museum/eng/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Bank of Thailand Museum a millennium of financial history\". Tour Bangkok Legacies. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved September 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/bank-of-thailand-museum.html","url_text":"\"The Bank of Thailand Museum a millennium of financial history\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719123533/http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/bank-of-thailand-museum.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bank_of_Thailand_Museum&params=13_46_6_N_100_29_58_E_type:landmark_region:TH","external_links_name":"13°46′6″N 100°29′58″E / 13.76833°N 100.49944°E / 13.76833; 100.49944"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151118210746/http://www2.bot.or.th/museum/eng/index.asp","external_links_name":"\"Bank of Thailand Museum, Northern Region Office\""},{"Link":"http://www2.bot.or.th/museum/eng/index.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/bank-of-thailand-museum.html","external_links_name":"\"The Bank of Thailand Museum a millennium of financial history\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080719123533/http://www.tour-bangkok-legacies.com/bank-of-thailand-museum.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120729134327/http://www.bot.or.th/English/BOTMuseum/Pages/BOTMuseum1.aspx","external_links_name":"Bank of Thailand Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151118210746/http://www2.bot.or.th/museum/eng/index.asp","external_links_name":"Bank of Thailand Museum, Northern Region (Chiang Mai)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bank_of_Thailand_Museum&params=13_46_6_N_100_29_58_E_type:landmark_region:TH","external_links_name":"13°46′6″N 100°29′58″E / 13.76833°N 100.49944°E / 13.76833; 100.49944"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/154069457","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr2001052308","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bank_of_Thailand_Museum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nithya_Sre_Sivan
Nithya Sre Sivan
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References"]
Indian Paralympic athlete NIthya Sre SivanPersonal informationFull nameNIthya Sre SivanBornTamil Nadu, IndiaSportCountry IndiaSportBadmintonTeamIndian Para Badminton TeamNow coachingNo Medal record Representing  India Asian Games 2022 Hangzhou Women's doubles team 2022 Hangzhou Women's Mixed doubles Nithya Sre Sivan is a para athlete from Tamil Nadu. She won two bronze medals at the 2022 Asian Para Games held at Gangzhou, China. She claimed bronze in both the mixed doubles and women's doubles badminton events in the SH6 category, on 25 October 2023.She is currently being supported by OGQ. Early life NIthya started playing badminton with the able-bodied sportspersons In 2016 for fun and recreation. Later in 2019, she learnt about the para games and shifted her focus to competitive badminton and started training under coach Gaurav Khanna in Lucknow. Career In October 2023, she won two bronze medals at the Asian Para Games. In April 2023, she won two gold medals at the Brazil Para Badminton International meet. In May 2022, the Asian Youth Para Games winner also won a gold medal at the 1st Bahrain Para Badminton International Championships in Manama. In December 2022, she bagged a gold in the women's singles SH6 finals defeating Worlds silver medallist at the Peru Para Badminton International in Lima. References ^ "PM celebrates Bronze Medal by Nithya Sre Sivan in Badminton Women's Singles SH6 event in Asian Para Games 2022". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 2024-01-09. ^ "India record highest ever medal tally in Asian Para Games". Firstpost. 2023-10-26. Retrieved 2024-01-09. ^ "India creates history in Asian Para Games, takes tally to record 82 medals with 2 days left". The Economic Times. 2023-10-27. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2024-01-09. ^ PTI (2023-04-17). "Nithya, Nitesh win singles gold at Brazil Para-Badminton Intl". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2024-01-09. ^ Jain, Deepanshu (2023-12-10). "'Chinese legend Lin Dan is my idol,' says world no.3 Nithya Sre Sivan". thebridge.in. Retrieved 2024-01-09. ^ "Nithya, Nitesh win singles gold at Brazil Para-Badminton International". The Economic Times. 2023-04-17. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2024-01-09. ^ "Indian contingent finish with 23 medals at Bahrain Para Badminton". The Economic Times. 2022-05-22. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2024-01-14. ^ PTI (2022-12-06). "Peru Para Badminton: Mandeep shocks world champion; Nehal bags 2 gold". Sportstar. Retrieved 2024-01-14.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"2022 Asian Para Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Asian_Para_Games"},{"link_name":"Gangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangzhou"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"OGQ.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.olympicgoldquest.in/"}],"text":"Nithya Sre Sivan is a para athlete from Tamil Nadu. She won two bronze medals at the 2022 Asian Para Games held at Gangzhou, China. She claimed bronze in both the mixed doubles and women's doubles badminton events in the SH6 category, on 25 October 2023.[1][2][3]She is currently being supported by OGQ.","title":"Nithya Sre Sivan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"NIthya started playing badminton with the able-bodied sportspersons In 2016 for fun and recreation.[4] Later in 2019, she learnt about the para games and shifted her focus to competitive badminton and started training under coach Gaurav Khanna in Lucknow.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In October 2023, she won two bronze medals at the Asian Para Games. In April 2023, she won two gold medals at the Brazil Para Badminton International meet.[6] In May 2022, the Asian Youth Para Games winner also won a gold medal at the 1st Bahrain Para Badminton International Championships in Manama.[7] In December 2022, she bagged a gold in the women's singles SH6 finals defeating Worlds silver medallist at the Peru Para Badminton International in Lima.[8]","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"PM celebrates Bronze Medal by Nithya Sre Sivan in Badminton Women's Singles SH6 event in Asian Para Games 2022\". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 2024-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1971259","url_text":"\"PM celebrates Bronze Medal by Nithya Sre Sivan in Badminton Women's Singles SH6 event in Asian Para Games 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"India record highest ever medal tally in Asian Para Games\". Firstpost. 2023-10-26. Retrieved 2024-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-para-games-india-record-best-ever-medal-haul-13298932.html","url_text":"\"India record highest ever medal tally in Asian Para Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"India creates history in Asian Para Games, takes tally to record 82 medals with 2 days left\". The Economic Times. 2023-10-27. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2024-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/india-creates-history-in-asian-para-games-takes-tally-to-record-82-medals-with-2-days-left/articleshow/104736719.cms","url_text":"\"India creates history in Asian Para Games, takes tally to record 82 medals with 2 days left\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389","url_text":"0013-0389"}]},{"reference":"PTI (2023-04-17). \"Nithya, Nitesh win singles gold at Brazil Para-Badminton Intl\". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2024-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/nithya-nitesh-win-singles-gold-at-brazil-para-badminton-intl/article66748924.ece","url_text":"\"Nithya, Nitesh win singles gold at Brazil Para-Badminton Intl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","url_text":"0971-751X"}]},{"reference":"Jain, Deepanshu (2023-12-10). \"'Chinese legend Lin Dan is my idol,' says world no.3 Nithya Sre Sivan\". thebridge.in. Retrieved 2024-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebridge.in/para-sports/lin-dan-is-my-idol-says-world-3-nithya-sre-sivan-45129","url_text":"\"'Chinese legend Lin Dan is my idol,' says world no.3 Nithya Sre Sivan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nithya, Nitesh win singles gold at Brazil Para-Badminton International\". The Economic Times. 2023-04-17. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2024-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/nithya-nitesh-win-singles-gold-at-brazil-para-badminton-international/articleshow/99554395.cms","url_text":"\"Nithya, Nitesh win singles gold at Brazil Para-Badminton International\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389","url_text":"0013-0389"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian contingent finish with 23 medals at Bahrain Para Badminton\". The Economic Times. 2022-05-22. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2024-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/indian-contingent-finish-with-23-medals-at-bahrain-para-badminton/articleshow/91727287.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"Indian contingent finish with 23 medals at Bahrain Para Badminton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389","url_text":"0013-0389"}]},{"reference":"PTI (2022-12-06). \"Peru Para Badminton: Mandeep shocks world champion; Nehal bags 2 gold\". Sportstar. Retrieved 2024-01-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/peru-para-badminton-mandeep-shocks-world-champion-nehal-bags-2-gold/article66231165.ece","url_text":"\"Peru Para Badminton: Mandeep shocks world champion; Nehal bags 2 gold\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.olympicgoldquest.in/","external_links_name":"OGQ."},{"Link":"https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1971259","external_links_name":"\"PM celebrates Bronze Medal by Nithya Sre Sivan in Badminton Women's Singles SH6 event in Asian Para Games 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-para-games-india-record-best-ever-medal-haul-13298932.html","external_links_name":"\"India record highest ever medal tally in Asian Para Games\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/india-creates-history-in-asian-para-games-takes-tally-to-record-82-medals-with-2-days-left/articleshow/104736719.cms","external_links_name":"\"India creates history in Asian Para Games, takes tally to record 82 medals with 2 days left\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389","external_links_name":"0013-0389"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/nithya-nitesh-win-singles-gold-at-brazil-para-badminton-intl/article66748924.ece","external_links_name":"\"Nithya, Nitesh win singles gold at Brazil Para-Badminton Intl\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X","external_links_name":"0971-751X"},{"Link":"https://thebridge.in/para-sports/lin-dan-is-my-idol-says-world-3-nithya-sre-sivan-45129","external_links_name":"\"'Chinese legend Lin Dan is my idol,' says world no.3 Nithya Sre Sivan\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/nithya-nitesh-win-singles-gold-at-brazil-para-badminton-international/articleshow/99554395.cms","external_links_name":"\"Nithya, Nitesh win singles gold at Brazil Para-Badminton International\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389","external_links_name":"0013-0389"},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/indian-contingent-finish-with-23-medals-at-bahrain-para-badminton/articleshow/91727287.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"Indian contingent finish with 23 medals at Bahrain Para Badminton\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389","external_links_name":"0013-0389"},{"Link":"https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/peru-para-badminton-mandeep-shocks-world-champion-nehal-bags-2-gold/article66231165.ece","external_links_name":"\"Peru Para Badminton: Mandeep shocks world champion; Nehal bags 2 gold\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleared_the_neighborhood
Clearing the neighbourhood
["1 Criteria","1.1 Stern–Levison's Λ","1.2 Soter's μ","1.3 Margot's Π","2 Numerical values","3 Disagreement","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]
Criterion for a celestial body to be considered a planet "Clearing the neighbourhood" (or dynamical dominance) around a celestial body's orbit describes the body becoming gravitationally dominant such that there are no other bodies of comparable size other than its natural satellites or those otherwise under its gravitational influence. "Clearing the neighbourhood" is one of three necessary criteria for a celestial body to be considered a planet in the Solar System, according to the definition adopted in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU). In 2015, a proposal was made to extend the definition to exoplanets. In the end stages of planet formation, a planet, as so defined, will have "cleared the neighbourhood" of its own orbital zone, i.e. removed other bodies of comparable size. A large body that meets the other criteria for a planet but has not cleared its neighbourhood is classified as a dwarf planet. This includes Pluto, whose orbit intersects with Neptune's orbit and shares its orbital neighbourhood with many Kuiper belt objects. The IAU's definition does not attach specific numbers or equations to this term, but all IAU-recognised planets have cleared their neighbourhoods to a much greater extent (by orders of magnitude) than any dwarf planet or candidate for dwarf planet. The phrase stems from a paper presented to the 2000 IAU general assembly by the planetary scientists Alan Stern and Harold F. Levison. The authors used several similar phrases as they developed a theoretical basis for determining if an object orbiting a star is likely to "clear its neighboring region" of planetesimals based on the object's mass and its orbital period. Steven Soter prefers to use the term dynamical dominance, and Jean-Luc Margot notes that such language "seems less prone to misinterpretation". Prior to 2006, the IAU had no specific rules for naming planets, as no new planets had been discovered for decades, whereas there were well-established rules for naming an abundance of newly discovered small bodies such as asteroids or comets. The naming process for Eris stalled after the announcement of its discovery in 2005, because its size was comparable to that of Pluto. The IAU sought to resolve the naming of Eris by seeking a taxonomical definition to distinguish planets from minor planets. Criteria The phrase refers to an orbiting body (a planet or protoplanet) "sweeping out" its orbital region over time, by gravitationally interacting with smaller bodies nearby. Over many orbital cycles, a large body will tend to cause small bodies either to accrete with it, or to be disturbed to another orbit, or to be captured either as a satellite or into a resonant orbit. As a consequence it does not then share its orbital region with other bodies of significant size, except for its own satellites, or other bodies governed by its own gravitational influence. This latter restriction excludes objects whose orbits may cross but that will never collide with each other due to orbital resonance, such as Jupiter and its trojans, Earth and 3753 Cruithne, or Neptune and the plutinos. As to the extent of orbit clearing required, Jean-Luc Margot emphasises "a planet can never completely clear its orbital zone, because gravitational and radiative forces continually perturb the orbits of asteroids and comets into planet-crossing orbits" and states that the IAU did not intend the impossible standard of impeccable orbit clearing. Stern–Levison's Λ In their paper, Stern and Levison sought an algorithm to determine which "planetary bodies control the region surrounding them". They defined Λ (lambda), a measure of a body's ability to scatter smaller masses out of its orbital region over a period of time equal to the age of the Universe (Hubble time). Λ is a dimensionless number defined as Λ = m 2 a 3 / 2 k {\displaystyle \Lambda ={\frac {m^{2}}{a^{3/2}}}\,k} where m is the mass of the body, a is the body's semi-major axis, and k is a function of the orbital elements of the small body being scattered and the degree to which it must be scattered. In the domain of the solar planetary disc, there is little variation in the average values of k for small bodies at a particular distance from the Sun. If Λ > 1, then the body will likely clear out the small bodies in its orbital zone. Stern and Levison used this discriminant to separate the gravitationally rounded, Sun-orbiting bodies into überplanets, which are "dynamically important enough to have cleared neighboring planetesimals", and unterplanets. The überplanets are the eight most massive solar orbiters (i.e. the IAU planets), and the unterplanets are the rest (i.e. the IAU dwarf planets). Soter's μ Steven Soter proposed an observationally based measure μ (mu), which he called the "planetary discriminant", to separate bodies orbiting stars into planets and non-planets. He defines mu as μ = M m {\displaystyle \mu ={\frac {M}{m}}} where μ is a dimensionless parameter, M is the mass of the candidate planet, and m is the mass of all other bodies that share an orbital zone, that is all bodies whose orbits cross a common radial distance from the primary, and whose non-resonant periods differ by less than an order of magnitude. The order-of-magnitude similarity in period requirement excludes comets from the calculation, but the combined mass of the comets turns out to be negligible compared with the other small Solar System bodies, so their inclusion would have little impact on the results. μ is then calculated by dividing the mass of the candidate body by the total mass of the other objects that share its orbital zone. It is a measure of the actual degree of cleanliness of the orbital zone. Soter proposed that if μ > 100, then the candidate body be regarded as a planet. Margot's Π Astronomer Jean-Luc Margot has proposed a discriminant, Π (pi), that can categorise a body based only on its own mass, its semi-major axis, and its star's mass. Like Stern–Levison's Λ, Π is a measure of the ability of the body to clear its orbit, but unlike Λ, it is solely based on theory and does not use empirical data from the Solar System. Π is based on properties that are feasibly determinable even for exoplanetary bodies, unlike Soter's μ, which requires an accurate census of the orbital zone. Π = m M 5 / 2 a 9 / 8 k {\displaystyle \Pi ={\frac {m}{M^{5/2}a^{9/8}}}\,k} where m is the mass of the candidate body in Earth masses, a is its semi-major axis in AU, M is the mass of the parent star in solar masses, and k is a constant chosen so that Π > 1 for a body that can clear its orbital zone. k depends on the extent of clearing desired and the time required to do so. Margot selected an extent of 2 3 {\displaystyle 2{\sqrt {3}}} times the Hill radius and a time limit of the parent star's lifetime on the main sequence (which is a function of the mass of the star). Then, in the mentioned units and a main-sequence lifetime of 10 billion years, k = 807. The body is a planet if Π > 1. The minimum mass necessary to clear the given orbit is given when Π = 1. Π is based on a calculation of the number of orbits required for the candidate body to impart enough energy to a small body in a nearby orbit such that the smaller body is cleared out of the desired orbital extent. This is unlike Λ, which uses an average of the clearing times required for a sample of asteroids in the asteroid belt, and is thus biased to that region of the Solar System. Π's use of the main-sequence lifetime means that the body will eventually clear an orbit around the star; Λ's use of a Hubble time means that the star might disrupt its planetary system (e.g. by going nova) before the object is actually able to clear its orbit. The formula for Π assumes a circular orbit. Its adaptation to elliptical orbits is left for future work, but Margot expects it to be the same as that of a circular orbit to within an order of magnitude. Numerical values Below is a list of planets and dwarf planets ranked by Margot's planetary discriminant Π, in decreasing order. For all eight planets defined by the IAU, Π is orders of magnitude greater than 1, whereas for all dwarf planets, Π is orders of magnitude less than 1. Also listed are Stern–Levison's Λ and Soter's μ; again, the planets are orders of magnitude greater than 1 for Λ and 100 for μ, and the dwarf planets are orders of magnitude less than 1 for Λ and 100 for μ. Also shown are the distances where Π = 1 and Λ = 1 (where the body would change from being a planet to being a dwarf planet). The mass of Sedna is not known; it is very roughly estimated here as 1×1021 kg, on the assumption of a density of about 2 g/cm3. Rank Name Margot's planetarydiscriminant Π Soter's planetarydiscriminant μ Stern–Levisonparameter Λ Mass (kg) Type of object Π = 1distance (AU) Λ = 1distance (AU) 1 Jupiter 4.0×104 6.25×105 1.30×109 1.8986×1027 5th planet 64,000 6220000 2 Saturn 6.1×103 1.9×105 4.68×107 5.6846×1026 6th planet 22,000 1,250,000 3 Venus 9.5×102 1.3×106 1.66×105 4.8685×1024 2nd planet 320 2,180 4 Earth 8.1×102 1.7×106 1.53×105 5.9736×1024 3rd planet 380 2,870 5 Uranus 4.2×102 2.9×104 3.84×105 8.6832×1025 7th planet 4,100 102,000 6 Neptune 3.0×102 2.4×104 2.73×105 1.0243×1026 8th planet 4,800 127,000 7 Mercury 1.3×102 9.1×104 1.95×103 3.3022×1023 1st planet 29 60 8 Mars 5.4×101 5.1×103 9.42×102 6.4185×1023 4th planet 53 146 9 Ceres 4.0×10−2 0.33 8.32×10−4 9.43×1020 dwarf planet 0.16 0.024 10 Pluto 2.8×10−2 0.08 2.95×10−3 1.29×1022 dwarf planet 1.70 0.812 11 Eris 2.0×10−2 0.10 2.15×10−3 1.67×1022 dwarf planet 2.10 1.130 12 Haumea 7.8×10−3 0.02 2.41×10−4 4.0×1021 dwarf planet 0.58 0.168 13 Makemake 7.3×10−3 0.02 2.22×10−4 ~4.0×1021 dwarf planet 0.58 0.168 14 Quaoar 2.7×10−3 0.007 1.4×1021 dwarf planet 15 Gonggong 2.1×10−3 0.009 1.8×1021 dwarf planet 16 Orcus 1.4×10−3 0.003 6.3×1020 dwarf planet 17 Sedna ~1×10−4 <0.07 3.64×10−7 ? dwarf planet Disagreement Orbits of celestial bodies in the Kuiper belt with approximate distances and inclination. Objects marked with red are in orbital resonances with Neptune, with Pluto (the largest red circle) located in the "spike" of plutinos at the 2:3 resonance Stern, the principal investigator of the New Horizons mission to Pluto, disagreed with the reclassification of Pluto on the basis of its inability to clear a neighbourhood. He argued that the IAU's wording is vague, and that — like Pluto — Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Neptune have not cleared their orbital neighbourhoods either. Earth co-orbits with 10,000 near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), and Jupiter has 100,000 trojans in its orbital path. "If Neptune had cleared its zone, Pluto wouldn't be there", he said. The IAU category of 'planets' is nearly identical to Stern's own proposed category of 'überplanets'. In the paper proposing Stern and Levison's Λ discriminant, they stated, "we define an überplanet as a planetary body in orbit about a star that is dynamically important enough to have cleared its neighboring planetesimals ..." and a few paragraphs later, "From a dynamical standpoint, our solar system clearly contains 8 überplanets" — including Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Neptune. Although Stern proposed this to define dynamical subcategories of planets, he rejected it for defining what a planet is, advocating the use of intrinsic attributes over dynamical relationships. See also List of Solar System objects List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System List of Solar System objects by size List of notable asteroids Sphere of influence (astrodynamics) Notes ^ This expression for k can be derived by following Margot's paper as follows: The time required for a body of mass m in orbit around a body of mass M with an orbital period P is: t clear = P δ x 2 D x 2 {\displaystyle t_{\text{clear}}=P{\frac {\delta x^{2}}{D_{x}^{2}}}} With δ x ≃ C a ( m 3 M ) 1 / 3 , D x ≃ 10 a m M , P = 2 π a 3 G M , {\displaystyle \delta x\simeq {\frac {C}{a}}\left({\frac {m}{3M}}\right)^{1/3},D_{x}\simeq {\frac {10}{a}}{\frac {m}{M}},P=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{GM}}},} and C the number of Hill radii to be cleared. This gives t clear = 2 π a 3 G M C 2 a 2 ( m 3 M ) 2 / 3 a 2 M 2 100 m 2 = 2 π 100 G C 2 3 2 / 3 a 3 / 2 M 5 / 6 m − 4 / 3 {\displaystyle t_{\text{clear}}=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{GM}}}{\frac {C^{2}}{a^{2}}}\left({\frac {m}{3M}}\right)^{2/3}{\frac {a^{2}M^{2}}{100m^{2}}}={\frac {2\pi }{100{\sqrt {G}}}}{\frac {C^{2}}{3^{2/3}}}a^{3/2}M^{5/6}m^{-4/3}} requiring that the clearing time tclear to be less than a characteristic timescale t* gives: t ∗ ≥ t clear = 2 π a 3 G M C 2 a 2 ( m 3 M ) 2 / 3 a 2 M 2 100 m 2 = 2 π 100 G C 2 3 2 / 3 a 3 / 2 M 5 / 6 m − 4 / 3 {\displaystyle t_{*}\geq t_{\text{clear}}=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {a^{3}}{GM}}}{\frac {C^{2}}{a^{2}}}\left({\frac {m}{3M}}\right)^{2/3}{\frac {a^{2}M^{2}}{100m^{2}}}={\frac {2\pi }{100{\sqrt {G}}}}{\frac {C^{2}}{3^{2/3}}}a^{3/2}M^{5/6}m^{-4/3}} this means that a body with a mass m can clear its orbit within the designated timescale if it satisfies m ≥ [ 2 π 100 G C 2 3 2 / 3 t ∗ a 3 / 2 M 5 / 6 ] 3 / 4 = ( 2 π 100 G ) 3 / 4 C 3 / 2 3 t ∗ 3 / 4 a 9 / 8 M 5 / 8 {\displaystyle m\geq {\left}^{3/4}={{\left({\frac {2\pi }{100{\sqrt {G}}}}\right)}^{3/4}{\frac {C^{3/2}}{{\sqrt {3}}{t_{*}}^{3/4}}}a^{9/8}M^{5/8}}} This can be rewritten as follows m m Earth ≥ ( 2 π 100 G ) 3 / 4 C 3 / 2 3 t ∗ 3 / 4 ( a a Earth ) 9 / 8 ( M M Sun ) 5 / 8 a Earth 9 / 8 M Sun 5 / 8 m Earth {\displaystyle {\frac {m}{m_{\text{Earth}}}}\geq {{\left({\frac {2\pi }{100{\sqrt {G}}}}\right)}^{3/4}{\frac {C^{3/2}}{{\sqrt {3}}{t_{*}}^{3/4}}}{\left({\frac {a}{a_{\text{Earth}}}}\right)}^{9/8}{\left({\frac {M}{M_{\text{Sun}}}}\right)}^{5/8}{\frac {a_{\text{Earth}}^{9/8}M_{\text{Sun}}^{5/8}}{m_{\text{Earth}}}}}} so that the variables can be changed to use solar masses, Earth masses, and distances in AU by M M Sun → M ¯ , m m Earth → m ¯ , {\displaystyle {\frac {M}{M_{\text{Sun}}}}\to {\bar {M}},{\frac {m}{m_{\text{Earth}}}}\to {\bar {m}},} and a a E a r t h → a ¯ {\displaystyle {\frac {a}{a_{Earth}}}\to {\bar {a}}} Then, equating t* to be the main-sequence lifetime of the star tMS, the above expression can be rewritten using t ∗ ≃ t MS ∝ ( M M Sun ) − 5 / 2 t S u n , {\displaystyle t_{*}\simeq t_{\text{MS}}\propto {\left({\frac {M}{M_{\text{Sun}}}}\right)}^{-5/2}t_{Sun},} with tSun the main-sequence lifetime of the Sun, and making a similar change in variables to time in years t Sun P Earth → t ¯ S u n . {\displaystyle {\frac {t_{\text{Sun}}}{P_{\text{Earth}}}}\to {\bar {t}}_{Sun}.} This then gives m ¯ ≥ ( 2 π 100 G ) 3 / 4 C 3 / 2 3 t ¯ Sun 3 / 4 a ¯ 9 / 8 M ¯ 5 / 2 a Earth 9 / 8 M Sun 5 / 8 m Earth P Earth 3 / 4 {\displaystyle {\bar {m}}\geq {\left({\frac {2\pi }{100{\sqrt {G}}}}\right)}^{3/4}{\frac {C^{3/2}}{{\sqrt {3}}{{\bar {t}}_{\text{Sun}}}^{3/4}}}{\bar {a}}^{9/8}{\bar {M}}^{5/2}{\frac {a_{\text{Earth}}^{9/8}M_{\text{Sun}}^{5/8}}{m_{\text{Earth}}P_{\text{Earth}}^{3/4}}}} Then, the orbital-clearing parameter is the mass of the body divided by the minimum mass required to clear its orbit (which is the right-hand side of the above expression) and leaving out the bars for simplicity gives the expression for Π as given in this article: Π = m m clear = m a 9 / 8 M 5 / 2 ( 100 G 2 π ) 3 / 4 3 t Sun 3 / 4 C 3 / 2 m Earth P Earth 3 / 4 a Earth 9 / 8 M Sun 5 / 8 . {\displaystyle \Pi ={\frac {m}{m_{\text{clear}}}}={\frac {m}{a^{9/8}M^{5/2}}}{\left({\frac {100{\sqrt {G}}}{2\pi }}\right)}^{3/4}{\frac {{\sqrt {3}}{t_{\text{Sun}}}^{3/4}}{C^{3/2}}}{\frac {m_{\text{Earth}}P_{\text{Earth}}^{3/4}}{a_{\text{Earth}}^{9/8}M_{\text{Sun}}^{5/8}}}.} which means that k = ( 100 G 2 π ) 3 / 4 3 t Sun 3 / 4 C 3 / 2 m Earth P Earth 3 / 4 a Earth − 9 / 8 M Sun − 5 / 8 {\displaystyle k={\left({\frac {100{\sqrt {G}}}{2\pi }}\right)}^{3/4}{\frac {{\sqrt {3}}{t_{\text{Sun}}}^{3/4}}{C^{3/2}}}m_{\text{Earth}}P_{\text{Earth}}^{3/4}a_{\text{Earth}}^{-9/8}M_{\text{Sun}}^{-5/8}} Earth's orbital period can then be used to remove aEarth and PEarth from the expression: P Earth = 2 π a Earth 3 M Sun G , {\displaystyle P_{\text{Earth}}=2\pi {\sqrt {\frac {{a_{\text{Earth}}}^{3}}{M_{\text{Sun}}G}}},} which gives k = ( 100 G 2 π ) 3 / 4 3 t Sun 3 / 4 C 3 / 2 m Earth ( 2 π a Earth 3 M Sun G ) 3 / 4 a Earth − 9 / 8 M Sun − 5 / 8 , {\displaystyle k={\left({\frac {100{\cancel {\sqrt {G}}}}{\cancel {2\pi }}}\right)}^{3/4}{\frac {{\sqrt {3}}{t_{\text{Sun}}}^{3/4}}{C^{3/2}}}m_{\text{Earth}}{\left({\cancel {2\pi }}{\sqrt {\frac {\cancel {{a_{\text{Earth}}}^{3}}}{M_{\text{Sun}}{\cancel {G}}}}}\right)}^{3/4}{\cancel {a_{\text{Earth}}^{-9/8}}}M_{\text{Sun}}^{-5/8},} so that this becomes k = 3 C − 3 / 2 ( 100 t Sun ) 3 / 4 m Earth M Sun {\displaystyle k={\sqrt {3}}C^{-3/2}(100t_{\text{Sun}})^{3/4}{\frac {m_{\text{Earth}}}{M_{\text{Sun}}}}} Plugging in the numbers gives k = 807. ^ These values are based on a value of k estimated for Ceres and the asteroid belt: k equals 1.53 × 105 AU1.5/ME2, where AU is the astronomical unit and ME is the mass of Earth. Accordingly, Λ is dimensionless. References ^ "IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes". IAU. 24 August 2006. Retrieved 2009-10-23. ^ a b c d e f Margot, Jean-Luc (2015-10-15). "A Quantitative Criterion for Defining Planets". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (6): 185–191. arXiv:1507.06300. Bibcode:2015AJ....150..185M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185. ^ a b c d Stern, S. Alan; Levison, Harold F. (2002). "Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes" (PDF). Highlights of Astronomy. 12: 205–213, as presented at the XXIVth General Assembly of the IAU–2000 . Bibcode:2002HiA....12..205S. doi:10.1017/S1539299600013289. ^ a b c d e Soter, Steven (2006-08-16). "What Is a Planet?". The Astronomical Journal. 132 (6): 2513–2519. arXiv:astro-ph/0608359. Bibcode:2006AJ....132.2513S. doi:10.1086/508861. S2CID 14676169. ^ a b c d e Calculated using the estimate for the mass of the Kuiper belt found in Iorio, 2007 of 0.033 Earth masses ^ Calculated using the estimate of a minimum of 15 Sedna mass objects in the region. Estimate found in Schwamb, Megan E; Brown, Michael E; Rabinowitz, David L (2009). "A Search for Distant Solar System Bodies in the Region of Sedna". The Astrophysical Journal. 694 (1): L45–8. arXiv:0901.4173. Bibcode:2009ApJ...694L..45S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/L45. S2CID 15072103. ^ Rincon, Paul (25 August 2006). "Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-09-03. ^ "Pluto's Planet Title Defender: Q & A With Planetary Scientist Alan Stern". Space.com. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 2016-03-08. vteSolar System Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Orcus Pluto Haumea Quaoar Makemake Gonggong Eris Sedna Planets anddwarfs Terrestrials Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giants Gas Jupiter Saturn Ice Uranus Neptune Dwarfs Ceres Orcus Pluto Haumea Quaoar Makemake Gonggong Eris Sedna Moons Earth Moon other near-Earth objects Mars Phobos Deimos Jupiter Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 95 Saturn Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 146 Uranus Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 28 Neptune Triton Proteus Nereid all 16 Orcus Vanth Pluto Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumea Hiʻiaka Namaka Quaoar Weywot Makemake S/2015 (136472) 1 Gonggong Xiangliu Eris Dysnomia Rings Jovian Saturnian (Rhean?) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Quaoarian Small Solar System bodies Comets Damocloids Meteoroids Minor planets names and meanings moons Planetesimal Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Trojans Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Trojan camp Greek camp Saturn Moons Uranus Neptune Near-Earth objects Asteroid belt Asteroids Ceres Vesta Pallas Hygiea active first 1000 families PHA exceptional Kirkwood gap Centaurs Neptune trojans Trans-Neptunian objects Kuiper belt Cubewanos Plutinos Detached objects Sednoids Scattered disc Oort cloud Hills cloud Hypothetical objects Fifth giant Nemesis Phaeton Planet Nine Planet V Planet X Subsatellites Theia Tyche Vulcan Vulcanoids Exploration (outline) Colonization Discovery astronomy historical models timeline Space probes timeline list Human spaceflight space stations list programs Mercury Venus Moon mining Mars Ceres Asteroids mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Formation and evolution Star formation Accretion Accretion disk Excretion disk Circumplanetary disk Circumstellar disc Circumstellar envelope Coatlicue Cosmic dust Debris disk Detached object EXCEDE Exozodiacal dust Extraterrestrial materials Sample curation Sample-return mission Frost/Ice/Snow line Giant-impact hypothesis Gravitational collapse Hills cloud Hill sphere Interplanetary dust cloud Interplanetary medium/space Interstellar cloud Interstellar medium Interstellar space Kuiper belt Kuiper cliff Molecular cloud Nebular hypothesis Oort cloud Outer space Planet Disrupted Migration System Planetesimal Formation Merging stars Protoplanetary disk Ring system Roche limit vs. Hill sphere Rubble pile Scattered disc Lists Comets Possible dwarf planets Gravitationally rounded objects Minor planets Natural satellites Solar System models Solar System objects by size by discovery date Interstellar and circumstellar molecules Related Double planet Lagrangian points Moonlets Syzygy Tidal locking Outline of the Solar System Solar System portal Astronomy portal Earth sciences portal Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Local Hole → Observable universe → UniverseEach arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"celestial body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_body"},{"link_name":"natural satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_satellite"},{"link_name":"planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"the definition adopted in 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAU_definition-1"},{"link_name":"exoplanets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margot_2015-2"},{"link_name":"planet formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet"},{"link_name":"dwarf planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_planet"},{"link_name":"Pluto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto"},{"link_name":"Neptune's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune"},{"link_name":"Kuiper belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt"},{"link_name":"orders of magnitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_magnitude"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margot_2015-2"},{"link_name":"planetary scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_scientist"},{"link_name":"Alan Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Stern"},{"link_name":"Harold F. Levison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_F._Levison"},{"link_name":"star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star"},{"link_name":"planetesimals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetesimal"},{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass"},{"link_name":"orbital period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_period"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stern_2002-3"},{"link_name":"Steven Soter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Soter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soter_2006-4"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Margot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Margot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margot_2015-2"},{"link_name":"Eris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)"},{"link_name":"minor planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet"}],"text":"\"Clearing the neighbourhood\" (or dynamical dominance) around a celestial body's orbit describes the body becoming gravitationally dominant such that there are no other bodies of comparable size other than its natural satellites or those otherwise under its gravitational influence.\"Clearing the neighbourhood\" is one of three necessary criteria for a celestial body to be considered a planet in the Solar System, according to the definition adopted in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).[1] In 2015, a proposal was made to extend the definition to exoplanets.[2]In the end stages of planet formation, a planet, as so defined, will have \"cleared the neighbourhood\" of its own orbital zone, i.e. removed other bodies of comparable size. A large body that meets the other criteria for a planet but has not cleared its neighbourhood is classified as a dwarf planet. This includes Pluto, whose orbit intersects with Neptune's orbit and shares its orbital neighbourhood with many Kuiper belt objects. The IAU's definition does not attach specific numbers or equations to this term, but all IAU-recognised planets have cleared their neighbourhoods to a much greater extent (by orders of magnitude) than any dwarf planet or candidate for dwarf planet.[2]The phrase stems from a paper presented to the 2000 IAU general assembly by the planetary scientists Alan Stern and Harold F. Levison. The authors used several similar phrases as they developed a theoretical basis for determining if an object orbiting a star is likely to \"clear its neighboring region\" of planetesimals based on the object's mass and its orbital period.[3] Steven Soter prefers to use the term dynamical dominance,[4] and Jean-Luc Margot notes that such language \"seems less prone to misinterpretation\".[2]Prior to 2006, the IAU had no specific rules for naming planets, as no new planets had been discovered for decades, whereas there were well-established rules for naming an abundance of newly discovered small bodies such as asteroids or comets. The naming process for Eris stalled after the announcement of its discovery in 2005, because its size was comparable to that of Pluto. The IAU sought to resolve the naming of Eris by seeking a taxonomical definition to distinguish planets from minor planets.","title":"Clearing the neighbourhood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protoplanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanet"},{"link_name":"orbital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_orbit"},{"link_name":"gravitationally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation"},{"link_name":"bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_object"},{"link_name":"accrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"resonant orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_resonance"},{"link_name":"orbital resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_resonance"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter"},{"link_name":"its trojans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_trojan"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"3753 Cruithne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3753_Cruithne"},{"link_name":"Neptune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune"},{"link_name":"plutinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutino"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stern_2002-3"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Margot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Margot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margot_2015-2"}],"text":"The phrase refers to an orbiting body (a planet or protoplanet) \"sweeping out\" its orbital region over time, by gravitationally interacting with smaller bodies nearby. Over many orbital cycles, a large body will tend to cause small bodies either to accrete with it, or to be disturbed to another orbit, or to be captured either as a satellite or into a resonant orbit. As a consequence it does not then share its orbital region with other bodies of significant size, except for its own satellites, or other bodies governed by its own gravitational influence. This latter restriction excludes objects whose orbits may cross but that will never collide with each other due to orbital resonance, such as Jupiter and its trojans, Earth and 3753 Cruithne, or Neptune and the plutinos.[3] As to the extent of orbit clearing required, Jean-Luc Margot emphasises \"a planet can never completely clear its orbital zone, because gravitational and radiative forces continually perturb the orbits of asteroids and comets into planet-crossing orbits\" and states that the IAU did not intend the impossible standard of impeccable orbit clearing.[2]","title":"Criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Stern"},{"link_name":"Levison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_F._Levison"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stern_2002-3"},{"link_name":"lambda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda"},{"link_name":"Hubble time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_time"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soter_2006-4"},{"link_name":"gravitationally rounded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium#Planetary_geology"}],"sub_title":"Stern–Levison's Λ","text":"In their paper, Stern and Levison sought an algorithm to determine which \"planetary bodies control the region surrounding them\".[3] They defined Λ (lambda), a measure of a body's ability to scatter smaller masses out of its orbital region over a period of time equal to the age of the Universe (Hubble time). Λ is a dimensionless number defined asΛ\n =\n \n \n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Lambda ={\\frac {m^{2}}{a^{3/2}}}\\,k}where m is the mass of the body, a is the body's semi-major axis, and k is a function of the orbital elements of the small body being scattered and the degree to which it must be scattered. In the domain of the solar planetary disc, there is little variation in the average values of k for small bodies at a particular distance from the Sun.[4]If Λ > 1, then the body will likely clear out the small bodies in its orbital zone. Stern and Levison used this discriminant to separate the gravitationally rounded, Sun-orbiting bodies into überplanets, which are \"dynamically important enough to have cleared [their] neighboring planetesimals\", and unterplanets. The überplanets are the eight most massive solar orbiters (i.e. the IAU planets), and the unterplanets are the rest (i.e. the IAU dwarf planets).","title":"Criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steven Soter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Soter"},{"link_name":"mu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu_(letter)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soter_2006-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soter_2006-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soter_2006-4"}],"sub_title":"Soter's μ","text":"Steven Soter proposed an observationally based measure μ (mu), which he called the \"planetary discriminant\", to separate bodies orbiting stars into planets and non-planets.[4] He defines mu asμ\n =\n \n \n M\n m\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu ={\\frac {M}{m}}}orbital zone[4]The order-of-magnitude similarity in period requirement excludes comets from the calculation, but the combined mass of the comets turns out to be negligible compared with the other small Solar System bodies, so their inclusion would have little impact on the results. μ is then calculated by dividing the mass of the candidate body by the total mass of the other objects that share its orbital zone. It is a measure of the actual degree of cleanliness of the orbital zone. Soter proposed that if μ > 100, then the candidate body be regarded as a planet.[4]","title":"Criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Margot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Margot"},{"link_name":"pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_(letter)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margot_2015-2"},{"link_name":"Earth masses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mass"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_unit"},{"link_name":"solar masses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass"},{"link_name":"Hill radius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_sphere"},{"link_name":"main sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_sequence"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"asteroid belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid_belt"},{"link_name":"Hubble time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_time"}],"sub_title":"Margot's Π","text":"Astronomer Jean-Luc Margot has proposed a discriminant, Π (pi), that can categorise a body based only on its own mass, its semi-major axis, and its star's mass.[2] Like Stern–Levison's Λ, Π is a measure of the ability of the body to clear its orbit, but unlike Λ, it is solely based on theory and does not use empirical data from the Solar System. Π is based on properties that are feasibly determinable even for exoplanetary bodies, unlike Soter's μ, which requires an accurate census of the orbital zone.Π\n =\n \n \n m\n \n \n M\n \n 5\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n a\n \n 9\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi ={\\frac {m}{M^{5/2}a^{9/8}}}\\,k}where m is the mass of the candidate body in Earth masses, a is its semi-major axis in AU, M is the mass of the parent star in solar masses, and k is a constant chosen so that Π > 1 for a body that can clear its orbital zone. k depends on the extent of clearing desired and the time required to do so. Margot selected an extent of \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2{\\sqrt {3}}}\n \n times the Hill radius and a time limit of the parent star's lifetime on the main sequence (which is a function of the mass of the star). Then, in the mentioned units and a main-sequence lifetime of 10 billion years, k = 807.[a] The body is a planet if Π > 1. The minimum mass necessary to clear the given orbit is given when Π = 1.Π is based on a calculation of the number of orbits required for the candidate body to impart enough energy to a small body in a nearby orbit such that the smaller body is cleared out of the desired orbital extent. This is unlike Λ, which uses an average of the clearing times required for a sample of asteroids in the asteroid belt, and is thus biased to that region of the Solar System. Π's use of the main-sequence lifetime means that the body will eventually clear an orbit around the star; Λ's use of a Hubble time means that the star might disrupt its planetary system (e.g. by going nova) before the object is actually able to clear its orbit.The formula for Π assumes a circular orbit. Its adaptation to elliptical orbits is left for future work, but Margot expects it to be the same as that of a circular orbit to within an order of magnitude.","title":"Criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margot_2015-2"}],"text":"Below is a list of planets and dwarf planets ranked by Margot's planetary discriminant Π, in decreasing order.[2] For all eight planets defined by the IAU, Π is orders of magnitude greater than 1, whereas for all dwarf planets, Π is orders of magnitude less than 1. Also listed are Stern–Levison's Λ and Soter's μ; again, the planets are orders of magnitude greater than 1 for Λ and 100 for μ, and the dwarf planets are orders of magnitude less than 1 for Λ and 100 for μ. Also shown are the distances where Π = 1 and Λ = 1 (where the body would change from being a planet to being a dwarf planet).The mass of Sedna is not known; it is very roughly estimated here as 1×1021 kg, on the assumption of a density of about 2 g/cm3.","title":"Numerical values"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheKuiperBelt_75AU_All.svg"},{"link_name":"principal investigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_investigator"},{"link_name":"New Horizons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Horizons"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"near-Earth asteroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroid"},{"link_name":"100,000 trojans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_trojan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Stern and Levison's Λ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Stern%E2%80%93Levison's_%CE%9B"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stern_2002-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stern_Interview-10"}],"text":"Orbits of celestial bodies in the Kuiper belt with approximate distances and inclination. Objects marked with red are in orbital resonances with Neptune, with Pluto (the largest red circle) located in the \"spike\" of plutinos at the 2:3 resonanceStern, the principal investigator of the New Horizons mission to Pluto, disagreed with the reclassification of Pluto on the basis of its inability to clear a neighbourhood. He argued that the IAU's wording is vague, and that — like Pluto — Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Neptune have not cleared their orbital neighbourhoods either. Earth co-orbits with 10,000 near-Earth asteroids (NEAs), and Jupiter has 100,000 trojans in its orbital path. \"If Neptune had cleared its zone, Pluto wouldn't be there\", he said.[7]The IAU category of 'planets' is nearly identical to Stern's own proposed category of 'überplanets'. In the paper proposing Stern and Levison's Λ discriminant, they stated, \"we define an überplanet as a planetary body in orbit about a star that is dynamically important enough to have cleared its neighboring planetesimals ...\" and a few paragraphs later, \"From a dynamical standpoint, our solar system clearly contains 8 überplanets\" — including Earth, Mars, Jupiter, and Neptune.[3] Although Stern proposed this to define dynamical subcategories of planets, he rejected it for defining what a planet is, advocating the use of intrinsic attributes over dynamical relationships.[8]","title":"Disagreement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"AU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_Unit"},{"link_name":"ME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mass"}],"text":"^ This expression for k can be derived by following Margot's paper as follows:\n\nThe time required for a body of mass m in orbit around a body of mass M with an orbital period P is:\n\n\n \n \n \n \n t\n \n clear\n \n \n =\n P\n \n \n \n δ\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n D\n \n x\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{\\text{clear}}=P{\\frac {\\delta x^{2}}{D_{x}^{2}}}}\n \n\n\nWith \n \n \n \n δ\n x\n ≃\n \n \n C\n a\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n m\n \n 3\n M\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n D\n \n x\n \n \n ≃\n \n \n 10\n a\n \n \n \n \n m\n M\n \n \n ,\n P\n =\n 2\n π\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n \n \n G\n M\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta x\\simeq {\\frac {C}{a}}\\left({\\frac {m}{3M}}\\right)^{1/3},D_{x}\\simeq {\\frac {10}{a}}{\\frac {m}{M}},P=2\\pi {\\sqrt {\\frac {a^{3}}{GM}}},}\n \n and C the number of Hill radii to be cleared.\n\nThis gives\n\n\n \n \n \n \n t\n \n clear\n \n \n =\n 2\n π\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n \n \n G\n M\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n m\n \n 3\n M\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n M\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 100\n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n 100\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 3\n \n 2\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n M\n \n 5\n \n /\n \n 6\n \n \n \n m\n \n −\n 4\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{\\text{clear}}=2\\pi {\\sqrt {\\frac {a^{3}}{GM}}}{\\frac {C^{2}}{a^{2}}}\\left({\\frac {m}{3M}}\\right)^{2/3}{\\frac {a^{2}M^{2}}{100m^{2}}}={\\frac {2\\pi }{100{\\sqrt {G}}}}{\\frac {C^{2}}{3^{2/3}}}a^{3/2}M^{5/6}m^{-4/3}}\n \n\n\nrequiring that the clearing time tclear to be less than a characteristic timescale t* gives:\n\n\n \n \n \n \n t\n \n ∗\n \n \n ≥\n \n t\n \n clear\n \n \n =\n 2\n π\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n \n \n G\n M\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n m\n \n 3\n M\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n \n \n \n M\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 100\n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n 100\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n \n 3\n \n 2\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n M\n \n 5\n \n /\n \n 6\n \n \n \n m\n \n −\n 4\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{*}\\geq t_{\\text{clear}}=2\\pi {\\sqrt {\\frac {a^{3}}{GM}}}{\\frac {C^{2}}{a^{2}}}\\left({\\frac {m}{3M}}\\right)^{2/3}{\\frac {a^{2}M^{2}}{100m^{2}}}={\\frac {2\\pi }{100{\\sqrt {G}}}}{\\frac {C^{2}}{3^{2/3}}}a^{3/2}M^{5/6}m^{-4/3}}\n \n\n\nthis means that a body with a mass m can clear its orbit within the designated timescale if it satisfies\n\n\n \n \n \n m\n ≥\n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n 100\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n 2\n \n /\n \n 3\n \n \n \n t\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n M\n \n 5\n \n /\n \n 6\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n 100\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 9\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n M\n \n 5\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m\\geq {\\left[{\\frac {2\\pi }{100{\\sqrt {G}}}}{\\frac {C^{2}}{3^{2/3}t_{*}}}a^{3/2}M^{5/6}\\right]}^{3/4}={{\\left({\\frac {2\\pi }{100{\\sqrt {G}}}}\\right)}^{3/4}{\\frac {C^{3/2}}{{\\sqrt {3}}{t_{*}}^{3/4}}}a^{9/8}M^{5/8}}}\n \n\n\nThis can be rewritten as follows\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n m\n \n Earth\n \n \n \n \n ≥\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n 100\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n a\n \n a\n \n Earth\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 9\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n M\n \n M\n \n Sun\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 5\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n Earth\n \n \n 9\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n M\n \n Sun\n \n \n 5\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n Earth\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {m}{m_{\\text{Earth}}}}\\geq {{\\left({\\frac {2\\pi }{100{\\sqrt {G}}}}\\right)}^{3/4}{\\frac {C^{3/2}}{{\\sqrt {3}}{t_{*}}^{3/4}}}{\\left({\\frac {a}{a_{\\text{Earth}}}}\\right)}^{9/8}{\\left({\\frac {M}{M_{\\text{Sun}}}}\\right)}^{5/8}{\\frac {a_{\\text{Earth}}^{9/8}M_{\\text{Sun}}^{5/8}}{m_{\\text{Earth}}}}}}\n \n\n\nso that the variables can be changed to use solar masses, Earth masses, and distances in AU by\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n M\n \n M\n \n Sun\n \n \n \n \n →\n \n \n \n M\n ¯\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n m\n \n m\n \n Earth\n \n \n \n \n →\n \n \n \n m\n ¯\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {M}{M_{\\text{Sun}}}}\\to {\\bar {M}},{\\frac {m}{m_{\\text{Earth}}}}\\to {\\bar {m}},}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n a\n \n E\n a\n r\n t\n h\n \n \n \n \n →\n \n \n \n a\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {a}{a_{Earth}}}\\to {\\bar {a}}}\n \n\n\nThen, equating t* to be the main-sequence lifetime of the star tMS, the above expression can be rewritten using\n\n\n \n \n \n \n t\n \n ∗\n \n \n ≃\n \n t\n \n MS\n \n \n ∝\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n M\n \n M\n \n Sun\n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n −\n 5\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n t\n \n S\n u\n n\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{*}\\simeq t_{\\text{MS}}\\propto {\\left({\\frac {M}{M_{\\text{Sun}}}}\\right)}^{-5/2}t_{Sun},}\n \n\n\nwith tSun the main-sequence lifetime of the Sun, and making a similar change in variables to time in years\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n Sun\n \n \n \n P\n \n Earth\n \n \n \n \n →\n \n \n \n \n t\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n S\n u\n n\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {t_{\\text{Sun}}}{P_{\\text{Earth}}}}\\to {\\bar {t}}_{Sun}.}\n \n\n\nThis then gives\n\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n ¯\n \n \n \n ≥\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n 100\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n t\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n Sun\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n 9\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n \n M\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n 5\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n Earth\n \n \n 9\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n M\n \n Sun\n \n \n 5\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n Earth\n \n \n \n P\n \n Earth\n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\bar {m}}\\geq {\\left({\\frac {2\\pi }{100{\\sqrt {G}}}}\\right)}^{3/4}{\\frac {C^{3/2}}{{\\sqrt {3}}{{\\bar {t}}_{\\text{Sun}}}^{3/4}}}{\\bar {a}}^{9/8}{\\bar {M}}^{5/2}{\\frac {a_{\\text{Earth}}^{9/8}M_{\\text{Sun}}^{5/8}}{m_{\\text{Earth}}P_{\\text{Earth}}^{3/4}}}}\n \n\n\nThen, the orbital-clearing parameter is the mass of the body divided by the minimum mass required to clear its orbit (which is the right-hand side of the above expression) and leaving out the bars for simplicity gives the expression for Π as given in this article:\n\n\n \n \n \n Π\n =\n \n \n m\n \n m\n \n clear\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n m\n \n \n a\n \n 9\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n M\n \n 5\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 100\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n Sun\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n Earth\n \n \n \n P\n \n Earth\n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n Earth\n \n \n 9\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n M\n \n Sun\n \n \n 5\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Pi ={\\frac {m}{m_{\\text{clear}}}}={\\frac {m}{a^{9/8}M^{5/2}}}{\\left({\\frac {100{\\sqrt {G}}}{2\\pi }}\\right)}^{3/4}{\\frac {{\\sqrt {3}}{t_{\\text{Sun}}}^{3/4}}{C^{3/2}}}{\\frac {m_{\\text{Earth}}P_{\\text{Earth}}^{3/4}}{a_{\\text{Earth}}^{9/8}M_{\\text{Sun}}^{5/8}}}.}\n \n\n\nwhich means that\n\n\n \n \n \n k\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 100\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n Sun\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n Earth\n \n \n \n P\n \n Earth\n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n a\n \n Earth\n \n \n −\n 9\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n M\n \n Sun\n \n \n −\n 5\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k={\\left({\\frac {100{\\sqrt {G}}}{2\\pi }}\\right)}^{3/4}{\\frac {{\\sqrt {3}}{t_{\\text{Sun}}}^{3/4}}{C^{3/2}}}m_{\\text{Earth}}P_{\\text{Earth}}^{3/4}a_{\\text{Earth}}^{-9/8}M_{\\text{Sun}}^{-5/8}}\n \n\n\nEarth's orbital period can then be used to remove aEarth and PEarth from the expression:\n\n\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n Earth\n \n \n =\n 2\n π\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n Earth\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n M\n \n Sun\n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P_{\\text{Earth}}=2\\pi {\\sqrt {\\frac {{a_{\\text{Earth}}}^{3}}{M_{\\text{Sun}}G}}},}\n \n\n\nwhich gives\n\n\n \n \n \n k\n =\n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 100\n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n Sun\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n Earth\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n \n 2\n π\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n Earth\n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n M\n \n Sun\n \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n )\n \n \n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n Earth\n \n \n −\n 9\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n M\n \n Sun\n \n \n −\n 5\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k={\\left({\\frac {100{\\cancel {\\sqrt {G}}}}{\\cancel {2\\pi }}}\\right)}^{3/4}{\\frac {{\\sqrt {3}}{t_{\\text{Sun}}}^{3/4}}{C^{3/2}}}m_{\\text{Earth}}{\\left({\\cancel {2\\pi }}{\\sqrt {\\frac {\\cancel {{a_{\\text{Earth}}}^{3}}}{M_{\\text{Sun}}{\\cancel {G}}}}}\\right)}^{3/4}{\\cancel {a_{\\text{Earth}}^{-9/8}}}M_{\\text{Sun}}^{-5/8},}\n \n\n\nso that this becomes\n\n\n \n \n \n k\n =\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n C\n \n −\n 3\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n 100\n \n t\n \n Sun\n \n \n \n )\n \n 3\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n Earth\n \n \n \n M\n \n Sun\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k={\\sqrt {3}}C^{-3/2}(100t_{\\text{Sun}})^{3/4}{\\frac {m_{\\text{Earth}}}{M_{\\text{Sun}}}}}\n \n\n\nPlugging in the numbers gives k = 807.\n\n^ These values are based on a value of k estimated for Ceres and the asteroid belt: k equals 1.53 × 105 AU1.5/ME2, where AU is the astronomical unit and ME is the mass of Earth. Accordingly, Λ is dimensionless.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Orbits of celestial bodies in the Kuiper belt with approximate distances and inclination. Objects marked with red are in orbital resonances with Neptune, with Pluto (the largest red circle) located in the \"spike\" of plutinos at the 2:3 resonance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/TheKuiperBelt_75AU_All.svg/400px-TheKuiperBelt_75AU_All.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png"}]
[{"title":"List of Solar System objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects"},{"title":"List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System"},{"title":"List of Solar System objects by size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size"},{"title":"List of notable asteroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_notable_asteroids"},{"title":"Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_of_influence_(astrodynamics)"}]
[{"reference":"\"IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes\". IAU. 24 August 2006. Retrieved 2009-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/","url_text":"\"IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes\""}]},{"reference":"Margot, Jean-Luc (2015-10-15). \"A Quantitative Criterion for Defining Planets\". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (6): 185–191. arXiv:1507.06300. Bibcode:2015AJ....150..185M. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F150%2F6%2F185","url_text":"\"A Quantitative Criterion for Defining Planets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.06300","url_text":"1507.06300"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AJ....150..185M","url_text":"2015AJ....150..185M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F150%2F6%2F185","url_text":"10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185"}]},{"reference":"Stern, S. Alan; Levison, Harold F. (2002). \"Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes\" (PDF). Highlights of Astronomy. 12: 205–213, as presented at the XXIVth General Assembly of the IAU–2000 [Manchester, UK, 7–18 August 2000]. Bibcode:2002HiA....12..205S. doi:10.1017/S1539299600013289.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hal/PDF/planet_def.pdf","url_text":"\"Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002HiA....12..205S","url_text":"2002HiA....12..205S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1539299600013289","url_text":"10.1017/S1539299600013289"}]},{"reference":"Soter, Steven (2006-08-16). \"What Is a Planet?\". The Astronomical Journal. 132 (6): 2513–2519. arXiv:astro-ph/0608359. Bibcode:2006AJ....132.2513S. doi:10.1086/508861. S2CID 14676169.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Astronomical_Journal","url_text":"The Astronomical Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0608359","url_text":"astro-ph/0608359"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AJ....132.2513S","url_text":"2006AJ....132.2513S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F508861","url_text":"10.1086/508861"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14676169","url_text":"14676169"}]},{"reference":"Schwamb, Megan E; Brown, Michael E; Rabinowitz, David L (2009). \"A Search for Distant Solar System Bodies in the Region of Sedna\". The Astrophysical Journal. 694 (1): L45–8. arXiv:0901.4173. Bibcode:2009ApJ...694L..45S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/L45. S2CID 15072103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0901.4173","url_text":"0901.4173"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...694L..45S","url_text":"2009ApJ...694L..45S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F694%2F1%2FL45","url_text":"10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/L45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15072103","url_text":"15072103"}]},{"reference":"Rincon, Paul (25 August 2006). \"Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt\". BBC News. Retrieved 2006-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5283956.stm","url_text":"\"Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Pluto's Planet Title Defender: Q & A With Planetary Scientist Alan Stern\". Space.com. 24 August 2011. Retrieved 2016-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.space.com/12710-pluto-defender-alan-stern-dwarf-planet-interview.html","url_text":"\"Pluto's Planet Title Defender: Q & A With Planetary Scientist Alan Stern\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space.com","url_text":"Space.com"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.iau.org/public_press/news/detail/iau0603/","external_links_name":"\"IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F150%2F6%2F185","external_links_name":"\"A Quantitative Criterion for Defining Planets\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.06300","external_links_name":"1507.06300"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AJ....150..185M","external_links_name":"2015AJ....150..185M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F150%2F6%2F185","external_links_name":"10.1088/0004-6256/150/6/185"},{"Link":"http://www.boulder.swri.edu/~hal/PDF/planet_def.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002HiA....12..205S","external_links_name":"2002HiA....12..205S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1539299600013289","external_links_name":"10.1017/S1539299600013289"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0608359","external_links_name":"astro-ph/0608359"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AJ....132.2513S","external_links_name":"2006AJ....132.2513S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F508861","external_links_name":"10.1086/508861"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14676169","external_links_name":"14676169"},{"Link":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MNRAS.tmp...24I","external_links_name":"Iorio, 2007"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0901.4173","external_links_name":"0901.4173"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...694L..45S","external_links_name":"2009ApJ...694L..45S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F694%2F1%2FL45","external_links_name":"10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/L45"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15072103","external_links_name":"15072103"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5283956.stm","external_links_name":"\"Pluto vote 'hijacked' in revolt\""},{"Link":"http://www.space.com/12710-pluto-defender-alan-stern-dwarf-planet-interview.html","external_links_name":"\"Pluto's Planet Title Defender: Q & A With Planetary Scientist Alan Stern\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweating_Bullets_(song)
Sweating Bullets (song)
["1 Lyrics","2 Music video","3 Appearances","4 Accolades","5 Charts","6 References"]
1993 single by Megadeth"Sweating Bullets"Single by Megadethfrom the album Countdown to Extinction ReleasedFebruary 16, 1993RecordedJanuary–April 1992GenreHeavy metalLength5:03 (original version) 5:28 (2004 remastered version)LabelCapitolSongwriter(s)Dave MustaineProducer(s)Max Norman, Dave MustaineMegadeth singles chronology "Symphony of Destruction" (1992) "Sweating Bullets" (1993) "Skin o' My Teeth" (1993) Music video"Sweating Bullets" on YouTube "Sweating Bullets" is a song by American heavy metal band Megadeth. It was released in 1993 as the third single from their fifth album, Countdown to Extinction (1992). A music video for the song was made, directed by Wayne Isham. The song charted at No. 27 on the US Mainstream Rock chart and at No. 26 in the UK. Lyrics The lyrics, written by frontman Dave Mustaine, are from a first-person perspective of someone suffering from schizophrenia. Mustaine wrote the lyrics to express an idea that everyone suffers from the mental illness in their own ways, stating:"I wrote that about myself. It was pointed out to me that I'm kind of schizophrenic and that I live inside my head. Which is something I don't subscribe to, but I enjoyed the theory nonetheless. I think all of us are sweating bullets all the time. Society's a joke right now, and people are getting more and more hostile. When you think about having an evil twin or schizophrenia, I think a lot of us are schizo, because we live inside our heads. There's someone we all confer with; it's called our conscience. Some people cannot control their other side; it takes them over. Everybody has that psychotic side. Everyone has a thing that will make them snap." Music video The music video of this song starts with Dave Mustaine looking at himself in the mirror until a hand touches his shoulder and when he turns around, he notices that it is himself. Then, multiple Mustaines appear everywhere doing weird things. Then, the real Mustaine appears holding his brain sitting on a chair with two other Mustaines singing the song. In the guitar solo section of the song, the camera filming the music video moves backwards showing the other Megadeth members David Ellefson, Nick Menza and Marty Friedman locked in cells as prisoners in a paranoia state with their instruments. Appearances "Sweating Bullets" is featured in the 2009 video game Guitar Hero 5. Accolades Year Publication Country Accolade Rank 2018 Billboard United Kingdom The 15 Best Megadeth Songs: Critic’s Picks 7 Charts Chart (1993) Peakposition European Hot 100 Singles (Music & Media) 87 Ireland (IRMA) 18 UK Singles (OCC) 26 US Mainstream Rock (Billboard) 27 References ^ Songfacts. "Sweating Bullets by Megadeth - Songfacts". www.songfacts.com. Retrieved August 29, 2020. ^ Roy, Tee (August 27, 2013). "Tuesday Metal Mania – Megadeth "Sweating Bullets"". Rock 96.7. Retrieved August 27, 2020. ^ "Megadeth MFC Premium Membership Offer & Win a 'Guitar Hero 5' Game!". Megadeth.com. March 7, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020. ^ Titus, Christina. "The 15 Best Megadeth Songs: Critic's Picks". Billboard. Retrieved August 29, 2022. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. June 12, 1993. p. 19. Retrieved August 14, 2018. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Megadeth". Irish Singles Chart. ^ "Megadeth: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. ^ "Megadeth Chart History (Mainstream Rock)". Billboard. vteMegadeth Dave Mustaine James LoMenzo Dirk Verbeuren Teemu Mäntysaari David Ellefson Lee Rauch Gar Samuelson Chris Poland Chuck Behler Jeff Young Nick Menza Marty Friedman Jimmy DeGrasso Al Pitrelli James MacDonough Glen Drover Shawn Drover Chris Broderick Kiko Loureiro Chris Adler Studio albums Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good! Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? So Far, So Good... So What! Rust in Peace Countdown to Extinction Youthanasia Cryptic Writings Risk The World Needs a Hero The System Has Failed United Abominations Endgame Thirteen Super Collider Dystopia The Sick, the Dying... and the Dead! Live albums Rude Awakening That One Night: Live in Buenos Aires Rust in Peace: Live The Big Four: Live from Sofia, Bulgaria Countdown to Extinction: Live Unplugged in Boston Compilation albums Capitol Punishment: The Megadeth Years Still, Alive... and Well? Greatest Hits: Back to the Start Warchest Anthology: Set the World Afire Icon Warheads on Foreheads Extended plays Live at the Cow Palace Hidden Treasures Cryptic Sounds: No Voices in Your Head Live Trax and Live Trax II Singles "Wake Up Dead" "Peace Sells" "Anarchy in the U.K." "Mary Jane" "In My Darkest Hour" "No More Mr. Nice Guy" "Holy Wars... The Punishment Due" "Hangar 18" "Symphony of Destruction" "Sweating Bullets" "Skin o' My Teeth" "Angry Again" "99 Ways to Die" "Train of Consequences" "A Tout le Monde" "Trust" "Use the Man" "Crush 'Em" "Breadline" "Kill the King "Moto Psycho" "Dread and the Fugitive Mind" "Blackmail the Universe" "Of Mice and Men" "Gears of War" "Never Walk Alone... A Call to Arms" "À Tout le Monde (Set Me Free)" "Head Crusher" "The Right to Go Insane" "Sudden Death" "Public Enemy No. 1" "Whose Life (Is It Anyways?)" "The Threat Is Real" "Fatal Illusion" "Dystopia" "Post American World" "We'll Be Back" "Night Stalkers" "Soldier On!" "Killing Time" Other songs "Killing Is My Business... and Business Is Good!" "These Boots" "Mechanix "The Conjuring" "Good Mourning/Black Friday" "I Ain't Superstitious" "My Last Words" "Set the World Afire" "Tornado of Souls" "Dialectic Chaos" "This Day We Fight!" "Lying in State" Video albums Rude Awakening Arsenal of Megadeth That One Night: Live in Buenos Aires Rust in Peace: Live The Big Four: Live from Sofia, Bulgaria Countdown to Extinction: Live Tours So Far, So Good... So What! Tour Clash of the Titans Gigantour American Carnage Tour European Carnage Tour Mayhem Festival 2011 Related articles Discography Members Songs Awards MD.45 (The Craving) Humanary Stew: A Tribute to Alice Cooper Ellefson v. Megadeth, Inc. Vic Rattlehead Metallica F5 EMP Label Group Murder in the Front Row Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"Megadeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadeth"},{"link_name":"Countdown to Extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countdown_to_Extinction"},{"link_name":"Wayne Isham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Isham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Rock_Tracks_chart"}],"text":"1993 single by Megadeth\"Sweating Bullets\" is a song by American heavy metal band Megadeth. It was released in 1993 as the third single from their fifth album, Countdown to Extinction (1992). A music video for the song was made, directed by Wayne Isham.[1] The song charted at No. 27 on the US Mainstream Rock chart and at No. 26 in the UK.","title":"Sweating Bullets (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Mustaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Mustaine"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The lyrics, written by frontman Dave Mustaine, are from a first-person perspective of someone suffering from schizophrenia. Mustaine wrote the lyrics to express an idea that everyone suffers from the mental illness in their own ways, stating:\"I wrote that about myself. It was pointed out to me that I'm kind of schizophrenic and that I live inside my head. Which is something I don't subscribe to, but I enjoyed the theory nonetheless. I think all of us are sweating bullets all the time. Society's a joke right now, and people are getting more and more hostile. When you think about having an evil twin or schizophrenia, I think a lot of us are schizo, because we live inside our heads. There's someone we all confer with; it's called our conscience. Some people cannot control their other side; it takes them over. Everybody has that psychotic side. Everyone has a thing that will make them snap.\"[2]","title":"Lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dave Mustaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Mustaine"},{"link_name":"Megadeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadeth"},{"link_name":"David Ellefson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ellefson"},{"link_name":"Nick Menza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Menza"},{"link_name":"Marty Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Friedman"}],"text":"The music video of this song starts with Dave Mustaine looking at himself in the mirror until a hand touches his shoulder and when he turns around, he notices that it is himself. Then, multiple Mustaines appear everywhere doing weird things. Then, the real Mustaine appears holding his brain sitting on a chair with two other Mustaines singing the song. In the guitar solo section of the song, the camera filming the music video moves backwards showing the other Megadeth members David Ellefson, Nick Menza and Marty Friedman locked in cells as prisoners in a paranoia state with their instruments.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guitar Hero 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Hero_5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Sweating Bullets\" is featured in the 2009 video game Guitar Hero 5.[3]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Songfacts. \"Sweating Bullets by Megadeth - Songfacts\". www.songfacts.com. Retrieved August 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.songfacts.com/facts/megadeth/sweating-bullets","url_text":"\"Sweating Bullets by Megadeth - Songfacts\""}]},{"reference":"Roy, Tee (August 27, 2013). \"Tuesday Metal Mania – Megadeth \"Sweating Bullets\"\". Rock 96.7. Retrieved August 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://rock967online.com/tuesday-metal-mania-megadeth-sweating-bullets/","url_text":"\"Tuesday Metal Mania – Megadeth \"Sweating Bullets\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Megadeth MFC Premium Membership Offer & Win a 'Guitar Hero 5' Game!\". Megadeth.com. March 7, 2020. Retrieved September 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://megadeth.com/news/2010/mfc-premium-membership-offer-win-a-guitar-hero-5-g/","url_text":"\"Megadeth MFC Premium Membership Offer & Win a 'Guitar Hero 5' Game!\""}]},{"reference":"Titus, Christina. \"The 15 Best Megadeth Songs: Critic's Picks\". Billboard. Retrieved August 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/best-megadeth-songs-top-15-8210738/","url_text":"\"The 15 Best Megadeth Songs: Critic's Picks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. June 12, 1993. p. 19. Retrieved August 14, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/90s/93/MM-1993-06-12-OCR-Page-0019.pdf#search=%22eurochart%20megadeth%20sweating%22","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aOnKCcjP8Qs","external_links_name":"\"Sweating Bullets\""},{"Link":"https://www.songfacts.com/facts/megadeth/sweating-bullets","external_links_name":"\"Sweating Bullets by Megadeth - Songfacts\""},{"Link":"https://rock967online.com/tuesday-metal-mania-megadeth-sweating-bullets/","external_links_name":"\"Tuesday Metal Mania – Megadeth \"Sweating Bullets\"\""},{"Link":"https://megadeth.com/news/2010/mfc-premium-membership-offer-win-a-guitar-hero-5-g/","external_links_name":"\"Megadeth MFC Premium Membership Offer & Win a 'Guitar Hero 5' Game!\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/rock/best-megadeth-songs-top-15-8210738/","external_links_name":"\"The 15 Best Megadeth Songs: Critic's Picks\""},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Music/Archive-Music-Media-IDX/IDX/90s/93/MM-1993-06-12-OCR-Page-0019.pdf#search=%22eurochart%20megadeth%20sweating%22","external_links_name":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"Link":"http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement?page=1&search_type=artist&placement=Megadeth","external_links_name":"The Irish Charts – Search Results – Megadeth\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/search/artists/Megadeth","external_links_name":"\"Megadeth: Artist Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Megadeth/chart-history/RTT","external_links_name":"\"Megadeth Chart History (Mainstream Rock)\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/81bea5a5-cb61-3317-895f-5e8dbad88679","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Augustus
Mausoleum of Augustus
["1 Description","2 History","2.1 Ancient","2.2 Medieval","2.3 Modern","2.4 Restoration","3 Burials","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°54′22.0″N 12°28′35.0″E / 41.906111°N 12.476389°E / 41.906111; 12.476389Ancient Roman tomb in Rome, Italy Mausoleum of AugustusMausoleum of Augustus restored (2019)Mausoleum of AugustusShown within RomeClick on the map for a fullscreen viewLocationRegio IX Circus FlaminiusCoordinates41°54′22.0″N 12°28′35.0″E / 41.906111°N 12.476389°E / 41.906111; 12.476389TypeMausoleumHistoryBuilderAugustusFounded28 BC The Mausoleum of Augustus (Latin: Mausoleum Augusti; Italian: Mausoleo di Augusto) is a large tomb built by the Roman Emperor Augustus in 28 BC on the Campus Martius in Rome, Italy. The mausoleum is located on the Piazza Augusto Imperatore, near the corner with Via di Ripetta as it runs along the Tiber. The grounds cover an area equivalent to a few city blocks nestled between the church of San Carlo al Corso and the Museum of the Ara Pacis. After being closed for fourteen years to perform restoration work, the mausoleum was reopened to the public in March 2021. Description The mausoleum was circular in plan, consisting of several concentric rings of earth and brick, faced with travertine on the exterior, and planted with cypresses on the top tier. The whole structure was capped (possibly, as reconstructions are unsure at best) by a conical roof and a huge bronze statue of Augustus. Vaults held up the roof and opened up the burial spaces below. Twin pink granite obelisks flanked the arched entryway; these have been removed; one now stands at the Piazza dell'Esquilino (on the north-west side of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore) and the other at the Quirinal fountain. The completed mausoleum measured 90 m (295 ft) in diameter by 42 m (137 ft) in height. A corridor ran from the entryway into the heart of the mausoleum, where there was a chamber with three niches to hold the golden urns enshrining the ashes of the Imperial Family. Two pillars flanking the entrance were mounted with bronze plaques inscribed with the Res Gestae Divi Augusti, the document describing Augustus' accomplishments and victories. Surrounding the mausoleum was landscaped parkland akin to modern public parks, affording a place of retreat at the heart of Rome's heavily urbanized Campus Martius. Esquiline obelisk, originally on the western flank of the mausoleum. Found in 1527 and removed in 1587 to Santa Maria Maggiore by Pope Sixtus V. The Mausoleum of Augustus in the 1st century, an 1851 reconstruction. Quirinale obelisk, originally on the eastern flank of the mausoleum. Found in 1527 and removed in 1786 to the Quirinal Hill by Pope Pius VI. History Ancient The mausoleum was one of the first projects initiated by Augustus in the city of Rome following his victory at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. The traditional story is that in AD 410, during the sack of Rome by Alaric, the pillaging Visigoths rifled the vaults, stole the urns and scattered the ashes, without damaging the structure of the building. Platner and Ashby, however, posited that "The story of its plundering by Alaric in 410 has no historical foundation, and we know nothing of its destruction". Medieval By the end of the 10th century, the mausoleum had become largely buried under earth and overgrown with trees, to the point where it was referred to as the Mons Augustus. A legend of the time referred to a supposed decree by Augustus who ordered that a basketful of earth from every province of the empire was to be thrown upon his tomb, so that he could rest on the soil of the whole world over which he ruled. Atop the Mausoleum stood a chapel built to the Archangel Michael, while alongside was the Church of Santa Maria (or perhaps Martina) in Augusto (later transformed into San Giacomo degli Incurabili). By the 12th century, the tumulus was fortified as a castle – as was the mausoleum of Hadrian, which was turned into the Castel Sant'Angelo – and occupied by the Colonna family. After the disastrous defeat of the Commune of Rome at the hands of the Count of Tusculum in 1167, the Colonna were disgraced and banished, and their fortification in the Campo was dismantled. Throughout the Renaissance it passed through the ownership of several major Roman families, who used it as a garden. Modern In the early 20th century, the interior of the Mausoleum was used as a concert hall called the Augusteo, until Benito Mussolini ordered it closed in the 1930s and restored it to the status of an archaeological site. The restoration of the Mausoleum of Augustus to a place of prominence featured in Mussolini's ambitious reordering of the city of Rome which strove to connect the aspirations of Italian Fascism with the former glories of the Roman Empire. Mussolini viewed himself especially connected to the achievements of Augustus, seeing himself as a 'reborn Augustus' ready to usher in a new age of Italian dominance. This restoration occurred in 1937, on the 2000th anniversary of Augustus' birth. Restoration This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2023) The Mausoleum of Augustus in 2016 The neglect of the mausoleum—closed to the public, overgrown with vegetation, and used as a dumping ground for litter—attracted criticism, especially after the opening of the Ara Pacis museum across the street in 2006. A plan to restore the mausoleum in time for the 2000th anniversary of Augustus's death in 2014 failed due to funding shortfalls. In January 2017, Italian authorities announced a €6 million grant from Telecom Italia for a comprehensive restoration of the Mausoleum of Augustus, allowing it to open to the public for the first time since the 1970s. The Mausoleum was slated for a full restoration incorporating a multimedia exhibition of modern and ancient Rome projected on the interior walls of the structure to be completed by April 2019. The schedule was not met, shifting the deadline to early 2021. The costs expanded to €11 million, although this was partially offset by additional grants from Telecom Italia's successor Gruppo TIM. The mausoleum opened to visitors in 2021, although additional restoration—including the central cylinder housing Augustus' burial chamber—was left undone, scheduled for completion in 2022. The projected date for the mausoleum's reopening has been varied, and currently the mausoleum has been temporarily closed since June 6th, 2022 to allow for redevelopment of Piazza Augusto Imperatore to progress. Burials Cinerary urn of Agrippina which now rests in the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the Capitoline Museums near the Tabularium. Included among those whose remains were laid inside the mausoleum before the death of Augustus were: Marcus Claudius Marcellus (son of Octavia Minor), who was the first to be buried there, in 23 BC Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (husband of Julia the Elder) Nero Claudius Drusus (son of Livia Drusilla; husband of Antonia Minor and father of Claudius) Octavia Minor (sister of Augustus) Gaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar (grandsons of Augustus) After the death of Augustus, the mausoleum hosted the remains of: Augustus Livia Drusilla (wife of Augustus) Tiberius Drusus Julius Caesar (son of Tiberius) Germanicus (son of Antonia Minor) Julia Livilla (daughter of Germanicus) Drusus Caesar (son of Germanicus) Julia Drusilla (daughter of Caligula) Antonia Minor (mother of Claudius) Britannicus (son of Claudius) Claudius Agrippina the Elder (daughter of Julia the Elder) Nero Julius Caesar (son of Agrippina the Elder) Nerva, the last emperor for whom the mausoleum was opened Legacy The Roman poet Martial wrote about the building: Pour me a double measure, of Falernian, Callistus,and you Alcimus, melt over it summer snows,let my sleek hair be soaked with excess of perfume,my brow be wearied beneath the sewn-on rose.The Mausoleum tells us to live, that one nearby,it teaches us that the gods themselves can die. See also Menologium Rusticum Colotianum, discovered near the mausoleum Ara Pacis & Solarium Augusti, nearby Pyramid of Cestius & Obelisks of Rome Pons Cestius Catacombs of Rome List of ancient monuments in Rome References ^ "Rome's Mausoleum of Augustus to reopen after 14 years". Wanted in Rome. 2020-12-18. Retrieved 2020-12-18. ^ a b Bond, Sarah (2017-05-08). "Take a Look at the New Renovations of the Mausoleum of Augustus Caesar". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-08-07. ^ a b Squires, Nick (2017-01-16). "Giant mausoleum in Rome that held the remains of the emperor Augustus to be restored after decades of neglect". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2017-08-07. ^ Cf. Mitt. 1904, 57; Kornemann, Mausoleum und Tatenbericht des Augustus, 16. ^ Lanciani, Rodolfo (1892). Pagan and Christian Rome. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 177. ^ a b Platner, Samuel Ball (1929). Ashby, Thomas (ed.). A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Oxford Univ Press. pp. 332–336. ^ Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1895). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Vol. III. New York: George Bell & Sons. pp. 550–551. ^ Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew (February 8, 2018). Augustan Rome (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-1-4725-3426-2. ^ Davies, Lizzy (2014-08-19). "Mausoleum of Augustus stands derelict on anniversary of emperor's death". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2017-08-07. ^ Buckley, Julia (2020-12-24). "Biggest circular tomb in the ancient world to open in Rome". CNN. Retrieved 2020-12-24. ^ "Rome Capital and Fondazione TIM together to re-launch the Augustus Mausoleum" (Press release). Gruppo TIM. 2 May 2012. Retrieved 2024-05-12. ^ "Walk through the 2,000-year-old Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome's first emperor". The Art Newspaper. 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2021-12-15. ^ "Mausoleo di Augusto". Capitoline Superintendency (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-02-13. ^ Martial, Epigram 5.64; translation by A.S. Kline. External links Mausoleum Augusti at LacusCurtius Images of the Mausoleum of Augustus Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. Interlink. ISBN 9781623710088. Media related to Mausoleum of Augustus at Wikimedia Commons Preceded byColumbarium of Pomponius Hylas Landmarks of RomeMausoleum of Augustus Succeeded byMausoleum of Helena vteLandmarks of RomeWalls and gates Aurelian Walls Ardeatina Asinaria Latina Maggiore Metronia Nomentana Pia Pinciana Popolo Portese San Pancrazio San Paolo San Giovanni San Sebastiano Settimiana Tiburtina Leonine Wall Cavalleggeri Pertusa Santo Spirito Castra Praetoria Janiculum Wall Terreus Wall Romuli Wall Servian Wall Caelimontana Capena Collina Dolabella Esquilina Fontinalis Gallienus Viminale Naevia Querquetulana Trigemina Ancient obelisks Lateran Obelisk Flaminian Obelisk Obelisk of Minerveo Obelisk of Montecitorio Ancient RomanlandmarksTriumphal arches Arch of Constantine Arch of Dolabella Arch of Drusus Arch of Gallienus Arch of Janus Arch of Septimius Severus Arch of Titus Arcus Novus Aqueducts Aqua Appia Aqua Alexandrina Aqua Anio Vetus Aqua Anio Novus Aqua Claudia Aqua Julia Aqua Marcia Aqua Tepula Sewers Cloaca Maxima Cloaca Circi Maximi Public baths Baths of Agrippa Baths of Caracalla Baths of Diocletian Baths of Nero Baths of Trajan Religious Ara Pacis Temple of Antoninus and Faustina Temple of Apollo Palatinus Temple of Apollo Sosianus Temple of Hadrian Temple of Hercules Victor Temple of Janus Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Temple of Jupiter Tonans Temple of Minerva Medica Temple of Portunus Temple of Saturn Temple of Vesta House of the Vestals Largo di Torre Argentina Lupercal Pantheon Porta Maggiore Basilica Fora Roman Forum Imperial fora Forum of Augustus Forum of Caesar Forum of Nerva Forum of Vespasian Trajan's Forum Forum Boarium Forum Holitorium Civic Basilica Argentaria Basilica Julia Basilica of Junius Bassus Basilica of Maxentius Basilica of Neptune Basilica Ulpia Comitium Curia Julia Portico Dii Consentes Porticus Octaviae Tabularium Entertainment Circus Maximus Circus of Maxentius Circus of Nero Colosseum Ludus Magnus Gardens of Maecenas Gardens of Sallust Stadium of Domitian Theatre of Marcellus Theatre of Pompey Palaces and villae Domus Augustana Domus Aurea Domus Transitoria Flavian Palace House of Augustus Palace of Domitian Villa Gordiani Villa of Livia Insula dell'Ara Coeli Villa of the Quintilii Villa of the sette bassi Column monuments Column of Antoninus Pius Column of Marcus Aurelius "Column of Phocas" Trajan's Column Five-Columns Monument Commerce Porticus Aemilia Trajan's Market Tombs Casal Rotondo Catacombs of Domitilla Catacombs of Rome Catacombs of San Sebastiano Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas Mausoleum of Augustus Mausoleum of Helena Mausoleum of Maxentius Pyramid of Cestius Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus Tomb of the Haterii Tomb of the Scipios Tombs of Via Latina Tomb of Priscilla Vigna Randanini Bridges Pons Cestius Pons Fabricius Ponte Milvio Ponte Sant'Angelo Roman Catholicbasilicas Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran Basilica of Saint Mary Major Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican S. Lorenzo fuori le mura S. Agnese fuori le mura S. Agostino S. Anastasia al Palatino S. Andrea delle Fratte S. Andrea della Valle S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana S. Apollinare alle Terme Ss. Apostoli S. Balbina S. Bartolomeo all'Isola Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio S. Camillo de Lellis S. Carlo al Corso S. Cecilia in Trastevere Ss. Celso e Giuliano S. Clemente Ss. Cosma e Damiano S. Crisogono S. Croce in Via Flaminia S. Croce in Gerusalemme S. Eugenio S. Eustachio S. Francesca Romana S. Giovanni a Porta Latina S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini Ss. Giovanni e Paolo S. Lorenzo in Damaso S. Lorenzo in Lucina S. Maria Ausiliatrice S. Marco S. Maria degli Angeli S. Maria in Montesanto S. Maria in Cosmedin S. Maria in Domnica S. Maria in Aracoeli S. Maria del Popolo S. Maria sopra Minerva S. Maria in Trastevere S. Maria in Via S. Maria in Via Lata S. Maria della Vittoria S. Martino ai Monti Ss. Nereo e Achilleo S. Nicola in Carcere S. Pancrazio Pantheon S. Pietro in Vincoli S. Prassede S. Pudenziana Ss. Quattro Coronati S. Saba S. Sabina Sacro Cuore di Maria Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio S. Sebastiano fuori le mura S. Silvestro in Capite S. Sisto Vecchio S. Sofia a Via Boccea S. Stefano Rotondo S. Teresa S. Vitale Other churches List of churches in Rome Castles and palaces Arx Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi Castel Sant'Angelo Domus Internationalis Paulus VI Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari Palazzo Borghese Palazzo della Cancelleria Palazzo Chigi Palazzo Colonna Palazzo della Consulta Palazzo Farnese Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini Palazzo Giustinani Lateran Palace Palazzo Madama Palazzo Malta Palazzo di Giustizia Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne Palazzo Mattei Palazzo del Quirinale Palazzo Pamphilj Palazzo Poli Palazzo Riario Palazzo Ruspoli Palazzo Spada Palazzo Valentini Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli Palazzo del Viminale Palazzo Wedekind Palazzo Zuccari Villa Farnesina Villa Giulia Villa Madama Fountains Api Acqua Felice Acqua Paola Babuino Barcaccia Il Facchino Marforio Moro Nasone Navicella Neptune Nettuno del Pantheon Pianto di Piazza d'Aracoeli di Piazza Colonna di Piazza Farnese della Piazza dei Quiriti di Piazza Nicosia in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere di Ponte Sisto Quattro Fiumi Quattro Fontane Tartarughe Trevi Fountain Tritons Tritone Other landmarks Altare della Patria (Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy) Campo Verano Capocci Tower Column of the Immaculate Conception Conti Tower Hospital of the Holy Spirit Milizie Tower Sisto Bridge Spanish Steps Squares, streetsand public spaces Appian Way Campo de' Fiori Clivus Capitolinus Piazza Colonna Piazza d'Aracoeli Piazza del Popolo Piazza della Minerva Piazza della Repubblica Piazza Farnese Piazza Navona Piazza San Pietro Piazza di Spagna Piazza Venezia Via dei Coronari Via del Corso Via della Conciliazione Via dei Fori Imperiali Via Sacra Via Veneto Parks, gardensand zoos Bioparco Villa Ada Villa Borghese gardens Villa Doria Pamphili Villa Medici Villa Torlonia Parco degli Acquedotti Museums andart galleries Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum Capitoline Museums Casa di Goethe Doria Pamphilj Gallery Galleria Borghese Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna Giorgio de Chirico House Museum Galleria Spada Jewish Museum of Rome Keats–Shelley Memorial House MAXXI Museo Archeologico Ostiense Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica Museo Civico di Zoologia Museo delle anime del Purgatorio Museo delle Mura Museo di Roma Museo di Roma in Trastevere Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia Museo Nazionale Etrusco Museo Nazionale Romano Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome Museum of Roman Civilization Museum of the Ara Pacis Museum of the Liberation of Rome National Museum of Oriental Art Palazzo Colonna Palazzo delle Esposizioni Pigorini National Museum Porta San Paolo Railway Museum Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum Venanzo Crocetti Museum Art Apollo Belvedere Augustus of Prima Porta Colossus of Constantine La Bocca della Verità Laocoön and His Sons Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus Ecstasy of Saint Teresa Pietà Portonaccio sarcophagus Raphael Rooms Sistine Chapel ceiling Velletri Sarcophagus LandscapeSeven Hills Aventine Caelian Capitoline Esquiline Palatine Quirinal Viminal Tiber Island Monte Testaccio Metropolitan Cityof Rome Capital Appian Way Regional Park Capo di Bove Castello Orsini-Odescalchi Frascati Hadrian's Villa Ostia Antica Villa Aldobrandini Villa d'Este Villa Farnese Events and traditions Festa della Repubblica Rome Quadriennale Rome Film Festival Enclave Vatican City Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic Pleiades
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Campus Martius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_Martius"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Tiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiber_river"},{"link_name":"San Carlo al Corso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlo_al_Corso"},{"link_name":"Ara Pacis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Pacis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TakeaLook-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Restore-3"}],"text":"Ancient Roman tomb in Rome, ItalyThe Mausoleum of Augustus (Latin: Mausoleum Augusti; Italian: Mausoleo di Augusto) is a large tomb built by the Roman Emperor Augustus in 28 BC on the Campus Martius in Rome, Italy. The mausoleum is located on the Piazza Augusto Imperatore, near the corner with Via di Ripetta as it runs along the Tiber. The grounds cover an area equivalent to a few city blocks nestled between the church of San Carlo al Corso and the Museum of the Ara Pacis. After being closed for fourteen years to perform restoration work, the mausoleum was reopened to the public in March 2021.[1][2][3]","title":"Mausoleum of Augustus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"travertine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertine"},{"link_name":"cypresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"obelisks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisks"},{"link_name":"Piazza dell'Esquilino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_dell%27Esquilino"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"Quirinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinal"},{"link_name":"Res Gestae Divi Augusti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maggiore-obelisk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mausoleo_Augusto_1851.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RomaObeliscoQuirinale.JPG"},{"link_name":"Quirinal Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinal_Hill"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI"}],"text":"The mausoleum was circular in plan, consisting of several concentric rings of earth and brick, faced with travertine on the exterior, and planted with cypresses on the top tier. The whole structure was capped (possibly, as reconstructions are unsure at best) by a conical roof and a huge bronze statue of Augustus.Vaults held up the roof and opened up the burial spaces below. Twin pink granite obelisks flanked the arched entryway; these have been removed; one now stands at the Piazza dell'Esquilino (on the north-west side of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore) and the other at the Quirinal fountain. The completed mausoleum measured 90 m (295 ft) in diameter by 42 m (137 ft) in height.A corridor ran from the entryway into the heart of the mausoleum, where there was a chamber with three niches to hold the golden urns enshrining the ashes of the Imperial Family. Two pillars flanking the entrance were mounted with bronze plaques inscribed with the Res Gestae Divi Augusti, the document describing Augustus' accomplishments and victories.[4] Surrounding the mausoleum was landscaped parkland akin to modern public parks, affording a place of retreat at the heart of Rome's heavily urbanized Campus Martius.Esquiline obelisk, originally on the western flank of the mausoleum. Found in 1527 and removed in 1587 to Santa Maria Maggiore by Pope Sixtus V.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Mausoleum of Augustus in the 1st century, an 1851 reconstruction.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tQuirinale obelisk, originally on the eastern flank of the mausoleum. Found in 1527 and removed in 1786 to the Quirinal Hill by Pope Pius VI.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Actium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Actium"},{"link_name":"sack of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)"},{"link_name":"Alaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaric_I"},{"link_name":"Visigoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TopoDictionary-6"}],"sub_title":"Ancient","text":"The mausoleum was one of the first projects initiated by Augustus in the city of Rome following his victory at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.The traditional story is that in AD 410, during the sack of Rome by Alaric, the pillaging Visigoths rifled the vaults, stole the urns and scattered the ashes, without damaging the structure of the building.[5] Platner and Ashby, however, posited that \"The story of its plundering by Alaric in 410 has no historical foundation, and we know nothing of its destruction\".[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archangel Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"San Giacomo degli Incurabili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giacomo_degli_Incurabili"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"tumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Castel Sant'Angelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo"},{"link_name":"Colonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonna"},{"link_name":"Commune of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Count of Tusculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Tusculum"}],"sub_title":"Medieval","text":"By the end of the 10th century, the mausoleum had become largely buried under earth and overgrown with trees, to the point where it was referred to as the Mons Augustus. A legend of the time referred to a supposed decree by Augustus who ordered that a basketful of earth from every province of the empire was to be thrown upon his tomb, so that he could rest on the soil of the whole world over which he ruled. Atop the Mausoleum stood a chapel built to the Archangel Michael, while alongside was the Church of Santa Maria (or perhaps Martina) in Augusto (later transformed into San Giacomo degli Incurabili).[7]By the 12th century, the tumulus was fortified as a castle – as was the mausoleum of Hadrian, which was turned into the Castel Sant'Angelo – and occupied by the Colonna family. After the disastrous defeat of the Commune of Rome at the hands of the Count of Tusculum in 1167, the Colonna were disgraced and banished, and their fortification in the Campo was dismantled. Throughout the Renaissance it passed through the ownership of several major Roman families, who used it as a garden.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TopoDictionary-6"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Italian Fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascism"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Modern","text":"In the early 20th century, the interior of the Mausoleum was used as a concert hall called the Augusteo,[6] until Benito Mussolini ordered it closed in the 1930s and restored it to the status of an archaeological site. The restoration of the Mausoleum of Augustus to a place of prominence featured in Mussolini's ambitious reordering of the city of Rome which strove to connect the aspirations of Italian Fascism with the former glories of the Roman Empire. Mussolini viewed himself especially connected to the achievements of Augustus, seeing himself as a 'reborn Augustus' ready to usher in a new age of Italian dominance. This restoration occurred in 1937, on the 2000th anniversary of Augustus' birth.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mausoleum_of_Augustus,_Rome.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ara Pacis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Pacis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TakeaLook-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"Telecom Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecom_Italia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Restore-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"Gruppo TIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_TIM"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Piazza Augusto Imperatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Augusto_Imperatore"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Restoration","text":"The Mausoleum of Augustus in 2016The neglect of the mausoleum—closed to the public, overgrown with vegetation, and used as a dumping ground for litter—attracted criticism, especially after the opening of the Ara Pacis museum across the street in 2006.[2] A plan to restore the mausoleum in time for the 2000th anniversary of Augustus's death in 2014 failed due to funding shortfalls.[9]In January 2017, Italian authorities announced a €6 million grant from Telecom Italia for a comprehensive restoration of the Mausoleum of Augustus, allowing it to open to the public for the first time since the 1970s. The Mausoleum was slated for a full restoration incorporating a multimedia exhibition of modern and ancient Rome projected on the interior walls of the structure to be completed by April 2019.[3] The schedule was not met, shifting the deadline to early 2021.[10] The costs expanded to €11 million, although this was partially offset by additional grants from Telecom Italia's successor Gruppo TIM.[11]The mausoleum opened to visitors in 2021, although additional restoration—including the central cylinder housing Augustus' burial chamber—was left undone, scheduled for completion in 2022.[12] The projected date for the mausoleum's reopening has been varied, and currently the mausoleum has been temporarily closed since June 6th, 2022 to allow for redevelopment of Piazza Augusto Imperatore to progress.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Campitelli_-_Campidoglio,_lapide_di_Agrippina_al_Tabularium_2285.JPG"},{"link_name":"Capitoline Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Museums"},{"link_name":"Tabularium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabularium"},{"link_name":"Marcus Claudius Marcellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(Julio-Claudian_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa"},{"link_name":"Nero Claudius Drusus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus"},{"link_name":"Octavia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Gaius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Lucius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Livia Drusilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livia_Drusilla"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"Drusus Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Germanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus"},{"link_name":"Julia Livilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Livilla"},{"link_name":"Drusus Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drusus_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Julia Drusilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Drusilla_(daughter_of_Caligula)"},{"link_name":"Antonia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Britannicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannicus"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"Agrippina the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Nero Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero_Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Nerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerva"}],"text":"Cinerary urn of Agrippina which now rests in the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the Capitoline Museums near the Tabularium.Included among those whose remains were laid inside the mausoleum before the death of Augustus were:Marcus Claudius Marcellus (son of Octavia Minor), who was the first to be buried there, in 23 BC\nMarcus Vipsanius Agrippa (husband of Julia the Elder)\nNero Claudius Drusus (son of Livia Drusilla; husband of Antonia Minor and father of Claudius)\nOctavia Minor (sister of Augustus)\nGaius Caesar and Lucius Caesar (grandsons of Augustus)After the death of Augustus, the mausoleum hosted the remains of:Augustus\nLivia Drusilla (wife of Augustus)\nTiberius\nDrusus Julius Caesar (son of Tiberius)\nGermanicus (son of Antonia Minor)\nJulia Livilla (daughter of Germanicus)\nDrusus Caesar (son of Germanicus)\nJulia Drusilla (daughter of Caligula)\nAntonia Minor (mother of Claudius)\nBritannicus (son of Claudius)\nClaudius\nAgrippina the Elder (daughter of Julia the Elder)\nNero Julius Caesar (son of Agrippina the Elder)\nNerva, the last emperor for whom the mausoleum was opened","title":"Burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Roman poet Martial wrote about the building:\nPour me a double measure, of Falernian, Callistus,and you Alcimus, melt over it summer snows,let my sleek hair be soaked with excess of perfume,my brow be wearied beneath the sewn-on rose.The Mausoleum tells us to live, that one nearby,it teaches us that the gods themselves can die.[14]","title":"Legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"The Mausoleum of Augustus in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Mausoleum_of_Augustus%2C_Rome.jpg/220px-Mausoleum_of_Augustus%2C_Rome.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cinerary urn of Agrippina which now rests in the Palazzo dei Conservatori of the Capitoline Museums near the Tabularium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Campitelli_-_Campidoglio%2C_lapide_di_Agrippina_al_Tabularium_2285.JPG/170px-Campitelli_-_Campidoglio%2C_lapide_di_Agrippina_al_Tabularium_2285.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Menologium Rusticum Colotianum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menologium_Rusticum_Colotianum"},{"title":"Ara Pacis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Pacis"},{"title":"Solarium Augusti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solarium_Augusti"},{"title":"Pyramid of Cestius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_of_Cestius"},{"title":"Obelisks of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obelisks_of_Rome"},{"title":"Pons Cestius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_Cestius"},{"title":"Catacombs of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome"},{"title":"List of ancient monuments in Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_monuments_in_Rome"}]
[{"reference":"\"Rome's Mausoleum of Augustus to reopen after 14 years\". Wanted in Rome. 2020-12-18. Retrieved 2020-12-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wantedinrome.com/news/romes-mausoleum-of-augustus-to-reopen-after-14-years.html","url_text":"\"Rome's Mausoleum of Augustus to reopen after 14 years\""}]},{"reference":"Bond, Sarah (2017-05-08). \"Take a Look at the New Renovations of the Mausoleum of Augustus Caesar\". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/drsarahbond/2017/05/08/an-update-on-the-new-renovation-of-the-mausoleum-of-augustus-in-rome/#4ea1252e41f4","url_text":"\"Take a Look at the New Renovations of the Mausoleum of Augustus Caesar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Squires, Nick (2017-01-16). \"Giant mausoleum in Rome that held the remains of the emperor Augustus to be restored after decades of neglect\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2017-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/16/giant-mausoleum-rome-held-remains-emperor-augustus-restored/","url_text":"\"Giant mausoleum in Rome that held the remains of the emperor Augustus to be restored after decades of neglect\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"Lanciani, Rodolfo (1892). Pagan and Christian Rome. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 177.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Lanciani","url_text":"Lanciani, Rodolfo"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/paganandchristi02lancgoog","url_text":"Pagan and Christian Rome"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/paganandchristi02lancgoog/page/n221","url_text":"177"}]},{"reference":"Platner, Samuel Ball (1929). Ashby, Thomas (ed.). A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Oxford Univ Press. pp. 332–336.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/topographicaldic0000samu/page/332/mode/2up?q=mausoleum","url_text":"A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome"}]},{"reference":"Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1895). History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Vol. III. New York: George Bell & Sons. pp. 550–551.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofr03greguoft/page/550/mode/2up?q=augustus","url_text":"History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages"}]},{"reference":"Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew (February 8, 2018). Augustan Rome (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-1-4725-3426-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-3426-2","url_text":"978-1-4725-3426-2"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Lizzy (2014-08-19). \"Mausoleum of Augustus stands derelict on anniversary of emperor's death\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2017-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/19/mausoleum-augustus-anniversary-rome-emperor","url_text":"\"Mausoleum of Augustus stands derelict on anniversary of emperor's death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Buckley, Julia (2020-12-24). \"Biggest circular tomb in the ancient world to open in Rome\". CNN. Retrieved 2020-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/augustus-tomb-rome-opening/index.html","url_text":"\"Biggest circular tomb in the ancient world to open in Rome\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"\"Rome Capital and Fondazione TIM together to re-launch the Augustus Mausoleum\" (Press release). Gruppo TIM. 2 May 2012. Retrieved 2024-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gruppotim.it/en/press-archive/corporate/2017/CS-Mausoleo-di-Augusto-02-05-17-ENG.html","url_text":"\"Rome Capital and Fondazione TIM together to re-launch the Augustus Mausoleum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walk through the 2,000-year-old Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome's first emperor\". The Art Newspaper. 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2021-12-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/03/02/walk-through-the-2000-year-old-mausoleum-of-augustus-romes-first-emperor","url_text":"\"Walk through the 2,000-year-old Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome's first emperor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper","url_text":"The Art Newspaper"}]},{"reference":"\"Mausoleo di Augusto\". Capitoline Superintendency (in Italian). Retrieved 2024-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www-sovraintendenzaroma-it.translate.goog/i_luoghi/roma_antica/monumenti/mausoleo_di_augusto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en","url_text":"\"Mausoleo di Augusto\""}]},{"reference":"Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. Interlink. ISBN 9781623710088.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=laMDAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623710088","url_text":"9781623710088"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mausoleum_of_Augustus&params=41_54_22.0_N_12_28_35.0_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°54′22.0″N 12°28′35.0″E / 41.906111°N 12.476389°E / 41.906111; 12.476389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mausoleum_of_Augustus&params=41_54_22.0_N_12_28_35.0_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°54′22.0″N 12°28′35.0″E / 41.906111°N 12.476389°E / 41.906111; 12.476389"},{"Link":"https://www.wantedinrome.com/news/romes-mausoleum-of-augustus-to-reopen-after-14-years.html","external_links_name":"\"Rome's Mausoleum of Augustus to reopen after 14 years\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/drsarahbond/2017/05/08/an-update-on-the-new-renovation-of-the-mausoleum-of-augustus-in-rome/#4ea1252e41f4","external_links_name":"\"Take a Look at the New Renovations of the Mausoleum of Augustus Caesar\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/16/giant-mausoleum-rome-held-remains-emperor-augustus-restored/","external_links_name":"\"Giant mausoleum in Rome that held the remains of the emperor Augustus to be restored after decades of neglect\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/paganandchristi02lancgoog","external_links_name":"Pagan and Christian Rome"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/paganandchristi02lancgoog/page/n221","external_links_name":"177"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/topographicaldic0000samu/page/332/mode/2up?q=mausoleum","external_links_name":"A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofr03greguoft/page/550/mode/2up?q=augustus","external_links_name":"History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/19/mausoleum-augustus-anniversary-rome-emperor","external_links_name":"\"Mausoleum of Augustus stands derelict on anniversary of emperor's death\""},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/augustus-tomb-rome-opening/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Biggest circular tomb in the ancient world to open in Rome\""},{"Link":"https://www.gruppotim.it/en/press-archive/corporate/2017/CS-Mausoleo-di-Augusto-02-05-17-ENG.html","external_links_name":"\"Rome Capital and Fondazione TIM together to re-launch the Augustus Mausoleum\""},{"Link":"https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2021/03/02/walk-through-the-2000-year-old-mausoleum-of-augustus-romes-first-emperor","external_links_name":"\"Walk through the 2,000-year-old Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome's first emperor\""},{"Link":"https://www-sovraintendenzaroma-it.translate.goog/i_luoghi/roma_antica/monumenti/mausoleo_di_augusto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Mausoleo di Augusto\""},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Mausoleum_Augusti.html","external_links_name":"Mausoleum Augusti at LacusCurtius"},{"Link":"http://cdm.reed.edu/ara-pacis/meier/piazza-augusto-imperatore/mausoleo/","external_links_name":"Images of the Mausoleum of Augustus"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=laMDAQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/239172984","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4349570-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007544479705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94005170","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/281368358","external_links_name":"Pleiades"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_Contents_Media_(CCM)
MBK Entertainment
["1 Former artists","2 Discography","3 Filmography","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
South Korean company MBK EntertainmentNative nameMBK 엔터테인먼트FormerlyGM Planning (1999–2007)Core Contents Media (2007–2014)Traded asUnlisted companyIndustryMusicEntertainmentGenreK-popR&Bnu-discoFoundedJanuary 9, 2007 (2007-01-09) (Core Contents Media)October 14, 2014 (2014-10-14) (MBK Entertainment)FounderKim Kwang-sooFateDefunct in 2022. Most of the music catalogs were sold to Beyond Music, while the publishing rights were held by Dreamus.HeadquartersYeoksam, Gangnam, Seoul, South KoreaKey peopleKim Tae-kyung (CEO)ServicesMusic productionLicensingRecord distributionArtists ManagementParentCJ E&M Music (2006–2009)MBK (2014–2016)SubsidiariesDAP Sound (2014)PocketDol Studio (2017)M25 (2022) MBK Entertainment (Korean: MBK 엔터테인먼트) was a South Korean entertainment company established by Kim Kwang-soo. MBK Entertainment is known for managing multiple successful K-pop artists, such as T-ara, DIA, Davichi, SeeYa, F-ve Dolls, Shannon, Coed School, and SPEED. The company was originally founded in 1999 as GM Planning. The company was absorbed by Mnet Media in 2006, following Kim Kwang-soo joint with CJ Group as their director. In 2007, the company re-launch as Core Contents Media under Mnet Media. In September 2009, Kim Kwang-soo was removed from the list as director of Mnet Media and then effectively his own company ended business with Mnet Media. On October 1, 2014, Core Contents Media had been acquired by MBK Co., Ltd. (formerly CS ELSOLAR Co., Ltd.) and renamed as MBK Entertainment (abbreviation for "Music Beyond Korea"). In December 2016, MBK Entertainment parent company MBK suspended their entertainment business. In May 2018, Kim Kwang-soo and its subsidiary label The Unit: Idol Rebooting Project Culture Industry Company (then-known as PocketDol Studio) were revealed that secretly partnership with PD Han Kyeong-cheon to produce survival program The Unit: Idol Rebooting Project. He also confirmed that he would be focused as producer for winning group UNB and UNI.T. In October 2018, MBK and MBC launched a talent show titled Under Nineteen, a contest for male trainees under the age of 19 years old to compete for a spot to be in a new K-pop idol group 1the9. The final winners would sign a 12-month contract under MBK (then PocketDol Studio) after a 5-month contract with MBC. In April 2020, MBK representation contestant in Produce X 101, Hangyul and Dohyon debuted as duo H&D under PocketDol Studio. In May 2020, DIA were transferred to sub-label PocketDol Studio ahead of their June comeback. As 2022, the company closed after moving the company to its subsidiary PocketDol Studio. Former artists SG Wannabe (2006–2009) SeeYa 1 (2009–2011) Kim Yeon-ji (2009–2011) Lee Bo-ram (2009–2016) Black Pearl (2007–2012) Yangpa (2007–2012) Supernova 17 (2007–2012) Coed School 8 (2010–2013) Kangho 3 (2010–2011) Davichi (2008–2014) Hong Jin-young (2009–2014) Gangkiz 10 (2012–2014) Hwang Ji-hyun (2012–2013) Kwak So-min (2012–2013) Jo Eun-byul (2012–2013) F-ve Dolls 11 (2011–2015) Lee Soo-mi 4 (2009–2012) Huh Chan-mi 5 (2010–2012) Seo Eun-kyo (2011–2015) Oh Yeon-kyung (2013–2015) Han Na-yeon (2013–2015) Jin Hye-won (2010–2015) Ryu Hyo-young (2010–2016) Koh Na-young (2015) Kwang Toh (2014–2015) SPEED 14 (2012–2015) Kwangheng 7 (2010–2012) Noori 7 (2010–2012) Taewoon 13 (2010–2015) Taeha (2012–2016) Jongkook (2012–2016) Sungmin (2010–2016) Jungwoo (2010–2016) The SeeYa 14 (2012–2015) HighBrow (2015–2016) T-ara (2009–2017) Hwayoung 6 (2010–2012) Areum 9 (2012–2014) Boram (2009–2017) Soyeon (2009–2017) Qri (2009–2017) Eunjung (2009–2017) Hyomin (2009–2017) Jiyeon (2009–2017) Nutaz (2014–2017) Shannon (2011–2019) Kim Dani (2012–2019) DIA (2015–2022) Cho Seung-hee 15 (2013–2016) Eunjin 16 (2015–2018) Jenny (2015–2019) Somyi (2017–2022) Lee Ju-eun (2017–2022) Yebin (2015–2022) Ki Hui-hyeon (2015–2022) Eunice (2015–2022) Eunchae (2016–2022) Jung Chae-yeon (2015–2022) Former actors No Min-woo (2009–2012) Nam Gyu-ri 2 (2006–2014) Ha Seok-jin (20??–2015) Choi Soo-eun 10 (2012–2015) Lee Hae-in 10 (2012–2016) Kim Gyu-ri (2014–2016) Son Ho-jun (20??–2016) Baek Da-eun (2016) Kim Ga-hwa 10 (2012–2017) Kim Min-chae (2014–2017) Yoon So-ra (2014–2017) Kim Min-hyung (2014–2017) Jun Jae-hyun 10 (2012–2017) Moon Hee-kyung (2015–2017) Park Se-jun (2016–2018) Park Sang-won (20??–2019) Kim Yu-hwan (2012–2019) Note 1After Seeya disbanded in 2011, Kim Yeon-ji left from MBK Entertainment. Lee Boram remained until parting ways with MBK Entertainment in 2016. 2Nam Gyu-ri debuted in 2006 as a member of Seeya. She left the group in 2009 and remained with MBK to pursue her acting career. In 2014, she officially parted ways with MBK Entertainment. 3Kangho debuted as a member of Coed School in 2010. He left the group in 2011. 4Lee Soomi debuted as a new member of Seeya in 2009. She left from the group to re-debut as a member of Coed School in 2010, and joined the female unit F-ve Dolls in 2011. In 2012, she parted ways with MBK Entertainment. 5Heo Chanmi debuted as a member of Coed School in 2010 and joined the female unit F-ve Dolls in 2011. She left the group and MBK in 2012. 6Ryu Hwayoung debuted as a new member of T-ara in 2010. She left from the group in 2012 after MBK Entertainment terminated her contract. 7Kwangheng and Noori debuted as a member of Coed School in 2010 and joined the male unit Speed in 2012. They later left the group in late 2012. 8Coed School was formed in 2010. The group was later separated into units: F-ve Dolls in 2011 and Speed in 2012. MBK had no plans to reform the coed group, and Coed School disbanded in 2013 when the units became independent groups. 9Areum debuted as a new member of T-ara in 2012. She left the group in 2013 to pursue her solo career and later parted ways with MBK Entertainment. 10Gangkiz were formed in 2012. Hwang Jihyun, Choi Sooeun, Lee Haein, Kwak Somin and Cho Eunbyul left the group in April 2013 and only Hyeji and Esther remained until the group officially disbanded in 2014. Lee Haein, Choi Sooeun, Hyeji (Kim Gahwa) and Esther (Jun Jaehyun) remained under MBK as actresses. Choi parted ways in 2015 with MBK Entertainment following Lee in 2016, Kim and Jun in 2017. 11F-ve Dolls originally debuted as members of Coed School. The unit was formed in 2011 as the female unit of Coed School and became an independent group in 2013. The group was reported to have disbanded after their page was deleted from the agency website in late 2014. In March 2015, MBK Entertainment confirmed that the group was officially disbanded. Ryu Hyoyoung filed a lawsuit against the agency to terminate her contract and succeeded in 2016. 12Taewoon debuted as a member of Coed School in 2010 and joined the male unit Speed in 2012. He left the group and the agency in 2015 to pursue his solo career. 13Speed originally debuted as member of Coed School. The unit was formed in 2012 as the male unit of Coed School. In 2013, the unit became an independent group after MBK Entertainment chose not to reform Coed School as a group. The group was reported to have disbanded after their page was deleted from the agency website in late-2015, but the agency never officially confirmed this. The group's members, excepting Park Se-jun and Kim Yu-hwan, parted ways with MBK Entertainment in 2016. 14The SeeYa were formed in 2012. In late 2015, the group's page had been deleted from the agency website and it was speculated that the group was disbanded, but MBK Entertainment never made an official statement 15Cho Seunghee debuted as a new member of F-ve Dolls in 2013 and the group officially disbanded in March 2015. In September 2015, Seunghee re-debuted as a member of MBK girl group DIA and left the group after her contract expired with the agency. 16Eunjin officially left DIA due to health problems on May 7, 2018. 17Supernova was part of Core Contents but stayed with Maroo Entertainment. Discography Main article: MBK Entertainment discography Filmography Death Bell (2008) Cinderella Man (2009) Death Bell 2: Bloody Camp (2010) Sweet Temptation (2015) The Unit: Idol Rebooting Project (2017–2018) Under Nineteen (2018–2019) Miss Trot (2019) Produce X101 (2019) Mr Trot (2020) My Teenage Girl (2021-2022) Notes References ^ "코어콘텐츠미디어, Mbk엔터테인먼트로 재출범…'소속 연예인들 행보는?'". ^ "MBK ENTERTAINMENT CEO GO GEON HEE, "T-ARA WILL BE THE FUTURE OF HALLYU IN CHINA."". tiaradiadem. January 21, 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-10-07. Retrieved 2016-02-10. ^ ""티아라·다이아 회사 아니예요"…Mbk엔터, 때아닌 '사업중단' 해프닝". 12 December 2016. ^ ""수십억 적자 속 '더유닛' 우승팀 전폭지원, 약속 지키기 위해"". entertain.naver.com. May 17, 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2018-05-17. ^ ""수십억 적자 속 '더유닛' 우승팀 전폭지원, 약속 지키기 위해"". sportsseoul.com. May 17, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2018-05-17. ^ "'언더나인틴', MBC-MBK가 만들 '틴에이저 아이돌'의 시작(종합)". enter.etoday.co.kr. October 30, 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2018-10-30. ^ "달샤벳 출신 배우 백다은, MBK와 전속계약 체결". Archived from the original on 2016-10-31. Retrieved 2016-10-31. External links Official website vteMBK EntertainmentDiscographyArtists BAE173 Classy Former Coed School Davichi Hwang Jung-eum Hong Jin-young F-ve Dolls Gangkiz Hwayoung Jo Sungmo Lee Hyori No Min-woo Nam Gyu-ri SeeYa SG Wannabe Song Seung-heon Yangpa Taewoon Choi Soo-eun The SeeYa Speed Lee Bo-ram Cho Seung-hee Lee Hae-in Son Ho-jun T-ara (T-ara N4 & QBS (band)) Shannon Moon Hee-kyung Jun Jae-hyun Kim Min-chae Yoon So-ra Kim Min-hyung Baek Da-eun Park Se-jun Kim Yu-hwan Heo Young-joo HIGHBROW Venus 1the9 DIA Subsidiaries Pocketdol Studio M25 Holding companies CJ Group CJ E&M CJ E&M Music Performance Division Partners KT Music LOEN Entertainment Universal Music Group EMI Records Japan vteCJ E&M Music Mediopia Technology Corp. → GM Agency Co. Ltd. → CJ Music Inc. → Mnet Media Corp. → CJ E&M Music Performance Division (DBA CJ E&M Music and Live) CJ E&M Music ArtistsGroups SG Wannabe Davichi Rocoberry Soloists Roy Kim Son Ho-young Park Bo-ram Kim Feel Former singers Hong Jin Young Jo Sungmo Kim Jong Kook LYn Ock Joo Hyun Busker Busker Lee Min Woo Shinhwa Yoon Jong Shin SunMin Yangpa Lee Hyori Jung Joon-young JJY Band Spica Emma Wu I.O.I Heize Eric Nam Former Actors Hwang Jung-eum Lee Beom-soo Song Seung-heon SubsidiariesPresent Wake One Entertainment Lapone Entertainment Swing Entertainment AOMG H1ghr Music Amoeba Culture Former Maroo Entertainment MBK Entertainment FNC Entertainment B2M Entertainment Hi-Lite Records Jellyfish Entertainment The Music Works Belift Lab Distribution NetworkPresent AOMG Amoeba Culture Antenna Music B2M Entertainment Being Inc. Happy Face Entertainment Illionaire Records Jellyfish Entertainment Jungle Entertainment Mnet Mystic Story Shinhwa Company sidusHQ Top Class Entertainment TS Entertainment tvN Up-Front Group Yamaha A&R Former Play M Entertainment Chrome Entertainment DSP Media FNC Entertainment IY Company J. Tune Camp JYP Entertainment Map the Soul Inc. Maroo Entertainment MBK Entertainment NH Media Nega Network Star Empire Entertainment Woollim Entertainment YG Entertainment Music Network (Mnet)Programs Dancing 9 M Countdown Show Me the Money Superstar K The Voice of Korea Unpretty Rapstar Produce 101 High School Rapper Not the Same Person You Used to Know TMI News Queendom Road to Kingdom Good Girl I-Land Kingdom: Legendary War Girls Planet 999 Street Woman Fighter Street Dance Girls Fighter Queendom 2 Be Mbitious Street Man Fighter Boys Planet Queendom Puzzle Street Woman Fighter 2 Street Dance Girls Fighter 2 Build Up: Vocal Boy Group Survival Awards shows MAMA Awards Mnet 20's Choice Awards Holding companies CJ Group CJ E&M CJ E&M Music Performance Division Authority control databases MusicBrainz label 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"T-ara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-ara"},{"link_name":"DIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIA_(group)"},{"link_name":"Davichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davichi"},{"link_name":"SeeYa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeeYa"},{"link_name":"F-ve Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-ve_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_(South_Korean_singer)"},{"link_name":"Coed School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_School"},{"link_name":"SPEED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Unit: Idol Rebooting Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unit:_Idol_Rebooting_Project"},{"link_name":"UNB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNB_(group)"},{"link_name":"UNI.T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNI.T"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"MBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Under Nineteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Nineteen"},{"link_name":"1the9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1the9"},{"link_name":"MBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Produce X 101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produce_X_101"},{"link_name":"PocketDol Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PocketDol_Studio"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"MBK Entertainment (Korean: MBK 엔터테인먼트) was a South Korean entertainment company established by Kim Kwang-soo. MBK Entertainment is known for managing multiple successful K-pop artists, such as T-ara, DIA, Davichi, SeeYa, F-ve Dolls, Shannon, Coed School, and SPEED.The company was originally founded in 1999 as GM Planning. The company was absorbed by Mnet Media in 2006, following Kim Kwang-soo joint with CJ Group as their director. In 2007, the company re-launch as Core Contents Media under Mnet Media. In September 2009, Kim Kwang-soo was removed from the list as director of Mnet Media and then effectively his own company ended business with Mnet Media.On October 1, 2014, Core Contents Media had been acquired by MBK Co., Ltd. (formerly CS ELSOLAR Co., Ltd.) and renamed as MBK Entertainment (abbreviation for \"Music Beyond Korea\").[1][2]In December 2016, MBK Entertainment parent company MBK suspended their entertainment business.[3]In May 2018, Kim Kwang-soo and its subsidiary label The Unit: Idol Rebooting Project Culture Industry Company (then-known as PocketDol Studio) were revealed that secretly partnership with PD Han Kyeong-cheon to produce survival program The Unit: Idol Rebooting Project. He also confirmed that he would be focused as producer for winning group UNB and UNI.T.[4][5]In October 2018, MBK and MBC launched a talent show titled Under Nineteen, a contest for male trainees under the age of 19 years old to compete for a spot to be in a new K-pop idol group 1the9. The final winners would sign a 12-month contract under MBK (then PocketDol Studio) after a 5-month contract with MBC.[6]In April 2020, MBK representation contestant in Produce X 101, Hangyul and Dohyon debuted as duo H&D under PocketDol Studio. In May 2020, DIA were transferred to sub-label PocketDol Studio ahead of their June comeback.[citation needed]As 2022, the company closed after moving the company to its subsidiary PocketDol Studio.[citation needed]","title":"MBK Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SG Wannabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SG_Wannabe"},{"link_name":"SeeYa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SeeYa"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Seeya"},{"link_name":"Kim Yeon-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Yeon-ji"},{"link_name":"Lee Bo-ram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Bo-ram"},{"link_name":"Black Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Pearl_(South_Korean_group)"},{"link_name":"Yangpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangpa"},{"link_name":"Supernova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Supernova"},{"link_name":"Coed School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_School_(band)"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Coed_School"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Kangho"},{"link_name":"Davichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davichi"},{"link_name":"Hong Jin-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Jin-young"},{"link_name":"Gangkiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangkiz"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Gangkiz"},{"link_name":"F-ve Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-ve_Dolls"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_F-ve_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Lee Soo-mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Soo-mi"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Lee_Soomi"},{"link_name":"Huh Chan-mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huh_Chan-mi"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Heo_Chanmi"},{"link_name":"Ryu Hyo-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryu_Hyo-young"},{"link_name":"SPEED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Speed"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_KN"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_KN"},{"link_name":"Taewoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%82%A9uNo"},{"link_name":"13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Taewoon"},{"link_name":"Sungmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Sung-min_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jungwoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jung-woo_(singer)"},{"link_name":"The SeeYa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_SeeYa"},{"link_name":"14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_The_SeeYa"},{"link_name":"T-ara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-ara"},{"link_name":"Hwayoung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryu_Hwa-young"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Hwayoung"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Areum"},{"link_name":"Boram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeon_Boram"},{"link_name":"Soyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_So-yeon_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Qri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qri"},{"link_name":"Eunjung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hahm_Eun-jung"},{"link_name":"Hyomin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyomin"},{"link_name":"Jiyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Ji-yeon"},{"link_name":"Shannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_(South_Korean_singer)"},{"link_name":"DIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIA_(group)"},{"link_name":"Cho Seung-hee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Seung-hee"},{"link_name":"15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Seunghee"},{"link_name":"16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Eunjin"},{"link_name":"Lee Ju-eun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Ju-eun"},{"link_name":"Yebin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yebin_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ki Hui-hyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_Hui-hyeon"},{"link_name":"Jung Chae-yeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Chae-yeon"},{"link_name":"No Min-woo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Min-woo"},{"link_name":"Nam Gyu-ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_Gyu-ri"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Nam_Gyu-ri"},{"link_name":"Ha Seok-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Seok-jin"},{"link_name":"Choi Soo-eun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choi_Soo-eun"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Gangkiz"},{"link_name":"Lee Hae-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hae-in_(actress)"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Gangkiz"},{"link_name":"Kim Gyu-ri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Gyu-ri_(actress_born_August_1979)"},{"link_name":"Son Ho-jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_Ho-jun"},{"link_name":"Baek Da-eun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viki_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Gangkiz"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_Gangkiz"},{"link_name":"Moon Hee-kyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Hee-kyung"},{"link_name":"Kim Yeon-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Yeon-ji"},{"link_name":"Seeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeya"},{"link_name":"Coed School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_School"},{"link_name":"Seeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeya"},{"link_name":"Coed School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_School"},{"link_name":"F-ve Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-ve_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Coed School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_School"},{"link_name":"F-ve Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-ve_Dolls"},{"link_name":"T-ara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-ara"},{"link_name":"Coed School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_School"},{"link_name":"Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"F-ve Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-ve_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"T-ara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-ara"},{"link_name":"Coed School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_School"},{"link_name":"Coed School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_School"},{"link_name":"Coed School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_School"},{"link_name":"Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_(South_Korean_band)"},{"link_name":"Coed School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_School"},{"link_name":"Coed School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_School"},{"link_name":"Coed School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coed_School"},{"link_name":"F-ve Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-ve_Dolls"},{"link_name":"DIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_(band)"},{"link_name":"Maroo Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroo_Entertainment"}],"text":"SG Wannabe (2006–2009)\nSeeYa 1 (2009–2011)\nKim Yeon-ji (2009–2011)\nLee Bo-ram (2009–2016)\nBlack Pearl (2007–2012)\nYangpa (2007–2012)\nSupernova 17 (2007–2012)\nCoed School 8 (2010–2013)\nKangho 3 (2010–2011)\nDavichi (2008–2014)\nHong Jin-young (2009–2014)\nGangkiz 10 (2012–2014)\nHwang Ji-hyun (2012–2013)\nKwak So-min (2012–2013)\nJo Eun-byul (2012–2013)\nF-ve Dolls 11 (2011–2015)\nLee Soo-mi 4 (2009–2012)\nHuh Chan-mi 5 (2010–2012)\nSeo Eun-kyo (2011–2015)\nOh Yeon-kyung (2013–2015)\nHan Na-yeon (2013–2015)\nJin Hye-won (2010–2015)\nRyu Hyo-young (2010–2016)\nKoh Na-young (2015)\nKwang Toh (2014–2015)\nSPEED 14 (2012–2015)\nKwangheng 7 (2010–2012)\nNoori 7 (2010–2012)\nTaewoon 13 (2010–2015)\nTaeha (2012–2016)\nJongkook (2012–2016)\nSungmin (2010–2016)\nJungwoo (2010–2016)\nThe SeeYa 14 (2012–2015)\nHighBrow (2015–2016)\nT-ara (2009–2017)\nHwayoung 6 (2010–2012)\nAreum 9 (2012–2014)\nBoram (2009–2017)\nSoyeon (2009–2017)\nQri (2009–2017)\nEunjung (2009–2017)\nHyomin (2009–2017)\nJiyeon (2009–2017)\nNutaz (2014–2017)\nShannon (2011–2019)\nKim Dani (2012–2019)\nDIA (2015–2022)\nCho Seung-hee 15 (2013–2016)\nEunjin 16 (2015–2018)\nJenny (2015–2019)\nSomyi (2017–2022)\nLee Ju-eun (2017–2022)\nYebin (2015–2022)\nKi Hui-hyeon (2015–2022)\nEunice (2015–2022)\nEunchae (2016–2022)\nJung Chae-yeon (2015–2022)Former actorsNo Min-woo (2009–2012)\nNam Gyu-ri 2 (2006–2014)\nHa Seok-jin (20??–2015)\nChoi Soo-eun 10 (2012–2015)\nLee Hae-in 10 (2012–2016)\nKim Gyu-ri (2014–2016)\nSon Ho-jun (20??–2016)\nBaek Da-eun (2016)[7]\nKim Ga-hwa 10 (2012–2017)\nKim Min-chae (2014–2017)\nYoon So-ra (2014–2017)\nKim Min-hyung (2014–2017)\nJun Jae-hyun 10 (2012–2017)\nMoon Hee-kyung (2015–2017)\nPark Se-jun (2016–2018)\nPark Sang-won (20??–2019)\nKim Yu-hwan (2012–2019)Note1After Seeya disbanded in 2011, Kim Yeon-ji left from MBK Entertainment. Lee Boram remained until parting ways with MBK Entertainment in 2016.\n2Nam Gyu-ri debuted in 2006 as a member of Seeya. She left the group in 2009 and remained with MBK to pursue her acting career. In 2014, she officially parted ways with MBK Entertainment.\n3Kangho debuted as a member of Coed School in 2010. He left the group in 2011.\n4Lee Soomi debuted as a new member of Seeya in 2009. She left from the group to re-debut as a member of Coed School in 2010, and joined the female unit F-ve Dolls in 2011. In 2012, she parted ways with MBK Entertainment.\n5Heo Chanmi debuted as a member of Coed School in 2010 and joined the female unit F-ve Dolls in 2011. She left the group and MBK in 2012.\n6Ryu Hwayoung debuted as a new member of T-ara in 2010. She left from the group in 2012 after MBK Entertainment terminated her contract.\n7Kwangheng and Noori debuted as a member of Coed School in 2010 and joined the male unit Speed in 2012. They later left the group in late 2012.\n8Coed School was formed in 2010. The group was later separated into units: F-ve Dolls in 2011 and Speed in 2012. MBK had no plans to reform the coed group, and Coed School disbanded in 2013 when the units became independent groups.\n9Areum debuted as a new member of T-ara in 2012. She left the group in 2013 to pursue her solo career and later parted ways with MBK Entertainment.\n10Gangkiz were formed in 2012. Hwang Jihyun, Choi Sooeun, Lee Haein, Kwak Somin and Cho Eunbyul left the group in April 2013 and only Hyeji and Esther remained until the group officially disbanded in 2014. Lee Haein, Choi Sooeun, Hyeji (Kim Gahwa) and Esther (Jun Jaehyun) remained under MBK as actresses. Choi parted ways in 2015 with MBK Entertainment following Lee in 2016, Kim and Jun in 2017.\n11F-ve Dolls originally debuted as members of Coed School. The unit was formed in 2011 as the female unit of Coed School and became an independent group in 2013. The group was reported to have disbanded after their page was deleted from the agency website in late 2014. In March 2015, MBK Entertainment confirmed that the group was officially disbanded. Ryu Hyoyoung filed a lawsuit against the agency to terminate her contract and succeeded in 2016.\n12Taewoon debuted as a member of Coed School in 2010 and joined the male unit Speed in 2012. He left the group and the agency in 2015 to pursue his solo career.\n13Speed originally debuted as member of Coed School. The unit was formed in 2012 as the male unit of Coed School. In 2013, the unit became an independent group after MBK Entertainment chose not to reform Coed School as a group. The group was reported to have disbanded after their page was deleted from the agency website in late-2015, but the agency never officially confirmed this. The group's members, excepting Park Se-jun and Kim Yu-hwan, parted ways with MBK Entertainment in 2016.\n14The SeeYa were formed in 2012. In late 2015, the group's page had been deleted from the agency website and it was speculated that the group was disbanded, but MBK Entertainment never made an official statement\n15Cho Seunghee debuted as a new member of F-ve Dolls in 2013 and the group officially disbanded in March 2015. In September 2015, Seunghee re-debuted as a member of MBK girl group DIA and left the group after her contract expired with the agency.\n16Eunjin officially left DIA due to health problems on May 7, 2018.\n17Supernova was part of Core Contents but stayed with Maroo Entertainment.","title":"Former artists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Death Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Bell"},{"link_name":"Cinderella Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_Man_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Death Bell 2: Bloody Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Bell_2:_Bloody_Camp"},{"link_name":"The Unit: Idol Rebooting Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unit:_Idol_Rebooting_Project"},{"link_name":"Under Nineteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Nineteen"},{"link_name":"Miss Trot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Trot"},{"link_name":"Produce X101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Produce_X101"},{"link_name":"Mr Trot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Trot"},{"link_name":"My Teenage Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Teenage_Girl"}],"text":"Death Bell (2008)\nCinderella Man (2009)\nDeath Bell 2: Bloody Camp (2010)\nSweet Temptation (2015)\nThe Unit: Idol Rebooting Project (2017–2018)\nUnder Nineteen (2018–2019)\nMiss Trot (2019)\nProduce X101 (2019)\nMr Trot (2020)\nMy Teenage Girl (2021-2022)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"코어콘텐츠미디어, Mbk엔터테인먼트로 재출범…'소속 연예인들 행보는?'\".","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/article/022/0002717419?sid=102","url_text":"\"코어콘텐츠미디어, Mbk엔터테인먼트로 재출범…'소속 연예인들 행보는?'\""}]},{"reference":"\"MBK ENTERTAINMENT CEO GO GEON HEE, \"T-ARA WILL BE THE FUTURE OF HALLYU IN CHINA.\"\". tiaradiadem. January 21, 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-10-07. Retrieved 2016-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://tiaradiadem.com/2015/01/mbk-entertainment-ceo-go-geon-hee-t-ara-will-be-the-future-of-hallyu-in-china/","url_text":"\"MBK ENTERTAINMENT CEO GO GEON HEE, \"T-ARA WILL BE THE FUTURE OF HALLYU IN CHINA.\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161007091140/http://tiaradiadem.com/2015/01/mbk-entertainment-ceo-go-geon-hee-t-ara-will-be-the-future-of-hallyu-in-china/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"\"티아라·다이아 회사 아니예요\"…Mbk엔터, 때아닌 '사업중단' 해프닝\". 12 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.xportsnews.com/article/799508","url_text":"\"\"티아라·다이아 회사 아니예요\"…Mbk엔터, 때아닌 '사업중단' 해프닝\""}]},{"reference":"\"[김광수 인터뷰⑤]\"수십억 적자 속 '더유닛' 우승팀 전폭지원, 약속 지키기 위해\"\". entertain.naver.com. May 17, 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2018-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=468&aid=0000383440","url_text":"\"[김광수 인터뷰⑤]\"수십억 적자 속 '더유닛' 우승팀 전폭지원, 약속 지키기 위해\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191210081020/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=468&aid=0000383440","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"[김광수 인터뷰⑤]\"수십억 적자 속 '더유닛' 우승팀 전폭지원, 약속 지키기 위해\"\". sportsseoul.com. May 17, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-05-17. Retrieved 2018-05-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportsseoul.com/news/read/635828","url_text":"\"[김광수 인터뷰⑤]\"수십억 적자 속 '더유닛' 우승팀 전폭지원, 약속 지키기 위해\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180517153138/http://sportsseoul.com/news/read/635828","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'언더나인틴', MBC-MBK가 만들 '틴에이저 아이돌'의 시작(종합)\". enter.etoday.co.kr. October 30, 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2018-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://enter.etoday.co.kr/view/news_view.php?varAtcId=154592#cb","url_text":"\"'언더나인틴', MBC-MBK가 만들 '틴에이저 아이돌'의 시작(종합)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072841/http://enter.etoday.co.kr/view/news_view.php?varAtcId=154592#cb","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"달샤벳 출신 배우 백다은, MBK와 전속계약 체결\". Archived from the original on 2016-10-31. Retrieved 2016-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.bntnews.hankyung.com/apps/news.view?aid=201603291209273&media=bntMobileEntertainment","url_text":"\"달샤벳 출신 배우 백다은, MBK와 전속계약 체결\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161031152226/http://m.bntnews.hankyung.com/apps/news.view?aid=201603291209273&media=bntMobileEntertainment","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://n.news.naver.com/article/022/0002717419?sid=102","external_links_name":"\"코어콘텐츠미디어, Mbk엔터테인먼트로 재출범…'소속 연예인들 행보는?'\""},{"Link":"http://tiaradiadem.com/2015/01/mbk-entertainment-ceo-go-geon-hee-t-ara-will-be-the-future-of-hallyu-in-china/","external_links_name":"\"MBK ENTERTAINMENT CEO GO GEON HEE, \"T-ARA WILL BE THE FUTURE OF HALLYU IN CHINA.\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161007091140/http://tiaradiadem.com/2015/01/mbk-entertainment-ceo-go-geon-hee-t-ara-will-be-the-future-of-hallyu-in-china/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.xportsnews.com/article/799508","external_links_name":"\"\"티아라·다이아 회사 아니예요\"…Mbk엔터, 때아닌 '사업중단' 해프닝\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=468&aid=0000383440","external_links_name":"\"[김광수 인터뷰⑤]\"수십억 적자 속 '더유닛' 우승팀 전폭지원, 약속 지키기 위해\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191210081020/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=468&aid=0000383440","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sportsseoul.com/news/read/635828","external_links_name":"\"[김광수 인터뷰⑤]\"수십억 적자 속 '더유닛' 우승팀 전폭지원, 약속 지키기 위해\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180517153138/http://sportsseoul.com/news/read/635828","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://enter.etoday.co.kr/view/news_view.php?varAtcId=154592#cb","external_links_name":"\"'언더나인틴', MBC-MBK가 만들 '틴에이저 아이돌'의 시작(종합)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072841/http://enter.etoday.co.kr/view/news_view.php?varAtcId=154592#cb","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://m.bntnews.hankyung.com/apps/news.view?aid=201603291209273&media=bntMobileEntertainment","external_links_name":"\"달샤벳 출신 배우 백다은, MBK와 전속계약 체결\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161031152226/http://m.bntnews.hankyung.com/apps/news.view?aid=201603291209273&media=bntMobileEntertainment","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://mbk-ent.co.kr/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/d8ccb7cb-b447-44f0-af40-1dbd85ecd500","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/91825ed6-26fb-49a6-91cf-1a703071e1d5","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremallera_de_Montserrat
Montserrat Rack Railway
["1 History","2 Equipment","3 Operation","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°36′33″N 1°50′18″E / 41.6093°N 1.83832°E / 41.6093; 1.83832Railway line Cremallera de MontserratThe Pont del Centenari bridge.OverviewOwnerFerrocarrils de la Generalitat de CatalunyaLocaleMonistrol de Montserrat, BarcelonaServiceOperator(s)Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de CatalunyaHistoryOpened1892, reopen 6 June 2003Closed12 May 1957TechnicalRack systemAbtTrack gauge1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gaugeElectrification1500 V DC Overhead lineOperating speed30 km/h (18.6 mph) on rack 45 km/h (28.0 mph) adhesionMaximum incline15.6 % The rack railway upper terminus, with the platforms below the car park. The stations of the two funiculars can also be seen. Trains in the underground platforms at the upper terminus. The Montserrat Rack Railway (Spanish and Catalan: Cremallera de Montserrat, IPA: ) is a mountain railway line north-west of Barcelona in Catalonia. The line runs from Monistrol de Montserrat to the mountain-top monastery of Montserrat. The line is 5 km (3.1 mi) long and has a rail gauge of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in). The first 1 km (0.6 mi) of the line, between Monistrol and the only intermediate station at Monistrol Vila, is operated by conventional adhesion. The remainder of the line is operated as a rack railway using the Abt system, overcoming a height difference of 550 m (1,804 ft) with a maximum gradient of 15.6%. The line is electrified with an overhead supply at 1500 V DC. The line is operated by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC). History A line on this route was originally opened in 1892. Competition arrived in 1930, in the form of the Aeri de Montserrat, an aerial cable car that also carries passengers to the monastery. A narrow road also reaches the monastery. After poor financial results and an accident in 1953, the rack railway line was closed on 12 May 1957. However over time the Aeri and road became unable to handle the increasing number of visitors to the monastery. After many years of planning, a program began to rebuild the rack railway in 2001, and the line re-opened in its modern form on 6 June 2003. In its first 12 months of operation, the Montserrat Rack Railway carried 462,964 passengers. The heaviest traffic was in August 2003 with 63,692 passengers, and the lightest in February 2004 with 22,996 passengers. Equipment The line's most significant engineering work is the Pont del Centenari bridge, which is 480 m (1,575 ft) long and 5 m (16 ft 4.9 in) wide, crossing the River Llobregat. Its nine sections are between 35 m (115 ft) and 55 m (180 ft) long and it was designed as a lattice of steel tubes to give it a light appearance and minimise its visual impact. It is supported by eight pillars with maximum height of 37 m (121 ft). The line is operated by six low-floor electric motor coaches of type Stadler GTW, built by Stadler Rail in Switzerland. The cars are numbered AM1-AM5 (Originally built for Montserrat) and A10 (Originally built for Núria Rack Railway. Transferred to Montserrat in June 2020) and named after local peaks. These cars are equipped for adhesion and rack propulsion and can each carry up to 200 passengers. They are air-conditioned and have panorama windows offering a good view over the environment. Trains run at up to 30 km/h (18.6 mph) on the rack section and 45 km/h (28.0 mph) on the adhesion section. The line also has a 1930 built electric locomotive, E4, transferred from the Vall de Núria Rack Railway for use on works trains. Operation Both the rack railway and the Aeri connect with the FGC's Llobregat–Anoia line railway from Barcelona Plaça d'Espanya station to Manresa. The rack railway connects at Monistrol de Montserrat, also known as Monistrol Central. A track connection is provided at Monistrol to allow rack railway cars to run to and from their depot, which is in nearby Martorell. An hourly service is operated between Monistrol-Enllaç and the summit, connecting with FGC trains to and from Barcelona and Manresa. Additional trains operate between Monistrol Vila, where the line has a car park with 1000 spaces, and the summit. The FGC also operates two funicular railways from near the summit station of the rack railway. The Funicular de Sant Joan ascends to the mountain top, whilst the Funicular de Santa Cova descends to a shrine lower down the mountain. References vteCremallera de Montserrat Legend Monistrol de Montserrat Montserrat-Aeri Pont del centenari Llobregat–Anoia line of FGC Monistrol-Vila Cremallera de Montserrat Aeri de Montserrat La Santa Cova Funicular de la Santa Cova Montserrat-Monestir Montserrat-Monestir Funicular de Sant Joan Ermita de Sant Joan ^ a b c d e f g h i j Green, Richard (September 2010). "The railways of Barcelona". Today's Railways Europe. Platform 5 Publishing Ltd. pp. 31–33. ^ "Montserrat Rack Railway". Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Retrieved 2010-08-28. ^ "Ponts i túnels". trenscat.com (in Catalan). Bernat Borràs. Archived from the original on 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2010-08-28. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cremallera de Montserrat. Official website of the Montserrat Rack Railway and associated funicular railways 41°36′33″N 1°50′18″E / 41.6093°N 1.83832°E / 41.6093; 1.83832 vteRailway lines in CataloniaHigh-speed Madrid–Barcelona–Figueres Perpignan–Figueres Valencia–Sant Vicenç de Calders (partly) Mainline Barcelona–Cerbère Barcelona–El Prat Airport rail link Barcelona–Mataró–Maçanet-Massanes Barcelona–Latour-de-Carol-Enveitg Castellbisbal–Mollet-Sant Fost La Plana-Picamoixons–Sant Vicenç de Calders Lleida–Manresa–Barcelona Madrid–Barcelona Reus–Caspe–Zaragoza Sant Vicenç de Calders–Vilafranca del Penedès–Barcelona Tarragona–Lleida Valencia–Sant Vicenç de Calders Local Barcelona Metro L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L9/L10 L11 Montjuïc Funicular Barcelona–Vallès Vallvidrera Funicular Lleida–La Pobla Llobregat–Anoia Tibidabo Funicular Trambaix Trambesòs Mountain Montserrat Rack Railway Sant Joan Funicular Santa Cova Funicular Vall de Núria Rack Railway Heritage Alt Llobregat Tourist Railway Gelida Funicular Tramvia Blau Proposed Bages Tram-train Cornellà–Castelldefels Orbital Railway Line TramCamp TramGavarres TramVallès Transversal Rail Link Defunct Manresa–Guardiola Mina Grott Mollerussa–Balaguer Olot–Girona Palamós–Girona–Banyoles Reus–Salou Roda de Berà–Reus (partly) Sant Feliu de Guíxols–Girona Tortosa–La Cava Trams in Barcelona (historical system) Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Montserrat_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"rack railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cremallera_Montserrat.PNG"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"[kɾəməˈʎeɾə ðə munsəˈrat]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan"},{"link_name":"mountain railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_railway"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Monistrol de Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monistrol_de_Montserrat"},{"link_name":"the mountain-top monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Montserrat"},{"link_name":"Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montserrat_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trtrob-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fgccdm-2"},{"link_name":"rail gauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_gauge"},{"link_name":"adhesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_adhesion"},{"link_name":"rack railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_railway"},{"link_name":"Abt system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abt_rack_system"},{"link_name":"gradient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)"},{"link_name":"overhead supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhead_line"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trtrob-1"},{"link_name":"Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrocarrils_de_la_Generalitat_de_Catalunya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trtrob-1"}],"text":"Railway lineThe rack railway upper terminus, with the platforms below the car park. The stations of the two funiculars can also be seen.Trains in the underground platforms at the upper terminus.The Montserrat Rack Railway (Spanish and Catalan: Cremallera de Montserrat, IPA: [kɾəməˈʎeɾə ðə munsəˈrat]) is a mountain railway line north-west of Barcelona in Catalonia. The line runs from Monistrol de Montserrat to the mountain-top monastery of Montserrat.[1][2]The line is 5 km (3.1 mi) long and has a rail gauge of 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in). The first 1 km (0.6 mi) of the line, between Monistrol and the only intermediate station at Monistrol Vila, is operated by conventional adhesion. The remainder of the line is operated as a rack railway using the Abt system, overcoming a height difference of 550 m (1,804 ft) with a maximum gradient of 15.6%. The line is electrified with an overhead supply at 1500 V DC.[1]The line is operated by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC).[1]","title":"Montserrat Rack Railway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aeri de Montserrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeri_de_Montserrat"},{"link_name":"aerial cable car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_tramway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trtrob-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trtrob-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A line on this route was originally opened in 1892. Competition arrived in 1930, in the form of the Aeri de Montserrat, an aerial cable car that also carries passengers to the monastery. A narrow road also reaches the monastery. After poor financial results and an accident in 1953, the rack railway line was closed on 12 May 1957.[1]However over time the Aeri and road became unable to handle the increasing number of visitors to the monastery. After many years of planning, a program began to rebuild the rack railway in 2001, and the line re-opened in its modern form on 6 June 2003. In its first 12 months of operation, the Montserrat Rack Railway carried 462,964 passengers.[1]The heaviest traffic was in August 2003 with 63,692 passengers, and the lightest in February 2004 with 22,996 passengers.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trtrob-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmrrbat-3"},{"link_name":"Stadler GTW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadler_GTW"},{"link_name":"Stadler Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadler_Rail"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"electric locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Vall de Núria Rack Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall_de_N%C3%BAria_Rack_Railway"},{"link_name":"works trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maintenance_of_way"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trtrob-1"}],"text":"The line's most significant engineering work is the Pont del Centenari bridge, which is 480 m (1,575 ft) long and 5 m (16 ft 4.9 in) wide, crossing the River Llobregat. Its nine sections are between 35 m (115 ft) and 55 m (180 ft) long and it was designed as a lattice of steel tubes to give it a light appearance and minimise its visual impact. It is supported by eight pillars with maximum height of 37 m (121 ft).[1][3]The line is operated by six low-floor electric motor coaches of type Stadler GTW, built by Stadler Rail in Switzerland. The cars are numbered AM1-AM5 (Originally built for Montserrat) and A10 (Originally built for Núria Rack Railway. Transferred to Montserrat in June 2020) and named after local peaks. These cars are equipped for adhesion and rack propulsion and can each carry up to 200 passengers. They are air-conditioned and have panorama windows offering a good view over the environment. Trains run at up to 30 km/h (18.6 mph) on the rack section and 45 km/h (28.0 mph) on the adhesion section. The line also has a 1930 built electric locomotive, E4, transferred from the Vall de Núria Rack Railway for use on works trains.[1]","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Llobregat–Anoia line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llobregat%E2%80%93Anoia_line"},{"link_name":"Barcelona Plaça d'Espanya station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanya_(Barcelona_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Manresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manresa"},{"link_name":"Martorell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martorell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trtrob-1"},{"link_name":"car park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trtrob-1"},{"link_name":"funicular railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular"},{"link_name":"Funicular de Sant Joan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular_de_Sant_Joan"},{"link_name":"Funicular de Santa Cova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular_de_Santa_Cova"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trtrob-1"}],"text":"Both the rack railway and the Aeri connect with the FGC's Llobregat–Anoia line railway from Barcelona Plaça d'Espanya station to Manresa. The rack railway connects at Monistrol de Montserrat, also known as Monistrol Central. A track connection is provided at Monistrol to allow rack railway cars to run to and from their depot, which is in nearby Martorell.[1]An hourly service is operated between Monistrol-Enllaç and the summit, connecting with FGC trains to and from Barcelona and Manresa. Additional trains operate between Monistrol Vila, where the line has a car park with 1000 spaces, and the summit.[1]The FGC also operates two funicular railways from near the summit station of the rack railway. The Funicular de Sant Joan ascends to the mountain top, whilst the Funicular de Santa Cova descends to a shrine lower down the mountain.[1]","title":"Operation"}]
[{"image_text":"The rack railway upper terminus, with the platforms below the car park. The stations of the two funiculars can also be seen.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Montserrat_Station.jpg/220px-Montserrat_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Trains in the underground platforms at the upper terminus.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cremallera_Montserrat.PNG/220px-Cremallera_Montserrat.PNG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Green, Richard (September 2010). \"The railways of Barcelona\". Today's Railways Europe. Platform 5 Publishing Ltd. pp. 31–33.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Montserrat Rack Railway\". Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya. Retrieved 2010-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cremallerademontserrat.com/website_cremallera/eng/cremallera.asp","url_text":"\"Montserrat Rack Railway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ponts i túnels\". trenscat.com (in Catalan). Bernat Borràs. Archived from the original on 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2010-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100910120326/http://www.trenscat.com/montserrat/pontstunels_ct.html","url_text":"\"Ponts i túnels\""},{"url":"http://www.trenscat.com/montserrat/pontstunels_ct.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montserrat_Rack_Railway&params=41.6093_N_1.83832_E_source:kolossus-cawiki","external_links_name":"41°36′33″N 1°50′18″E / 41.6093°N 1.83832°E / 41.6093; 1.83832"},{"Link":"http://www.cremallerademontserrat.com/website_cremallera/eng/cremallera.asp","external_links_name":"\"Montserrat Rack Railway\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100910120326/http://www.trenscat.com/montserrat/pontstunels_ct.html","external_links_name":"\"Ponts i túnels\""},{"Link":"http://www.trenscat.com/montserrat/pontstunels_ct.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cremallerademontserrat.cat/","external_links_name":"Official website of the Montserrat Rack Railway and associated funicular railways"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Montserrat_Rack_Railway&params=41.6093_N_1.83832_E_source:kolossus-cawiki","external_links_name":"41°36′33″N 1°50′18″E / 41.6093°N 1.83832°E / 41.6093; 1.83832"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139738694","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n99003830","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonglaksana_Dhasani_Svastivatana
Nonglaksana Dhasani Svastivatana
["1 References"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nonglaksana Dhasani Svastivatana" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Princess of Siam Nonglaksana Dhasani SvastivatanaPrincess of SiamBorn(1900-04-05)5 April 1900Bangkok, SiamDied31 March 1982(1982-03-31) (aged 81)Bangkok, SiamSpousePrince Laichaluthong ThongyaiHouseSvastivatana family (Chakri Dynasty)FatherPrince Svasti Sobhana, the Prince Svastivatana VisishthaMotherMom Lamul ( Pisolyabut ) Princess Nonglaksana Dhasani Thai: นงลักษณ์ทัศนี; RTGS: Nonglak Thatsani complete title: Her Serene Highness Princess (Mom Chao) Nonglaksana Dhasani Svastivatana Thai: หม่อมเจ้านงลักษณ์ทัศนี สวัสดิวัตน์; RTGS: Nonglak Thatsani Sawatdiwat) is a Princess of Siam, a member of Siamese royal family and a member House of Svastivatana, a royal house which was originated by her father and descends from Chakri Dynasty and half-sister of Queen Rambhai Barni of Siam. References vteThai princessesThe generations are numbered from the establishment of the Chakri dynasty from 1782Rama IDaughters Chanthaburi Nieces Sri Suriyendra Rama IIGreat-great-granddaughters Vibhavadi Rangsit Rama IIIGranddaughters Somanass Waddhanawathy Debsirindra Phannarai Ubolratana Narinaga Saovabhark Nariratana Saisavali Bhiromya Rama IVDaughters Chandrmondol Kannika Kaeo Sunanda Kumariratana Savang Vadhana Saovabha Phongsri Sukhumala Marasri Naphaphon Prapha Phakphimonphan Banchob Benchama Daksinajar Manyaphathon Somawati Sinak Sawat Kanokwan Lekha Khae Khai Duang Phuang Soi Sa-ang Orathai Thepkanya Kanchanakon Arunwadi Wani Rattanakanya Montha Noppharat Nari Rattana Charoenkamon Suksawat Granddaughters Dibyasambandh Abha Barni Chavi Vilaya Gagananga Dhasani Nonglaksana Svastivatana Bimbhaktra Bhani Svastivatana Nonglaksana Dhasani Svastivatana Rambai Barni Barabimalabanna Voravan Vallabha Devi Lakshamilavan Prabhavasit Narimol Rama VDaughters Bahurada Manimaya Kannabhorn Bejaratana Vichitra Chiraprabha Valaya Alongkorn Sirabhorn Sobhon Suddha Dibyaratana Yaovamalaya Narumala Chandra Saradavara Nabhachara Chamrassri Malini Nobhadara Nibha Nobhadol Vimolnaka Nabisi Srivilailaksana Suvabaktra Vilayabanna Bandhavanna Varobhas Adorndibyanibha Suchitra Bharani Oraongka Ankayuba Ajrabarni Rajkanya Orabindu Benyabhak Phongpraphai Yaovabha Bongsanid Praves Vorasamai Bismai Bimalasataya Sasibongse Prabai Prabha Bannabilaya Prabai Bannabilas Vapi Busbakara Komala Saovamala Lavad Voraong Abbhantripaja Dibyalangkarn Beatrice Bhadrayuvadi Charoensri Chanamayu Voralaksanavadi Chudharatana Rajakumari Hemvadi Oraprabandh Rambai Adisaya Suriyabha Granddaughters Galyani Vadhana Induratana Paribatra Vimolchatra Great-granddaughters Marsi Paribatra Rangsinobhadol Yugala* Great-great-granddaughters Soamsawali Rama VIDaughter Bejaratana Rajasuda Rama VII No Children Rama VIII No Children Rama IXDaughters Ubolratana Rajakanya* Sirindhorn Debaratanasuda Chulabhorn Walailak Granddaughters Siribha Chudabhorn Aditayadorn Kitikhun Rama XDaughters Bajrakitiyabha Sirivannavari * relinquished royal titles Portals: Thailand Biography Royalty This Thai biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This royalty-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"RTGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription"},{"link_name":"Siamese royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_royal_family"},{"link_name":"Chakri Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakri_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Rambhai Barni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambhai_Barni"}],"text":"Princess of SiamPrincess Nonglaksana Dhasani Thai: นงลักษณ์ทัศนี; RTGS: Nonglak Thatsani complete title: Her Serene Highness Princess (Mom Chao) Nonglaksana Dhasani Svastivatana Thai: หม่อมเจ้านงลักษณ์ทัศนี สวัสดิวัตน์; RTGS: Nonglak Thatsani Sawatdiwat) is a Princess of Siam, a member of Siamese royal family and a member House of Svastivatana, a royal house which was originated by her father and descends from Chakri Dynasty and half-sister of Queen Rambhai Barni of Siam.","title":"Nonglaksana Dhasani Svastivatana"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nonglaksana+Dhasani+Svastivatana%22","external_links_name":"\"Nonglaksana Dhasani Svastivatana\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nonglaksana+Dhasani+Svastivatana%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nonglaksana+Dhasani+Svastivatana%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nonglaksana+Dhasani+Svastivatana%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nonglaksana+Dhasani+Svastivatana%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nonglaksana+Dhasani+Svastivatana%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nonglaksana_Dhasani_Svastivatana&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nonglaksana_Dhasani_Svastivatana&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Danson_North
Oliver Danson North
["1 Career","2 North Lucas","3 References","4 External links"]
British automobile designer 1944 Scammell Pioneer recovery vehicle – in RAF livery. (Preserved, 2002) Scammell Scarab in British Railways livery, London, 1962 Oliver Danson North (1887, Willesden Green — 11 November 1968, Haslemere) was a British engineer and automobile designer in the early twentieth century, working for Scammell Lorries from 1922. Career He was responsible, most notably, for the Scammell Pioneer, a three-axle heavy truck, and the three-wheeled Scammell Mechanical Horse, which subsequently evolved into the Scammell Scarab, a familiar sight in cities and towns often engaged in postal and parcel deliveries. He was also heavily involved in Scammell's design and manufacture of the two 'SCAMMELL 100 Tonner' low-loader vehicles, delivered in early 1930 to Marston Road Services in Liverpool and H.E. Coley in Dartford, Kent. The vehicle delivered to Marston Road Services, known as KD 9168, was used for the delivery of steam locomotives from the manufacturers to Liverpool docks. North Lucas In 1922 Ralph Lucas developed the North-Lucas Radial with Oliver North at the Robin Hood Engineering Works in Putney Vale. This time only one was built by the Chelsea Motor Building Co. The car had a streamlined aluminium bodied with a fabric roof. It was used by Ralph himself between 1922 and 1928, covering 65,000 miles in its lifetime. References ^ Grace's Guide to British Industrial History ^ Commercial Motor, 11 October, 1921, p 16 ^ "Greenwich Industrial History: Information provided about Ralph Lucas, Greenwich Car Designer". 30 July 2014. External links Pictures of the Scammell Pioneer Pictures of Mechanical Horses (Scammell and others) This automobile biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an engineer, inventor or industrial designer from the United Kingdom or its predecessor states is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ScammellPioneer-YFO818.jpg"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Railways_Delivery_Truck_London_1962.jpg"},{"link_name":"British Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Railways"},{"link_name":"Willesden Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willesden_Green"},{"link_name":"Haslemere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haslemere"},{"link_name":"Scammell Lorries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scammell_Lorries"}],"text":"1944 Scammell Pioneer recovery vehicle – in RAF livery. (Preserved, 2002)Scammell Scarab in British Railways livery, London, 1962Oliver Danson North (1887, Willesden Green — 11 November 1968, Haslemere) was a British engineer and automobile designer in the early twentieth century, working for Scammell Lorries from 1922.","title":"Oliver Danson North"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scammell Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scammell_Pioneer"},{"link_name":"Scammell Mechanical Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scammell_Mechanical_Horse"},{"link_name":"Scammell Scarab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scammell_Scarab"},{"link_name":"'SCAMMELL 100 Tonner'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%27SCAMMELL_100_Tonner%27&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"low-loader vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowboy_(trailer)"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Dartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"}],"text":"He was responsible, most notably, for the Scammell Pioneer, a three-axle heavy truck, and the three-wheeled Scammell Mechanical Horse, which subsequently evolved into the Scammell Scarab, a familiar sight in cities and towns often engaged in postal and parcel deliveries. He was also heavily involved in Scammell's design and manufacture of the two 'SCAMMELL 100 Tonner' low-loader vehicles, delivered in early 1930 to Marston Road Services in Liverpool and H.E. Coley in Dartford, Kent. The vehicle delivered to Marston Road Services, known as KD 9168, was used for the delivery of steam locomotives from the manufacturers to Liverpool docks.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood Engineering Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1922 Ralph Lucas developed the North-Lucas Radial with Oliver North at the Robin Hood Engineering Works in Putney Vale.[1] This time only one was built by the Chelsea Motor Building Co. The car had a streamlined aluminium bodied with a fabric roof.[2] It was used by Ralph himself between 1922 and 1928, covering 65,000 miles in its lifetime.[3]","title":"North Lucas"}]
[{"image_text":"1944 Scammell Pioneer recovery vehicle – in RAF livery. (Preserved, 2002)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/ScammellPioneer-YFO818.jpg/220px-ScammellPioneer-YFO818.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scammell Scarab in British Railways livery, London, 1962","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/British_Railways_Delivery_Truck_London_1962.jpg/220px-British_Railways_Delivery_Truck_London_1962.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Greenwich Industrial History: Information provided about Ralph Lucas, Greenwich Car Designer\". 30 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://greenwichindustrialhistory.blogspot.com/2014/07/information-provided-about-ralph-lucas_30.html","url_text":"\"Greenwich Industrial History: Information provided about Ralph Lucas, Greenwich Car Designer\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Ralph_Lucas_(1876-1955)","external_links_name":"Grace's Guide to British Industrial History"},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/11th-october-1921/16/chelsea-motor-building-co-ltd","external_links_name":"Commercial Motor, 11 October, 1921, p 16"},{"Link":"https://greenwichindustrialhistory.blogspot.com/2014/07/information-provided-about-ralph-lucas_30.html","external_links_name":"\"Greenwich Industrial History: Information provided about Ralph Lucas, Greenwich Car Designer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070220222446/http://freespace.virgin.net/scammell.man/Pioneer.html","external_links_name":"Pictures of the Scammell Pioneer"},{"Link":"http://www.mechanical-horse-club.co.uk/Archivist.htm","external_links_name":"Pictures of Mechanical Horses (Scammell and others)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Danson_North&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oliver_Danson_North&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effium
Effium
["1 Economy","2 Demographics","3 History","4 Culture","5 See also","6 References"]
Coordinates: 6°38′N 8°04′E / 6.633°N 8.067°E / 6.633; 8.067This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Effium" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in Ebonyi State, NigeriaEffiumTownEffiumLocation in NigeriaCoordinates: 6°38′N 8°04′E / 6.633°N 8.067°E / 6.633; 8.067Country NigeriaStateEbonyi StateTime zoneUTC+1 (WAT) Effium is the largest autonomous Igbo community in Ebonyi State of southeast region, Nigeria. Effium is located in the Ohaukwu local government area of Ebonyi State. The indigenous people are known as Effiom and Ezza Effium, but the most spoken indigenous language is the Ezza language. Economy The major occupation in Effium is agriculture. The major agricultural produce include: yam, cassava, rice, groundnut, palm oil and timbers. Demographics Effium community has other minor communities which includes: Inikiri Umuezeoka, Umuezeokaoha, and Kpakpaji communities. History The first tribe that settled in Effium was Uffiom and Ezza Effium followed by Arochukwu, Amuda and others. Culture Effium as a community has no common culture because it is inhabited by two different tribes with different cultures. Effium shares common boundaries with Izzi, Ngbo, Uli and Igumale. It has a very large market popularly known as Nwafia Effium market or Effium main market among many others where agricultural commodities are purchased in large quantities and transported to other parts of the country and for export. It is one of the largest markets in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Other markets in Effium include Inikiri Bernard market and Nwekendiagu market. See also Lists of villages in Nigeria Ebonyi State References vteLists of villages in Nigeria by state Abia Adamawa Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Bayelsa Benue Borno Cross River Delta Ebonyi Edo Ekiti Enugu Gombe Imo Jigawa Kaduna Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Lagos Nasarawa Niger Ogun Ondo Osun Oyo Plateau Rivers Sokoto Taraba Yobe Zamfara FCT (Abuja) Nigeria portal This Ebonyi state, Nigeria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohaukwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohaukwu"},{"link_name":"Ebonyi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonyi_State"},{"link_name":"Ezza language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezza_language"}],"text":"Town in Ebonyi State, NigeriaEffium is the largest autonomous Igbo community in Ebonyi State of southeast region, Nigeria. Effium is located in the Ohaukwu local government area of Ebonyi State. The indigenous people are known as Effiom and Ezza Effium, but the most spoken indigenous language is the Ezza language.","title":"Effium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"palm oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil"}],"text":"The major occupation in Effium is agriculture. The major agricultural produce include: yam, cassava, rice, groundnut, palm oil and timbers.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Effium community has other minor communities which includes: Inikiri Umuezeoka, Umuezeokaoha, and Kpakpaji communities.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The first tribe that settled in Effium was Uffiom and Ezza Effium followed by Arochukwu, Amuda and others.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Izzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Izzi_(Ebonyi_local_government_area)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ngbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngbo"},{"link_name":"Uli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uli,_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Igumale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igumale"}],"text":"Effium as a community has no common culture because it is inhabited by two different tribes with different cultures.Effium shares common boundaries with Izzi, Ngbo, Uli and Igumale.It has a very large market popularly known as Nwafia Effium market or Effium main market among many others where agricultural commodities are purchased in large quantities and transported to other parts of the country and for export. It is one of the largest markets in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Other markets in Effium include Inikiri Bernard market and Nwekendiagu market.","title":"Culture"}]
[]
[{"title":"Lists of villages in Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_villages_in_Nigeria"},{"title":"Ebonyi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebonyi_State"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Effium&params=6_38_N_8_04_E_type:city_region:NG","external_links_name":"6°38′N 8°04′E / 6.633°N 8.067°E / 6.633; 8.067"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Effium%22","external_links_name":"\"Effium\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Effium%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Effium%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Effium%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Effium%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Effium%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Effium&params=6_38_N_8_04_E_type:city_region:NG","external_links_name":"6°38′N 8°04′E / 6.633°N 8.067°E / 6.633; 8.067"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effium&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Everard
Fiona Everard
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 References"]
Irish athlete Fiona EverardPersonal informationNationalityIrelandBorn (1998-11-30) 30 November 1998 (age 25)SportSportAthleticsEventCross-countryAchievements and titlesPersonal best(s)1500m: 4:32.40 (Dublin, 2023)3000m: 9:29.29 (Belfast, 2023)5000m: 16:46.93 (Dublin, 2023)10000m: 35:16.38 (Dublin, 2023) Fiona Everard (born 30 September 1998) is an Irish cross country runner. In November 2023, she became the Irish female national cross-country champion. Career From Enniskeane in County Cork, Everard is a member of Cork-based running club Bandon AC. In December 2022, she won the National Novice Cross-Country Championship, held in Conna. Everard had not long started to receive the input of her coach Matt Lockett, with whom she began working in October 2022, and who she has since said helped her overcome a succession of bone injuries and stress fractures. In late 2022, she also finished in the top 10 at the 2022 National Senior Cross Country Championships held in Donegal. In February 2023, she made her debut competing internationally for Ireland. She finished 14th at the Cross Cup de Hannut in Belgium, finishing one place and one second behind leading Irish woman on the day Fionnuala Ross. Representing the University of Galway, she won the IUAA cross-country event in Limerick in March 2023. The following month she won the Irish Universities Championship over 5000m in Dublin, in what was in only her second-ever 5000m on the track. She was subsequently named Cork City Sports Athlete of the month for April. In October 2023, she finished runner-up to Lizzie Lee at the Cork County cross-country championships in Macroom. Everard won the 2023 Irish National Cross Country Championships in Gowran, Kilkenny in November 2023. She finished 37 seconds clear of the field, in a race competed in extreme muddy conditions. Everard credited her experience of conditions training in Bandon which have helped her to favour muddy and hilly courses. The win secured her a place on the Irish team for the 2023 European Cross Country Championships scheduled for December 10, 2023 in Brussels, in which she finished 34th overall. In March 2024, she was selected for the 2024 World Athletics Cross Country Championships in Serbia. Personal life In 2022, Everard began studying for a Masters in Biomedical Science at the University of Galway. References ^ "Fiona Everard". World Athletics. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ McCarthy, Kieran (19 November 2023). "'I'm still trying to let it sink in, I'm so thrilled with the win', says Everard after racing to national cross-country glory". Southern Star. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ Dennehy, Cathal (19 November 2023). "Cross Country Championships: Bandon's Fiona Everard claims first senior title". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ Walshe, John (14 December 2022). "Enniskeane athlete Everard steps up her comeback with glorious gold in novice cross-country". Southernstar.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ Cashman, John (19 November 2023). "Bandon's Fiona Everard delivers All-Ireland title". echolive.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ "'Shocked' Fiona Everard revels in first senior title after win at National Cross Country Championships". RTE.ie. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ "ATHLETE OF THE MONTH – APRIL". Corkcitysports.ie. Retrieved 21 October 2023. ^ "Cork City Sports Athlete of the Month award for April is presented". C103.ie. 24 May 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ Walshe, John (2 February 2023). "Impressive 14th for Fiona Everard on her Irish debut". Southern Star. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ "Fiona Everard is the Cork City Sports Athlete of the month for April". 1 June 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ Naughton, Lindie (October 2, 2023). "An international Ecotrail with local weather – Irish round-up". Fast Running. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ Dennehy, Cathal (20 November 2023). "Cormac Dalton and Fiona Everard prevail in 'absolutely brutal' conditions at National Cross Country Championships". Independent.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ Fisher, Grace (19 November 2023). "FIONA EVERARD WINS NATIONAL SENIOR CROSS COUNTRY TITLE". Hersport.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2023. ^ "European Cross Country Championships 2023 senior women's 9000m results". Watch Athletics. December 10, 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ Dennehy, Cathal (11 March 2024). "Ireland name team of eight for World Cross Country Championships". Independent.ie. Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ "The Startling running progress of Fiona Everard". Irish Times. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023. Authority control databases: People World Athletics
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cross country runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_running"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Fiona Everard (born 30 September 1998) is an Irish cross country runner. In November 2023, she became the Irish female national cross-country champion.[1]","title":"Fiona Everard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enniskeane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballineen_and_Enniskean"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Conna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Donegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Donegal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cross Cup de Hannut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Cup_de_Hannut"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"University of Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Galway"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"5000m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5000m"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lizzie Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Lee"},{"link_name":"Macroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroom"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Gowran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowran"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Bandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandon,_County_Cork"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2023 European Cross Country Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"2024 World Athletics Cross Country Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Athletics_Cross_Country_Championships"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"From Enniskeane in County Cork,[2] Everard is a member of Cork-based running club Bandon AC.[3]In December 2022, she won the National Novice Cross-Country Championship, held in Conna.[4][5] Everard had not long started to receive the input of her coach Matt Lockett, with whom she began working in October 2022, and who she has since said helped her overcome a succession of bone injuries and stress fractures.[6] In late 2022, she also finished in the top 10 at the 2022 National Senior Cross Country Championships held in Donegal.[7][8]In February 2023, she made her debut competing internationally for Ireland. She finished 14th at the Cross Cup de Hannut in Belgium, finishing one place and one second behind leading Irish woman on the day Fionnuala Ross.[9] Representing the University of Galway, she won the IUAA cross-country event in Limerick in March 2023. The following month she won the Irish Universities Championship over 5000m in Dublin, in what was in only her second-ever 5000m on the track. She was subsequently named Cork City Sports Athlete of the month for April.[10]In October 2023, she finished runner-up to Lizzie Lee at the Cork County cross-country championships in Macroom.[11]Everard won the 2023 Irish National Cross Country Championships in Gowran, Kilkenny in November 2023. She finished 37 seconds clear of the field, in a race competed in extreme muddy conditions.[12] Everard credited her experience of conditions training in Bandon which have helped her to favour muddy and hilly courses.[13] The win secured her a place on the Irish team for the 2023 European Cross Country Championships scheduled for December 10, 2023 in Brussels, in which she finished 34th overall.[14]In March 2024, she was selected for the 2024 World Athletics Cross Country Championships in Serbia.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Galway"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 2022, Everard began studying for a Masters in Biomedical Science at the University of Galway.[16]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Fiona Everard\". World Athletics. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ireland/fiona-everard-14589087","url_text":"\"Fiona Everard\""}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Kieran (19 November 2023). \"'I'm still trying to let it sink in, I'm so thrilled with the win', says Everard after racing to national cross-country glory\". Southern Star. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southernstar.ie/sport/im-still-trying-to-let-it-sink-in-im-so-thrilled-with-the-win-says-everard-after-racing-to-national-cross-country-glory-4277559","url_text":"\"'I'm still trying to let it sink in, I'm so thrilled with the win', says Everard after racing to national cross-country glory\""}]},{"reference":"Dennehy, Cathal (19 November 2023). \"Cross Country Championships: Bandon's Fiona Everard claims first senior title\". Irish Examiner. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/othersport/arid-41272879.html","url_text":"\"Cross Country Championships: Bandon's Fiona Everard claims first senior title\""}]},{"reference":"Walshe, John (14 December 2022). \"Enniskeane athlete Everard steps up her comeback with glorious gold in novice cross-country\". Southernstar.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southernstar.ie/sport/enniskeane-athlete-everard-steps-up-her-comeback-with-glorious-gold-in-novice-cross-country-4254023","url_text":"\"Enniskeane athlete Everard steps up her comeback with glorious gold in novice cross-country\""}]},{"reference":"Cashman, John (19 November 2023). \"Bandon's Fiona Everard delivers All-Ireland title\". echolive.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.echolive.ie/corksport/arid-41273032.html","url_text":"\"Bandon's Fiona Everard delivers All-Ireland title\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Shocked' Fiona Everard revels in first senior title after win at National Cross Country Championships\". RTE.ie. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2023/1120/1417435-shocked-everard-revels-in-first-senior-title/","url_text":"\"'Shocked' Fiona Everard revels in first senior title after win at National Cross Country Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"ATHLETE OF THE MONTH – APRIL\". Corkcitysports.ie. Retrieved 21 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://corkcitysports.ie/athlete-of-the-month-april-8/","url_text":"\"ATHLETE OF THE MONTH – APRIL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cork City Sports Athlete of the Month award for April is presented\". C103.ie. 24 May 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.c103.ie/news/c103-news-and-sport/cork-city-sports-athlete-of-the-month-award-for-april-is-presented/","url_text":"\"Cork City Sports Athlete of the Month award for April is presented\""}]},{"reference":"Walshe, John (2 February 2023). \"Impressive 14th for Fiona Everard on her Irish debut\". Southern Star. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.southernstar.ie/sport/impressive-14th-for-fiona-everard-on-her-irish-debut-4256851","url_text":"\"Impressive 14th for Fiona Everard on her Irish debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fiona Everard is the Cork City Sports Athlete of the month for April\". 1 June 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.echolive.ie/corksport/arid-41152486.html","url_text":"\"Fiona Everard is the Cork City Sports Athlete of the month for April\""}]},{"reference":"Naughton, Lindie (October 2, 2023). \"An international Ecotrail with local weather – Irish round-up\". Fast Running. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastrunning.com/running-athletics-news/ireland/irish-round-up-4/36472","url_text":"\"An international Ecotrail with local weather – Irish round-up\""}]},{"reference":"Dennehy, Cathal (20 November 2023). \"Cormac Dalton and Fiona Everard prevail in 'absolutely brutal' conditions at National Cross Country Championships\". Independent.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.independent.ie/sport/other-sports/athletics/cormac-dalton-and-fiona-everard-prevail-in-absolutely-brutal-conditions-at-national-cross-country-championships/a1542535198.html?","url_text":"\"Cormac Dalton and Fiona Everard prevail in 'absolutely brutal' conditions at National Cross Country Championships\""}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Grace (19 November 2023). \"FIONA EVERARD WINS NATIONAL SENIOR CROSS COUNTRY TITLE\". Hersport.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hersport.ie/athletics/fiona-everard-wins-national-senior-cross-country-title-50363","url_text":"\"FIONA EVERARD WINS NATIONAL SENIOR CROSS COUNTRY TITLE\""}]},{"reference":"\"European Cross Country Championships 2023 senior women's 9000m results\". Watch Athletics. December 10, 2024. Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.watchathletics.com/page/4915/results-senior-women-9000m-european-cross-country-championships-2023","url_text":"\"European Cross Country Championships 2023 senior women's 9000m results\""}]},{"reference":"Dennehy, Cathal (11 March 2024). \"Ireland name team of eight for World Cross Country Championships\". Independent.ie. Retrieved 11 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/other-sports/athletics/ireland-name-team-of-eight-for-world-cross-country-championships/a2113757598.html","url_text":"\"Ireland name team of eight for World Cross Country Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Startling running progress of Fiona Everard\". Irish Times. 20 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/athletics/2023/11/20/the-startling-running-progress-of-fiona-everard/","url_text":"\"The Startling running progress of Fiona Everard\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ireland/fiona-everard-14589087","external_links_name":"\"Fiona Everard\""},{"Link":"https://www.southernstar.ie/sport/im-still-trying-to-let-it-sink-in-im-so-thrilled-with-the-win-says-everard-after-racing-to-national-cross-country-glory-4277559","external_links_name":"\"'I'm still trying to let it sink in, I'm so thrilled with the win', says Everard after racing to national cross-country glory\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/othersport/arid-41272879.html","external_links_name":"\"Cross Country Championships: Bandon's Fiona Everard claims first senior title\""},{"Link":"https://www.southernstar.ie/sport/enniskeane-athlete-everard-steps-up-her-comeback-with-glorious-gold-in-novice-cross-country-4254023","external_links_name":"\"Enniskeane athlete Everard steps up her comeback with glorious gold in novice cross-country\""},{"Link":"https://www.echolive.ie/corksport/arid-41273032.html","external_links_name":"\"Bandon's Fiona Everard delivers All-Ireland title\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/sport/athletics/2023/1120/1417435-shocked-everard-revels-in-first-senior-title/","external_links_name":"\"'Shocked' Fiona Everard revels in first senior title after win at National Cross Country Championships\""},{"Link":"https://corkcitysports.ie/athlete-of-the-month-april-8/","external_links_name":"\"ATHLETE OF THE MONTH – APRIL\""},{"Link":"https://www.c103.ie/news/c103-news-and-sport/cork-city-sports-athlete-of-the-month-award-for-april-is-presented/","external_links_name":"\"Cork City Sports Athlete of the Month award for April is presented\""},{"Link":"https://www.southernstar.ie/sport/impressive-14th-for-fiona-everard-on-her-irish-debut-4256851","external_links_name":"\"Impressive 14th for Fiona Everard on her Irish debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.echolive.ie/corksport/arid-41152486.html","external_links_name":"\"Fiona Everard is the Cork City Sports Athlete of the month for April\""},{"Link":"https://www.fastrunning.com/running-athletics-news/ireland/irish-round-up-4/36472","external_links_name":"\"An international Ecotrail with local weather – Irish round-up\""},{"Link":"https://m.independent.ie/sport/other-sports/athletics/cormac-dalton-and-fiona-everard-prevail-in-absolutely-brutal-conditions-at-national-cross-country-championships/a1542535198.html?","external_links_name":"\"Cormac Dalton and Fiona Everard prevail in 'absolutely brutal' conditions at National Cross Country Championships\""},{"Link":"https://www.hersport.ie/athletics/fiona-everard-wins-national-senior-cross-country-title-50363","external_links_name":"\"FIONA EVERARD WINS NATIONAL SENIOR CROSS COUNTRY TITLE\""},{"Link":"https://www.watchathletics.com/page/4915/results-senior-women-9000m-european-cross-country-championships-2023","external_links_name":"\"European Cross Country Championships 2023 senior women's 9000m results\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.ie/sport/other-sports/athletics/ireland-name-team-of-eight-for-world-cross-country-championships/a2113757598.html","external_links_name":"\"Ireland name team of eight for World Cross Country Championships\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/athletics/2023/11/20/the-startling-running-progress-of-fiona-everard/","external_links_name":"\"The Startling running progress of Fiona Everard\""},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14589087","external_links_name":"World Athletics"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangin_language
Cangin languages
["1 Languages","2 Reconstruction","3 See also","4 Footnotes","5 References"]
Group of Senegambian languages spoken in Senegal This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) CanginEthnicitySererGeographicdistributionSenegal, the GambiaLinguistic classificationNiger–Congo?Atlantic–Congo(Senegambian)CanginSubdivisions Saafi-Saafi Lehar–Noon Palor–Ndut Glottologcang1245 The Cangin languages are spoken by 200,000 people (as of 2007) in a small area east of Dakar, Senegal. They are the languages spoken by the Serer people who do not speak the Serer language (Serer-Sine). Because the people are ethnically Serer, the Cangin languages are commonly thought to be dialects of the Serer language. However, they are not closely related; Serer is closer to Fulani than it is to Cangin. Languages The Cangin languages are: Safen, or Saafi-Saafi, the language of the Saafi people. Spoken inland from the Petite Côte, an area southeast of Dakar. The largest Cangin language, with over 100,000 speakers and growing (2007). Lehar (Laalaa), the language of the Serer-Laalaa (or Serer-Lehar), spoken in a small area north of Thiès. Noon, the language of the Serer-Noon, spoken around Thiès. Palor, the language of the Palor people, spoken in a small area between Rufisque and Thies. Ndut, the language of the Serer-Ndut people, spoken in the Mont-Roland, an area northwest of Thies and in the Kingdom of Biffeche on the Senegal River. Lehar and Noon are particularly close, as are Ndut and Palor, though not quite to the point of easy intelligibility. Safen is transparently closer to Lehar–Noon than to Palor–Ndut. Reconstruction Merrill (2018: 451) reconstructs Proto-Cangin as follows. gloss Proto-Cangin Noon Lehar Safen Ndut Palor eye *ɣi̟d/ɣad has kuu-koas has i̟l ’i̟l tongue *pe-ɗem peɗim p- pi̟ri̟m peɗem pereem pereem eat *ñam ñam ñam ñaam ñam ñam breast *ɓi̟iɓ ɓi̟iɓ ɓi̟iɓ (w)ɓip ɓi̟iɓ ɓi̟iɓ four *nixiid nikiis nikis iniil iniil dog *ɓuh ɓu̟u ɓuh f- ɓuh f- ɓux f- intestine *loox look look rook loo loo wing *paɓ paɓ paɓ (d)pab pap cow *-noɣ enoh f- enoh ’inoh fana f- fana’ f- blow = nose *ñii̟nd ñii̟d-uk ñii̟d-uk ñii̟d~ñii̟n pound *hoɗ oɗ oɗ ’oɗ xoɗ jaw *kaɓaɓ ? kaaɓ ‘cheek’ kaɓaɓ k- kabaap new *has as as ’as has xas see *ɣot hot hot hot ot~ol- od~ol- swallow *hon on on ’on (d)hon xon bury *hac ac ac ’ac hac xac bear child *li̟m li̟m li̟m (w)rim li̟m dance *ɣam ham ham hold in teeth *ŋaɓ ŋaaɓ ŋaɓ ŋaɓ ŋaɓ year *kV-(h)id̟ kii̟s k- kii̟s kiis k- kii̟l kii̟l tree *ki-rik kedik k- kedek kiɗig k- kilik kilik k- bird *sel sel sel sel bury *hu̟umb u̟ub~u̟um uumb be able *mi̟n mi̟n min mi̟n min resemble *mand mad~man man mad~man mad~man be short *luH- looƴ (lohoƴ) looƴ (s)rohoƴ (d)luh lux leaf/bark *huɓ to̟oɓ t-, oɓ po̟o (w)’op huɓ sun *noɣ noh noh noh (d)na’ na’ ear *nuf nof nof (w)noef nuf nuf head *ɣaf haf haf haf ’af ’af liver *keeñ keeñ keeñ keeñ k- (d)keeñ star *Hul hol ol hor hul xul rain *toɓ toɓ toɓ toɓ tooɓ pestle *kuɗ koɗ k- koɗ kuɗ k- kuɗ k- goat *pe pe’ f- peɗ peh f- pe f- pe f- cloth/rag *lii̟l lii̟l lii̟l lii̟l lii̟l baobab *ɓoɣ ɓoh ɓoh ɓoh ɓa ɓa’ finger *kun jokun j- jokon ndukun kun kun sneeze *ti̟s tes ti̟s (s)tisoh (d)ti̟s ti̟s ant *ñii̟ñ ñii̟ñ ñii̟ñ ñiñoh f- (d)ñii̟ñ f- ñii̟n f- rear/raise *koɗ koɗ koɗ koɗ kod honey *kV-(C)u̟m ku̟um k- ku̟um (d)ku̟um k- ku̟um k- horse *panis̟ pen̟is̟ f- pan̟is̟ panis pan̟is̟ f- causative *-iɗ̟ -iɗ̟ -iɗ̟ -iɗ -iɗ̟ -iɗ̟ anticausative *-ox -uk -ok -uk -oh -ox reversive *-i̟s -i̟s -i̟s -is -i̟s -i̟s negative *-ɗii -ɗii -ɗi See also Serer language List of Proto-Cangin reconstructions (Wiktionary) Footnotes ^ Merrill, John Thomas Mayfield. 2018. The Historical Origin of Consonant Mutation in the Atlantic Languages. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. References Walter Pichl, The Cangin Group: A Language Group in Northern Senegal, Pittsburgh, PA : Institute of African Affairs, Duquesne University, Coll. African Reprint Series, 1966, vol. 20 Guillaume Segerer & Florian Lionnet 2010. "'Isolates' in 'Atlantic'". Language Isolates in Africa workshop, Lyon, Dec. 4 vteLanguages of the GambiaOfficial language English The Gambia portalIndigenous languages Balanta Cangin Dyula Fula Karon Kassonke Mandinka Mandjak Pulaar Serer Soninke Wolof Sign languages Gambian Sign Language Immigrant languages English French Arabic vteAtlantic languagesBakJola Bayot Fonyi Banjaal Gusilay. Ejamat Kasa Kuwaataay Karon Mlomp Papel Mandjak Mankanya Papel Others Balanta Bijago SenegambianFula–Tenda Basari Bedik Bapeng Biafada Fula Konyagi Lehar Ndut Noon Pajade Palor Safen Serer Others Banyum Kasanga Kobiana Nalu Wolof Mel Baga Bom Bullom So Krim Kissi Landoma Sherbro Temne Rio Nunez Mbulungish Baga Pokur Others Limba Gola Sua vteSerer topicsPeoples Laalaa Ndut Niominka Noon Palor Saafi Seex ReligionKey topics Ciiɗ Classical Ndut teachings Creation myth Criticism Festivals Jaaniiw Junjung Lamane Pangool Religion Sadax Saltigue Symbolism Women Xooy Supreme deities Kokh Kox Koox Kopé Tiatie Cac Roog (main) Other deities Kumba Njaay Takhar Tiurakh Sacred sites Fatick Sine River Sine-Saloum Somb Point of Sangomar Tattaguine Tukar Yaboyabo History Amar Godomat Cekeen Tumuli Khasso Kingdom of Baol Kingdom of Biffeche kingdom of Saloum Kingdom of Sine Serer prehistory Serer history States headed by Serer Lamanes Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune Battle of Logandème Timeline of Serer history Western Sahara DemographicsBy region Gambia Mauritania Senegal Serer country Languages Cangin Lehar/Laalaa Ndut Noon Palor Safen Serer Culture Birth Chere (or saay) Death Inheritance Marriage Mbalax Njuup Sabar Tama Tassu Njom RoyaltyKings (Maad) andLamanes (ancient kings / landowners) Lamane Jegan Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Fa Ndeb Joof Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof Maad a Sinig Maysa Wali Jaxateh Manneh Maad a Sinig Ama Joof Gnilane Faye Joof Maad Ndaah Njemeh Joof Maad Semou Njekeh Joof Queens & Queen Mothers Lingeer Fatim Beye Lingeer Ndoye Demba Lingeer Ngoné Dièye Lingeer Selbeh Ndoffene Joof Serer maternal clans Dynasties androyal houses Faye family Guelowar Joof family Joos Maternal Dynasty The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof Families androyal titles Buumi Faye family Joof family Lamane Lingeer Loul Maad Maad Saloum Maad a Sinig Ngum family Njie family Sarr family Sene family Teigne Thilas Related people Jola people Lebu people Toucouleur people Wolof people Portals: Senegal Gambia Mauritania Authority control databases IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈtʃaŋin]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Serer people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_people"},{"link_name":"Serer language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_language"},{"link_name":"Fulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_languages"}],"text":"The Cangin languages [ˈtʃaŋin] are spoken by 200,000 people (as of 2007) in a small area east of Dakar, Senegal. They are the languages spoken by the Serer people who do not speak the Serer language (Serer-Sine). Because the people are ethnically Serer, the Cangin languages are commonly thought to be dialects of the Serer language. However, they are not closely related; Serer is closer to Fulani than it is to Cangin.","title":"Cangin languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Safen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safen_language"},{"link_name":"Saafi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saafi_people"},{"link_name":"Lehar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laalaa_language"},{"link_name":"Serer-Laalaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer-Laalaa"},{"link_name":"Thiès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Noon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noon_language"},{"link_name":"Serer-Noon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer-Noon"},{"link_name":"Thiès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Palor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palor_language"},{"link_name":"Palor people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palor_people"},{"link_name":"Rufisque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufisque"},{"link_name":"Thies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Ndut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndut_language"},{"link_name":"Serer-Ndut people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer-Ndut_people"},{"link_name":"Thies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Biffeche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biffeche"},{"link_name":"Senegal River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_River"}],"text":"The Cangin languages are:Safen, or Saafi-Saafi, the language of the Saafi people. Spoken inland from the Petite Côte, an area southeast of Dakar. The largest Cangin language, with over 100,000 speakers and growing (2007).\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLehar (Laalaa), the language of the Serer-Laalaa (or Serer-Lehar), spoken in a small area north of Thiès.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNoon, the language of the Serer-Noon, spoken around Thiès.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPalor, the language of the Palor people, spoken in a small area between Rufisque and Thies.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNdut, the language of the Serer-Ndut people, spoken in the Mont-Roland, an area northwest of Thies and in the Kingdom of Biffeche on the Senegal River.Lehar and Noon are particularly close, as are Ndut and Palor, though not quite to the point of easy intelligibility. Safen is transparently closer to Lehar–Noon than to Palor–Ndut.","title":"Languages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Merrill (2018: 451) reconstructs Proto-Cangin as follows.[1]","title":"Reconstruction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Historical Origin of Consonant Mutation in the Atlantic Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//escholarship.org/uc/item/1qn4m0bh"}],"text":"^ Merrill, John Thomas Mayfield. 2018. The Historical Origin of Consonant Mutation in the Atlantic Languages. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.","title":"Footnotes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Serer language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_language"},{"title":"List of Proto-Cangin reconstructions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_Proto-Cangin_reconstructions"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cang1245","external_links_name":"cang1245"},{"Link":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1qn4m0bh","external_links_name":"The Historical Origin of Consonant Mutation in the Atlantic Languages"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120331180907/http://25images.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/player/player.php?id=72&id_sequence=431","external_links_name":"\"'Isolates' in 'Atlantic'\""},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/028039475","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Time_Around_(Nick_Jonas_%26_the_Administration_song)
Last Time Around (song)
["1 Background and composition","2 Versions","3 Music video","4 Live performances","5 Personnel","6 Release History","7 References"]
2010 song by Nick Jonas & the Administration"Last Time Around"Song by Nick Jonas & the Administrationfrom the album Who I Am Released2 February 2010Recorded2009; Blackbird Studio's, Nashville, TennesseeGenreCountry RockLength4:07 (Album Version)LabelJonas, Hollywood RecordsSongwriter(s)Nick Jonas, Greg Garbowsky, P.J. BiancoProducer(s)John Fields "Last Time Around" was one of the songs of which a preview was leaked online before the album release on February 2, 2010. Background and composition "Last Time Around" A 24 second sample of "Last Time Around" by Nick Jonas & the Administration, where a portion of the chorus is heard. Problems playing this file? See media help. According to M Magazine Selena Gomez was the inspiration for the song. Nick played another new song, Last Time Around for M, and it was clear that Selena was the inspiration once again. "Don’t forget the fun we had last summer, when the grass was greener and your hair was longer," he sang. According to Popstar magazine the song is about Selena Gomez or Miley Cyrus. Nick told Popstar magazine: On his song Last Time Around: "Well, the story in the song is you show up in this place and you see someone who's kind of changed their look. And they've changed everything about themselves, whether it's because they've become more confident or they've come into their own, whatever it is. And you see them and introduce yourself and don't realize that you've already met them. It's like, let's get back to that. Let's get back to that moment where 'you hair was long and the grass was greener'". On May 11, 2010, the song was used on the live album: Nick Jonas & The Administration Live at the Wiltern January 28th, 2010. Versions "Last Time Around" (Album Version) - 4:07 "Last Time Around" (Live) - 7:16 "Last Time Around" (Video Version) - 4:27 Music video On the Limited Edition DVD there was a video of Nick Jonas & The Administration (shot in black & white) performing the song. Live performances Nick Jonas performed the song live for the first time on January 2 during the Who I Am Tour with the Administration. Nick performed with Sonny Thompson acoustic versions of the songs "Last Time Around", "Who I Am", "Tonight" during Radio Disney Total Access; On September 18, 2010, Nick performed two songs: "Who I Am" and "Last Time Around" during a concert in Mountain View, CA as part of the Jonas Brothers Live In Concert. On February 23, 2011, Nick performed the song during an acoustic set, accompanied by Jonas Brothers guitarist John Taylor. He performed an acoustic version the song on August 6, during the promotion of the Quaker Chewy Live Launch Along With Sonny Thompson Nick performed at the Military Event in Columbus, Ohio on April 14, 2011. He played the songs Last Time Around and Who I Am. They opened their performance with the song on July 16, during the Ottawa Blues fest. On August 13, 2011, he performed the song at Musikfest. The song was also performed during the concerts in South America as part of the Nick Jonas 2011 Tour. On December 13, 2011, a video of Nick performing Last Time Around was posted online as part of a new internet serie Fandrop. The video shows some lucky fans seeing Nick Jonas & the administration rehearse for the Nick jonas 2011 Tour. On May 20, 2012, Nick performed an acoustic version of the song in between two shows of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying. The song was performed during all of the Jonas Brothers World Tour 2012/2013. It was also performed during the 2013 National School Choice Week's official Kickoff Celebration in Phoenix, Arizona. They performed the song again on June 1 during the Acapulco Festival in Mexico. The song "Last Time Around" was performed again during the Jonas Brothers Live Tour. Personnel Nick Jonas - Lead Vocals, Lead Guitar, Composer Tommy Barbarella - Keyboards Michael Bland - Drums, Vibraphone, Vocals Sonny Thompson -Guitars, Vocals (on DVD Who I Am, and live performances) John Fields - Bass, Guitars, Percussion, Vibraphone, Producer David Ryan Harris - Guitars, Vocals (on CD Who I Am) Greg Garbowsky - Composer P.J Bianco - Composer Dave McNair - Mastering Jon Lind - A&R David Snow - Creative Director Paul David Hager - Mixing Philip McIntyre - Management Johnny Wright - Management Kevin Jonas SR. - Management Release History Region Date Format Label Germany January 29, 2010 Digital download Hollywood Records United States February 2, 2010 References ^ "Nick Jonas WHO I AM Track By Track". oceanUP.com. 2010-02-03. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2010-09-25. ^ "Nick Jonas Writes Song About Selena Gomez". Crushable. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Search Results for last time around". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Nick Jonas, 'I Wouldn't Change For A Girl'". Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ a b "Nick Jonas & The Administration Live at the Wiltern January 28th, 2010". Last.fm. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ a b https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0035XTRT4 ^ a b Video on YouTube ^ "Nick Jonas Last Time Around NEW SONG". oceanUP.com. 2010-01-22. Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2010-12-16. ^ "Nick Jonas Radio Disney TOTAL ACCESS". oceanUP.com. Retrieved 2010-12-16. ^ "Nick Jonas Tonight Live Acoustic". oceanUP.com. Archived from the original on 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2010-12-16. ^ "Nick Jonas Last Time Around Who I Am". oceanUP.com. 2010-09-21. Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2010-09-25. ^ "Jonas Brothers LIVE - "Last Time Around/Who I Am" - Mountain View, CA - 9/18/10". YouTube. Retrieved 2010-09-25. ^ "Nick Jonas Last Time Around Who I Am". Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Nick J Online - Nick Jonas". Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Nick Jonas Singing Rose Garden, Last Time Around Who I Am Quaker Chewy Live Launch [8-06-2011". World News. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Nick Jonas Last Time Around Acoustic". Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Nick J Online - Nick Jonas". Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Nick Jonas Columbus Military Performer". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Nick Jonas & Elmo Help Military Families". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "JonasWorld.Org | JonasHQ.Org | Your #1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers » LIVE COVERAGE – Ottawa Bluefest Festival – July 16th 2011". Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-10-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "JonasWorld.Org | JonasHQ.Org | Your #1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers » LIVE COVERAGE – Musikfest – August 13th 2011". Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2012-03-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Nick J Online - Nick Jonas". Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Nick J Online - Nick Jonas". Archived from the original on 2014-12-09. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ Hinojosa, Stacy. "Nick Jonas Surprises Fans With Secret Concert In New "FanDrop" Web Series". Cambio. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "JonasWorld.Org | JonasHQ.Org | Your #1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers » Nick Played an Acoustic Set Between Shows Today". jonasworld.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Jonas Brothers Debut New Songs At Reunion Show (Is One About Miley?)". MTV News. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Jonas Brothers Concert Setlist at Mall of Asia Arena, Pasay on October 19, 2012 - setlist.fm". setlist.fm. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ "Nick J Online - Nick Jonas". Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ http://oceanup.com/photogallery?nid=113131&fid=778931 ^ "Alter The Press!: Jonas Brothers 2013 Summer Tour Set List". Retrieved 5 December 2014. ^ https://www.amazon.de/dp/B0035J532I vteNick Jonas & the Administration Nick Jonas John Fields Michael Bland Tommy Barbarella Sonny Thompson David Ryan Harris Studio albums Who I Am Live albums Nick Jonas & the Administration Live at the Wiltern January 28th, 2010 Extended plays Stay Singles "Who I Am" "Stay" Other Songs "Tonight" "Rose Garden" "Last Time Around" Tours Who I Am Tour 2011 Tour Related articles Songs Jonas Brothers Jonas vteNick Jonas Discography Songs Production discography Studio albums Nicholas Jonas Nick Jonas Last Year Was Complicated Spaceman Extended plays Songs from How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying Singles "Chains" "Jealous" "Levels" "Close" "Bacon" "Remember I Told You" "Find You" "Anywhere" "Right Now" "Spaceman" "This Is Heaven" Featured singles "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" "Haven't Met You Yet" "I Never Met a Wolf Who Didn't Love to Howl" "Good Thing" Other songs "Introducing Me" "When You Look Me in the Eyes" "Higher Love" "Teacher" "Champagne Problems" "Chainsaw" "Home" Tours Nick Jonas Live Nick Jonas: Live in Concert Future Now Tour Related articles Jonas Brothers Nick Jonas & the Administration Safehouse Records
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"\"Last Time Around\" was one of the songs of which a preview was leaked online before the album release on February 2, 2010.[1]","title":"Last Time Around (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Last Time Around\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nick_Jonas_%26_the_Administration_-_Last_Time_Around.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Nick Jonas & The Administration Live at the Wiltern January 28th, 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_I_Am_(Nick_Jonas_%26_the_Administration_album)#Nick_Jonas_.26_The_Administration_Live_at_the_Wiltern_January_28th.2C_2010"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last.fm-5"}],"text":"\"Last Time Around\"\n\nA 24 second sample of \"Last Time Around\" by Nick Jonas & the Administration, where a portion of the chorus is heard.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.According to M Magazine Selena Gomez was the inspiration for the song.[2][3]Nick played another new song, Last Time Around for M, and it was clear that Selena was the inspiration once again. \"Don’t forget the fun we had last summer, when the grass was greener and your hair was longer,\" he sang.According to Popstar magazine the song is about Selena Gomez or Miley Cyrus.[4]\nNick told Popstar magazine:On his song Last Time Around: \"Well, the story in the song is you show up in this place and you see someone who's kind of changed their look. And they've changed everything about themselves, whether it's because they've become more confident or they've come into their own, whatever it is. And you see them and introduce yourself and don't realize that you've already met them. It's like, let's get back to that. Let's get back to that moment where 'you hair was long and the grass was greener'\".On May 11, 2010, the song was used on the live album: Nick Jonas & The Administration Live at the Wiltern January 28th, 2010.[5]","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amazon-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last.fm-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube-7"}],"text":"\"Last Time Around\" (Album Version) - 4:07 [6]\n\"Last Time Around\" (Live) - 7:16 [5]\n\"Last Time Around\" (Video Version) - 4:27 [7]","title":"Versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On the Limited Edition DVD there was a video of Nick Jonas & The Administration (shot in black & white) performing the song.[7][8]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Who I Am Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_I_Am_Tour"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jonas Brothers Live In Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Brothers_Live_In_Concert"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Musikfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikfest"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Nick Jonas 2011 Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Jonas_2011_Tour"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Succeed_in_Business_Without_Really_Trying_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jonas Brothers World Tour 2012/2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Brothers_tours#Jonas_Brothers_World_Tour_2012/2013"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"National School Choice Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_School_Choice_Week"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jonas Brothers Live Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jonas_Brothers_concert_tours#Jonas_Brothers_World_Tour_2012/2013"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Nick Jonas performed the song live for the first time on January 2 during the Who I Am Tour with the Administration.\nNick performed with Sonny Thompson acoustic versions of the songs \"Last Time Around\", \"Who I Am\", \"Tonight\" during Radio Disney Total Access;[9][10]On September 18, 2010, Nick performed two songs: \"Who I Am\" and \"Last Time Around\" during a concert in Mountain View, CA as part of the Jonas Brothers Live In Concert.[11][12][13]On February 23, 2011, Nick performed the song during an acoustic set, accompanied by Jonas Brothers guitarist John Taylor.[14]\nHe performed an acoustic version the song on August 6, during the promotion of the Quaker Chewy Live Launch [15][16]Along With Sonny Thompson Nick performed at the Military Event in Columbus, Ohio on April 14, 2011. He played the songs Last Time Around and Who I Am.[17][18][19]They opened their performance with the song on July 16, during the Ottawa Blues fest.[20]\nOn August 13, 2011, he performed the song at Musikfest.[21]\nThe song was also performed during the concerts in South America as part of the Nick Jonas 2011 Tour.[22]On December 13, 2011, a video of Nick performing Last Time Around was posted online as part of a new internet serie Fandrop. The video shows some lucky fans seeing Nick Jonas & the administration rehearse for the Nick jonas 2011 Tour.[23][24]On May 20, 2012, Nick performed an acoustic version of the song in between two shows of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying.[25]The song was performed during all of the Jonas Brothers World Tour 2012/2013.[26][27] It was also performed during the 2013 National School Choice Week's official Kickoff Celebration in Phoenix, Arizona.[28]\nThey performed the song again on June 1 during the Acapulco Festival in Mexico.[29]\nThe song \"Last Time Around\" was performed again during the Jonas Brothers Live Tour.[30]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tommy Barbarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Barbarella"},{"link_name":"Sonny Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_T."},{"link_name":"David Ryan Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ryan_Harris"}],"text":"Nick Jonas - Lead Vocals, Lead Guitar, Composer\nTommy Barbarella - Keyboards\nMichael Bland - Drums, Vibraphone, Vocals\nSonny Thompson -Guitars, Vocals (on DVD Who I Am, and live performances)\nJohn Fields - Bass, Guitars, Percussion, Vibraphone, Producer\nDavid Ryan Harris - Guitars, Vocals (on CD Who I Am)\nGreg Garbowsky - Composer\nP.J Bianco - Composer\nDave McNair - Mastering\nJon Lind - A&R\nDavid Snow - Creative Director\nPaul David Hager - Mixing\nPhilip McIntyre - Management\nJohnny Wright - Management\nKevin Jonas SR. - Management","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release History"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas WHO I AM Track By Track\". oceanUP.com. 2010-02-03. Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2010-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224182447/http://www.oceanup.com/2010/02/03/nick-jonas-who-i-am-track-by-track","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas WHO I AM Track By Track\""},{"url":"http://www.oceanup.com/2010/02/03/nick-jonas-who-i-am-track-by-track","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas Writes Song About Selena Gomez\". Crushable. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://crushable.com/entertainment/nick-jonas-writes-song-about-selena-gomez/","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas Writes Song About Selena Gomez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search Results for last time around\". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425075239/http://search.mmm-mag.com/for/last%20time%20around","url_text":"\"Search Results for last time around\""},{"url":"http://search.mmm-mag.com/for/last%20time%20around","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas, 'I Wouldn't Change For A Girl'\". Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://oceanup.com/2010/03/31/nick-jonas-i-wouldnt-change-for-a-girl","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas, 'I Wouldn't Change For A Girl'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas & The Administration Live at the Wiltern January 28th, 2010\". Last.fm. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.last.fm/music/Nick%2BJonas%2B%2526%2BThe%2BAdministration/Nick%2BJonas%2B%2526%2BThe%2BAdministration%2BLive%2Bat%2Bthe%2BWiltern%2BJanuary%2B28th%252C%2B2010","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas & The Administration Live at the Wiltern January 28th, 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas Last Time Around NEW SONG\". oceanUP.com. 2010-01-22. Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2010-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007205141/http://www.oceanup.com/2010/01/22/nick-jonas-last-time-around-new-song","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas Last Time Around NEW SONG\""},{"url":"http://www.oceanup.com/2010/01/22/nick-jonas-last-time-around-new-song","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas Radio Disney TOTAL ACCESS\". oceanUP.com. Retrieved 2010-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oceanup.com/2010/01/29/nick-jonas-radio-disney-total-access","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas Radio Disney TOTAL ACCESS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas Tonight Live Acoustic\". oceanUP.com. Archived from the original on 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2010-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100310084157/http://www.oceanup.com/2010/03/05/nick-jonas-tonight-live-acoustic","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas Tonight Live Acoustic\""},{"url":"http://www.oceanup.com/2010/03/05/nick-jonas-tonight-live-acoustic","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas Last Time Around Who I Am\". oceanUP.com. 2010-09-21. Archived from the original on 2011-10-07. Retrieved 2010-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007210021/http://www.oceanup.com/2010/09/20/nick-jonas-last-time-around-who-i-am","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas Last Time Around Who I Am\""},{"url":"http://www.oceanup.com/2010/09/20/nick-jonas-last-time-around-who-i-am","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jonas Brothers LIVE - \"Last Time Around/Who I Am\" - Mountain View, CA - 9/18/10\". YouTube. Retrieved 2010-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnw2jYjoHX8","url_text":"\"Jonas Brothers LIVE - \"Last Time Around/Who I Am\" - Mountain View, CA - 9/18/10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas Last Time Around Who I Am\". Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://oceanup.com/2010/09/20/nick-jonas-last-time-around-who-i-am","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas Last Time Around Who I Am\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307034821/http://nickjonline.com/2011/02/free-acoustic-set-with-nick-jonas-john-taylor-tonight/","url_text":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\""},{"url":"http://nickjonline.com/2011/02/free-acoustic-set-with-nick-jonas-john-taylor-tonight/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas Singing Rose Garden, Last Time Around Who I Am Quaker Chewy Live Launch [8-06-2011\". World News. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://wn.com/Nick_Jonas_Singing_Rose_Garden,_Last_Time_Around_Who_I_Am_Quaker_Chewy_Live_Launch_%5b8-06-2011","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas Singing Rose Garden, Last Time Around Who I Am Quaker Chewy Live Launch [8-06-2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas Last Time Around Acoustic\". Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://oceanup.com/2011/june/09/nick-jonas-last-time-around-acoustic","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas Last Time Around Acoustic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120321091549/http://nickjonline.com/2011/04/video-nick-jonas-performs-in-columbus-ohio-for-military-event/","url_text":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\""},{"url":"http://nickjonline.com/2011/04/video-nick-jonas-performs-in-columbus-ohio-for-military-event/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas Columbus Military Performer\". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309120951/http://www.oceanup.com/2011/04/14/nick-jonas-columbus-military-perfromer","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas Columbus Military Performer\""},{"url":"http://www.oceanup.com/2011/04/14/nick-jonas-columbus-military-perfromer","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Jonas & Elmo Help Military Families\". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309121027/http://www.oceanup.com/2011/04/09/nick-jonas-elmo-help-military-families","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas & Elmo Help Military Families\""},{"url":"http://www.oceanup.com/2011/04/09/nick-jonas-elmo-help-military-families","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JonasWorld.Org | JonasHQ.Org | Your #1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers » LIVE COVERAGE – Ottawa Bluefest Festival – July 16th 2011\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2011-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325052159/http://jonasworld.org/?p=24973","url_text":"\"JonasWorld.Org | JonasHQ.Org | Your #1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers » LIVE COVERAGE – Ottawa Bluefest Festival – July 16th 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"JonasWorld.Org | JonasHQ.Org | Your #1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers » LIVE COVERAGE – Musikfest – August 13th 2011\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-25. Retrieved 2012-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325052212/http://jonasworld.org/?p=25585","url_text":"\"JonasWorld.Org | JonasHQ.Org | Your #1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers » LIVE COVERAGE – Musikfest – August 13th 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\". Archived from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002172128/http://nickjonline.com/2011/09/photos-set-list-2011-via-funchal-in-sao-paulo-br-921/","url_text":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\""},{"url":"http://nickjonline.com/2011/09/photos-set-list-2011-via-funchal-in-sao-paulo-br-921/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\". Archived from the original on 2014-12-09. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209031928/http://nickjonline.com/2011/12/articlevideo-fandrop-nick-jonas-episode-one-last-time-around/","url_text":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\""},{"url":"http://nickjonline.com/2011/12/articlevideo-fandrop-nick-jonas-episode-one-last-time-around/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hinojosa, Stacy. \"Nick Jonas Surprises Fans With Secret Concert In New \"FanDrop\" Web Series\". Cambio. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cambio.com/2011/12/09/nick-jonas-surprises-fans-with-secret-concert-in-new-fandrop-w/","url_text":"\"Nick Jonas Surprises Fans With Secret Concert In New \"FanDrop\" Web Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"JonasWorld.Org | JonasHQ.Org | Your #1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers » Nick Played an Acoustic Set Between Shows Today\". jonasworld.org. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120709070638/http://jonasworld.org/?p=30668","url_text":"\"JonasWorld.Org | JonasHQ.Org | Your #1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers » Nick Played an Acoustic Set Between Shows Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonas Brothers Debut New Songs At Reunion Show (Is One About Miley?)\". MTV News. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1695405/jonas-brothers-miley-cyrus-wedding-bells.jhtml","url_text":"\"Jonas Brothers Debut New Songs At Reunion Show (Is One About Miley?)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jonas Brothers Concert Setlist at Mall of Asia Arena, Pasay on October 19, 2012 - setlist.fm\". setlist.fm. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/jonas-brothers/2012/mall-of-asia-concert-grounds-pasay-city-philippines-2bdd78be.html","url_text":"\"Jonas Brothers Concert Setlist at Mall of Asia Arena, Pasay on October 19, 2012 - setlist.fm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\". Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209031324/http://nickjonline.com/2013/01/videos-jonas-brothers-perform-at-national-school-choice-week-kick-off-in-az/","url_text":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\""},{"url":"http://nickjonline.com/2013/01/videos-jonas-brothers-perform-at-national-school-choice-week-kick-off-in-az/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alter The Press!: Jonas Brothers 2013 Summer Tour Set List\". Retrieved 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alterthepress.com/2013/07/jonas-brothers-2013-summer-tour-set-list.html","url_text":"\"Alter The Press!: Jonas Brothers 2013 Summer Tour Set List\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224182447/http://www.oceanup.com/2010/02/03/nick-jonas-who-i-am-track-by-track","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas WHO I AM Track By Track\""},{"Link":"http://www.oceanup.com/2010/02/03/nick-jonas-who-i-am-track-by-track","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://crushable.com/entertainment/nick-jonas-writes-song-about-selena-gomez/","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas Writes Song About Selena Gomez\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425075239/http://search.mmm-mag.com/for/last%20time%20around","external_links_name":"\"Search Results for last time around\""},{"Link":"http://search.mmm-mag.com/for/last%20time%20around","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://oceanup.com/2010/03/31/nick-jonas-i-wouldnt-change-for-a-girl","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas, 'I Wouldn't Change For A Girl'\""},{"Link":"http://www.last.fm/music/Nick%2BJonas%2B%2526%2BThe%2BAdministration/Nick%2BJonas%2B%2526%2BThe%2BAdministration%2BLive%2Bat%2Bthe%2BWiltern%2BJanuary%2B28th%252C%2B2010","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas & The Administration Live at the Wiltern January 28th, 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0035XTRT4","external_links_name":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0035XTRT4"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=33F5l53pCh4","external_links_name":"Video"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007205141/http://www.oceanup.com/2010/01/22/nick-jonas-last-time-around-new-song","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas Last Time Around NEW SONG\""},{"Link":"http://www.oceanup.com/2010/01/22/nick-jonas-last-time-around-new-song","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.oceanup.com/2010/01/29/nick-jonas-radio-disney-total-access","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas Radio Disney TOTAL ACCESS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100310084157/http://www.oceanup.com/2010/03/05/nick-jonas-tonight-live-acoustic","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas Tonight Live Acoustic\""},{"Link":"http://www.oceanup.com/2010/03/05/nick-jonas-tonight-live-acoustic","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111007210021/http://www.oceanup.com/2010/09/20/nick-jonas-last-time-around-who-i-am","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas Last Time Around Who I Am\""},{"Link":"http://www.oceanup.com/2010/09/20/nick-jonas-last-time-around-who-i-am","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnw2jYjoHX8","external_links_name":"\"Jonas Brothers LIVE - \"Last Time Around/Who I Am\" - Mountain View, CA - 9/18/10\""},{"Link":"http://oceanup.com/2010/09/20/nick-jonas-last-time-around-who-i-am","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas Last Time Around Who I Am\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120307034821/http://nickjonline.com/2011/02/free-acoustic-set-with-nick-jonas-john-taylor-tonight/","external_links_name":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\""},{"Link":"http://nickjonline.com/2011/02/free-acoustic-set-with-nick-jonas-john-taylor-tonight/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://wn.com/Nick_Jonas_Singing_Rose_Garden,_Last_Time_Around_Who_I_Am_Quaker_Chewy_Live_Launch_%5b8-06-2011","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas Singing Rose Garden, Last Time Around Who I Am Quaker Chewy Live Launch [8-06-2011\""},{"Link":"http://oceanup.com/2011/june/09/nick-jonas-last-time-around-acoustic","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas Last Time Around Acoustic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120321091549/http://nickjonline.com/2011/04/video-nick-jonas-performs-in-columbus-ohio-for-military-event/","external_links_name":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\""},{"Link":"http://nickjonline.com/2011/04/video-nick-jonas-performs-in-columbus-ohio-for-military-event/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309120951/http://www.oceanup.com/2011/04/14/nick-jonas-columbus-military-perfromer","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas Columbus Military Performer\""},{"Link":"http://www.oceanup.com/2011/04/14/nick-jonas-columbus-military-perfromer","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120309121027/http://www.oceanup.com/2011/04/09/nick-jonas-elmo-help-military-families","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas & Elmo Help Military Families\""},{"Link":"http://www.oceanup.com/2011/04/09/nick-jonas-elmo-help-military-families","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325052159/http://jonasworld.org/?p=24973","external_links_name":"\"JonasWorld.Org | JonasHQ.Org | Your #1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers » LIVE COVERAGE – Ottawa Bluefest Festival – July 16th 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120325052212/http://jonasworld.org/?p=25585","external_links_name":"\"JonasWorld.Org | JonasHQ.Org | Your #1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers » LIVE COVERAGE – Musikfest – August 13th 2011\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002172128/http://nickjonline.com/2011/09/photos-set-list-2011-via-funchal-in-sao-paulo-br-921/","external_links_name":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\""},{"Link":"http://nickjonline.com/2011/09/photos-set-list-2011-via-funchal-in-sao-paulo-br-921/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209031928/http://nickjonline.com/2011/12/articlevideo-fandrop-nick-jonas-episode-one-last-time-around/","external_links_name":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\""},{"Link":"http://nickjonline.com/2011/12/articlevideo-fandrop-nick-jonas-episode-one-last-time-around/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cambio.com/2011/12/09/nick-jonas-surprises-fans-with-secret-concert-in-new-fandrop-w/","external_links_name":"\"Nick Jonas Surprises Fans With Secret Concert In New \"FanDrop\" Web Series\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120709070638/http://jonasworld.org/?p=30668","external_links_name":"\"JonasWorld.Org | JonasHQ.Org | Your #1 Fansite and Exclusive Source for the Jonas Brothers » Nick Played an Acoustic Set Between Shows Today\""},{"Link":"http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1695405/jonas-brothers-miley-cyrus-wedding-bells.jhtml","external_links_name":"\"Jonas Brothers Debut New Songs At Reunion Show (Is One About Miley?)\""},{"Link":"http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/jonas-brothers/2012/mall-of-asia-concert-grounds-pasay-city-philippines-2bdd78be.html","external_links_name":"\"Jonas Brothers Concert Setlist at Mall of Asia Arena, Pasay on October 19, 2012 - setlist.fm\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141209031324/http://nickjonline.com/2013/01/videos-jonas-brothers-perform-at-national-school-choice-week-kick-off-in-az/","external_links_name":"\"Nick J Online - Nick Jonas\""},{"Link":"http://nickjonline.com/2013/01/videos-jonas-brothers-perform-at-national-school-choice-week-kick-off-in-az/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://oceanup.com/photogallery?nid=113131&fid=778931","external_links_name":"http://oceanup.com/photogallery?nid=113131&fid=778931"},{"Link":"http://www.alterthepress.com/2013/07/jonas-brothers-2013-summer-tour-set-list.html","external_links_name":"\"Alter The Press!: Jonas Brothers 2013 Summer Tour Set List\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.de/dp/B0035J532I","external_links_name":"https://www.amazon.de/dp/B0035J532I"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabbawala
Dabbawala
["1 Origins","2 Etymology","3 Colour-coding system","4 Ethnicity","5 Association","6 Economic analysis","7 Studies","8 Notable events","9 In popular culture","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
Lunchbox delivery and return system for people at work in India, especially in Mumbai DabbawalaDabbawalas loading lunch boxes on a trainOccupationSynonymsTiffin wallahOccupation typeManual labourActivity sectorsDelivery (commerce) A dabbawala (also spelled dabbawalla or dabbawallah, called tiffin wallah in older sources) is a worker who delivers hot lunches from homes and restaurants to people at work in India, especially in Mumbai. The dabbawalas constitute a lunchbox delivery and return system for workers in Mumbai. The lunchboxes are picked up in the late morning, delivered predominantly using bicycles and railway trains, and returned empty in the afternoon. Origins In the late 1800s, an increasing number of migrants were moving to Bombay from different parts of the country, and fast food and canteens were not prevalent. All these people left early in the morning for offices, and often had to go hungry for lunch. They belonged to different communities, and therefore had different types of tastes, which could only be satisfied by their own home-cooked meals. So, in 1890, Mahadeo Havaji Bachche started a lunch delivery service in Bombay with about a hundred men. This proved to be successful, and the service grew from there. In 1930, he informally attempted to unionize the dabbawalas. Later, a charitable trust was registered in 1956 under the name of Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust. The commercial arm of this trust was registered in 1968 as Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association. Etymology When literally translated, the word "dabbawala" means "one who carries a box". "Dabba" means a box (usually a cylindrical tin or aluminium container) from Persian: دَبّه, while "wala" is an agentive suffix, denoting a doer or holder of the preceding word. An English translation would be "tiffin box delivery man". Colour-coding system A dabba, or Indian-style tiffin box Dabbawalas with colored and numbered boxes. Lunch boxes are marked in several ways: Abbreviations for collection points Colour code for starting station Number for destination station Markings for handling dabbawala at destination, building and floor A colour-coding system identifies the destination and recipient. Each dabbawala is required to contribute a minimum capital in kind, in the form of two bicycles, a wooden crate for the tiffins, white cotton kurta-pyjamas, and the white Gandhi cap (topi). Each month there is a division of the earnings of each unit. Fines are imposed for alcohol, tobacco, being out of uniform, and absenteeism. A collecting dabbawala, usually on bicycle, collects dabbas either from a worker's home or from the dabba makers. As many of the carriers are of limited literacy (the average literacy of Dabbawallahs is that of 8th grade), the dabbas (boxes) have some sort of distinguishing mark on them, such as a colour or group of symbols. The dabbawala then takes them to a sorting place, where he and other collecting dabbawalas sort the lunch boxes into groups. The grouped boxes are put in the coaches of trains, with markings to identify the destination of the box (usually there is a designated car for the boxes). The markings include the railway station to unload the boxes and the destination building delivery address. Some modern infrastructure improvements such as the Navi Mumbai Metro are not used in the supply chain, as cabins do not have the capacity for hundreds of tiffins. At each station, boxes are handed over to a local dabbawala, who delivers them. The empty boxes are collected after lunch or the next day and sent back to the respective houses. The dabbawalas also allow for delivery requests through SMS. Ethnicity Two typical dabbawala lunches Most dabbawalas are related to each other, belong to the Varkari sect of Maharashtra, and come from the same small village near Pune. Tiffin distribution is suspended for five days each March as the dabbawalas go home for the annual village festival. Dabbawalas have traditionally been male, but in recent years a few women have joined the profession. A dabbawala can be either a foreman, mukadam, or a simple delivery man, gaddi. Typically, they begin between the ages of 15 and 20. While they take pride in their freedom and the fact that they work in a network of their relatives, the relatively low compensation provided for their physical exertion makes them discourage their own children from joining the profession. In a typical day, a dabbawala picks up tiffins every morning and then sorts them once before they are loaded onto the morning train (at approximately 10 a.m.). The tiffins are sorted another time in the luggage compartment of the train. At the destination station, the tiffins are loaded into carts and deposited in stacks at the entrances of the various workplaces. Following lunch, the same procedure is carried out in the reverse order with the empty tiffins. Association The earliest meetings of the Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association were held in the open air. They took up premises in 1943 and settled the headquarters at Dadar in 1962. Located on the first floor of a building, the premises consist of a large, simply furnished room. A large mirrored painting of Saint Dnyaneshwar with Vithoba adorns one corner. Other portraits adorning the room include those of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the founder of the association, Mahadeo Havaji Bachche. The association was reportedly started after a dabbawalla was ill-treated by a customer, resulting in the dabbawallas deciding to form a "united front" while dealing with injustices or difficulties, such as funerals. The association also helps with managing legal issues, including conflicts between mukadams and gaddis. All conflicts are resolved in the presence of 20 mukadams, which are selected every six years. The charitable Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust consists of nine members who are elected every five years. Its main role is to collect funds for dharamshalas. Economic analysis A typical dabbawala bicycle. It was estimated in 2007 that the dabbawala industry was growing by 5–10% per annum. Each dabbawala, regardless of role, is paid around 8,000 rupees per month (about US$131 in 2014). Between 175,000 and 200,000 lunch boxes are moved each day by 4,500 to 5,000 dabbawalas. Tiffin-wallahs are self-employed. The union initiation fee is 30,000 rupees, which guarantees a 5,000-rupee monthly income and a job for life. The 150 rupee a month fee provides for delivery six days a week. (2002) It is frequently claimed that dabbawalas make less than one mistake in every six million deliveries; however, this is only an estimation from Ragunath Medge, the president of the Mumbai Tiffinmen's Association in 1998, and is not from a rigorous study. Medge told Subrata Chakravarty, the lead author of the "Fast Food" article by Forbes where this claim first appeared, that dabbawalas make a mistake "almost never, maybe once every two months" and this statement was extrapolated by Subrata Chakravarty to be a rate of "one mistake in 8 million deliveries." Chakravarty recalled the affair in an interview and said: "Forbes never certified the dabbawalas as being a six-sigma organization. In fact, I never used the term at all. As you know, six-sigma is a process, not a statistic. But it is commonly associated with a statistic of 1.9 errors per billion operations, and that is what caused the confusion … . I was impressed by the efficiency and complexity of the process by which some 175,000 tiffin boxes were sorted, transported, delivered and returned each day by people who were mostly illiterate and unsophisticated. I asked the head of the organization how often they made a mistake. He said almost never, maybe once every two months. Any more than that would be unforgivable to customers. I did the math, which works out to one mistake in 8 million deliveries—or 16 million, since the tiffin carriers are returned home each day. That is the statistic I used. Apparently, at a conference in 2002, a reporter asked the president … whether the tiffinwallahs were a six-sigma organization. He said he didn't know what that was. When told about the 1.9 error-per-billion statistics, I'm told he said: "Then we are. Just ask Forbes". The reporter, obviously without having read my story, wrote that Forbes had certified the tiffinwallahs as a six-sigma organization. That phrase was picked up and repeated by other reporters in other stories and now seems to have become part of the folklore."— Subrata Chakravarty, The New York Times reported in 2007 that the 125-year-old dabbawala industry continues to grow at a rate of 5–10% per year. Studies Various studies have focused on dabbawalas: In 2001, Pawan G. Agrawal carried out his PhD research in "A Study & Logistics & Supply Chain Management of Dabbawala in Mumbai". He presented his results on the efficiency of Dabbawallas in various fora. In 2005, the Indian Institute of Management (Ahmedabad) featured a case study on the Mumbai Dabbawallas from a management perspective of logistics. In 2010, Harvard Business School added the case study The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time to their compendium for its high level of service with a low-cost and simple operating system. In 2014, Uma S. Krishnan completed her PhD research in "A Cross-Cultural Study of the Literacy Practices of The Dabbawalas: Towards a New Understanding of Non-mainstream Literacy and its Impact on Successful Business Practices." Notable events Dabbawallas were invited to the wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles in 2005. As of 2010, the dabbawallas were chosen by Bharti Airtel to distribute advertising pamphlets, with a commission for every dabbawalla. On 21 March 2011, Prakash Baly Bachche carried three dabbawalla tiffin crates on his head at one time, which was entered as a Guinness World Record. In 2011, dabbawalas went on strike for the first time in 120 years to promote and attend a rally at Azad Maidan to support Anna Hazare as part of the 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement. Over the years, the dabbawallas have been visited by many prominent personalities like Charles, Prince of Wales, Richard Branson and then US Commerce Secretary, Gary Locke. In popular culture The 2013 Bollywood film The Lunchbox is based on the dabbawala service. The Top Gear: India Special, a special episode of the British TV series Top Gear, had the presenters Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May attempting to outdo the dabbawalas in efficiency and accuracy, by delivering the lunches with their cars, rather than by train and bicycle. References ^ "In Pictures: Tiffin time in Mumbai". BBC news. 16 February 2014. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014. ^ Das, Mohua (13 June 2021). "Mumbai: Now, dabbawalas to cook your lunch and deliver". The Times of India. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021. ^ "Bombay Dabbawalas go high-tech". Physorg.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011. ^ a b Roncaglia, Sara (1 January 2013). "Feeding the city : work and food culture of the Mumbai dabbawalas". OpenBook Publishers. Retrieved 2 May 2017 – via Internet Archive. ^ Nair, Supriya (27 September 2011). "The Tiffin History of Mumbai". Livemint. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2017. ^ Pathak R.C. (1946, Reprint 2000). The Standard Dictionary of the Hindi Language, Varanasi: Bhargava Book Depot, pp.300,680 ^ Thakker, Pradip (11 November 2005). "Mumbai's amazing dabbawalas". Rediff News. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2017. ^ a b Dr. Pawan Agrawal (speaker) (24 February 2011). TEDxSSN - Dr. Pawan Agrawal - Mumbai Dabbawalas (YouTube). TEDx Talks. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2017. ^ Kadri, Meena (2013). "Dabbawallas: Delivering Excellence". Works That Work magazine. No. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ "NDMC launches new project to make unemployed women self-reliant". Business Line. Press Trust of India. 13 July 2014. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ "Taking the story of Mumbai's dabbawalas to IIM Calcutta". Business Line. 20 July 2012. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ "Mumbai dabbawalas to share success mantra in Dubai". Business Line. Press Trust of India. 2 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ Ramper, Johnny. "Dabbawalas: Preserving Tradition in Modern India". Z.E.N. Foods. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2017. ^ Vaswani, Karishma (24 July 2006). "India's tiffinwalas fuel economy". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ a b Sangle, Subodh (spokesperson) and Gavande, Kiran (supervisor) (23 July 2014). Lunchbox Legends: The Dabbawalas of Mumbai at Indian Summer Festival Vancouver (YouTube). Indian Summer Festival Canada. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2017. ^ Parmar, Beena (2 July 2014). "Mumbai's dabbawalas up delivery charges by ₹100". Business Line. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ "Dabbawalas to deliver WHO's word". Business Line. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ "Dabawallas". DINODIA Photo Library. Archived from the original on 9 August 2003. Retrieved 3 May 2017. ^ "South Asia - Tiffin time for Charles and Camilla". BBC News. 17 February 2005. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2017. ^ "More lunch box ladies to deliver food cooked with love". Business Line. 26 November 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ a b c d e Quien, Alexandra (1997). "Mumbai's Dabbawalla: Omnipresent Worker and Absent City-Dweller". Economic and Political Weekly. 32 (13): 637–640. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4405220. ^ a b Rai, Saritha (29 May 2007). "In India, Grandma Cooks, They Deliver". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ a b Harding, Luke (24 June 2002). "A Bombay lunchbox". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ "'Dabbawalas' hike delivery charges to meet rising inflation". Business Line. Press Trust of India. 2 July 2014. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2017. ^ "Upper Crust ::: India's food, wine and style magazine". Archived from the original on 22 October 2002. Retrieved 3 May 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Chakravarty, Subrata N (10 August 1998). "Fast food". Forbes. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ a b Pathak, Gauri Sanjeev (2010). "Delivering the Nation: The Dabbawalas of Mumbai". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 33 (2): 235–257. doi:10.1080/00856401.2010.493280. ISSN 0085-6401. S2CID 145340437. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ "Dr. Pawan Agrawal". Kaizer. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014. ^ Ravichandran, N. (1 September 2005). World class logistics operations : The case of Bombay dabbawallahs (PDF). Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2014. ^ Thomke, Stefan H.; Sinha, Mona (February 2010). The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time (Case 610-059). Harvard, Ma.: Harvard Business School. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2014. ^ Krishnan, Uma S. (2014). A Cross Cultural Study of the Literacy Practices of the Dabbawalas: Towards a New Understanding of Nonmainstream Literacy and its Impact on Successful Business Practices (PhD dissertation). Kent State University. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2022. ^ "Royal invite for tiffin carriers". BBC News. 5 April 2005. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ Bondre, Shobha (2011). "Mumbai's Dabbawala". India International Centre Quarterly. 38 (2): 84–96. ISSN 0376-9771. JSTOR 41804004. ^ Leahy, Joe (26 October 2010). "MUMBAI'S DABBAWALLAS: High-tech meets low-tech over lunch". Financial Times. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ "Most dabbawala tiffin crates carried on the head". Guinness World Records. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014. ^ Sheth, Priya; Ganguly, Nivedita (18 August 2011). "Dabbawalas to strike for the first time in 120 years". Business Line. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2017. ^ Patwa, Sharvari (11 February 2011). "Dabbawallas get another high profile visitor,this time from US". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ Feinberg, Scott (1 September 2013). "Telluride: Indian Oscar Hopeful 'The Lunchbox' Delivers Tasty Surprise". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021. Further reading Gupta, Shekhar (25 January 2005). "Our computer is our head and our Gandhi cap is the cover to protect it from the sun or rain". The Indian Express. Retrieved 21 March 2021. Hart, Jeremy (19 March 2006). "The Mumbai working lunch". The Independent. The Independent group, London. Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2007. "Indian lunchbox carriers to attend the Royal nuptials". Evening Standard (London). 5 April 2005. Retrieved 20 March 2007. Bondre, Śobhā (2011). Mumbai's Dabbawala: The Uncommon Story of the Common Man. OMO Books. ISBN 978-81-910356-1-2. Thomke, Stefan H.; Sinha, Mona (February 2010). "The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School". Harvard Business School. Retrieved 21 March 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dabbawalas. Official website vteMumbai topicsHistory Timeline Shilahara dynasty Bombay Presidency Seven Islands of Bombay Elephanta Caves Banganga Tank Old Bombay Worli Fort Girangaon Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti Tanks Growth of Mumbai 1992–93 riots 1993 bombings 2008 attacks Terrorism Geography Powai Lake Vihar Lake Tulsi Lake Thane Creek Mahim Bay Back Bay Mithi River Ulhas River Gilbert Hill Malabar Hill Salsette Island Mumbai Harbour Middle Ground Climate Beaches Eastern Suburbs Western Suburbs South Mumbai Neighbourhoods Buildings Architecture of Mumbai Gateway of India Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Naval Dockyard Bombay Stock Exchange Hutatma Chowk General Post Office Shreepati Arcade Siddhivinayak Temple Regal Cinema Mount Mary's Church Haji Ali Dargah Flora Fountain David Sassoon Library Mumba Devi Temple Mahalaxmi Temple Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum) National Gallery of Modern Art The Asiatic Society of Mumbai Jehangir Art Gallery Gowalia Tank Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Mahim Church Usha Kiran Building Jinnah Mansion Transport Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) Mumbai Suburban Railway Central Line Harbour Line Nerul–Uran Line Trans-Harbour Line Western Line Central Railway Western Railway Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport Bandra Terminus and suburban station Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Dadar railway station and suburban station Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Mumbai Central railway station Juhu Aerodrome Auto rickshaw Metro Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 Line 7 Line 8 Line 9 Line 10 Line 11 Line 12 Line 13 Monorail Skywalk Western railway elevated corridor Water transport Mumbai Bus Rapid Transit System Mumbai Urban Transport Project Roads Airoli Bridge Altamount Road Bandra–Worli Sea Link Carmichael Road Colaba Causeway Coastal Road (under construction) Currey Road Bridge Dadabhai Naoroji Road Eastern Express Highway Eastern Freeway Fashion Street Hughes Road Jeejabai Bhosle Marg JVLR Kalwa Bridge Linking Road Lady Jamshetjee Road LBS Marg Lamington Road Mahim Causeway Marine Drive MTHL Nepean Sea Road P D'Mello Road Pedder Road Princess Street SCLR SV Road Sahar Elevated Access Road Sion Panvel Highway Vashi Bridge Versova–Bandra Sea Link Veera Desai Road Western Express Highway Economy Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange of India Reserve Bank of India Mint Dalal Street Nariman Point Educationand researchUniversitiesand colleges University of Mumbai (MU) SNDT Women's University IIT Bombay (IIT-B) Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT) Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI) NITIE Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS) Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute SP Jain Institute of Management and Research Dr. Homi Bhabha State University Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE) NMIMS Mithibai College St. Xavier's College Sathaye College Ramnarain Ruia College D. G. Ruparel College Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics Mulund College of Commerce V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce Sir J. J. School of Art Schools Balmohan Vidyamandir Bombay Scottish School Campion School Cathedral and John Connon School Dhirubhai Ambani International School Don Bosco High School Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School Holy Family High School Lilavatibai Podar High School R. N. Podar School Sacred Heart Boys High School Jamnabai Narsee School Utpal Shanghvi Global School Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School) St. Theresa's Boys High School J.B. Petit High School for Girls Institutes for scienceand learning Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Nehru Planetarium Nehru Science Centre Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS) Civic Mayor Police Commissioner Municipal Commissioner Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation Mumbai Police Wards Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport Demographics Water sources Bombay High Court Sheriff Culture Art Deco Marathi Mumbaiya/Bombaiya/Bambaiya Dabbawalas Eggs Kejriwal Mumbaikar Street food Vada pav Bhel puri Sev puri Dahi puri Panipuri Ragda pattice Cultural centres Cinemas Kala Ghoda festival Prostitution in Mumbai Mumbai Marathon Mumbai Pride Tourist attractions Little Bombay, Jersey City, US Religion Jainism in Mumbai Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay History of the Jews in Mumbai List of churches in Mumbai Anglican Diocese of Bombay Mumbai Orthodox Diocese Other topics Dharavi Kamathipura Mumbai High Field People from Mumbai Seal Ashram Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"lunchbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffin_carrier"},{"link_name":"bicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycles"},{"link_name":"railway trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Suburban_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lunchbox delivery and return system for people at work in India, especially in MumbaiA dabbawala (also spelled dabbawalla or dabbawallah, called tiffin wallah in older sources) is a worker who delivers hot lunches from homes and restaurants to people at work in India, especially in Mumbai. The dabbawalas constitute a lunchbox delivery and return system for workers in Mumbai. The lunchboxes are picked up in the late morning, delivered predominantly using bicycles and railway trains, and returned empty in the afternoon.[1][2]","title":"Dabbawala"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bombay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"unionize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionize"},{"link_name":"charitable trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_trust"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feeding_the_City-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feeding_the_City-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In the late 1800s, an increasing number of migrants were moving to Bombay from different parts of the country, and fast food and canteens were not prevalent. All these people left early in the morning for offices, and often had to go hungry for lunch. They belonged to different communities, and therefore had different types of tastes, which could only be satisfied by their own home-cooked meals. So, in 1890, Mahadeo Havaji Bachche started a lunch delivery service in Bombay with about a hundred men.[3] This proved to be successful, and the service grew from there. In 1930, he informally attempted to unionize the dabbawalas. Later, a charitable trust was registered in 1956 under the name of Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust.[4] The commercial arm of this trust was registered in 1968 as Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association.[4][5]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"agentive suffix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agentive_suffix"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"When literally translated, the word \"dabbawala\" means \"one who carries a box\". \"Dabba\" means a box (usually a cylindrical tin or aluminium container) from Persian: دَبّه, while \"wala\" is an agentive suffix, denoting a doer or holder of the preceding word.[6] An English translation would be \"tiffin box delivery man\".","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dabba.jpg"},{"link_name":"dabba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffin_carrier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India-7876_-_Flickr_-_archer10_(Dennis).jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"tiffins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffin"},{"link_name":"kurta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurta"},{"link_name":"Gandhi cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_cap"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEDx-Pawan-Dabbawallas-2011-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEDx-Pawan-Dabbawallas-2011-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Navi Mumbai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navi_Mumbai_Metro"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"SMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_message_service"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"A dabba, or Indian-style tiffin boxDabbawalas with colored and numbered boxes.Lunch boxes are marked in several ways:[7]Abbreviations for collection points\nColour code for starting station\nNumber for destination station\nMarkings for handling dabbawala at destination, building and floorA colour-coding system identifies the destination and recipient. Each dabbawala is required to contribute a minimum capital in kind, in the form of two bicycles, a wooden crate for the tiffins, white cotton kurta-pyjamas, and the white Gandhi cap (topi). Each month there is a division of the earnings of each unit. Fines are imposed for alcohol, tobacco, being out of uniform, and absenteeism.[8]A collecting dabbawala, usually on bicycle, collects dabbas either from a worker's home or from the dabba makers. As many of the carriers are of limited literacy (the average literacy of Dabbawallahs is that of 8th grade),[8] the dabbas (boxes) have some sort of distinguishing mark on them, such as a colour or group of symbols.[9][10][11][12]The dabbawala then takes them to a sorting place, where he and other collecting dabbawalas sort the lunch boxes into groups. The grouped boxes are put in the coaches of trains, with markings to identify the destination of the box (usually there is a designated car for the boxes). The markings include the railway station to unload the boxes and the destination building delivery address. Some modern infrastructure improvements such as the Navi Mumbai Metro are not used in the supply chain, as cabins do not have the capacity for hundreds of tiffins.[13]At each station, boxes are handed over to a local dabbawala, who delivers them. The empty boxes are collected after lunch or the next day and sent back to the respective houses. The dabbawalas also allow for delivery requests through SMS.[14]","title":"Colour-coding system"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiffin_wallah_lunch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Varkari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varkari"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianSummerFest-Legends-2014-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPW-Quien-97-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPW-Quien-97-21"}],"text":"Two typical dabbawala lunchesMost dabbawalas are related to each other, belong to the Varkari[15] sect of Maharashtra,[16] and come from the same small village near Pune. Tiffin distribution is suspended for five days each March as the dabbawalas go home for the annual village festival.[17][18][19]Dabbawalas have traditionally been male, but in recent years a few women have joined the profession.[20] A dabbawala can be either a foreman, mukadam, or a simple delivery man, gaddi. Typically, they begin between the ages of 15 and 20. While they take pride in their freedom and the fact that they work in a network of their relatives, the relatively low compensation provided for their physical exertion makes them discourage their own children from joining the profession.[21]In a typical day, a dabbawala picks up tiffins every morning and then sorts them once before they are loaded onto the morning train (at approximately 10 a.m.). The tiffins are sorted another time in the luggage compartment of the train. At the destination station, the tiffins are loaded into carts and deposited in stacks at the entrances of the various workplaces. Following lunch, the same procedure is carried out in the reverse order with the empty tiffins.[21]","title":"Ethnicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadar"},{"link_name":"Dnyaneshwar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnyaneshwar"},{"link_name":"Vithoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vithoba"},{"link_name":"Bal Gangadhar Tilak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPW-Quien-97-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPW-Quien-97-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EPW-Quien-97-21"}],"text":"The earliest meetings of the Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Association were held in the open air. They took up premises in 1943 and settled the headquarters at Dadar in 1962. Located on the first floor of a building, the premises consist of a large, simply furnished room. A large mirrored painting of Saint Dnyaneshwar with Vithoba adorns one corner. Other portraits adorning the room include those of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the founder of the association, Mahadeo Havaji Bachche.[21]The association was reportedly started after a dabbawalla was ill-treated by a customer, resulting in the dabbawallas deciding to form a \"united front\" while dealing with injustices or difficulties, such as funerals. The association also helps with managing legal issues, including conflicts between mukadams and gaddis. All conflicts are resolved in the presence of 20 mukadams, which are selected every six years.[21]The charitable Nutan Mumbai Tiffin Box Suppliers Trust consists of nine members who are elected every five years. Its main role is to collect funds for dharamshalas.[21]","title":"Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dabbawallah_bicycle.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dabbawala1.jpg"},{"link_name":"per annum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_annum"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nu_yawk_tymes-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2002-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndianSummerFest-Legends-2014-15"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian2002-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pathak-27"},{"link_name":"six-sigma organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Sigma"},{"link_name":"tiffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffin"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pathak-27"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nu_yawk_tymes-22"}],"text":"A typical dabbawala bicycle.It was estimated in 2007 that the dabbawala industry was growing by 5–10% per annum.[22]Each dabbawala, regardless of role, is paid around 8,000 rupees per month (about US$131 in 2014). Between 175,000 and 200,000 lunch boxes are moved each day by 4,500 to 5,000 dabbawalas. Tiffin-wallahs are self-employed. The union initiation fee is 30,000 rupees, which guarantees a 5,000-rupee monthly income and a job for life. The 150 rupee a month fee provides for delivery six days a week. (2002)[23][24][25]It is frequently claimed[15] that dabbawalas make less than one mistake in every six million deliveries;[23] however, this is only an estimation from Ragunath Medge, the president of the Mumbai Tiffinmen's Association in 1998, and is not from a rigorous study. Medge told Subrata Chakravarty, the lead author of the \"Fast Food\" article by Forbes where this claim first appeared,[26] that dabbawalas make a mistake \"almost never, maybe once every two months\" and this statement was extrapolated by Subrata Chakravarty to be a rate of \"one mistake in 8 million deliveries.\"[27] Chakravarty recalled the affair in an interview and said:\"Forbes never certified the dabbawalas as being a six-sigma organization. In fact, I never used the term at all. As you know, six-sigma is a process, not a statistic. But it is commonly associated with a statistic of 1.9 errors per billion operations, and that is what caused the confusion … . I was impressed by the efficiency and complexity of the process by which some 175,000 tiffin boxes were sorted, transported, delivered and returned each day by people who were mostly illiterate and unsophisticated. I asked the head of the organization how often they made a mistake. He said almost never, maybe once every two months. Any more than that would be unforgivable to customers. I did the math, which works out to one mistake in 8 million deliveries—or 16 million, since the tiffin carriers are returned home each day. That is the statistic I used. Apparently, at a conference in 2002, a reporter asked the president … whether the tiffinwallahs were a six-sigma organization. He said he didn't know what that was. When told about the 1.9 error-per-billion statistics, I'm told he said: \"Then we are. Just ask Forbes\". The reporter, obviously without having read my story, wrote that Forbes had certified the tiffinwallahs as a six-sigma organization. That phrase was picked up and repeated by other reporters in other stories and now seems to have become part of the folklore.\"— Subrata Chakravarty, [27]The New York Times reported in 2007 that the 125-year-old dabbawala industry continues to grow at a rate of 5–10% per year.[22]","title":"Economic analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Various studies have focused on dabbawalas:In 2001, Pawan G. Agrawal carried out his PhD research in \"A Study & Logistics & Supply Chain Management of Dabbawala in Mumbai\". He presented his results on the efficiency of Dabbawallas in various fora.[28]\nIn 2005, the Indian Institute of Management (Ahmedabad) featured a case study on the Mumbai Dabbawallas from a management perspective of logistics.[29]\nIn 2010, Harvard Business School added the case study The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time to their compendium for its high level of service with a low-cost and simple operating system.[30]\nIn 2014, Uma S. Krishnan completed her PhD research in \"A Cross-Cultural Study of the Literacy Practices of The Dabbawalas: Towards a New Understanding of Non-mainstream Literacy and its Impact on Successful Business Practices.\"[31]","title":"Studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Camilla_Parker_Bowles"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Bharti Airtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtel"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Azad Maidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Maidan"},{"link_name":"Anna Hazare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Hazare"},{"link_name":"2011 Indian anti-corruption movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Charles, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Richard Branson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Branson"},{"link_name":"Gary Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Locke"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Dabbawallas were invited to the wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles in 2005.[32][33]\nAs of 2010, the dabbawallas were chosen by Bharti Airtel to distribute advertising pamphlets, with a commission for every dabbawalla.[34]\nOn 21 March 2011, Prakash Baly Bachche carried three dabbawalla tiffin crates on his head at one time, which was entered as a Guinness World Record.[35]\nIn 2011, dabbawalas went on strike for the first time in 120 years to promote and attend a rally at Azad Maidan to support Anna Hazare as part of the 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement.[36]\nOver the years, the dabbawallas have been visited by many prominent personalities like Charles, Prince of Wales, Richard Branson and then US Commerce Secretary, Gary Locke.[37]","title":"Notable events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lunchbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lunchbox"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Top Gear: India Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear:_India_Special"},{"link_name":"Top Gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Gear_(2002_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Richard Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hammond"},{"link_name":"James May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_May"}],"text":"The 2013 Bollywood film The Lunchbox is based on the dabbawala service.[38]The Top Gear: India Special, a special episode of the British TV series Top Gear, had the presenters Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May attempting to outdo the dabbawalas in efficiency and accuracy, by delivering the lunches with their cars, rather than by train and bicycle.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Our computer is our head and our Gandhi cap is the cover to protect it from the sun or rain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/our-computer-is-our-head-and-our-gandhi-cap-is-the-cover-to-protect-it-from-the-sun-or-rain/"},{"link_name":"\"The Mumbai working lunch\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070325193216/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article352265.ece"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article352265.ece"},{"link_name":"\"Indian lunchbox carriers to attend the Royal nuptials\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4153/is_20050405/ai_n13502944"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Mumbai's Dabbawala: The Uncommon Story of the Common Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=r8pxMwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-910356-1-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-910356-1-2"},{"link_name":"\"The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=38410"}],"text":"Gupta, Shekhar (25 January 2005). \"Our computer is our head and our Gandhi cap is the cover to protect it from the sun or rain\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 21 March 2021.\nHart, Jeremy (19 March 2006). \"The Mumbai working lunch\". The Independent. The Independent group, London. Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2007.\n\"Indian lunchbox carriers to attend the Royal nuptials\". Evening Standard (London). 5 April 2005. Retrieved 20 March 2007.[permanent dead link]\nBondre, Śobhā (2011). Mumbai's Dabbawala: The Uncommon Story of the Common Man. OMO Books. ISBN 978-81-910356-1-2.\nThomke, Stefan H.; Sinha, Mona (February 2010). \"The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School\". Harvard Business School. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A dabba, or Indian-style tiffin box","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Dabba.jpg/150px-Dabba.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dabbawalas with colored and numbered boxes.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/India-7876_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg/220px-India-7876_-_Flickr_-_archer10_%28Dennis%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two typical dabbawala lunches","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tiffin_wallah_lunch.jpg/220px-Tiffin_wallah_lunch.jpg"},{"image_text":"A typical dabbawala bicycle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dabbawallah_bicycle.jpg/220px-Dabbawallah_bicycle.jpg"},{"image_text":"It was estimated in 2007 that the dabbawala industry was growing by 5–10% per annum.[22]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dabbawala1.jpg/220px-Dabbawala1.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"In Pictures: Tiffin time in Mumbai\". BBC news. 16 February 2014. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26128597","url_text":"\"In Pictures: Tiffin time in Mumbai\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140505210221/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26128597","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Das, Mohua (13 June 2021). \"Mumbai: Now, dabbawalas to cook your lunch and deliver\". The Times of India. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/now-mumbai-dabbawalas-to-cook-your-lunch-and-deliver/articleshow/83471654.cms","url_text":"\"Mumbai: Now, dabbawalas to cook your lunch and deliver\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210627013317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/now-mumbai-dabbawalas-to-cook-your-lunch-and-deliver/articleshow/83471654.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bombay Dabbawalas go high-tech\". Physorg.com. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.physorg.com/news70641995.html","url_text":"\"Bombay Dabbawalas go high-tech\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926194137/http://www.physorg.com/news70641995.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roncaglia, Sara (1 January 2013). \"Feeding the city : work and food culture of the Mumbai dabbawalas\". OpenBook Publishers. Retrieved 2 May 2017 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Feeding_the_City","url_text":"\"Feeding the city : work and food culture of the Mumbai dabbawalas\""}]},{"reference":"Nair, Supriya (27 September 2011). \"The Tiffin History of Mumbai\". Livemint. Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zCjPfpkfjnDtIHyjJoSNoK/The-Tiffin-History-of-Mumbai.html","url_text":"\"The Tiffin History of Mumbai\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140347/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zCjPfpkfjnDtIHyjJoSNoK/The-Tiffin-History-of-Mumbai.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thakker, Pradip (11 November 2005). \"Mumbai's amazing dabbawalas\". Rediff News. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://specials.rediff.com/money/2005/nov/11spec.htm","url_text":"\"Mumbai's amazing dabbawalas\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180621065336/http://specials.rediff.com/money/2005/nov/11spec.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dr. Pawan Agrawal (speaker) (24 February 2011). TEDxSSN - Dr. Pawan Agrawal - Mumbai Dabbawalas (YouTube). TEDx Talks. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N25inoCea24","url_text":"TEDxSSN - Dr. Pawan Agrawal - Mumbai Dabbawalas"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/N25inoCea24","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kadri, Meena (2013). \"Dabbawallas: Delivering Excellence\". Works That Work magazine. No. 1. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://worksthatwork.com/1/dabbawallas","url_text":"\"Dabbawallas: Delivering Excellence\""}]},{"reference":"\"NDMC launches new project to make unemployed women self-reliant\". Business Line. Press Trust of India. 13 July 2014. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ndmc-launches-new-project-to-make-unemployed-women-selfreliant/article6206470.ece","url_text":"\"NDMC launches new project to make unemployed women self-reliant\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184744/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ndmc-launches-new-project-to-make-unemployed-women-self-reliant/article20817021.ece1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Taking the story of Mumbai's dabbawalas to IIM Calcutta\". Business Line. 20 July 2012. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/taking-the-story-of-mumbais-dabbawalas-to-iim-calcutta/article3661798.ece","url_text":"\"Taking the story of Mumbai's dabbawalas to IIM Calcutta\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184753/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/taking-the-story-of-mumbais-dabbawalas-to-iim-calcutta/article64192951.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mumbai dabbawalas to share success mantra in Dubai\". Business Line. Press Trust of India. 2 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mumbai-dabbawalas-to-share-success-mantra-in-dubai/article4775320.ece","url_text":"\"Mumbai dabbawalas to share success mantra in Dubai\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184757/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mumbai-dabbawalas-to-share-success-mantra-in-dubai/article20620361.ece1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ramper, Johnny. \"Dabbawalas: Preserving Tradition in Modern India\". Z.E.N. Foods. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://zenfoods.com/dabbawalas-preserving-tradition-in-modern-india/","url_text":"\"Dabbawalas: Preserving Tradition in Modern India\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180318183607/http://zenfoods.com/dabbawalas-preserving-tradition-in-modern-india/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vaswani, Karishma (24 July 2006). \"India's tiffinwalas fuel economy\". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5210092.stm","url_text":"\"India's tiffinwalas fuel economy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180313032538/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5210092.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sangle, Subodh (spokesperson) and Gavande, Kiran (supervisor) (23 July 2014). Lunchbox Legends: The Dabbawalas of Mumbai at Indian Summer Festival Vancouver (YouTube). Indian Summer Festival Canada. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z88bIk-9HQc","url_text":"Lunchbox Legends: The Dabbawalas of Mumbai at Indian Summer Festival Vancouver"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Z88bIk-9HQc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Parmar, Beena (2 July 2014). \"Mumbai's dabbawalas up delivery charges by ₹100\". Business Line. Archived from the original on 23 September 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/mumbais-dabbawalas-up-delivery-charges-by-100/article6170725.ece","url_text":"\"Mumbai's dabbawalas up delivery charges by ₹100\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923143503/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/mumbais-dabbawalas-up-delivery-charges-by-100/article6170725.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dabbawalas to deliver WHO's word\". Business Line. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/dabbawalas-to-deliver-whos-word/article5863865.ece","url_text":"\"Dabbawalas to deliver WHO's word\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184816/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/dabbawalas-to-deliver-whos-word/article20747759.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dabawallas\". DINODIA Photo Library. Archived from the original on 9 August 2003. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030809134025/http://www.dinodia.com/photo_features/dabawallas.php3","url_text":"\"Dabawallas\""},{"url":"http://www.dinodia.com/photo_features/dabawallas.php3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"South Asia - Tiffin time for Charles and Camilla\". BBC News. 17 February 2005. Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4269823.stm","url_text":"\"South Asia - Tiffin time for Charles and Camilla\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180319011126/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4269823.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"More lunch box ladies to deliver food cooked with love\". Business Line. 26 November 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/more-lunch-box-ladies-to-deliver-food-cooked-with-love/article5394321.ece","url_text":"\"More lunch box ladies to deliver food cooked with love\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184759/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/more-lunch-box-ladies-to-deliver-food-cooked-with-love/article23156001.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quien, Alexandra (1997). \"Mumbai's Dabbawalla: Omnipresent Worker and Absent City-Dweller\". Economic and Political Weekly. 32 (13): 637–640. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4405220.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4405220","url_text":"\"Mumbai's Dabbawalla: Omnipresent Worker and Absent City-Dweller\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976","url_text":"0012-9976"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4405220","url_text":"4405220"}]},{"reference":"Rai, Saritha (29 May 2007). \"In India, Grandma Cooks, They Deliver\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 11 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/business/worldbusiness/29lunch.html","url_text":"\"In India, Grandma Cooks, They Deliver\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210311221219/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/business/worldbusiness/29lunch.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harding, Luke (24 June 2002). \"A Bombay lunchbox\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/24/worlddispatch.india","url_text":"\"A Bombay lunchbox\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123351/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/24/worlddispatch.india","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Dabbawalas' hike delivery charges to meet rising inflation\". Business Line. Press Trust of India. 2 July 2014. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/dabbawalas-hike-delivery-charges-to-meet-rising-inflation/article6169802.ece","url_text":"\"'Dabbawalas' hike delivery charges to meet rising inflation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815185800/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/dabbawalas-hike-delivery-charges-to-meet-rising-inflation/article20809904.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Upper Crust ::: India's food, wine and style magazine\". Archived from the original on 22 October 2002. Retrieved 3 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021022001518/http://uppercrustindia.com/11crust/eleven/mumbai3.htm","url_text":"\"Upper Crust ::: India's food, wine and style magazine\""}]},{"reference":"Chakravarty, Subrata N (10 August 1998). \"Fast food\". Forbes. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/global/1998/0810/0109078a.html","url_text":"\"Fast food\""}]},{"reference":"Pathak, Gauri Sanjeev (2010). \"Delivering the Nation: The Dabbawalas of Mumbai\". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 33 (2): 235–257. doi:10.1080/00856401.2010.493280. ISSN 0085-6401. S2CID 145340437. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2010.493280","url_text":"\"Delivering the Nation: The Dabbawalas of Mumbai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856401.2010.493280","url_text":"10.1080/00856401.2010.493280"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0085-6401","url_text":"0085-6401"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145340437","url_text":"145340437"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230212062645/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2010.493280","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Pawan Agrawal\". Kaizer. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140409095430/http://www.kaizer.ind.in/Speaker-pawanagarwal.html","url_text":"\"Dr. Pawan Agrawal\""},{"url":"http://www.kaizer.ind.in/Speaker-pawanagarwal.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ravichandran, N. (1 September 2005). World class logistics operations : The case of Bombay dabbawallahs (PDF). Ahmedabad: Indian Institute of Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033601/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2005-09-01ravichandran.pdf","url_text":"World class logistics operations : The case of Bombay dabbawallahs"},{"url":"http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2005-09-01ravichandran.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thomke, Stefan H.; Sinha, Mona (February 2010). The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time (Case 610-059). Harvard, Ma.: Harvard Business School. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=38410","url_text":"The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time (Case 610-059)"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180119032242/http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=38410","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Krishnan, Uma S. (2014). A Cross Cultural Study of the Literacy Practices of the Dabbawalas: Towards a New Understanding of Nonmainstream Literacy and its Impact on Successful Business Practices (PhD dissertation). Kent State University. Archived from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1416312472","url_text":"A Cross Cultural Study of the Literacy Practices of the Dabbawalas: Towards a New Understanding of Nonmainstream Literacy and its Impact on Successful Business Practices"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815185804/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=kent1416312472","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Royal invite for tiffin carriers\". BBC News. 5 April 2005. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4408545.stm","url_text":"\"Royal invite for tiffin carriers\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210227050250/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4408545.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bondre, Shobha (2011). \"Mumbai's Dabbawala\". India International Centre Quarterly. 38 (2): 84–96. ISSN 0376-9771. JSTOR 41804004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41804004","url_text":"\"Mumbai's Dabbawala\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0376-9771","url_text":"0376-9771"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41804004","url_text":"41804004"}]},{"reference":"Leahy, Joe (26 October 2010). \"MUMBAI'S DABBAWALLAS: High-tech meets low-tech over lunch\". Financial Times. Mumbai. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/5f7b7dfc-fd57-11db-8d62-000b5df10621","url_text":"\"MUMBAI'S DABBAWALLAS: High-tech meets low-tech over lunch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180528090932/https://www.ft.com/content/5f7b7dfc-fd57-11db-8d62-000b5df10621","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Most dabbawala tiffin crates carried on the head\". Guinness World Records. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/most-dabbawala-tiffin-crates-carried-on-the-head/","url_text":"\"Most dabbawala tiffin crates carried on the head\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140502141431/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/most-dabbawala-tiffin-crates-carried-on-the-head/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sheth, Priya; Ganguly, Nivedita (18 August 2011). \"Dabbawalas to strike for the first time in 120 years\". Business Line. Archived from the original on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 8 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dabbawalas-to-strike-for-the-first-time-in-120-years/article2369850.ece","url_text":"\"Dabbawalas to strike for the first time in 120 years\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140423015933/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dabbawalas-to-strike-for-the-first-time-in-120-years/article2369850.ece","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Patwa, Sharvari (11 February 2011). \"Dabbawallas get another high profile visitor,this time from US\". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 25 September 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dabbawallas-get-another-high-profile-visitor-this-time-from-us/","url_text":"\"Dabbawallas get another high profile visitor,this time from US\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220925202133/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dabbawallas-get-another-high-profile-visitor-this-time-from-us/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Feinberg, Scott (1 September 2013). \"Telluride: Indian Oscar Hopeful 'The Lunchbox' Delivers Tasty Surprise\". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/telluride-indian-oscar-hopeful-lunchbox-619066","url_text":"\"Telluride: Indian Oscar Hopeful 'The Lunchbox' Delivers Tasty Surprise\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417015434/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/telluride-indian-oscar-hopeful-lunchbox-619066","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gupta, Shekhar (25 January 2005). \"Our computer is our head and our Gandhi cap is the cover to protect it from the sun or rain\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/our-computer-is-our-head-and-our-gandhi-cap-is-the-cover-to-protect-it-from-the-sun-or-rain/","url_text":"\"Our computer is our head and our Gandhi cap is the cover to protect it from the sun or rain\""}]},{"reference":"Hart, Jeremy (19 March 2006). \"The Mumbai working lunch\". The Independent. The Independent group, London. Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 20 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070325193216/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article352265.ece","url_text":"\"The Mumbai working lunch\""},{"url":"http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article352265.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian lunchbox carriers to attend the Royal nuptials\". Evening Standard (London). 5 April 2005. Retrieved 20 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4153/is_20050405/ai_n13502944","url_text":"\"Indian lunchbox carriers to attend the Royal nuptials\""}]},{"reference":"Bondre, Śobhā (2011). Mumbai's Dabbawala: The Uncommon Story of the Common Man. OMO Books. ISBN 978-81-910356-1-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r8pxMwEACAAJ","url_text":"Mumbai's Dabbawala: The Uncommon Story of the Common Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-910356-1-2","url_text":"978-81-910356-1-2"}]},{"reference":"Thomke, Stefan H.; Sinha, Mona (February 2010). \"The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School\". Harvard Business School. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=38410","url_text":"\"The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26128597","external_links_name":"\"In Pictures: Tiffin time in Mumbai\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140505210221/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26128597","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/now-mumbai-dabbawalas-to-cook-your-lunch-and-deliver/articleshow/83471654.cms","external_links_name":"\"Mumbai: Now, dabbawalas to cook your lunch and deliver\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210627013317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/now-mumbai-dabbawalas-to-cook-your-lunch-and-deliver/articleshow/83471654.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.physorg.com/news70641995.html","external_links_name":"\"Bombay Dabbawalas go high-tech\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110926194137/http://www.physorg.com/news70641995.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Feeding_the_City","external_links_name":"\"Feeding the city : work and food culture of the Mumbai dabbawalas\""},{"Link":"http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zCjPfpkfjnDtIHyjJoSNoK/The-Tiffin-History-of-Mumbai.html","external_links_name":"\"The Tiffin History of Mumbai\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140347/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zCjPfpkfjnDtIHyjJoSNoK/The-Tiffin-History-of-Mumbai.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://specials.rediff.com/money/2005/nov/11spec.htm","external_links_name":"\"Mumbai's amazing dabbawalas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180621065336/http://specials.rediff.com/money/2005/nov/11spec.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N25inoCea24","external_links_name":"TEDxSSN - Dr. Pawan Agrawal - Mumbai Dabbawalas"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/N25inoCea24","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://worksthatwork.com/1/dabbawallas","external_links_name":"\"Dabbawallas: Delivering Excellence\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ndmc-launches-new-project-to-make-unemployed-women-selfreliant/article6206470.ece","external_links_name":"\"NDMC launches new project to make unemployed women self-reliant\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184744/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ndmc-launches-new-project-to-make-unemployed-women-self-reliant/article20817021.ece1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/taking-the-story-of-mumbais-dabbawalas-to-iim-calcutta/article3661798.ece","external_links_name":"\"Taking the story of Mumbai's dabbawalas to IIM Calcutta\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184753/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/taking-the-story-of-mumbais-dabbawalas-to-iim-calcutta/article64192951.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mumbai-dabbawalas-to-share-success-mantra-in-dubai/article4775320.ece","external_links_name":"\"Mumbai dabbawalas to share success mantra in Dubai\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184757/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/mumbai-dabbawalas-to-share-success-mantra-in-dubai/article20620361.ece1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://zenfoods.com/dabbawalas-preserving-tradition-in-modern-india/","external_links_name":"\"Dabbawalas: Preserving Tradition in Modern India\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180318183607/http://zenfoods.com/dabbawalas-preserving-tradition-in-modern-india/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5210092.stm","external_links_name":"\"India's tiffinwalas fuel economy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180313032538/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5210092.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z88bIk-9HQc","external_links_name":"Lunchbox Legends: The Dabbawalas of Mumbai at Indian Summer Festival Vancouver"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/Z88bIk-9HQc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/mumbais-dabbawalas-up-delivery-charges-by-100/article6170725.ece","external_links_name":"\"Mumbai's dabbawalas up delivery charges by ₹100\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170923143503/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/mumbais-dabbawalas-up-delivery-charges-by-100/article6170725.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/dabbawalas-to-deliver-whos-word/article5863865.ece","external_links_name":"\"Dabbawalas to deliver WHO's word\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184816/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/dabbawalas-to-deliver-whos-word/article20747759.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030809134025/http://www.dinodia.com/photo_features/dabawallas.php3","external_links_name":"\"Dabawallas\""},{"Link":"http://www.dinodia.com/photo_features/dabawallas.php3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4269823.stm","external_links_name":"\"South Asia - Tiffin time for Charles and Camilla\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180319011126/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4269823.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/more-lunch-box-ladies-to-deliver-food-cooked-with-love/article5394321.ece","external_links_name":"\"More lunch box ladies to deliver food cooked with love\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815184759/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/more-lunch-box-ladies-to-deliver-food-cooked-with-love/article23156001.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4405220","external_links_name":"\"Mumbai's Dabbawalla: Omnipresent Worker and Absent City-Dweller\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976","external_links_name":"0012-9976"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4405220","external_links_name":"4405220"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/business/worldbusiness/29lunch.html","external_links_name":"\"In India, Grandma Cooks, They Deliver\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210311221219/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/29/business/worldbusiness/29lunch.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/24/worlddispatch.india","external_links_name":"\"A Bombay lunchbox\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123351/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/24/worlddispatch.india","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/dabbawalas-hike-delivery-charges-to-meet-rising-inflation/article6169802.ece","external_links_name":"\"'Dabbawalas' hike delivery charges to meet rising inflation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815185800/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/dabbawalas-hike-delivery-charges-to-meet-rising-inflation/article20809904.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021022001518/http://uppercrustindia.com/11crust/eleven/mumbai3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Upper Crust ::: India's food, wine and style magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/global/1998/0810/0109078a.html","external_links_name":"\"Fast food\""},{"Link":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2010.493280","external_links_name":"\"Delivering the Nation: The Dabbawalas of Mumbai\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856401.2010.493280","external_links_name":"10.1080/00856401.2010.493280"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0085-6401","external_links_name":"0085-6401"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145340437","external_links_name":"145340437"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230212062645/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00856401.2010.493280","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140409095430/http://www.kaizer.ind.in/Speaker-pawanagarwal.html","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Pawan Agrawal\""},{"Link":"http://www.kaizer.ind.in/Speaker-pawanagarwal.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033601/http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2005-09-01ravichandran.pdf","external_links_name":"World class logistics operations : The case of Bombay dabbawallahs"},{"Link":"http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2005-09-01ravichandran.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=38410","external_links_name":"The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time (Case 610-059)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180119032242/http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=38410","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1416312472","external_links_name":"A Cross Cultural Study of the Literacy Practices of the Dabbawalas: Towards a New Understanding of Nonmainstream Literacy and its Impact on Successful Business Practices"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230815185804/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=kent1416312472","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4408545.stm","external_links_name":"\"Royal invite for tiffin carriers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210227050250/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4408545.stm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41804004","external_links_name":"\"Mumbai's Dabbawala\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0376-9771","external_links_name":"0376-9771"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41804004","external_links_name":"41804004"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/5f7b7dfc-fd57-11db-8d62-000b5df10621","external_links_name":"\"MUMBAI'S DABBAWALLAS: High-tech meets low-tech over lunch\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180528090932/https://www.ft.com/content/5f7b7dfc-fd57-11db-8d62-000b5df10621","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/most-dabbawala-tiffin-crates-carried-on-the-head/","external_links_name":"\"Most dabbawala tiffin crates carried on the head\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140502141431/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/most-dabbawala-tiffin-crates-carried-on-the-head/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dabbawalas-to-strike-for-the-first-time-in-120-years/article2369850.ece","external_links_name":"\"Dabbawalas to strike for the first time in 120 years\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140423015933/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/dabbawalas-to-strike-for-the-first-time-in-120-years/article2369850.ece","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dabbawallas-get-another-high-profile-visitor-this-time-from-us/","external_links_name":"\"Dabbawallas get another high profile visitor,this time from US\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220925202133/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dabbawallas-get-another-high-profile-visitor-this-time-from-us/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/telluride-indian-oscar-hopeful-lunchbox-619066","external_links_name":"\"Telluride: Indian Oscar Hopeful 'The Lunchbox' Delivers Tasty Surprise\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210417015434/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/telluride-indian-oscar-hopeful-lunchbox-619066","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/our-computer-is-our-head-and-our-gandhi-cap-is-the-cover-to-protect-it-from-the-sun-or-rain/","external_links_name":"\"Our computer is our head and our Gandhi cap is the cover to protect it from the sun or rain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070325193216/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article352265.ece","external_links_name":"\"The Mumbai working lunch\""},{"Link":"http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article352265.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4153/is_20050405/ai_n13502944","external_links_name":"\"Indian lunchbox carriers to attend the Royal nuptials\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r8pxMwEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Mumbai's Dabbawala: The Uncommon Story of the Common Man"},{"Link":"https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=38410","external_links_name":"\"The Dabbawala System: On-Time Delivery, Every Time - Case - Faculty & Research - Harvard Business School\""},{"Link":"https://mumbaidabbawala.in/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DXpedition
DX-pedition
["1 History","2 DX-peditions and awards","3 Locations","4 Equipment and operation","5 Contests","6 DX-peditions with most contacts","7 List of notable DX-peditions","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Amateur radio "expedition" A group of amateur radio operators during DX-pedition to The Gambia in October 2003 Amateur radio The International Symbol of Amateur Radio Antenna theory Automatic Link Establishment Automatic Packet Reporting System Call signs Amateur radio operator Contesting Direction finding DX communication DX-pedition Emergency communications Frequency allocations Hamfest High speed multimedia High-speed telegraphy Homebrew Internet Radio Linking Project Maritime mobile Morse code Operating awards Packet radio Portable operation QRP operation QSL card Satellites Software Skywarn Special event stations Stations Television Vintage radios Categoryvte A DX-pedition is an expedition to what is considered an exotic place by amateur radio operators and DX listeners, typically because of its remoteness, access restrictions, or simply because there are very few radio amateurs active from that place. This could be an island, a country, or even a particular spot on a geographical grid. DX is a telegraphic shorthand for "distance" or "distant" (see DXing). History Early DX-peditions were simply exploratory and geographical expeditions in the late 1920s and 1930s, in which one or more radio amateurs participated to provide long-distance communications. At the same time they communicated with fellow radio amateurs who wanted to contact a new country. Most notable are the Antarctic expeditions of Admiral Byrd. Another example is the voyage of the schooner Kaimiloa, which traveled the South Pacific in 1924. While the ship's wealthy owners enjoyed the islands, an amateur radio operator kept contact with, and sent QSL cards to, experimenters in the United States. The participation of radio amateurs in geographical expeditions was resumed after World War II, e.g. the participation of Bill Snyder, W0LHS, and Bob Leo, W6PBV, in the Gatti-Hallicrafters expedition in Africa of 1948. The most unusual expedition to place reliance on amateur radio for communications was that of Kon-Tiki organized by Thor Heyerdahl in 1947 and using call sign LI2B. The activity of dedicated DX-peditions was pioneered by one-time ARRL president Robert W. Denniston, W0DX. Mr. Denniston's 1948 DX-pedition, using call sign VP7NG, was to the Bahamas and was called "Gon-Waki" à la Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki expedition the previous year. DX-peditions and awards DX-peditions are planned and organized to help operators who need to contact that area to obtain an amateur radio award. There are several awards sponsored by various organizations based on contacting many different countries. Perhaps the most famous of these is the DX Century Club (DXCC) award sponsored by the ARRL. The base level of this award involves contacting and confirming 100 distinct geographical entities defined by the ARRL – usually politically distinct countries, and sometimes well-separated administrative or geographical regions within them, such as outlying islands. There are currently 340 separate entities recognized for award purposes. An "entity" for such purposes is any location that is either politically separate or physically remote (or both) from other jurisdictions / locations. For example: Even though Alaska and Hawaii are political units of the United States, they are separate DX entities (physically separate regions). Small independent countries, even ones embedded within larger ones, such as the Vatican and Monaco, count. Other entities include transnational organizations such as the International Telecommunication Union, and the United Nations. These are within their host countries but have distinct ITU prefixes. Finally, a few areas of historic or special status have been included, such as Sardinia, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Antarctica, and Western Sahara. While the ARRL criteria for new entities were rationalized in 1999, those entities introduced before that date under relatively lax rules remain on the list, so long as they satisfy the original criteria. Other DX-peditions focus on operation from islands with little or no local radio amateur activity, for the Islands on the Air (IOTA) award which is sponsored by the Radio Society of Great Britain. A small number of DX-peditions focus on activating specific, remote Maidenhead locator squares for the benefit of VHF and UHF operators. Locations Many DX-peditions take place from locations with adequate access to power and supplies, often where the country has a small resident amateur population or where licensing is not very difficult. Many Caribbean and Pacific island nations, as well as European micro-states, have very small populations, but have hotels, reliable power, and supplies, and are easy to gain operating permission in. Therefore, these states are regularly activated by amateurs, often in combination with a family holiday. Other jurisdictions take a more stringent view of individual access to communications equipment, and are rare because very few amateurs are licensed in those countries and visitors find it difficult or impossible to gain operating permits or import amateur radio equipment. Examples include North Korea, Mount Athos and Yemen. Some locations are also rare due to their extreme inaccessibility—examples include Peter I Island, Campbell Island, Clipperton Island, Navassa Island, or Desecheo Island. When amateurs travel to remote locations such as these they must first obtain permission to operate from that location from whatever political jurisdiction rules the area they wish to travel to. Even in countries such as the United States, this permission can be difficult to obtain. Once operating permission is assured, then transportation must be arranged. This can be both expensive and dangerous. Some locations are coral atolls that are almost submerged at high tide, such as Scarborough Reef; others are sub-polar islands with inhospitable climates such as Peter I Island. The amateur must also take care of the basic necessities such as food, water, and power. Equipment and operation A DXer operates during a holiday DXpedition to Muscat, Oman. In addition to licensing and survival issues, DX-pedition participants devote much attention to the radio equipment they use. In an extremely rare location for a popular awards program like DXCC, hundreds of stations may be calling the DX-pedition at any one time (known as a 'pile-up'). Therefore, DX-peditioners will aim to use high power and gain antennas on as many bands as practical, to achieve a loud signal worldwide and keep control of the inevitable pileups that occur. Operators may also receive and transmit on different frequencies, called split operation, to be heard by distant stations without interference to their signal from the pile-up. This can also help the operation to make a substantial number of contacts with parts of the planet that have unfavourable propagation from the area visited, lying perhaps in the region on the Earth's surface which is diametrically opposite to it—its antipodal point. Examples would be the Central Pacific from Europe, or the Caribbean from Japan. For smaller operations to remote locations, smaller radios which run off of a 12 V DC power supply and antenna systems which are more easily transported are favored over larger and more difficult to transport equipment. However, generators are usually used because of the power requirements for amplifiers and the ease of refueling versus recharging a battery. When the individual or group arrives at the DX-pedition destination, they must set up their station and get on the air. DX-peditions are usually group affairs since the desire is to make as many contacts as possible from the location. Round-the-clock operations on multiple HF bands simultaneously are typical, which necessitates a group activity. The use of the Internet to upload logs (allowing quick confirmation of questionable contacts) and for QSLs (formal confirmation) has made the process somewhat easier. Holiday operations from locations where there are few resident operators are often more leisurely affairs. Nonetheless, the operator will seek to make as many contacts as possible in the operating time available, with the result that contacts are often extremely brief, limited just to an exchange of signal reports. Contests Many DX-peditions are organized around various radio contests that happen throughout the year. This is often done so that the DX-pedition station can gain an advantage in contests and maximize the number of contacts that they make during the DX-pedition, since the radio bands are the most active during contests. DX-peditions with most contacts In October 2011, the T32C Kiritimati (Christmas Island, eastern Kiribati) DXpedition, run by the Five Star DXers Association, claimed 213,169 contacts. This broke the February 2008 record set by the Ducie Island (eastern Pitcairn group) DXpedition, which claimed 183,686 QSOs under the callsign VP6DX. This in turn had broken the previous record of 168,000 contacts set in 2001 by D68C (also by the FSDXA) from the Galawa Beach Hotel on the Comoros island of Grande Comore. The January 2012 trip to Malpelo Island had 195,625 contacts. While not an absolute record, it was the largest total ever achieved by a DX-pedition where the members lived in tents and powered their radios by portable generators. List of notable DX-peditions 2016 – VKØEK – Cordell Expeditions to Heard Island. Combination radio / science expedition. See "special issue". DX Magazine. January–February 2017. 2015 – K1N – KP1-5 project Expedition to Navassa Island, the #1 most-wanted DXCC entity on ClubLog and the DX Magazine survey. 2014 – FT5ZM – DX-pedition to Amsterdam Island 2013 – TX5K – Cordell Expeditions 2013 to Clipperton Island, more than 113,000 QSOs, 47 EME contacts. 2012 – ZL9HR – Hellenic Amateur Radio Association of Australia 2012 to Campbell Island, New Zealand See also List of DXpeditions References ^ a b Ward Silver, N0AX (October 2012). "Five-Nine-Nine, I presume?". QST. Newington, CT: The American Radio Relay League: 68–70. ISSN 0033-4812.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Michael Marinaro, WN1M (June 2014). "Polar Exploration". QST. Newington, CT: The American Radio Relay League: 63–65. ISSN 0033-4812.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Clinton B. DeSoto (1936). 200 meters & Down — The Story of Amateur Radio. W. Hartford, CT: The American Radio Relay League. pp. 147–159. ISBN 0-87259-001-1. ^ Schooner Kaimiloa “KFUH” ^ "Kon-Tiki Communications – Well Done!". QST. The American Radio Relay League: 69, 143–148. December 1947. ^ "Past ARRL President Robert W. Denniston, W0DX, VP2VI, SK (Orbituary)". QST. Newington, CT: The American Radio Relay League: 63. July 2002. ISSN 0033-4812. ^ "DXCC Rules". Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. July 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2012. ^ "Malpelo 2012 DX-pedition". hk0na.wordpress.com. ^ "VKØEK – Heard Island 2016 expedition". heardisland.org. Cordell expeditions. ^ "VKØEK – Heard Island 2016 expedition". VK0EK.org. Cordell expeditions. ^ "K1N – KP1-5 Navassa Island project 2015 expedition". navassadx.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015. ^ "FT5ZM – Amsterdam Island 2014 DX-pedition". amsterdamdx.org. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020. ^ "TX5K – Clipperton Island 2013 expedition". TX5K.org. Cordell expeditions. ^ "ZL9HR – Campbell Island 2012 expedition". ZL9HR.com. Hellenic Amateur Radio Association of Australia. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2013. External links Mega DXpeditions Honor Roll, maintained by the German DX Foundation (GDXF) NØHR.com Upcoming Ham Radio DXpedition Map Ducie Island Feb 2008 Dxpedition breaks records DX-World DX News Club Log DXCC Most Wanted list Club Log expeditions list vteAmateur radioActivities ARDF Emergency communications Contesting DX communication High-speed telegraphy Homebrewing Culture History Amateur radio operator Awards DX-pedition Hamfest International operation QSL card Q code Radiosport Vintage amateur radio Governance International Amateur Radio Union International Telecommunication Union Frequency allocations ITU prefixes for amateur radio Maritime mobile Licensing Modes of communicationVoice AM DSB-SC ISB SSB AME FM PM Television ATV SSTV Data/Digital CW ALE AMTOR D-STAR DAPNET EchoLink FT8 Hellschreiber DMT MFSK Packet radio (APRS) PACTOR PSK RTTY Spread spectrum C4FM WIRES-X DMR Technologies Amateur radio station Amateur radio software IRLP QRP SDR Satellite Two-way radio Transceivers Related Shortwave radio Q code Amateur radio in India
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C5Z_dx-pedition.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"amateur radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio"},{"link_name":"DXing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DXing"}],"text":"A group of amateur radio operators during DX-pedition to The Gambia in October 2003A DX-pedition is an expedition to what is considered an exotic place by amateur radio operators and DX listeners, typically because of its remoteness, access restrictions, or simply because there are very few radio amateurs active from that place. This could be an island, a country, or even a particular spot on a geographical grid. DX is a telegraphic shorthand for \"distance\" or \"distant\" (see DXing).","title":"DX-pedition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N0AX-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"QSL cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QSL_card"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attilio_Gatti"},{"link_name":"Hallicrafters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallicrafters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-N0AX-1"},{"link_name":"Kon-Tiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon-Tiki"},{"link_name":"Thor Heyerdahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"ARRL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League"},{"link_name":"Robert W. Denniston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_W._Denniston&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"the Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Thor Heyerdahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl"},{"link_name":"Kon-Tiki expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Early DX-peditions were simply exploratory and geographical expeditions in the late 1920s and 1930s, in which one or more radio amateurs participated to provide long-distance communications. At the same time they communicated with fellow radio amateurs who wanted to contact a new country.[1][2] Most notable are the Antarctic expeditions of Admiral Byrd.[3] Another example is the voyage of the schooner Kaimiloa, which traveled the South Pacific in 1924. While the ship's wealthy owners enjoyed the islands, an amateur radio operator kept contact with, and sent QSL cards to, experimenters in the United States.[4]The participation of radio amateurs in geographical expeditions was resumed after World War II, e.g. the participation of Bill Snyder, W0LHS, and Bob Leo, W6PBV, in the Gatti-Hallicrafters expedition in Africa of 1948.[1] The most unusual expedition to place reliance on amateur radio for communications was that of Kon-Tiki organized by Thor Heyerdahl in 1947 and using call sign LI2B.[5]The activity of dedicated DX-peditions was pioneered by one-time ARRL president Robert W. Denniston, W0DX. Mr. Denniston's 1948 DX-pedition, using call sign VP7NG, was to the Bahamas and was called \"Gon-Waki\" à la Thor Heyerdahl's Kon-Tiki expedition the previous year.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DX Century Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DX_Century_Club"},{"link_name":"ARRL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"International Telecommunication Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union"},{"link_name":"ITU prefixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU_prefix"},{"link_name":"Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Military Order of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara"},{"link_name":"Radio Society of Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Society_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Maidenhead locator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maidenhead_locator"}],"text":"DX-peditions are planned and organized to help operators who need to contact that area to obtain an amateur radio award. There are several awards sponsored by various organizations based on contacting many different countries. Perhaps the most famous of these is the DX Century Club (DXCC) award sponsored by the ARRL. The base level of this award involves contacting and confirming 100 distinct geographical entities defined by the ARRL – usually politically distinct countries, and sometimes well-separated administrative or geographical regions within them, such as outlying islands.[7]There are currently 340 separate entities recognized for award purposes. An \"entity\" for such purposes is any location that is either politically separate or physically remote (or both) from other jurisdictions / locations. For example:Even though Alaska and Hawaii are political units of the United States, they are separate DX entities (physically separate regions).\nSmall independent countries, even ones embedded within larger ones, such as the Vatican and Monaco, count.\nOther entities include transnational organizations such as the International Telecommunication Union, and the United Nations. These are within their host countries but have distinct ITU prefixes.\nFinally, a few areas of historic or special status have been included, such as Sardinia, the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Antarctica, and Western Sahara.While the ARRL criteria for new entities were rationalized in 1999, those entities introduced before that date under relatively lax rules remain on the list, so long as they satisfy the original criteria.Other DX-peditions focus on operation from islands with little or no local radio amateur activity, for the Islands on the Air (IOTA) award which is sponsored by the Radio Society of Great Britain. A small number of DX-peditions focus on activating specific, remote Maidenhead locator squares for the benefit of VHF and UHF operators.","title":"DX-peditions and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Mount Athos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Athos"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Peter I Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_Island"},{"link_name":"Campbell Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Island,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Clipperton Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipperton_Island"},{"link_name":"Navassa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_Island"},{"link_name":"Desecheo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desecheo_Island"},{"link_name":"atolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atoll"},{"link_name":"Scarborough Reef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_Reef"},{"link_name":"sub-polar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"Peter I Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_I_Island"}],"text":"Many DX-peditions take place from locations with adequate access to power and supplies, often where the country has a small resident amateur population or where licensing is not very difficult. Many Caribbean and Pacific island nations, as well as European micro-states, have very small populations, but have hotels, reliable power, and supplies, and are easy to gain operating permission in. Therefore, these states are regularly activated by amateurs, often in combination with a family holiday.Other jurisdictions take a more stringent view of individual access to communications equipment, and are rare because very few amateurs are licensed in those countries and visitors find it difficult or impossible to gain operating permits or import amateur radio equipment. Examples include North Korea, Mount Athos and Yemen.Some locations are also rare due to their extreme inaccessibility—examples include Peter I Island, Campbell Island, Clipperton Island, Navassa Island, or Desecheo Island. When amateurs travel to remote locations such as these they must first obtain permission to operate from that location from whatever political jurisdiction rules the area they wish to travel to. Even in countries such as the United States, this permission can be difficult to obtain.Once operating permission is assured, then transportation must be arranged. This can be both expensive and dangerous. Some locations are coral atolls that are almost submerged at high tide, such as Scarborough Reef; others are sub-polar islands with inhospitable climates such as Peter I Island. The amateur must also take care of the basic necessities such as food, water, and power.","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G0RTN_operating_amateur_radio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Muscat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat,_Oman"},{"link_name":"antennas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antenna_(radio)"},{"link_name":"propagation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_propagation"},{"link_name":"antipodal point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodal_point"},{"link_name":"Central Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"HF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_frequency"},{"link_name":"QSLs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QSL_card"}],"text":"A DXer operates during a holiday DXpedition to Muscat, Oman.In addition to licensing and survival issues, DX-pedition participants devote much attention to the radio equipment they use.In an extremely rare location for a popular awards program like DXCC, hundreds of stations may be calling the DX-pedition at any one time (known as a 'pile-up'). Therefore, DX-peditioners will aim to use high power and gain antennas on as many bands as practical, to achieve a loud signal worldwide and keep control of the inevitable pileups that occur. Operators may also receive and transmit on different frequencies, called split operation, to be heard by distant stations without interference to their signal from the pile-up. This can also help the operation to make a substantial number of contacts with parts of the planet that have unfavourable propagation from the area visited, lying perhaps in the region on the Earth's surface which is diametrically opposite to it—its antipodal point. Examples would be the Central Pacific from Europe, or the Caribbean from Japan.For smaller operations to remote locations, smaller radios which run off of a 12 V DC power supply and antenna systems which are more easily transported are favored over larger and more difficult to transport equipment. However, generators are usually used because of the power requirements for amplifiers and the ease of refueling versus recharging a battery.When the individual or group arrives at the DX-pedition destination, they must set up their station and get on the air. DX-peditions are usually group affairs since the desire is to make as many contacts as possible from the location. Round-the-clock operations on multiple HF bands simultaneously are typical, which necessitates a group activity. The use of the Internet to upload logs (allowing quick confirmation of questionable contacts) and for QSLs (formal confirmation) has made the process somewhat easier.Holiday operations from locations where there are few resident operators are often more leisurely affairs. Nonetheless, the operator will seek to make as many contacts as possible in the operating time available, with the result that contacts are often extremely brief, limited just to an exchange of signal reports.","title":"Equipment and operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio contests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contesting"}],"text":"Many DX-peditions are organized around various radio contests that happen throughout the year. This is often done so that the DX-pedition station can gain an advantage in contests and maximize the number of contacts that they make during the DX-pedition, since the radio bands are the most active during contests.","title":"Contests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiritimati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiritimati"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Island"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"Ducie Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducie_Island"},{"link_name":"Pitcairn group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands"},{"link_name":"QSOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_(amateur_radio)"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Grande Comore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Comore"},{"link_name":"Malpelo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpelo_Island"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In October 2011, the T32C Kiritimati (Christmas Island, eastern Kiribati) DXpedition, run by the Five Star DXers Association, claimed 213,169 contacts.\nThis broke the February 2008 record set by the Ducie Island (eastern Pitcairn group) DXpedition, which claimed 183,686 QSOs under the callsign VP6DX.\nThis in turn had broken the previous record of 168,000 contacts set in 2001 by D68C (also by the FSDXA) from the Galawa Beach Hotel on the Comoros island of Grande Comore.\nThe January 2012 trip to Malpelo Island had 195,625 contacts. While not an absolute record, it was the largest total ever achieved by a DX-pedition where the members lived in tents and powered their radios by portable generators.[8]","title":"DX-peditions with most contacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heard Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Navassa Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navassa_Island"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Clipperton Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipperton_Island"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"EME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%E2%80%93Moon%E2%80%93Earth_communication"},{"link_name":"Campbell Island, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Island,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"2016 – VKØEK – Cordell Expeditions to Heard Island.[9][10] Combination radio / science expedition. See \"special issue\". DX Magazine. January–February 2017.\n2015 – K1N – KP1-5 project Expedition to Navassa Island,[11] the #1 most-wanted DXCC entity on ClubLog and the DX Magazine survey.\n2014 – FT5ZM – DX-pedition to Amsterdam Island[12]\n2013 – TX5K – Cordell Expeditions 2013 to Clipperton Island,[13] more than 113,000 QSOs, 47 EME contacts.\n2012 – ZL9HR – Hellenic Amateur Radio Association of Australia 2012 to Campbell Island, New Zealand[14]","title":"List of notable DX-peditions"}]
[{"image_text":"A group of amateur radio operators during DX-pedition to The Gambia in October 2003","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/C5Z_dx-pedition.jpg/220px-C5Z_dx-pedition.jpg"},{"image_text":"The International Symbol of Amateur Radio","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg/75px-International_amateur_radio_symbol.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A DXer operates during a holiday DXpedition to Muscat, Oman.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/G0RTN_operating_amateur_radio.jpg/300px-G0RTN_operating_amateur_radio.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of DXpeditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DXpeditions"}]
[{"reference":"\"special issue\". DX Magazine. January–February 2017.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ward Silver, N0AX (October 2012). \"Five-Nine-Nine, I presume?\". QST. Newington, CT: The American Radio Relay League: 68–70. ISSN 0033-4812.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QST","url_text":"QST"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-4812","url_text":"0033-4812"}]},{"reference":"Michael Marinaro, WN1M (June 2014). \"Polar Exploration\". QST. Newington, CT: The American Radio Relay League: 63–65. ISSN 0033-4812.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QST","url_text":"QST"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-4812","url_text":"0033-4812"}]},{"reference":"Clinton B. DeSoto (1936). 200 meters & Down — The Story of Amateur Radio. W. Hartford, CT: The American Radio Relay League. pp. 147–159. ISBN 0-87259-001-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League","url_text":"American Radio Relay League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87259-001-1","url_text":"0-87259-001-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Kon-Tiki Communications – Well Done!\". QST. The American Radio Relay League: 69, 143–148. December 1947.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League","url_text":"American Radio Relay League"}]},{"reference":"\"Past ARRL President Robert W. Denniston, W0DX, VP2VI, SK (Orbituary)\". QST. Newington, CT: The American Radio Relay League: 63. July 2002. ISSN 0033-4812.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QST","url_text":"QST"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-4812","url_text":"0033-4812"}]},{"reference":"\"DXCC Rules\". Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. July 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arrl.org/dxcc-rules","url_text":"\"DXCC Rules\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League","url_text":"American Radio Relay League"}]},{"reference":"\"Malpelo 2012 DX-pedition\". hk0na.wordpress.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://hk0na.wordpress.com/","url_text":"\"Malpelo 2012 DX-pedition\""}]},{"reference":"\"VKØEK – Heard Island 2016 expedition\". heardisland.org. Cordell expeditions.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heardisland.org/","url_text":"\"VKØEK – Heard Island 2016 expedition\""}]},{"reference":"\"VKØEK – Heard Island 2016 expedition\". VK0EK.org. Cordell expeditions.","urls":[{"url":"https://vk0ek.org/","url_text":"\"VKØEK – Heard Island 2016 expedition\""}]},{"reference":"\"K1N – KP1-5 Navassa Island project 2015 expedition\". navassadx.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150210201948/http://ww.navassadx.com/","url_text":"\"K1N – KP1-5 Navassa Island project 2015 expedition\""},{"url":"http://ww.navassadx.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FT5ZM – Amsterdam Island 2014 DX-pedition\". amsterdamdx.org. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190207042047/http://www.amsterdamdx.org/","url_text":"\"FT5ZM – Amsterdam Island 2014 DX-pedition\""},{"url":"http://www.amsterdamdx.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TX5K – Clipperton Island 2013 expedition\". TX5K.org. Cordell expeditions.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tx5k.org/","url_text":"\"TX5K – Clipperton Island 2013 expedition\""}]},{"reference":"\"ZL9HR – Campbell Island 2012 expedition\". ZL9HR.com. Hellenic Amateur Radio Association of Australia. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614203831/http://www.zl9hr.com/","url_text":"\"ZL9HR – Campbell Island 2012 expedition\""},{"url":"http://www.zl9hr.com/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-4812","external_links_name":"0033-4812"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-4812","external_links_name":"0033-4812"},{"Link":"http://oldqslcards.com/Kaimiloa.pdf","external_links_name":"Schooner Kaimiloa “KFUH”"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0033-4812","external_links_name":"0033-4812"},{"Link":"http://www.arrl.org/dxcc-rules","external_links_name":"\"DXCC Rules\""},{"Link":"https://hk0na.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"\"Malpelo 2012 DX-pedition\""},{"Link":"http://www.heardisland.org/","external_links_name":"\"VKØEK – Heard Island 2016 expedition\""},{"Link":"https://vk0ek.org/","external_links_name":"\"VKØEK – Heard Island 2016 expedition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150210201948/http://ww.navassadx.com/","external_links_name":"\"K1N – KP1-5 Navassa Island project 2015 expedition\""},{"Link":"http://ww.navassadx.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190207042047/http://www.amsterdamdx.org/","external_links_name":"\"FT5ZM – Amsterdam Island 2014 DX-pedition\""},{"Link":"http://www.amsterdamdx.org/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.tx5k.org/","external_links_name":"\"TX5K – Clipperton Island 2013 expedition\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120614203831/http://www.zl9hr.com/","external_links_name":"\"ZL9HR – Campbell Island 2012 expedition\""},{"Link":"http://www.zl9hr.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://gdxf.de/megadxpeditions/","external_links_name":"Mega DXpeditions Honor Roll"},{"Link":"http://www.n0hr.com/wk34","external_links_name":"NØHR.com Upcoming Ham Radio DXpedition Map"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080229214033/http://ducie2008.dl1mgb.com/news/21/index.php","external_links_name":"Ducie Island Feb 2008 Dxpedition breaks records"},{"Link":"http://dx-world.net/","external_links_name":"DX-World"},{"Link":"http://dxnews.com/","external_links_name":"DX News"},{"Link":"https://clublog.org/mostwanted.php","external_links_name":"Club Log DXCC Most Wanted list"},{"Link":"https://clublog.org/allexpeditions.php","external_links_name":"Club Log expeditions list"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_441
U.S. Route 441
["1 Route description","1.1 Florida","1.2 Georgia","1.3 North Carolina","1.4 Tennessee","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 Popular culture references","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Highway in the United States U.S. Route 441US 441 highlighted in redRoute informationAuxiliary route of US 41Length939 mi (1,511 km)Existed1926–presentMajor junctionsSouth end US 41 in Miami, FLMajor intersections I-95 in North Miami Beach, FL Florida's Turnpike in Kissimmee, FL I-4 in Orlando, FL I-75 in Alachua, FL I-10 in Lake City, FL I-16 in Dublin, GA I-20 in Madison, GA I-85 near Commerce, GA US 64 near Franklin, NC I-40 in Knoxville, TN North end US 25W / SR 116 in Rocky Top, TN LocationCountryUnited StatesStatesFlorida, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided U.S. Route 441 (US 441) is a 939-mile-long (1,511 km) auxiliary route of U.S. Route 41. It extends from US 41 in Miami, Florida to US 25W in Rocky Top, Tennessee. Between its termini, US 441 travels through the states of Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. The highway acts as a connector between several major urban areas, including Miami, Orlando, Ocala, Gainesville, Athens, and Knoxville. It also crosses the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, where it meets the southwestern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway, and where no trucks or other commercial traffic are allowed. Route description The southern terminus of US 441 in Miami Florida Main article: U.S. Route 441 in Florida US 441 begins northbound at Southwest 7th Street, which is westbound U.S. Route 41, and ends southbound on Southwest 8th Street, which is eastbound U.S. Route 41 in the eastern "Little Havana" neighborhood of downtown Miami (both are one-way streets). 441 runs along SW/NW 8th Ave until it crosses the Miami River; then it runs along NW 7th Ave. till the Golden Glades interchange; then it runs along NW 2nd Ave. till the Miami-Dade/Broward county line. The route parallels Interstate 95 north out of Miami to western Aventura, where I-95 heads northeast to access Fort Lauderdale and the remainder of the eastern Florida coast. However, the route soon approaches the tolled Florida's Turnpike, which parallels US 441 north to West Palm Beach. In between, the route interchanges with the Turnpike at exit 62 via State Road 870 (Commercial Boulevard) in Tamarac. Additionally, US 441 meets Interstate 595 (Exits 8 and 8B) west of Fort Lauderdale and the tolled State Road 869 (the Sawgrass Expressway) in Coconut Creek. At West Palm Beach, US 441 intersects U.S. Route 98 and overlaps the highway to central Palm Beach County, where the two routes split. US 441 continues west to the eastern shore of Lake Okeechobee, where it turns north to follow the shoreline to Pahokee. Just north of Pahokee, US 98 rejoins US 441 and remains concurrent with US 441 along the eastern edge of the lake. North of Lake Okeechobee in Okeechobee, US 98 and US 441 split for the final time. US 441 continues north, meeting the Turnpike at Yeehaw Junction (via State Road 60) prior to intersecting U.S. Route 192 at Holopaw. US 441 turns west onto US 192, forming an overlap into Kissimmee. At the concurrent routes of U.S. Route 17/92, US 441 separates from US 192 and follows US 17 / US 92 north into downtown Orlando. In downtown, US 17 / US 92 turns east onto State Road 50 while US 441 continues north on the Orange Blossom Trail. North of downtown, US 441 crosses the tolled State Road 429 and western terminus of State Road 414 in Apopka before leaving the Orlando area. In Leesburg, midway between Orlando and Ocala, US 441 intersects U.S. Route 27. Here, the routes come together, creating a concurrency north to the Ocala suburb of Belleview, where US 27 and US 441 intersect U.S. Route 301. US 301 turns north onto US 27 / US 441, overlapping the routes into Ocala. Immediately north of downtown, US 27 separates from US 441; US 301 then departs the route north of the city. US 441 continues to the northwest, passing across Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park, through Gainesville and interchanging with Interstate 75 (Exit 399) ahead of an intersection with US 41 in High Springs. US 441 joins US 41 north to Lake City, where the routes split south of the city. The routes remain parallel, however, past U.S. Route 90 to the northern extents of Lake City. Past Lake City, US 441 interchanges with Interstate 10 (Exit 303), then skirts the western edge of the Okefenokee Swamp as it enters Georgia. The section from Miami to West Palm Beach is paired with mostly-unsigned State Road 7; many locals in this area generally call US 441 as "State Road 7" instead of US 441. The section from Holopaw to Ocala is paired with unsigned State Road 500. From SR 121 in Gainesville to US 90 in Lake City, it is part of the DeSoto Trail. Georgia Main article: U.S. Route 441 in Georgia U.S. Route 441 north of Commerce, Georgia, near the interchange with Interstate 85 In Georgia, US 441 continues to bypass the Okefenokee Swamp to Edith, where it turns to the northwest toward the interior of the state. In Homerville, US 441 intersects U.S. Route 84, then meets and merges with U.S. Route 221 south of Pearson. The routes remain concurrent to Douglas, where US 221 and US 441 split. Farther north, US 441 intersects U.S. Route 319 south of Jacksonville. US 319 turns north onto US 441, creating an overlap north to McRae. US 319 and US 441 intersect U.S. Route 280, which joins the routes for a concurrent run through McRae. In the center of McRae, US 280, US 319 and US 441 meet the concurrent routes of U.S. Route 23 and U.S. Route 341. North of the city, US 280 splits off while US 319 and US 441 then pass Little Ocmulgee State Park before continuing concurrently to Dublin. Just south of Dublin, US 319 and US 441 interchange with Interstate 16. In Dublin, US 441 splits from US 319 onto a new bypass. On the bypass, US 441 intersects with U.S. Route 80. North of Dublin, US 441 passes through Milledgeville prior to meeting U.S. Route 129 near Eatonton. US 129 and US 441 continue concurrently through Madison (where US 129 and US 441 interchange with Interstate 20) and U.S. Route 278 to Athens, where US 129 and US 441 turn eastward onto a limited-access beltway encircling the city. On the beltway, US 129 and US 441 run concurrent with U.S. Route 29 and, for a stretch, U.S. Route 78 to an interchange northeast of the city. Here, US 29 exits the highway while US 441 remains on the beltway for two more exits before departing. The route proceeds north to Commerce, where it interchanges with Interstate 85 north of the city. Past Commerce, US 441 continues to Cornelia, where it intersects U.S. Route 23. US 441 merges with US 23, remaining concurrent with the route through Clayton (where US 23 and US 441 are concurrent with U.S. Route 76 for a short distance) into North Carolina. The portion of US 23 / US 441 from U.S. Route 123 west of Toccoa to the North Carolina state line is located within the Chattahoochee National Forest. From the Florida state line to Pearson (in Echols, Clinch and Atkinson counties), Georgia State Route 89 is concurrent with US 441. North Carolina Main article: U.S. Route 441 in North Carolina Upon crossing the state line, US 23 and US 441 enter the Nantahala National Forest. The concurrent routes head north through a pair of small communities before intersecting U.S. Route 64 in Franklin. US 23 and US 441 turn east, briefly overlapping US 64 around Franklin before separating from the route and continuing to the northeast through the forest. At Dillsboro, US 23 and US 441 intersect U.S. Route 74, here a limited-access highway. US 23 and US 441 both merge onto the freeway, becoming concurrent with US 74; however, US 23 follows US 74 east toward Asheville while US 441 utilizes US 74 west. Near Qualla, the overlap with US 74 comes to an end as US 441 departs the freeway as well as the forest. US 441 heads north to Cherokee, a town located within the Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation, where it briefly overlaps U.S. Route 19 through the town center. Past Cherokee, US 441 progresses north through the reservation to the southern extent of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, a dual-state park situated on the North Carolina-Tennessee border. From the park entrance to the Tennessee state line, the route follows a northwesterly alignment as it traverses the Great Smoky Mountains. Tennessee Main article: U.S. Route 441 in Tennessee US 441 in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee US 441 enters Tennessee at Newfound Gap. The route heads north through the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to Gatlinburg, along the Great Smoky Mountains Parkway, where the route meets U.S. Route 321. US 321 joins US 441 northward through Pigeon Forge before separating north of the city. US 441 continues north to Sevierville, where it intersects with U.S. Route 411. US 441 turns west onto US 411, following the route west to Seymour. Here, US 411 heads to the southwest towards Georgia while US 441 continues northwest to Knoxville. Immediately south of the city, US 441 junctions with State Route 33. SR 33 merges with US 441, following the U.S. route as it enters downtown Knoxville. Within downtown, US 441 interchanges with Interstate 40 and Interstate 640 before exiting the city limits. North of the city at Halls Crossroads, SR 33 breaks from US 441 and heads northeast toward New Tazewell. US 441, meanwhile, turns northwest, paralleling Interstate 75 for a distance before crossing the top of Norris Dam and finally interchanging with the freeway at exit 128 near Rocky Top. The route then terminates at an intersection with U.S. Route 25W just west of I-75 in Rocky Top. The route is paired with unsigned State Route 71 for most of its length in Tennessee. History A US 441 shield used in Florida prior to 1993 US 441 was one of the original 1926 US routes. Initially it ran between Orlando and Ocala, Florida. In 1935 it was extended north to High Springs, Florida, and in 1948 to Baldwin, Georgia. The following year the southern end was moved to downtown Miami. In 1952 US 441 reached its final configuration when it was extended north from Baldwin to Rocky Top, Tennessee (then known as Lake City). In Florida, where signs for U.S. Highways formerly had different colors for each highway (until the state was forced by the federal government to conform to standards that required consistent black-and-white signs), the shield for US 441 was brown. In 1970 signs denoting US 441 were removed from that portion of the route which runs through the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, to discourage commercial vehicles (which are not allowed in the park). Major intersections Florida US 41 in Miami US 27 in Miami I-95 in North Miami Beach I-595 in Davie US 98 in Royal Palm Beach. The highways travel concurrently to Okeechobee. US 192 in Holopaw. The highways travel concurrently to Kissimmee. US 17 / US 92 / US 192 in Kissimmee. US 17/US 92/US 441 travels concurrently to Orlando. Florida's Turnpike in Kissimmee I-4 in Orlando US 27 in Leesburg. The highways travel concurrently to Ocala. US 301 in Belleview. The highways travel concurrently to east-northeast of Lowell. I-75 in Alachua US 41 in High Springs. The highways travel concurrently to south of Lake City. I-75 in Ellisville US 90 in Lake City I-10 in Lake City Georgia US 84 in Homerville US 221 south-southwest of Pearson. The highways travel concurrently to Douglas. US 82 in Pearson US 319 south-southeast of Jacksonville. The highways travel concurrently to . US 280 in McRae. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of McRae. US 23 / US 341 in McRae I-16 in Dublin US 319 in Dublin US 80 in Dublin US 129 in Eatonton. The highways travel concurrently to Athens. I-20 in Madison US 278 in Madison. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of Madison. US 29 / US 78 in Athens. The highways travel concurrently through Athens. I-85 north of Commerce US 23 northwest of Cornelia. The highways travel concurrently to north-northwest of Dillsboro, North Carolina. US 123 east-southeast of Clarkesville US 76 in Clayton. The highways travel concurrently through Clayton. North Carolina US 64 in Franklin. The highways travel concurrently around the southeastern edge of Franklin. US 23 / US 74 north-northwest of Dillsboro. US 74/US 441 travels concurrently to southeast of Whittier. US 19 west-southwest of Cherokee. The highways travel concurrently to Cherokee. Tennessee US 321 in Gatlinburg. The highways travel concurrently to Pigeon Forge. US 411 in Sevierville. The highways travel concurrently to Seymour. I-40 / I-75 / I-275 in Knoxville I-640 / US 25W in Knoxville I-75 in Rocky Top US 25W in Rocky Top Popular culture references US 441 is mentioned in the song "American Girl", by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. ("She could hear the cars roll by/Out on 441/Like waves crashin' on the beach") Petty is from Gainesville, Florida and US 441 travels through Gainesville and is the eastern bound of the University of Florida campus. This prompted an urban legend that stated that song was based on a suicide committed on the university campus. US 441 is also mentioned in the song "Best of Me" by country singer Brantley Gilbert. He sings, "I remember it all too well/ Riding 441 down to Milledgeville". US 441 is mentioned in the song titled "It's Over" by the country artist Corey Smith. He sings, "Its time to show myself the door/ There's no pretending anymore/ No, it's over/ Where I'm going I don't know/ Somewhere down this dusty road/ North on 441/ Pass the rolling cattle fields, the trailer parks, and rusted cotton mills/ Lord get me out of here." He also released a song in 2020 called "Old 441" about the highway. See also U.S. Roads portal Special routes of U.S. Route 441 References ^ "End of US Highway 441" ^ Rand McNally (2014). The Road Atlas (Walmart ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 26–29, 74, 95. ISBN 978-0-528-00771-2. ^ "'American Girl' Suicide". Snopes.com. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Route 441. KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 441KML is not from Wikidata Endpoints of U.S. 441 Tennessee section - I-40 (exit 407) to the Great Smoky Mountains Broken Link North Carolina section - Broken Link Newfound Gap (Tennessee and North Carolina State line) to Cherokee Georgia section - broken LinkLink North Carolina/Georgia State Line to Florida/Georgia State Line Florida section - Broken Link Florida/Georgia State Line to Miami Athens 441 - Radio show produced by WUGA-FM and distributed through Georgia Public Broadcasting 441 Heritage Program at the University of Georgia School of Environmental Design Browse numbered routes ← I-440TN→ SR 441 vteU.S. Routes related to US 41 US 141 US 241 former US 341 US 441 US 541 former US 641 Special 441
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41"},{"link_name":"Miami, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"US 25W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25W"},{"link_name":"Rocky Top, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Top,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connector_(road)"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Ocala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville_metropolitan_area,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_%E2%80%93_Clarke_County_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Parkway"},{"link_name":"trucks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truck"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce"},{"link_name":"traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic"}],"text":"U.S. Route 441 (US 441) is a 939-mile-long (1,511 km) auxiliary route of U.S. Route 41. It extends from US 41 in Miami, Florida to US 25W in Rocky Top, Tennessee. Between its termini, US 441 travels through the states of Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee. The highway acts as a connector between several major urban areas, including Miami, Orlando, Ocala, Gainesville, Athens, and Knoxville. It also crosses the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, where it meets the southwestern end of the Blue Ridge Parkway, and where no trucks or other commercial traffic are allowed.","title":"U.S. Route 441"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_441_southern_terminus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"}],"text":"The southern terminus of US 441 in Miami","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Route 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Interstate 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Aventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventura,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Fort Lauderdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida's Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%27s_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"West Palm Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Palm_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"State Road 870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_870"},{"link_name":"Tamarac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarac,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Interstate 595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_595_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"State Road 869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_869"},{"link_name":"Coconut Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_Creek,_Florida"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_98_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Palm Beach County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Lake Okeechobee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Okeechobee"},{"link_name":"Pahokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahokee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Okeechobee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeechobee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Yeehaw Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeehaw_Junction,_Florida"},{"link_name":"State Road 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_60"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_192_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Holopaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holopaw,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Kissimmee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 17/92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17/92"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"State Road 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_50"},{"link_name":"State Road 429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_429"},{"link_name":"State Road 414","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_414"},{"link_name":"Apopka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apopka"},{"link_name":"Leesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Ocala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala,_Florida"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Belleview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleview,_Florida"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paynes_Prairie_Preserve_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Interstate 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"High Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Springs,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_City,_Florida"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Interstate 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Okefenokee Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okefenokee_Swamp"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"State Road 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_7"},{"link_name":"State Road 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_500"},{"link_name":"SR 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_State_Road_121"}],"sub_title":"Florida","text":"US 441 begins northbound at Southwest 7th Street, which is westbound U.S. Route 41, and ends southbound on Southwest 8th Street, which is eastbound U.S. Route 41 in the eastern \"Little Havana\" neighborhood of downtown Miami (both are one-way streets). 441 runs along SW/NW 8th Ave until it crosses the Miami River; then it runs along NW 7th Ave. till the Golden Glades interchange; then it runs along NW 2nd Ave. till the Miami-Dade/Broward county line. The route parallels Interstate 95 north out of Miami to western Aventura, where I-95 heads northeast to access Fort Lauderdale and the remainder of the eastern Florida coast. However, the route soon approaches the tolled Florida's Turnpike, which parallels US 441 north to West Palm Beach. In between, the route interchanges with the Turnpike at exit 62 via State Road 870 (Commercial Boulevard) in Tamarac. Additionally, US 441 meets Interstate 595 (Exits 8 and 8B) west of Fort Lauderdale and the tolled State Road 869 (the Sawgrass Expressway) in Coconut Creek.At West Palm Beach, US 441 intersects U.S. Route 98 and overlaps the highway to central Palm Beach County, where the two routes split. US 441 continues west to the eastern shore of Lake Okeechobee, where it turns north to follow the shoreline to Pahokee. Just north of Pahokee, US 98 rejoins US 441 and remains concurrent with US 441 along the eastern edge of the lake. North of Lake Okeechobee in Okeechobee, US 98 and US 441 split for the final time. US 441 continues north, meeting the Turnpike at Yeehaw Junction (via State Road 60) prior to intersecting U.S. Route 192 at Holopaw. US 441 turns west onto US 192, forming an overlap into Kissimmee. At the concurrent routes of U.S. Route 17/92, US 441 separates from US 192 and follows US 17 / US 92 north into downtown Orlando. In downtown, US 17 / US 92 turns east onto State Road 50 while US 441 continues north on the Orange Blossom Trail. North of downtown, US 441 crosses the tolled State Road 429 and western terminus of State Road 414 in Apopka before leaving the Orlando area.In Leesburg, midway between Orlando and Ocala, US 441 intersects U.S. Route 27. Here, the routes come together, creating a concurrency north to the Ocala suburb of Belleview, where US 27 and US 441 intersect U.S. Route 301. US 301 turns north onto US 27 / US 441, overlapping the routes into Ocala. Immediately north of downtown, US 27 separates from US 441; US 301 then departs the route north of the city. US 441 continues to the northwest, passing across Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park, through Gainesville and interchanging with Interstate 75 (Exit 399) ahead of an intersection with US 41 in High Springs. US 441 joins US 41 north to Lake City, where the routes split south of the city. The routes remain parallel, however, past U.S. Route 90 to the northern extents of Lake City.Past Lake City, US 441 interchanges with Interstate 10 (Exit 303), then skirts the western edge of the Okefenokee Swamp as it enters Georgia.The section from Miami to West Palm Beach is paired with mostly-unsigned State Road 7; many locals in this area generally call US 441 as \"State Road 7\" instead of US 441. The section from Holopaw to Ocala is paired with unsigned State Road 500. From SR 121 in Gainesville to US 90 in Lake City, it is part of the DeSoto Trail.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._Route_441_north_of_Commerce.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Homerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_221"},{"link_name":"Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_319"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McRae,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_280"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_341"},{"link_name":"Little Ocmulgee State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Ocmulgee_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Interstate 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_16"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80"},{"link_name":"Milledgeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milledgeville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129"},{"link_name":"Eatonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eatonton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Interstate 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_278"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78"},{"link_name":"Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Interstate 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85"},{"link_name":"Cornelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_76"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_123"},{"link_name":"Toccoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toccoa,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Chattahoochee National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattahoochee_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Echols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echols_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Clinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinch_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkinson_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Georgia State Route 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Route_89"}],"sub_title":"Georgia","text":"U.S. Route 441 north of Commerce, Georgia, near the interchange with Interstate 85In Georgia, US 441 continues to bypass the Okefenokee Swamp to Edith, where it turns to the northwest toward the interior of the state. In Homerville, US 441 intersects U.S. Route 84, then meets and merges with U.S. Route 221 south of Pearson. The routes remain concurrent to Douglas, where US 221 and US 441 split. Farther north, US 441 intersects U.S. Route 319 south of Jacksonville. US 319 turns north onto US 441, creating an overlap north to McRae. US 319 and US 441 intersect U.S. Route 280, which joins the routes for a concurrent run through McRae. In the center of McRae, US 280, US 319 and US 441 meet the concurrent routes of U.S. Route 23 and U.S. Route 341. North of the city, US 280 splits off while US 319 and US 441 then pass Little Ocmulgee State Park before continuing concurrently to Dublin. Just south of Dublin, US 319 and US 441 interchange with Interstate 16. In Dublin, US 441 splits from US 319 onto a new bypass. On the bypass, US 441 intersects with U.S. Route 80.North of Dublin, US 441 passes through Milledgeville prior to meeting U.S. Route 129 near Eatonton. US 129 and US 441 continue concurrently through Madison (where US 129 and US 441 interchange with Interstate 20) and U.S. Route 278 to Athens, where US 129 and US 441 turn eastward onto a limited-access beltway encircling the city. On the beltway, US 129 and US 441 run concurrent with U.S. Route 29 and, for a stretch, U.S. Route 78 to an interchange northeast of the city. Here, US 29 exits the highway while US 441 remains on the beltway for two more exits before departing.The route proceeds north to Commerce, where it interchanges with Interstate 85 north of the city. Past Commerce, US 441 continues to Cornelia, where it intersects U.S. Route 23. US 441 merges with US 23, remaining concurrent with the route through Clayton (where US 23 and US 441 are concurrent with U.S. Route 76 for a short distance) into North Carolina. The portion of US 23 / US 441 from U.S. Route 123 west of Toccoa to the North Carolina state line is located within the Chattahoochee National Forest.From the Florida state line to Pearson (in Echols, Clinch and Atkinson counties), Georgia State Route 89 is concurrent with US 441.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nantahala National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantahala_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"Dillsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillsboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_74"},{"link_name":"limited-access highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited-access_highway"},{"link_name":"Asheville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Qualla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qualla,_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Cherokee_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19"},{"link_name":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Great Smoky Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains"}],"sub_title":"North Carolina","text":"Upon crossing the state line, US 23 and US 441 enter the Nantahala National Forest. The concurrent routes head north through a pair of small communities before intersecting U.S. Route 64 in Franklin. US 23 and US 441 turn east, briefly overlapping US 64 around Franklin before separating from the route and continuing to the northeast through the forest. At Dillsboro, US 23 and US 441 intersect U.S. Route 74, here a limited-access highway. US 23 and US 441 both merge onto the freeway, becoming concurrent with US 74; however, US 23 follows US 74 east toward Asheville while US 441 utilizes US 74 west. Near Qualla, the overlap with US 74 comes to an end as US 441 departs the freeway as well as the forest.US 441 heads north to Cherokee, a town located within the Eastern Cherokee Indian Reservation, where it briefly overlaps U.S. Route 19 through the town center. Past Cherokee, US 441 progresses north through the reservation to the southern extent of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, a dual-state park situated on the North Carolina-Tennessee border. From the park entrance to the Tennessee state line, the route follows a northwesterly alignment as it traverses the Great Smoky Mountains.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pigeonforgeparkway2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Newfound Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfound_Gap"},{"link_name":"Gatlinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatlinburg,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Great Smoky Mountains Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_Parkway"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_321"},{"link_name":"Pigeon Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_Forge,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Sevierville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevierville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_411"},{"link_name":"Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"State Route 33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_33"},{"link_name":"Interstate 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"Interstate 640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_640_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"Halls Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halls_Crossroads,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"New Tazewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Tazewell,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Interstate 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75"},{"link_name":"Norris Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris_Dam"},{"link_name":"Rocky Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Top,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 25W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25W"},{"link_name":"State Route 71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_71"}],"sub_title":"Tennessee","text":"US 441 in Pigeon Forge, TennesseeUS 441 enters Tennessee at Newfound Gap. The route heads north through the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to Gatlinburg, along the Great Smoky Mountains Parkway, where the route meets U.S. Route 321. US 321 joins US 441 northward through Pigeon Forge before separating north of the city. US 441 continues north to Sevierville, where it intersects with U.S. Route 411. US 441 turns west onto US 411, following the route west to Seymour. Here, US 411 heads to the southwest towards Georgia while US 441 continues northwest to Knoxville.Immediately south of the city, US 441 junctions with State Route 33. SR 33 merges with US 441, following the U.S. route as it enters downtown Knoxville. Within downtown, US 441 interchanges with Interstate 40 and Interstate 640 before exiting the city limits. North of the city at Halls Crossroads, SR 33 breaks from US 441 and heads northeast toward New Tazewell. US 441, meanwhile, turns northwest, paralleling Interstate 75 for a distance before crossing the top of Norris Dam and finally interchanging with the freeway at exit 128 near Rocky Top. The route then terminates at an intersection with U.S. Route 25W just west of I-75 in Rocky Top.The route is paired with unsigned State Route 71 for most of its length in Tennessee.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_441_(FL).svg"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Ocala, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala,_Florida"},{"link_name":"High Springs, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Springs,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Baldwin, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Rocky Top, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Top,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Great Smoky Mountains National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park"}],"text":"A US 441 shield used in Florida prior to 1993US 441 was one of the original 1926 US routes. Initially it ran between Orlando and Ocala, Florida. In 1935 it was extended north to High Springs, Florida, and in 1948 to Baldwin, Georgia. The following year the southern end was moved to downtown Miami. In 1952 US 441 reached its final configuration when it was extended north from Baldwin to Rocky Top, Tennessee (then known as Lake City).[1]In Florida, where signs for U.S. Highways formerly had different colors for each highway (until the state was forced by the federal government to conform to standards that required consistent black-and-white signs), the shield for US 441 was brown.[citation needed]In 1970 signs denoting US 441 were removed from that portion of the route which runs through the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, to discourage commercial vehicles (which are not allowed in the park).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"US 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27"},{"link_name":"I-95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95"},{"link_name":"North Miami Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Miami_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"I-595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_595_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"Davie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davie,_Florida"},{"link_name":"US 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_98"},{"link_name":"Royal Palm Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palm_Beach,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Okeechobee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeechobee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"US 192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_192"},{"link_name":"Holopaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holopaw,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Kissimmee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida"},{"link_name":"US 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17"},{"link_name":"US 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_92"},{"link_name":"US 192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_192"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida's Turnpike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida%27s_Turnpike"},{"link_name":"I-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_4"},{"link_name":"US 27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_27"},{"link_name":"Leesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesburg,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Ocala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala,_Florida"},{"link_name":"US 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_301"},{"link_name":"Belleview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belleview,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell,_Florida"},{"link_name":"I-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75"},{"link_name":"Alachua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alachua,_Florida"},{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41"},{"link_name":"High Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Springs,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_City,_Florida"},{"link_name":"I-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75"},{"link_name":"Ellisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellisville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"Homerville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homerville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 221","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_221"},{"link_name":"Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82"},{"link_name":"US 319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_319"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_280"},{"link_name":"McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McRae,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23"},{"link_name":"US 341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_341"},{"link_name":"I-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_16"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_319"},{"link_name":"US 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_80"},{"link_name":"US 129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_129"},{"link_name":"Eatonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eatonton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_278"},{"link_name":"US 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29"},{"link_name":"US 78","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_78"},{"link_name":"I-85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_85"},{"link_name":"Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23"},{"link_name":"Cornelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Dillsboro, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dillsboro,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_123"},{"link_name":"Clarkesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkesville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_76"},{"link_name":"Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_23"},{"link_name":"US 74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_74"},{"link_name":"Whittier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_19"},{"link_name":"Cherokee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"US 321","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_321"},{"link_name":"Gatlinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatlinburg,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Pigeon Forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_Forge,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"US 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_411"},{"link_name":"Sevierville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevierville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"I-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75"},{"link_name":"I-275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_275_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"I-640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_640"},{"link_name":"US 25W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25W"},{"link_name":"I-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75"},{"link_name":"Rocky Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Top,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"US 25W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25W"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randmcnally-2"}],"text":"Florida\n US 41 in Miami\n US 27 in Miami\n I-95 in North Miami Beach\n I-595 in Davie\n US 98 in Royal Palm Beach. The highways travel concurrently to Okeechobee.\n US 192 in Holopaw. The highways travel concurrently to Kissimmee.\n US 17 / US 92 / US 192 in Kissimmee. US 17/US 92/US 441 travels concurrently to Orlando.\n Florida's Turnpike in Kissimmee\n I-4 in Orlando\n US 27 in Leesburg. The highways travel concurrently to Ocala.\n US 301 in Belleview. The highways travel concurrently to east-northeast of Lowell.\n I-75 in Alachua\n US 41 in High Springs. The highways travel concurrently to south of Lake City.\n I-75 in Ellisville\n US 90 in Lake City\n I-10 in Lake City\nGeorgia\n US 84 in Homerville\n US 221 south-southwest of Pearson. The highways travel concurrently to Douglas.\n US 82 in Pearson\n US 319 south-southeast of Jacksonville. The highways travel concurrently to .\n US 280 in McRae. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of McRae.\n US 23 / US 341 in McRae\n I-16 in Dublin\n US 319 in Dublin\n US 80 in Dublin\n US 129 in Eatonton. The highways travel concurrently to Athens.\n I-20 in Madison\n US 278 in Madison. The highways travel concurrently to northeast of Madison.\n US 29 / US 78 in Athens. The highways travel concurrently through Athens.\n I-85 north of Commerce\n US 23 northwest of Cornelia. The highways travel concurrently to north-northwest of Dillsboro, North Carolina.\n US 123 east-southeast of Clarkesville\n US 76 in Clayton. The highways travel concurrently through Clayton.\nNorth Carolina\n US 64 in Franklin. The highways travel concurrently around the southeastern edge of Franklin.\n US 23 / US 74 north-northwest of Dillsboro. US 74/US 441 travels concurrently to southeast of Whittier.\n US 19 west-southwest of Cherokee. The highways travel concurrently to Cherokee.\nTennessee\n US 321 in Gatlinburg. The highways travel concurrently to Pigeon Forge.\n US 411 in Sevierville. The highways travel concurrently to Seymour.\n I-40 / I-75 / I-275 in Knoxville\n I-640 / US 25W in Knoxville\n I-75 in Rocky Top\n US 25W in Rocky Top[2]","title":"Major intersections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Girl_(Tom_Petty_song)"},{"link_name":"Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Petty_and_the_Heartbreakers"},{"link_name":"Gainesville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"University of Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Florida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brantley Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brantley_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Corey Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corey_Smith_(musician)"}],"text":"US 441 is mentioned in the song \"American Girl\", by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. (\"She could hear the cars roll by/Out on 441/Like waves crashin' on the beach\") Petty is from Gainesville, Florida and US 441 travels through Gainesville and is the eastern bound of the University of Florida campus. This prompted an urban legend that stated that song was based on a suicide committed on the university campus.[3]US 441 is also mentioned in the song \"Best of Me\" by country singer Brantley Gilbert. He sings, \"I remember it all too well/ Riding 441 down to Milledgeville\".US 441 is mentioned in the song titled \"It's Over\" by the country artist Corey Smith. He sings, \"Its time to show myself the door/ There's no pretending anymore/ No, it's over/ Where I'm going I don't know/ Somewhere down this dusty road/ North on 441/ Pass the rolling cattle fields, the trailer parks, and rusted cotton mills/ Lord get me out of here.\" He also released a song in 2020 called \"Old 441\" about the highway.","title":"Popular culture references"}]
[{"image_text":"The southern terminus of US 441 in Miami","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/US_441_southern_terminus.jpg/220px-US_441_southern_terminus.jpg"},{"image_text":"U.S. Route 441 north of Commerce, Georgia, near the interchange with Interstate 85","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/U.S._Route_441_north_of_Commerce.jpg/220px-U.S._Route_441_north_of_Commerce.jpg"},{"image_text":"US 441 in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pigeonforgeparkway2.jpg/200px-Pigeonforgeparkway2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A US 441 shield used in Florida prior to 1993","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/US_441_%28FL%29.svg/70px-US_441_%28FL%29.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"},{"title":"Special routes of U.S. Route 441","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_routes_of_U.S._Route_441"}]
[{"reference":"Rand McNally (2014). The Road Atlas (Walmart ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 26–29, 74, 95. ISBN 978-0-528-00771-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-528-00771-2","url_text":"978-0-528-00771-2"}]},{"reference":"\"'American Girl' Suicide\". Snopes.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.snopes.com/music/songs/americangirl.asp","url_text":"\"'American Girl' Suicide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes.com","url_text":"Snopes.com"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.usends.com/441.html","external_links_name":"\"End of US Highway 441\""},{"Link":"http://www.snopes.com/music/songs/americangirl.asp","external_links_name":"\"'American Girl' Suicide\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_441&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_441&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://usends.com/441.html","external_links_name":"Endpoints of U.S. 441"},{"Link":"http://www.milebymile.com/main/United_States/Tennessee/United_States_441_1/United_States_Tennessee_road_map_travel_guides.html","external_links_name":"I-40 (exit 407) to the Great Smoky Mountains"},{"Link":"http://www.milebymile.com/main/United_States/North_Carolina/United_States_441_1/United_States_North_Carolina_road_map_travel_guides.html","external_links_name":"Newfound Gap (Tennessee and North Carolina State line) to Cherokee"},{"Link":"http://www.milebymile.com/main/United_States/Georgia/United_States_441_1/United_States_Georgia_road_map_travel_guides.html","external_links_name":"North Carolina/Georgia State Line to Florida/Georgia State Line"},{"Link":"http://www.milebymile.com/main/United_States/Florida/United_States_441_1/United_States_florida_road_map_travel_guides.html","external_links_name":"Florida/Georgia State Line to Miami"},{"Link":"http://www.athens441.com/","external_links_name":"Athens 441"},{"Link":"http://www.sed.uga.edu/pso/programs/441.html","external_links_name":"441 Heritage Program"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_hemorrhagic_edema_of_infancy
Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy
["1 Signs and symptoms","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Medical conditionAcute hemorrhagic edema of infancyOther namesAcute hemorrhagic oedema of infancy, acute hemorrhagic edema of childhood, Finkelstein's disease, infantile postinfectious iris-like purpura and edema, medallion-like purpura, purpura en cocarde avec œdème and Seidlmayer syndrome.Purpura is one of the main characteristics of Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy.SpecialtyDermatologySymptomsPurpura, edema, and feverUsual onset4 months and 2 years of age.Duration1–3 weeks.Differential diagnosisHenoch-Schönlein purpura Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI) is a type of leukocytoclastic vasculitis that is not fatal. Although it causes fever, large palpable purpuric skin lesions, and edema, it is a harmless condition. AHEI's appearance is frequently similar to that of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Because AHEI is a self-limiting disease, conservative treatment is common. Snow described acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy in the United States in 1913. Finkelstein described it in Europe in 1938, and it has been recognized in European literature since then under various names. Synonyms include Finkelstein disease, Seidlmayer syndrome, Infantile postinfectious iris-like purpura and oedema, and Purpura en cocarde avec oedema. AHEI is associated with a variety of organisms, including adenovirus, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, tuberculosis, streptococci, and staphylococci. Signs and symptoms The typical clinical picture is edema on the cheeks, auricles, and extremities along with purpuric skin lesions. It has a violent onset, a brief and benign course, and recovers spontaneously after 1 to 3 weeks. Mild fever has been reported in the majority of patients. AHEI typically begins with palpable hemorrhagic skin lesions and petechiae, which can progress to medallion-like lesions 1 to 6 cm in diameter. The rashes are usually sharply edged, and the centers of the iris-like lesions are rarely normal skin color. The extremities, including the ears, chin, eyelids, malar region, and scrotal area, are particularly affected. The trunk is usually unaffected. It has been described as a bullous variation with tense hemorrhagic blisters. Lesions, particularly those on the ears, can become necrotic and leave a scar. Edema primarily affects the extremities, especially the backs of the hands and feet. It is frequently asymmetric and begins distally. It can spread to the forearms and legs, but it can also appear on the face, eyelids, earlobes, and even the scrotum. Edema can be painful. AHEI can sometimes appear without fever or edema but without purpura. See also Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis Henoch–Schönlein purpura References ^ a b c d e "Acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy (Finkelstein disease)". DermNet. Retrieved November 17, 2023. ^ Alhammadi, Ahmed; Adel, Ashraf; Hendaus, Mohamed A. (2013). "Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy: a worrisome presentation, but benign course". Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. Informa UK Limited: 197. doi:10.2147/ccid.s51525. ISSN 1178-7015. PMC 3772870. ^ Fotis, Lampros; Nikorelou, Spyridoula; Lariou, Maria-Stella; Delis, Dimitrios; Stamoyannou, Lela (February 27, 2011). "Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Infancy". Clinical Pediatrics. 51 (4). SAGE Publications: 391–393. doi:10.1177/0009922810396549. ISSN 0009-9228. ^ a b Karremann, Michael; Jordan, Alexander J.; Bell, Nellie; Witsch, Michael; Dürken, Matthias (September 3, 2008). "Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Infancy: Report of 4 Cases and Review of the Current Literature". Clinical Pediatrics. 48 (3). SAGE Publications: 323–326. doi:10.1177/0009922808323113. ISSN 0009-9228. ^ a b c d SARACLAR, Y; TINAZTEPE, K; ADALIOLU, G; TUNCER, A (1990). "Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI)—A variant of Henoch-Schönlein purpura or a distinct clinical entity?". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 86 (4). Elsevier BV: 473–483. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(05)80202-7. ISSN 0091-6749. ^ a b c Smitt, J.Henk Sillevis; Vermeer, Maarten H; Faber, William R (2002). "Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI)". Clinics in Dermatology. 20 (1). Elsevier BV: 2–3. doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00232-2. ISSN 0738-081X. ^ Da Silva Manzoni, Ana Paula Dornelles; Viecili, Josiane Burmann; De Andrade, Cristiane Benvenuto; Kruse, Ricardo Lapa; Bakos, Lucio; Cestari, Tania Ferreira (December 24, 2003). "Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy: a case report". International Journal of Dermatology. 43 (1). Wiley: 48–51. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01820.x. ISSN 0011-9059. ^ Lai-Cheong, J. E.; Banerjee, P.; Hill, V.; Kenny, P.; Ross, J. (2007). "Bullous acute haemorrhagic oedema of skin in infancy". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 32 (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 467–468. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02355.x. ISSN 0307-6938. ^ Legrain, Valérie; Lejean, Sylvie; Taïeb, Alain; Guillard, Jean-Michel; Battin, Jacques; Maleville, Jean (1991). "Infantile acute hemorrhagic edema of the skin: Study of ten cases". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 24 (1). Elsevier BV: 17–22. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(91)70002-j. ISSN 0190-9622. External links ClassificationDICD-11: EH40.3DiseasesDB: 32507SNOMED CT: 238806009External resourceseMedicine: article/1112590Scholia: Q4677931
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leukocytoclastic vasculitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukocytoclastic_vasculitis"},{"link_name":"purpuric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpura"},{"link_name":"edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"Henoch-Schönlein purpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henoch-Sch%C3%B6nlein_purpura"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alhammadi_Adel_Hendaus_2013_p._197-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DermNet_b091-1"},{"link_name":"adenovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenovirus"},{"link_name":"varicella-zoster virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virus"},{"link_name":"cytomegalovirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytomegalovirus"},{"link_name":"herpes simplex virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"streptococci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus"},{"link_name":"staphylococci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fotis_Nikorelou_Lariou_Delis_2011_pp._391%E2%80%93393-3"}],"text":"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI) is a type of leukocytoclastic vasculitis that is not fatal. Although it causes fever, large palpable purpuric skin lesions, and edema, it is a harmless condition. AHEI's appearance is frequently similar to that of Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Because AHEI is a self-limiting disease, conservative treatment is common.[2]Snow described acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy in the United States in 1913. Finkelstein described it in Europe in 1938, and it has been recognized in European literature since then under various names. Synonyms include Finkelstein disease, Seidlmayer syndrome, Infantile postinfectious iris-like purpura and oedema, and Purpura en cocarde avec oedema.[1]AHEI is associated with a variety of organisms, including adenovirus, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, tuberculosis, streptococci, and staphylococci.[3]","title":"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"auricles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"purpuric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpura"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karremann_Jordan_Bell_Witsch_2008_pp._323%E2%80%93326-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SARACLAR_TINAZTEPE_ADALIOLU_TUNCER_1990_pp._473%E2%80%93483-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smitt_Vermeer_Faber_2002_pp._2%E2%80%933-6"},{"link_name":"petechiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petechia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smitt_Vermeer_Faber_2002_pp._2%E2%80%933-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SARACLAR_TINAZTEPE_ADALIOLU_TUNCER_1990_pp._473%E2%80%93483-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Da_Silva_Manzoni_Viecili_De_Andrade_Kruse_2003_pp._48%E2%80%9351-7"},{"link_name":"bullous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullous"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lai-Cheong_Banerjee_Hill_Kenny_2007_pp._467%E2%80%93468-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Legrain_Lejean_Ta%C3%AFeb_Guillard_1991_pp._17%E2%80%9322-9"},{"link_name":"Edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karremann_Jordan_Bell_Witsch_2008_pp._323%E2%80%93326-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SARACLAR_TINAZTEPE_ADALIOLU_TUNCER_1990_pp._473%E2%80%93483-5"},{"link_name":"Edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smitt_Vermeer_Faber_2002_pp._2%E2%80%933-6"},{"link_name":"fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fever"},{"link_name":"edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"purpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purpura"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SARACLAR_TINAZTEPE_ADALIOLU_TUNCER_1990_pp._473%E2%80%93483-5"}],"text":"The typical clinical picture is edema on the cheeks, auricles, and extremities along with purpuric skin lesions.[4] It has a violent onset, a brief and benign course, and recovers spontaneously after 1 to 3 weeks.[5] Mild fever has been reported in the majority of patients.[6]AHEI typically begins with palpable hemorrhagic skin lesions and petechiae, which can progress to medallion-like lesions 1 to 6 cm in diameter.[6] The rashes are usually sharply edged, and the centers of the iris-like lesions are rarely normal skin color.[5] The extremities, including the ears, chin, eyelids, malar region, and scrotal area, are particularly affected. The trunk is usually unaffected.[7] It has been described as a bullous variation with tense hemorrhagic blisters.[8] Lesions, particularly those on the ears, can become necrotic and leave a scar.[9]Edema primarily affects the extremities, especially the backs of the hands and feet. It is frequently asymmetric and begins distally.[4] It can spread to the forearms and legs, but it can also appear on the face, eyelids, earlobes, and even the scrotum.[5] Edema can be painful.[6] AHEI can sometimes appear without fever or edema but without purpura.[5]","title":"Signs and symptoms"}]
[]
[{"title":"Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaneous_small-vessel_vasculitis"},{"title":"Henoch–Schönlein purpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henoch%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B6nlein_purpura"}]
[{"reference":"\"Acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy (Finkelstein disease)\". DermNet. Retrieved November 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acute-haemorrhagic-oedema-of-infancy","url_text":"\"Acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy (Finkelstein disease)\""}]},{"reference":"Alhammadi, Ahmed; Adel, Ashraf; Hendaus, Mohamed A. (2013). \"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy: a worrisome presentation, but benign course\". Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. Informa UK Limited: 197. doi:10.2147/ccid.s51525. ISSN 1178-7015. PMC 3772870.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772870","url_text":"\"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy: a worrisome presentation, but benign course\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2147%2Fccid.s51525","url_text":"10.2147/ccid.s51525"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1178-7015","url_text":"1178-7015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772870","url_text":"3772870"}]},{"reference":"Fotis, Lampros; Nikorelou, Spyridoula; Lariou, Maria-Stella; Delis, Dimitrios; Stamoyannou, Lela (February 27, 2011). \"Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Infancy\". Clinical Pediatrics. 51 (4). SAGE Publications: 391–393. doi:10.1177/0009922810396549. ISSN 0009-9228.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0009922810396549","url_text":"10.1177/0009922810396549"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-9228","url_text":"0009-9228"}]},{"reference":"Karremann, Michael; Jordan, Alexander J.; Bell, Nellie; Witsch, Michael; Dürken, Matthias (September 3, 2008). \"Acute Hemorrhagic Edema of Infancy: Report of 4 Cases and Review of the Current Literature\". Clinical Pediatrics. 48 (3). SAGE Publications: 323–326. doi:10.1177/0009922808323113. ISSN 0009-9228.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0009922808323113","url_text":"10.1177/0009922808323113"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-9228","url_text":"0009-9228"}]},{"reference":"SARACLAR, Y; TINAZTEPE, K; ADALIOLU, G; TUNCER, A (1990). \"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI)—A variant of Henoch-Schönlein purpura or a distinct clinical entity?\". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 86 (4). Elsevier BV: 473–483. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(05)80202-7. ISSN 0091-6749.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0091-6749%2805%2980202-7","url_text":"\"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI)—A variant of Henoch-Schönlein purpura or a distinct clinical entity?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0091-6749%2805%2980202-7","url_text":"10.1016/s0091-6749(05)80202-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6749","url_text":"0091-6749"}]},{"reference":"Smitt, J.Henk Sillevis; Vermeer, Maarten H; Faber, William R (2002). \"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI)\". Clinics in Dermatology. 20 (1). Elsevier BV: 2–3. doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00232-2. ISSN 0738-081X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0738-081x%2801%2900232-2","url_text":"10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00232-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-081X","url_text":"0738-081X"}]},{"reference":"Da Silva Manzoni, Ana Paula Dornelles; Viecili, Josiane Burmann; De Andrade, Cristiane Benvenuto; Kruse, Ricardo Lapa; Bakos, Lucio; Cestari, Tania Ferreira (December 24, 2003). \"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy: a case report\". International Journal of Dermatology. 43 (1). Wiley: 48–51. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01820.x. ISSN 0011-9059.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2004.01820.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01820.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-9059","url_text":"0011-9059"}]},{"reference":"Lai-Cheong, J. E.; Banerjee, P.; Hill, V.; Kenny, P.; Ross, J. (2007). \"Bullous acute haemorrhagic oedema of skin in infancy\". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 32 (4). Oxford University Press (OUP): 467–468. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02355.x. ISSN 0307-6938.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2230.2007.02355.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02355.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-6938","url_text":"0307-6938"}]},{"reference":"Legrain, Valérie; Lejean, Sylvie; Taïeb, Alain; Guillard, Jean-Michel; Battin, Jacques; Maleville, Jean (1991). \"Infantile acute hemorrhagic edema of the skin: Study of ten cases\". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 24 (1). Elsevier BV: 17–22. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(91)70002-j. ISSN 0190-9622.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0190-9622%2891%2970002-j","url_text":"10.1016/0190-9622(91)70002-j"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-9622","url_text":"0190-9622"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://dermnetnz.org/topics/acute-haemorrhagic-oedema-of-infancy","external_links_name":"\"Acute haemorrhagic oedema of infancy (Finkelstein disease)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772870","external_links_name":"\"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy: a worrisome presentation, but benign course\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2147%2Fccid.s51525","external_links_name":"10.2147/ccid.s51525"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1178-7015","external_links_name":"1178-7015"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3772870","external_links_name":"3772870"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0009922810396549","external_links_name":"10.1177/0009922810396549"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-9228","external_links_name":"0009-9228"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0009922808323113","external_links_name":"10.1177/0009922808323113"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-9228","external_links_name":"0009-9228"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0091-6749%2805%2980202-7","external_links_name":"\"Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy (AHEI)—A variant of Henoch-Schönlein purpura or a distinct clinical entity?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0091-6749%2805%2980202-7","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0091-6749(05)80202-7"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6749","external_links_name":"0091-6749"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0738-081x%2801%2900232-2","external_links_name":"10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00232-2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-081X","external_links_name":"0738-081X"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-4632.2004.01820.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.01820.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0011-9059","external_links_name":"0011-9059"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2230.2007.02355.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02355.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-6938","external_links_name":"0307-6938"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0190-9622%2891%2970002-j","external_links_name":"10.1016/0190-9622(91)70002-j"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-9622","external_links_name":"0190-9622"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1373217935","external_links_name":"EH40.3"},{"Link":"http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb32507.htm","external_links_name":"32507"},{"Link":"http://snomed.info/id/238806009","external_links_name":"238806009"},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1112590-overview","external_links_name":"article/1112590"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/scholia/topic/Q4677931","external_links_name":"Q4677931"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Van_Havermaet
Charles Van Havermaet
["1 Life","2 Work","3 References","4 External links"]
Belgian painter Pensive moment Charles Van Havermaet or Karel Van Havermaet (Antwerp, 1870 – after 1911) was a Belgian draughtsman, painter and illustrator.He is mainly known for his genre scenes, portraits, still lifes and allegorical paintings. After training in his native Antwerp he spent the rest of his career in London. Life Van Havermaet was born in Antwerp as the third of four children of the painter and art professor Pieter Van Havermaet and Maria Carolina Joanna Michaelsen. His father, originally from Sint-Niklaas was the younger brother of the sculptor Frans Van Havermaet. He had studied at the Academy of Sint-Niklaas and later at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp. In 1886, his father was appointed a teacher at the Antwerp Royal Academy of Fine Arts where he was one of the teachers with whom Vincent van Gogh later came into conflict. The dream and his brother death Charles studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp. He was a member of the artist group De Scalden founded in 1889 in Antwerp with the medallist Jules Baetes taking on the role of the chairman. The group's two objectives were to organise exhibitions of decorative art and to design public parades. The group existed until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. While in Antwerp Academy British cartoonist, watercolourist, illustrator, and poster designer John Hassall studied with him. He exhibited at the 35th exhibition at the Casino in Ghent in 1892 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Koninklijke Maatschappij ter Aanmoediging van de de Schone Kunsten (Royal Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts) in Ghent, at the Exposition d'Anvers in 1898 and at the Salon Triennal des Beaux-Arts in Brussels in 1903. The artist moved to London around 1900. He was registered in the 1901 London census with the following details: he was single, his occupation was that of painter and he resided as a boarder at Linden Gardens, Kensington, London. Together with his former pupil John Hassall he established some time between 1900 and 1905 the New Art School (later renamed Hassall School of Art) at 3 Stratford Road, Kensington, London. His pupils included the British caricaturist and illustrator Henry Mayo Bateman (1904–1907) and the New Zealand-born British painter Owen Merton (1909–10). Daily News Ada Susan Tatham (Molyneux), the founder of an Art Gallery in Pietermaritzburg, Colony of Natal (now in South Africa) collected in 1904 funds from women and children of Natal to commission a copy of Franz Xaver Winterhalter's state coronation portrait of Queen Victoria in St James's Palace, London. Charles van Havermaet was selected to make the copy. King Edward VII granted approval for him to spend six weeks copying the portrait on site. The painting originally hung in the Pietermaritzburg City Council Chamber. In 1995 the painting was moved to the main stairwell of the Tatham Art Gallery located in the Old Supreme Court Building in Pietermaritzburg. Van Havermaet exhibited paintings at the exhibitions of the Royal Academy of Arts each year from 1901 to 1911 except in 1902. He exhibited in 1901 The children of John Hassall, Esq., in 1903 The restorer, , in 1904 The connoisseur, , in 1905 a St John and The hours of leisure, in 1906 Sleep and his brother death, in 1907 The nest, in 1908 The morning paper, in 1909 The end of the story, in 1910 The empty chair and in 1911 Something interesting. His registered address in 1901 was 42 Linden Gardens, London and from 1904 it was 22 West Kensington Gardens, London, the location of the art school he had co-founded. Drunkenness There are no reports of the activities of the artist after 1911. Work Van Havermaet is mainly known for his genre scenes, portraits, still lifes and allegorical paintings. His genre scenes are typically scenes of persons in a closed environment showing one ore more persons engaged in some everyday activity. Examples are a Gentleman with a cigar, The oyster eater and the Boy reading in an interior. These works are executed in a realist style. This is also the case of his portraits, which are in the style of his father Pieter, a well-known portrait artist. References ^ a b Charles Van Havermaet England and Wales Census, 1901, at www.familysearch.org ^ a b c d Charles Van Havermaet at the Netherlands Institute for Art History ^ a b Jeroen Boel, Pieter Van Havermaet, kunstschilder (Sint-Niklaas 16 januari 1834 – Antwerpen 8 mei 1897), Annalen van de Koninklijke Oudheidkundige Kring van het Land van Waas, deel 120, 2017 ^ Norbert Hostyn, Pieter Van Havermaet, in Dictionnaire des peintres belgesv ^ Art circles in Antwerp, around the end of the 19th century ^ Mark Bryant, Dictionary of Twentieth-Century British Cartoonists and Caricaturists, 2022 ^ Sara Duke , Biographical Sketches of Cartoonists & Illustrators in the Swann Collection of the Library of Congress, 31 January 2014, p. 143 ^ A Century of British Art Volume One 1900–1950, Chris Beetles Gallery, p. 190 ^ William J. Meegan, Remembering the Forgotten Merton, 2023, p. 7 ^ Archive: Issue No. 65, January 2003, at Arthrob ^ a b Royal Academy Summer Exhibition A Chronicle 1769–2018 at Paul Mellon Centre ^ The exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1901 ^ The exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1903 ^ The exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1907 ^ The exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1910 ^ The exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts, Royal Academy of Arts, London, 1911 ^ Charles van Havermaet, Lezende jongen in interieur at Bernaerts auctions External links Media related to Charles Van Havermaet at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF Artists ULAN
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_van_Havermaet_-_Pensive_moment.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fam-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rkd-2"}],"text":"Pensive momentCharles Van Havermaet or Karel Van Havermaet (Antwerp, 1870[1] – after 1911) was a Belgian draughtsman, painter and illustrator.He is mainly known for his genre scenes, portraits, still lifes and allegorical paintings. After training in his native Antwerp he spent the rest of his career in London.[2]","title":"Charles Van Havermaet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pieter Van Havermaet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Van_Havermaet"},{"link_name":"Sint-Niklaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint-Niklaas"},{"link_name":"Frans Van Havermaet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frans_Van_Havermaet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts_(Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pieter-3"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dic-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_van_Havermaet_-_The_dream_and_his_brother_dead.jpg"},{"link_name":"medallist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medallist"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mort-5"},{"link_name":"John Hassall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hassall_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bry-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rkd-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rkd-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fam-1"},{"link_name":"John Hassall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hassall_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bed-7"},{"link_name":"Henry Mayo Bateman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._M._Bateman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Owen Merton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Merton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Van_Havermaet_-_Daily_News.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pietermaritzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietermaritzburg"},{"link_name":"Colony of Natal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Natal"},{"link_name":"Franz Xaver Winterhalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter"},{"link_name":"St James's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace"},{"link_name":"Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cop-10"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roy-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_van_Havermaet_-_Drunkenness.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roy-11"}],"text":"Van Havermaet was born in Antwerp as the third of four children of the painter and art professor Pieter Van Havermaet and Maria Carolina Joanna Michaelsen. His father, originally from Sint-Niklaas was the younger brother of the sculptor Frans Van Havermaet. He had studied at the Academy of Sint-Niklaas and later at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp.[3] In 1886, his father was appointed a teacher at the Antwerp Royal Academy of Fine Arts where he was one of the teachers with whom Vincent van Gogh later came into conflict.[4]The dream and his brother deathCharles studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp. He was a member of the artist group De Scalden founded in 1889 in Antwerp with the medallist Jules Baetes taking on the role of the chairman. The group's two objectives were to organise exhibitions of decorative art and to design public parades. The group existed until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.[5] While in Antwerp Academy British cartoonist, watercolourist, illustrator, and poster designer John Hassall studied with him.[6] He exhibited at the 35th exhibition at the Casino in Ghent in 1892 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Koninklijke Maatschappij ter Aanmoediging van de de Schone Kunsten (Royal Society for the Encouragement of Fine Arts) in Ghent, at the Exposition d'Anvers in 1898 and at the Salon Triennal des Beaux-Arts in Brussels in 1903.[2]The artist moved to London around 1900.[2] He was registered in the 1901 London census with the following details: he was single, his occupation was that of painter and he resided as a boarder at Linden Gardens, Kensington, London.[1] Together with his former pupil John Hassall he established some time between 1900 and 1905 the New Art School (later renamed Hassall School of Art) at 3 Stratford Road, Kensington, London.[7] His pupils included the British caricaturist and illustrator Henry Mayo Bateman (1904–1907)[8] and the New Zealand-born British painter Owen Merton (1909–10).[9]Daily NewsAda Susan Tatham (Molyneux), the founder of an Art Gallery in Pietermaritzburg, Colony of Natal (now in South Africa) collected in 1904 funds from women and children of Natal to commission a copy of Franz Xaver Winterhalter's state coronation portrait of Queen Victoria in St James's Palace, London. Charles van Havermaet was selected to make the copy. King Edward VII granted approval for him to spend six weeks copying the portrait on site. The painting originally hung in the Pietermaritzburg City Council Chamber. In 1995 the painting was moved to the main stairwell of the Tatham Art Gallery located in the Old Supreme Court Building in Pietermaritzburg.[10]Van Havermaet exhibited paintings at the exhibitions of the Royal Academy of Arts each year from 1901 to 1911 except in 1902.[11] He exhibited in 1901 The children of John Hassall, Esq., in 1903 The restorer, , in 1904 The connoisseur, , in 1905 a St John and The hours of leisure, in 1906 Sleep and his brother death, in 1907 The nest, in 1908 The morning paper, in 1909 The end of the story, in 1910 The empty chair and in 1911 Something interesting. His registered address in 1901 was 42 Linden Gardens, London and from 1904 it was 22 West Kensington Gardens, London, the location of the art school he had co-founded.[12][13][14][15][16]DrunkennessThere are no reports of the activities of the artist after 1911.[11]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rkd-2"},{"link_name":"Gentleman with a cigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_van_Havermaet_-_Gentleman_with_a_cigar.jpg"},{"link_name":"The oyster eater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_van_Havermaet_-_The_oyster_eater.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boy reading in an interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Van_Havermaet_-_Boy_reading_in_an_interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbnl-17"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pieter-3"}],"text":"Van Havermaet is mainly known for his genre scenes, portraits, still lifes and allegorical paintings.[2] His genre scenes are typically scenes of persons in a closed environment showing one ore more persons engaged in some everyday activity. Examples are a Gentleman with a cigar, The oyster eater and the Boy reading in an interior. These works are executed in a realist style.[17] This is also the case of his portraits, which are in the style of his father Pieter, a well-known portrait artist.[3]","title":"Work"}]
[{"image_text":"Pensive moment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Charles_van_Havermaet_-_Pensive_moment.jpg/338px-Charles_van_Havermaet_-_Pensive_moment.jpg"},{"image_text":"The dream and his brother death","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Charles_van_Havermaet_-_The_dream_and_his_brother_dead.jpg/220px-Charles_van_Havermaet_-_The_dream_and_his_brother_dead.jpg"},{"image_text":"Daily News","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Charles_Van_Havermaet_-_Daily_News.jpg/290px-Charles_Van_Havermaet_-_Daily_News.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drunkenness","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Charles_van_Havermaet_-_Drunkenness.jpg/330px-Charles_van_Havermaet_-_Drunkenness.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:X941-TL8","external_links_name":"Charles Van Havermaet England and Wales Census, 1901"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/artists/91903","external_links_name":"Charles Van Havermaet"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/43859132/Jeroen_BOEL_Pieter_Van_Havermaet_painter_Sint_Niklaas_16_januari_1834_Antwerpen_8_mei_1897_Annalen_van_de_Koninklijke_Oudheidkundige_Kring_van_het_Land_van_Waas_deel_120_2017?sm=b","external_links_name":"Jeroen Boel, Pieter Van Havermaet, kunstschilder (Sint-Niklaas 16 januari 1834 – Antwerpen 8 mei 1897)"},{"Link":"https://peintres.kikirpa.be/Detail_notice.php?id=5645","external_links_name":"Norbert Hostyn, Pieter Van Havermaet"},{"Link":"http://www.lodewijkmortelmans.be/kunst060_en.html","external_links_name":"Art circles in Antwerp, around the end of the 19th century"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/DukeBioSketchesOfCartoonistsInSwannCollAtLOC/Duke-Swann2017_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Sara Duke , Biographical Sketches of Cartoonists & Illustrators in the Swann Collection of the Library of Congress"},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/chrisbeetles/docs/20th_century_volume_one_issuu","external_links_name":"A Century of British Art Volume One 1900–1950"},{"Link":"https://artthrob.co.za/03jan/exchange.html","external_links_name":"Archive: Issue No. 65, January 2003"},{"Link":"https://chronicle250.com/index/exhibitors/v","external_links_name":"Royal Academy Summer Exhibition A Chronicle 1769–2018"},{"Link":"https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/art-artists/exhibition-catalogue/ra-sec-vol133-1901","external_links_name":"The exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/exhibitionofroy00exhi/page/12/mode/2up?q=havermaetc","external_links_name":"The exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/exhibitionofroya00roya/page/10/mode/1up?q=havermaet","external_links_name":"The exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/exhibitionofroy142londuoft/page/38/mode/2up?q=Havermaet","external_links_name":"The exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/exhibitionofroy143londuoft/page/48/mode/2up?q=havermaet","external_links_name":"The exhibition of the Royal Academy of Arts"},{"Link":"https://www.bernaerts.eu/veilingen/veilingresultaten-detail/?veil=c1036&item=872","external_links_name":"Charles van Havermaet, Lezende jongen in interieur"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/96450715","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500103516","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_and_Proper_Function
Warrant and Proper Function
["1 Overview","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
1993 book by Alvin Plantinga Warrant and Proper Function (1993) is the second book in a trilogy written by philosopher Alvin Plantinga on epistemology. Overview In this book, Plantinga introduces the notion of warrant as an alternative to justification and discusses topics like self-knowledge, memories, perception, and probability. Plantinga's "proper function" account argues that as a necessary condition of having warrant, one's "belief-forming and belief-maintaining apparatus of powers" are functioning properly—"working the way it ought to work". Plantinga explains his argument for proper function with reference to a "design plan", as well as an environment in which one's cognitive equipment is optimal for use. Plantinga asserts that the design plan does not require a designer: "it is perhaps possible that evolution (undirected by God or anyone else) has somehow furnished us with our design plans", but the paradigm case of a design plan is like a technological product designed by a human being (like a radio or a wheel). Ultimately, Plantinga argues that epistemological naturalism- i.e. epistemology that holds that warrant is dependent on natural faculties – is best supported by supernaturalist metaphysics – in this case the belief in a creator God or designer who has laid out a design plan that includes cognitive faculties conducive to attaining knowledge. According to Plantinga, a belief, B, is warranted if: (1) the cognitive faculties involved in the production of B are functioning properly…; (2) your cognitive environment is sufficiently similar to the one for which your cognitive faculties are designed; (3) … the design plan governing the production of the belief in question involves, as purpose or function, the production of true beliefs…; and (4) the design plan is a good one: that is, there is a high statistical or objective probability that a belief produced in accordance with the relevant segment of the design plan in that sort of environment is true. Plantinga seeks to defend this view of proper function against alternative views of proper function proposed by other philosophers which he groups together as "naturalistic", including the "functional generalization" view of John Pollock, the evolutionary/etiological account provided by Ruth Millikan, and a dispositional view held by John Bigelow and Robert Pargetter. Plantinga also discusses his evolutionary argument against naturalism in the later chapters of Warrant and Proper Function. See also Burden of proof (philosophy) References ^ Alvin Plantinga, Warrant and Proper Function, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. ^ WPF, p. 4 ^ WPF, p. 21 ^ WPF, 237. ^ Plantinga, Warrant and Proper Function, 1993. 194. ^ WPF, p. 199-211. ^ Fales, E. (1996). "Plantinga's Case against Naturalistic Epistemology". Philosophy of Science. 63 (3): 432–451. doi:10.1086/289920. External links "Proper Functionalism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilogy"},{"link_name":"Alvin Plantinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga"},{"link_name":"epistemology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology"}],"text":"Warrant and Proper Function (1993) is the second book in a trilogy written by philosopher Alvin Plantinga on epistemology.","title":"Warrant and Proper Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"justification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"naturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"epistemology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology"},{"link_name":"creator God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_God"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Pollock"},{"link_name":"Ruth Millikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Millikan"},{"link_name":"John Bigelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bigelow"},{"link_name":"Robert Pargetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Pargetter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"evolutionary argument against naturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Evolutionary_argument_against_naturalism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In this book, Plantinga introduces the notion of warrant as an alternative to justification and discusses topics like self-knowledge, memories, perception, and probability.[1] Plantinga's \"proper function\" account argues that as a necessary condition of having warrant, one's \"belief-forming and belief-maintaining apparatus of powers\" are functioning properly—\"working the way it ought to work\".[2] Plantinga explains his argument for proper function with reference to a \"design plan\", as well as an environment in which one's cognitive equipment is optimal for use. Plantinga asserts that the design plan does not require a designer: \"it is perhaps possible that evolution (undirected by God or anyone else) has somehow furnished us with our design plans\",[3] but the paradigm case of a design plan is like a technological product designed by a human being (like a radio or a wheel). Ultimately, Plantinga argues that epistemological naturalism- i.e. epistemology that holds that warrant is dependent on natural faculties – is best supported by supernaturalist metaphysics – in this case the belief in a creator God or designer who has laid out a design plan that includes cognitive faculties conducive to attaining knowledge.[4]According to Plantinga, a belief, B, is warranted if:(1) the cognitive faculties involved in the production of B are functioning properly…; (2) your cognitive environment is sufficiently similar to the one for which your cognitive faculties are designed; (3) … the design plan governing the production of the belief in question involves, as purpose or function, the production of true beliefs…; and (4) the design plan is a good one: that is, there is a high statistical or objective probability that a belief produced in accordance with the relevant segment of the design plan in that sort of environment is true.[5]Plantinga seeks to defend this view of proper function against alternative views of proper function proposed by other philosophers which he groups together as \"naturalistic\", including the \"functional generalization\" view of John Pollock, the evolutionary/etiological account provided by Ruth Millikan, and a dispositional view held by John Bigelow and Robert Pargetter.[6] Plantinga also discusses his evolutionary argument against naturalism in the later chapters of Warrant and Proper Function.[7]","title":"Overview"}]
[]
[{"title":"Burden of proof (philosophy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(philosophy)"}]
[{"reference":"Fales, E. (1996). \"Plantinga's Case against Naturalistic Epistemology\". Philosophy of Science. 63 (3): 432–451. doi:10.1086/289920.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F289920","url_text":"10.1086/289920"}]},{"reference":"\"Proper Functionalism\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iep.utm.edu/prop-fun","url_text":"\"Proper Functionalism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy","url_text":"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F289920","external_links_name":"10.1086/289920"},{"Link":"http://www.iep.utm.edu/prop-fun","external_links_name":"\"Proper Functionalism\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Cohen
Pierre Cohen
["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 See also","4 References"]
French politician For the French film director born Pierre Cohen, see Pierre Chenal. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Pierre Cohen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Pierre Cohen}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Pierre CohenPierre Cohen in 2010Mayor of ToulouseIn office21 March 2008 – 4 April 2014Preceded byJean-Luc MoudencSucceeded byJean-Luc MoudencMember of the National Assemblyfor Haute-Garonne's 3rd constituencyIn office12 June 1997 – 19 June 2012Preceded bySerge DidierSucceeded byJean-Luc Moudenc Personal detailsBorn (1950-03-20) 20 March 1950 (age 74)Bizerte, TunisiaPolitical partySocialist PartyGénération.sAlma materPaul Sabatier University Pierre Cohen (born 20 March 1950) is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Haute-Garonne department, and is a member of the Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left group. Early life Cohen was born in Bizerte, a town in North Tunisia to a Tunisian Jewish father and French Catholic mother. Political career In the 2008 French municipal elections, Cohen became mayor of Toulouse when he narrowly defeated UMP incumbent Jean-Luc Moudenc. However, at the next elections in 2014, Moudenc defeated Cohen in a rematch to re-take the job. Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2017 primaries, Cohen endorsed Benoît Hamon as the party's candidate for the presidential election later that year. See also Media related to Pierre Cohen at Wikimedia Commons References ^ "LISTE DÉFINITIVE DES DÉPUTÉS ÉLUS À L'ISSUE DES DEUX TOURS" (in French). National Assembly of France. Retrieved 3 July 2010. ^ Marti, Sebastien (2 January 2008). "Pierre Cohen, le candidat PS côté cœur". ladepeche.fr. La Depeche. Retrieved 29 March 2012. ^ Grégoire Poussielgue and Pierre-Alain Furbury (15 December 2016), Primaire du PS : Valls engrange les soutiens Les Échos. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data People Sycomore Other IdRef This article about a Socialist Party of France politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a mayor in France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Chenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Chenal"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France"},{"link_name":"Haute-Garonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Garonne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anfr-1"},{"link_name":"Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist,_Radical,_Citizen_and_Miscellaneous_Left"}],"text":"For the French film director born Pierre Cohen, see Pierre Chenal.Pierre Cohen (born 20 March 1950) is a member of the National Assembly of France. He represents the Haute-Garonne department,[1] and is a member of the Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left group.","title":"Pierre Cohen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bizerte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerte"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Tunisian Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marti-2"}],"text":"Cohen was born in Bizerte, a town in North Tunisia to a Tunisian Jewish father and French Catholic mother.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 French municipal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_French_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"Toulouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse"},{"link_name":"UMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_for_a_Popular_Movement"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Moudenc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Moudenc"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_French_municipal_elections"},{"link_name":"2017 primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_French_Socialist_Party_presidential_primary"},{"link_name":"Benoît Hamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Hamon"},{"link_name":"presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In the 2008 French municipal elections, Cohen became mayor of Toulouse when he narrowly defeated UMP incumbent Jean-Luc Moudenc. However, at the next elections in 2014, Moudenc defeated Cohen in a rematch to re-take the job.Ahead of the Socialist Party's 2017 primaries, Cohen endorsed Benoît Hamon as the party's candidate for the presidential election later that year.[3]","title":"Political career"}]
[]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"title":"Pierre Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pierre_Cohen"}]
[{"reference":"\"LISTE DÉFINITIVE DES DÉPUTÉS ÉLUS À L'ISSUE DES DEUX TOURS\" (in French). National Assembly of France. Retrieved 3 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/elections/2007/resultats/LDD_DEP.csv.asp","url_text":"\"LISTE DÉFINITIVE DES DÉPUTÉS ÉLUS À L'ISSUE DES DEUX TOURS\""}]},{"reference":"Marti, Sebastien (2 January 2008). \"Pierre Cohen, le candidat PS côté cœur\". ladepeche.fr. La Depeche. Retrieved 29 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2008/01/02/423119-pierre-cohen-le-candidat-ps-cote-c-ur.html","url_text":"\"Pierre Cohen, le candidat PS côté cœur\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pierre+Cohen%22","external_links_name":"\"Pierre Cohen\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pierre+Cohen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pierre+Cohen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pierre+Cohen%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pierre+Cohen%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pierre+Cohen%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPierre_Cohen&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/elections/2007/resultats/LDD_DEP.csv.asp","external_links_name":"\"LISTE DÉFINITIVE DES DÉPUTÉS ÉLUS À L'ISSUE DES DEUX TOURS\""},{"Link":"https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2008/01/02/423119-pierre-cohen-le-candidat-ps-cote-c-ur.html","external_links_name":"\"Pierre Cohen, le candidat PS côté cœur\""},{"Link":"https://www.lesechos.fr/2016/12/primaire-du-ps-valls-engrange-les-soutiens-232673","external_links_name":"Primaire du PS : Valls engrange les soutiens"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000360972031","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/222121995","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb136220026","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb136220026","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/1886","external_links_name":"Sycomore"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/056707177","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Cohen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Cohen&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_territories_by_Human_Development_Index
List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index
["1 HDI (UNDP method)","2 HDI (NSC method)","3 Trends by UNDP reports","4 Trends by Indian National Development Reports","5 Consumption-based HDI","6 Demographics","7 References"]
Indian states by HDI (UNDP method, 2018) Indian states by HDI (NSC method, 2017–18)This article lists the Human Development Index (HDI) rating of the States and union territories of India. HDI is a composite index that takes into consideration health, education and income. The national average HDI for India in 2008 was 0.467. By 2010, its average HDI had risen to 0.519. UNDP, the sponsor of the Human Development Index methodology since 1990, reported India's HDI to be 0.554 for 2012, an 18% increase over its 2008 HDI. The United Nations declared India's HDI to be 0.586 in 2014, a 5.77% increase over 2012. As for the year 2018, HDI for India stood at 0.645. HDI (UNDP method) States and union territories of India ordered by Area Population GDP (per capita) Abbreviations Access to safe drinking water Availability of toilets Capitals Child nutrition Crime rate Ease of doing business Electricity penetration Exports Fertility rate Forest cover Highest point HDI Home ownership Household size Human trafficking Infant mortality rate Institutional delivery Life expectancy at birth Literacy rate Media exposure Number of vehicles Number of voters Open defecation Origin of name Past population Places of worship Poverty rate Power capacity Safety of women School enrollment rate Sex ratio Suicide rate Tax revenues TV ownership Transport network Underweight people Unemployment rate Vaccination coverage Wildlife population vte The following values are estimates from 2021 calculated by Global Data Lab, using the same method of calculation as UNDP. It is important to note that other sources report different HDI rankings (typically higher). Rank State/Union Territory HDI (2021) High Human Development 1 Kerala 0.752 2 Goa 0.751 3 Chandigarh 0.744 4 Delhi 0.730 5 Puducherry 0.726 6 Lakshadweep 0.715 7 Himachal Pradesh 0.703 8 Sikkim 0.702 Medium Human Development 9 Jammu and Kashmir 0.699 10 Punjab 0.694 11 Haryana 0.691 12 Maharashtra 0.688 13 Mizoram 14 Tamil Nadu 0.686 15 Manipur 0.678 16 Uttarakhand 0.672 17 Nagaland 0.670 18 Karnataka 0.667 19 Arunachal Pradesh 0.665 20 Daman and Diu 0.661 21 Telangana 0.647 22 Meghalaya 0.643 23 Rajasthan 0.638 24 Gujarat 0.638 –  India (average) 0.633 25 Andhra Pradesh 0.630 26 Tripura 0.629 27 West Bengal 0.624 28 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 0.620 29 Chhattisgarh 0.605 30 Assam 0.597 31 Odisha 32 Madhya Pradesh 0.596 33 Uttar Pradesh 0.592 34 Jharkhand 0.589 35 Bihar 0.571 HDI (NSC method) The following values are estimates from 2017 to 2018 calculated by the National Statistical Commission (NSC) of India. These values were calculated based on a modified version of the UNDP method of calculation, using per-capita Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in the national currency to measure the "decent standard of living" component of HDI, rather than per-capita Gross National Income (GNI) in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) US dollars. Rank State/Union Territory HDI (2017–2018) Very High Human Development 1 Delhi 0.839 2 Chandigarh 0.827 3 Goa 0.806 High Human Development 4 Kerala 0.775 5 Sikkim 0.764 6 Himachal Pradesh 0.761 7 Uttarakhand 0.758 8 Puducherry 0.752 9 Maharashtra 0.750 10 Mizoram 0.747 11 Tamil Nadu 0.738 12 Punjab 0.738 13 Haryana 0.724 14 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 0.707 15 Karnataka 0.706 16 Telangana 0.705 17 Meghalaya 0.704 Medium Human Development 18 Gujarat 0.698 19 Daman and Diu 0.695 20 Lakshadweep 0.687 21 Manipur 0.686 22 Arunachal Pradesh 0.684 23 Nagaland 0.678 24 West Bengal 0.674 –  India (average) 0.672 25 Tripura 0.667 26 Jammu and Kashmir 0.663 27 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 0.662 28 Assam 0.651 29 Odisha 0.649 30 Andhra Pradesh 0.648 31 Rajasthan 0.638 32 Chhattisgarh 0.629 33 Jharkhand 0.618 34 Madhya Pradesh 0.616 35 Uttar Pradesh 0.592 36 Bihar 0.551 Trends by UNDP reports Human Development Index (by UN Method) of Indian states since 1990 (2019 revision). State HDI 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2019 Northern India Chandigarh 0.635 0.635 0.630 0.658 0.643 0.737 0.759 New Delhi 0.580 0.615 0.657 0.685 0.702 0.734 0.744 Haryana 0.471 0.501 0.543 0.587 0.628 0.689 0.704 Himachal Pradesh 0.484 0.526 0.584 0.641 0.661 0.707 0.717 Jammu and Kashmir 0.498 0.508 0.523 0.583 0.636 0.677 0.712 Madhya Pradesh 0.407 0.427 0.453 0.495 0.531 0.585 0.607 Punjab 0.501 0.533 0.573 0.69 0.651 0.706 0.707 Uttar Pradesh 0.398 0.423 0.456 0.498 0.528 0.577 0.603 Uttarakhand 0.627 0.626 0.621 0.650 0.634 0.666 0.684 Western India Dadra and Nagar Haveli 0.672 0.673 0.673 0.702 0.688 0.665 0.631 Daman and Diu 0.651 0.652 0.655 0.682 0.669 0.693 0.674 Goa 0.557 0.578 0.609 0.668 0.731 0.758 0.765 Gujarat 0.474 0.493 0.521 0.569 0.599 0.654 0.650 Maharashtra 0.498 0.521 0.552 0.598 0.638 0.683 0.701 Rajasthan 0.406 0.431 0.463 0.505 0.542 0.606 0.650 Eastern India Andaman and Nicobar Islands 0.685 0.685 0.686 0.714 0.700 0.726 0.719 West Bengal 0.443 0.468 0.500 0.534 0.567 0.622 0.636 Bihar 0.379 0.402 0.430 0.465 0.508 0.558 0.581 Chhattisgarh 0.562 0.559 0.555 0.581 0.566 0.595 0.617 Jharkhand 0.562 0.560 0.555 0.582 0.567 0.585 0.600 Odisha 0.402 0.424 0.452 0.489 0.529 0.586 0.608 Northeastern India Assam 0.412 0.442 0.482 0.526 0.560 0.599 0.609 Arunachal Pradesh 0.442 0.467 0.497 0.530 0.635 0.664 0.677 Manipur 0.499 0.522 0.553 0.593 0.674 0.698 0.691 Meghalaya 0.461 0.465 0.471 0.528 0.613 0.651 0.654 Mizoram 0.531 0.544 0.564 0.626 0.679 0.700 0.701 Nagaland 0.539 0.531 0.518 0.553 0.654 0.682 0.683 Sikkim 0.546 0.543 0.543 0.587 0.628 0.695 0.715 Tripura 0.449 0.483 0.525 0.557 0.602 0.646 0.640 Southern India Andhra Pradesh 0.427 0.446 0.473 0.526 0.574 0.631 0.642 Karnataka 0.447 0.474 0.512 0.561 0.599 0.662 0.679 Kerala 0.550 0.565 0.593 0.675 0.709 0.763 0.766 Lakshadweep 0.694 0.694 0.695 0.724 0.710 0.735 0.728 Puducherry 0.711 0.720 0.720 0.750 0.736 0.734 0.739 Tamil Nadu 0.475 0.500 0.537 0.596 0.641 0.693 0.699 Telangana 0.624 0.621 0.618 0.646 0.631 0.654 0.658 India 0.434 0.458 0.491 0.534 0.575 0.629 0.645 Trends by Indian National Development Reports Compared with the previous Indian National Human Development Reports and the latest state-level government statistical report, India has significantly improved its HDI in all of its administrative subdivisions: Legend Very High/High Human Development Index   0.850–0.899   0.800–0.849   0.750–0.799   0.700–0.749 Medium human development index   0.650–0.699   0.600–0.649   0.550–0.599   0.500–0.549 Low human development index   0.450–0.499   0.400–0.449   0.350–0.399   0.300–0.349   0.250–0.299   ≤0.250   Lack of information Human Development Index map for Indian states in 2006, as calculated by Government of India and UNDP India. This is a list of Indian states by their respective Human Development Index (HDI), as of 2008. Kerala stands first in Human Development Index among the states in India. 1981 to 2011 Human development index in India National Human Development Report 1981(1981 data) National Human Development Report 1991(1991 data) National Human Development Report 2001(2001 data) National Human Development Report 2011(2007–2008 data) Consumption-based HDI There are many ways to calculate HDI, and its calculation is sensitive to base data and assumptions. Using another approach, UNDP India and Government of India calculated the HDI nationwide average to be 0.605 in 2006. This data was published by the Indian Government. Note that the 2007-2008 HDI values in the table below is not based on income as is the UNDP standard practice for global comparisons, but on estimated consumption expenditure – an assumption which underestimates the HDI compared to the actual value. Further, data was unavailable for the following union territories: Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Daman and Diu, Puducherry, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Consumption-based HDI (2007–08) Indian states only Rank State/Union Territory HDI 1 Kerala 0.810 2 Delhi 0.750 3 Himachal Pradesh 0.652 4 Goa 0.617 5 Punjab 0.605 6 Northeast India 0.573 7 Maharashtra 0.572 8 Tamil Nadu 0.570 9 Haryana 0.552 10 Jammu and Kashmir 0.542 11 Gujarat 0.527 12 Karnataka 0.519 – National average 0.513 13 West Bengal 0.492 14 Uttarakhand 0.490 15 Andhra Pradesh 0.473 17 Rajasthan 0.434 18 Uttar Pradesh 0.380 19 Jharkhand 0.376 20 Madhya Pradesh 0.375 21 Bihar 0.367 22 Odisha 0.362 23 Chhattisgarh 0.358 Demographics Custom set of indicators (2021) Subnational HDI Health index Educational index Income index Life expectancy Life expectancy females Life expectancy males Expected years schooling Expected years schooling girls Expected years schooling boys Mean years schooling Mean years schooling females Mean years schooling males Log Gross National Income per capita Log Gross National Income per capita females Log Gross National Income per capita males Total 0.633 0.727 0.552 0.633 67.24 68.89 65.76 11.88 11.94 11.81 6.655 6.252 7.229 8.793 7.731 9.272 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 0.706 0.820 0.607 0.706 73.31 76.22 71.50 12.38 12.78 11.98 7.900 8.424 7.712 9.278 8.157 9.783 Andhra Pradesh 0.630 0.734 0.517 0.660 67.69 69.44 66.19 11.95 12.04 11.87 5.546 5.135 6.120 8.973 7.888 9.461 Arunachal Pradesh 0.665 0.767 0.575 0.665 69.87 72.08 68.27 13.20 13.32 13.11 6.257 6.118 6.556 9.010 7.921 9.500 Assam 0.597 0.714 0.530 0.564 66.38 67.83 64.92 11.35 11.70 11.04 6.446 6.616 6.499 8.336 7.329 8.790 Bihar 0.571 0.712 0.480 0.544 66.30 67.73 64.84 11.48 11.36 11.73 4.845 3.775 6.026 8.204 7.212 8.650 Chandigarh 0.744 0.780 0.704 0.751 70.71 73.11 69.07 12.95 13.19 12.77 10.32 11.16 9.957 9.575 8.418 10.10 Chhattisgarh 0.605 0.689 0.528 0.609 64.76 65.83 63.33 11.85 12.30 11.42 5.975 5.293 6.727 8.635 7.592 9.105 Dadra and Nagar Haveli 0.620 0.766 0.507 0.613 69.76 71.95 68.17 10.39 10.94 9.974 6.550 5.620 7.229 8.665 7.618 9.137 Daman and Diu 0.661 0.772 0.554 0.675 70.21 72.49 68.59 10.60 11.05 10.21 7.785 7.538 8.100 9.070 7.974 9.564 Goa 0.751 0.809 0.696 0.752 72.59 75.36 70.83 13.48 13.67 13.29 9.648 10.43 9.398 9.585 8.427 10.11 Gujarat 0.638 0.745 0.519 0.669 68.44 70.35 66.91 10.62 10.37 10.78 6.728 6.239 7.324 9.037 7.945 9.529 Haryana 0.691 0.756 0.613 0.713 69.12 71.18 67.57 12.90 13.12 12.65 7.639 7.126 8.261 9.324 8.198 9.832 Himachal Pradesh 0.703 0.757 0.649 0.709 69.19 71.26 67.63 13.28 13.84 12.71 8.403 8.473 8.716 9.299 8.175 9.804 Jammu and Kashmir 0.699 0.762 0.644 0.696 69.56 71.71 67.98 14.24 14.43 14.04 7.450 6.907 8.034 9.214 8.100 9.715 Jharkhand 0.589 0.715 0.512 0.557 66.49 67.97 65.03 11.77 11.91 11.69 5.556 4.613 6.585 8.295 7.293 8.747 Karnataka 0.667 0.777 0.567 0.673 70.50 72.84 68.87 12.16 12.34 11.97 6.896 6.676 7.333 9.057 7.963 9.550 Kerala 0.752 0.834 0.713 0.716 74.23 77.32 72.35 14.20 14.77 13.65 9.543 10.88 8.820 9.344 8.215 9.852 Lakshadweep 0.715 0.785 0.649 0.718 71.01 73.46 69.35 12.83 13.35 12.39 8.779 9.408 8.726 9.356 8.225 9.865 Madhya Pradesh 0.596 0.693 0.509 0.600 65.05 66.19 63.62 11.31 11.24 11.35 5.839 5.062 6.603 8.577 7.541 9.044 Maharashtra 0.688 0.779 0.620 0.676 70.60 72.97 68.97 12.75 12.71 12.73 7.963 7.793 8.356 9.077 7.980 9.571 Manipur 0.678 0.783 0.656 0.606 70.87 73.29 69.21 13.15 13.19 13.13 8.727 8.898 8.953 8.619 7.578 9.088 Meghalaya 0.643 0.753 0.572 0.616 68.93 70.94 67.38 12.67 13.38 11.98 6.613 7.429 6.196 8.684 7.635 9.157 Mizoram 0.688 0.725 0.636 0.705 67.15 68.77 65.66 12.64 12.71 12.51 8.549 9.347 8.205 9.271 8.150 9.775 Nagaland 0.670 0.767 0.614 0.639 69.84 72.05 68.25 12.70 13.14 12.27 7.838 8.352 7.665 8.835 7.767 9.315 New Delhi 0.730 0.775 0.684 0.733 70.35 72.66 68.73 13.30 13.84 12.80 9.428 9.711 9.436 9.460 8.317 9.975 Orissa 0.597 0.717 0.505 0.587 66.62 68.13 65.16 11.07 11.09 11.09 5.912 5.535 6.461 8.492 7.466 8.954 Puducherry 0.726 0.794 0.664 0.724 71.60 74.17 69.90 12.99 13.69 12.33 9.104 9.420 9.313 9.399 8.263 9.910 Punjab 0.694 0.765 0.598 0.729 69.73 71.92 68.14 12.34 12.94 11.79 7.670 8.157 7.522 9.432 8.292 9.945 Rajasthan 0.638 0.725 0.543 0.660 67.13 68.75 65.65 12.62 12.49 12.78 5.766 4.467 7.011 8.973 7.889 9.461 Sikkim 0.702 0.785 0.644 0.683 71.04 73.50 69.38 13.89 14.37 13.39 7.754 8.352 7.504 9.128 8.025 9.625 Tamil Nadu 0.686 0.791 0.608 0.671 71.40 73.93 69.71 12.68 13.14 12.23 7.691 7.915 7.854 9.047 7.954 9.539 Telangana 0.647 0.748 0.542 0.667 68.59 70.53 67.06 12.47 12.65 12.30 5.870 5.208 6.698 9.022 7.932 9.513 Tripura 0.629 0.773 0.549 0.586 70.25 72.54 68.63 11.84 11.69 12.08 6.603 6.701 6.746 8.486 7.461 8.948 Uttar Pradesh 0.592 0.667 0.524 0.591 63.39 64.12 61.96 11.22 11.11 11.34 6.383 5.535 7.314 8.519 7.490 8.983 Uttarakhand 0.672 0.733 0.609 0.678 67.66 69.40 66.16 12.50 12.85 12.16 7.869 7.478 8.498 9.093 7.994 9.588 West Bengal 0.624 0.761 0.534 0.598 69.48 71.61 67.90 11.77 12.27 11.30 6.226 6.179 6.480 8.567 7.532 9.033 References ^ a b c "India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)" (PDF). IAMR, Planning Commission, Government of India. p. 257. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2014. ^ "Selected Socio-Economic Statistics India, 2011" (PDF). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. October 2011. Table 11.1, page 165. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2015. ^ "India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)" (PDF). IAMR, Planning Commission, Government of India. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2014. ^ Human Development Report 2013 UNDP, page 64, Tabel 3.1 ^ "Human Development Report 2014 – Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience". United Nations Development Programme. January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2016. ^ "India slips in human development index". The Hindu. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 24 October 2018. ^ "| Human Development Reports". hdr.undp.org. January 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ "Human Development". Retrieved 4 February 2023. ^ "Construction of the SHDI and SGDI Indices". Retrieved 27 January 2023. ^ "Gendering Human Development". Retrieved 27 January 2023. ^ "Human development index". Retrieved 27 January 2023. ^ "Gendering Human Development". Retrieved 27 January 2023. ^ "Human Development Indices (5.0)". Retrieved 4 February 2023. ^ "Gendering Human Development Indices" (PDF). Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India with UNDP India. March 2009. ^ Gendering Human Development Indices Archived 1 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Women and Child Development, Govt of India with UNDP India (2009) ^ "India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)" (PDF). IAMR, Planning Commission, Government of India. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2014. ^ "Meghalaya Human Development Report 2008" (PDF). p. 23. ^ "General Reports: Planning Commission, Government of India". planningcommission.nic.in. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016. ^ "India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion) – Summary" (PDF). IAMR, Planning Commission, Government of India. p. 2. Retrieved 27 October 2014. ^ "Custom set of indicators (2021) – Subnational HDI – Table – Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 7 April 2023. vteLists of subnational entities by Human Development Index rankingsAfrica Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo, D.R. Congo, Republic Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia Afghanistan Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Palestine Philippines Saudi Arabia South Korea Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Armenia Austria Baltic States Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Kosovo Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway North Macedonia Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States South America Argentina Brazil Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Vanuatu World Highest and lowest HDI List of countries by Human Development Index
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian_States_and_Union_Territories_by_HDI_(2018)_(6).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HDI_NSC_method_2017_18.png"},{"link_name":"Human Development Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index"},{"link_name":"States and union territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report2011-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"UNDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Indian states by HDI (UNDP method, 2018)Indian states by HDI (NSC method, 2017–18)This article lists the Human Development Index (HDI) rating of the States and union territories of India.HDI is a composite index that takes into consideration health, education and income.The national average HDI for India in 2008 was 0.467.[1] By 2010, its average HDI had risen to 0.519.[2][3] UNDP, the sponsor of the Human Development Index methodology since 1990, reported India's HDI to be 0.554 for 2012,[4] an 18% increase over its 2008 HDI. The United Nations declared India's HDI to be 0.586 in 2014,[5] a 5.77% increase over 2012. As for the year 2018, HDI for India stood at 0.645.[6][7][8]","title":"List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The following values are estimates from 2021 calculated by Global Data Lab,[9] using the same method of calculation as UNDP.[10] It is important to note that other sources report different HDI rankings (typically higher).","title":"HDI (UNDP method)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The following values are estimates from 2017 to 2018 calculated by the National Statistical Commission (NSC) of India.[11] These values were calculated based on a modified version of the UNDP method of calculation, using per-capita Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in the national currency to measure the \"decent standard of living\" component of HDI, rather than per-capita Gross National Income (GNI) in Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) US dollars.[12][13]","title":"HDI (NSC method)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Human Development Index (by UN Method) of Indian states since 1990 (2019 revision).[14]","title":"Trends by UNDP reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states,_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Human Development Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report2011-1"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1981nian_Yindu_Renlei_Fazhan_Zhishu.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1991nian_Yindu_Renlei_Fazhan_Zhishu.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2001nian_Yindu_Renlei_Fazhan_Zhishu.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2011nian_Yindu_Renlei_Fazhan_Zhishu.png"}],"text":"Compared with the previous Indian National Human Development Reports and the latest state-level government statistical report, India has significantly improved its HDI in all of its administrative subdivisions:Human Development Index map for Indian states in 2006, as calculated by Government of India and UNDP India.[15]This is a list of Indian states by their respective Human Development Index (HDI), as of 2008.[1] Kerala stands first in Human Development Index among the states in India.1981 to 2011 Human development index in India\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNational Human Development Report 1981(1981 data)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNational Human Development Report 1991(1991 data)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNational Human Development Report 2001(2001 data)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNational Human Development Report 2011(2007–2008 data)","title":"Trends by Indian National Development Reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-undp2009-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-report2011-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Chandigarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarh"},{"link_name":"Lakshadweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweep"},{"link_name":"Andaman and Nicobar Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands"},{"link_name":"Daman and Diu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diu"},{"link_name":"Puducherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)"},{"link_name":"Dadra and Nagar Haveli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"There are many ways to calculate HDI, and its calculation is sensitive to base data and assumptions. Using another approach, UNDP India and Government of India calculated the HDI nationwide average to be 0.605 in 2006.[16] This data was published by the Indian Government.[1] Note that the 2007-2008 HDI values in the table below is not based on income as is the UNDP standard practice for global comparisons, but on estimated consumption expenditure – an assumption which underestimates the HDI compared to the actual value.[17] Further, data was unavailable for the following union territories: Chandigarh, Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Daman and Diu, Puducherry, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[18][19]","title":"Consumption-based HDI"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"}]
[{"image_text":"Indian states by HDI (UNDP method, 2018)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Indian_States_and_Union_Territories_by_HDI_%282018%29_%286%29.png/330px-Indian_States_and_Union_Territories_by_HDI_%282018%29_%286%29.png"},{"image_text":"Indian states by HDI (NSC method, 2017–18)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/HDI_NSC_method_2017_18.png/330px-HDI_NSC_method_2017_18.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/70px-Flag_of_India.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Human Development Index map for Indian states in 2006, as calculated by Government of India and UNDP India.[15]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg/360px-2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)\" (PDF). IAMR, Planning Commission, Government of India. p. 257. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055724/https://www.iamrindia.gov.in/ihdr_book.pdf","url_text":"\"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India","url_text":"Government of India"},{"url":"http://www.iamrindia.gov.in/ihdr_book.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Selected Socio-Economic Statistics India, 2011\" (PDF). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. October 2011. Table 11.1, page 165. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200644/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/sel_socio_eco_stats_ind_2001_28oct11.pdf","url_text":"\"Selected Socio-Economic Statistics India, 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Statistics_and_Programme_Implementation","url_text":"Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation"},{"url":"http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/sel_socio_eco_stats_ind_2001_28oct11.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)\" (PDF). IAMR, Planning Commission, Government of India. p. 17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055724/https://www.iamrindia.gov.in/ihdr_book.pdf","url_text":"\"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India","url_text":"Government of India"},{"url":"http://www.iamrindia.gov.in/ihdr_book.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Human Development Report 2014 – Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience\". United Nations Development Programme. January 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2014","url_text":"\"Human Development Report 2014 – Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience\""}]},{"reference":"\"India slips in human development index\". The Hindu. 21 March 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-slips-in-human-development-index/article17566555.ece","url_text":"\"India slips in human development index\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 24 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"\"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab\""}]},{"reference":"\"| Human Development Reports\". hdr.undp.org. January 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update","url_text":"\"| Human Development Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Human Development\". Retrieved 4 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0","url_text":"\"Human Development\""}]},{"reference":"\"Construction of the SHDI and SGDI Indices\". Retrieved 27 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/about/","url_text":"\"Construction of the SHDI and SGDI Indices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gendering Human Development\". Retrieved 27 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52","url_text":"\"Gendering Human Development\""}]},{"reference":"\"Human development index\". Retrieved 27 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/data/nutrition/nlis/info/human-development-index","url_text":"\"Human development index\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gendering Human Development\". Retrieved 27 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=14","url_text":"\"Gendering Human Development\""}]},{"reference":"\"Human Development Indices (5.0)\". Retrieved 4 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&years=2019+2015+2010+2005+2000+1995+1990&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0","url_text":"\"Human Development Indices (5.0)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gendering Human Development Indices\" (PDF). Ministry of Women and Child Development, Government of India with UNDP India. March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/gendering_human_development_indices_summary_report.pdf","url_text":"\"Gendering Human Development Indices\""}]},{"reference":"\"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)\" (PDF). IAMR, Planning Commission, Government of India. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 2 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055724/https://www.iamrindia.gov.in/ihdr_book.pdf","url_text":"\"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India","url_text":"Government of India"},{"url":"http://www.iamrindia.gov.in/ihdr_book.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meghalaya Human Development Report 2008\" (PDF). p. 23.","urls":[{"url":"http://megplanning.gov.in/MHDR/Human_De.pdf","url_text":"\"Meghalaya Human Development Report 2008\""}]},{"reference":"\"General Reports: Planning Commission, Government of India\". planningcommission.nic.in. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194621/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/index.php?repts=nhdcont.htm","url_text":"\"General Reports: Planning Commission, Government of India\""},{"url":"http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/index.php?repts=nhdcont.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion) – Summary\" (PDF). IAMR, Planning Commission, Government of India. p. 2. Retrieved 27 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.im4change.org/docs/340IHDR_Summary.pdf","url_text":"\"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion) – Summary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India","url_text":"Government of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Custom set of indicators (2021) – Subnational HDI – Table – Global Data Lab\". globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 7 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/2021/shdi+healthindex+edindex+incindex+lifexp+lifexpf+lifexpm+esch+eschf+eschm+msch+mschf+mschm+lgnic+lgnicf+lgnicm+pop/IND/","url_text":"\"Custom set of indicators (2021) – Subnational HDI – Table – Global Data Lab\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055724/https://www.iamrindia.gov.in/ihdr_book.pdf","external_links_name":"\"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)\""},{"Link":"http://www.iamrindia.gov.in/ihdr_book.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200644/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/sel_socio_eco_stats_ind_2001_28oct11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Selected Socio-Economic Statistics India, 2011\""},{"Link":"http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/sel_socio_eco_stats_ind_2001_28oct11.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055724/https://www.iamrindia.gov.in/ihdr_book.pdf","external_links_name":"\"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)\""},{"Link":"http://www.iamrindia.gov.in/ihdr_book.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/14/hdr2013_en_complete.pdf","external_links_name":"Human Development Report 2013"},{"Link":"http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2014","external_links_name":"\"Human Development Report 2014 – Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-slips-in-human-development-index/article17566555.ece","external_links_name":"\"India slips in human development index\""},{"Link":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","external_links_name":"\"Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab\""},{"Link":"http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update","external_links_name":"\"| Human Development Reports\""},{"Link":"https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0","external_links_name":"\"Human Development\""},{"Link":"https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/about/","external_links_name":"\"Construction of the SHDI and SGDI Indices\""},{"Link":"https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=52","external_links_name":"\"Gendering Human Development\""},{"Link":"https://www.who.int/data/nutrition/nlis/info/human-development-index","external_links_name":"\"Human development index\""},{"Link":"https://mospi.gov.in/documents/213904/301563//Report%20on%20Gendering%20Human%20Development%20(1)1617270984176.pdf/ab88fd0a-d5ee-77f9-a493-4238dfb3838c#page=14","external_links_name":"\"Gendering Human Development\""},{"Link":"https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&years=2019+2015+2010+2005+2000+1995+1990&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0","external_links_name":"\"Human Development Indices (5.0)\""},{"Link":"http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/gendering_human_development_indices_summary_report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Gendering Human Development Indices\""},{"Link":"http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/gendering_human_development_indices_summary_report.pdf","external_links_name":"Gendering Human Development Indices"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141201234632/http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/gendering_human_development_indices_summary_report.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305055724/https://www.iamrindia.gov.in/ihdr_book.pdf","external_links_name":"\"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion)\""},{"Link":"http://www.iamrindia.gov.in/ihdr_book.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://megplanning.gov.in/MHDR/Human_De.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Meghalaya Human Development Report 2008\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194621/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/index.php?repts=nhdcont.htm","external_links_name":"\"General Reports: Planning Commission, Government of India\""},{"Link":"http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/index.php?repts=nhdcont.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.im4change.org/docs/340IHDR_Summary.pdf","external_links_name":"\"India Human Development Report 2011 (Towards Social Inclusion) – Summary\""},{"Link":"https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/2021/shdi+healthindex+edindex+incindex+lifexp+lifexpf+lifexpm+esch+eschf+eschm+msch+mschf+mschm+lgnic+lgnicf+lgnicm+pop/IND/","external_links_name":"\"Custom set of indicators (2021) – Subnational HDI – Table – Global Data Lab\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Thomaschki
Siegfried Thomaschki
[]
German general (1894–1967) Siegfried ThomaschkiBorn20 March 1894 (1894-03-20)Died31 May 1967(1967-05-31) (aged 73)Allegiance German Empire  Weimar Republic Nazi GermanyService/branchArmy (Wehrmacht)RankGeneral of the ArtilleryCommands held11th Infantry DivisionX Army CorpsBattles/warsWorld War I World War IIAwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Siegfried Thomaschki (20 March 1894 – 31 May 1967) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 11th Infantry Division. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany. Thomaschki surrendered to the Soviet forces in the Courland Pocket on 8 May 1945. Convicted in the Soviet Union as a war criminal, he was held until 1955. Awards and decorations Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (31 November 1914) & 1st Class (27 January 1917) Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class & 1st Class (18 December 1939) German Cross in Gold on 19 December 1941 as Oberst and Arko 123 Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Knight's Cross on 1 November 1942 as Generalmajor and commander of 11. Infanterie-Division Oak Leaves on 11 September 1943 as Generalleutnant and commander of 11.Infanterie-Division References Citations ^ a b Thomas 1998, p. 375. ^ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 475. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 342. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 63. Bibliography Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) . Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6. Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8. Military offices Preceded byGeneralleutnant Herbert von Böckmann Commander of 11. Infanterie-Division 26 January 1942 – 7 September 1943 Succeeded byGeneralleutnant Karl Burdach Preceded byGeneralleutnant Dr. Ing. Dr. Johannes Mayer Commander of X. Armeekorps 27 December 1944 – 8 May 1945 Succeeded byNone Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the 11th Infantry Division Herbert von Böckmann Karl Burdach Gerhard Feyerabend Hellmuth Reymann (Oak Leaves) Siegfried Thomaschki (Oak Leaves) Gustav Wagner Portal: Biography
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"11th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Courland Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courland_Pocket"},{"link_name":"war criminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_criminal"}],"text":"Siegfried Thomaschki (20 March 1894 – 31 May 1967) was a German general during World War II who commanded the 11th Infantry Division. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany.Thomaschki surrendered to the Soviet forces in the Courland Pocket on 8 May 1945. Convicted in the Soviet Union as a war criminal, he was held until 1955.","title":"Siegfried Thomaschki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_p375-1"},{"link_name":"Clasp to the Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clasp_to_the_Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_p375-1"},{"link_name":"German Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Cross"},{"link_name":"Oberst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberst"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight%27s_Cross_of_the_Iron_Cross_with_Oak_Leaves"},{"link_name":"Generalmajor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalmajor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Generalleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalleutnant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (31 November 1914) & 1st Class (27 January 1917)[1]\nClasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class & 1st Class (18 December 1939)[1]\nGerman Cross in Gold on 19 December 1941 as Oberst and Arko 123[2]\nKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves\nKnight's Cross on 1 November 1942 as Generalmajor and commander of 11. Infanterie-Division[3]\nOak Leaves on 11 September 1943 as Generalleutnant and commander of 11.Infanterie-Division[4]","title":"Awards and decorations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther-Peer_Fellgiebel&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0284-6","url_text":"978-3-7909-0284-6"}]},{"reference":"Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931533-45-8","url_text":"978-3-931533-45-8"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Veprik
Siege of Veprik
["1 References"]
1709 siege of the Great Northern War This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Siege of Veprik" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish. (June 2022) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Swedish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Swedish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|sv|Stormningen av Veprik}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Siege of VeprikPart of the Swedish invasion of RussiaThe Swedish assault of Veprik 1709Date3–18 January 1709LocationVepryk, Cossack Hetmanate (now Ukraine)50°06′24″N 29°48′21″E / 50.10667°N 29.80583°E / 50.10667; 29.80583Result Swedish victoryBelligerents Swedish Empire Tsardom of RussiaCommanders and leaders Charles XII of SwedenBerndt Otto Stackelberg Colonel FermorStrength 3,000 1,500Casualties and losses 400 killed600 wounded 1,500 killed, wounded or capturedvteGreat Northern War Denmark and Holstein-Gottorp (1700) 1st Tönning Reinbek Humlebæk Swedish Baltic dominions 1st Riga Varja 1st Narva Düna Rauge Erastfer Hummelshof Nöteborg Systerbäck Wesenberg 2nd Narva Neva Koporye Kolkanpää 2nd Riga Courland and Western Lithuania Tryškiai Darsūniškis Vilnius Saločiai Jakobstadt Palanga Gemauerthof 1st Grodno Valkininkai Kletsk 2nd Grodno Poland and Saxony Kliszów Pułtusk Thorn Poznań Lemberg Poniec Warsaw Praga Fraustadt Rosenhain Frauenwald Kalisz Koniecpol Russia and Eastern Lithuania Petschora Holowczyn Malatitze Rajovka Lesnaya Desna Baturyn Veprik Oposhnya Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye Sokolki Poltava Perevolochna Sweden proper (including Finland) Helsingborg (2nd Viborg Helsinki Pälkäne Napue) Gothenburg Göta Älv Strömstad Marstrand Stäket Moldavia Pruth Campaign Bender Swedish German dominions Wismar Usedom Stresow Stralsund Mecklenburg and Holstein-Gottorp Gadebusch 2nd Tönning Norway Høland Dynekilen Fredriksten Carolean Death March Naval battles Køge Bay Fladstrand Hogland Gangut Fehmarn Rügen Ösel Grengam Treaties vteCharles XIIinvasion of Russia Grodno II Holowczyn Neva Malatitze Rajovka Lesnaya Desna Baturyn Koniecpol Veprik Oposhnya Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye Sokolki Poltava Perevolochna The siege of Veprik took place on 3–18 January 1709 during the Swedish invasion of Russia in the Great Northern War. After the unusually cold winter, many troops had died from both armies and Charles XII of Sweden decided to lay siege to the Russian city of Veprik to put pressure on Tsar Peter I of Russia. The town was defended by a garrison of about 1,500 men. After the Russian commander, the Scot Colonel Fermor refused to surrender, Charles XII started a bombardment of the town and later, on 17 January also an assault. After about two hours of intense fighting the Swedes pulled back, unable to capture the town. However, the Russians surrendered on the night of 18 January and the Swedes were allowed to march in. The result was a tactical success for the Swedish forces, but did not greatly alter the strategic situation. About 400 Swedes were killed and another 600 wounded. The whole Russian garrison was either killed, captured or wounded. After several days Charles XII burnt down the town. References ^ a b 3–18 January 1709 according to the Gregorian calendar. Also 23 December 1708 to 7 January 1709 (Julian calendar) and 24 December 1708 to 8 January 1709 (Swedish calendar). Bengt Liljegren (2000). Karl XII: En biografi. Lund: Historiska Media. pp. 167. Peter From (2007). Katastrofen vid Poltava - Karl XII:s ryska fälttåg 1707-1709. Lund: Historiska Media. pp. 251.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish invasion of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assault_of_Veprik.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calendars-1"},{"link_name":"Vepryk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepryk,_Poltava_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Cossack Hetmanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate"},{"link_name":"50°06′24″N 29°48′21″E / 50.10667°N 29.80583°E / 50.10667; 29.80583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Veprik&params=50_06_24_N_29_48_21_E_region:UA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg"},{"link_name":"Swedish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svg"},{"link_name":"Tsardom of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Charles XII of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Berndt Otto Stackelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berndt_Otto_Stackelberg"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"1st Tönning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_T%C3%B6nning"},{"link_name":"Reinbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Reinbek"},{"link_name":"Humlebæk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_at_Humleb%C3%A6k"},{"link_name":"1st Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1700)"},{"link_name":"Varja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Varja"},{"link_name":"1st Narva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)"},{"link_name":"Düna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_of_the_D%C3%BCna"},{"link_name":"Rauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rauge"},{"link_name":"Erastfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Erastfer"},{"link_name":"Hummelshof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hummelshof"},{"link_name":"Nöteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_N%C3%B6teborg_(1702)"},{"link_name":"Systerbäck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Systerb%C3%A4ck"},{"link_name":"Wesenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wesenberg_(1704)"},{"link_name":"2nd Narva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Narva_(1704)"},{"link_name":"Neva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Neva_(1708)"},{"link_name":"Koporye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Koporye"},{"link_name":"Kolkanpää","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_of_Kolkanp%C3%A4%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"2nd Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Riga_(1710)"},{"link_name":"Tryškiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Try%C5%A1kiai"},{"link_name":"Darsūniškis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dars%C5%ABni%C5%A1kis"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vilnius_(1702)"},{"link_name":"Saločiai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Salo%C4%8Diai_(1703)"},{"link_name":"Jakobstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jakobstadt"},{"link_name":"Palanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Palanga"},{"link_name":"Gemauerthof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gemauerthof"},{"link_name":"1st Grodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1706)"},{"link_name":"Valkininkai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valkininkai_(1706)"},{"link_name":"Kletsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kletsk_(1706)"},{"link_name":"2nd Grodno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1708)"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Poland_(1701%E2%80%931706)"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Kliszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Klisz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Pułtusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1703)"},{"link_name":"Thorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Thorn_(1703)"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pozna%C5%84_(1704)"},{"link_name":"Lemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storming_of_Lemberg"},{"link_name":"Poniec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poniec"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1705)"},{"link_name":"Praga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Praga_(1705)"},{"link_name":"Fraustadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fraustadt"},{"link_name":"Rosenhain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Saxony#Combat_of_Rosenhain"},{"link_name":"Frauenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Saxony#Combat_of_Frauenwald"},{"link_name":"Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kalisz"},{"link_name":"Koniecpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Koniecpol"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Petschora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Petschora"},{"link_name":"Holowczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Holowczyn"},{"link_name":"Malatitze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malatitze"},{"link_name":"Rajovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rajovka"},{"link_name":"Lesnaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lesnaya"},{"link_name":"Desna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Desna"},{"link_name":"Baturyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Baturyn"},{"link_name":"Veprik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Oposhnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oposhnya"},{"link_name":"Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnokutsk%E2%80%93Gorodnoye"},{"link_name":"Sokolki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sokolki"},{"link_name":"Poltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava"},{"link_name":"Perevolochna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_at_Perevolochna"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wrath"},{"link_name":"Helsingborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Helsingborg"},{"link_name":"2nd Viborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Viborg_(1710)"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Helsinki_(1713)"},{"link_name":"Pälkäne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_P%C3%A4lk%C3%A4ne"},{"link_name":"Napue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Napue"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"Göta Älv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_at_G%C3%B6ta_%C3%84lv"},{"link_name":"Strömstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Str%C3%B6mstad"},{"link_name":"Marstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Marstrand"},{"link_name":"Stäket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_St%C3%A4ket"},{"link_name":"Pruth Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Bender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirmish_at_Bender"},{"link_name":"Wismar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wismar_(1711)"},{"link_name":"Usedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Usedom"},{"link_name":"Stresow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stresow"},{"link_name":"Stralsund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1711%E2%80%931715)"},{"link_name":"Gadebusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gadebusch"},{"link_name":"2nd Tönning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_T%C3%B6nning"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_during_the_Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"Høland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B8land"},{"link_name":"Dynekilen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dynekilen"},{"link_name":"Fredriksten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fredriksten"},{"link_name":"Carolean Death March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolean_Death_March"},{"link_name":"Køge Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B8ge_Bay_(1710)"},{"link_name":"Fladstrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fladstrand"},{"link_name":"Hogland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hogland_(1713)"},{"link_name":"Gangut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gangut"},{"link_name":"Fehmarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fehmarn_(1715)"},{"link_name":"Rügen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%BCgen_(1715)"},{"link_name":"Ösel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96sel_Island"},{"link_name":"Grengam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grengam"},{"link_name":"Treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Great_Northern_War_treaties"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Charles_XII_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Charles_XII_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Charles_XII_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Charles XIIinvasion of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Grodno II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1708)"},{"link_name":"Holowczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Holowczyn"},{"link_name":"Neva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Neva_(1708)"},{"link_name":"Malatitze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malatitze"},{"link_name":"Rajovka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rajovka"},{"link_name":"Lesnaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lesnaya"},{"link_name":"Desna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Desna"},{"link_name":"Baturyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Baturyn"},{"link_name":"Koniecpol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Koniecpol"},{"link_name":"Veprik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Oposhnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Oposhnya"},{"link_name":"Krasnokutsk–Gorodnoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnokutsk%E2%80%93Gorodnoye"},{"link_name":"Sokolki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sokolki"},{"link_name":"Poltava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava"},{"link_name":"Perevolochna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_at_Perevolochna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calendars-1"},{"link_name":"Swedish invasion of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_invasion_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Great Northern War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_War"},{"link_name":"unusually cold winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Frost_of_1709"},{"link_name":"Charles XII of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Veprik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepryk,_Poltava_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Peter I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"}],"text":"Siege of VeprikPart of the Swedish invasion of RussiaThe Swedish assault of Veprik 1709Date3–18 January 1709[1]LocationVepryk, Cossack Hetmanate (now Ukraine)50°06′24″N 29°48′21″E / 50.10667°N 29.80583°E / 50.10667; 29.80583Result\nSwedish victoryBelligerents\n Swedish Empire\n Tsardom of RussiaCommanders and leaders\nCharles XII of SwedenBerndt Otto Stackelberg\nColonel FermorStrength\n3,000\n1,500Casualties and losses\n400 killed600 wounded\n1,500 killed, wounded or capturedvteGreat Northern War\nDenmark and Holstein-Gottorp (1700)\n1st Tönning\nReinbek\nHumlebæk\nSwedish Baltic dominions\n1st Riga\nVarja\n1st Narva\nDüna\nRauge\nErastfer\nHummelshof\nNöteborg\nSysterbäck\nWesenberg\n2nd Narva\nNeva\nKoporye\nKolkanpää\n2nd Riga\nCourland and Western Lithuania\nTryškiai\nDarsūniškis\nVilnius\nSaločiai\nJakobstadt\nPalanga\nGemauerthof\n1st Grodno\nValkininkai\nKletsk\n2nd Grodno\nPoland and Saxony\nKliszów\nPułtusk\nThorn\nPoznań\nLemberg\nPoniec\nWarsaw\nPraga\nFraustadt\nRosenhain\nFrauenwald\nKalisz\nKoniecpol\nRussia and Eastern Lithuania\nPetschora\nHolowczyn\nMalatitze\nRajovka\nLesnaya\nDesna\nBaturyn\nVeprik\nOposhnya\nKrasnokutsk–Gorodnoye\nSokolki\nPoltava\nPerevolochna\nSweden proper (including Finland)\nHelsingborg\n(2nd Viborg\nHelsinki\nPälkäne\nNapue)\nGothenburg\nGöta Älv\nStrömstad\nMarstrand\nStäket\nMoldavia\nPruth Campaign\nBender\nSwedish German dominions\nWismar\nUsedom\nStresow\nStralsund\nMecklenburg and Holstein-Gottorp\nGadebusch\n2nd Tönning\nNorway\nHøland\nDynekilen\nFredriksten\nCarolean Death March\nNaval battles\nKøge Bay\nFladstrand\nHogland\nGangut\nFehmarn\nRügen\nÖsel\nGrengam\n\nTreaties\n\nvteCharles XIIinvasion of Russia\nGrodno II\nHolowczyn\nNeva\nMalatitze\nRajovka\nLesnaya\nDesna\nBaturyn\nKoniecpol\nVeprik\nOposhnya\nKrasnokutsk–Gorodnoye\nSokolki\nPoltava\nPerevolochnaThe siege of Veprik took place on 3–18 January 1709[1] during the Swedish invasion of Russia in the Great Northern War.After the unusually cold winter, many troops had died from both armies and Charles XII of Sweden decided to lay siege to the Russian city of Veprik to put pressure on Tsar Peter I of Russia. The town was defended by a garrison of about 1,500 men. After the Russian commander, the Scot Colonel Fermor refused to surrender, Charles XII started a bombardment of the town and later, on 17 January also an assault. After about two hours of intense fighting the Swedes pulled back, unable to capture the town. However, the Russians surrendered on the night of 18 January and the Swedes were allowed to march in. The result was a tactical success for the Swedish forces, but did not greatly alter the strategic situation. About 400 Swedes were killed and another 600 wounded. The whole Russian garrison was either killed, captured or wounded. After several days Charles XII burnt down the town.","title":"Siege of Veprik"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Siege+of+Veprik%22","external_links_name":"\"Siege of Veprik\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Siege+of+Veprik%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Siege+of+Veprik%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Siege+of+Veprik%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Siege+of+Veprik%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Siege+of+Veprik%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Fsv.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStormningen_av_Veprik&sl=sv&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Veprik&params=50_06_24_N_29_48_21_E_region:UA","external_links_name":"50°06′24″N 29°48′21″E / 50.10667°N 29.80583°E / 50.10667; 29.80583"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzhelian
Gzhelian
["1 Name and definition","2 Biozones","3 References","4 External links"]
Seventh and final stage of the Carboniferous Gzhelian303.7 ± 0.1 – 298.9 ± 0.15 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Type locality for the Gzhelian in Gzhel, RussiaChronology−360 —–−355 —–−350 —–−345 —–−340 —–−335 —–−330 —–−325 —–−320 —–−315 —–−310 —–−305 —–−300 —–PaleozoicDCarboniferousPMississippianPennsylvanianLDEarlyMiddleLateEarlyMidLateCSFamennianTournaisianViséanSerpukhovianBashkirianMoscovianKasimovianGzhelianAsselian  ←Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse←Mazon Creek Fossils←End of Romer's Gap←Start of Romer's GapSubdivision of the Carboniferous according to the ICS, as of 2021.Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago EtymologyName formalityFormalUsage informationCelestial bodyEarthRegional usageGlobal (ICS)Time scale(s) usedICS Time ScaleDefinitionChronological unitAgeStratigraphic unitStageTime span formalityFormalType sectionGzhel horizon, Ghzel, Moscow Oblast, RussiaLower boundary definitionNot formally definedLower boundary definition candidatesFAD of the Conodont Idiognathodus simulatorLower boundary GSSP candidate section(s) Southern Ural mountains Nashui, Luodian County, Guizhou, China Upper boundary definitionFAD of the Conodont Streptognathodus isolatus within the morphotype Streptognathodus wabaunsensis chronoclineUpper boundary GSSPAidaralash, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan50°14′45″N 57°53′29″E / 50.2458°N 57.8914°E / 50.2458; 57.8914Upper GSSP ratified1996 The Gzhelian (/ˈʒɛli.ən/ ZHELL-ee-ən) is an age in the ICS geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest stage of the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Gzhelian lasted from 303.7 to 298.9 Ma. It follows the Kasimovian age/stage and is followed by the Asselian age/stage, the oldest subdivision of the Permian system. The Gzhelian is more or less coeval with the Stephanian Stage of the regional stratigraphy of Europe. Name and definition The Gzhelian is named after the Russian village of Gzhel (Russian: Гжель), nearby Ramenskoye, not far from Moscow. The name and type locality were defined by Sergei Nikitin (1851–1909) in 1890. Photogrammetry model of geology outcrop in Gzhel (2022) The base of the Gzhelian is at the first appearance of the Fusulinida genera Daixina, Jigulites and Rugosofusulina, or at the first appearance of the conodont Streptognathodus zethus. The top of the stage (the base of the Permian system) is at the first appearance of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus within the Streptognathus "wabaunsensis" chronocline. Six metres (20 ft) higher in the reference profile, the Fusulinida species Sphaeroschwagerina vulgaris aktjubensis appears. Currently, a golden spike for the base of the Gzhelian Stage has not been allocated. A candidate is a section along the Ussolka river (a tributary of the Belaya river) at the edge of the hamlet of Krasnoussolsky, about 120 kilometres (75 mi) southeast of Ufa and 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Sterlitamak (in Bashkortostan). Biozones The Gzhelian Stage is subdivided into five biozones, based on the conodont genus Streptognathodus: Streptognathodus wabaunsensis and Streptognathodus bellus Zone Streptognathodus simplex Zone Streptognathodus virgilicus Zone Streptognathodus vitali Zone Streptognathodus simulator Zone References ^ "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy. ^ a b "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 23 December 2020. ^ Davydov et al. 1998. ^ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press ^ Davydov, V.I.; Glenister, B.F.; Spinosa, C.; Ritter, S.M.; Chernykh, V.V.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Snyder, W.S. (1998). "Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (1): 11–18. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-09-28. ^ Chernykh, V.V.; Chuvashov, B.I.; Davydov, V.I.; Schmitz, M. & Snyder, W.S.; 2006: Usolka section (southern Urals, Russia): a potential candidate for GSSP to define the base of the Gzhelian Stage in the global chronostratigraphic scale Geologija 49(2): pp 205–217, "Usolka section (southern Urals, Russia): a potential candidate for GSSP to define the base of the Gzhelian Stage in the global chronostratigraphic scale" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-12-14. External links Carboniferous timescale at the website of the Norwegian network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy Gzhelian, GeoWhen Database vteGeological history of EarthCenozoic Era(present–66.0 Ma)Quaternary (present–2.58 Ma) Holocene (present–11.7 ka) Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma) Neogene (2.58–23.0 Ma) Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma) Paleogene (23.0–66.0 Ma) Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma) Mesozoic Era(66.0–252 Ma)Cretaceous (66.0–145 Ma) Late (66.0–100 Ma) Early (100–145 Ma) Jurassic (145–201 Ma) Late (145–164 Ma) Middle (164–174 Ma) Early (174–201 Ma) Triassic (201–252 Ma) Late (201–237 Ma) Middle (237–247 Ma) Early (247–252 Ma) Paleozoic Era(252–539 Ma)Permian (252–299 Ma) Lopingian (252–260 Ma) Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) Cisuralian (272–299 Ma) Carboniferous (299–359 Ma) Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) Mississippian (323–359 Ma) Devonian (359–419 Ma) Late (359–383 Ma) Middle (383–393 Ma) Early (393–419 Ma) Silurian (419–444 Ma) Pridoli (419–423 Ma) Ludlow (423–427 Ma) Wenlock (427–433 Ma) Llandovery (433–444 Ma) Ordovician (444–485 Ma) Late (444–458 Ma) Middle (458–470 Ma) Early (470–485 Ma) Cambrian (485–539 Ma) Furongian (485–497 Ma) Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) Series 2 (509–521 Ma) Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma) Proterozoic Eon(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)Neoproterozoic (539 Ma–1 Ga) Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga) Mesoproterozoic (1–1.6 Ga) Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga) Paleoproterozoic (1.6–2.5 Ga) Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga) Archean Eon (2.5–4 Ga) Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga) Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga) Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga) Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga) Hadean Eon (4–4.6 Ga) ka = kiloannum (thousands years ago); Ma = megaannum (millions years ago); Ga = gigaannum (billions years ago). See also: Geologic time scale  • Geology portal  • World portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈʒɛli.ən/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"ZHELL-ee-ən","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_(geology)"},{"link_name":"ICS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy"},{"link_name":"geologic timescale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_timescale"},{"link_name":"stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)"},{"link_name":"stratigraphic column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphic_column"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)"},{"link_name":"subsystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_(stratigraphy)"},{"link_name":"Carboniferous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous"},{"link_name":"Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaannum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kasimovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasimovian"},{"link_name":"Asselian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asselian"},{"link_name":"Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"},{"link_name":"Stephanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanian_(stage)"}],"text":"The Gzhelian (/ˈʒɛli.ən/ ZHELL-ee-ən) is an age in the ICS geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest stage of the Pennsylvanian, the youngest subsystem of the Carboniferous. The Gzhelian lasted from 303.7 to 298.9 Ma.[4] It follows the Kasimovian age/stage and is followed by the Asselian age/stage, the oldest subdivision of the Permian system.The Gzhelian is more or less coeval with the Stephanian Stage of the regional stratigraphy of Europe.","title":"Gzhelian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Gzhel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzhel_(selo),_Moscow_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Ramenskoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramensky_District"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(geology)"},{"link_name":"Sergei Nikitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Nikitin_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Fusulinida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusulinida"},{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Daixina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daixina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jigulites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jigulites&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rugosofusulina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugosofusulina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"conodont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conodont"},{"link_name":"Streptognathodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptognathodus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sphaeroschwagerina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sphaeroschwagerina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"golden spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Belaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaya_River_(Kama)"},{"link_name":"Ufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufa"},{"link_name":"Sterlitamak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterlitamak"},{"link_name":"Bashkortostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Gzhelian is named after the Russian village of Gzhel (Russian: Гжель), nearby Ramenskoye, not far from Moscow. The name and type locality were defined by Sergei Nikitin (1851–1909) in 1890.The base of the Gzhelian is at the first appearance of the Fusulinida genera Daixina, Jigulites and Rugosofusulina, or at the first appearance of the conodont Streptognathodus zethus. The top of the stage (the base of the Permian system) is at the first appearance of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus within the Streptognathus \"wabaunsensis\" chronocline.[5] Six metres (20 ft) higher in the reference profile, the Fusulinida species Sphaeroschwagerina vulgaris aktjubensis appears.Currently, a golden spike for the base of the Gzhelian Stage has not been allocated. A candidate is a section along the Ussolka river (a tributary of the Belaya river) at the edge of the hamlet of Krasnoussolsky, about 120 kilometres (75 mi) southeast of Ufa and 60 kilometres (37 mi) northeast of Sterlitamak (in Bashkortostan).[6]","title":"Name and definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biozones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biozone"},{"link_name":"Streptognathodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptognathodus"}],"text":"The Gzhelian Stage is subdivided into five biozones, based on the conodont genus Streptognathodus:Streptognathodus wabaunsensis and Streptognathodus bellus Zone\nStreptognathodus simplex Zone\nStreptognathodus virgilicus Zone\nStreptognathodus vitali Zone\nStreptognathodus simulator Zone","title":"Biozones"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Chart/Time Scale\". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale","url_text":"\"Chart/Time Scale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point\". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/","url_text":"\"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point\""}]},{"reference":"Davydov, V.I.; Glenister, B.F.; Spinosa, C.; Ritter, S.M.; Chernykh, V.V.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Snyder, W.S. (1998). \"Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System\" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (1): 11–18. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928122140/http://www.episodes.org/backissues/211/11-18-vladimir.pdf","url_text":"\"Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1998%2Fv21i1%2F003","url_text":"10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003"},{"url":"http://www.episodes.org/backissues/211/11-18-vladimir.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Usolka section (southern Urals, Russia): a potential candidate for GSSP to define the base of the Gzhelian Stage in the global chronostratigraphic scale\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2007-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071214152438/http://www.geo-zs.si/publikacije_arhiv/Clanki/Geologija_49_2/205-218_chernykh.pdf","url_text":"\"Usolka section (southern Urals, Russia): a potential candidate for GSSP to define the base of the Gzhelian Stage in the global chronostratigraphic scale\""},{"url":"http://www.geo-zs.si/publikacije_arhiv/Clanki/Geologija_49_2/205-218_chernykh.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gzhelian&params=50.2458_N_57.8914_E_","external_links_name":"50°14′45″N 57°53′29″E / 50.2458°N 57.8914°E / 50.2458; 57.8914"},{"Link":"https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/gzhel-geology-outcrop-ae1097c06a75421fa4568eb9860df9d3","external_links_name":"Photogrammetry model of geology outcrop in Gzhel (2022)"},{"Link":"http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-chart-timescale","external_links_name":"\"Chart/Time Scale\""},{"Link":"https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/","external_links_name":"\"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928122140/http://www.episodes.org/backissues/211/11-18-vladimir.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.18814%2Fepiiugs%2F1998%2Fv21i1%2F003","external_links_name":"10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003"},{"Link":"http://www.episodes.org/backissues/211/11-18-vladimir.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071214152438/http://www.geo-zs.si/publikacije_arhiv/Clanki/Geologija_49_2/205-218_chernykh.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Usolka section (southern Urals, Russia): a potential candidate for GSSP to define the base of the Gzhelian Stage in the global chronostratigraphic scale\""},{"Link":"http://www.geo-zs.si/publikacije_arhiv/Clanki/Geologija_49_2/205-218_chernykh.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060518101823/http://norges.uio.no/timescale/Fig14.1_Carbon-colA.pdf","external_links_name":"Carboniferous timescale"},{"Link":"http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Gzhelian.html","external_links_name":"Gzhelian, GeoWhen Database"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopevi
Lopevi
["1 Geography","2 References","3 External links"]
Island in Vanuatu LopeviA satellite image of the island.Highest pointElevation1,413 m (4,636 ft)Coordinates16°30′24″S 168°20′45″E / 16.50667°S 168.34583°E / -16.50667; 168.34583GeographyLopeviVanuatu GeologyMountain typeStratovolcanoLast eruptionApril to May 2007 Lopevi (or Lopévi) is an uninhabited island in Malampa Province, Vanuatu. It lies to the southeast of Ambrym and east of Paama. Geography Lopevi consists of the 7-km-wide cone of the active stratovolcano by the same name. It reaches a peak of 1413 m above sea level, the tallest point in central Vanuatu. It has erupted at least 22 times since 1862. The island was formerly inhabited, but in 1960 the population moved to nearby Paama or Epi because of the recurrent danger. Lopevi is on the New Hebrides Plate, where it lies above the subducted Australian Plate to the west. Because there are no earthquakes between 50 and 200 km below the Earth's surface, it is thought that the subducted plate has fractured, and does not appear between these depths. References ^ UNEP Islands Directory ^ "Lopevi". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-28. External links John Seach site, with photographs Settlement history of Lopevi vteIslands of Vanuatu by provinceProvinces of Vanuatu Malampa Penama Sanma Shefa Tafea Torba Islands and isletsMalampa Akhamb Ambrym Arseo Atchin Avock Awei Khoti Leumanang Lopevi Malakula Maskelyne Islands Norsup Paama Rano Sakao Sowan Tomman Uluveo Uri Uripiv Vao Varo Vulaï Wala Penama Ambae Maewo Pentecost Sanma Aese Aore Araki Asuleka Bokissa Dany Island Elephant Island Espiritu Santo Lataro Lataroa Malo Malokilikili Malotina Malparavu Maltinerava Malvapevu Malwepe Mavea Ratua Sakao Tangoa Thion Tutuba Urelapa Shefa Buninga Efate Ekapum Lep Emae Emao Epi Erakor Eratap Eretoka Erueti Lep Ewose Falea Fatumiala Ifira Iririki Iriwiti Lep Kakula Kuwae Laika Lamen Lelepa Makura Mataso Mele Moso Namuka Nguna Pele Tefala Tongariki Tongoa Wot (Étarik) Tafea Aneityum Aniwa Erromango Futuna Inyeug Tanna Vete Manung (Goat Island) Torba Gaua Hiw Kwakéa Leneu Linua Lo Merelava Merig Metoma Mota Mota Lava Nawila Ngwel Ra Ravenga Rowa Islands Tegua Toga Ureparapara Vanua Lava Vot Tande Authority control databases: Geographic Global Volcanism Program This Vanuatu location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malampa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malampa_Province"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Ambrym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrym"},{"link_name":"Paama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNEP-1"}],"text":"Lopevi (or Lopévi) is an uninhabited island in Malampa Province, Vanuatu. It lies to the southeast of Ambrym and east of Paama.[1]","title":"Lopevi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stratovolcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Paama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paama"},{"link_name":"Epi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epi_(island)"},{"link_name":"New Hebrides Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hebrides_Plate"},{"link_name":"subducted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction"},{"link_name":"Australian Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plate"}],"text":"Lopevi consists of the 7-km-wide cone of the active stratovolcano by the same name.[2] It reaches a peak of 1413 m above sea level, the tallest point in central Vanuatu. It has erupted at least 22 times since 1862. The island was formerly inhabited, but in 1960 the population moved to nearby Paama or Epi because of the recurrent danger.Lopevi is on the New Hebrides Plate, where it lies above the subducted Australian Plate to the west. Because there are no earthquakes between 50 and 200 km below the Earth's surface, it is thought that the subducted plate has fractured, and does not appear between these depths.","title":"Geography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Lopevi\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2021-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=257050","url_text":"\"Lopevi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program","url_text":"Global Volcanism Program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lopevi&params=16_30_24_S_168_20_45_E_type:mountain","external_links_name":"16°30′24″S 168°20′45″E / 16.50667°S 168.34583°E / -16.50667; 168.34583"},{"Link":"http://islands.unep.ch/ILT.htm#1293","external_links_name":"UNEP Islands Directory"},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=257050","external_links_name":"\"Lopevi\""},{"Link":"http://www.volcanolive.com/lopevi.html","external_links_name":"John Seach site, with photographs"},{"Link":"http://www.mpl.ird.fr/suds-en-ligne/fr/volcan/vanu_eng/lopevi2.htm#suds","external_links_name":"Settlement history of Lopevi"},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=257050","external_links_name":"Global Volcanism Program"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lopevi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion
Grade I listed buildings in Ceredigion
["1 Buildings","2 See also","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
Ceredigion shown within Wales Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) In the United Kingdom, the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical, or cultural significance; Grade I structures are those considered to be "buildings of exceptional interest". Listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. Once listed, strict limitations are imposed on the modifications allowed to a building's structure or fittings. In Wales, the authority for listing under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 rests with Cadw. Buildings Name LocationGrid Ref.Geo-coordinates Date ListedFunction Notes Reference Number Image St Gwenog Church, Llanwenog LlanwenogSN493894552652°05′15″N 4°11′59″W / 52.087540925299°N 4.1996551595069°W / 52.087540925299; -4.1996551595069 (St Gwenog Church, Llanwenog) 3 June 1964ChurchSituated on E side of minor lane connecting B4338 and A475 some 750m WSW of Drefach. 9817 See more images St Padarn's Church, Llanbadarn Fawr Llanbadarn FawrSN599098101252°24′33″N 4°03′39″W / 52.40913454502°N 4.0609502406201°W / 52.40913454502; -4.0609502406201 (St Padarn's Church, Llanbadarn Fawr) 21 January 1964ChurchSituated on a sloping site just W of The Square in the centre of the village. 9832 See more images Nanteos LlanfarianSN620157862952°23′18″N 4°01′44″W / 52.388261070129°N 4.0290277743815°W / 52.388261070129; -4.0290277743815 (Nanteos) 12 February 1952Country HouseSituated at the end of a long private drive which leads NE from the B4340. 9875 See more images Church of St Michael, Penbryn PenbrynSN293595211552°08′27″N 4°29′42″W / 52.140895617469°N 4.4950241840214°W / 52.140895617469; -4.4950241840214 (Church of St Michael, Penbryn) 21 September 1964ChurchSituated in circular hillside churchyard to W of Hoffnant valley some 500m inland from Penbryn beach. 9899 See more images Strata Florida Abbey ruins Ystrad FflurSN746766572952°16′31″N 3°50′18″W / 52.275398853637°N 3.8382785335925°W / 52.275398853637; -3.8382785335925 (Strata Florida Abbey ruins) 5 December 1963Abbey (ruin)Situated about 1.5 km E of Pontrhydfendigaid on Abbey Road. 9913 See more images Aberystwyth University Old College Building AberystwythSN580698170752°24′54″N 4°05′18″W / 52.41490317435°N 4.0882762867696°W / 52.41490317435; -4.0882762867696 (Aberystwyth University Old College Building) 21 July 1961CollegeDominating the southern end of the town's seafront; railed and grassed forecourt to seaward side. 10251 See more images Aberystwyth Castle AberystwythSN579568153152°24′48″N 4°05′24″W / 52.413292583034°N 4.0898617670529°W / 52.413292583034; -4.0898617670529 (Aberystwyth Castle) 14 September 1962CastleSituated on a promontory SW of the town centre. 10313 See more images Cardigan Castle CardiganSN177924590752°04′53″N 4°39′38″W / 52.081438273731°N 4.6605399362576°W / 52.081438273731; -4.6605399362576 (Cardigan Castle) 16 June 1961CastleSituated on promontory overlooking Cardigan Bridge. 10458 See more images Llanerchaeron Ciliau AeronSN479216019752°13′08″N 4°13′39″W / 52.218937713672°N 4.2276366457559°W / 52.218937713672; -4.2276366457559 (Llanerchaeron) 3 June 1964Country HouseOn S side of road, reached off A482. 3 km SE of Aberaeron. 10715 See more images Church of the Holy Cross, Mwnt Y FerwigSN195025201552°08′13″N 4°38′20″W / 52.136855844053°N 4.638851998066°W / 52.136855844053; -4.638851998066 (Church of the Holy Cross, Mwnt) 21 September 1964ChurchSituated above and some 125m NW of Mwnt beach under Foel y Mwnt. 15874 See more images See also Wales portal Grade II* listed buildings in Ceredigion Listed buildings in Wales Scheduled monuments in Ceredigion Registered historic parks and gardens in Ceredigion Notes ^ Sometimes known as OSGB36, the grid reference is based on the British national grid reference system used by the Ordnance Survey. References ^ "Buildings & Conservation Areas". Cadw. Retrieved 18 June 2013. ^ "Coflein". online database of RCAHMW. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. Retrieved 28 November 2016. ^ "Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990". The National Archives. Retrieved 18 June 2013. ^ Cadw. "St Gwenog Church (9817)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "St Gwenog Church". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ Cadw. "Church of St Padarn (9832)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "Church of St Padarn". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ Cadw. "Nanteos (9875)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "Nanteos". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ Cadw. "Church of St Michael (9899)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "Church of St Michael". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ Cadw. "Strata Florida Abbey ruins (9913)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "Strata Florida Abbey ruins". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ Cadw. "University College of Wales Old College Building (10251)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "University College of Wales Old College Building". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ Cadw. "Aberystwyth Castle (10313)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "Aberystwyth Castle". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ Cadw. "Cardigan Castle (10458)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "Cardigan Castle". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ Cadw. "Llanerchaeron, including rear Service Courtyard Ranges (previously listed as Llanaeron House) (10715)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "Llanerchaeron, including rear Service Courtyard Ranges (previously listed as Llanaeron House)". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ Cadw. "Church of the Holy Cross (15874)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019. ^ "Church of the Holy Cross". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019. External links Media related to Grade I listed buildings in Ceredigion at Wikimedia Commons vteGrade I listed buildings in Wales Anglesey Bridgend Caerphilly Cardiff Carmarthenshire Ceredigion Conwy Denbighshire Flintshire Gwynedd Merthyr Tydfil Monmouthshire Neath Port Talbot Newport Pembrokeshire Powys Rhondda Cynon Taf Swansea Torfaen Vale of Glamorgan Wrexham Architecture Wales vteCeredigionPrincipal settlements Aberaeron Aberystwyth Cardigan Lampeter Llandysul New Quay Tregaron Communities Aberaeron Aberporth Aberystwyth Beulah Blaenborthyn Blaenrheidol Borth Cardigan Ceulanamaesmawr Ciliau Aeron Dyffryn Arth Faenor Y Ferwig Geneu'r Glyn Henfynyw Lampeter Llanarth Llanbadarn Fawr Llanddewi Brefi Llandyfriog Llandysiliogogo Llandysul Llanfair Clydogau Llanfarian Llanfihangel Ystrad Llangeitho Llangoedmor Llangrannog Llangwyryfon Llangybi Llangynfelyn Llanilar Llanllwchaiarn Llanrhystyd Llansantffraid Llanwenog Llanwnnen Lledrod Melindwr Nantcwnlle New Quay Penbryn Pontarfynach Tirymynach Trawsgoed Trefeurig Tregaron Troedyraur Ysbyty Ystwyth Ysgubor-y-coed Ystrad Fflur Ystrad Meurig Towns andvillages Aberarth Aberbanc Aberffrwd Aberlerry Abermagwr Abermeurig Aberporth Alltyblacca Betws Ifan Beulah Blaen Celyn Borth Bow Street Broginin Bryngwyn Bwlchyfadfa Caerwedros Capel Bangor Capel Dewi Cilcennin Comins Coch Cribyn Cwmann Cwmystwyth Cwrtnewydd Devil's Bridge Dôl-y-bont Eisteddfa Gurig Eglwys Fach Elerch Ffostrasol Ffynnon-oer Furnace Glandyfi Glasgoed Gorsgoch Gwbert Llanarth Llanbadarn Fawr Llanddewi Brefi Llandre (Llanfihangel Genau'r Glyn) Llandyfriog Llandygwydd Llanerchaeron Llanfarian Llanfihangel y Creuddyn Llanfihangel Ystrad Llangeitho Llangoedmor Llangrannog Llangybi Llangynfelyn Llanilar Llanon Llanrhystud Llansantffraid Llanwenog Llanwnnen Llechryd Lledrod Melindwr Moelfryn Mwnt Newbridge Oakford Olmarch Pant-gwyn Penbryn Pennant Penparc Penparcau Pen-Rhiw-Newydd Penrhyn-coch Pentre-bach Pentre-gat Pentre-rhew Penuwch Penybont Peny-y-garn Ponterwyd Pontrhydfendigaid Pont-rhyd-y-groes Pontsian Rhydowen Rhydypennau Salem Silian Taigwynion Talgarreg Talsarn Tal-y-bont Trefeurig Tregaron Tresaith Tre-Taliesin Tre'r Ddôl Troed y Rhiw Troedyraur Tŷ-llwyd Upper Borth Waunifor Y Ferwig Ynyslas Ysbyty Ystwyth Ystrad Aeron Ystrad Meurig Ystumtuen Universitiesand colleges Aberystwyth University Coleg Ceredigion University of Wales Trinity Saint David Rivers Aeron Arth Brenig Clarach Dulas Leri Llyfnant Mynach Rheidol Teifi Wyre Ystwyth Castles Aberdyfi Aberystwyth Cardigan Castell Gwallter Dinerth Lampeter Castle Islands Cardigan Island Ynys Lochtyn Topics Parliamentary constituencies Places Schools SSSIs Scheduled Monuments Country houses Listed buildings Grade I Grade II* Registered parks and gardens Lord Lieutenants High Sheriffs Museums Public art Geography Wales
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wales_Ceredigion_locator_map.svg"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CadwGradeI-1"},{"link_name":"Town and Country Planning Act 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_and_Country_Planning_Act_1947"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_(Listed_Buildings_and_Conservation_Areas)_Act_1990"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cadw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw"}],"text":"Ceredigion shown within WalesMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)In the United Kingdom, the term listed building refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural, historical, or cultural significance; Grade I structures are those considered to be \"buildings of exceptional interest\".[1] Listing was begun by a provision in the Town and Country Planning Act 1947. Once listed, strict limitations are imposed on the modifications allowed to a building's structure or fittings. In Wales,[2] the authority for listing under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990[3] rests with Cadw.","title":"Grade I listed buildings in Ceredigion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"British national grid reference system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_national_grid_reference_system"},{"link_name":"Ordnance Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey"}],"text":"^ Sometimes known as OSGB36, the grid reference is based on the British national grid reference system used by the Ordnance Survey.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Ceredigion shown within Wales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Wales_Ceredigion_locator_map.svg/150px-Wales_Ceredigion_locator_map.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Wales portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wales"},{"title":"Grade II* listed buildings in Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion"},{"title":"Listed buildings in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Wales"},{"title":"Scheduled monuments in Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Ceredigion"},{"title":"Registered historic parks and gardens in Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registered_historic_parks_and_gardens_in_Ceredigion"}]
[{"reference":"\"Buildings & Conservation Areas\". Cadw. Retrieved 18 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://cadw.wales.gov.uk/historicenvironment/protection/buildconservation/;jsessionid=D3D0B3A0E04ED44C34056CF232E151C2?lang=en","url_text":"\"Buildings & Conservation Areas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw","url_text":"Cadw"}]},{"reference":"\"Coflein\". online database of RCAHMW. Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. Retrieved 28 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coflein.gov.uk/","url_text":"\"Coflein\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Ancient_and_Historical_Monuments_of_Wales","url_text":"Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990\". The National Archives. Retrieved 18 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/contents","url_text":"\"Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"The National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"St Gwenog Church (9817)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw","url_text":"Cadw"},{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9817","url_text":"\"St Gwenog Church (9817)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Assets_of_Wales","url_text":"National Historic Assets of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"St Gwenog Church\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300009817-st-gwenog-church-llanwenog","url_text":"\"St Gwenog Church\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"Church of St Padarn (9832)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9832","url_text":"\"Church of St Padarn (9832)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church of St Padarn\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300009832-church-of-st-padarn-llanbadarn-fawr","url_text":"\"Church of St Padarn\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"Nanteos (9875)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9875","url_text":"\"Nanteos (9875)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nanteos\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300009875-nanteos-llanfarian","url_text":"\"Nanteos\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"Church of St Michael (9899)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9899","url_text":"\"Church of St Michael (9899)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church of St Michael\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300009899-church-of-st-michael-penbryn","url_text":"\"Church of St Michael\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"Strata Florida Abbey ruins (9913)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9913","url_text":"\"Strata Florida Abbey ruins (9913)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strata Florida Abbey ruins\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300009913-strata-florida-abbey-ruins-ystrad-fflur","url_text":"\"Strata Florida Abbey ruins\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"University College of Wales Old College Building (10251)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=10251","url_text":"\"University College of Wales Old College Building (10251)\""}]},{"reference":"\"University College of Wales Old College Building\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300010251-university-college-of-wales-old-college-building-aberystwyth","url_text":"\"University College of Wales Old College Building\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"Aberystwyth Castle (10313)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=10313","url_text":"\"Aberystwyth Castle (10313)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aberystwyth Castle\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300010313-aberystwyth-castle-aberystwyth","url_text":"\"Aberystwyth Castle\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"Cardigan Castle (10458)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=10458","url_text":"\"Cardigan Castle (10458)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cardigan Castle\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300010458-cardigan-castle-cardigan","url_text":"\"Cardigan Castle\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"Llanerchaeron, including rear Service Courtyard Ranges (previously listed as Llanaeron House) (10715)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=10715","url_text":"\"Llanerchaeron, including rear Service Courtyard Ranges (previously listed as Llanaeron House) (10715)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Llanerchaeron, including rear Service Courtyard Ranges (previously listed as Llanaeron House)\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300010715-llanerchaeron-including-rear-service-courtyard-ranges-previously-listed-as-llanaeron-house-ciliau-aeron","url_text":"\"Llanerchaeron, including rear Service Courtyard Ranges (previously listed as Llanaeron House)\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"Church of the Holy Cross (15874)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=15874","url_text":"\"Church of the Holy Cross (15874)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Church of the Holy Cross\". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 4 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300015874-church-of-the-holy-cross-y-ferwig","url_text":"\"Church of the Holy Cross\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion","external_links_name":"OpenStreetMap"},{"Link":"https://tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion","external_links_name":"KML"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion","external_links_name":"GPX (all coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion","external_links_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion","external_links_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion&params=52.087540925299_N_4.1996551595069_W_&title=St+Gwenog+Church%2C+Llanwenog","external_links_name":"52°05′15″N 4°11′59″W / 52.087540925299°N 4.1996551595069°W / 52.087540925299; -4.1996551595069 (St Gwenog Church, Llanwenog)"},{"Link":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9817","external_links_name":"9817"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion&params=52.40913454502_N_4.0609502406201_W_&title=St+Padarn%27s+Church%2C+Llanbadarn+Fawr","external_links_name":"52°24′33″N 4°03′39″W / 52.40913454502°N 4.0609502406201°W / 52.40913454502; -4.0609502406201 (St Padarn's Church, Llanbadarn Fawr)"},{"Link":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9832","external_links_name":"9832"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion&params=52.388261070129_N_4.0290277743815_W_&title=Nanteos","external_links_name":"52°23′18″N 4°01′44″W / 52.388261070129°N 4.0290277743815°W / 52.388261070129; -4.0290277743815 (Nanteos)"},{"Link":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9875","external_links_name":"9875"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion&params=52.140895617469_N_4.4950241840214_W_&title=Church+of+St+Michael%2C+Penbryn","external_links_name":"52°08′27″N 4°29′42″W / 52.140895617469°N 4.4950241840214°W / 52.140895617469; -4.4950241840214 (Church of St Michael, Penbryn)"},{"Link":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9899","external_links_name":"9899"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion&params=52.275398853637_N_3.8382785335925_W_&title=Strata+Florida+Abbey+ruins","external_links_name":"52°16′31″N 3°50′18″W / 52.275398853637°N 3.8382785335925°W / 52.275398853637; -3.8382785335925 (Strata Florida Abbey ruins)"},{"Link":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9913","external_links_name":"9913"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion&params=52.41490317435_N_4.0882762867696_W_&title=Aberystwyth+University+Old+College+Building","external_links_name":"52°24′54″N 4°05′18″W / 52.41490317435°N 4.0882762867696°W / 52.41490317435; -4.0882762867696 (Aberystwyth University Old College Building)"},{"Link":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=10251","external_links_name":"10251"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion&params=52.413292583034_N_4.0898617670529_W_&title=Aberystwyth+Castle","external_links_name":"52°24′48″N 4°05′24″W / 52.413292583034°N 4.0898617670529°W / 52.413292583034; -4.0898617670529 (Aberystwyth Castle)"},{"Link":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=10313","external_links_name":"10313"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion&params=52.081438273731_N_4.6605399362576_W_&title=Cardigan+Castle","external_links_name":"52°04′53″N 4°39′38″W / 52.081438273731°N 4.6605399362576°W / 52.081438273731; -4.6605399362576 (Cardigan Castle)"},{"Link":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=10458","external_links_name":"10458"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion&params=52.218937713672_N_4.2276366457559_W_&title=Llanerchaeron","external_links_name":"52°13′08″N 4°13′39″W / 52.218937713672°N 4.2276366457559°W / 52.218937713672; -4.2276366457559 (Llanerchaeron)"},{"Link":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=10715","external_links_name":"10715"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_Ceredigion&params=52.136855844053_N_4.638851998066_W_&title=Church+of+the+Holy+Cross%2C+Mwnt","external_links_name":"52°08′13″N 4°38′20″W / 52.136855844053°N 4.638851998066°W / 52.136855844053; -4.638851998066 (Church of the Holy Cross, Mwnt)"},{"Link":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=15874","external_links_name":"15874"},{"Link":"http://cadw.wales.gov.uk/historicenvironment/protection/buildconservation/;jsessionid=D3D0B3A0E04ED44C34056CF232E151C2?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Buildings & Conservation Areas\""},{"Link":"http://www.coflein.gov.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Coflein\""},{"Link":"http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/9/contents","external_links_name":"\"Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9817","external_links_name":"\"St Gwenog Church (9817)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300009817-st-gwenog-church-llanwenog","external_links_name":"\"St Gwenog Church\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9832","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Padarn (9832)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300009832-church-of-st-padarn-llanbadarn-fawr","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Padarn\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9875","external_links_name":"\"Nanteos (9875)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300009875-nanteos-llanfarian","external_links_name":"\"Nanteos\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9899","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Michael (9899)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300009899-church-of-st-michael-penbryn","external_links_name":"\"Church of St Michael\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=9913","external_links_name":"\"Strata Florida Abbey ruins (9913)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300009913-strata-florida-abbey-ruins-ystrad-fflur","external_links_name":"\"Strata Florida Abbey ruins\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=10251","external_links_name":"\"University College of Wales Old College Building (10251)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300010251-university-college-of-wales-old-college-building-aberystwyth","external_links_name":"\"University College of Wales Old College Building\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=10313","external_links_name":"\"Aberystwyth Castle (10313)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300010313-aberystwyth-castle-aberystwyth","external_links_name":"\"Aberystwyth Castle\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=10458","external_links_name":"\"Cardigan Castle (10458)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300010458-cardigan-castle-cardigan","external_links_name":"\"Cardigan Castle\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=10715","external_links_name":"\"Llanerchaeron, including rear Service Courtyard Ranges (previously listed as Llanaeron House) (10715)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300010715-llanerchaeron-including-rear-service-courtyard-ranges-previously-listed-as-llanaeron-house-ciliau-aeron","external_links_name":"\"Llanerchaeron, including rear Service Courtyard Ranges (previously listed as Llanaeron House)\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=15874","external_links_name":"\"Church of the Holy Cross (15874)\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/300015874-church-of-the-holy-cross-y-ferwig","external_links_name":"\"Church of the Holy Cross\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escallonia_montevidensis
Escallonia bifida
["1 References"]
Species of flowering plant Escallonia bifida Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Escalloniales Family: Escalloniaceae Genus: Escallonia Species: E. bifida Binomial name Escallonia bifidaLink & Otto Synonyms Escallonia floribunda var. montevidensis Cham. & Schltdl. Escallonia montevidensis (Cham. & Schltdl.) DC. Escallonia bifida, the cloven gum box, is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the family Escalloniaceae. It is native to Brazil and Uruguay. It can grow up to 4 m (13 ft) high and 2.5 m (8.2 ft) broad, and has dark green shiny leaves which are 2 to 7 cm long and 0.8 to 2 cm wide. The pure white flowers, initially tubular but then spreading, appear in summer. It is sparingly naturalised in New South Wales in Australia. It is found in cultivation in mild coastal regions of the UK (hardy down to −5 °C (23 °F), where its dense habit makes it suitable for tall hedging. In colder areas it requires the protection of a wall. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. The Latin specific epithet bifida means "cleft in two". References ^ "Escallonia bifida Link & Otto". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 March 2014. ^ a b c "New South Wales Flora Online: Escallonia bifida". Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 24 March 2014. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Escallonia bifida". Retrieved 16 February 2018. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 37. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315. Taxon identifiersEscallonia bifida Wikidata: Q16981770 Wikispecies: Escallonia bifida APNI: 116602 EoL: 5553377 EPPO: ESABI GBIF: 3932779 iNaturalist: 401752 IPNI: 790989-1 ISC: 114276 IUCN: 160422395 NCBI: 1293968 NZOR: deb1e3a5-22af-4eeb-8590-a2deb2c0b9ea NZPCN: 3927 Observation.org: 441088 Open Tree of Life: 570988 Plant List: kew-2801760 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:790989-1 RHS: 44649 Tropicos: 50144299 WFO: wfo-0000680204 This Asterid article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"Escalloniaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalloniaceae"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW-2"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW-2"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSPF-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSLG-5"}],"text":"Escallonia bifida, the cloven gum box, is an evergreen shrub or small tree in the family Escalloniaceae. It is native to Brazil and Uruguay.[2]It can grow up to 4 m (13 ft) high and 2.5 m (8.2 ft) broad, and has dark green shiny leaves which are 2 to 7 cm long and 0.8 to 2 cm wide. The pure white flowers, initially tubular but then spreading, appear in summer.[2]It is sparingly naturalised in New South Wales in Australia.[2] It is found in cultivation in mild coastal regions of the UK (hardy down to −5 °C (23 °F), where its dense habit makes it suitable for tall hedging. In colder areas it requires the protection of a wall. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[3][4]The Latin specific epithet bifida means \"cleft in two\".[5]","title":"Escallonia bifida"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Escallonia bifida Link & Otto\". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 24 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=63214","url_text":"\"Escallonia bifida Link & Otto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index","url_text":"Australian Plant Name Index"}]},{"reference":"\"New South Wales Flora Online: Escallonia bifida\". Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved 24 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Escallonia~bifida","url_text":"\"New South Wales Flora Online: Escallonia bifida\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Escallonia bifida\". Retrieved 16 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/44649/i-Escallonia-bifida-i/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Escallonia bifida\""}]},{"reference":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 37. Retrieved 19 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf","url_text":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\""}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845337315","url_text":"978-1845337315"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=63214","external_links_name":"\"Escallonia bifida Link & Otto\""},{"Link":"http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Escallonia~bifida","external_links_name":"\"New South Wales Flora Online: Escallonia bifida\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/44649/i-Escallonia-bifida-i/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Escallonia bifida\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\""},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/116602","external_links_name":"116602"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/5553377","external_links_name":"5553377"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ESABI","external_links_name":"ESABI"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3932779","external_links_name":"3932779"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/401752","external_links_name":"401752"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/790989-1","external_links_name":"790989-1"},{"Link":"https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/114276","external_links_name":"114276"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/160422395","external_links_name":"160422395"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1293968","external_links_name":"1293968"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/deb1e3a5-22af-4eeb-8590-a2deb2c0b9ea","external_links_name":"deb1e3a5-22af-4eeb-8590-a2deb2c0b9ea"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=3927","external_links_name":"3927"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/441088/","external_links_name":"441088"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=570988","external_links_name":"570988"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2801760","external_links_name":"kew-2801760"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A790989-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:790989-1"},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/44649/wd/Details","external_links_name":"44649"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50144299","external_links_name":"50144299"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000680204","external_links_name":"wfo-0000680204"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escallonia_bifida&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler_Reservoir
Apshawa Preserve
["1 Location and access","2 Hiking","3 References"]
Coordinates: 41°01′35″N 74°23′00″W / 41.02639°N 74.38333°W / 41.02639; -74.38333Apshawa PreserveButler Reservoir in the Apshawa PreserveTypeCounty parkLocationWest Milford, New Jersey, U.S.Area576 acres (233 ha)Created1928Operated byPassaic County and New Jersey Conservation FoundationOpenYear round. Dawn till duskHiking trails3 loop trails. 5 connector. ~5 miles totalWebsiteOfficial website The Apshawa Preserve is a 576-acre nature preserve in the highlands of northern New Jersey, United States. Located off Northwood Drive in West Milford, the preserve is managed by the New Jersey Conservation Foundation and by Passaic County. The preserve is mostly wooded with oak and maple. The Apshawa is a brook, a tributary of the Pequannock River; it flows through the preserve and is dammed to form the 40-acre Butler Reservoir within the preserve. The reservoir once served to provide water to Butler. Apshawa Preserve includes a network of hiking trails and a 43-acre reservoir. Since 2010 part of the preserve is protected by a gated deer fence to protect native plants that otherwise would be decimated by a high density deer population. In September 2014, 22-year-old student Darsh Patel was mauled by a 300-pound (140 kg) black bear in the preserve and died. He was the first known person in New Jersey history to be killed by a black bear. Location and access The Apshawa Preserve is open year round from dawn to dusk for recreation, and can be accessed from 4 Macopin Road, West Milford. Onsite parking is provided in a gravel parking lot that is located off Northwood Drive (turn off of Macopin), where hikers will find a kiosk with trail maps as well as trailheads. Apshawa Preserve cannot yet be accessed via public transportation. Hiking There are about five miles of marked trails including three loop trails (Red 1.6 miles; Green 1.7 miles; Yellow .5 miles).  There are five other connector trails which create a variety of possibilities.  The red loop trail goes all the way around the Butler Reservoir and is accessible by the 1 mile blue trail from the parking lot. Apshawa Preserve Trail map Green Trail Marker References ^ "Apshawa Preserve". New Jersey Conservation Foundation. Retrieved July 12, 2014. ^ a b "West Milford's Apshawa Preserve!". NJUrbanForest.com. August 11, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014. ^ "Hiker snapped pictures of bear before fatal attack in West Milford". 25 November 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2014. ^ "Apshawa Preserve". New Jersey Conservation Foundation. Retrieved 2019-04-23. ^ McLewin, Phil (2016-10-21). "Apshawa Preserve". New York - New Jersey Trail Conference. Retrieved 2019-04-23. vtePassaic River watershedTributaries Black Brook Canoe Brook Cory's Brook Dead River Diamond Brook First River Foulerton's Brook Great Brook Goffle Brook Little Diamond Brook McDonalds Brook Molly Ann Brook Peckman River Pompton River Pequannock River Wanaque River Ramapo River Mahwah River Primrose Brook Rockaway River Whippany River Saddle River Ho-Ho-Kus Brook Salt Brook Second River Slippery Rock Brook Slough Brook Spring Garden Brook Stevenson Brook Deep Voll Brook Third River Weasel Brook Lakes Boonton Reservoir Butler Reservoir Canoe Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake DeForest Lake Estling Lake Franklin Lake Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge Greenwood Lake Indian Lake Lake Kinnelon Lake Tappan Monksville Reservoir Mountain Lake Oradell Reservoir Point View Reservoir Pompton Lake Ramapo Lake Rainbow Lake Splitrock Reservoir Sterling Lake Verona Lake Wanaque Reservoir White Meadow Lake Woodcliff Lake Reservoir TownsNew Jersey Allendale Belleville Berkeley Heights Bernards Bernardsville Bloomfield Bloomingdale Boonton Borough Boonton Township Bridgewater Butler The Caldwells Caldwell North Caldwell West Caldwell Carlstadt Cedar Grove The Chathams Chatham Borough Chatham Township Clifton Denville Dover East Hanover East Newark East Rutherford Elmwood Park Essex Fells Fair Lawn Fairfield Township Far Hills Florham Park Franklin Lakes Garfield Glen Ridge Glen Rock Hackensack Haledon Hanover Harding Hardyston Harrison Hasbrouck Heights Hawthorne Hillsdale Hohokus Jefferson Kearny Kinnelon Lincoln Park Little Falls Livingston Lodi Long Hill Lyndhurst Madison Mahwah Maywood Mendham Borough Mendham Township Midland Park Millburn Mine Hill Montclair Montvale Montville Morris Plains Morris Township Morristown Mount Arlington Mountain Lakes New Providence Newark North Arlington North Haledon Nutley Oakland The Oranges East Orange Orange South Orange West Orange Paramus Parsippany–Troy Hills Passaic Paterson Pequannock Pompton Lakes Prospect Park Ramsey Randolph Ridgewood Village Ringwood Riverdale Rochelle Park Rockaway Borough Rockaway Township Roseland Roxbury Township Rutherford Saddle Brook Township Saddle River South Hackensack Sparta Summit Totowa Upper Saddle River Vernon Verona Victory Gardens Waldwick Wallington Wanaque Warren Washington Wayne West Milford Wharton Woodcliff Lake Woodland Park Wood-Ridge Wyckoff New York Hillburn Monroe Ramapo Suffern Tuxedo Tuxedo Park Crossings Lower Passaic River Avondale Bridge Belleville Turnpike Bridge Bridge Street Bridge Clay Street Bridge Dock Bridge Eighth Street Bridge Gregory Avenue Bridge Harry Laderman Bridge Jackson Street Bridge Lincoln Highway Passaic River Bridge Lyndhurst Draw Market Street Bridge Monroe Street Bridge Newark Drawbridge Passaic Street Bridge Pulaski Skyway PD Draw Union Avenue Bridge William A. Stickel Memorial Bridge Upper Passaic River Arch Street Bridge Gladstone Branch Hillery Street Bridge Main Line Montclair-Boonton Line Morristown and Erie Railway Morristown Line Newark-Pompton Turnpike Passaic River Bridge Patriots' Path Footbridge Sixth Avenue Bridge Straight Street Bridge West Broadway Bridge West Park Footbridge
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nature preserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_preserve"},{"link_name":"highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York%E2%80%93New_Jersey_Highlands"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"West Milford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Milford,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Conservation Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Conservation_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Passaic County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Pequannock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pequannock_River"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butler,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njurban-2"},{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njurban-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Apshawa Preserve is a 576-acre nature preserve in the highlands of northern New Jersey, United States. Located off Northwood Drive in West Milford, the preserve is managed by the New Jersey Conservation Foundation and by Passaic County.[1] The preserve is mostly wooded with oak and maple.The Apshawa is a brook, a tributary of the Pequannock River; it flows through the preserve and is dammed to form the 40-acre Butler Reservoir within the preserve. The reservoir once served to provide water to Butler.[2] Apshawa Preserve includes a network of hiking trails and a 43-acre reservoir.Since 2010 part of the preserve is protected by a gated deer fence to protect native plants that otherwise would be decimated by a high density deer population.[2]In September 2014, 22-year-old student Darsh Patel was mauled by a 300-pound (140 kg) black bear in the preserve and died. He was the first known person in New Jersey history to be killed by a black bear.[3]","title":"Apshawa Preserve"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Apshawa Preserve is open year round from dawn to dusk for recreation, and can be accessed from 4 Macopin Road, West Milford.[4] Onsite parking is provided in a gravel parking lot that is located off Northwood Drive (turn off of Macopin), where hikers will find a kiosk with trail maps as well as trailheads. Apshawa Preserve cannot yet be accessed via public transportation.[5]","title":"Location and access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apshawa Preserve Trail map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.njconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ApshawaTrailMap.pdf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Green_Trail_Marker-Apshawa_Preserve.jpg"}],"text":"There are about five miles of marked trails including three loop trails (Red 1.6 miles; Green 1.7 miles; Yellow .5 miles).  There are five other connector trails which create a variety of possibilities.  The red loop trail goes all the way around the Butler Reservoir and is accessible by the 1 mile blue trail from the parking lot.Apshawa Preserve Trail mapGreen Trail Marker","title":"Hiking"}]
[{"image_text":"Green Trail Marker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Green_Trail_Marker-Apshawa_Preserve.jpg/220px-Green_Trail_Marker-Apshawa_Preserve.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Apshawa Preserve\". New Jersey Conservation Foundation. Retrieved July 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njconservation.org/apshawapreserve.htm","url_text":"\"Apshawa Preserve\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Milford's Apshawa Preserve!\". NJUrbanForest.com. August 11, 2011. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141234/http://njurbanforest.com/2011/08/27/west-milfords-apshawa-preserve/","url_text":"\"West Milford's Apshawa Preserve!\""},{"url":"http://njurbanforest.com/2011/08/27/west-milfords-apshawa-preserve/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hiker snapped pictures of bear before fatal attack in West Milford\". 25 November 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.com/passaic-county/index.ssf/2014/11/hiker_snapped_pictures_of_bear_before_fatal_attack_in_west_milford.html","url_text":"\"Hiker snapped pictures of bear before fatal attack in West Milford\""}]},{"reference":"\"Apshawa Preserve\". New Jersey Conservation Foundation. Retrieved 2019-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.njconservation.org/preserve/apshawa-preserve/","url_text":"\"Apshawa Preserve\""}]},{"reference":"McLewin, Phil (2016-10-21). \"Apshawa Preserve\". New York - New Jersey Trail Conference. Retrieved 2019-04-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nynjtc.org/park/apshawa-preserve","url_text":"\"Apshawa Preserve\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apshawa_Preserve&params=41_01_35_N_74_23_00_W_region:US-NJ_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°01′35″N 74°23′00″W / 41.02639°N 74.38333°W / 41.02639; -74.38333"},{"Link":"http://www.passaiccountynj.org/passaic_county_park_system/parks/apshawa_preserve.php/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.njconservation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ApshawaTrailMap.pdf","external_links_name":"Apshawa Preserve Trail map"},{"Link":"http://www.njconservation.org/apshawapreserve.htm","external_links_name":"\"Apshawa Preserve\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714141234/http://njurbanforest.com/2011/08/27/west-milfords-apshawa-preserve/","external_links_name":"\"West Milford's Apshawa Preserve!\""},{"Link":"http://njurbanforest.com/2011/08/27/west-milfords-apshawa-preserve/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nj.com/passaic-county/index.ssf/2014/11/hiker_snapped_pictures_of_bear_before_fatal_attack_in_west_milford.html","external_links_name":"\"Hiker snapped pictures of bear before fatal attack in West Milford\""},{"Link":"https://www.njconservation.org/preserve/apshawa-preserve/","external_links_name":"\"Apshawa Preserve\""},{"Link":"https://www.nynjtc.org/park/apshawa-preserve","external_links_name":"\"Apshawa Preserve\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Gibraltar
Sport in Gibraltar
["1 Government's role","2 Sport facilities","3 Sports","3.1 Football","3.2 Cricket","3.3 Rugby union","3.4 Basketball","3.5 Darts","4 Membership of international sports federations","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Sport plays a prominent role in Gibraltarian life. The range of sports practiced in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar is wide and varied in comparison to its size of less than 7 square kilometres (2.7 square miles). The Government of Gibraltar promotes sport within Gibraltar and supports many local sports associations financially. Gibraltar also competes in international sporting events, having competed in the Commonwealth Games since 1958, and in the biennial Island Games, which it hosted in 1995 and 2019. Government's role The Ministry for Sport, headed by the Minister for Sport & Leisure, is responsible for sports policy matters and the provision of support to educational establishments and the governing bodies of sport in Gibraltar. The Gibraltar Sports Advisory Council is set up to advise the Government of Gibraltar, through the Minister for Sport, on all matters relating to sport including: Capital expenditure priorities Allocation of grants to sporting societies Sports development International competitions Availability and use of sports facilities Sport facilities The western stands at the Victoria Stadium in Gibraltar. The Government recognises the benefits derived from the Gibraltarians' participation in sports and other recreational activities. Therefore, particular importance is given to the availability of facilities for the practice of these sports as well as making these available to anyone for booking allocations free of charge. There are a large number of sport facilities in Gibraltar, of varying standards. These provide opportunities for locals and visitors alike to enjoy sport recreationally as well as professionally for the serious sport enthusiasts, where they can improve standards and have the opportunity to participate in local and international events. The main sport facilities in Gibraltar are the multi-purpose Victoria Stadium and the Tercentenary Sports Centre. These include facilities such as artificial turf football pitches, water-based hockey fields, tennis and padel tennis courts, athletics fields, archery practice range, cricket fields, squash courts, golf practice range, climbing wall and multi-purpose sports halls for basketball, badminton, volleyball, netball, handball, five-a-side football, and martial arts among many others. Sports In 2007, there were eighteen sports associations in Gibraltar officially recognised by their respective international governing bodies. Others, such as the Gibraltar National Olympic Committee, have applied for international recognition which are currently being considered. Football Main article: Football in Gibraltar The Gibraltar Football Association applied for full membership of UEFA, but their bid was turned down in 2007 in a contentious decision in defiance of a previous Court of Arbitration for Sport ruling that held that GFA should be granted membership. UEFA's rejection was due to Spain's intense lobbying and vow to boycott any event involving Gibraltar. They were eventually granted membership in 2013. Cricket Gibraltar's national cricket team has featured in the top flight of the European Cricket Championship on four occasions, with its best finish, sixth place (out of eight teams), coming at the inaugural 1996 European Cricket Championship in Denmark. Gibraltar won Division Two at the Championships in 2000 and 2002, at a time when there was no promotion and relegation between divisions. Rugby union Main article: Rugby union in Gibraltar Rugby is played in Gibraltar under the auspices of the (English) Rugby Football Union, by both local teams such as Gibraltar Barbarians Rugby Club, and armed forces. Basketball Basketball in Gibraltar is managed by the Gibraltar Amateur Basketball Association (GABBA). Sponsored by Grind House, Men and Ladies GABBA teams play the senior basketball league in the neighbour Spanish province of Cádiz. Grind House GABBA won the 2007/08 female championship GABBA is a member of FIBA since 1985, and the men's team plays biennially the FIBA European Championship for Small Countries. Darts Darts enjoys widespread popularity in Gibraltar with regular participation in a league organised by the Gibraltar Darts Association, which is a full member of the World Darts Federation and regularly participates in European & World Championships. The Professional Darts Corporation is a regular visitor to Gibraltar, holding an annual tournament as one of the Players Championships. In May 2010 Gibraltar was host nation for the Darts Mediterranean Cup. Six countries competed in the event; Cyprus, France, Gibraltar, Italy, Malta and Turkey. Gibraltar won the tournament, taking its first ever gold medal. Membership of international sports federations Gibraltar has gained membership of the following federations: Entity Notes Status Date Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF) Gibraltar has competed in the Commonwealth Games since 1958. Member 1958 European Championships A team representing Gibraltar competes at the European Championships. Member 2018 International Association Football Federation (FIFA) The Gibraltar Football Association is a full member of FIFA and UEFA. Member 2013 International Basketball Federation (FIBA) The Gibraltar Amateur Basketball Association is a full member of FIBA and FIBA Europe. Member 1985 International Island Games Association (IIGA) Gibraltar is a member of the IIGA and participates in the Island Games. Member World Darts Federation The Gibraltar Darts Association is a full member of the WDF. Member World Athletics (IAAF) The Gibraltar Amateur Athletic Association is a full member of the IAAF, European Athletic Association and the Athletic Association of Small States of Europe. Member See also Gibraltar portal Gibraltarian records in athletics Culture of Gibraltar Sport in the United Kingdom Gibraltar Open - annual snooker event Gibraltar Chess Festival References ^ a b About sport in Gibraltar. Archived 2008-09-07 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Gibraltar becomes Uefa's 54th member despite Spain's past objections". 24 May 2013. ^ Comienza la liga senior provincial femenina (in Spanish) ^ GFA proposal to join UEFA Archived 2011-07-21 at the Wayback Machine, pg. 16 External links Government of Gibraltar website on sport. SportGibraltar.com vteSport in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union vte National sports teams of Gibraltar Badminton Basketball M M U-18 M U-16 W W U-18 W U-16 Cricket M M U-19 Field hockey Football M M U-21 M U-19 M U-17 M U-16 W W U-19 Futsal Netball Rugby union Volleyball Commonwealth Games European Championships vteGibraltar topicsHistory Neanderthals in Gibraltar Timeline (sieges) Pillars of Hercules First Siege of Gibraltar Battle of Gibraltar Capture of Gibraltar George Rooke Treaty of Utrecht Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar Great Siege George Augustus Eliott Gibraltar real (currency) World War II Nationality Genoese in Gibraltar Maltese in Gibraltar Explosion of the RFA Bedenham Operation Flavius (Death on the Rock) Aurora incident New Flame incident Fedra incident COVID-19 GeographyGeneral Climate Geology Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault Gibraltar Arc Environment Birds Mammals Barbary macaques Reptiles and amphibians Candytuft (Iberis gibraltarica) Botanic Gardens Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS) Wildlife Park PlacesNatural Bay of Gibraltar Catalan Bay Eastern Beach Gorham's Cave Rock of Gibraltar St. Michael's Cave Sandy Bay Strait of Gibraltar Vanguard Cave Windmill Hill Built Bristol Hotel City Hall The Convent Garrison Library King George V Hospital Moorish Castle The Rock Hotel St. Bernard's Hospital PoliticsGeneral Constitution Order 1969 2006 Law court system LGBT rights Passport Political development in modern Gibraltar People Chief Minister Governor Mayor Politics Black Swan Project controversy Disputed status isthmus Elections 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Parliament Speaker Political parties Sovereignty referendums 1967 2002 EU referendum European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar) Military British Forces Gibraltar Gibraltar Defence Police Gibraltar Squadron Napier of Magdala Battery RAF Gibraltar Royal Gibraltar Police Royal Gibraltar Regiment EconomyGeneral Banks Gibraltar pound coins Stock Exchange Taxation Tourism Communications .gi (Internet domain) Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation Gibraltar Chronicle Gibtelecom Panorama Regulatory Authority Royal Gibraltar Post Office postage stamps and history postal orders Study Circle Telephone numbers Transport Airport Cable car Gibraltar–Spain border Shipping in Gibraltar Vehicle registration plates CultureGeneral Cuisine Education Bayside Comprehensive School Westside School University of Gibraltar Miss Gibraltar Music Llévame Donde Nací Gibraltar Fair National Day Public holidays Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar Demographics Gibraltarians list in the UK Gibraltarian status Languages English Llanito ReligionChristianity Anglicanism Diocese in Europe Bishop diocesan Bishop suffragan Cathedral of the Holy Trinity St. Andrew's Church (Church of Scotland) Methodism Roman Catholicism Diocese Bishop Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned Our Lady of Europe Shrine of Our Lady of Europe Trafalgar Cemetery Other faiths Hinduism Islam Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque Judaism Great Synagogue SportBy sport Basketball Cricket national team Cycling Field hockey national team Football Football Association national team Rugby union national team Campo Gibraltar RUFC Commonwealth Games Island Games Records in athletics Victoria Stadium Symbols Anthem Coat of arms Official flag other flags Category Commons Portal WikiProject
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sport in Gibraltar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry for Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_for_Sport&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABOUT-1"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Sports Advisory Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibraltar_Sports_Advisory_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Ministry for Sport, headed by the Minister for Sport & Leisure, is responsible for sports policy matters and the provision of support to educational establishments and the governing bodies of sport in Gibraltar.[1]The Gibraltar Sports Advisory Council is set up to advise the Government of Gibraltar, through the Minister for Sport, on all matters relating to sport including:Capital expenditure priorities\nAllocation of grants to sporting societies\nSports development\nInternational competitions\nAvailability and use of sports facilities","title":"Government's role"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Victoria_Stadium-west_stands.JPG"},{"link_name":"Victoria Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Stadium_(Gibraltar)"},{"link_name":"multi-purpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-purpose_stadium"},{"link_name":"Victoria Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Stadium_(Gibraltar)"},{"link_name":"Tercentenary Sports Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tercentenary_Sports_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"artificial turf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_turf"},{"link_name":"football pitches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football_pitch"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"padel tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padel_Tennis"},{"link_name":"athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_(sport)"},{"link_name":"archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"squash courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_court"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"climbing wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing_wall"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"badminton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"netball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netball"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_handball"},{"link_name":"five-a-side football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-a-side_football"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"}],"text":"The western stands at the Victoria Stadium in Gibraltar.The Government recognises the benefits derived from the Gibraltarians' participation in sports and other recreational activities. Therefore, particular importance is given to the availability of facilities for the practice of these sports as well as making these available to anyone for booking allocations free of charge.There are a large number of sport facilities in Gibraltar, of varying standards. These provide opportunities for locals and visitors alike to enjoy sport recreationally as well as professionally for the serious sport enthusiasts, where they can improve standards and have the opportunity to participate in local and international events.The main sport facilities in Gibraltar are the multi-purpose Victoria Stadium and the Tercentenary Sports Centre. These include facilities such as artificial turf football pitches, water-based hockey fields, tennis and padel tennis courts, athletics fields, archery practice range, cricket fields, squash courts, golf practice range, climbing wall and multi-purpose sports halls for basketball, badminton, volleyball, netball, handball, five-a-side football, and martial arts among many others.","title":"Sport facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibraltar National Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibraltar_National_Olympic_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABOUT-1"}],"text":"In 2007, there were eighteen sports associations in Gibraltar officially recognised by their respective international governing bodies. Others, such as the Gibraltar National Olympic Committee, have applied for international recognition which are currently being considered.[1]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibraltar Football Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"Court of Arbitration for Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"boycott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycott"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Football","text":"The Gibraltar Football Association applied for full membership of UEFA, but their bid was turned down in 2007 in a contentious decision in defiance of a previous Court of Arbitration for Sport ruling that held that GFA should be granted membership. UEFA's rejection was due to Spain's intense lobbying and vow to boycott any event involving Gibraltar. They were eventually granted membership in 2013.[2]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibraltar's national cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"European Cricket Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cricket_Championship"},{"link_name":"1996 European Cricket Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1996_European_Cricket_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"promotion and relegation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotion_and_relegation"}],"sub_title":"Cricket","text":"Gibraltar's national cricket team has featured in the top flight of the European Cricket Championship on four occasions, with its best finish, sixth place (out of eight teams), coming at the inaugural 1996 European Cricket Championship in Denmark. Gibraltar won Division Two at the Championships in 2000 and 2002, at a time when there was no promotion and relegation between divisions.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Barbarians Rugby Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_Gibraltar_Rugby_Union_Football_Club"}],"sub_title":"Rugby union","text":"Rugby is played in Gibraltar under the auspices of the (English) Rugby Football Union, by both local teams such as Gibraltar Barbarians Rugby Club, and armed forces.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gibraltar Amateur Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibraltar_Amateur_Basketball_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grind House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grind_House"},{"link_name":"province of Cádiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%A1diz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FIBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"men's team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"FIBA European Championship for Small Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_European_Championship_for_Small_Countries"}],"sub_title":"Basketball","text":"Basketball in Gibraltar is managed by the Gibraltar Amateur Basketball Association (GABBA). Sponsored by Grind House, Men and Ladies GABBA teams play the senior basketball league in the neighbour Spanish province of Cádiz. Grind House GABBA won the 2007/08 female championship[3] GABBA is a member of FIBA since 1985,[4] and the men's team plays biennially the FIBA European Championship for Small Countries.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darts"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar Darts Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gibraltar_Darts_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Darts Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Darts_Federation"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Championship_(darts)"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Professional_Darts_Championship"},{"link_name":"Professional Darts Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Darts_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Players Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Players_Championship_Finals"}],"sub_title":"Darts","text":"Darts enjoys widespread popularity in Gibraltar with regular participation in a league organised by the Gibraltar Darts Association, which is a full member of the World Darts Federation and regularly participates in European & World Championships. The Professional Darts Corporation is a regular visitor to Gibraltar, holding an annual tournament as one of the Players Championships.In May 2010 Gibraltar was host nation for the Darts Mediterranean Cup. Six countries competed in the event; Cyprus, France, Gibraltar, Italy, Malta and Turkey. Gibraltar won the tournament, taking its first ever gold medal.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gibraltar has gained membership of the following federations:","title":"Membership of international sports federations"}]
[{"image_text":"The western stands at the Victoria Stadium in Gibraltar.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Victoria_Stadium-west_stands.JPG/300px-Victoria_Stadium-west_stands.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Gibraltar portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Gibraltar"},{"title":"Gibraltarian records in athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltarian_records_in_athletics"},{"title":"Culture of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar"},{"title":"Sport in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Gibraltar Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Open"},{"title":"snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker"},{"title":"Gibraltar Chess Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_Chess_Festival"}]
[{"reference":"\"Gibraltar becomes Uefa's 54th member despite Spain's past objections\". 24 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/may/24/gibraltar-uefa-54th-member-spain","url_text":"\"Gibraltar becomes Uefa's 54th member despite Spain's past objections\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/gov_depts/sport/about_sport.htm","external_links_name":"About sport in Gibraltar."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907123952/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/gov_depts/sport/about_sport.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2013/may/24/gibraltar-uefa-54th-member-spain","external_links_name":"\"Gibraltar becomes Uefa's 54th member despite Spain's past objections\""},{"Link":"http://www.fabcadiz.org/index.php?page=45&ampliar=1181","external_links_name":"Comienza la liga senior provincial femenina"},{"Link":"http://www.gfa.gi/GIBUEFA_Brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"GFA proposal to join UEFA"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721032711/http://www2.gfa.gi/GIBUEFA_Brochure.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/gov_depts/sport/sport_index.htm","external_links_name":"Government of Gibraltar website on sport."},{"Link":"http://sportgibraltar.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"SportGibraltar.com"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichilo_Province
Ichilo Province
["1 Location","2 Population","3 Geography","4 Towns","5 Industry","6 Division","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 17°00′S 64°20′W / 17.000°S 64.333°W / -17.000; -64.333 Ichilo View of Río Piray Location in Bolivia General Data Capital Buena Vista Area 14,232 km2 Population 70,444 (2001) Density 5.0 inhabitants/km2 (2001) ISO 3166-2 BO.SC.IC Santa Cruz Department Ichilo is one of the fifteen provinces of the Bolivian Santa Cruz Department and is situated in the department's north-western parts. The province was founded by a decree of 8 April 1926 and is named after Río Ichilo which is forming the province border in the West. Location Ichilo Province is located between 15° 48' and 18° 00' South and between 63° 27' and 64° 50' West. It extends over 350 km from Northwest to Southeast, and up to 110 km from Southwest to Northeast. The province is situated in the Bolivian lowlands and borders Beni Department in the North, Cochabamba Department in the West, Manuel María Caballero Province in the Southwest, Florida Province in the South, Andrés Ibáñez Province in the Southeast, Sara Province in the East, and Ñuflo de Chávez Province in the Northeast. Population The population of Ichilo Province has increased by circa 80% over the recent two decades: 1992: 49,484 inhabitants (census) 2001: 70,444 inhabitants (census) 2005: 81,118 inhabitants (est.) 2010: 91,678 inhabitants (est.) 47.8% of the population are younger than 15 years old. (1992) The literacy rate of the province is 78.5%. 96.1% of the population speak Spanish, 40.7% speak Quechua, 1.9% Aymara, and 0.6 speak Guaraní. (1992) 67.1% of the population have no access to electricity, 46.6% have no sanitary facilities. (1992) 81.3% of the population are Catholics, 15.1% are Protestants. (1992) Geography The medium altitude of the province is 386 m. The medium annual temperature in the province is 24.3 °C, the annual precipitation amounts to 2,563 mm. Towns Buena Vista is the province capital with 4,697 inhabitants (est. 2008). Other important towns in the province are Yapacaní - 21,622 inhabitants (2008) Santa Fe de Yapacaní - 7,736 inhabitants (2008) San Carlos, Ichilo - 4,440 inhabitants (2008) San Juan de Yapacaní - 4,121 inhabitants (2008) Industry Main agricultural good of the province is rice, 50% of all the production in the Santa Cruz Department is from Ichilo Province. Other important economic goods are cocoa and timber. Division The province comprises four municipalities: Buena Vista Municipality 2,047 km2 - 13,273 inhabitants (2001) San Carlos Municipality 3,998 km2 - 25,633 inhabitants (2001) Yapacaní Municipality 8,187 km2 - 31,538 inhabitants (2001) San Juan de Yapacaní Municipality - 9,131 inhabitants (2001) References ^ "New Page 3". Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2008-12-19. ^ Santa Cruz Website Archived 2008-12-02 at the Wayback Machine ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística Archived 2007-08-25 at the Wayback Machine ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística - Proyecciones Archived 2008-11-18 at the Wayback Machine ^ World Gazetteer ^ "Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-07-13. Retrieved 2008-11-14. ^ "Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-04. Retrieved 2008-11-14. ^ "Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-07-13. Retrieved 2008-11-14. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) 2001 Archived 2009-11-13 at the Wayback Machine External links General map of province Detailed map of province towns and rivers Population data (Spanish) Social data (Spanish) vteSanta Cruz Department Andrés Ibáñez Ángel Sandoval Chiquitos Cordillera Florida Germán Busch Guarayos Ichilo Ignacio Warnes José Miguel de Velasco Manuel María Caballero Ñuflo de Chávez Obispo Santistevan Sara Vallegrande Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States 17°00′S 64°20′W / 17.000°S 64.333°W / -17.000; -64.333
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolivian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)"},{"link_name":"Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Río Ichilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichilo_River"}],"text":"Ichilo is one of the fifteen provinces of the Bolivian Santa Cruz Department and is situated in the department's north-western parts. The province was founded by a decree of 8 April 1926 and is named after Río Ichilo which is forming the province border in the West.","title":"Ichilo Province"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"Beni Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Department"},{"link_name":"Cochabamba Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochabamba_Department"},{"link_name":"Manuel María Caballero Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Caballero_Province"},{"link_name":"Florida Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Province"},{"link_name":"Andrés Ibáñez Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_Province"},{"link_name":"Sara Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Province"},{"link_name":"Ñuflo de Chávez Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91uflo_de_Ch%C3%A1vez_Province"}],"text":"Ichilo Province is located between 15° 48' and 18° 00' South and between 63° 27' and 64° 50' West. It extends over 350 km from Northwest to Southeast, and up to 110 km from Southwest to Northeast.The province is situated in the Bolivian lowlands and borders Beni Department in the North, Cochabamba Department in the West, Manuel María Caballero Province in the Southwest, Florida Province in the South, Andrés Ibáñez Province in the Southeast, Sara Province in the East, and Ñuflo de Chávez Province in the Northeast.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Language"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_language"},{"link_name":"Aymara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_language"},{"link_name":"Guaraní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarani_language"}],"text":"The population of Ichilo Province has increased by circa 80% over the recent two decades:1992: 49,484 inhabitants (census)[2]\n2001: 70,444 inhabitants (census)\n2005: 81,118 inhabitants (est.)[3]\n2010: 91,678 inhabitants (est.)[4]47.8% of the population are younger than 15 years old. (1992)The literacy rate of the province is 78.5%.96.1% of the population speak Spanish, 40.7% speak Quechua, 1.9% Aymara, and 0.6 speak Guaraní. (1992)67.1% of the population have no access to electricity, 46.6% have no sanitary facilities. (1992)81.3% of the population are Catholics, 15.1% are Protestants. (1992)","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The medium altitude of the province is 386 m.\nThe medium annual temperature in the province is 24.3 °C, the annual precipitation amounts to 2,563 mm.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buena Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Vista,_Ichilo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Yapacaní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapacan%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe de Yapacaní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Yapacan%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"San Carlos, Ichilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Carlos_(Ichilo)"},{"link_name":"San Juan de Yapacaní","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_de_Yapacan%C3%AD"}],"text":"Buena Vista is the province capital with 4,697 inhabitants (est. 2008).[5] Other important towns in the province areYapacaní - 21,622 inhabitants (2008)\nSanta Fe de Yapacaní - 7,736 inhabitants (2008)\nSan Carlos, Ichilo - 4,440 inhabitants (2008)\nSan Juan de Yapacaní - 4,121 inhabitants (2008)","title":"Towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"},{"link_name":"cocoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_bean"},{"link_name":"timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber"}],"text":"Main agricultural good of the province is rice, 50% of all the production in the Santa Cruz Department is from Ichilo Province. Other important economic goods are cocoa and timber.","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Buena Vista Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buena_Vista_Municipality&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"San Carlos Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Carlos_Municipality,_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Yapacaní Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yapacan%C3%AD_Municipality&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"San Juan de Yapacaní Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Juan_de_Yapacan%C3%AD_Municipality&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The province comprises four municipalities:Buena Vista Municipality 2,047 km2 - 13,273 inhabitants (2001)[6]\nSan Carlos Municipality 3,998 km2 - 25,633 inhabitants (2001)[7]\nYapacaní Municipality 8,187 km2 - 31,538 inhabitants (2001)[8]\nSan Juan de Yapacaní Municipality - 9,131 inhabitants (2001)[9]","title":"Division"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bolivia_Santa_Cruz_Ichilo.png/270px-Bolivia_Santa_Cruz_Ichilo.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bolivia_department_of_Santa_Cruz.png/270px-Bolivia_department_of_Santa_Cruz.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"New Page 3\". Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2008-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202105420/http://www.santacruz.gov.bo/websites/provincias/ichilo.html","url_text":"\"New Page 3\""},{"url":"http://www.santacruz.gov.bo/websites/provincias/ichilo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-07-13. Retrieved 2008-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040713035032/http://www.enlared.org.bo/ficha/archivos/241.pdf","url_text":"\"Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia\""},{"url":"http://www.enlared.org.bo/ficha/archivos/241.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-04. Retrieved 2008-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060504003619/http://www.enlared.org.bo/ficha/archivos/242.pdf","url_text":"\"Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia\""},{"url":"http://www.enlared.org.bo/ficha/archivos/242.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-07-13. Retrieved 2008-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040713064118/http://www.enlared.org.bo/ficha/archivos/243.pdf","url_text":"\"Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia\""},{"url":"http://www.enlared.org.bo/ficha/archivos/243.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ichilo_Province&params=17_00_S_64_20_W_type:adm2nd_region:BO","external_links_name":"17°00′S 64°20′W / 17.000°S 64.333°W / -17.000; -64.333"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202105420/http://www.santacruz.gov.bo/websites/provincias/ichilo.html","external_links_name":"\"New Page 3\""},{"Link":"http://www.santacruz.gov.bo/websites/provincias/ichilo.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.santacruz.gov.bo/websites/provincias/ichilo.html","external_links_name":"Santa Cruz Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081202105420/http://www.santacruz.gov.bo/websites/provincias/ichilo.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ine.gov.bo/pdf/boletin/np_2005_75.pdf","external_links_name":"Instituto Nacional de Estadística"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070825045345/http://www.ine.gov.bo/pdf/boletin/np_2005_75.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ine.gov.bo/PDF/DIFD/ProyeccionesPoblacionProvinciasMunicipiosSantaCruz.pdf","external_links_name":"Instituto Nacional de Estadística - Proyecciones"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081118162334/http://www.ine.gov.bo/PDF/DIFD/ProyeccionesPoblacionProvinciasMunicipiosSantaCruz.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-38&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=x","external_links_name":"World Gazetteer"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040713035032/http://www.enlared.org.bo/ficha/archivos/241.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia\""},{"Link":"http://www.enlared.org.bo/ficha/archivos/241.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060504003619/http://www.enlared.org.bo/ficha/archivos/242.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia\""},{"Link":"http://www.enlared.org.bo/ficha/archivos/242.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040713064118/http://www.enlared.org.bo/ficha/archivos/243.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Federación de Asociaciones Municipales de Bolivia\""},{"Link":"http://www.enlared.org.bo/ficha/archivos/243.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ine.gov.bo/","external_links_name":"Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE) 2001"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091113141644/http://www.ine.gov.bo/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090106024946/http://www.aguabolivia.org/situacionaguaX/Riego/mapas/santacruz/t_ichilo.htm","external_links_name":"General map of province"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080914035322/http://www.aguabolivia.org/situacionaguaX/Riego/mapas/santacruz/ichilo.htm","external_links_name":"Detailed map of province towns and rivers"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081010173558/http://www.ine.gov.bo/default.aspx","external_links_name":"Population data (Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081009065850/http://www.ine.gov.bo/html/dfid/index.htm","external_links_name":"Social data (Spanish)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/138515339","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007567619705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91129645","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ichilo_Province&params=17_00_S_64_20_W_type:adm2nd_region:BO","external_links_name":"17°00′S 64°20′W / 17.000°S 64.333°W / -17.000; -64.333"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuganpo_Member
Zhuganpo Formation
["1 Paleobiota","1.1 Invertebrates","1.2 Fish","1.3 Reptiles","2 References"]
Zhuganpo FormationStratigraphic range: Upper Ladinian - Lower CarnianTypeGeological formationUnderliesXiaowa FormationOverliesYangliujing FormationLithologyPrimarylimestone, marlLocationRegionGuizhou Province, Yunnan ProvinceCountryChinaExtentYunnan–Guizhou Plateau The Zhuganpo Formation is a Triassic geologic unit found in southern China. It has historically been known as the Zhuganpo Member of the Falang Formation. A diverse fossil assemblage known as the Xingyi biota or Xingyi Fauna can be found in the upper part of the Zhuganpo Formation. Fossils of the Xingyi biota include articulated skeletons of marine reptiles, abundant fish, and a plentiful assortment of invertebrates indicating a Ladinian to Carnian age for the sediments of the formation. Paleobiota Invertebrates Ammonites: Clionitites sp., Detoniceras sp., Haoceras xingyiense, Parasturia sp., Protrachyceras sp., Ptychites sp., Sinomeginoceras (S. wangi, S. xingyiense), Trachyceras sp., Xenoprotrachyceras cf. primum, Yangites densicostatus, Bivalves: Daonella sp. Conodonts: Gladigondolella malayensis, Metapolygnathus / Paragondolella / Quadralella (Q. aff. acuminatus, P. foliata, P. inclinata, Q. intermedius, Q. langdaiensis, P. maantangensis, P. navicula, M. nodosus, M. parafoliata, Q. aff. praelindae, P. polygnathiformis, Q. shijiangjunensis, Q. tadpole, Q. uniformis, Q. wanlanensis, Q. aff. wayaoensis, Q. yongueensis, Q. aff. zonneveldi) Crinoids: Traumatocrinus hsui Crustaceans ("shrimps"): Schimperella acanthocercus (Lophogastrida) Fish Acrolepidae indet. Archaesemionotus sp. aff. Arctacanthus sp. (Chimaeriformes?) Asialepidotus shingyiensis (Ionoscopiformes) Birgeria liui Caturidae indet. Eosemionotus sp. Favusodus orientalis (Euselachii) Fuyuanichthys wangi (Ginglymodi) Fuyuanperleidus dengi Guizhouamia bellula Guizhoubrachysomus minor Guizhoucoelacanthus guanlingensis Guizhouniscus microlepidus Habroichthys sp. Keichouodus nimaiguensis (Euselachii) Luganoia fortuna (Luganoiidae) Malingichthys (M. nimaiguensis, M. wanfendlinensis; Pholidophoridae) Marcopoloichthys sp. Peltopleurus (P. orientalis, P. tyrannos) Peripeltopleurus sp. (Wushaichthyidae) Pholidophoridae indet. Potanichthys xingyiensis (Thoracopteridae) Rosaodus xingyiensis (Elasmobranchii) Saurichthys sp. Sinoeugnathus kueichowensis Wushaichthys exquisitus (Wushaichthyidae) Xingyia gracilis Reptiles Reptiles of the Zhuganpo Formation Genus Species Notes Images Anshunsaurus A. huangnihensis An askeptosauroid thalattosaur Diandongosuchus fuyuanensis Keichousaurus hui Guizhouichthyosaurus A. wushaensis An askeptosauroid thalattosaur Brevicaudosaurus B. jiyangshanensis A small nothosaur with an unusually short torso and tail Diandongosuchus D. fuyuanensis A semiaquatic archosauriform, interpreted as a basal phytosaur Dingxiaosaurus D. luyinensis A pistosauroid of uncertain validity. Previously believed to have been from the Yangliujing Formation. Fuyuansaurus F. acutirostris A "protorosaur" archosauromorph, possibly a tanystropheid Glyphoderma G. kangi A placochelyid placodont Guizhouichthyosaurus G. sp. A large predatory merriamosaurian ichthyosaur Keichousaurus K. hui A keichousaurid pachypleurosaur Lariosaurus L. xingyiensis A small nothosaur Litorosuchus L. somnii A semiaquatic archosauriform related to Vancleavea campi Macrocnemus M. fuyuanensis A small basal tanystropheid Nothosaurus N. youngi A large nothosaur Qianichthyosaurus Q. xingyiensis A small toretocnemid ichthyosaur Qianxisaurus Q. chajiangensis A basal eosauropterygian, possibly related to pachypleurosaurs or nothosaurs Tanystropheus T. cf. hydroides A large tanystropheid, previously classified as T. cf. longobardicus T. sp. A small tanystropheid, previously classified as T. cf. longobardicus Wangosaurus W. brevirostris A pistosauroid Xinpusaurus X. xingyiensis A thalattosauroid thalattosaur Yunguisaurus Y. liae A pistosauroid References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Benton, Michael J.; Zhang, Qiyue; Hu, Shixue; Chen, Zhong-Qiang; Wen, Wen; Liu, Jun; Huang, Jinyuan; Zhou, Changyong; Xie, Tao; Tong, Jinnan; Choo, Brian (2013-10-01). "Exceptional vertebrate biotas from the Triassic of China, and the expansion of marine ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction". Earth-Science Reviews. 125: 199–243. Bibcode:2013ESRv..125..199B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.014. ISSN 0012-8252. ^ a b c Lu, Hao; Jiang, Da-Yong; Motani, Ryosuke; Ni, Pei-Gang; Sun, Zuo-Yu; Tintori, Andrea; Xiao, Shi-Zhen; Zhou, Min; Ji, Cheng; Fu, Wan-Lu (2018). "Middle Triassic Xingyi Fauna: Showing turnover of marine reptiles from coastal to oceanic environments". Palaeoworld. 27 (1): 107–116. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2017.05.005. ^ a b c d e f g h i Xiaodong Xu, Marco Balini, Da-Yong Jiang, Andrea Tintori, Zuo-Yu Sun, Yuan-Lin Sun (2015). "Ammonoids from the Zhuganpo Member of the Falang Formation at Nimaigu and their relevance for dating the Xingyi Fossil-Lagerstatte (Late Ladinian, Guizhou, China)". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 121 (2): 135–161.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b c d Sun, Zuoyu; Jiang, Dayong; Ji, Cheng; Hao, Weicheng (2016). "Integrated biochronology for Triassic marine vertebrate faunas of Guizhou Province, South China". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 118: 101–110. Bibcode:2016JAESc.118..101S. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.01.004. ^ a b Zhang, Z. T.; Sun, Y. D.; Lai, X. L.; Joachimski, M. M.; Wignall, P. B. (2017-11-15). "Early Carnian conodont fauna at Yongyue, Zhenfeng area and its implication for Ladinian-Carnian subdivision in Guizhou, South China". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. The Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Transition in South China: Oceanic Environments and Life from Late Permian to Late Triassic. 486: 142–157. Bibcode:2017PPP...486..142Z. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.011. ISSN 0031-0182. ^ Taylor, Rod S.; Schram, Frederick R.; Yan-Bin, Shen (2001). "A new upper Middle Triassic shrimp (Crustacea: Lophogastrida) from Guizhou, China, with discussion regarding other fossil "mysidaceans"". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (2): 310–318. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0310:ANUMTS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 131509616. ^ a b c d Li, Jiachun; Sun, Zuoyu; Cuny, Gilles; Ji, Cheng; Jiang, Dayong; Zhou, Min (2022). Cavin, Lionel (ed.). "An unusual shark assemblage from the Ladinian–Carnian interval of South China". Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (1). Bibcode:2022PPal....8E1404L. doi:10.1002/spp2.1404. ISSN 2056-2799. S2CID 241980979. ^ Xu, Guang-Hui; Ma, Xin-Ying (2018-01-27). "Redescription and phylogenetic reassessment of Asialepidotus shingyiensis (Holostei: Halecomorphi) from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of China". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 184 (1): 95–114. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx105. ISSN 0024-4082. ^ Ni, Peigang; Tintori, Andrea; Sun, Zuoyu; Lombardo, Cristina; Jiang, Dayong (2019-12-01). "Postcranial skeleton of Birgeria liui (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) from the Longobardian (Ladinian, Middle Triassic) of Xingyi, Guizhou, South China". Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 112 (2): 307–324. doi:10.1007/s00015-018-0329-0. ISSN 1661-8734. S2CID 135305199. ^ Xu, Guang-Hui; Ma, Xin-Ying; Ren, Yi (2018-12-20). "Fuyuanichthys wangi gen. et sp. nov. from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of China highlights the early diversification of ginglymodian fishes". PeerJ. 6: e6054. doi:10.7717/peerj.6054. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6304272. PMID 30595977. ^ Guang-Hui, Xu (2020). "A new species of Luganoia (Luganoiidae, Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic Xingyi Biota, Guizhou, China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 58 (4): 267–282. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.200624. ^ TINTORI, ANDREA; SUN, ZUOYU; NI, PEIGANG; LOMBARDO, CRISTINA; JIANG, DAYONG; MOTANI, RYOSUKE (2015-11-19). "OLDEST STEM TELEOSTEI FROM THE LATE LADINIAN (MIDDLE TRIASSIC) OF SOUTHERN CHINA". Rivista italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 121: 3. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/6519. ^ Xu Guang-Hi, Ma Xin-Ying, Zhao Li-Jun (2018). "A large peltopleurid fish (Actinopterygii: Peltopleuriformes) from the Middle Triassic of Yunnan and Guizhou, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 56 (2): 106–120. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.171225.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ a b Shen, Chenchen; Arratia, Gloria (2021-10-02). "Re-description of the sexually dimorphic peltopleuriform fish Wushaichthys exquisitus (Middle Triassic, China): taxonomic implications and phylogenetic relationships". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19 (19): 1317–1342. Bibcode:2021JSPal..19.1317S. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2029595. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 247731689. ^ Xu, G. -H.; Zhao, L. -J.; Gao, K. -Q.; Wu, F. -X. (2012). "A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic of China shows the earliest over-water gliding strategy of the vertebrates". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1750): 20122261. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2261. PMC 3574442. PMID 23118437. ^ Xu, Guang-Hui; Zhao, Li-Jun; Shen, Chen-Chen (2015). "A Middle Triassic thoracopterid from China highlights the evolutionary origin of overwater gliding in early ray-finned fishes". Biology Letters. 11 (1): 20140960. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0960. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 4321159. PMID 25568155. ^ Cheng, L.; Chen, X.; Wang, C. (2007). "A new species of Late Triassic Anshunsaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria) from Guizhou Province". Acta Geologica Sinica (in Chinese). 81 (10): 1345–1351. ^ Long, Cheng; Xiaohong, Chen; Baomin, Zhang; Yongjian, Cai (2011). "New Study of Anshunsaurus huangnihensis Cheng, 2007 (Reptilia: Thalattosauria): Revealing its Transitional Position in Askeptosauridae". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 85 (6): 1231–1237. Bibcode:2011AcGlS..85.1231C. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00584.x. S2CID 129819570. ^ Rieppel, O.; Liu, J.; Li, C. (2006). "A new species of the thalattosaur genus Anshunsaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou Province, southwestern China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 44: 285–296. ^ Liu, J. (2007). "A juvenile specimen of Anshunsaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria)". American Museum Novitates (3582): 1–9. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2007)35822.0.co;2. ISSN 0003-0082. S2CID 85916769. ^ Shang, Qing-Hua; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Li, Chun (2020-05-03). "A New Ladinian Nothosauroid (Sauropterygia) from Fuyuan, Yunnan Province, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (3): e1789651. Bibcode:2020JVPal..40E9651S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1789651. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 227241106. ^ Li, C.; Wu, X. C.; Zhao, L. J.; Sato, T.; Wang, L. T. (2012). "A new archosaur (Diapsida, Archosauriformes) from the marine Triassic of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 1064. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32.1064L. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694383. S2CID 86797826. ^ Michelle R. Stocker; Li-Jun Zhao; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Xiao-Chun Wu; Chun Li (2017). "A Short-Snouted, Middle Triassic Phytosaur and its Implications for the Morphological Evolution and Biogeography of Phytosauria". Scientific Reports. 7: Article number 46028. Bibcode:2017NatSR...746028S. doi:10.1038/srep46028. PMC 5385495. PMID 28393843. ^ a b Wang, Xue; Lu, Hao; Jiang, Da-Yong; Zhou, Min; Sun, Zuo-Yu (2020). "A new specimen of Yunguisaurus (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Zhuganpo Member, Falang Formation, Guizhou, China and the restudy of Dingxiaosaurus". Palaeoworld. 29 (1): 137–150. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.05.006. S2CID 181711576. ^ a b Fraser, Nicholas C.; Rieppel, Olivier; Chun, Li (2013). "A long-snouted protorosaur from the Middle Triassic of southern China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (5): 1120–1126. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33.1120F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.764310. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 83521468. ^ Ezcurra, Martín D.; Butler, Richard J. (2018-06-13). "The rise of the ruling reptiles and ecosystem recovery from the Permo-Triassic mass extinction". Proc. R. Soc. B. 285 (1880): 20180361. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0361. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6015845. PMID 29899066. ^ Spiekman, Stephan N. F.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Scheyer, Torsten M. (2021-05-03). "A new phylogenetic hypothesis of Tanystropheidae (Diapsida, Archosauromorpha) and other "protorosaurs", and its implications for the early evolution of stem archosaurs". PeerJ. 9: e11143. doi:10.7717/peerj.11143. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8101476. PMID 33986981. ^ Zhao, L.-J.; Li, C.; Liu, J.; He, T. (2008). "A new armored placodont from the Middle Triassic of Yunnan Province, Southwestern China" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 46 (3): 171–177. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. ^ a b Jiang, D. Y.; Motani, R.; Tintori, A.; Rieppel, O.; Ji, C.; Zhou, M.; Wang, X.; Lu, H.; Li, Z. G. (2020). "Evidence supporting predation of 4-m marine reptile by Triassic megapredator". iScience. 23 (9): 101347. Bibcode:2020iSci...23j1347J. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101347. PMC 7520894. PMID 32822565. ^ Cheng, Yen-nien; Wu, Xiao-chun; Ji, Qiang (2004). "Triassic marine reptiles gave birth to live young". Nature. 432 (7015): 383–386. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..383C. doi:10.1038/nature03050. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15549103. S2CID 4391810. ^ Holmes, Robert; Cheng, Yen-Nien; Wu, Xiao-Chun (2008-03-12). "New information on the skull of Keichousaurus hui (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) with comments on sauropterygian interrelationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (1): 76–84. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)282.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85868385. ^ Rieppel, Olivier; Jinling, Li; Jun, Liu (2003). "Lariosaurus xingyiensis (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Triassic of China". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 40 (4): 621–634. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40..621R. doi:10.1139/e02-067. ^ Wen-Bin Lin; Da-Yong Jiang; Olivier Rieppel; Ryosuke Motani; Cheng Ji; Andrea Tintori; Zuo-Yu Sun; Min Zhou (2017). "A new specimen of Lariosaurus xingyiensis (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Zhuganpo Member, Falang Formation, Guizhou, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (2). e1278703. Bibcode:2017JVPal..37E8703L. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1278703. S2CID 90181915. ^ Li, Chun; Wu, Xiao-chun; Zhao, Li-jun; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Wang, Li-Ting (2016-11-09). "A new armored archosauriform (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the marine Middle Triassic of China, with implications for the diverse life styles of archosauriforms prior to the diversification of Archosauria". The Science of Nature. 103 (11): 95. Bibcode:2016SciNa.103...95L. doi:10.1007/s00114-016-1418-4. ISSN 1432-1904. PMID 27830290. S2CID 253634068. ^ Jiang, Da-Yong; Rieppel, Olivier; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Motani, Ryosuke; Hao, Wei-Cheng; Tintori, Andrea; Sun, Yuan-Lin; Sun, Zuo-Yu (2011). "New information on the protorosaurian reptile Macrocnemus fuyuanensis Li et al., 2007, from the Middle/Upper Triassic of Yunnan, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (6): 1230–1237. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31.1230J. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.610853. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 131615836. ^ Ji, Cheng; Jiang, Da-Yong; Rieppel, Olivier; Motani, Ryosuke; Tintori, Andrea; Sun, Zuo-Yu (2014-03-01). "A new specimen of Nothosaurus youngi from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (2): 465–470. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..465J. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.808204. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 84886121. ^ Yang, P.F., Ji, C., Jiang, D.Y., Motani, R., Tintori, A., Sun, Y.L., Sun, Z.Y. (2013). "A new species of Qianichthyosaurus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from Xingyi Fauna (Ladinian, Middle Triassic) of Guizhou". Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis (in Chinese). 49: 1002–1008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Cheng, Y. N.; Wu, X. C.; Sato, T.; Shan, H. Y. (2012). "A new eosauropterygian (Diapsida, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (6): 1335. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32.1335C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.695983. S2CID 85253142. ^ Spiekman, Stephan N. F.; Neenan, James M.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Fernandez, Vincent; Rieppel, Olivier; Nosotti, Stefania; Scheyer, Torsten M. (2020-11-20). "The cranial morphology of Tanystropheus hydroides (Tanystropheidae, Archosauromorpha) as revealed by synchrotron microtomography". PeerJ. 8: e10299. doi:10.7717/peerj.10299. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7682440. PMID 33240633. ^ a b Rieppel, Olivier; Jiang, Da-Yong; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Hao, Wei-Cheng; Motani, Ryosuke; Sun, Yuan-Lin; Sun, Zuo-Yu (2010). "Tanystropheus cf. T. Longobardicus from the early Late Triassic of Guizhou Province, southwestern China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (4): 1082–1089. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1082R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483548. JSTOR 40864387. S2CID 86315078. ^ Ma, Le-Tian; Jiang, Da-Yong; Rieppel, Olivier; Motani, Ryosuke; Tintori, Andrea (2015-01-02). "A new pistosauroid (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the late Ladinian Xingyi marine reptile level, southwestern China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (1): e881832. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E1832M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.881832. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130696958. ^ Li, Z.-G.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Rieppel, O.; Motani, R.; Tintori, A.; Sun, Z.-Y.; Ji, C. (2016-11-01). "A new species of Xinpusaurus (Reptilia, Thalattosauria) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) of Xingyi, Guizhou, southwestern China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (6): e1218340. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E8340L. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1218340. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 132418823. ^ Sato, Tamaki; Zhao, Li-Jun; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Li, Chun (2014). Ruta, Marcello (ed.). "A new specimen of the Triassic pistosauroid Yunguisaurus , with implications for the origin of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia)". Palaeontology. 57 (1): 55–76. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57...55S. doi:10.1111/pala.12048. S2CID 129457774. This article about a specific stratigraphic formation in the People's Republic of China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"geologic unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_unit"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrates"},{"link_name":"Ladinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladinian"},{"link_name":"Carnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The Zhuganpo Formation is a Triassic geologic unit found in southern China. It has historically been known as the Zhuganpo Member of the Falang Formation. A diverse fossil assemblage known as the Xingyi biota or Xingyi Fauna can be found in the upper part of the Zhuganpo Formation. Fossils of the Xingyi biota include articulated skeletons of marine reptiles, abundant fish, and a plentiful assortment of invertebrates indicating a Ladinian to Carnian age for the sediments of the formation.[1][2]","title":"Zhuganpo Formation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Paleobiota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ammonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonoidea"},{"link_name":"Clionitites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clionitites&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Detoniceras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detoniceras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Haoceras xingyiense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haoceras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-4"},{"link_name":"Parasturia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parasturia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Protrachyceras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protrachyceras"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Ptychites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptychites"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Sinomeginoceras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinomeginoceras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Trachyceras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachyceras"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-4"},{"link_name":"Xenoprotrachyceras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xenoprotrachyceras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Yangites densicostatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangites&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Bivalves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivalvia"},{"link_name":"Daonella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daonella"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Conodonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conodont"},{"link_name":"Gladigondolella malayensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gladigondolella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-5"},{"link_name":"Metapolygnathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapolygnathus"},{"link_name":"Paragondolella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paragondolella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quadralella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quadralella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-5"},{"link_name":"Crinoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoid"},{"link_name":"Traumatocrinus hsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traumatocrinus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"Schimperella acanthocercus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schimperella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lophogastrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophogastrida"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"}],"sub_title":"Invertebrates","text":"Ammonites: Clionitites sp.,[3] Detoniceras sp.,[3] Haoceras xingyiense,[3][4] Parasturia sp.,[3] Protrachyceras sp.,[1] Ptychites sp.,[3] Sinomeginoceras (S. wangi, S. xingyiense),[3] Trachyceras sp.,[3][4] Xenoprotrachyceras cf. primum,[3] Yangites densicostatus,[3]\nBivalves: Daonella sp.[1]\nConodonts: Gladigondolella malayensis,[4][5] Metapolygnathus / Paragondolella / Quadralella (Q. aff. acuminatus, P. foliata, P. inclinata, Q. intermedius, Q. langdaiensis, P. maantangensis, P. navicula, M. nodosus, M. parafoliata, Q. aff. praelindae, P. polygnathiformis, Q. shijiangjunensis, Q. tadpole, Q. uniformis, Q. wanlanensis, Q. aff. wayaoensis, Q. yongueensis, Q. aff. zonneveldi)[1][4][5]\nCrinoids: Traumatocrinus hsui[1]\nCrustaceans (\"shrimps\"): Schimperella acanthocercus (Lophogastrida)[6][1]","title":"Paleobiota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acrolepidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrolepidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Archaesemionotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archaesemionotus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Arctacanthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctacanthus"},{"link_name":"Chimaeriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimaeriformes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-7"},{"link_name":"Asialepidotus shingyiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asialepidotus"},{"link_name":"Ionoscopiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionoscopiformes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Birgeria liui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgeria_liui"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Caturidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caturidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Eosemionotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosemionotus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Favusodus orientalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Favusodus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Euselachii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euselachii"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-7"},{"link_name":"Fuyuanichthys wangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuyuanichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ginglymodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginglymodi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Fuyuanperleidus dengi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuyuanperleidus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Guizhouamia bellula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guizhouamia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Guizhoubrachysomus minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guizhoubrachysomus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Guizhoucoelacanthus guanlingensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guizhoucoelacanthus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Guizhouniscus microlepidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guizhouniscus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Habroichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habroichthys"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Keichouodus nimaiguensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keichouodus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-7"},{"link_name":"Luganoia fortuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luganoia"},{"link_name":"Luganoiidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luganoiidae"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Malingichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malingichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pholidophoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidophoridae"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Marcopoloichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcopoloichthys"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Peltopleurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltopleurus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Peripeltopleurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripeltopleurus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Wushaichthyidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wushaichthyidae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-14"},{"link_name":"Pholidophoridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholidophoridae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Potanichthys xingyiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potanichthys"},{"link_name":"Thoracopteridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracopteridae"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xu-15"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Rosaodus xingyiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosaodus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elasmobranchii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasmobranchii"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-7"},{"link_name":"Saurichthys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurichthys"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Sinoeugnathus kueichowensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinoeugnathus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"},{"link_name":"Wushaichthys exquisitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wushaichthys&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-14"},{"link_name":"Xingyia gracilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xingyia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exceptionalbiotas-1"}],"sub_title":"Fish","text":"Acrolepidae indet.[1]\nArchaesemionotus sp.[1]\naff. Arctacanthus sp. (Chimaeriformes?)[7]\nAsialepidotus shingyiensis (Ionoscopiformes)[1][8]\nBirgeria liui[1][9]\nCaturidae indet.[1]\nEosemionotus sp.[1]\nFavusodus orientalis (Euselachii)[7]\nFuyuanichthys wangi (Ginglymodi)[10]\nFuyuanperleidus dengi[1]\nGuizhouamia bellula[1]\nGuizhoubrachysomus minor[1]\nGuizhoucoelacanthus guanlingensis[1]\nGuizhouniscus microlepidus[1]\nHabroichthys sp.[1]\nKeichouodus nimaiguensis (Euselachii)[7]\nLuganoia fortuna (Luganoiidae)[11]\nMalingichthys (M. nimaiguensis, M. wanfendlinensis; Pholidophoridae)[12]\nMarcopoloichthys sp.[1]\nPeltopleurus (P. orientalis, P. tyrannos)[1][13]\nPeripeltopleurus sp.[1] (Wushaichthyidae)[14]\nPholidophoridae indet.[1]\nPotanichthys xingyiensis (Thoracopteridae)[15][1]\nRosaodus xingyiensis (Elasmobranchii)[7]\nSaurichthys sp.[1]\nSinoeugnathus kueichowensis[1]\nWushaichthys exquisitus[16] (Wushaichthyidae)[14]\nXingyia gracilis[1]","title":"Paleobiota"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reptiles","title":"Paleobiota"}]
[{"image_text":"Diandongosuchus fuyuanensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Diandongosuchus_fuyuanensis.jpg/150px-Diandongosuchus_fuyuanensis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Keichousaurus hui","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Keichousaurus_NT_small.jpg/150px-Keichousaurus_NT_small.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guizhouichthyosaurus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Guizhouichthyosaurus_SW.png/150px-Guizhouichthyosaurus_SW.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Benton, Michael J.; Zhang, Qiyue; Hu, Shixue; Chen, Zhong-Qiang; Wen, Wen; Liu, Jun; Huang, Jinyuan; Zhou, Changyong; Xie, Tao; Tong, Jinnan; Choo, Brian (2013-10-01). \"Exceptional vertebrate biotas from the Triassic of China, and the expansion of marine ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction\". Earth-Science Reviews. 125: 199–243. Bibcode:2013ESRv..125..199B. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.014. ISSN 0012-8252.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825213001128","url_text":"\"Exceptional vertebrate biotas from the Triassic of China, and the expansion of marine ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ESRv..125..199B","url_text":"2013ESRv..125..199B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2013.05.014","url_text":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8252","url_text":"0012-8252"}]},{"reference":"Lu, Hao; Jiang, Da-Yong; Motani, Ryosuke; Ni, Pei-Gang; Sun, Zuo-Yu; Tintori, Andrea; Xiao, Shi-Zhen; Zhou, Min; Ji, Cheng; Fu, Wan-Lu (2018). \"Middle Triassic Xingyi Fauna: Showing turnover of marine reptiles from coastal to oceanic environments\". Palaeoworld. 27 (1): 107–116. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2017.05.005.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871174X17300318","url_text":"\"Middle Triassic Xingyi Fauna: Showing turnover of marine reptiles from coastal to oceanic environments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palwor.2017.05.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.palwor.2017.05.005"}]},{"reference":"Xiaodong Xu, Marco Balini, Da-Yong Jiang, Andrea Tintori, Zuo-Yu Sun, Yuan-Lin Sun (2015). \"Ammonoids from the Zhuganpo Member of the Falang Formation at Nimaigu and their relevance for dating the Xingyi Fossil-Lagerstatte (Late Ladinian, Guizhou, China)\". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 121 (2): 135–161.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280304354","url_text":"\"Ammonoids from the Zhuganpo Member of the Falang Formation at Nimaigu and their relevance for dating the Xingyi Fossil-Lagerstatte (Late Ladinian, Guizhou, China)\""}]},{"reference":"Sun, Zuoyu; Jiang, Dayong; Ji, Cheng; Hao, Weicheng (2016). \"Integrated biochronology for Triassic marine vertebrate faunas of Guizhou Province, South China\". Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 118: 101–110. Bibcode:2016JAESc.118..101S. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.01.004.","urls":[{"url":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1367912016300049","url_text":"\"Integrated biochronology for Triassic marine vertebrate faunas of Guizhou Province, South China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JAESc.118..101S","url_text":"2016JAESc.118..101S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2016.01.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.01.004"}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Z. T.; Sun, Y. D.; Lai, X. L.; Joachimski, M. M.; Wignall, P. B. (2017-11-15). \"Early Carnian conodont fauna at Yongyue, Zhenfeng area and its implication for Ladinian-Carnian subdivision in Guizhou, South China\". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. The Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Transition in South China: Oceanic Environments and Life from Late Permian to Late Triassic. 486: 142–157. Bibcode:2017PPP...486..142Z. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.011. ISSN 0031-0182.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018217301414","url_text":"\"Early Carnian conodont fauna at Yongyue, Zhenfeng area and its implication for Ladinian-Carnian subdivision in Guizhou, South China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PPP...486..142Z","url_text":"2017PPP...486..142Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2017.02.011","url_text":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0182","url_text":"0031-0182"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Rod S.; Schram, Frederick R.; Yan-Bin, Shen (2001). \"A new upper Middle Triassic shrimp (Crustacea: Lophogastrida) from Guizhou, China, with discussion regarding other fossil \"mysidaceans\"\". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (2): 310–318. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0310:ANUMTS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 131509616.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/new-upper-middle-triassic-shrimp-crustacea-lophogastrida-from-guizhou-china-with-discussion-regarding-other-fossil-mysidaceans/0B14B06E089C961960EC598DCBAE8C21","url_text":"\"A new upper Middle Triassic shrimp (Crustacea: Lophogastrida) from Guizhou, China, with discussion regarding other fossil \"mysidaceans\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1666%2F0022-3360%282001%29075%3C0310%3AANUMTS%3E2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0310:ANUMTS>2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3360","url_text":"0022-3360"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131509616","url_text":"131509616"}]},{"reference":"Li, Jiachun; Sun, Zuoyu; Cuny, Gilles; Ji, Cheng; Jiang, Dayong; Zhou, Min (2022). Cavin, Lionel (ed.). \"An unusual shark assemblage from the Ladinian–Carnian interval of South China\". Papers in Palaeontology. 8 (1). Bibcode:2022PPal....8E1404L. doi:10.1002/spp2.1404. ISSN 2056-2799. S2CID 241980979.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1404","url_text":"\"An unusual shark assemblage from the Ladinian–Carnian interval of South China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PPal....8E1404L","url_text":"2022PPal....8E1404L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspp2.1404","url_text":"10.1002/spp2.1404"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2056-2799","url_text":"2056-2799"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241980979","url_text":"241980979"}]},{"reference":"Xu, Guang-Hui; Ma, Xin-Ying (2018-01-27). \"Redescription and phylogenetic reassessment of Asialepidotus shingyiensis (Holostei: Halecomorphi) from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of China\". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 184 (1): 95–114. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx105. ISSN 0024-4082.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx105","url_text":"\"Redescription and phylogenetic reassessment of Asialepidotus shingyiensis (Holostei: Halecomorphi) from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlx105","url_text":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4082","url_text":"0024-4082"}]},{"reference":"Ni, Peigang; Tintori, Andrea; Sun, Zuoyu; Lombardo, Cristina; Jiang, Dayong (2019-12-01). \"Postcranial skeleton of Birgeria liui (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) from the Longobardian (Ladinian, Middle Triassic) of Xingyi, Guizhou, South China\". Swiss Journal of Geosciences. 112 (2): 307–324. doi:10.1007/s00015-018-0329-0. ISSN 1661-8734. S2CID 135305199.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-018-0329-0","url_text":"\"Postcranial skeleton of Birgeria liui (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) from the Longobardian (Ladinian, Middle Triassic) of Xingyi, Guizhou, South China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00015-018-0329-0","url_text":"10.1007/s00015-018-0329-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1661-8734","url_text":"1661-8734"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135305199","url_text":"135305199"}]},{"reference":"Xu, Guang-Hui; Ma, Xin-Ying; Ren, Yi (2018-12-20). \"Fuyuanichthys wangi gen. et sp. nov. from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of China highlights the early diversification of ginglymodian fishes\". PeerJ. 6: e6054. doi:10.7717/peerj.6054. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6304272. PMID 30595977.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6304272","url_text":"\"Fuyuanichthys wangi gen. et sp. nov. from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of China highlights the early diversification of ginglymodian fishes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.6054","url_text":"10.7717/peerj.6054"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359","url_text":"2167-8359"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6304272","url_text":"6304272"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30595977","url_text":"30595977"}]},{"reference":"Guang-Hui, Xu (2020). \"A new species of Luganoia (Luganoiidae, Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic Xingyi Biota, Guizhou, China\" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 58 (4): 267–282. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.200624.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/202006/P020201020373570214932.pdf","url_text":"\"A new species of Luganoia (Luganoiidae, Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic Xingyi Biota, Guizhou, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.19615%2Fj.cnki.1000-3118.200624","url_text":"10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.200624"}]},{"reference":"TINTORI, ANDREA; SUN, ZUOYU; NI, PEIGANG; LOMBARDO, CRISTINA; JIANG, DAYONG; MOTANI, RYOSUKE (2015-11-19). \"OLDEST STEM TELEOSTEI FROM THE LATE LADINIAN (MIDDLE TRIASSIC) OF SOUTHERN CHINA\". Rivista italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 121: 3. doi:10.13130/2039-4942/6519.","urls":[{"url":"http://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/6519","url_text":"\"OLDEST STEM TELEOSTEI FROM THE LATE LADINIAN (MIDDLE TRIASSIC) OF SOUTHERN CHINA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.13130%2F2039-4942%2F6519","url_text":"10.13130/2039-4942/6519"}]},{"reference":"Xu Guang-Hi, Ma Xin-Ying, Zhao Li-Jun (2018). \"A large peltopleurid fish (Actinopterygii: Peltopleuriformes) from the Middle Triassic of Yunnan and Guizhou, China\". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 56 (2): 106–120. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.171225.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322062026","url_text":"\"A large peltopleurid fish (Actinopterygii: Peltopleuriformes) from the Middle Triassic of Yunnan and Guizhou, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.19615%2Fj.cnki.1000-3118.171225","url_text":"10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.171225"}]},{"reference":"Shen, Chenchen; Arratia, Gloria (2021-10-02). \"Re-description of the sexually dimorphic peltopleuriform fish Wushaichthys exquisitus (Middle Triassic, China): taxonomic implications and phylogenetic relationships\". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 19 (19): 1317–1342. Bibcode:2021JSPal..19.1317S. doi:10.1080/14772019.2022.2029595. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 247731689.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2022.2029595","url_text":"\"Re-description of the sexually dimorphic peltopleuriform fish Wushaichthys exquisitus (Middle Triassic, China): taxonomic implications and phylogenetic relationships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JSPal..19.1317S","url_text":"2021JSPal..19.1317S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2022.2029595","url_text":"10.1080/14772019.2022.2029595"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-2019","url_text":"1477-2019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247731689","url_text":"247731689"}]},{"reference":"Xu, G. -H.; Zhao, L. -J.; Gao, K. -Q.; Wu, F. -X. (2012). \"A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic of China shows the earliest over-water gliding strategy of the vertebrates\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1750): 20122261. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2261. PMC 3574442. PMID 23118437.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574442","url_text":"\"A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic of China shows the earliest over-water gliding strategy of the vertebrates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.2261","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.2012.2261"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574442","url_text":"3574442"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23118437","url_text":"23118437"}]},{"reference":"Xu, Guang-Hui; Zhao, Li-Jun; Shen, Chen-Chen (2015). \"A Middle Triassic thoracopterid from China highlights the evolutionary origin of overwater gliding in early ray-finned fishes\". Biology Letters. 11 (1): 20140960. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0960. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 4321159. PMID 25568155.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321159","url_text":"\"A Middle Triassic thoracopterid from China highlights the evolutionary origin of overwater gliding in early ray-finned fishes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2014.0960","url_text":"10.1098/rsbl.2014.0960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9561","url_text":"1744-9561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321159","url_text":"4321159"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25568155","url_text":"25568155"}]},{"reference":"Cheng, L.; Chen, X.; Wang, C. (2007). \"A new species of Late Triassic Anshunsaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria) from Guizhou Province\". Acta Geologica Sinica (in Chinese). 81 (10): 1345–1351.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxbe/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=2007010154&flag=1&journal_id=dzxbe&year_id=2007","url_text":"\"A new species of Late Triassic Anshunsaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria) from Guizhou Province\""}]},{"reference":"Long, Cheng; Xiaohong, Chen; Baomin, Zhang; Yongjian, Cai (2011). \"New Study of Anshunsaurus huangnihensis Cheng, 2007 (Reptilia: Thalattosauria): Revealing its Transitional Position in Askeptosauridae\". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 85 (6): 1231–1237. Bibcode:2011AcGlS..85.1231C. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00584.x. S2CID 129819570.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00584.x","url_text":"\"New Study of Anshunsaurus huangnihensis Cheng, 2007 (Reptilia: Thalattosauria): Revealing its Transitional Position in Askeptosauridae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AcGlS..85.1231C","url_text":"2011AcGlS..85.1231C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1755-6724.2011.00584.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00584.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129819570","url_text":"129819570"}]},{"reference":"Rieppel, O.; Liu, J.; Li, C. (2006). \"A new species of the thalattosaur genus Anshunsaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou Province, southwestern China\". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 44: 285–296.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311671429","url_text":"\"A new species of the thalattosaur genus Anshunsaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou Province, southwestern China\""}]},{"reference":"Liu, J. (2007). \"A juvenile specimen of Anshunsaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria)\". American Museum Novitates (3582): 1–9. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3582[1:ajsoar]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0003-0082. S2CID 85916769.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/4735352","url_text":"\"A juvenile specimen of Anshunsaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1206%2F0003-0082%282007%293582%5B1%3Aajsoar%5D2.0.co%3B2","url_text":"10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3582[1:ajsoar]2.0.co;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0082","url_text":"0003-0082"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85916769","url_text":"85916769"}]},{"reference":"Shang, Qing-Hua; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Li, Chun (2020-05-03). \"A New Ladinian Nothosauroid (Sauropterygia) from Fuyuan, Yunnan Province, China\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 40 (3): e1789651. Bibcode:2020JVPal..40E9651S. doi:10.1080/02724634.2020.1789651. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 227241106.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1789651","url_text":"\"A New Ladinian Nothosauroid (Sauropterygia) from Fuyuan, Yunnan Province, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JVPal..40E9651S","url_text":"2020JVPal..40E9651S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2020.1789651","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2020.1789651"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","url_text":"0272-4634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227241106","url_text":"227241106"}]},{"reference":"Li, C.; Wu, X. C.; Zhao, L. J.; Sato, T.; Wang, L. T. (2012). \"A new archosaur (Diapsida, Archosauriformes) from the marine Triassic of China\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (5): 1064. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32.1064L. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694383. S2CID 86797826.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254315203","url_text":"\"A new archosaur (Diapsida, Archosauriformes) from the marine Triassic of China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JVPal..32.1064L","url_text":"2012JVPal..32.1064L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2012.694383","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2012.694383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86797826","url_text":"86797826"}]},{"reference":"Michelle R. Stocker; Li-Jun Zhao; Sterling J. Nesbitt; Xiao-Chun Wu; Chun Li (2017). \"A Short-Snouted, Middle Triassic Phytosaur and its Implications for the Morphological Evolution and Biogeography of Phytosauria\". Scientific Reports. 7: Article number 46028. Bibcode:2017NatSR...746028S. doi:10.1038/srep46028. PMC 5385495. PMID 28393843.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385495","url_text":"\"A Short-Snouted, Middle Triassic Phytosaur and its Implications for the Morphological Evolution and Biogeography of Phytosauria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...746028S","url_text":"2017NatSR...746028S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep46028","url_text":"10.1038/srep46028"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385495","url_text":"5385495"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28393843","url_text":"28393843"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Xue; Lu, Hao; Jiang, Da-Yong; Zhou, Min; Sun, Zuo-Yu (2020). \"A new specimen of Yunguisaurus (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Zhuganpo Member, Falang Formation, Guizhou, China and the restudy of Dingxiaosaurus\". Palaeoworld. 29 (1): 137–150. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.05.006. S2CID 181711576.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333363821","url_text":"\"A new specimen of Yunguisaurus (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Zhuganpo Member, Falang Formation, Guizhou, China and the restudy of Dingxiaosaurus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palwor.2019.05.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.palwor.2019.05.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181711576","url_text":"181711576"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, Nicholas C.; Rieppel, Olivier; Chun, Li (2013). \"A long-snouted protorosaur from the Middle Triassic of southern China\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (5): 1120–1126. Bibcode:2013JVPal..33.1120F. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.764310. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 83521468.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2013.764310","url_text":"\"A long-snouted protorosaur from the Middle Triassic of southern China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JVPal..33.1120F","url_text":"2013JVPal..33.1120F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2013.764310","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2013.764310"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","url_text":"0272-4634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83521468","url_text":"83521468"}]},{"reference":"Ezcurra, Martín D.; Butler, Richard J. (2018-06-13). \"The rise of the ruling reptiles and ecosystem recovery from the Permo-Triassic mass extinction\". Proc. R. Soc. B. 285 (1880): 20180361. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0361. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6015845. PMID 29899066.","urls":[{"url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-rise-of-the-ruling-reptiles-and-ecosystem-recovery-from-the-permiantriassic-mass-extinction(882a0eae-8c9a-4e14-96ac-32ebd5d2879e).html","url_text":"\"The rise of the ruling reptiles and ecosystem recovery from the Permo-Triassic mass extinction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2018.0361","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.2018.0361"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452","url_text":"0962-8452"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6015845","url_text":"6015845"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29899066","url_text":"29899066"}]},{"reference":"Spiekman, Stephan N. F.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Scheyer, Torsten M. (2021-05-03). \"A new phylogenetic hypothesis of Tanystropheidae (Diapsida, Archosauromorpha) and other \"protorosaurs\", and its implications for the early evolution of stem archosaurs\". PeerJ. 9: e11143. doi:10.7717/peerj.11143. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8101476. PMID 33986981.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8101476","url_text":"\"A new phylogenetic hypothesis of Tanystropheidae (Diapsida, Archosauromorpha) and other \"protorosaurs\", and its implications for the early evolution of stem archosaurs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.11143","url_text":"10.7717/peerj.11143"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359","url_text":"2167-8359"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8101476","url_text":"8101476"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33986981","url_text":"33986981"}]},{"reference":"Zhao, L.-J.; Li, C.; Liu, J.; He, T. (2008). \"A new armored placodont from the Middle Triassic of Yunnan Province, Southwestern China\" (PDF). Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 46 (3): 171–177. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233554/http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200811/W020090813369302050276.pdf","url_text":"\"A new armored placodont from the Middle Triassic of Yunnan Province, Southwestern China\""},{"url":"http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200811/W020090813369302050276.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jiang, D. Y.; Motani, R.; Tintori, A.; Rieppel, O.; Ji, C.; Zhou, M.; Wang, X.; Lu, H.; Li, Z. G. (2020). \"Evidence supporting predation of 4-m marine reptile by Triassic megapredator\". iScience. 23 (9): 101347. Bibcode:2020iSci...23j1347J. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101347. PMC 7520894. PMID 32822565.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7520894","url_text":"\"Evidence supporting predation of 4-m marine reptile by Triassic megapredator\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020iSci...23j1347J","url_text":"2020iSci...23j1347J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.isci.2020.101347","url_text":"10.1016/j.isci.2020.101347"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7520894","url_text":"7520894"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32822565","url_text":"32822565"}]},{"reference":"Cheng, Yen-nien; Wu, Xiao-chun; Ji, Qiang (2004). \"Triassic marine reptiles gave birth to live young\". Nature. 432 (7015): 383–386. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..383C. doi:10.1038/nature03050. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 15549103. S2CID 4391810.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03050","url_text":"\"Triassic marine reptiles gave birth to live young\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.432..383C","url_text":"2004Natur.432..383C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03050","url_text":"10.1038/nature03050"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","url_text":"1476-4687"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15549103","url_text":"15549103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4391810","url_text":"4391810"}]},{"reference":"Holmes, Robert; Cheng, Yen-Nien; Wu, Xiao-Chun (2008-03-12). \"New information on the skull of Keichousaurus hui (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) with comments on sauropterygian interrelationships\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (1): 76–84. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[76:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85868385.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240535626","url_text":"\"New information on the skull of Keichousaurus hui (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) with comments on sauropterygian interrelationships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634%282008%2928%5B76%3ANIOTSO%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[76:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","url_text":"0272-4634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85868385","url_text":"85868385"}]},{"reference":"Rieppel, Olivier; Jinling, Li; Jun, Liu (2003). \"Lariosaurus xingyiensis (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Triassic of China\". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 40 (4): 621–634. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40..621R. doi:10.1139/e02-067.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/e02-067","url_text":"\"Lariosaurus xingyiensis (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Triassic of China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CaJES..40..621R","url_text":"2003CaJES..40..621R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe02-067","url_text":"10.1139/e02-067"}]},{"reference":"Wen-Bin Lin; Da-Yong Jiang; Olivier Rieppel; Ryosuke Motani; Cheng Ji; Andrea Tintori; Zuo-Yu Sun; Min Zhou (2017). \"A new specimen of Lariosaurus xingyiensis (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Zhuganpo Member, Falang Formation, Guizhou, China\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (2). e1278703. Bibcode:2017JVPal..37E8703L. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1278703. S2CID 90181915.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316291879","url_text":"\"A new specimen of Lariosaurus xingyiensis (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Zhuganpo Member, Falang Formation, Guizhou, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JVPal..37E8703L","url_text":"2017JVPal..37E8703L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2017.1278703","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2017.1278703"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90181915","url_text":"90181915"}]},{"reference":"Li, Chun; Wu, Xiao-chun; Zhao, Li-jun; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Stocker, Michelle R.; Wang, Li-Ting (2016-11-09). \"A new armored archosauriform (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the marine Middle Triassic of China, with implications for the diverse life styles of archosauriforms prior to the diversification of Archosauria\". The Science of Nature. 103 (11): 95. Bibcode:2016SciNa.103...95L. doi:10.1007/s00114-016-1418-4. ISSN 1432-1904. PMID 27830290. S2CID 253634068.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-016-1418-4","url_text":"\"A new armored archosauriform (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the marine Middle Triassic of China, with implications for the diverse life styles of archosauriforms prior to the diversification of Archosauria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SciNa.103...95L","url_text":"2016SciNa.103...95L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-016-1418-4","url_text":"10.1007/s00114-016-1418-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1904","url_text":"1432-1904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27830290","url_text":"27830290"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253634068","url_text":"253634068"}]},{"reference":"Jiang, Da-Yong; Rieppel, Olivier; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Motani, Ryosuke; Hao, Wei-Cheng; Tintori, Andrea; Sun, Yuan-Lin; Sun, Zuo-Yu (2011). \"New information on the protorosaurian reptile Macrocnemus fuyuanensis Li et al., 2007, from the Middle/Upper Triassic of Yunnan, China\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31 (6): 1230–1237. Bibcode:2011JVPal..31.1230J. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.610853. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 131615836.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2011.610853","url_text":"\"New information on the protorosaurian reptile Macrocnemus fuyuanensis Li et al., 2007, from the Middle/Upper Triassic of Yunnan, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JVPal..31.1230J","url_text":"2011JVPal..31.1230J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2011.610853","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2011.610853"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","url_text":"0272-4634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131615836","url_text":"131615836"}]},{"reference":"Ji, Cheng; Jiang, Da-Yong; Rieppel, Olivier; Motani, Ryosuke; Tintori, Andrea; Sun, Zuo-Yu (2014-03-01). \"A new specimen of Nothosaurus youngi from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (2): 465–470. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34..465J. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.808204. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 84886121.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.808204","url_text":"\"A new specimen of Nothosaurus youngi from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JVPal..34..465J","url_text":"2014JVPal..34..465J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2013.808204","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2013.808204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","url_text":"0272-4634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84886121","url_text":"84886121"}]},{"reference":"Yang, P.F., Ji, C., Jiang, D.Y., Motani, R., Tintori, A., Sun, Y.L., Sun, Z.Y. (2013). \"A new species of Qianichthyosaurus (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria) from Xingyi Fauna (Ladinian, Middle Triassic) of Guizhou\". Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis (in Chinese). 49: 1002–1008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cheng, Y. N.; Wu, X. C.; Sato, T.; Shan, H. Y. (2012). \"A new eosauropterygian (Diapsida, Sauropterygia) from the Triassic of China\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (6): 1335. Bibcode:2012JVPal..32.1335C. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.695983. S2CID 85253142.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JVPal..32.1335C","url_text":"2012JVPal..32.1335C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2012.695983","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2012.695983"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85253142","url_text":"85253142"}]},{"reference":"Spiekman, Stephan N. F.; Neenan, James M.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Fernandez, Vincent; Rieppel, Olivier; Nosotti, Stefania; Scheyer, Torsten M. (2020-11-20). \"The cranial morphology of Tanystropheus hydroides (Tanystropheidae, Archosauromorpha) as revealed by synchrotron microtomography\". PeerJ. 8: e10299. doi:10.7717/peerj.10299. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 7682440. PMID 33240633.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7682440","url_text":"\"The cranial morphology of Tanystropheus hydroides (Tanystropheidae, Archosauromorpha) as revealed by synchrotron microtomography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.10299","url_text":"10.7717/peerj.10299"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359","url_text":"2167-8359"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7682440","url_text":"7682440"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33240633","url_text":"33240633"}]},{"reference":"Rieppel, Olivier; Jiang, Da-Yong; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Hao, Wei-Cheng; Motani, Ryosuke; Sun, Yuan-Lin; Sun, Zuo-Yu (2010). \"Tanystropheus cf. T. Longobardicus from the early Late Triassic of Guizhou Province, southwestern China\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (4): 1082–1089. Bibcode:2010JVPal..30.1082R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.483548. JSTOR 40864387. S2CID 86315078.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JVPal..30.1082R","url_text":"2010JVPal..30.1082R"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2010.483548","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2010.483548"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40864387","url_text":"40864387"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86315078","url_text":"86315078"}]},{"reference":"Ma, Le-Tian; Jiang, Da-Yong; Rieppel, Olivier; Motani, Ryosuke; Tintori, Andrea (2015-01-02). \"A new pistosauroid (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the late Ladinian Xingyi marine reptile level, southwestern China\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 35 (1): e881832. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E1832M. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.881832. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 130696958.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2014.881832","url_text":"\"A new pistosauroid (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the late Ladinian Xingyi marine reptile level, southwestern China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JVPal..35E1832M","url_text":"2015JVPal..35E1832M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2014.881832","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2014.881832"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","url_text":"0272-4634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130696958","url_text":"130696958"}]},{"reference":"Li, Z.-G.; Jiang, D.-Y.; Rieppel, O.; Motani, R.; Tintori, A.; Sun, Z.-Y.; Ji, C. (2016-11-01). \"A new species of Xinpusaurus (Reptilia, Thalattosauria) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) of Xingyi, Guizhou, southwestern China\". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (6): e1218340. Bibcode:2016JVPal..36E8340L. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1218340. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 132418823.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309411833","url_text":"\"A new species of Xinpusaurus (Reptilia, Thalattosauria) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) of Xingyi, Guizhou, southwestern China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JVPal..36E8340L","url_text":"2016JVPal..36E8340L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2016.1218340","url_text":"10.1080/02724634.2016.1218340"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","url_text":"0272-4634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132418823","url_text":"132418823"}]},{"reference":"Sato, Tamaki; Zhao, Li-Jun; Wu, Xiao-Chun; Li, Chun (2014). Ruta, Marcello (ed.). \"A new specimen of the Triassic pistosauroid Yunguisaurus , with implications for the origin of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia)\". Palaeontology. 57 (1): 55–76. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57...55S. doi:10.1111/pala.12048. S2CID 129457774.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12048","url_text":"\"A new specimen of the Triassic pistosauroid Yunguisaurus , with implications for the origin of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Palgy..57...55S","url_text":"2014Palgy..57...55S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12048","url_text":"10.1111/pala.12048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129457774","url_text":"129457774"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825213001128","external_links_name":"\"Exceptional vertebrate biotas from the Triassic of China, and the expansion of marine ecosystems after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ESRv..125..199B","external_links_name":"2013ESRv..125..199B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2013.05.014","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2013.05.014"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8252","external_links_name":"0012-8252"},{"Link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871174X17300318","external_links_name":"\"Middle Triassic Xingyi Fauna: Showing turnover of marine reptiles from coastal to oceanic environments\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palwor.2017.05.005","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.palwor.2017.05.005"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280304354","external_links_name":"\"Ammonoids from the Zhuganpo Member of the Falang Formation at Nimaigu and their relevance for dating the Xingyi Fossil-Lagerstatte (Late Ladinian, Guizhou, China)\""},{"Link":"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1367912016300049","external_links_name":"\"Integrated biochronology for Triassic marine vertebrate faunas of Guizhou Province, South China\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JAESc.118..101S","external_links_name":"2016JAESc.118..101S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jseaes.2016.01.004","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.01.004"},{"Link":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018217301414","external_links_name":"\"Early Carnian conodont fauna at Yongyue, Zhenfeng area and its implication for Ladinian-Carnian subdivision in Guizhou, South China\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PPP...486..142Z","external_links_name":"2017PPP...486..142Z"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2017.02.011","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.02.011"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0182","external_links_name":"0031-0182"},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/new-upper-middle-triassic-shrimp-crustacea-lophogastrida-from-guizhou-china-with-discussion-regarding-other-fossil-mysidaceans/0B14B06E089C961960EC598DCBAE8C21","external_links_name":"\"A new upper Middle Triassic shrimp (Crustacea: Lophogastrida) from Guizhou, China, with discussion regarding other fossil \"mysidaceans\"\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1666%2F0022-3360%282001%29075%3C0310%3AANUMTS%3E2.0.CO%3B2","external_links_name":"10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0310:ANUMTS>2.0.CO;2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3360","external_links_name":"0022-3360"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131509616","external_links_name":"131509616"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.1404","external_links_name":"\"An unusual shark assemblage from the Ladinian–Carnian interval of South China\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022PPal....8E1404L","external_links_name":"2022PPal....8E1404L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fspp2.1404","external_links_name":"10.1002/spp2.1404"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2056-2799","external_links_name":"2056-2799"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241980979","external_links_name":"241980979"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx105","external_links_name":"\"Redescription and phylogenetic reassessment of Asialepidotus shingyiensis (Holostei: Halecomorphi) from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of China\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fzoolinnean%2Fzlx105","external_links_name":"10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx105"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4082","external_links_name":"0024-4082"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-018-0329-0","external_links_name":"\"Postcranial skeleton of Birgeria liui (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) from the Longobardian (Ladinian, Middle Triassic) of Xingyi, Guizhou, South China\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00015-018-0329-0","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00015-018-0329-0"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1661-8734","external_links_name":"1661-8734"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135305199","external_links_name":"135305199"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6304272","external_links_name":"\"Fuyuanichthys wangi gen. et sp. nov. from the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of China highlights the early diversification of ginglymodian fishes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.6054","external_links_name":"10.7717/peerj.6054"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359","external_links_name":"2167-8359"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6304272","external_links_name":"6304272"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30595977","external_links_name":"30595977"},{"Link":"http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/202006/P020201020373570214932.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A new species of Luganoia (Luganoiidae, Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic Xingyi Biota, Guizhou, China\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.19615%2Fj.cnki.1000-3118.200624","external_links_name":"10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.200624"},{"Link":"http://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/RIPS/article/view/6519","external_links_name":"\"OLDEST STEM TELEOSTEI FROM THE LATE LADINIAN (MIDDLE TRIASSIC) OF SOUTHERN CHINA\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.13130%2F2039-4942%2F6519","external_links_name":"10.13130/2039-4942/6519"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322062026","external_links_name":"\"A large peltopleurid fish (Actinopterygii: Peltopleuriformes) from the Middle Triassic of Yunnan and Guizhou, China\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.19615%2Fj.cnki.1000-3118.171225","external_links_name":"10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.171225"},{"Link":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2022.2029595","external_links_name":"\"Re-description of the sexually dimorphic peltopleuriform fish Wushaichthys exquisitus (Middle Triassic, China): taxonomic implications and phylogenetic relationships\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021JSPal..19.1317S","external_links_name":"2021JSPal..19.1317S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2022.2029595","external_links_name":"10.1080/14772019.2022.2029595"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-2019","external_links_name":"1477-2019"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247731689","external_links_name":"247731689"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574442","external_links_name":"\"A new stem-neopterygian fish from the Middle Triassic of China shows the earliest over-water gliding strategy of the vertebrates\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.2261","external_links_name":"10.1098/rspb.2012.2261"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574442","external_links_name":"3574442"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23118437","external_links_name":"23118437"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321159","external_links_name":"\"A Middle Triassic thoracopterid from China highlights the evolutionary origin of overwater gliding in early ray-finned fishes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2014.0960","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsbl.2014.0960"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1744-9561","external_links_name":"1744-9561"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321159","external_links_name":"4321159"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25568155","external_links_name":"25568155"},{"Link":"http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxbe/ch/reader/create_pdf.aspx?file_no=2007010154&flag=1&journal_id=dzxbe&year_id=2007","external_links_name":"\"A new species of Late Triassic Anshunsaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria) from Guizhou Province\""},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00584.x","external_links_name":"\"New Study of Anshunsaurus huangnihensis Cheng, 2007 (Reptilia: Thalattosauria): Revealing its Transitional Position in Askeptosauridae\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AcGlS..85.1231C","external_links_name":"2011AcGlS..85.1231C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1755-6724.2011.00584.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00584.x"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129819570","external_links_name":"129819570"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311671429","external_links_name":"\"A new species of the thalattosaur genus Anshunsaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria) from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou Province, southwestern China\""},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/4735352","external_links_name":"\"A juvenile specimen of Anshunsaurus (Reptilia: Thalattosauria)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1206%2F0003-0082%282007%293582%5B1%3Aajsoar%5D2.0.co%3B2","external_links_name":"10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3582[1:ajsoar]2.0.co;2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0082","external_links_name":"0003-0082"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85916769","external_links_name":"85916769"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1789651","external_links_name":"\"A New Ladinian Nothosauroid (Sauropterygia) from Fuyuan, Yunnan Province, China\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JVPal..40E9651S","external_links_name":"2020JVPal..40E9651S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2020.1789651","external_links_name":"10.1080/02724634.2020.1789651"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","external_links_name":"0272-4634"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:227241106","external_links_name":"227241106"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254315203","external_links_name":"\"A new archosaur (Diapsida, Archosauriformes) from the marine Triassic of China\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JVPal..32.1064L","external_links_name":"2012JVPal..32.1064L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2012.694383","external_links_name":"10.1080/02724634.2012.694383"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86797826","external_links_name":"86797826"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385495","external_links_name":"\"A Short-Snouted, Middle Triassic Phytosaur and its Implications for the Morphological Evolution and Biogeography of Phytosauria\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...746028S","external_links_name":"2017NatSR...746028S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep46028","external_links_name":"10.1038/srep46028"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5385495","external_links_name":"5385495"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28393843","external_links_name":"28393843"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333363821","external_links_name":"\"A new specimen of Yunguisaurus (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Zhuganpo Member, Falang Formation, Guizhou, China and the restudy of Dingxiaosaurus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palwor.2019.05.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.palwor.2019.05.006"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181711576","external_links_name":"181711576"},{"Link":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2013.764310","external_links_name":"\"A long-snouted protorosaur from the Middle Triassic of southern China\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JVPal..33.1120F","external_links_name":"2013JVPal..33.1120F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2013.764310","external_links_name":"10.1080/02724634.2013.764310"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","external_links_name":"0272-4634"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83521468","external_links_name":"83521468"},{"Link":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-rise-of-the-ruling-reptiles-and-ecosystem-recovery-from-the-permiantriassic-mass-extinction(882a0eae-8c9a-4e14-96ac-32ebd5d2879e).html","external_links_name":"\"The rise of the ruling reptiles and ecosystem recovery from the Permo-Triassic mass extinction\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2018.0361","external_links_name":"10.1098/rspb.2018.0361"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452","external_links_name":"0962-8452"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6015845","external_links_name":"6015845"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29899066","external_links_name":"29899066"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8101476","external_links_name":"\"A new phylogenetic hypothesis of Tanystropheidae (Diapsida, Archosauromorpha) and other \"protorosaurs\", and its implications for the early evolution of stem archosaurs\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.11143","external_links_name":"10.7717/peerj.11143"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359","external_links_name":"2167-8359"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8101476","external_links_name":"8101476"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33986981","external_links_name":"33986981"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233554/http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200811/W020090813369302050276.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A new armored placodont from the Middle Triassic of Yunnan Province, Southwestern China\""},{"Link":"http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200811/W020090813369302050276.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7520894","external_links_name":"\"Evidence supporting predation of 4-m marine reptile by Triassic megapredator\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020iSci...23j1347J","external_links_name":"2020iSci...23j1347J"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.isci.2020.101347","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.isci.2020.101347"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7520894","external_links_name":"7520894"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32822565","external_links_name":"32822565"},{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature03050","external_links_name":"\"Triassic marine reptiles gave birth to live young\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Natur.432..383C","external_links_name":"2004Natur.432..383C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03050","external_links_name":"10.1038/nature03050"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687","external_links_name":"1476-4687"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15549103","external_links_name":"15549103"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4391810","external_links_name":"4391810"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240535626","external_links_name":"\"New information on the skull of Keichousaurus hui (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) with comments on sauropterygian interrelationships\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1671%2F0272-4634%282008%2928%5B76%3ANIOTSO%5D2.0.CO%3B2","external_links_name":"10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[76:NIOTSO]2.0.CO;2"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","external_links_name":"0272-4634"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85868385","external_links_name":"85868385"},{"Link":"https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/e02-067","external_links_name":"\"Lariosaurus xingyiensis (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Triassic of China\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CaJES..40..621R","external_links_name":"2003CaJES..40..621R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1139%2Fe02-067","external_links_name":"10.1139/e02-067"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316291879","external_links_name":"\"A new specimen of Lariosaurus xingyiensis (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Zhuganpo Member, Falang Formation, Guizhou, China\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JVPal..37E8703L","external_links_name":"2017JVPal..37E8703L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2017.1278703","external_links_name":"10.1080/02724634.2017.1278703"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90181915","external_links_name":"90181915"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-016-1418-4","external_links_name":"\"A new armored archosauriform (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the marine Middle Triassic of China, with implications for the diverse life styles of archosauriforms prior to the diversification of Archosauria\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SciNa.103...95L","external_links_name":"2016SciNa.103...95L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00114-016-1418-4","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00114-016-1418-4"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1432-1904","external_links_name":"1432-1904"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27830290","external_links_name":"27830290"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253634068","external_links_name":"253634068"},{"Link":"http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2011.610853","external_links_name":"\"New information on the protorosaurian reptile Macrocnemus fuyuanensis Li et al., 2007, from the Middle/Upper Triassic of Yunnan, China\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JVPal..31.1230J","external_links_name":"2011JVPal..31.1230J"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2011.610853","external_links_name":"10.1080/02724634.2011.610853"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","external_links_name":"0272-4634"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131615836","external_links_name":"131615836"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.808204","external_links_name":"\"A new specimen of Nothosaurus youngi from the Middle Triassic of Guizhou, China\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JVPal..34..465J","external_links_name":"2014JVPal..34..465J"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2013.808204","external_links_name":"10.1080/02724634.2013.808204"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","external_links_name":"0272-4634"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84886121","external_links_name":"84886121"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JVPal..32.1335C","external_links_name":"2012JVPal..32.1335C"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2012.695983","external_links_name":"10.1080/02724634.2012.695983"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85253142","external_links_name":"85253142"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7682440","external_links_name":"\"The cranial morphology of Tanystropheus hydroides (Tanystropheidae, Archosauromorpha) as revealed by synchrotron microtomography\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.10299","external_links_name":"10.7717/peerj.10299"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359","external_links_name":"2167-8359"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7682440","external_links_name":"7682440"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33240633","external_links_name":"33240633"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JVPal..30.1082R","external_links_name":"2010JVPal..30.1082R"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2010.483548","external_links_name":"10.1080/02724634.2010.483548"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40864387","external_links_name":"40864387"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86315078","external_links_name":"86315078"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2014.881832","external_links_name":"\"A new pistosauroid (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the late Ladinian Xingyi marine reptile level, southwestern China\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JVPal..35E1832M","external_links_name":"2015JVPal..35E1832M"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2014.881832","external_links_name":"10.1080/02724634.2014.881832"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","external_links_name":"0272-4634"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130696958","external_links_name":"130696958"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309411833","external_links_name":"\"A new species of Xinpusaurus (Reptilia, Thalattosauria) from the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) of Xingyi, Guizhou, southwestern China\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JVPal..36E8340L","external_links_name":"2016JVPal..36E8340L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.2016.1218340","external_links_name":"10.1080/02724634.2016.1218340"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4634","external_links_name":"0272-4634"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132418823","external_links_name":"132418823"},{"Link":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pala.12048","external_links_name":"\"A new specimen of the Triassic pistosauroid Yunguisaurus , with implications for the origin of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia)\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Palgy..57...55S","external_links_name":"2014Palgy..57...55S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fpala.12048","external_links_name":"10.1111/pala.12048"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129457774","external_links_name":"129457774"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhuganpo_Formation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_grammar
Discourse grammar
["1 Influences","2 Principles","3 Application","4 Related work","5 References","6 External links"]
Discourse Grammar (DG) is a grammatical framework that grew out of the analysis of spoken and written linguistic discourse on the one hand, and of work on parenthetical expressions, including Simon C. Dik's study of extra-clausal constituents, on the other. Initiated by Gunther Kaltenböck, Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva, the framework is based on the distinction between two organizing principles of grammar where one concerns the structure of sentences and the other the linguistic organization beyond the sentence. In accordance with the perspective adopted in this framework, linguistic units such as formulae of social exchange, interjections, discourse markers and other prefabricated expressions, which tend to be assigned a more marginal status in many models of mainstream linguistics, are interpreted as playing an important role in structuring linguistic discourse. Influences Work on Discourse Grammar (DG) has been inspired by a number of different works, in particular by Simon C. Dik's theory of Functional Grammar according to which linguistic discourse is composed of two different kinds of linguistic material, referred to, respectively, as clausal and extra-clausal constituents. On the other hand, it has benefitted greatly from research on the nature of parenthetical categories and the concept of supplements. Principles DG is composed of all the linguistic resources that are available for designing texts, irrespective of whether these are spoken or written (or signed) texts. It is viewed both as an activity, a real-time interactional tool, and a knowledge store consisting of a set of conventional linguistic units plus their combinatorial potential. An elementary distinction between two main domains of speech processing is made, referred to as Sentence Grammar and Thetical Grammar. Sentence Grammar is organized in terms of propositional concepts and clauses and their combination. It has been the only, or the main subject of mainstream theories of linguistics. The concern of Thetical Grammar is with theticals, that is, with linguistic discourse units beyond the sentence, being syntactically, semantically, and typically also prosodically detached from expressions of Sentence Grammar. These units include what is traditionally referred to as parenthetical constructions but are not restricted to them. The main categories of Thetical Grammar are conceptual theticals (including comment clauses, discourse markers, etc.) as well as various other extra-clausal categories such as vocatives, formulae of social exchange, and interjections. While being separate in principle, the two domains interact in multiple ways in shaping linguistic discourse. The main way of interaction is via cooptation, an operation whereby chunks of Sentence Grammar such as clauses, phrases, words, or any other units are deployed for use in Thetical Grammar. Application Being a relatively young framework, DG has so far found only limited applications. Work has focused mainly on comment clauses, discourse markers, final particles, and insubordination. Furthermore, DG as a descriptive tool has for the most part been restricted to the study of English. Analysis within this framework is now being extended to non-European languages. More detailed research has been carried out already on Akie, a traditional hunter-gatherer language of the Nilotic family spoken in north-central Tanzania. A grammar of this language based on DG has been published, the use of theticals in the organization of texts has been studied, and institutional frames surfacing from the analysis of Akie texts have been identified using Thetical Grammar as a basis. In another line of research, DG has been extended to the study of language contact. As the work on the discourse in bilingual situations has shown, theticals play an important role both in code-switching and borrowing. Furthermore, there is reason to assume that the distinction between Sentence Grammar and Thetical Grammar may shed new light on the question of how human language or languages evolved. Finally, a considerable part of the research is devoted to the question of whether the distinction between the two domains is reflected in neural activity. As this research suggests, there appears to be a corresponding distinction in brain lateralization, in that Sentence Grammar correlates primarily with left-hemisphere activity whereas Thetical grammar appears to be more strongly associated with right-hemisphere activation. Related work That discourse organization operates simultaneously in two different dimensions has also been pointed out in a number of other research traditions. Thus, a distinction akin to that between Sentence Grammar and Thetical Grammar is also made in some psycholinguistic studies on comprehension where a contrast between propositional representation and discourse model is made, and in neurolinguistic discourse analysis there is a related distinction between referential and modalizing speech. In other frameworks, specific manifestations of the distinction are highlighted, such as that between microgrammar and macrogrammar, or between an analytic and a holistic mode of processing, or between conceptual and procedural meaning in the theory of Relevance Grammar. References ^ Dik, Simon C. 1997. The Theory of Functional Grammar, Part 2: Complex and Derived Constructions. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ^ Dehé, Nicole and Yordanka Kavalova 2007. Parentheticals. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins. ^ Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ^ a b Kaltenböck, Gunther, Bernd Heine, and Tania Kuteva. 2011. On thetical grammar. Studies in Language 35, 4: 848-893. ^ Kaltenböck, Gunther, Bernd Heine, and Tania Kuteva. 2015. On theticals: A "rootless" analysis of I think. In Stefan Schneider (ed.), Parenthesis and Ellipsis: Cross-Linguistic and Theoretical Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ^ Heine, Bernd, Gunther Kaltenböck, Tania Kuteva, and Haiping Long. 2013. An outline of discourse grammar. In Shannon Bischoff and Carmen Jany (eds.), Functional Approaches to Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 175-233. ^ Kaltenböck, Gunther and Bernd Heine. 2014. Sentence grammar vs. thetical grammar: two competing domains. In Brian MacWhinney, Andrej Malchukov, and Edith Moravcsik (eds.), Competing motivations in grammar and usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 348-363. ^ a b Heine, Bernd, Gunther Kaltenböck, and Tania Kuteva. forthcoming. On insubordination and cooptation. In Nicholas Evans and Honoré Watanabe (eds.), Dynamics of Insubordination. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins. ^ Heine, Bernd 2013. On discourse markers: Grammaticalization, pragmaticalization, or something else? Linguistics 51, 6: 1205-1247. ^ Heine, Bernd, Gunther Kaltenböck, and Tania Kuteva. 2012. On the evolution of utterance-final particles. To appear in Werner Abraham and Elly van Gelderen (eds.), Final Particles. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins. ^ König, Christa, Bernd Heine and Karsten Legère. 2015. The Akie Language of Tanzania: A Sketch of Discourse Grammar. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. ^ König, Christa, Bernd Heine and Karsten Legère. 2015. Discourse Markers in Akie, a Southern Nilotic Language of Tanzania. In Osamu Hieda (ed.), Information Structure and Nilotic Languages. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. ^ Heine, Bernd, Christa König and Karsten Legère. 2015. On institutional frames in Akie: a discourse grammar approach. In Osamu Hieda (ed.), Information Structure and Nilotic Languages. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. ^ Heine, Bernd. forthcoming. Language contact and extra-clausal constituents: The case of discourse markers. In Gunther Kaltenböck, Evelien Keizer, and Arne Lohmann (eds.), Outside the Clause. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins. ^ Heine, Bernd, Gunther Kaltenböck, and Tania Kuteva 2013. On the origin of grammar. In Lefebvre, Claire, Bernard Comrie and Henri Cohen (eds.), New Perspectives on the Origins of Language. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins. Pp. 379-405. ^ Heine, Bernd, Tania Kuteva and Gunther Kaltenböck. 2014. Discourse Grammar, the dual process model, and brain lateralization: Some correlations. Language & Cognition 6, 1: 146-180. ^ Heine, Bernd, Gunther Kaltenböck, Tania Kuteva, and Haiping Long. 2015. On Some Correlations between Grammar and Brain Lateralization. Oxford Handbooks Online in Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press. ^ Gernsbacher, M. 1990. Language Comprehension as Structure Building. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. ^ Prat, Chantel S., Debra L. Long, and Kathleen Baynes. 2007. The representation of discourse in the two hemispheres: An individual differences investigation. Brain and Language 100, 3: 283-294. ^ Nespoulous, J. L. 1980. De deux comportements verbaux de base: référentiel et modalisateur. De leur dissociation dans le discours aphasique. Cahiers de Psychologie 23: 195-210. ^ Nespoulous, J. L., Code, C., Virbel, J., and Lecours, A. R. 1998. Hypotheses on the dissociation between “referential” and “modalizing” verbal behaviour in aphasia. Applied Psycholinguistics 19: 311-331. ^ Haselow, Alexander 2013. Arguing for a wide conception of grammar: The case of final particles in spoken discourse. Folia Linguistica 47, 2: 375-424. ^ Pawley, Andrew 2009. Grammarians' languages versus humanists' languages and the place of speech act formulas in models of linguistic competence. In Roberta Corrigan, Edith A. Moravcsik, Hamid Ouali, and Kathleen M. Wheatley (eds.), Formulaic Language. Volume 1: Distribution and Historical Change. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins. 3-26. ^ Blakemore, Diane 2002. Relevance and Linguistic Meaning. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, 99.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. External links OTC Workshop Website German Grammar Check
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In accordance with the perspective adopted in this framework, linguistic units such as formulae of social exchange, interjections, discourse markers and other prefabricated expressions, which tend to be assigned a more marginal status in many models of mainstream linguistics, are interpreted as playing an important role in structuring linguistic discourse.","title":"Discourse grammar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Functional Grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dik1997-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DK2007-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HP2002-3"}],"text":"Work on Discourse Grammar (DG) has been inspired by a number of different works, in particular by Simon C. Dik's theory of Functional Grammar according to which linguistic discourse is composed of two different kinds of linguistic material, referred to, respectively, as clausal and extra-clausal constituents.[1] On the other hand, it has benefitted greatly from research on the nature of parenthetical categories[2] and the concept of supplements.[3]","title":"Influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thetical Grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetical_Grammar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KHK2011-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KHK2015-5"},{"link_name":"vocatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocatives"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKKL2013-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KH2014-7"},{"link_name":"cooptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooptation_(grammar)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KHK2011-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKK201F-8"}],"text":"DG is composed of all the linguistic resources that are available for designing texts, irrespective of whether these are spoken or written (or signed) texts. It is viewed both as an activity, a real-time interactional tool, and a knowledge store consisting of a set of conventional linguistic units plus their combinatorial potential. An elementary distinction between two main domains of speech processing is made, referred to as Sentence Grammar and Thetical Grammar.[4]Sentence Grammar is organized in terms of propositional concepts and clauses and their combination. It has been the only, or the main subject of mainstream theories of linguistics. The concern of Thetical Grammar is with theticals, that is, with linguistic discourse units beyond the sentence, being syntactically, semantically, and typically also prosodically detached from expressions of Sentence Grammar. These units include what is traditionally referred to as parenthetical constructions but are not restricted to them. The main categories of Thetical Grammar are conceptual theticals (including comment clauses, discourse markers, etc.)[5] as well as various other extra-clausal categories such as vocatives, formulae of social exchange, and interjections.[6] While being separate in principle, the two domains interact in multiple ways in shaping linguistic discourse.[7] The main way of interaction is via cooptation, an operation whereby chunks of Sentence Grammar such as clauses, phrases, words, or any other units are deployed for use in Thetical Grammar.[4][8]","title":"Principles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heine2013-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKK2012-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKK201F-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KHL2015a-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KHL2015b-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKL2015c-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heine201F-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heine201F-14-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKK2014-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HKKL2015-17"}],"text":"Being a relatively young framework, DG has so far found only limited applications. Work has focused mainly on comment clauses, discourse markers,[9] final particles,[10] and insubordination.[8] Furthermore, DG as a descriptive tool has for the most part been restricted to the study of English. Analysis within this framework is now being extended to non-European languages. More detailed research has been carried out already on Akie, a traditional hunter-gatherer language of the Nilotic family spoken in north-central Tanzania. A grammar of this language based on DG has been published,[11] the use of theticals in the organization of texts has been studied,[12] and institutional frames surfacing from the analysis of Akie texts have been identified using Thetical Grammar as a basis.[13]In another line of research, DG has been extended to the study of language contact. As the work on the discourse in bilingual situations has shown, theticals play an important role both in code-switching and borrowing.[14] Furthermore, there is reason to assume that the distinction between Sentence Grammar and Thetical Grammar may shed new light on the question of how human language or languages evolved.[15]Finally, a considerable part of the research is devoted to the question of whether the distinction between the two domains is reflected in neural activity. As this research suggests, there appears to be a corresponding distinction in brain lateralization, in that Sentence Grammar correlates primarily with left-hemisphere activity whereas Thetical grammar appears to be more strongly associated with right-hemisphere activation.[16][17]","title":"Application"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gernsbacher1990-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLB2007-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nespoulous1980-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCVL1998-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haselow2013-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawley2009-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pawley2009-22-24"}],"text":"That discourse organization operates simultaneously in two different dimensions has also been pointed out in a number of other research traditions. Thus, a distinction akin to that between Sentence Grammar and Thetical Grammar is also made in some psycholinguistic studies on comprehension where a contrast between propositional representation and discourse model is made,[18][19] and in neurolinguistic discourse analysis there is a related distinction between referential and modalizing speech.[20][21] In other frameworks, specific manifestations of the distinction are highlighted, such as that between microgrammar and macrogrammar,[22] or between an analytic and a holistic mode of processing,[23] or between conceptual and procedural meaning in the theory of Relevance Grammar.[24]","title":"Related work"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://otc-workshop.univie.ac.at/","external_links_name":"OTC Workshop Website"},{"Link":"http://www.whatimean.com/","external_links_name":"German Grammar Check"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_Peabody
Ephraim Peabody
["1 Biography","2 Family and death","3 Citations","4 References","5 External links"]
American clergyman (1807–1856) The ReverendEphraim Peabody IIIPersonal detailsBornMarch 22, 1807Wilton, New HampshireDiedNovember 28, 1856(1856-11-28) (aged 49)Boston, MassachusettsDenominationUnitarianismSpouseMary Jane DerbyChildren7, including Robert Swain Peabody and Francis Greenwood PeabodyEducation Bowdoin College Harvard Divinity School SignatureRelatives Benjamin Abbot (uncle) Elias Hasket Derby (father-in-law) Charles William Eliot (son-in-law) Henry Whitney Bellows (son-in-law) Minister of King's Chapel, BostonIn office1845–1856Preceded byF. W. P. GreenwoodPastor of the First Congregational Society of New BedfordIn office1837–1845Pastor of the First Congregational Church of CincinnatiIn office1832–1836Pastor of the Parish of Meadville, PennsylvaniaIn office1830–1832 Ephraim Peabody (March 22, 1807 – November 28, 1856) was an American Unitarian clergyman, preacher, and philanthropist who was one of the founders of the Provident Institution for Savings in Boston. Peabody also founded a school for adults whose education had been neglected and was otherwise largely interested in devising measures for the relief of the poor. Biography Peabody was born March 22, 1807, in Wilton, New Hampshire, to Ephraim Peabody II and Ruth Abbot. His father was the village blacksmith and died young in 1816, leaving his mother Ruth to raise him and his sister. He went to school for a year at Byfield Academy, then to Phillips Exeter Academy, which was at the time headed by his uncle Benjamin Abbot. Peabody attended Bowdoin College and graduated in 1827. Afterwards he studied theology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the Harvard Divinity School where he graduated in 1830. Soon after, he went to Meadville, Pennsylvania, to tutor the family of Harm Jan Huidekoper and to begin to preach. In 1832, Peabody accepted a call to preach at the First Unitarian Church congregation in Cincinnati, Ohio. Here he began a long association with Louisville minister James Freeman Clarke with whom he started a Unitarian periodical The Western Messanger. In the summer of 1835, while visiting Boston, Massachusetts, Peabody suffered a lung hemorrhage due to tuberculosis and the death of his first son. He returned to Cincinnati, but was unable to continue his work and spent the following winter preaching in Mobile, Alabama. He resigned from the Cincinnati congregation in 1836 and spent the next winter back in Mobile. During the summer of 1837, Peabody returned to Boston and preached at the Federal Street Church. Soon after he was offered a position at the First Congregational Society in New Bedford, Massachusetts, alongside Rev. John H. Morison. While in New Bedford, Peabody lost two more children. He resigned from the New Bedford congregation in 1845 and was called to preach at King's Chapel in Boston, where he was pastor for the remainder of his life. A parishioner of Peabody's at King's Chapel said: In one respect he was the most remarkable man it has been my fortune to meet, and that was in the union of a childlike simplicity with a singular knowledge of men. His judgments on the characters of those with whom he came in contact were wonderful. All shams, all pretence, all mere outside coverings, seemed to fall at once before his gentle eye; and though his opinions were announced with great caution, and he always took the most lenient view possible, yet it was clear he understood perfectly well the real character of those whom he knew. The affection which he inspired in the people of his parish has never been surpassed. Peabody was often the public orator or poet for both the city of Boston and the Unitarian denomination. In 1852, Peabody delivered the commencement poem to Bowdoin College. During 1853 he travelled in Europe to benefit his health, and spent the winter of 1855 and 1856 in St. Augustine, Florida, with the same object. Peabody was one of the founders of the Provident Institution for Savings which was the first chartered savings bank in the United States. In Boston, Peabody was editor of The Christian Register, a Unitarian periodical journal. He also founded a school for adults whose education had been neglected and developed plans for the Boston school system. While serving at King's Chapel, Peabody happened to marry famous Boston portrait-painter William Morris Hunt to Louise Perkins in 1855. His sermons, with a memoir, were published in 1857, and a volume of his writings, entitled Christian Days and Thoughts, was published in 1858. Peabody suffered another lung hemorrhage in the summer of 1855 which caused him to retire from preaching. Peabody's last public appearance was later that year in 1855 where he gave a memorial sermon at his friend Judge Charles Jackson's funeral. Family and death In 1833 Peabody married Mary Jane Derby, the daughter of Elias Hasket Derby. Together they had seven children, three of which died in childhood: Samuel A. Peabody (1834–1836) Ellen Derby Peabody (1836–1869)—married Charles William Eliot Anna Huidekoper Peabody (1838–1920)—married Henry Whitney Bellows George Derby Peabody (1840–1842) Emily Morison Peabody (1842–1845) Robert Swain Peabody (1845–1917)—notable Boston architect of Peabody & Stearns and President of the American Institute of Architects Rev. Francis Greenwood Peabody (1847–1936)—Unitarian minister and theology professor at Harvard University Ephraim Peabody died in Boston, Massachusetts, on November 28, 1856, at the age of 49. Citations ^ a b c Carpenter, Frank (20 July 2001). "Ephraim Peabody". Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography. ^ a b c d e f g h i Eliot, Samuel A. "Peabody, Ephraim (1807-1856)". Harvard Square Library. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022. ^ Henry James (1930). Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University. p. 76. ^ Massachusetts Marriages, 1841-1915," database with images, FamilySearch(https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NWBG-S1C  : 7 December 2017), William M Hunt and Louisa D Perkins, 18 Oct 1855; citing , Boston, Massachusetts, United States, State Archives, Boston; FHL microfilm 1,433,014. References Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Peabody, Ephraim" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Peabody, Ephraim" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. External links An autograph book kept by Ephraim Peabody covering the period 1717-1849 and including letters from many leading Unitarians and the papers of Ephraim Peabody are in the Harvard Divinity School Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands Other SNAC This biographical article about person in connection with Christianity is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"Provident Institution for Savings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provident_Institution_for_Savings_in_the_Town_of_Boston"}],"text":"Ephraim Peabody (March 22, 1807 – November 28, 1856) was an American Unitarian clergyman, preacher, and philanthropist who was one of the founders of the Provident Institution for Savings in Boston. Peabody also founded a school for adults whose education had been neglected and was otherwise largely interested in devising measures for the relief of the poor.","title":"Ephraim Peabody"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilton, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Byfield Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governor%27s_Academy"},{"link_name":"Phillips Exeter Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Abbot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Bowdoin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowdoin_College"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Harvard Divinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School"},{"link_name":"Meadville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Harm Jan Huidekoper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harm_Jan_Huidekoper"},{"link_name":"First Unitarian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Unitarian_Church_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"James Freeman Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Freeman_Clarke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-1"},{"link_name":"Mobile, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Federal Street Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Street_Church_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"New Bedford, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"King's Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Chapel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"St. Augustine, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Provident Institution for Savings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provident_Institution_for_Savings_in_the_Town_of_Boston"},{"link_name":"savings bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_bank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"William Morris Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Judge Charles Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jackson_(judge)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Peabody was born March 22, 1807, in Wilton, New Hampshire, to Ephraim Peabody II and Ruth Abbot. His father was the village blacksmith and died young in 1816, leaving his mother Ruth to raise him and his sister.[1] He went to school for a year at Byfield Academy, then to Phillips Exeter Academy, which was at the time headed by his uncle Benjamin Abbot.[2]Peabody attended Bowdoin College and graduated in 1827. Afterwards he studied theology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the Harvard Divinity School where he graduated in 1830. Soon after, he went to Meadville, Pennsylvania, to tutor the family of Harm Jan Huidekoper and to begin to preach. In 1832, Peabody accepted a call to preach at the First Unitarian Church congregation in Cincinnati, Ohio. Here he began a long association with Louisville minister James Freeman Clarke with whom he started a Unitarian periodical The Western Messanger.[1] In the summer of 1835, while visiting Boston, Massachusetts, Peabody suffered a lung hemorrhage due to tuberculosis and the death of his first son.[1] He returned to Cincinnati, but was unable to continue his work and spent the following winter preaching in Mobile, Alabama. He resigned from the Cincinnati congregation in 1836 and spent the next winter back in Mobile.[2]During the summer of 1837, Peabody returned to Boston and preached at the Federal Street Church. Soon after he was offered a position at the First Congregational Society in New Bedford, Massachusetts, alongside Rev. John H. Morison. While in New Bedford, Peabody lost two more children. He resigned from the New Bedford congregation in 1845 and was called to preach at King's Chapel in Boston, where he was pastor for the remainder of his life. A parishioner of Peabody's at King's Chapel said:[2][3]In one respect he was the most remarkable man it has been my fortune to meet, and that was in the union of a childlike simplicity with a singular knowledge of men. His judgments on the characters of those with whom he came in contact were wonderful. All shams, all pretence, all mere outside coverings, seemed to fall at once before his gentle eye; and though his opinions were announced with great caution, and he always took the most lenient view possible, yet it was clear he understood perfectly well the real character of those whom he knew. The affection which he inspired in the people of his parish has never been surpassed.Peabody was often the public orator or poet for both the city of Boston and the Unitarian denomination. In 1852, Peabody delivered the commencement poem to Bowdoin College.[2]During 1853 he travelled in Europe to benefit his health,[2] and spent the winter of 1855 and 1856 in St. Augustine, Florida, with the same object.[citation needed]Peabody was one of the founders of the Provident Institution for Savings which was the first chartered savings bank in the United States.[2] In Boston, Peabody was editor of The Christian Register, a Unitarian periodical journal. He also founded a school for adults whose education had been neglected and developed plans for the Boston school system.[2]While serving at King's Chapel, Peabody happened to marry famous Boston portrait-painter William Morris Hunt to Louise Perkins in 1855.[4] His sermons, with a memoir, were published in 1857, and a volume of his writings, entitled Christian Days and Thoughts, was published in 1858.Peabody suffered another lung hemorrhage in the summer of 1855 which caused him to retire from preaching. Peabody's last public appearance was later that year in 1855 where he gave a memorial sermon at his friend Judge Charles Jackson's funeral.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elias Hasket Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Hasket_Derby"},{"link_name":"Charles William Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_William_Eliot"},{"link_name":"Henry Whitney Bellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Whitney_Bellows"},{"link_name":"Robert Swain Peabody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Swain_Peabody"},{"link_name":"Peabody & Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_and_Stearns"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"Rev. Francis Greenwood Peabody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Greenwood_Peabody"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"In 1833 Peabody married Mary Jane Derby, the daughter of Elias Hasket Derby. Together they had seven children, three of which died in childhood:Samuel A. Peabody (1834–1836)\nEllen Derby Peabody (1836–1869)—married Charles William Eliot\nAnna Huidekoper Peabody (1838–1920)—married Henry Whitney Bellows\nGeorge Derby Peabody (1840–1842)\nEmily Morison Peabody (1842–1845)\nRobert Swain Peabody (1845–1917)—notable Boston architect of Peabody & Stearns and President of the American Institute of Architects\nRev. Francis Greenwood Peabody (1847–1936)—Unitarian minister and theology professor at Harvard UniversityEphraim Peabody died in Boston, Massachusetts, on November 28, 1856, at the age of 49.[2]","title":"Family and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Ephraim Peabody\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uudb.org/articles/ephraimpeabody.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-8"},{"link_name":"\"Peabody, Ephraim (1807-1856)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220924155623/https://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/ephraim-peabody-1807-1856/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/ephraim-peabody-1807-1856/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Henry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NWBG-S1C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NWBG-S1C"}],"text":"^ a b c Carpenter, Frank (20 July 2001). \"Ephraim Peabody\". Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Eliot, Samuel A. \"Peabody, Ephraim (1807-1856)\". Harvard Square Library. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022.\n\n^ Henry James (1930). Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University. p. 76.\n\n^ Massachusetts Marriages, 1841-1915,\" database with images, FamilySearch(https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NWBG-S1C  : 7 December 2017), William M Hunt and Louisa D Perkins, 18 Oct 1855; citing , Boston, Massachusetts, United States, State Archives, Boston; FHL microfilm 1,433,014.","title":"Citations"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Carpenter, Frank (20 July 2001). \"Ephraim Peabody\". Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography.","urls":[{"url":"https://uudb.org/articles/ephraimpeabody.html","url_text":"\"Ephraim Peabody\""}]},{"reference":"Eliot, Samuel A. \"Peabody, Ephraim (1807-1856)\". Harvard Square Library. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220924155623/https://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/ephraim-peabody-1807-1856/","url_text":"\"Peabody, Ephraim (1807-1856)\""},{"url":"https://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/ephraim-peabody-1807-1856/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Henry James (1930). Charles W. Eliot, President of Harvard University. p. 76.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James","url_text":"Henry James"}]},{"reference":"Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). \"Peabody, Ephraim\" . New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman","url_text":"Gilman, D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Peabody,_Ephraim","url_text":"\"Peabody, Ephraim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). \"Peabody, Ephraim\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, J. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)","url_text":"Fiske, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Peabody,_Ephraim","url_text":"\"Peabody, Ephraim\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://uudb.org/articles/ephraimpeabody.html","external_links_name":"\"Ephraim Peabody\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220924155623/https://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/ephraim-peabody-1807-1856/","external_links_name":"\"Peabody, Ephraim (1807-1856)\""},{"Link":"https://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/ephraim-peabody-1807-1856/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NWBG-S1C","external_links_name":"https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:NWBG-S1C"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Peabody,_Ephraim","external_links_name":"\"Peabody, Ephraim\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Peabody,_Ephraim","external_links_name":"\"Peabody, Ephraim\""},{"Link":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:DIV.LIB:div00539","external_links_name":"autograph book"},{"Link":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:DIV.LIB:div00381","external_links_name":"the papers of Ephraim Peabody"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/267775/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000029686203","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/68086157","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkT6KcqcBGMJ4xVC9H6Kd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90634392","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p135457041","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63n34m5","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephraim_Peabody&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper_Hannover
Staatsoper Hannover
["1 Hanover Opera House","2 Administration","3 General music directors","4 Premieres","5 Notable people","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°22′23″N 9°44′25″E / 52.373193°N 9.740371°E / 52.373193; 9.740371 (Hanover Opera House)Opera company in Hanover, Germany Hanover State OperaNative nameStaatsoper HannoverTraded asNiedersächsische Staatstheater Hannover GmbHKey peopleLaura BermanStephan ZiliasParentHanover State TheatreBuilding detailsOpernhaus HannoverThe opera company is resident in Hanover Opera House, seen here from the northwest.General informationAddressOpernplatz 1Town or cityHanover, Lower SaxonyCountryGermanyCoordinates52°22′23″N 9°44′25″E / 52.373193°N 9.740371°E / 52.373193; 9.740371 (Hanover Opera House) Opened1852; 172 years ago (1852) Renovated1948–195019851996–1998Design and constructionArchitect(s)Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves Websitestaatstheater-hannover.de/de_DE/start-staatsoper Hanover State Opera (German: Staatsoper Hannover) is a German opera company based in Hanover, the state capital of Lower Saxony. The company is resident in the Hanover Opera House (Opernhaus Hannover), and is part of a publicly-funded umbrella performing arts organisation called Hanover State Theatre of Lower Saxony (Niedersächsisches Staatstheater Hannover), or simply Hanover State Theatre (Staatstheater Hannover). Hanover State Theatre comprises the following divisions that put on operas, stage productions, and concert programs, in addition to maintaining a theatre museum, with seasons running from September through to June. Hanover Drama (Schauspiel Hannover)Hanover State OperaHanover State Ballet (Staatsballett Hannover)Hanover State Symphony Orchestra (Staatsorchester Hannover)Hanover Theatre Museum (Theatermuseum Hannover) Hanover Opera House Hanover State Opera is resident in the Hanover Opera House, built in classical style between 1845 and 1852 based on a plan by Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves. The building was rebuilt from 1948 after being badly damaged by the aerial bombings of Hanover during World War II. In 1985, the acoustics were improved, and between 1996 and 1998, the stage facilities were renovated. The International Choreographic Competition Hannover has taken place at Hanover Opera House since the early 1980s, and is the longest-running choreography competition in the world. It is organised by the Ballet Association of Hanover (Ballett Gesellschaft Hannover). Administration The current intendant of the opera company is Laura Berman,  replacing Michael Klügl in 2019. The longest-serving general music director (GMD) of the opera company was George Alexander Albrecht, from 1965 until 1993. The first woman, and first American, to hold the post of general music director was Karen Kamensek, from 2011 until 2014. The current GMD of the opera company is Stephan Zilias, named to the post in February 2020 following his debut with the opera company in the 2019–2020 season. In April 2024 the company announced the extension of Zilias' contract as GMD through the 2025–2026 season. General music directors Rudolf Krasselt (1924–1943) Franz Konwitschny (1945–1949) Johannes Schüler (1949–1960) Günter Wich (1961–1965) George Alexander Albrecht (1965–1993) Christof Perick (1993–1996) Andreas Delfs (1996–2000) Hans Urbanek (2000–2001) Lü Shao-chia (2001–2006) Wolfgang Bozic  (2006–2011) Karen Kamensek (2011–2016) Ivan Repušić  (2016–2019) Stephan Zilias (2020–present) Premieres 1838: Der Bäbu by Heinrich Marschner (performance took place in the old Schlossopernhaus) 1852: Austin by Marschner 1921: Die Prinzessin Girnara by Egon Wellesz 1931: Prinzessin Brambilla by Walter Braunfels 1943: Der Kuckuck von Theben by Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari 1952: Boulevard Solitude by Hans Werner Henze 1970: Der Aufsichtsrat by Diether de la Motte 1977: Faust und Yorick by Wolfgang Rihm 1980: Ein Abenteuer auf dem Friedhof by Alfred Koerppen 1992: Draußen vor der Tür by Xaver Paul Thoma 2000: Gilgamesh by Volker David Kirchner 2005: iOPAL by Hans-Joachim Hespos 2017: Lot by Giorgio Battistelli Notable people Marco Goecke References ^ "Niedersaechsische Staatstheater Hannover GmbH". Bloomberg. Retrieved 8 January 2022. ^ "Staatsoper". Staatstheater Hannover (in German). Retrieved 8 January 2022. ^ "Choreography 36 – Choreography Competition Hannover". Choreography Competition Hannover. Retrieved 8 January 2022. ^ Goldmann, A.J. (27 June 2019). "A Boom, Finally, for John Adams Operas in Germany". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2021. ^ Neumann, Carolin (2 February 2011). "Karen Kamensek, Dirigentin: 'Eine Frauenquote in der Musik? Unmöglich!'". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 14 April 2024. ^ Arndt, Stefan (19 March 2014). "Kamensek verlässt Hannover" . Hannoversche Allgemeine (in German). Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2024. ^ Zagozdzon, Agnieszka (14 June 2016). "Frage nach dem Warum" . Deutschlandfunk (in German). Retrieved 13 April 2024. ^ "Stephan Zilias appointed General Music Director of Hannover State Opera" (Press release). Askonas Holt. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021. ^ "Stephan Zilias extends as Music Director of Staatsoper Hannover" (Press release). Askonas Holt. 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024. ^ Wagner, Rainer (22 September 2014). "Das ist der neue Kopf der Staatsoper". Hannoversche Allgemeine. Retrieved 8 January 2016. ^ Arndt, Stefan (14 June 2019). "Dirigent Ivan Repusic verabschiedet sich aus Hannover". Hannoversche Allgemeine. Retrieved 30 March 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Staatsoper Hannover. Official website Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"publicly-funded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_spending"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oper-2"},{"link_name":"Hanover Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauspiel_Hannover"},{"link_name":"Hanover State Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieders%C3%A4chsisches_Staatsorchester_Hannover"}],"text":"Opera company in Hanover, GermanyHanover State Opera (German: Staatsoper Hannover) is a German opera company based in Hanover, the state capital of Lower Saxony. The company is resident in the Hanover Opera House (Opernhaus Hannover), and is part of a publicly-funded umbrella performing arts organisation called Hanover State Theatre of Lower Saxony (Niedersächsisches Staatstheater Hannover), or simply Hanover State Theatre (Staatstheater Hannover).Hanover State Theatre comprises the following divisions that put on operas, stage productions, and concert programs,[1] in addition to maintaining a theatre museum, with seasons running from September through to June.[2]Hanover Drama (Schauspiel Hannover)Hanover State OperaHanover State Ballet (Staatsballett Hannover)Hanover State Symphony Orchestra (Staatsorchester Hannover)Hanover Theatre Museum (Theatermuseum Hannover)","title":"Staatsoper Hannover"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ludwig_Friedrich_Laves"},{"link_name":"aerial bombings of Hanover during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanover_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"acoustics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustics"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"International Choreographic Competition Hannover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Choreographic_Competition_Hannover"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Hanover State Opera is resident in the Hanover Opera House, built in classical style between 1845 and 1852 based on a plan by Georg Ludwig Friedrich Laves. The building was rebuilt from 1948 after being badly damaged by the aerial bombings of Hanover during World War II. In 1985, the acoustics were improved, and between 1996 and 1998, the stage facilities were renovated.[citation needed]The International Choreographic Competition Hannover has taken place at Hanover Opera House since the early 1980s, and is the longest-running choreography competition in the world. It is organised by the Ballet Association of Hanover (Ballett Gesellschaft Hannover).[3]","title":"Hanover Opera House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intendant"},{"link_name":"Laura Berman,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laura_Berman_(opera_director)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Berman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"George Alexander Albrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Albrecht"},{"link_name":"Karen Kamensek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Kamensek"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zag16-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The current intendant of the opera company is Laura Berman, [de ][4] replacing Michael Klügl in 2019.The longest-serving general music director (GMD) of the opera company was George Alexander Albrecht, from 1965 until 1993. The first woman, and first American, to hold the post of general music director was Karen Kamensek, from 2011 until 2014.[5][6][7] The current GMD of the opera company is Stephan Zilias, named to the post in February 2020 following his debut with the opera company in the 2019–2020 season.[8] In April 2024 the company announced the extension of Zilias' contract as GMD through the 2025–2026 season.[9]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rudolf Krasselt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Krasselt"},{"link_name":"Franz Konwitschny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Konwitschny"},{"link_name":"Johannes Schüler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Sch%C3%BCler"},{"link_name":"Günter Wich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Wich"},{"link_name":"George Alexander Albrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Albrecht"},{"link_name":"Christof Perick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Perick"},{"link_name":"Andreas Delfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Delfs"},{"link_name":"Lü Shao-chia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BC_Shao-chia"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Bozic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Bozic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Bozic"},{"link_name":"Karen Kamensek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Kamensek"},{"link_name":"Ivan Repušić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Repu%C5%A1i%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Repu%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Rudolf Krasselt (1924–1943)\nFranz Konwitschny (1945–1949)\nJohannes Schüler (1949–1960)\nGünter Wich (1961–1965)\nGeorge Alexander Albrecht (1965–1993)\nChristof Perick (1993–1996)\nAndreas Delfs (1996–2000)\nHans Urbanek (2000–2001)\nLü Shao-chia (2001–2006)\nWolfgang Bozic [de] (2006–2011)\nKaren Kamensek (2011–2016)\nIvan Repušić [de] (2016–2019)[10][11]\nStephan Zilias (2020–present)","title":"General music directors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Der Bäbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_B%C3%A4bu"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Marschner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner"},{"link_name":"Die Prinzessin Girnara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Prinzessin_Girnara"},{"link_name":"Egon Wellesz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Wellesz"},{"link_name":"Walter Braunfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Braunfels"},{"link_name":"Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermanno_Wolf-Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Boulevard Solitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_Solitude"},{"link_name":"Hans Werner Henze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze"},{"link_name":"Diether de la Motte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diether_de_la_Motte"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Rihm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Rihm"},{"link_name":"Alfred Koerppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Koerppen"},{"link_name":"Xaver Paul Thoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaver_Paul_Thoma"},{"link_name":"Volker David Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_David_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"Hans-Joachim Hespos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Hespos"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Battistelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Battistelli"}],"text":"1838: Der Bäbu by Heinrich Marschner (performance took place in the old Schlossopernhaus)\n1852: Austin by Marschner\n1921: Die Prinzessin Girnara by Egon Wellesz\n1931: Prinzessin Brambilla by Walter Braunfels\n1943: Der Kuckuck von Theben by Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari\n1952: Boulevard Solitude by Hans Werner Henze\n1970: Der Aufsichtsrat by Diether de la Motte\n1977: Faust und Yorick by Wolfgang Rihm\n1980: Ein Abenteuer auf dem Friedhof by Alfred Koerppen\n1992: Draußen vor der Tür by Xaver Paul Thoma\n2000: Gilgamesh by Volker David Kirchner\n2005: iOPAL by Hans-Joachim Hespos\n2017: Lot by Giorgio Battistelli","title":"Premieres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marco Goecke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Goecke"}],"text":"Marco Goecke","title":"Notable people"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Niedersaechsische Staatstheater Hannover GmbH\". Bloomberg. Retrieved 8 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/9395029Z:GR","url_text":"\"Niedersaechsische Staatstheater Hannover GmbH\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staatsoper\". Staatstheater Hannover (in German). Retrieved 8 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://staatstheater-hannover.de/de_DE/start-staatsoper","url_text":"\"Staatsoper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Choreography 36 – Choreography Competition Hannover\". Choreography Competition Hannover. Retrieved 8 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://choreography-hannover.de/en/choreagraphy-35/","url_text":"\"Choreography 36 – Choreography Competition Hannover\""}]},{"reference":"Goldmann, A.J. (27 June 2019). \"A Boom, Finally, for John Adams Operas in Germany\". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/arts/music/john-adams-opera.html","url_text":"\"A Boom, Finally, for John Adams Operas in Germany\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Neumann, Carolin (2 February 2011). \"Karen Kamensek, Dirigentin: 'Eine Frauenquote in der Musik? Unmöglich!'\". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 14 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/karen-kamensek-dirigentin-eine-frauenquote-in-der-musik-unmoeglich-a-742728.html","url_text":"\"Karen Kamensek, Dirigentin: 'Eine Frauenquote in der Musik? Unmöglich!'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"Arndt, Stefan (19 March 2014). \"Kamensek verlässt Hannover\" [Kamensek leaves Hanover]. Hannoversche Allgemeine (in German). Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140322120446/http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Uebersicht/Generalmusikdirektor-Karen-Kamensek-verlaesst-Hannover","url_text":"\"Kamensek verlässt Hannover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannoversche_Allgemeine","url_text":"Hannoversche Allgemeine"},{"url":"http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Uebersicht/Generalmusikdirektor-Karen-Kamensek-verlaesst-Hannover","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zagozdzon, Agnieszka (14 June 2016). \"Frage nach dem Warum\" [Asking for the Why]. Deutschlandfunk (in German). Retrieved 13 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/karen-kamensek-verlaesst-staatsoper-hannover-frage-nach-dem-100.html","url_text":"\"Frage nach dem Warum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephan Zilias appointed General Music Director of Hannover State Opera\" (Press release). Askonas Holt. 10 February 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.askonasholt.com/stephan-zilias-appointed-general-music-director-of-hannover-state-opera/","url_text":"\"Stephan Zilias appointed General Music Director of Hannover State Opera\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephan Zilias extends as Music Director of Staatsoper Hannover\" (Press release). Askonas Holt. 5 April 2024. Retrieved 5 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://askonasholt.com/news/stephan-zilias-extends-as-music-director-of-staatsoper-hannover","url_text":"\"Stephan Zilias extends as Music Director of Staatsoper Hannover\""}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Rainer (22 September 2014). \"Das ist der neue Kopf der Staatsoper\". Hannoversche Allgemeine. Retrieved 8 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Musik/Ivan-Repusic-wird-2016-2017-neuer-Generalmusikdirektor-der-Staatsoper-Hannover","url_text":"\"Das ist der neue Kopf der Staatsoper\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannoversche_Allgemeine","url_text":"Hannoversche Allgemeine"}]},{"reference":"Arndt, Stefan (14 June 2019). \"Dirigent Ivan Repusic verabschiedet sich aus Hannover\". Hannoversche Allgemeine. Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Region/Staatsoper-Dirigent-Ivan-Repusic-verabschiedet-sich-aus-Hannover-mit-einem-Nachspiel-in-Dubrovnik","url_text":"\"Dirigent Ivan Repusic verabschiedet sich aus Hannover\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannoversche_Allgemeine","url_text":"Hannoversche Allgemeine"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Staatsoper_Hannover&params=52.373193_N_9.740371_E_region:DE-NI_type:landmark_dim:102&title=Hanover+Opera+House","external_links_name":"52°22′23″N 9°44′25″E / 52.373193°N 9.740371°E / 52.373193; 9.740371 (Hanover Opera House)"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Staatsoper_Hannover&params=52.373193_N_9.740371_E_region:DE-NI_type:landmark_dim:102&title=Hanover+Opera+House","external_links_name":"52°22′23″N 9°44′25″E / 52.373193°N 9.740371°E / 52.373193; 9.740371 (Hanover Opera House)"},{"Link":"https://staatstheater-hannover.de/de_DE/start-staatsoper","external_links_name":"staatstheater-hannover.de/de_DE/start-staatsoper"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/9395029Z:GR","external_links_name":"\"Niedersaechsische Staatstheater Hannover GmbH\""},{"Link":"https://staatstheater-hannover.de/de_DE/start-staatsoper","external_links_name":"\"Staatsoper\""},{"Link":"https://choreography-hannover.de/en/choreagraphy-35/","external_links_name":"\"Choreography 36 – Choreography Competition Hannover\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/27/arts/music/john-adams-opera.html","external_links_name":"\"A Boom, Finally, for John Adams Operas in Germany\""},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/karen-kamensek-dirigentin-eine-frauenquote-in-der-musik-unmoeglich-a-742728.html","external_links_name":"\"Karen Kamensek, Dirigentin: 'Eine Frauenquote in der Musik? Unmöglich!'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140322120446/http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Uebersicht/Generalmusikdirektor-Karen-Kamensek-verlaesst-Hannover","external_links_name":"\"Kamensek verlässt Hannover\""},{"Link":"http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Uebersicht/Generalmusikdirektor-Karen-Kamensek-verlaesst-Hannover","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/karen-kamensek-verlaesst-staatsoper-hannover-frage-nach-dem-100.html","external_links_name":"\"Frage nach dem Warum\""},{"Link":"https://www.askonasholt.com/stephan-zilias-appointed-general-music-director-of-hannover-state-opera/","external_links_name":"\"Stephan Zilias appointed General Music Director of Hannover State Opera\""},{"Link":"https://askonasholt.com/news/stephan-zilias-extends-as-music-director-of-staatsoper-hannover","external_links_name":"\"Stephan Zilias extends as Music Director of Staatsoper Hannover\""},{"Link":"http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Musik/Ivan-Repusic-wird-2016-2017-neuer-Generalmusikdirektor-der-Staatsoper-Hannover","external_links_name":"\"Das ist der neue Kopf der Staatsoper\""},{"Link":"https://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Region/Staatsoper-Dirigent-Ivan-Repusic-verabschiedet-sich-aus-Hannover-mit-einem-Nachspiel-in-Dubrovnik","external_links_name":"\"Dirigent Ivan Repusic verabschiedet sich aus Hannover\""},{"Link":"https://staatstheater-hannover.de/de_DE/start-staatsoper","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/130272382","external_links_name":"VIAF"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Bideau
Edith Bideau
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
American soprano singer Edith BideauEdith Bideau, from a 1920 publication.BornEdith Mae BideauNovember 6, 1888Chanute, KansasDied1958 (aged 69–70)NationalityAmericanOther namesE. B. Normelli, Edith NormelliOccupation(s)singer, music educatorYears active1912-1958 Edith Mae Bideau (November 6, 1888 — 1958), later Edith Bideau Normelli, was an American soprano and music educator from Kansas. Early life Edith Mae Bideau was from Chanute, Kansas, the daughter of Georges K. Bideau and Jennie Hale Bideau. Her father was a councilman in Chanute. She earned bachelor's degrees from Baker University in Baldwin City, Kansas in 1911, where she wrote the school song, "Hail! Old Baker"; and from Kansas State University in 1912. She pursued further music studies in Italy, and with Richard Hageman in New York. Career Bideau taught voice and was director of the vocal department at the State Normal School in Pittsburg, Kansas from 1916 to 1919. At the beginning of World War I, she was in Italy, and there were concerns for her safety. When she returned to the United States, she gave concerts for troops stationed in Kansas. She was director of music and instructor in church music at Seabury-Western Theological Seminary in Evanston, Illinois in 1935. She taught voice at Iola, Kansas in 1947. Bideau was a concert and oratorio soloist in Chicago and Pittsburgh. She made her New York debut in 1920, at Aeolian Hall. "Her voice is a soprano of very pure quality, a voice that is at its best in lyric matters," noted one reviewer. Another witness, however, reported that "she was altogether too nervous to inspire critical confidence." She toured the midwest as a performer in 1921. On Christmas Day in 1921, she sang solos at six different events in New York City. She wrote "Tone Coloring in Singing" an essay published in Étude magazine in 1955. Personal life Edith Bideau married Swedish diplomat Carl Gustav Normelli in 1920. She was widowed when Normelli died in 1957, and she died in 1958, aged 69 years; her grave is in Kansas. Kansas legislator Edwin Bideau was her great-nephew, her brother Edwin Hale Bideau's grandson. References ^ "Junior Recital of Miss Edith Bideau" The Chanute Daily Tribune (May 18, 1910): 3. via Newspapers.com ^ Catalog of Copyright Entries: Musical compositions, Part 3 (Library of Congress Copyright Office 1910): 782. ^ Kansas State College of Pittsburg, Annual Catalogue (June 1916): 18. ^ "Interesting Alpha Chis" The Lyre of Alpha Chi Omega (July 1920): 370. ^ Florence Arzelia Armstrong, History of Alpha Chi Omega Fraternity (1885-1921) (Banta Publishing 1922): 390-391. ^ "Hageman Enjoys Busiest Autumn" Musical Courier (November 6, 1919): 57. ^ C. E. W., "Edith Bideau" The Music News (September 21, 1917): 6. ^ Gene E. Vollen, "Music at Pittsburg State: Part 4: The Building of the Program" Music Notes 8(1)(Spring 1993): 1. ^ "Edith Bideau to Teach" The Daily Gazette (June 7, 1916): 3. via Newspapers.com ^ "Kansas Soloist in Europe" The Evening Herald (August 22, 1914): 1. via Newspapers.com ^ "Message from Miss Edith Bideau" The Neodesha Daily Sun (August 27, 1914): 3. via Newspapers.com ^ "To Entertain the Soldiers" Parsons Daily Eclipse (May 8, 1919): 6. via Newspapers.com ^ "Seabury-Western Theological Seminary" The Living Church Annual (1935): 80. ^ "Dr. Normelli to Teach Voice in Iola" Iola Register (July 11, 1947): 6. via Newspapers.com ^ "About the Campus" The Techne (November 1923): xlviii. ^ "Edith Bideau in Admirable Debut" Musical America (March 6, 1920): 6. ^ "Metropolitan Musings" The Musical Monitor (March 1920): 239. ^ "Edith Bideau's New York Debut" Musical Courier (February 19, 1920): 16. ^ "Edith Bideau to Take Tour" University Daily Kansan (September 29, 1921): 1. via Newspapers.com ^ "Mrs. Normelli in New York" The Chanute Daily Tribune (December 28, 1921): 4. via Newspapers.com ^ Edith Bideau Normelli, "Tone Coloring in Singing" Étude (August 1955): 22, 62. ^ "Edith Bideau Wed to Swedish Consul" Musical America (March 20, 1920): 21. ^ Edwin Bideau obituary, Topeka Capital-Journal (September 7–9, 2013). External links Edith Bideau at Find a Grave
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Edith Mae Bideau (November 6, 1888 — 1958), later Edith Bideau Normelli, was an American soprano and music educator from Kansas.","title":"Edith Bideau"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chanute, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanute,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Baker University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_University"},{"link_name":"Baldwin City, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_City,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kansas State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Richard Hageman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hageman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Edith Mae Bideau was from Chanute, Kansas, the daughter of Georges K. Bideau and Jennie Hale Bideau. Her father was a councilman in Chanute.[1] She earned bachelor's degrees from Baker University in Baldwin City, Kansas in 1911, where she wrote the school song, \"Hail! Old Baker\";[2] and from Kansas State University in 1912.[3] She pursued further music studies in Italy, and with Richard Hageman in New York.[4][5][6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Normal School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg_State_University"},{"link_name":"Pittsburg, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Evanston, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Iola, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iola,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Aeolian Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolian_Hall_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Bideau taught voice and was director of the vocal department at the State Normal School in Pittsburg, Kansas from 1916 to 1919.[7][8][9] At the beginning of World War I, she was in Italy, and there were concerns for her safety.[10][11] When she returned to the United States, she gave concerts for troops stationed in Kansas.[12] She was director of music and instructor in church music at Seabury-Western Theological Seminary in Evanston, Illinois in 1935.[13] She taught voice at Iola, Kansas in 1947.[14]Bideau was a concert and oratorio soloist in Chicago and Pittsburgh.[15] She made her New York debut in 1920, at Aeolian Hall. \"Her voice is a soprano of very pure quality, a voice that is at its best in lyric matters,\" noted one reviewer.[16] Another witness, however, reported that \"she was altogether too nervous to inspire critical confidence.\"[17][18] She toured the midwest as a performer in 1921.[19] On Christmas Day in 1921, she sang solos at six different events in New York City.[20] She wrote \"Tone Coloring in Singing\" an essay published in Étude magazine in 1955.[21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Edwin Bideau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Bideau"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Edith Bideau married Swedish diplomat Carl Gustav Normelli in 1920.[22] She was widowed when Normelli died in 1957, and she died in 1958, aged 69 years; her grave is in Kansas. Kansas legislator Edwin Bideau was her great-nephew, her brother Edwin Hale Bideau's grandson.[23]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29222485/edith_bideau_1910/","external_links_name":"\"Junior Recital of Miss Edith Bideau\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nVIcAQAAIAAJ&dq=Edith+Bideau&pg=PA782","external_links_name":"Catalog of Copyright Entries: Musical compositions, Part 3"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JKZGAQAAMAAJ&dq=Edith+Bideau&pg=RA5-PA18","external_links_name":"Annual Catalogue"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YXfOAAAAMAAJ&dq=Edith+Normelli&pg=PA370","external_links_name":"\"Interesting Alpha Chis\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LcskPqSPM2QC&dq=Edith+Normelli&pg=PA391","external_links_name":"History of Alpha Chi Omega Fraternity (1885-1921)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7SIqQHZL2_wC&dq=Edith+Bideau&pg=RA2-PA53","external_links_name":"\"Hageman Enjoys Busiest Autumn\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnNFAQAAMAAJ&dq=Edith+Bideau&pg=RA1-PA6","external_links_name":"\"Edith Bideau\""},{"Link":"https://music.pittstate.edu/_files/documents/newsletter/1993-sp-music-notes-v8,n1.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Music at Pittsburg State: Part 4: The Building of the Program\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29222631/edith_bideau_1916/","external_links_name":"\"Edith Bideau to Teach\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29222711/edith_bideau_1914/","external_links_name":"\"Kansas Soloist in Europe\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29223130/edith_bideau_1914/","external_links_name":"\"Message from Miss Edith Bideau\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29222797/edith_bideau_1919/","external_links_name":"\"To Entertain the Soldiers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PBzSAAAAMAAJ&dq=Edith+Bideau&pg=PA80","external_links_name":"\"Seabury-Western Theological Seminary\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29223664/edith_bideau_normelli_1947/","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Normelli to Teach Voice in Iola\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S3w1AQAAMAAJ&dq=Edith+Normelli&pg=PR48-IA168","external_links_name":"\"About the Campus\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gNtFAQAAMAAJ&dq=Edith+Bideau&pg=RA18-PA17","external_links_name":"\"Edith Bideau in Admirable Debut\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MDkR4BSU0YUC&dq=Edith+Bideau&pg=PA239","external_links_name":"\"Metropolitan Musings\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y-w6AQAAMAAJ&dq=Edith+Bideau+Musical+Courier+1920&pg=RA7-PA16","external_links_name":"\"Edith Bideau's New York Debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29222371/edith_bideau_1921/","external_links_name":"\"Edith Bideau to Take Tour\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29223405/edith_bideau_normelli_1921/","external_links_name":"\"Mrs. Normelli in New York\""},{"Link":"https://digitalcommons.gardner-webb.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=etude","external_links_name":"\"Tone Coloring in Singing\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gNtFAQAAMAAJ&dq=Edith+Bideau+Wed+to+Swedish+Consul&pg=RA20-PA21","external_links_name":"\"Edith Bideau Wed to Swedish Consul\""},{"Link":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/CJOnline/obituary.aspx?page=lifestory&pid=166835126","external_links_name":"Edwin Bideau obituary"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/180618263","external_links_name":"Edith Bideau"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranquil_Formation
Ranquil Formation
["1 Units","2 Fossil content","3 See also","4 References"]
Coordinates: 37°36′S 73°42′W / 37.6°S 73.7°W / -37.6; -73.7Miocene and Pliocene sedimentary formation in south-central Chile Ranquil FormationStratigraphic range: Miocene–PlioceneTypeGeological formationUnderliesTubul FormationOverliesLebu GroupLithologyPrimaryConglomerate with clay and silt matrix, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, mudstoneOtherConglomerate with sand matrixLocationCoordinates37°36′S 73°42′W / 37.6°S 73.7°W / -37.6; -73.7Approximate paleocoordinates37°54′S 71°24′W / 37.9°S 71.4°W / -37.9; -71.4RegionBío Bío RegionCountry ChileType sectionNamed forCaleta RanquilNamed byJuan TaveraYear defined1942Ranquil Formation (Chile) The Ranquil Formation (Spanish: Formación Ranquil) is a Miocene and Pliocene sedimentary formation located in Arauco Province in south–central Chile, including outcrops in Mocha Island. The formation has its greatest thicknesses in the south-west, where its sediments were largely deposited in marine conditions. It overlies unconformably sedimentary formations of the Paleocene-Eocene Lebu Group. The formation is part of the fill of Arauco Basin which is a sedimentary basin that extends south of Concepción. Macrofossils of the formation are similar to those of Navidad (34° S) and Lacui Formations (43° S), two nearby Miocene marine formations. The base of the Ranquil Formation is the so-called "main unconformity", which is thought to have been formed by erosion during a period of tectonic inversion. The formation was first defined in 1942 by Juan Tavera. Units The formation has been subdivided into five units, with the lowermost being made up of sandstone and shale, and the second lowest one being made up of a conglomerate. The middle unit is made up of mudrock and massive sandstone. At some places the middle unit is overlain by a unit made up of sandstone with thin layers of conglomerate and sandstone that has been bioturbated. The uppermost unit include a breccia and the so-called Huenteguapi sandstone. The sediments of Huenteguapi sandstone evidences that a megatsunami struck the coast of south–central Chile in the Pliocene, which has been linked to the hypothetical Eltanin impact. Fossil content The Ranquil Formation contains the following trace fossils: Zoophycos, Chondrites, Phycosiphon, Nereites missouriensis, Lockeiasiliquaria, Parataenidium, Ophiomorpha, Rhizocorallium and possibly also Psammichnites. See also Arauco Peninsula References ^ a b García A., Floreal (1968). Ceccioni, Giovanni (ed.). El Terciario de Chile Zona Central (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Ediorial Andrés Bello. pp. 25–57. ^ a b c Le Roux, J.P.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Kemnitz, Helga; Henriquez, Álvaro (2008). "A Pliocene mega-tsunami deposit and associated features in the Ranquil Formation, southern Chile" (PDF). Sedimentary Geology. 203 (1): 164–180. Bibcode:2008SedG..203..164L. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.12.002. Retrieved 11 April 2016. ^ Finger, Kenneth L.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Devries, Thomas J.; Encinas, Alfonso; Peterson, Dwan E. (2007). "Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of Central Chile" (PDF). PALAIOS. 22 (1): 3–16. Bibcode:2007Palai..22....3F. doi:10.2110/palo.2005.p05-081r. S2CID 59383760. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ Becerra, Juan; Contreras-Reyes, Eduardo; Arriagada, César (2013). "Seismic structure and tectonics of the southern Arauco Basin, south-central Chile (~ 38°S)". Tectonophysics. 592: 53–66. Bibcode:2013Tectp.592...53B. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2013.02.012. ^ Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Henríquez, Álvaro (2008). "Depositional environment of Stelloglyphus llicoensis isp. nov.: a new radial trace fossil from the Neogene Ranquil Formation, south-central Chile". Revista Geológica de Chile. 35 (2): 307–319. doi:10.5027/andgeov35n2-a06. Retrieved 29 July 2016. vteGeology of ChileTerranes Arequipa-Antofalla Chaitenia Chilenia Chiloé Cuyania Fitz Roy Madre de Dios Mejillonia Patagonia Sedimentary formationsand groupsCenozoicNeogene Abanico Fm. Angostura Fm. Ayacara Fm. Bahía Inglesa Fm. Caldera Beds Caleta Godoy Fm. Caleta Herradura Fm. Campanario Fm. Chaicayán Gp. Cheuquemó Fm. Cholchol Fm. Chucal Fm. Cola de Zorro Fm. Coquimbo Fm. Cura-Mallín Gp. Farellones Fm. La Cascada Fm. Lacui Fm. La Montaña Fm. La Portada Fm. Lauca Fm. Malleco Fm. Mininco Fm. Navidad Fm. Oxaya Fm. Parga Fm. Puduhuapi Fm. Pupunahue Beds Quebrada Macusa Fm. Ranquil Fm. Río Frías Fm. San Pedro Beds Santo Domingo Fm. Temuco Fm. Traiguén Fm. Trapa-Trapa Fm. Tubul Fm. Vargas Fm. Paleogene Abanico Fm. Azapa Fm. Caleta Chonos Fm. Cheuquemó Fm. Cura-Mallín Gp. La Cascada Fm. Lebu Gp. Loreto Fm. Lupica Fm. Oxaya Fm. Parga Fm. Purilactis Gp. Pupunahue Beds Temuco Fm. Vargas Fm. MesozoicCretaceous Baños del Flaco Fm. Cerro Colorado Fm. Chacarilla Fm. Chañarcillo Gp. Coihaique Gp. Divisadero Gp. Dorotea Fm. Hornitos Fm. La Liga Fm. Ñirehuao Fm. Punta del Cobre Fm. Purilactis Gp. Quiriquina Fm. Viñita Fm. Way Gp. Zapata Fm. Jurassic Chacarilla Fm. Coihaique Gp. Ibáñez Fm. La Liga Fm. La Negra Fm. Nacientes del Biobío Fm. Nacientes del Teno Fm. Pan de Azúcar Fm. Tobífera Fm. Triassic Canto del Agua Fm. Choiyoi Gp. Panguipulli Fm. Santa Juana Fm. Tralcán Fm. Paleozoic Llano de Chocolate Beds Batholiths Coastal central Chile Elqui-Limarí Futrono-Riñihue North Patagonian Panguipulli South Patagonian Vicuña Mackenna Metamorphic complexes Bahía Mansa Belén Chañaral Choapa Chonos Cordillera Darwin Eastern Andes Mejillones Puerto Edén Punta de Choros Quebrada del Carrizo Trafún Tierra del Fuego Faults Atacama Fault Biobío-Aluminé Fault Cachet Fault Domeyko Fault El Arrayán Fault Futrono Fault Gastre Fault Lanalhue Fault Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Magallanes-Fagnano Fault Mocha-Villarrica Fault Pichilemu Fault Reigolil-Pirihueico Fault San Ramón Fault Valeriano Fault Geology portal • Chile portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Miocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miocene"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"sedimentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment"},{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_formation"},{"link_name":"Arauco Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauco_Province"},{"link_name":"south–central Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_Sur"},{"link_name":"outcrops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outcrop"},{"link_name":"Mocha Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocha_Island"},{"link_name":"unconformably","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconformity"},{"link_name":"Paleocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleocene"},{"link_name":"Eocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eocene"},{"link_name":"Lebu Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebu_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia1968-1"},{"link_name":"Arauco Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauco_Basin"},{"link_name":"sedimentary basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_basin"},{"link_name":"Concepción","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n,_Chile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeRouxetal2008-2"},{"link_name":"Macrofossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrofossil"},{"link_name":"Navidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navidad_Formation"},{"link_name":"34° S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34th_parallel_south"},{"link_name":"Lacui Formations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacui_Formation"},{"link_name":"43° S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/43rd_parallel_south"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"erosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion"},{"link_name":"tectonic inversion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_inversion"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Becerraetal2013-4"},{"link_name":"Juan Tavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Tavera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garcia1968-1"}],"text":"Miocene and Pliocene sedimentary formation in south-central ChileThe Ranquil Formation (Spanish: Formación Ranquil) is a Miocene and Pliocene sedimentary formation located in Arauco Province in south–central Chile, including outcrops in Mocha Island. The formation has its greatest thicknesses in the south-west, where its sediments were largely deposited in marine conditions. It overlies unconformably sedimentary formations of the Paleocene-Eocene Lebu Group.[1] The formation is part of the fill of Arauco Basin which is a sedimentary basin that extends south of Concepción.[2]Macrofossils of the formation are similar to those of Navidad (34° S) and Lacui Formations (43° S), two nearby Miocene marine formations.[3]The base of the Ranquil Formation is the so-called \"main unconformity\", which is thought to have been formed by erosion during a period of tectonic inversion.[4]The formation was first defined in 1942 by Juan Tavera.[1]","title":"Ranquil Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"conglomerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)"},{"link_name":"mudrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudrock"},{"link_name":"bioturbated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioturbation"},{"link_name":"breccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breccia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeRouxetal2008-2"},{"link_name":"megatsunami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami"},{"link_name":"Pliocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LeRouxetal2008-2"},{"link_name":"Eltanin impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltanin_impact"}],"text":"The formation has been subdivided into five units, with the lowermost being made up of sandstone and shale, and the second lowest one being made up of a conglomerate. The middle unit is made up of mudrock and massive sandstone. At some places the middle unit is overlain by a unit made up of sandstone with thin layers of conglomerate and sandstone that has been bioturbated. The uppermost unit include a breccia and the so-called Huenteguapi sandstone.[2] The sediments of Huenteguapi sandstone evidences that a megatsunami struck the coast of south–central Chile in the Pliocene,[2] which has been linked to the hypothetical Eltanin impact.","title":"Units"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trace fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_fossil"},{"link_name":"Zoophycos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophycos"},{"link_name":"Chondrites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrites"},{"link_name":"Phycosiphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycosiphon"},{"link_name":"Nereites missouriensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereites"},{"link_name":"Lockeiasiliquaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lockeiasiliquaria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parataenidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parataenidium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ophiomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophiomorpha"},{"link_name":"Rhizocorallium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizocorallium"},{"link_name":"Psammichnites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psammichnites&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Ranquil Formation contains the following trace fossils: Zoophycos, Chondrites, Phycosiphon, Nereites missouriensis, Lockeiasiliquaria, Parataenidium, Ophiomorpha, Rhizocorallium and possibly also Psammichnites.[5]","title":"Fossil content"}]
[]
[{"title":"Arauco Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauco_Peninsula"}]
[{"reference":"García A., Floreal (1968). Ceccioni, Giovanni (ed.). El Terciario de Chile Zona Central (in Spanish). Santiago de Chile: Ediorial Andrés Bello. pp. 25–57.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Le Roux, J.P.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Kemnitz, Helga; Henriquez, Álvaro (2008). \"A Pliocene mega-tsunami deposit and associated features in the Ranquil Formation, southern Chile\" (PDF). Sedimentary Geology. 203 (1): 164–180. Bibcode:2008SedG..203..164L. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.12.002. Retrieved 11 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/125260/Le%20Roux_J_P.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"\"A Pliocene mega-tsunami deposit and associated features in the Ranquil Formation, southern Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_Geology_(journal)","url_text":"Sedimentary Geology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SedG..203..164L","url_text":"2008SedG..203..164L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sedgeo.2007.12.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.12.002"}]},{"reference":"Finger, Kenneth L.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Devries, Thomas J.; Encinas, Alfonso; Peterson, Dwan E. (2007). \"Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of Central Chile\" (PDF). PALAIOS. 22 (1): 3–16. Bibcode:2007Palai..22....3F. doi:10.2110/palo.2005.p05-081r. S2CID 59383760. Retrieved 28 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/people/klf/KLF_files/Palaios.pdf","url_text":"\"Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of Central Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PALAIOS","url_text":"PALAIOS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Palai..22....3F","url_text":"2007Palai..22....3F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2110%2Fpalo.2005.p05-081r","url_text":"10.2110/palo.2005.p05-081r"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59383760","url_text":"59383760"}]},{"reference":"Becerra, Juan; Contreras-Reyes, Eduardo; Arriagada, César (2013). \"Seismic structure and tectonics of the southern Arauco Basin, south-central Chile (~ 38°S)\". Tectonophysics. 592: 53–66. Bibcode:2013Tectp.592...53B. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2013.02.012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonophysics_(journal)","url_text":"Tectonophysics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Tectp.592...53B","url_text":"2013Tectp.592...53B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2013.02.012","url_text":"10.1016/j.tecto.2013.02.012"}]},{"reference":"Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Nielsen, Sven N.; Henríquez, Álvaro (2008). \"Depositional environment of Stelloglyphus llicoensis isp. nov.: a new radial trace fossil from the Neogene Ranquil Formation, south-central Chile\". Revista Geológica de Chile. 35 (2): 307–319. doi:10.5027/andgeov35n2-a06. Retrieved 29 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-02082008000200006","url_text":"\"Depositional environment of Stelloglyphus llicoensis isp. nov.: a new radial trace fossil from the Neogene Ranquil Formation, south-central Chile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_Geology","url_text":"Revista Geológica de Chile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5027%2Fandgeov35n2-a06","url_text":"10.5027/andgeov35n2-a06"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ranquil_Formation&params=37.6_S_73.7_W_","external_links_name":"37°36′S 73°42′W / 37.6°S 73.7°W / -37.6; -73.7"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ranquil_Formation&params=37.6_S_73.7_W_","external_links_name":"37°36′S 73°42′W / 37.6°S 73.7°W / -37.6; -73.7"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ranquil_Formation&params=37.9_S_71.4_W_","external_links_name":"37°54′S 71°24′W / 37.9°S 71.4°W / -37.9; -71.4"},{"Link":"http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/125260/Le%20Roux_J_P.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"\"A Pliocene mega-tsunami deposit and associated features in the Ranquil Formation, southern Chile\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SedG..203..164L","external_links_name":"2008SedG..203..164L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sedgeo.2007.12.002","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.sedgeo.2007.12.002"},{"Link":"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/people/klf/KLF_files/Palaios.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of Central Chile\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Palai..22....3F","external_links_name":"2007Palai..22....3F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2110%2Fpalo.2005.p05-081r","external_links_name":"10.2110/palo.2005.p05-081r"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59383760","external_links_name":"59383760"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Tectp.592...53B","external_links_name":"2013Tectp.592...53B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2013.02.012","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.tecto.2013.02.012"},{"Link":"http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-02082008000200006","external_links_name":"\"Depositional environment of Stelloglyphus llicoensis isp. nov.: a new radial trace fossil from the Neogene Ranquil Formation, south-central Chile\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.5027%2Fandgeov35n2-a06","external_links_name":"10.5027/andgeov35n2-a06"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Herrera
Hugo Herrera
["1 Playing career","2 Honors","3 References","4 External links"]
Argentine footballer Hugo Ernesto HerreraPersonal informationFull name Hugo Ernesto HerreraDate of birth (1979-03-01) 1 March 1979 (age 45)Place of birth Buenos Aires, ArgentinaPosition(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2000–2003 Defensa y Justicia 10 (2)2003 Provincial Osorno 2003–2006 Brampton Hitmen/Stallions 35 (27)2007–2012 Toronto Croatia 130 (28) *Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 26 August 2015 Hugo Ernesto Herrera (born March 1, 1979, in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine former association football forward who had stints in South America, and most notably in the Canadian Soccer League with the Brampton Stallions and Toronto Croatia. During his tenure within the CSL he won three CSL Championships and two Croatian World Club Championship. Playing career Herrera began his career in his native Argentina with Defensa y Justicia in the Primera B Nacional in 2000, where he would appear in a total of 10 matches and two goals recorded. In 2003, he went abroad to Chile to play with Provincial Osorno of the Primera B de Chile. In 2003, he signed a contract with Canadian side Brampton Hitmen of the Canadian Professional Soccer League. He made his debut match for the franchise on July 20, 2003, against Toronto Croatia, where he contributed with a goal which resulted in a 5–0 victory for Brampton. He had a great debut season in the CPSL recording six goals in eight matches, and clinching a postseason berth for club by finishing second in the Western Conference. In the postseason he featured in the quarterfinal match against Toronto Croatia, which resulted in a victory for Toronto, but was later overruled due to Toronto Croatia fielding an illegal player. In the following playoff match he scored the lone goal for Brampton in a 1–1 draw with London City, the game went to penalties and Herrera successfully converted his penalty kick, and the Hitmen advanced to the finals in a 5–3 victory in penalties. In the finals Brampton faced Vaughan Sun Devils, and the match concluded in a 1–0 victory for the club, marking the organizations first CPSL Championship. After a four-year tenure with the Brampton franchise, Herrera signed with league giants Toronto Croatia for the 2007 season. He would record his first goal for Toronto on June 1, 2007, in a match against London City in a 1–1 draw. That same season Toronto Croatia entered the Croatian World Club Championship, where Herrera contributed a goal in a 9–1 victory over Croatia Essen. Croatia would end up winning the tournament in a 3–1 victory over Canberra FC. For the remainder of the season he helped Toronto achieve a 21-game undefeated streak, and reached the postseason by finishing second in the International Division. In the playoffs Toronto reached the finals where they faced arch rivals the Serbian White Eagles FC in a two-game final, where Croatia would end up claiming the CSL Championship in a 4–1 victory in goals on aggregate. His next best season with Toronto was in 2011, where once more the team repeated their success on the international level claiming their second Croatian World Club Championship and dominated at the domestic level by defeating Capital City F.C. in the finals of the CSL Championship match by a score of 1–0. Honors Brampton Hitmen CPSL Championship (1): 2003 Toronto Croatia CSL Championship (2): 2007, 2011 Croatian World Club Championship (2): 2007, 2011 References ^ Glover, Robin. "July 20, 2003 CPSL Brampton Hitmen vs Toronto Croatia". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26. ^ Glover, Robin. "September 30, 2003 CPSL Playoffs Brampton Hitmen vs Toronto Croatia". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26. ^ "October 1, 2003 CPSL Toronto Croatia vs Brampton (League decision)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26. ^ "October 3, 2003 CPSL Rogers Cup Wild Card game London vs Brampton from CPSL website". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26. ^ Glover, Robin. "October 5th, 2003 CPSL Rogers Cup Playoffs Final Vaughan Sun Devils vs Brampton Hitmen". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26. ^ "June 1, 2007 CSL details of Friday's games (from CSL media release)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26. ^ Ng Yuen, Tanya. "June 28, 2007 CSL Toronto Croatia European tour part 2 (from CSL media release)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26. ^ "July 3, 2007 CSL Toronto Croatia win world title (from CSL media release)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26. ^ Abel, Dave. "October 28, 2007 CSL Toronto Croatia vs Serbian White Eagles summary of both Championship Cup Final games (from Canada Press)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26. ^ Glover, Robin. "October 29, 2011 CSL--Toronto Croatia vs Capital City FC Final game (by Rocket Robin)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-27. ^ "October 29, 2011 CSL--Toronto Croatia vs Capital City FC CSL Final (from CSL website)". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-27. External links Hugo Herrera at BDFA (in Spanish)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buenos Aires, Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Brampton Stallions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Stallions"},{"link_name":"Toronto Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Croatian World Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_World_Club_Championship"}],"text":"Hugo Ernesto Herrera (born March 1, 1979, in Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine former association football forward who had stints in South America, and most notably in the Canadian Soccer League with the Brampton Stallions and Toronto Croatia. During his tenure within the CSL he won three CSL Championships and two Croatian World Club Championship.","title":"Hugo Herrera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Defensa y Justicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensa_y_Justicia"},{"link_name":"Primera B Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_B_Nacional"},{"link_name":"Provincial Osorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Osorno"},{"link_name":"Primera B de Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_B_de_Chile"},{"link_name":"Brampton Hitmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Hitmen"},{"link_name":"Canadian Professional Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Professional_Soccer_League_(1998-2005)"},{"link_name":"Toronto Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Croatia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"London City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_City_Soccer_Club"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vaughan Sun Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaughan_Sun_Devils"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Croatian World Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_World_Club_Championship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Canberra FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_FC"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Serbian White Eagles FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_White_Eagles_FC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Capital City F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Herrera began his career in his native Argentina with Defensa y Justicia in the Primera B Nacional in 2000, where he would appear in a total of 10 matches and two goals recorded. In 2003, he went abroad to Chile to play with Provincial Osorno of the Primera B de Chile. In 2003, he signed a contract with Canadian side Brampton Hitmen of the Canadian Professional Soccer League. He made his debut match for the franchise on July 20, 2003, against Toronto Croatia, where he contributed with a goal which resulted in a 5–0 victory for Brampton.[1] He had a great debut season in the CPSL recording six goals in eight matches, and clinching a postseason berth for club by finishing second in the Western Conference.In the postseason he featured in the quarterfinal match against Toronto Croatia, which resulted in a victory for Toronto, but was later overruled due to Toronto Croatia fielding an illegal player.[2][3] In the following playoff match he scored the lone goal for Brampton in a 1–1 draw with London City, the game went to penalties and Herrera successfully converted his penalty kick, and the Hitmen advanced to the finals in a 5–3 victory in penalties.[4] In the finals Brampton faced Vaughan Sun Devils, and the match concluded in a 1–0 victory for the club, marking the organizations first CPSL Championship.[5] After a four-year tenure with the Brampton franchise, Herrera signed with league giants Toronto Croatia for the 2007 season. He would record his first goal for Toronto on June 1, 2007, in a match against London City in a 1–1 draw.[6] That same season Toronto Croatia entered the Croatian World Club Championship, where Herrera contributed a goal in a 9–1 victory over Croatia Essen.[7] Croatia would end up winning the tournament in a 3–1 victory over Canberra FC.[8]For the remainder of the season he helped Toronto achieve a 21-game undefeated streak, and reached the postseason by finishing second in the International Division. In the playoffs Toronto reached the finals where they faced arch rivals the Serbian White Eagles FC in a two-game final, where Croatia would end up claiming the CSL Championship in a 4–1 victory in goals on aggregate.[9] His next best season with Toronto was in 2011, where once more the team repeated their success on the international level claiming their second Croatian World Club Championship and dominated at the domestic level by defeating Capital City F.C. in the finals of the CSL Championship match by a score of 1–0.[10][11]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CPSL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Cup_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Canadian_Professional_Soccer_League_season"},{"link_name":"CSL Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogers_Cup_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Canadian_Soccer_League_season"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_Soccer_League_season"},{"link_name":"Croatian World Club Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_World_Club_Championship"}],"text":"Brampton HitmenCPSL Championship (1): 2003Toronto CroatiaCSL Championship (2): 2007, 2011\nCroatian World Club Championship (2): 2007, 2011","title":"Honors"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Glover, Robin. \"July 20, 2003 CPSL Brampton Hitmen vs Toronto Croatia\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports03/03cpsl75.htm","url_text":"\"July 20, 2003 CPSL Brampton Hitmen vs Toronto Croatia\""}]},{"reference":"Glover, Robin. \"September 30, 2003 CPSL Playoffs Brampton Hitmen vs Toronto Croatia\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports03/03cpsl2m.htm","url_text":"\"September 30, 2003 CPSL Playoffs Brampton Hitmen vs Toronto Croatia\""}]},{"reference":"\"October 1, 2003 CPSL Toronto Croatia vs Brampton (League decision)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports03/03cpsl6i.htm","url_text":"\"October 1, 2003 CPSL Toronto Croatia vs Brampton (League decision)\""}]},{"reference":"\"October 3, 2003 CPSL Rogers Cup Wild Card game London vs Brampton from CPSL website\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports03/03cpsl6k.htm","url_text":"\"October 3, 2003 CPSL Rogers Cup Wild Card game London vs Brampton from CPSL website\""}]},{"reference":"Glover, Robin. \"October 5th, 2003 CPSL Rogers Cup Playoffs Final Vaughan Sun Devils vs Brampton Hitmen\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports03/03cpsl2q.htm","url_text":"\"October 5th, 2003 CPSL Rogers Cup Playoffs Final Vaughan Sun Devils vs Brampton Hitmen\""}]},{"reference":"\"June 1, 2007 CSL details of Friday's games (from CSL media release)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports07/07csl030.htm","url_text":"\"June 1, 2007 CSL details of Friday's games (from CSL media release)\""}]},{"reference":"Ng Yuen, Tanya. \"June 28, 2007 CSL Toronto Croatia European tour part 2 (from CSL media release)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports07/07csl055.htm","url_text":"\"June 28, 2007 CSL Toronto Croatia European tour part 2 (from CSL media release)\""}]},{"reference":"\"July 3, 2007 CSL Toronto Croatia win world title (from CSL media release)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports07/07csl059.htm","url_text":"\"July 3, 2007 CSL Toronto Croatia win world title (from CSL media release)\""}]},{"reference":"Abel, Dave. \"October 28, 2007 CSL Toronto Croatia vs Serbian White Eagles summary of both Championship Cup Final games (from Canada Press)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports07/07csl165.htm","url_text":"\"October 28, 2007 CSL Toronto Croatia vs Serbian White Eagles summary of both Championship Cup Final games (from Canada Press)\""}]},{"reference":"Glover, Robin. \"October 29, 2011 CSL--Toronto Croatia vs Capital City FC Final game (by Rocket Robin)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports11/11csl195.htm","url_text":"\"October 29, 2011 CSL--Toronto Croatia vs Capital City FC Final game (by Rocket Robin)\""}]},{"reference":"\"October 29, 2011 CSL--Toronto Croatia vs Capital City FC CSL Final (from CSL website)\". www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com. Retrieved 2015-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports11/11csl194.htm","url_text":"\"October 29, 2011 CSL--Toronto Croatia vs Capital City FC CSL Final (from CSL website)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports03/03cpsl75.htm","external_links_name":"\"July 20, 2003 CPSL Brampton Hitmen vs Toronto Croatia\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports03/03cpsl2m.htm","external_links_name":"\"September 30, 2003 CPSL Playoffs Brampton Hitmen vs Toronto Croatia\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports03/03cpsl6i.htm","external_links_name":"\"October 1, 2003 CPSL Toronto Croatia vs Brampton (League decision)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports03/03cpsl6k.htm","external_links_name":"\"October 3, 2003 CPSL Rogers Cup Wild Card game London vs Brampton from CPSL website\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports03/03cpsl2q.htm","external_links_name":"\"October 5th, 2003 CPSL Rogers Cup Playoffs Final Vaughan Sun Devils vs Brampton Hitmen\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports07/07csl030.htm","external_links_name":"\"June 1, 2007 CSL details of Friday's games (from CSL media release)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports07/07csl055.htm","external_links_name":"\"June 28, 2007 CSL Toronto Croatia European tour part 2 (from CSL media release)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports07/07csl059.htm","external_links_name":"\"July 3, 2007 CSL Toronto Croatia win world title (from CSL media release)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports07/07csl165.htm","external_links_name":"\"October 28, 2007 CSL Toronto Croatia vs Serbian White Eagles summary of both Championship Cup Final games (from Canada Press)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports11/11csl195.htm","external_links_name":"\"October 29, 2011 CSL--Toronto Croatia vs Capital City FC Final game (by Rocket Robin)\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocketrobinsoccerintoronto.com/reports11/11csl194.htm","external_links_name":"\"October 29, 2011 CSL--Toronto Croatia vs Capital City FC CSL Final (from CSL website)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bdfa.com.ar/jugadores-HUGO-ERNESTO-HERRERA-7710.html","external_links_name":"Hugo Herrera"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Quinn_(hurler)
Damien Quinn (hurler)
["1 References","2 Team"]
Irish hurler Damien QuinnPersonal informationIrish name Damien Ó CoinneSport HurlingPosition GoalkeeperBorn 1980Loughguile, County Antrim,Northern IrelandNickname D. D.Club(s)Years Club1998-present Loughgiel ShamrocksClub titlesAntrim titles 3Ulster titles 3All-Ireland Titles 1Inter-county(ies)Years County2001-20062012 AntrimAntrimInter-county titlesUlster titles 6Leinster titles 0All-Irelands 0NHL 0All Stars 0 Damien Quinn (born 1980) is an Irish hurler who currently plays as a goalkeeper and captain of the Antrim senior team. Quinn made his first appearance for the team during the 2000 championship and became a regular player over subsequent seasons until 2007. In 2012 Quinn returned to the Antrim panel as captain. During that time he has won six Ulster winners' medals and one Christy Ring Cup winners' medal. At club level Quinn is an All-Ireland medalist with Loughgiel Shamrocks. In addition to this he has also won two Ulster medals and two county club championship medals. References ^ "Loughgiel's Quinn named as Saffrons' captain". The Ballymoney Chronicle. 29 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2012. ^ "Antrim include three debutants". Hogan Stand website. 29 June 2001. Retrieved 26 February 2012. Sporting positions Preceded byEddie McCloskey Antrim Senior Hurling Captain 2012 Succeeded byIncumbent Team vteAntrim – 2006 Christy Ring Cup winners (1st win) 1 D. Quinn 2 B. McAuley 3 J. McKeague 4 J. Campbell 5 M. Molloy 6 K. McKeegan (c) 7 C. Herron 8 C. Cunning 9 M. Scullion 10 J. Scullion 11 K. Kelly 12 M. Dallas 13 J. McIntosh 14 P. Richmond 15 B. McFall Subs not used R. McGarry C. Hamill J. McKernan D. Gamble B. Delargy P. McGill D. McKillop M. Gettens B. McDermott S. Óg McFadden L. Watson Manager J. McKernan Selector P. McKillen Trainer P. Boyle vteLoughgiel Shamrocks – 2011–12 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Champions (2nd title) 1 D. D. Quinn 2 P. Gillan 3 N. McGarry 4 R. McCloskey 5 James Campbell 6 M. Scullion 7 Johnny Campbell 8 B. McAuley 9 M. McFadden 10 J. Scullion 11 D. Laverty 12 E. McCloskey 13 B. McCarry 14 L. Watson 15 S. Casey Subs used S. Dobbin for M. McFadden T. McCloskey for S. Dobbin D. McCloskey for S. Casey Manager P. J. O'Mullan Coach J. Nelson
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"hurler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurling"},{"link_name":"Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrim_GAA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2000 championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Hurling_Championship_2000"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Senior_Hurling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Christy Ring Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_Ring_Cup"},{"link_name":"All-Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Ireland_Senior_Club_Hurling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Loughgiel Shamrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughgiel_Shamrocks"},{"link_name":"Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Senior_Club_Hurling_Championship"},{"link_name":"county club championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antrim_Senior_Hurling_Championship"}],"text":"Damien Quinn (born 1980) is an Irish hurler who currently plays as a goalkeeper and captain of the Antrim senior team.[1]Quinn made his first appearance for the team during the 2000 championship and became a regular player over subsequent seasons until 2007.[2] In 2012 Quinn returned to the Antrim panel as captain. During that time he has won six Ulster winners' medals and one Christy Ring Cup winners' medal.At club level Quinn is an All-Ireland medalist with Loughgiel Shamrocks. In addition to this he has also won two Ulster medals and two county club championship medals.","title":"Damien Quinn (hurler)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Antrim_Hurling_Team_2006"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Antrim_Hurling_Team_2006"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antrim_Hurling_Team_2006"},{"link_name":"D. Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"B. McAuley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_McAuley"},{"link_name":"J. McKeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_McKeague&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Campbell_(hurler)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. Molloy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malachy_Molloy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"K. McKeegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_McKeegan"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antrim_senior_hurling_team_captains"},{"link_name":"C. Herron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciar%C3%A1n_Herron"},{"link_name":"C. Cunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Connor_Cunning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. Scullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Scullion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. Scullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joey_Scullion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"K. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieran_Kelly_(hurler)"},{"link_name":"M. Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malachy_Dallas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. McIntosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_McIntosh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Richmond"},{"link_name":"B. McFall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_McFall_(hurler)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"R. McGarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_McGarry"},{"link_name":"C. Hamill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Hamill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. McKernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_McKernan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D. Gamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DEclan_Gamble&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B. Delargy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brian_Delargy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. McGill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_McGill_(hurler)"},{"link_name":"D. McKillop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_McKillop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. Gettens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Gettens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B. McDermott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blain_McDermott&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S. Óg McFadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93g_McFadden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Watson_(hurler)"},{"link_name":"J. McKernan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jim_McKernan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. McKillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McKillen"},{"link_name":"P. Boyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Boyle_(hurler)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Loughgiel_Shamrocks_Hurling_Team_2012"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Loughgiel_Shamrocks_Hurling_Team_2012"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Loughgiel_Shamrocks_Hurling_Team_2012"},{"link_name":"D. D. Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"P. Gillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gillan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"N. McGarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_McGarry"},{"link_name":"R. McCloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronan_McCloskey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Campbell_(hurler)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. Scullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Scullion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johnny Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johnny_Campbell_(hurler)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B. McAuley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_McAuley"},{"link_name":"M. McFadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_McFadden_(hurler)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"J. Scullion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joey_Scullion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D. Laverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Declan_Lverty&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E. McCloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_McCloskey"},{"link_name":"B. McCarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bredan_McCarry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Watson_(hurler)"},{"link_name":"S. Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shay_Casey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S. Dobbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9amus_Dobbin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T. McCloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_McCloskey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D. McCloskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_McCloskey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"P. J. O'Mullan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._J._O%27Mullan"},{"link_name":"J. Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Nelson_(hurling_manager)"}],"text":"vteAntrim – 2006 Christy Ring Cup winners (1st win)\n1 D. Quinn\n2 B. McAuley\n3 J. McKeague\n4 J. Campbell\n5 M. Molloy\n6 K. McKeegan (c)\n7 C. Herron\n8 C. Cunning\n9 M. Scullion\n10 J. Scullion\n11 K. Kelly\n12 M. Dallas\n13 J. McIntosh\n14 P. Richmond\n15 B. McFall\nSubs not used\nR. McGarry\nC. Hamill\nJ. McKernan\nD. Gamble\nB. Delargy\nP. McGill\nD. McKillop\nM. Gettens\nB. McDermott\nS. Óg McFadden\nL. Watson\nManager\nJ. McKernan\nSelector\nP. McKillen\nTrainer\nP. BoylevteLoughgiel Shamrocks – 2011–12 All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Champions (2nd title)\n1 D. D. Quinn\n2 P. Gillan\n3 N. McGarry\n4 R. McCloskey\n5 James Campbell\n6 M. Scullion\n7 Johnny Campbell\n8 B. McAuley\n9 M. McFadden\n10 J. Scullion\n11 D. Laverty\n12 E. McCloskey\n13 B. McCarry\n14 L. Watson\n15 S. Casey\nSubs used\nS. Dobbin for M. McFadden\nT. McCloskey for S. Dobbin\nD. McCloskey for S. Casey\nManager\nP. J. O'Mullan\nCoach\nJ. Nelson","title":"Team"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Loughgiel's Quinn named as Saffrons' captain\". The Ballymoney Chronicle. 29 December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032245/http://ballymoney.thechronicle.uk.com/articles/sports/24912/loughgiels-quinn-named-as-saffrons-captain/","url_text":"\"Loughgiel's Quinn named as Saffrons' captain\""},{"url":"http://ballymoney.thechronicle.uk.com/articles/sports/24912/loughgiels-quinn-named-as-saffrons-captain/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Antrim include three debutants\". Hogan Stand website. 29 June 2001. Retrieved 26 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hoganstand.com/Antrim/ArticleForm.aspx?ID=456","url_text":"\"Antrim include three debutants\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032245/http://ballymoney.thechronicle.uk.com/articles/sports/24912/loughgiels-quinn-named-as-saffrons-captain/","external_links_name":"\"Loughgiel's Quinn named as Saffrons' captain\""},{"Link":"http://ballymoney.thechronicle.uk.com/articles/sports/24912/loughgiels-quinn-named-as-saffrons-captain/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.hoganstand.com/Antrim/ArticleForm.aspx?ID=456","external_links_name":"\"Antrim include three debutants\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf_Seminary
Hawza Najaf
["1 History","2 Subjects","3 Trained scholars","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Shia seminary in Iraq Ali al-Sistani (current chancellor of Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf) and Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei (ex-chancellor of Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf) The Najaf Seminary (Arabic: حوزة النجف), also known as the al-Hawza Al-Ilmiyya (الحوزة العلمية), is the oldest and one of the most important Shia seminaries (hawza) in the world. It is located near the Imam Ali Shrine in the city of Najaf in Iraq, and also operates a campus in Karbala, Iraq. It was established by Shaykh al-Tusi (385 AH/995 CE – 460 AH/1067 CE), and continued as a center of study after the establishment of modern Iraq in 1921. As of 2023, Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani heads Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf, which includes two other Ayatollahs - Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad and Bashir al-Najafi. The number of students studying there has waxed and waned in modern times, from 15,000-20,000 in the mid-20th century, down to 3000 during the repressive reign of Saddam Hussein, to around 13,000 as of 2014. As of 2014 the curriculum has been updated to include many modern subjects as well as inter faith and inter sectarian initiatives. History Shaykh al-Tusi (385 AH/995 CE – 460 AH/1067 CE), went to Baghdad to continue education. After 12 years, he was forced to leave Baghdad and go to Najaf for sectarian differences. He established the seminary in Najaf in 430 AH (the 11th century AD), which continued as a center of study until the establishment of modern Iraq in 1921. He died in 460 AH (1067 CE). In the mid-20th century, the Hawza "witnessed huge developments in its educational program" and the student population grew to 15,000-20,000. During the repression of the Baath party era it declined to around 3000 as the Shiite political awakening (Sahwa) was attacked by the regime and attendance by foreign students fell off because of the Iran-Iraq war. By the time Saddam fell in 2003, there were only approximately 3000 students and 2000 clerics in Najaf. Their number then commenced to grow again, and as of 2014 there are 13,000 students, according to a census by Al-Monitor news service, including approximately 50 from foreign countries — Iran, India, Thailand, France, the United States, Canada, etc. Subjects The subjects taught at the seminary include: Mantiq (Logic) Usul al-Fiqh (Principles of Jurisprudence) Fiqh (Jurisprudence) Tafsir al-Qur'an (Qur'an Exegesis) Ulum al-Qur'an (Qur'an Sciences) Ilm al-Hadith (The Study of Traditions) Ilm ar-Rijal (Science of Narrators) Tarikh (History) Aqaid / Kalam (Theology) Lugha (Language Studies) Falsafa (Islamic Philosophy) Irfan (Islamic Mysticism) Fiqh al-Muqaran (Comparative jurisprudence) Ilm al-Ma’rifah (Epistemology) Trained scholars Some of the known Shia Grand Ayatollahs were trained in the Najaf seminary. Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ardabili - he was one of the most famous Shia scholars. He was known as Mohaghegh (researcher) and Moghaddas (saint). Moḥammad Mahdī Baḥr al-ʿUlūm - he was known as Baḥr al-Ulum for his considerable knowledge. Bahr al-Ulum was a popular Shia Muslim scholar. He is specifically known as one of the few individuals who attained the climax of spiritual perfection. Mohammad Bagher Shafti - he was the leader of Isfahan seminary. Akhund Khorasani - he was a student of Morteza Ansari. Khorasani was the greatest Marjaʿ after Mirza Shirazi and before Mohammad Fadhil Sharabiani, he was known as an indubitable master of usul al-fiqh. He authored a book focused on commercial law. Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei - Ali al-Sistani was his student. He was made the most prominent Grand Ayatollah in 1971 after the death of Muhsin al-Hakim. He was well-known author in Hadith studies and Rijal and Kalam knowledge. Ibn Idris Hilli - he founded the Hillah seminary. Mirza Shirazi - he was the leader of Samarra seminary and Tobacco Protest. Hajj Muhammad Ibrahim Kalbasi - he was the leader of Isfahan seminary. Abdul-Karim Haeri Yazdi - he was the founder of the Qom Seminary in Iran. Ruhollah Khomeini was his student. He was Marjaʿ. Kashif al-Ghita - he was the leader and great Marjaʿ of Shia. Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi - he authored Javaher al-kalam Fi sharh-e Sharay-e al-Islam and was a leader of the Najaf seminary. Morteza Ansari - he was the leader of Najaf seminary after the death of Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi. He has been called "first effective" Marjaʿ of the Shia or "the first scholar universally recognized as supreme authority in matters of Shii law". Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi - his popular students included Imam Khomeini, Hossein Vahid Khorasani, Sayed Ali Khamenei, Sayyid Ali al-Sistani, Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani, and Dr. Seyed Ali Mirlohi Falavarjani. Borujerdi was the sole marja "in the Shia world" from 1945-6 until his death in 1961. Borujerdi was the first Marja who attempted Islamic unity. He sent Sayyid Muhaqqiqi to Hamburg, Germany, Aqa-e-Shari'at to Karachi, Pakistan, Al-Faqihi to Medina and Musa al-Sadr to Lebanon. Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i - he authored Tafsir al-Mizan and he was one of the most prominent Intellectuals of philosophy and contemporary Shia Islam. He was an expert in philosophy in Islam. His philosophy is focused upon the sociological treatment of human problems. His book, Shi'ite Islam, was translated into English by Hossein Nasr and William Chittick as a project of Colgate University. He was interviewed by Henry Corbin. Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din al-Musawi - he was one of the greatest Marja in Lebanon. He attempted to bring Shia and Sunni closer. See also Marjaʿ Lists of maraji Qom Seminary Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom Isfahan Seminary References ^ "A rare look inside the 'heart of society' for Iraq's Shi'ites". Reuters. 12 October 2017. ^ a b http://www.al-islam.org/fiqh/chap2.html FIQH and FUQAHA - An Introduction to Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) Containing Forty Four Life Sketches of the Great Past Masters, Published by the WORLD FEDERATION OF KHOJA SHIA ITHNAASHERI MUSLIM COMMUNITIES ^ a b "Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies". Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. ^ a b Sreeram Chaulia. "Shiites and Democracy". Mideast Monitor. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008. ^ Marcinkowski, Christoph (25 April 2007). Thinking ahead : Shi'ite Islam in Iraq and its seminaries (hawzah 'ilmiyyah) (PDF). Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of international Studies. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ^ a b c d e f g Mamouri, Ali (8 April 2014). "Najaf's Shiite seminaries enter 21st century". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 18 July 2023. ^ Jaffer - XKP, Mulla Asghar Ali M. (4 November 2015). FIQH and FUQAHA (PDF). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (November 4, 2015). ISBN 978-1519106759. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-26. ^ "Part 2: The Fuqaha". World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities. ^ Mamouri, Ali (11 April 2018). "The dueling ayatollahs". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ^ "Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies". Archived from the original on 2011-03-08. ^ a b c d e f g Khoshkhu, Rasoul Imani (10 November 2016). "A Glimpse at the Major Shi'a Seminaries part 1". Ahlul Bayt World Assembly. ^ Ghobadzadeh, Naser (2015). Religious Secularity: A Theological Challenge to the Islamic State (Religion and Global Politics). Oxford University Press; 1 edition (December 1, 2014). ISBN 978-0199391172. ^ Litvak, Meir (2 May 2002). Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: The 'Ulama' of Najaf and Karbala'. Cambridge University Press (May 2, 2002). ISBN 978-0521892964. ^ Hairi, A.; Murata, S. (1984). "AḴŪND ḴORĀSĀNĪ". Encyclopædia Irannica. ^ a b Mottahedeh, Roy (18 October 2014). The Mantle of the Prophet. Oneworld (August 15, 2000). ISBN 978-1851682348. ^ a b Who's who in Iraq: Ayatollah Sistani, 26 August, 2004 ^ "The Wall Street Journal: Index, Volume 2". Dow Jones & Co., 1992. 1992. ^ Allawi, Ali A. (2007). The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace. Yale University Press; Reprint edition (March 18, 2008). p. 207. ISBN 978-0300136142. al-Khoei is lead rijal. ^ "Haeri Yazdi، Ayatollah Abdulkarim". ^ Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet, (1985, 2000), p.229 ^ Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (8 October 1998). The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press; Revised edition (October 8, 1998). ISBN 978-0195119152. ^ Arjomand, Saïd Amir (January 1988). Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism (SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies). SUNY Press; Annotated edition (July 8, 1988). ISBN 978-0887066399. ^ Mottahedeh, Roy (18 October 2014). The Mantle of the Prophet. Oneworld (August 15, 2000). p. 210. ISBN 978-1851682348. ^ Esposito, John L. (21 October 2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (Oxford Quick Reference). Oxford University Press; 1 edition (October 21, 2004). p. 21. ISBN 978-0195125597. ^ The course of Imam Khomeini's struggles narrated by SAVAK (in Persian). Vol. 1. p. 45. and http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2130/bio ^ Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet, (1985, 2000), p.231 ^ "Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi". ^ Chehabi, Abisaab, Houchang , Rula Jurdi (2006). Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years. I.B.Tauris (April 2, 2006). ISBN 978-1860645617.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Biography of Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei by Amid Algar, University of California, Berkeley, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. ^ a b Legenhausen, Dr. Muhammad (19 February 2015). "'Allamah Tabataba'i And Contemporary Philosophical Theology". ALHODA PUBLISHERS. ^ Husayni Tihrani, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn (2011). Shining Sun. Islamic College for Advanced Studie; UK ed. edition (May 1, 2011). ISBN 978-1904063407. ^ Randall, Yafia Katherine (31 March 2016). Sufism and Jewish-Muslim Relations: The Derekh Avraham Order in Israel. Routledge; 1 edition (April 7, 2016). ISBN 978-1138914032. ^ Rizvi, Arsalan (11 August 2008). "Sayyid Sharafuddin al-Musawi". External links Towards an Understanding of the Shiite Authoritative Sources Hawza Ilmiyya, Qom, Iran Research centre of Hawza Ilmiyya, Qom, Iran Archived 2021-02-11 at the Wayback Machine About the Hawza Ilmiyya of Qom, Iran Imam Hossain University (Howza) Alqaem Institute Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies vteIslamic educational institutions Almajiranci Daara Talibe Darul uloom Hawza Islamic University Khanqah Khalawi Kuttab Madrasa Nezamiyeh Pesantren Qawmi Surau Zawiya Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayatollah_al-Khoi_and_Ali_al-Sistani.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Sistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Khoei"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"hawza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-1"},{"link_name":"Imam Ali Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Najaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Karbala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbala"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Shaykh al-Tusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F&F-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ai-Hawza-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&D-4"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Sistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ishaq_Al-Fayyad"},{"link_name":"Bashir al-Najafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_al-Najafi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NTU-5"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monitor-enter-2014-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monitor-enter-2014-6"}],"text":"Ali al-Sistani (current chancellor of Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf) and Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei (ex-chancellor of Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf)The Najaf Seminary (Arabic: حوزة النجف), also known as the al-Hawza Al-Ilmiyya (الحوزة العلمية), is the oldest and one of the most important Shia seminaries (hawza) in the world.[1] It is located near the Imam Ali Shrine in the city of Najaf in Iraq, and also operates a campus in Karbala, Iraq. It was established by Shaykh al-Tusi (385 AH/995 CE – 460 AH/1067 CE),[2] and continued as a center of study after the establishment of modern Iraq in 1921.[3][4]As of 2023, Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani heads Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf, which includes two other Ayatollahs - Mohammad Ishaq Al-Fayyad and Bashir al-Najafi.[5] The number of students studying there has waxed and waned in modern times, from 15,000-20,000 in the mid-20th century, down to 3000 during the repressive reign of Saddam Hussein, to around 13,000 as of 2014.[6]As of 2014 the curriculum has been updated to include many modern subjects as well as inter faith and inter sectarian initiatives.[6]","title":"Hawza Najaf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shaykh al-Tusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F&F-2"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Najaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ai-Hawza-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-S&D-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monitor-enter-2014-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monitor-enter-2014-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monitor-enter-2014-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mamouri-2018-9"},{"link_name":"Al-Monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Monitor"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monitor-enter-2014-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-monitor-enter-2014-6"}],"text":"Shaykh al-Tusi (385 AH/995 CE – 460 AH/1067 CE),[2] went to Baghdad to continue education. After 12 years, he was forced to leave Baghdad and go to Najaf for sectarian differences.[7] He established the seminary in Najaf in 430 AH (the 11th century AD),[8] which continued as a center of study until the establishment of modern Iraq in 1921. He died in 460 AH (1067 CE).[3][4]In the mid-20th century, the Hawza \"witnessed huge developments in its educational program\"[6] and the student population grew to 15,000-20,000. During the repression of the Baath party era it declined to around 3000 as the Shiite political awakening (Sahwa) was attacked by the regime and attendance by foreign students fell off because of the Iran-Iraq war.[6] By the time Saddam fell in 2003, there were only approximately 3000 students[6] and 2000 clerics in Najaf.[9] Their number then commenced to grow again, and as of 2014 there are 13,000 students, according to a census by Al-Monitor news service,[6] including approximately 50 from foreign countries — Iran, India, Thailand, France, the United States, Canada, etc.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mantiq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantiq"},{"link_name":"Usul al-Fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-Fiqh"},{"link_name":"Fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"Tafsir al-Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir"},{"link_name":"Ilm al-Hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm_al-Hadith"},{"link_name":"Ilm ar-Rijal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm_ar-Rijal"},{"link_name":"Kalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam"},{"link_name":"Falsafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafa"},{"link_name":"Irfan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfan"}],"text":"The subjects taught at the seminary include:[10]Mantiq (Logic)\nUsul al-Fiqh (Principles of Jurisprudence)\nFiqh (Jurisprudence)\nTafsir al-Qur'an (Qur'an Exegesis)\nUlum al-Qur'an (Qur'an Sciences)\nIlm al-Hadith (The Study of Traditions)\nIlm ar-Rijal (Science of Narrators)\nTarikh (History)\nAqaid / Kalam (Theology)\nLugha (Language Studies)\nFalsafa (Islamic Philosophy)\nIrfan (Islamic Mysticism)\nFiqh al-Muqaran (Comparative jurisprudence)\nIlm al-Ma’rifah (Epistemology)","title":"Subjects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Ayatollahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasoul_Imani-11"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ardabili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Muhammad_Ardabili"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Moḥammad Mahdī Baḥr al-ʿUlūm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%E1%B8%A5ammad_Mahd%C4%AB_Ba%E1%B8%A5r_al-%CA%BFUl%C5%ABm"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Bagher Shafti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Bagher_Shafti"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasoul_Imani-11"},{"link_name":"Akhund Khorasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhund_Khorasani"},{"link_name":"Morteza Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morteza_Ansari"},{"link_name":"Marjaʿ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja%CA%BF"},{"link_name":"usul al-fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usul_al-fiqh"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iranica-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mottahedeh1985-15"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Khoei"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Sistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hadith studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith_studies"},{"link_name":"Rijal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_evaluation"},{"link_name":"Kalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Hillah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillah"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasoul_Imani-11"},{"link_name":"Mirza Shirazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Shirazi"},{"link_name":"Samarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarra"},{"link_name":"Tobacco Protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_Protest"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mottahedeh1985-15"},{"link_name":"Hajj Muhammad Ibrahim Kalbasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ibrahim_Kalbasi"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasoul_Imani-11"},{"link_name":"Abdul-Karim Haeri Yazdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul-Karim_Haeri_Yazdi"},{"link_name":"Qom Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ruhollah Khomeini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Marjaʿ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja%CA%BF"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasoul_Imani-11"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hasan_al-Najafi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Morteza Ansari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morteza_Ansari"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasoul_Imani-11"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Shii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rasoul_Imani-11"},{"link_name":"Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Borujerdi"},{"link_name":"Imam Khomeini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Khomeini"},{"link_name":"Hossein Vahid Khorasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Vahid_Khorasani"},{"link_name":"Sayed Ali Khamenei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Khamenei"},{"link_name":"Sayyid Ali al-Sistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani"},{"link_name":"Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotfollah_Safi_Golpaygani"},{"link_name":"Seyed Ali Mirlohi Falavarjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyed_Ali_Mirlohi_Falavarjani"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i"},{"link_name":"Tafsir al-Mizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsir_al-Mizan"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Intellectuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual"},{"link_name":"Shia Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabatabai-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tabatabai-30"},{"link_name":"Shi'ite Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27ite_Islam"},{"link_name":"Hossein Nasr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hossein_Nasr"},{"link_name":"William Chittick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Chittick"},{"link_name":"Colgate University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgate_University"},{"link_name":"Henry Corbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Corbin"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din al-Musawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Husayn_Sharaf_al-Din_al-Musawi"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Some of the known Shia Grand Ayatollahs were trained in the Najaf seminary.[11]Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ardabili - he was one of the most famous Shia scholars. He was known as Mohaghegh (researcher) and Moghaddas (saint).[12]\nMoḥammad Mahdī Baḥr al-ʿUlūm - he was known as Baḥr al-Ulum for his considerable knowledge. Bahr al-Ulum was a popular Shia Muslim scholar. He is specifically known as one of the few individuals who attained the climax of spiritual perfection.[13]\nMohammad Bagher Shafti - he was the leader of Isfahan seminary.[11]\nAkhund Khorasani - he was a student of Morteza Ansari. Khorasani was the greatest Marjaʿ after Mirza Shirazi and before Mohammad Fadhil Sharabiani, he was known as an indubitable master of usul al-fiqh.[14] He authored a book focused on commercial law.[15]\nAbu al-Qasim al-Khoei - Ali al-Sistani was his student.[16] He was made the most prominent Grand Ayatollah in 1971 after the death of Muhsin al-Hakim.[17] He was well-known author in Hadith studies and Rijal and Kalam knowledge.[16][18]\nIbn Idris Hilli - he founded the Hillah seminary.[11]\nMirza Shirazi - he was the leader of Samarra seminary and Tobacco Protest.[15]\nHajj Muhammad Ibrahim Kalbasi - he was the leader of Isfahan seminary.[11]\nAbdul-Karim Haeri Yazdi - he was the founder of the Qom Seminary in Iran.[19] Ruhollah Khomeini was his student. He was Marjaʿ.[20]\nKashif al-Ghita - he was the leader and great Marjaʿ of Shia.[11]\nMuhammad Hasan al-Najafi - he authored Javaher al-kalam Fi sharh-e Sharay-e al-Islam[21] and was a leader of the Najaf seminary.[22]\nMorteza Ansari - he was the leader of Najaf seminary after the death of Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi.[11] He has been called \"first effective\" Marjaʿ of the Shia[23] or \"the first scholar universally recognized as supreme authority in matters of Shii law\".[24][11]\nSeyyed Hossein Borujerdi - his popular students included Imam Khomeini, Hossein Vahid Khorasani, Sayed Ali Khamenei, Sayyid Ali al-Sistani, Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani, and Dr. Seyed Ali Mirlohi Falavarjani.[25] Borujerdi was the sole marja \"in the Shia world\" from 1945-6 until his death in 1961.[26] Borujerdi was the first Marja who attempted Islamic unity. He sent Sayyid Muhaqqiqi to Hamburg, Germany, Aqa-e-Shari'at to Karachi, Pakistan, Al-Faqihi to Medina and Musa al-Sadr to Lebanon.[27][28]\nMuhammad Husayn Tabataba'i - he authored Tafsir al-Mizan[29] and he was one of the most prominent Intellectuals of philosophy and contemporary Shia Islam.[30][31] He was an expert in philosophy in Islam. His philosophy is focused upon the sociological treatment of human problems.[30] His book, Shi'ite Islam, was translated into English by Hossein Nasr and William Chittick as a project of Colgate University. He was interviewed by Henry Corbin.[32]\nAbd al-Husayn Sharaf al-Din al-Musawi - he was one of the greatest Marja in Lebanon. He attempted to bring Shia and Sunni closer.[33]","title":"Trained scholars"}]
[{"image_text":"Ali al-Sistani (current chancellor of Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf) and Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei (ex-chancellor of Hawza 'Ilmiyya Najaf)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ayatollah_al-Khoi_and_Ali_al-Sistani.jpg/250px-Ayatollah_al-Khoi_and_Ali_al-Sistani.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Marjaʿ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja%CA%BF"},{"title":"Lists of maraji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_maraji"},{"title":"Qom Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qom_Seminary"},{"title":"Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Seminary_Teachers_of_Qom"},{"title":"Isfahan Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Seminary"}]
[{"reference":"\"A rare look inside the 'heart of society' for Iraq's Shi'ites\". Reuters. 12 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-religion-hawza/a-rare-look-inside-the-heart-of-society-for-iraqs-shiites-idUSKBN1CH29U","url_text":"\"A rare look inside the 'heart of society' for Iraq's Shi'ites\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies\". Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110308210212/http://www.al-islam.org/index.php?t=258&cat=258","url_text":"\"Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies\""},{"url":"http://www.al-islam.org/index.php?t=258&cat=258","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sreeram Chaulia. \"Shiites and Democracy\". Mideast Monitor. Archived from the original on 26 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080626070555/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0705/0705_3.htm","url_text":"\"Shiites and Democracy\""},{"url":"http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0705/0705_3.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marcinkowski, Christoph (25 April 2007). Thinking ahead : Shi'ite Islam in Iraq and its seminaries (hawzah 'ilmiyyah) (PDF). Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of international Studies. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/90469/1/RSIS-WORKPAPER_102.pdf","url_text":"Thinking ahead : Shi'ite Islam in Iraq and its seminaries (hawzah 'ilmiyyah)"}]},{"reference":"Mamouri, Ali (8 April 2014). \"Najaf's Shiite seminaries enter 21st century\". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 18 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/04/najaf-hawza-educational-development-iraq.html","url_text":"\"Najaf's Shiite seminaries enter 21st century\""}]},{"reference":"Jaffer - XKP, Mulla Asghar Ali M. (4 November 2015). FIQH and FUQAHA (PDF). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (November 4, 2015). ISBN 978-1519106759. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101226122247/http://www.mulla-asghar.org/PDF/FIQH%20and%20FUQAHA.pdf","url_text":"FIQH and FUQAHA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1519106759","url_text":"978-1519106759"},{"url":"http://www.mulla-asghar.org/PDF/FIQH%20and%20FUQAHA.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Part 2: The Fuqaha\". World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-islam.org/fiqh-and-fuqaha/part-2-fuqaha","url_text":"\"Part 2: The Fuqaha\""}]},{"reference":"Mamouri, Ali (11 April 2018). \"The dueling ayatollahs\". Al-Monitor. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/04/dueling-ayatollahs-sistani-khamenei-shiite-iran-iraq.html","url_text":"\"The dueling ayatollahs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies\". Archived from the original on 2011-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110308210212/http://www.al-islam.org/index.php?t=258&cat=258","url_text":"\"Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies\""},{"url":"http://www.al-islam.org/index.php?t=258&cat=258","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Khoshkhu, Rasoul Imani (10 November 2016). \"A Glimpse at the Major Shi'a Seminaries part 1\". Ahlul Bayt World Assembly.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-islam.org/message-thaqalayn/vol-14-no-1-winter-2013/glimpse-major-shia-seminaries-part-1-rasoul-imani-khoshk-0#flourishing-once-again","url_text":"\"A Glimpse at the Major Shi'a Seminaries part 1\""}]},{"reference":"Ghobadzadeh, Naser (2015). Religious Secularity: A Theological Challenge to the Islamic State (Religion and Global Politics). Oxford University Press; 1 edition (December 1, 2014). ISBN 978-0199391172.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b7upBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA261","url_text":"Religious Secularity: A Theological Challenge to the Islamic State (Religion and Global Politics)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199391172","url_text":"978-0199391172"}]},{"reference":"Litvak, Meir (2 May 2002). Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: The 'Ulama' of Najaf and Karbala'. Cambridge University Press (May 2, 2002). ISBN 978-0521892964.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3pYRFQQG5kEC&q=Sayyid+Muhammad+Mahdi+Bahr+al-Ulum&pg=PA50","url_text":"Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: The 'Ulama' of Najaf and Karbala'"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521892964","url_text":"978-0521892964"}]},{"reference":"Hairi, A.; Murata, S. (1984). \"AḴŪND ḴORĀSĀNĪ\". Encyclopædia Irannica.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/akund-molla-mohammad-kazem-korasani","url_text":"\"AḴŪND ḴORĀSĀNĪ\""}]},{"reference":"Mottahedeh, Roy (18 October 2014). The Mantle of the Prophet. Oneworld (August 15, 2000). ISBN 978-1851682348.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YlsQBwAAQBAJ&q=The+Mantle+of+the+Prophet%3A+Religion+and+Politics+in+Iran","url_text":"The Mantle of the Prophet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851682348","url_text":"978-1851682348"}]},{"reference":"\"The Wall Street Journal: Index, Volume 2\". Dow Jones & Co., 1992. 1992.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P5oyAQAAIAAJ&q=al-Khoei+was+leaded+the+most+prominent+Grand+Ayatollah+in+1971","url_text":"\"The Wall Street Journal: Index, Volume 2\""}]},{"reference":"Allawi, Ali A. (2007). The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace. Yale University Press; Reprint edition (March 18, 2008). p. 207. ISBN 978-0300136142. al-Khoei is lead rijal.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/occupationofiraq00alla","url_text":"The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/occupationofiraq00alla/page/207","url_text":"207"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300136142","url_text":"978-0300136142"}]},{"reference":"\"Haeri Yazdi، Ayatollah Abdulkarim\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ijtihad.ir/ScholarDetailsen.aspx?itemid=396","url_text":"\"Haeri Yazdi، Ayatollah Abdulkarim\""}]},{"reference":"Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (8 October 1998). The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press; Revised edition (October 8, 1998). ISBN 978-0195119152.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AH9k4VIznQwC","url_text":"The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195119152","url_text":"978-0195119152"}]},{"reference":"Arjomand, Saïd Amir (January 1988). Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism (SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies). SUNY Press; Annotated edition (July 8, 1988). ISBN 978-0887066399.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FSc31NvlnnQC&q=Authority+and+Political+Culture+in+Shi%27ism","url_text":"Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism (SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887066399","url_text":"978-0887066399"}]},{"reference":"Mottahedeh, Roy (18 October 2014). The Mantle of the Prophet. Oneworld (August 15, 2000). p. 210. ISBN 978-1851682348.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YlsQBwAAQBAJ&q=The+Mantle+of+the+Prophet%3A+Religion+and+Politics+in+Iran","url_text":"The Mantle of the Prophet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851682348","url_text":"978-1851682348"}]},{"reference":"Esposito, John L. (21 October 2004). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (Oxford Quick Reference). Oxford University Press; 1 edition (October 21, 2004). p. 21. ISBN 978-0195125597.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=the+oxford+dictionary+of+islam","url_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (Oxford Quick Reference)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195125597","url_text":"978-0195125597"}]},{"reference":"The course of Imam Khomeini's struggles narrated by SAVAK [Seir e mobarezat e imam khomeini be revayat e savak] (in Persian). Vol. 1. p. 45.","urls":[{"url":"http://archlibserver.imam-khomeini.ir/site/catalogue/fulltext/582100/4425282","url_text":"The course of Imam Khomeini's struggles narrated by SAVAK"}]},{"reference":"\"Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi\".","urls":[{"url":"http://golab.ansarian.ir/english/83946.html","url_text":"\"Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi\""}]},{"reference":"Chehabi, Abisaab, Houchang , Rula Jurdi (2006). Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years. I.B.Tauris (April 2, 2006). ISBN 978-1860645617.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=elHww0W0ZO4C&q=Boroujerdi+sent+Musa+al-Sadr+to+Lebanon&pg=PA151","url_text":"Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860645617","url_text":"978-1860645617"}]},{"reference":"Legenhausen, Dr. Muhammad (19 February 2015). \"'Allamah Tabataba'i And Contemporary Philosophical Theology\". ALHODA PUBLISHERS.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al-islam.org/contemporary-topics-islamic-thought-muhammad-legenhausen/allamah-tabatabai-and-contemporary","url_text":"\"'Allamah Tabataba'i And Contemporary Philosophical Theology\""}]},{"reference":"Husayni Tihrani, Sayyid Muhammad Husayn (2011). Shining Sun. Islamic College for Advanced Studie; UK ed. edition (May 1, 2011). ISBN 978-1904063407.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TOXatMw2FCIC&q=%27Allamah+Tabataba%27i++Philosophical+Theology&pg=PA367","url_text":"Shining Sun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904063407","url_text":"978-1904063407"}]},{"reference":"Randall, Yafia Katherine (31 March 2016). Sufism and Jewish-Muslim Relations: The Derekh Avraham Order in Israel. Routledge; 1 edition (April 7, 2016). ISBN 978-1138914032.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OB7eCwAAQBAJ&q=tabatabai+interviewed+with+Henry+Corbin.&pg=PT164","url_text":"Sufism and Jewish-Muslim Relations: The Derekh Avraham Order in Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138914032","url_text":"978-1138914032"}]},{"reference":"Rizvi, Arsalan (11 August 2008). \"Sayyid Sharafuddin al-Musawi\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.islamicinsights.com/religion/history/sayyid-sharafuddin-al-musawi.html","url_text":"\"Sayyid Sharafuddin al-Musawi\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-religion-hawza/a-rare-look-inside-the-heart-of-society-for-iraqs-shiites-idUSKBN1CH29U","external_links_name":"\"A rare look inside the 'heart of society' for Iraq's Shi'ites\""},{"Link":"http://www.al-islam.org/fiqh/chap2.html","external_links_name":"http://www.al-islam.org/fiqh/chap2.html"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101226122247/http://www.mulla-asghar.org/PDF/FIQH%20and%20FUQAHA.pdf","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110308210212/http://www.al-islam.org/index.php?t=258&cat=258","external_links_name":"\"Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies\""},{"Link":"http://www.al-islam.org/index.php?t=258&cat=258","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080626070555/http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0705/0705_3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Shiites and Democracy\""},{"Link":"http://www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0705/0705_3.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/bitstream/10356/90469/1/RSIS-WORKPAPER_102.pdf","external_links_name":"Thinking ahead : Shi'ite Islam in Iraq and its seminaries (hawzah 'ilmiyyah)"},{"Link":"https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/04/najaf-hawza-educational-development-iraq.html","external_links_name":"\"Najaf's Shiite seminaries enter 21st century\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101226122247/http://www.mulla-asghar.org/PDF/FIQH%20and%20FUQAHA.pdf","external_links_name":"FIQH and FUQAHA"},{"Link":"http://www.mulla-asghar.org/PDF/FIQH%20and%20FUQAHA.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.al-islam.org/fiqh-and-fuqaha/part-2-fuqaha","external_links_name":"\"Part 2: The Fuqaha\""},{"Link":"https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/04/dueling-ayatollahs-sistani-khamenei-shiite-iran-iraq.html","external_links_name":"\"The dueling ayatollahs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110308210212/http://www.al-islam.org/index.php?t=258&cat=258","external_links_name":"\"Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies\""},{"Link":"http://www.al-islam.org/index.php?t=258&cat=258","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.al-islam.org/message-thaqalayn/vol-14-no-1-winter-2013/glimpse-major-shia-seminaries-part-1-rasoul-imani-khoshk-0#flourishing-once-again","external_links_name":"\"A Glimpse at the Major Shi'a Seminaries part 1\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b7upBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA261","external_links_name":"Religious Secularity: A Theological Challenge to the Islamic State (Religion and Global Politics)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3pYRFQQG5kEC&q=Sayyid+Muhammad+Mahdi+Bahr+al-Ulum&pg=PA50","external_links_name":"Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: The 'Ulama' of Najaf and Karbala'"},{"Link":"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/akund-molla-mohammad-kazem-korasani","external_links_name":"\"AḴŪND ḴORĀSĀNĪ\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YlsQBwAAQBAJ&q=The+Mantle+of+the+Prophet%3A+Religion+and+Politics+in+Iran","external_links_name":"The Mantle of the Prophet"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3033306.stm","external_links_name":"Who's who in Iraq: Ayatollah Sistani, 26 August, 2004"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P5oyAQAAIAAJ&q=al-Khoei+was+leaded+the+most+prominent+Grand+Ayatollah+in+1971","external_links_name":"\"The Wall Street Journal: Index, Volume 2\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/occupationofiraq00alla","external_links_name":"The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/occupationofiraq00alla/page/207","external_links_name":"207"},{"Link":"http://www.ijtihad.ir/ScholarDetailsen.aspx?itemid=396","external_links_name":"\"Haeri Yazdi، Ayatollah Abdulkarim\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AH9k4VIznQwC","external_links_name":"The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FSc31NvlnnQC&q=Authority+and+Political+Culture+in+Shi%27ism","external_links_name":"Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism (SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YlsQBwAAQBAJ&q=The+Mantle+of+the+Prophet%3A+Religion+and+Politics+in+Iran","external_links_name":"The Mantle of the Prophet"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=the+oxford+dictionary+of+islam","external_links_name":"The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (Oxford Quick Reference)"},{"Link":"http://archlibserver.imam-khomeini.ir/site/catalogue/fulltext/582100/4425282","external_links_name":"The course of Imam Khomeini's struggles narrated by SAVAK"},{"Link":"http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2130/bio","external_links_name":"http://english.khamenei.ir/news/2130/bio"},{"Link":"http://golab.ansarian.ir/english/83946.html","external_links_name":"\"Ayatollah Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=elHww0W0ZO4C&q=Boroujerdi+sent+Musa+al-Sadr+to+Lebanon&pg=PA151","external_links_name":"Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years"},{"Link":"http://www.islamic-laws.com/marja/Allameh%20Tabatabai.pdf","external_links_name":"Biography of Allamah Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei by Amid Algar"},{"Link":"https://www.al-islam.org/contemporary-topics-islamic-thought-muhammad-legenhausen/allamah-tabatabai-and-contemporary","external_links_name":"\"'Allamah Tabataba'i And Contemporary Philosophical Theology\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TOXatMw2FCIC&q=%27Allamah+Tabataba%27i++Philosophical+Theology&pg=PA367","external_links_name":"Shining Sun"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OB7eCwAAQBAJ&q=tabatabai+interviewed+with+Henry+Corbin.&pg=PT164","external_links_name":"Sufism and Jewish-Muslim Relations: The Derekh Avraham Order in Israel"},{"Link":"http://www.islamicinsights.com/religion/history/sayyid-sharafuddin-al-musawi.html","external_links_name":"\"Sayyid Sharafuddin al-Musawi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070105132945/http://www.islamonline.net/English/artculture/2003/09/article03.shtml","external_links_name":"Towards an Understanding of the Shiite Authoritative Sources"},{"Link":"http://www.hawzah.net/en/default.html","external_links_name":"Hawza Ilmiyya, Qom, Iran"},{"Link":"http://www.andisheqom.com/","external_links_name":"Research centre of Hawza Ilmiyya, Qom, Iran"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023602/https://www.andisheqom.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030331103516/http://www.al-shia.com/html/eng/ser/hawza/hoz_h.htm","external_links_name":"About the Hawza Ilmiyya of Qom, Iran"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130604111303/http://imam-hussain.com/","external_links_name":"Imam Hossain University (Howza)"},{"Link":"http://www.alqaem.us/","external_links_name":"Alqaem Institute"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070810012254/http://www.al-islam.org/hawza/","external_links_name":"Hawza - Advanced Islamic Studies"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133903248","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007604674905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2005056038","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden_Books
Hayden Book Company
["1 References"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Hayden Book Company" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2016) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hayden Book Company" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hayden Book Company (abbreviated Hayden Book Co.) was an imprint of MacMillan Computer Publishing USA that published computing books, with a particular emphasis on the Macintosh platform and desktop design. Video games and educational software for home computers, such as Championship Golf, Sargon II, and Sargon III, were published as Hayden Software. References ^ Curtis Magazine Group, Inc. (1995). "MacMillan Computer Publishing". TheFreeLibrary. Retrieved September 1, 2017. ^ "Microsoft, QUE Publishing, Borders Team Up For Nationwide Windows Developer Mania Through June". Microsoft. June 11, 1997. Retrieved September 1, 2017. This article about a publishing company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"imprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprint_(publishing)"},{"link_name":"MacMillan Computer Publishing USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacMillan_Publishers_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing"},{"link_name":"Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Championship Golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_Golf"},{"link_name":"Sargon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Sargon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_III"}],"text":"Hayden Book Company (abbreviated Hayden Book Co.) was an imprint of MacMillan Computer Publishing USA that published computing books, with a particular emphasis on the Macintosh platform and desktop design.[1][2] Video games and educational software for home computers, such as Championship Golf, Sargon II, and Sargon III, were published as Hayden Software.","title":"Hayden Book Company"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Curtis Magazine Group, Inc. (1995). \"MacMillan Computer Publishing\". TheFreeLibrary. Retrieved September 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Macmillan+Computer+Publishing.-a016880681","url_text":"\"MacMillan Computer Publishing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheFreeLibrary","url_text":"TheFreeLibrary"}]},{"reference":"\"Microsoft, QUE Publishing, Borders Team Up For Nationwide Windows Developer Mania Through June\". Microsoft. June 11, 1997. Retrieved September 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.microsoft.com/1997/06/11/microsoft-que-publishing-borders-team-up-for-nationwide-windows-developer-mania-through-june/","url_text":"\"Microsoft, QUE Publishing, Borders Team Up For Nationwide Windows Developer Mania Through June\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayden_Book_Company&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hayden+Book+Company%22","external_links_name":"\"Hayden Book Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hayden+Book+Company%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hayden+Book+Company%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hayden+Book+Company%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hayden+Book+Company%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hayden+Book+Company%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hayden+Book+Company%22","external_links_name":"\"Hayden Book Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hayden+Book+Company%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hayden+Book+Company%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hayden+Book+Company%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hayden+Book+Company%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hayden+Book+Company%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Macmillan+Computer+Publishing.-a016880681","external_links_name":"\"MacMillan Computer Publishing\""},{"Link":"https://news.microsoft.com/1997/06/11/microsoft-que-publishing-borders-team-up-for-nationwide-windows-developer-mania-through-june/","external_links_name":"\"Microsoft, QUE Publishing, Borders Team Up For Nationwide Windows Developer Mania Through June\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hayden_Book_Company&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teahouse_on_Mooslahnerkopf_Hill
Teahouse on Mooslahnerkopf Hill
["1 History","2 Location and appearance","3 Daily ritual","4 Post-war ruins","5 Sources and references"]
Coordinates: 47°38′22.3″N 13°02′12″E / 47.639528°N 13.03667°E / 47.639528; 13.03667Former teahouse in southern Germany Tea House on the Mooslahnerkopf HillTeehaus am MooslahnerkopfAdolf Hitler, Martin Bormann, Hermann Göring and Baldur von Schirach at the panoramic view point in front of the tea houseLocation within GermanyGeneral informationStatusDemolishedLocationObersalzbergTown or cityBerchtesgadenCountryGermanyCoordinates47°38′22.3″N 13°02′12″E / 47.639528°N 13.03667°E / 47.639528; 13.03667OwnerAdolf Hitler The Teahouse on Mooslahnerkopf Hill was the favourite destination of Adolf Hitler when he was at the Berghof at Obersalzberg. History After architect Roderich Fick had expanded the house Wachenfeld to the Berghof for Hitler in 1936, Martin Bormann commissioned him to construct the tea house on Mooslahnerkopf not far from the domicile on Obersalzberg. In the catalog of works, however, it is listed as a "teahouse on Moslahnerkopf" as well as in the architectural plans and in the memories of Eva Braun. The cylindrical teahouse was built in 1937 and was Hitler's favourite destination which he, in contrast to the Kehlsteinhaus (Eagle's Nest), used nearly every afternoon. On April 25, 1945, the area on the Obersalzberg was attacked by the Royal Air Force. The teahouse was not hit. The house was destroyed and demolished by the Americans in 1951-1952, to prevent it being used as a memorial to Hitler. Location and appearance The teahouse was built directly on the hillside, a foothill of the Hoher Göll. The central basement had a diameter of nine metres and was illuminated by three large windows, which also allowed a limited panoramic view in the Berchtesgadener basin. A power supply, water connection, and a sewer were also installed. The entrance to the round teahouse was on the hillside. In the middle stood a circular table, arranged around the upholstered armchair. There was additional seating around the central furniture. The rotunda was followed by a 12-meter-long, hexagonal farm building. In the further area - not visible to guests hidden in the surrounding forest - there were single-person air raid shelters and buildings for the guards. Daily ritual This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hitler made the 20-minute walk from the Berghof to the teahouse with his dog Blondi, closest friends, and associates. After having tea, coffee, and cakes, Hitler often fell asleep and was driven back to the Berghof by car. The others had to go back by foot. Post-war ruins View from the "Teehaus am Mooslahnerkopf" site to Salzburg in 2019 Algiz rune at the site of the former teahouse The remains that used to be near a golf course (hole 13) were finally removed in August 2006 by order of the Bavarian government, after the establishment of the Kempinski Hotel Berchtesgaden (originally the InterContinental and now the Kempinski Hotel Berchtesgaden). Today nothing remains of the buildings, but the panoramic view point still exists. It was rebuilt for a movie about Albert Speer and Hitler. One single-person air raid shelter exists in the woods nearby. Sources and references GUIDO, Pietro (2013). Hitler's Berghof and the Tea-House (2° ed.). Milan: ISEM. ISBN 978-88-87077-07-0. Walden, Geoffrey R. (2014). Hitler's Berchtesgaden – A Guide to Third Reich Sites in the Berchtesgaden and Obersalzberg Area. Fonthill Media. ISBN 978-1-78155-226-1. ^ James A. Yannes (2013), The Encyclopedia of Third Reich Tableware (in German), Trafford Publishing, p. 602, ISBN 978-1-4669-9985-5 ^ Franz Wilhelm Seidler, Dieter Zeigert (2000), Die Führerhauptquartiere: Anlagen und Planungen im Zweiten Weltkrieg (in German) (2 ed.), München: Herbig, p. 261, ISBN 3-7766-2154-0 ^ Die Geheimnisse der Alpenfestung
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Berghof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghof_(residence)"},{"link_name":"Obersalzberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obersalzberg"}],"text":"Former teahouse in southern GermanyThe Teahouse on Mooslahnerkopf Hill was the favourite destination of Adolf Hitler when he was at the Berghof at Obersalzberg.","title":"Teahouse on Mooslahnerkopf Hill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roderich Fick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderich_Fick"},{"link_name":"Martin Bormann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bormann"},{"link_name":"Eva Braun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Braun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yannes-1"},{"link_name":"Kehlsteinhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehlsteinhaus"},{"link_name":"attacked by the Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Obersalzberg"}],"text":"After architect Roderich Fick had expanded the house Wachenfeld to the Berghof for Hitler in 1936, Martin Bormann commissioned him to construct the tea house on Mooslahnerkopf not far from the domicile on Obersalzberg. In the catalog of works, however, it is listed as a \"teahouse on Moslahnerkopf\" as well as in the architectural plans and in the memories of Eva Braun.[1] The cylindrical teahouse was built in 1937 and was Hitler's favourite destination which he, in contrast to the Kehlsteinhaus (Eagle's Nest), used nearly every afternoon. On April 25, 1945, the area on the Obersalzberg was attacked by the Royal Air Force. The teahouse was not hit. The house was destroyed and demolished by the Americans in 1951-1952, to prevent it being used as a memorial to Hitler.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoher Göll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoher_G%C3%B6ll"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The teahouse was built directly on the hillside, a foothill of the Hoher Göll. The central basement had a diameter of nine metres and was illuminated by three large windows, which also allowed a limited panoramic view in the Berchtesgadener basin. A power supply, water connection, and a sewer were also installed. The entrance to the round teahouse was on the hillside. In the middle stood a circular table, arranged around the upholstered armchair. There was additional seating around the central furniture. The rotunda was followed by a 12-meter-long, hexagonal farm building. In the further area - not visible to guests hidden in the surrounding forest - there were single-person air raid shelters and buildings for the guards.[2]","title":"Location and appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondi"}],"text":"Hitler made the 20-minute walk from the Berghof to the teahouse with his dog Blondi, closest friends, and associates. After having tea, coffee, and cakes, Hitler often fell asleep and was driven back to the Berghof by car. The others had to go back by foot.","title":"Daily ritual"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ausblick_vom_Teehausgel%C3%A4nde_2019.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algiz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Algiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiz"},{"link_name":"Kempinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempinski"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"a movie about Albert Speer and Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speer_und_Er"}],"text":"View from the \"Teehaus am Mooslahnerkopf\" site to Salzburg in 2019Algiz rune at the site of the former teahouseThe remains that used to be near a golf course (hole 13) were finally removed in August 2006 by order of the Bavarian government, after the establishment of the Kempinski Hotel Berchtesgaden (originally the InterContinental and now the Kempinski Hotel Berchtesgaden).[3][citation needed] Today nothing remains of the buildings, but the panoramic view point still exists. It was rebuilt for a movie about Albert Speer and Hitler. One single-person air raid shelter exists in the woods nearby.","title":"Post-war ruins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-87077-07-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87077-07-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78155-226-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-226-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Yannes_1-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4669-9985-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4669-9985-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7766-2154-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7766-2154-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Die Geheimnisse der Alpenfestung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.alpenfestung.com/teehaus_abriss.htm"}],"text":"GUIDO, Pietro (2013). Hitler's Berghof and the Tea-House (2° ed.). Milan: ISEM. ISBN 978-88-87077-07-0.\nWalden, Geoffrey R. (2014). Hitler's Berchtesgaden – A Guide to Third Reich Sites in the Berchtesgaden and Obersalzberg Area. Fonthill Media. ISBN 978-1-78155-226-1.^ James A. Yannes (2013), The Encyclopedia of Third Reich Tableware (in German), Trafford Publishing, p. 602, ISBN 978-1-4669-9985-5\n\n^ Franz Wilhelm Seidler, Dieter Zeigert (2000), Die Führerhauptquartiere: Anlagen und Planungen im Zweiten Weltkrieg (in German) (2 ed.), München: Herbig, p. 261, ISBN 3-7766-2154-0\n\n^ Die Geheimnisse der Alpenfestung","title":"Sources and references"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F051620-0043%2C_Hitler%2C_G%C3%B6ring_und_v._Schirach_auf_Obersalzberg.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F051620-0043%2C_Hitler%2C_G%C3%B6ring_und_v._Schirach_auf_Obersalzberg.jpg"},{"image_text":"View from the \"Teehaus am Mooslahnerkopf\" site to Salzburg in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ausblick_vom_Teehausgel%C3%A4nde_2019.JPG/220px-Ausblick_vom_Teehausgel%C3%A4nde_2019.JPG"},{"image_text":"Algiz rune at the site of the former teahouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Algiz.jpg/220px-Algiz.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"GUIDO, Pietro (2013). Hitler's Berghof and the Tea-House (2° ed.). Milan: ISEM. ISBN 978-88-87077-07-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-87077-07-0","url_text":"978-88-87077-07-0"}]},{"reference":"Walden, Geoffrey R. (2014). Hitler's Berchtesgaden – A Guide to Third Reich Sites in the Berchtesgaden and Obersalzberg Area. Fonthill Media. ISBN 978-1-78155-226-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-226-1","url_text":"978-1-78155-226-1"}]},{"reference":"James A. Yannes (2013), The Encyclopedia of Third Reich Tableware (in German), Trafford Publishing, p. 602, ISBN 978-1-4669-9985-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4669-9985-5","url_text":"978-1-4669-9985-5"}]},{"reference":"Franz Wilhelm Seidler, Dieter Zeigert (2000), Die Führerhauptquartiere: Anlagen und Planungen im Zweiten Weltkrieg (in German) (2 ed.), München: Herbig, p. 261, ISBN 3-7766-2154-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7766-2154-0","url_text":"3-7766-2154-0"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Teahouse_on_Mooslahnerkopf_Hill&params=47_38_22.3_N_13_02_12_E_region:DE-BY_type:landmark","external_links_name":"47°38′22.3″N 13°02′12″E / 47.639528°N 13.03667°E / 47.639528; 13.03667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Teahouse_on_Mooslahnerkopf_Hill&params=47_38_22.3_N_13_02_12_E_region:DE-BY_type:landmark","external_links_name":"47°38′22.3″N 13°02′12″E / 47.639528°N 13.03667°E / 47.639528; 13.03667"},{"Link":"http://www.alpenfestung.com/teehaus_abriss.htm","external_links_name":"Die Geheimnisse der Alpenfestung"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago_psyllium
Plantago indica
["1 Description","2 Ecology","3 Uses","4 References"]
Species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae Plantago indica Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Plantaginaceae Genus: Plantago Species: P. indica Binomial name Plantago indicaL. Synonyms List Plantago annua (Thuill.) Rauschert Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. Plantago arenaria var. garganica Ten. Plantago arenaria subsp. orientalis (Soják) Greuter & Burdet Plantago arenaria var. rossica (Tuzson) Lewalle Plantago italica S.G.Gmel. ex Steud. Plantago latifolia Wissjul. Plantago psyllia St.-Lag. Plantago psyllium L. Plantago ramosa Asch. Plantago ruthenica Adams ex Decne. Plantago scabra Moench Plantago scabra subsp. orientalis (Soják) Tzvelev Psyllium annuum Thuill. Psyllium arenarium (Waldst. & Kit.) Mirb. Psyllium arenarium subsp. orientale (Soó) Soják Psyllium indicum (L.) Mirb. Psyllium indicum subsp. orientale Soják Psyllium ramosum Gilib. Psyllium scabrum (Moench) Holub Psyllium scabrum subsp. orientale (Soó) Holub Plantago indica, commonly known as branched plantain, sand plantain, or black psyllium, is a flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, and is one of a few species in the Plantago genus under the common name psyllium. The plant is native to parts of Africa, Europe, Russia, and Asia, and has been naturalized in many other areas such as Australia and North America. The plant can be found mostly in dry inland areas, such as those that are sandy, and has also naturalized on roadsides and in meadows. The plant is not used broadly as a food source, but has been cultivated for its seeds which serve a medicinal use as a laxative. Description Plantago indica is an annual herb with a taproot that has an erect stem with leaves that are usually opposite but sometimes in whorls of 3, and elongated internodes between leaf sets. Glandular pubescence is found on the stems, leaves, sepals, and inflorescences. The leaves are simple and have a base that is decurrent onto the petiole, an entire or slightly dentate edge, are linear or lanceolate in shape, and can reach 2.5-5cm long and 1-3mm wide. Some leaves are modified into bracts between 0.5cm and 2cm which have a cuspidate apex and an orbicular-ovate base. The plant has a densely flowered inflorescence with flowers that have a glabrous, brownish corolla and a calyx with broadly veined, elliptic and obovate sepals. The stamens exsert above the corolla, and the anthers are yellow, ellipsoid, and 1.8-2.2mm in size. The style of the stigma is also well exserted, and the floral parts are hypogynous but extend superior to the ovary. The seeds are contained in capsules of 2. The seeds are 2.5-2.8 mm in size, black or blackish-brown, shiny, ellipsoid, and have a distinct central groove on the inner face. Ecology Plantago indica is described as being native to North Africa, Southwest China, Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. The plant has become broadly naturalized, identified in areas of Australia, North America, India, Japan, and Pakistan. The plant is commonly found in sandy areas such as in arid deserts and on sandy beaches, and has also been seen distributed on roadsides, and by railroad tracks. Uses Illustration showing overall plant morphology, including flowers and seeds. The seeds, known as French psyllium or black psyllium, are medicinally cultivated, along with other species under the psyllium common name, such as P. ovata, for use as a laxative for constipation and are also used to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and diarrhea by extracting the mucilage from the seed coat. The mucilage from the seeds has also been reported to lower the risk of coronary heart disease. References ^ Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 896 (1759) ^ "Plantago indica L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2020. ^ "Plantago indica L. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2020-04-17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Plantago arenaria in Flora of China @ efloras". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria. Archived from the original on 2022-01-23. Retrieved 2022-12-11. ^ a b c d e Jeanes, J.A. (1999). "Flora of Victoria". VicFlora - Royal Botanic Gardens. Archived from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2022-12-11. ^ a b c "Black Psyllium: MedlinePlus Supplements". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-02. ^ a b c d e f Radford, Albert E.; Ahles; Bell (1964). Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. United States of America: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 978. ISBN 978-0-8078-1087-3. ^ "Plantago arenaria - Michigan Flora". michiganflora.net. Retrieved 2020-04-02. ^ "Plantago arenaria | Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora". www.brc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-02. ^ a b Hanson, C.V.; Oelke, E.A.; Putnam, D.H.; Oplinger, E.S. (1992-06-01). "Psyllium". www.hort.purdue.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-12-11. Taxon identifiersPlantago indica Wikidata: Q25399593 APDB: 225232 APNI: 78573 CoL: 4JLL3 EUNIS: 177864 GBIF: 3189763 GRIN: 28784 iNaturalist: 404973 IPNI: 685262-1 IRMNG: 10714293 ITIS: 32885 NCBI: 197794 NZOR: f777b9a2-5475-4fa1-ae28-8a8a1c235d6c Open Tree of Life: 217276 Plant List: kew-2557206 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:685262-1 Tropicos: 25200019 VASCAN: 17964 VicFlora: 7664eb32-8290-485a-9aef-fc9bd86b239e WFO: wfo-0000478468 Plantago arenaria Wikidata: Q165095 Wikispecies: Plantago arenaria APDB: 150780 APNI: 77954 BioLib: 40994 Calflora: 11026 CoL: 4JL9Q EPPO: PLAIN EUNIS: 177863 FoAO2: Plantago arenaria FoC: 242417001 FoIO: PLAARE GBIF: 3189762 GRIN: 315865 iNaturalist: 78615 IPNI: 684879-1 IRMNG: 10599066 ISC: 116368 ITIS: 519142 MichiganFlora: 1962 NBN: NBNSYS0000004278 NSWFlora: Plantago~arenaria NZOR: 61df1fa3-da57-45a7-83aa-0f647f8d58c3 Observation.org: 7202 Open Tree of Life: 217276 PFI: 5129 PLANTS: PLAR6 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:684878-1 Tropicos: 25200045 VASCAN: 7296 VicFlora: 078011ad-8f40-4d32-91ac-2e46290107e2 WisFlora: 13217 WoI: 1746 WFO: wfo-0000487715
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Plantaginaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantaginaceae"},{"link_name":"Plantago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago"},{"link_name":"psyllium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"naturalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_species"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"laxative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"}],"text":"Plantago indica, commonly known as branched plantain, sand plantain, or black psyllium, is a flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, and is one of a few species in the Plantago genus under the common name psyllium.[3] The plant is native to parts of Africa, Europe, Russia, and Asia, and has been naturalized in many other areas such as Australia and North America.[4][5] The plant can be found mostly in dry inland areas, such as those that are sandy, and has also naturalized on roadsides and in meadows.[4][5] The plant is not used broadly as a food source, but has been cultivated for its seeds which serve a medicinal use as a laxative.[6]","title":"Plantago indica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taproot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taproot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"inflorescences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"bracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"text":"Plantago indica is an annual herb with a taproot that has an erect stem with leaves that are usually opposite but sometimes in whorls of 3, and elongated internodes between leaf sets.[4][7] Glandular pubescence is found on the stems, leaves, sepals, and inflorescences.[4] The leaves are simple and have a base that is decurrent onto the petiole, an entire or slightly dentate edge, are linear or lanceolate in shape, and can reach 2.5-5cm long and 1-3mm wide.[4][7] Some leaves are modified into bracts between 0.5cm and 2cm which have a cuspidate apex and an orbicular-ovate base.[4] The plant has a densely flowered inflorescence with flowers that have a glabrous, brownish corolla and a calyx with broadly veined, elliptic and obovate sepals.[4][7] The stamens exsert above the corolla, and the anthers are yellow, ellipsoid, and 1.8-2.2mm in size.[4][7] The style of the stigma is also well exserted, and the floral parts are hypogynous but extend superior to the ovary.[4][5][7] The seeds are contained in capsules of 2. The seeds are 2.5-2.8 mm in size, black or blackish-brown, shiny, ellipsoid, and have a distinct central groove on the inner face.[4][7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Southwest China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_China"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Plantago indica is described as being native to North Africa, Southwest China, Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.[4] The plant has become broadly naturalized, identified in areas of Australia, North America, India, Japan, and Pakistan.[4][5] The plant is commonly found in sandy areas such as in arid deserts and on sandy beaches, and has also been seen distributed on roadsides, and by railroad tracks.[4][5][8][9]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plantago_arenaria,_Flora_Batava,_V16.jpg"},{"link_name":"psyllium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyllium"},{"link_name":"P. ovata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantago_ovata"},{"link_name":"mucilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucilage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"}],"text":"Illustration showing overall plant morphology, including flowers and seeds.The seeds, known as French psyllium or black psyllium, are medicinally cultivated, along with other species under the psyllium common name, such as P. ovata, for use as a laxative for constipation and are also used to treat irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and diarrhea by extracting the mucilage from the seed coat.[6][10] The mucilage from the seeds has also been reported to lower the risk of coronary heart disease.[6][10]","title":"Uses"}]
[{"image_text":"Illustration showing overall plant morphology, including flowers and seeds.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Plantago_arenaria%2C_Flora_Batava%2C_V16.jpg/227px-Plantago_arenaria%2C_Flora_Batava%2C_V16.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Plantago indica L.\" Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:685262-1#synonyms","url_text":"\"Plantago indica L.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plantago indica L. — The Plant List\". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2020-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2557206","url_text":"\"Plantago indica L. — The Plant List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plantago arenaria in Flora of China @ efloras\". Flora of China. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria. Archived from the original on 2022-01-23. Retrieved 2022-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242417001","url_text":"\"Plantago arenaria in Flora of China @ efloras\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220123160643/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242417001","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jeanes, J.A. (1999). \"Flora of Victoria\". VicFlora - Royal Botanic Gardens. Archived from the original on 2022-04-08. Retrieved 2022-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/c7003d96-e962-4efe-8fe4-f06c5afc4f51","url_text":"\"Flora of Victoria\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408022516/https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/c7003d96-e962-4efe-8fe4-f06c5afc4f51","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Psyllium: MedlinePlus Supplements\". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/97.html","url_text":"\"Black Psyllium: MedlinePlus Supplements\""}]},{"reference":"Radford, Albert E.; Ahles; Bell (1964). Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. United States of America: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 978. ISBN 978-0-8078-1087-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1087-3","url_text":"978-0-8078-1087-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Plantago arenaria - Michigan Flora\". michiganflora.net. Retrieved 2020-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1962","url_text":"\"Plantago arenaria - Michigan Flora\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plantago arenaria | Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora\". www.brc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/plantago-arenaria","url_text":"\"Plantago arenaria | Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora\""}]},{"reference":"Hanson, C.V.; Oelke, E.A.; Putnam, D.H.; Oplinger, E.S. (1992-06-01). \"Psyllium\". www.hort.purdue.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2022-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/psyllium.html","url_text":"\"Psyllium\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025000256/https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/psyllium.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:685262-1#synonyms","external_links_name":"\"Plantago indica L.\""},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2557206","external_links_name":"\"Plantago indica L. — The Plant List\""},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242417001","external_links_name":"\"Plantago arenaria in Flora of China @ efloras\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220123160643/http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242417001","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/c7003d96-e962-4efe-8fe4-f06c5afc4f51","external_links_name":"\"Flora of Victoria\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408022516/https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/c7003d96-e962-4efe-8fe4-f06c5afc4f51","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/natural/97.html","external_links_name":"\"Black Psyllium: MedlinePlus Supplements\""},{"Link":"https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1962","external_links_name":"\"Plantago arenaria - Michigan Flora\""},{"Link":"https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/plantago-arenaria","external_links_name":"\"Plantago arenaria | Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora\""},{"Link":"https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/psyllium.html","external_links_name":"\"Psyllium\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221025000256/https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/psyllium.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/225232","external_links_name":"225232"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/78573","external_links_name":"78573"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4JLL3","external_links_name":"4JLL3"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/177864","external_links_name":"177864"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3189763","external_links_name":"3189763"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28784","external_links_name":"28784"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/404973","external_links_name":"404973"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/685262-1","external_links_name":"685262-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10714293","external_links_name":"10714293"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=32885","external_links_name":"32885"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=197794","external_links_name":"197794"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f777b9a2-5475-4fa1-ae28-8a8a1c235d6c","external_links_name":"f777b9a2-5475-4fa1-ae28-8a8a1c235d6c"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=217276","external_links_name":"217276"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2557206","external_links_name":"kew-2557206"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A685262-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:685262-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/25200019","external_links_name":"25200019"},{"Link":"https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/17964","external_links_name":"17964"},{"Link":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/7664eb32-8290-485a-9aef-fc9bd86b239e","external_links_name":"7664eb32-8290-485a-9aef-fc9bd86b239e"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000478468","external_links_name":"wfo-0000478468"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/150780","external_links_name":"150780"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/77954","external_links_name":"77954"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id40994","external_links_name":"40994"},{"Link":"https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=11026","external_links_name":"11026"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4JL9Q","external_links_name":"4JL9Q"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PLAIN","external_links_name":"PLAIN"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/177863","external_links_name":"177863"},{"Link":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Plantago%20arenaria","external_links_name":"Plantago arenaria"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242417001","external_links_name":"242417001"},{"Link":"https://flora.org.il/en/plants/PLAARE","external_links_name":"PLAARE"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3189762","external_links_name":"3189762"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=315865","external_links_name":"315865"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/78615","external_links_name":"78615"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/684879-1","external_links_name":"684879-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10599066","external_links_name":"10599066"},{"Link":"https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/116368","external_links_name":"116368"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=519142","external_links_name":"519142"},{"Link":"https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=1962","external_links_name":"1962"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000004278","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0000004278"},{"Link":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Plantago~arenaria","external_links_name":"Plantago~arenaria"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/61df1fa3-da57-45a7-83aa-0f647f8d58c3","external_links_name":"61df1fa3-da57-45a7-83aa-0f647f8d58c3"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/7202/","external_links_name":"7202"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=217276","external_links_name":"217276"},{"Link":"http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=5129","external_links_name":"5129"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=PLAR6","external_links_name":"PLAR6"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A684878-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:684878-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/25200045","external_links_name":"25200045"},{"Link":"https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/7296","external_links_name":"7296"},{"Link":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/078011ad-8f40-4d32-91ac-2e46290107e2","external_links_name":"078011ad-8f40-4d32-91ac-2e46290107e2"},{"Link":"https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=13217","external_links_name":"13217"},{"Link":"https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=1746","external_links_name":"1746"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000487715","external_links_name":"wfo-0000487715"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_coupling
Mode coupling
["1 See also","2 References"]
In the term mode coupling, as used in physics and electrical engineering, the word "mode" refers to eigenmodes of an idealized, "unperturbed", linear system. The superposition principle says that eigenmodes of linear systems are independent of each other: it is possible to excite or to annihilate a specific mode without influencing any other mode; there is no dissipation. In most real systems, however, there is at least some perturbation that causes energy transfer between different modes. This perturbation, interpreted as an interaction between the modes, is what is called "mode coupling". Important applications are: In fiber optics In lasers (compare mode-locking) In condensed-matter physics, critical slowing down can be described by a Coupled mode theory. See also Nonlinear optics Nonlinear acoustics Equilibrium mode distribution References ^ Zhao, Jianhui; Liu, Xiaoming (1 May 2006). "Fiber acousto-optic mode coupling between the higher-order modes with adjacent azimuthal numbers". Optics Letters. 31 (11). The Optical Society: 1609–1611. Bibcode:2006OptL...31.1609Z. doi:10.1364/ol.31.001609. ISSN 0146-9592. PMID 16688236. ^ Thomas, Jens; Jovanovic, Nemanja; Becker, Ria G.; Marshall, Graham D.; Withford, Michael J.; Tünnermann, Andreas; Nolte, Stefan; Steel, M. J. (22 December 2010). "Cladding mode coupling in highly localized fiber Bragg gratings: modal properties and transmission spectra". Optics Express. 19 (1). The Optical Society: 325–341. arXiv:1011.2691. doi:10.1364/oe.19.000325. ISSN 1094-4087. PMID 21263572. ^ See e.g. R. Paschotta, Mode coupling, in the online Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology, https://www.rp-photonics.com/mode_coupling.html ^ See e.g. W. Götze, Complex Dynamics of glass forming liquids. A mode-coupling theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press (2009).
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fiber optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_optics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhao_Liu_p=1609-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas_Jovanovic_Becker_Marshall_p=325-2"},{"link_name":"lasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"mode-locking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode-locking"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"condensed-matter physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed-matter_physics"},{"link_name":"critical slowing down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Critical_slowing_down&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coupled mode theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupled_mode_theory"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Important applications are:In fiber optics[1][2]\nIn lasers (compare mode-locking)[3]\nIn condensed-matter physics, critical slowing down can be described by a Coupled mode theory.[4]","title":"Mode coupling"}]
[]
[{"title":"Nonlinear optics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_optics"},{"title":"Nonlinear acoustics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_acoustics"},{"title":"Equilibrium mode distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_mode_distribution"}]
[{"reference":"Zhao, Jianhui; Liu, Xiaoming (1 May 2006). \"Fiber acousto-optic mode coupling between the higher-order modes with adjacent azimuthal numbers\". Optics Letters. 31 (11). The Optical Society: 1609–1611. Bibcode:2006OptL...31.1609Z. doi:10.1364/ol.31.001609. ISSN 0146-9592. PMID 16688236.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006OptL...31.1609Z","url_text":"2006OptL...31.1609Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2Fol.31.001609","url_text":"10.1364/ol.31.001609"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0146-9592","url_text":"0146-9592"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16688236","url_text":"16688236"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Jens; Jovanovic, Nemanja; Becker, Ria G.; Marshall, Graham D.; Withford, Michael J.; Tünnermann, Andreas; Nolte, Stefan; Steel, M. J. (22 December 2010). \"Cladding mode coupling in highly localized fiber Bragg gratings: modal properties and transmission spectra\". Optics Express. 19 (1). The Optical Society: 325–341. arXiv:1011.2691. doi:10.1364/oe.19.000325. ISSN 1094-4087. PMID 21263572.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2Foe.19.000325","url_text":"\"Cladding mode coupling in highly localized fiber Bragg gratings: modal properties and transmission spectra\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.2691","url_text":"1011.2691"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2Foe.19.000325","url_text":"10.1364/oe.19.000325"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1094-4087","url_text":"1094-4087"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21263572","url_text":"21263572"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006OptL...31.1609Z","external_links_name":"2006OptL...31.1609Z"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2Fol.31.001609","external_links_name":"10.1364/ol.31.001609"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0146-9592","external_links_name":"0146-9592"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16688236","external_links_name":"16688236"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2Foe.19.000325","external_links_name":"\"Cladding mode coupling in highly localized fiber Bragg gratings: modal properties and transmission spectra\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1011.2691","external_links_name":"1011.2691"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2Foe.19.000325","external_links_name":"10.1364/oe.19.000325"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1094-4087","external_links_name":"1094-4087"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21263572","external_links_name":"21263572"},{"Link":"https://www.rp-photonics.com/mode_coupling.html","external_links_name":"https://www.rp-photonics.com/mode_coupling.html"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Masse_Entertainment
En Masse Entertainment
["1 Games published","1.1 TERA","1.2 CLOSERS","1.3 ZMR","1.4 Fruit Attacks","1.5 Pocket Platoons","1.6 Alliance of Valiant Arms","1.7 Kritika Online","1.8 The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance","1.9 Stranger Things 3: The Game","2 References","3 External links"]
American video game publisher En Masse Entertainment, Inc.FormerlyBluehole Interactive, Inc. (2008–2010)Company typeSubsidiaryIndustryVideo gamesFoundedJune 2008; 16 years ago (2008-06)DefunctAugust 17, 2020 (2020-08-17)HeadquartersSeattle, USArea servedNorth AmericaKey peopleChris Lee (CEO)Soo Min Park (COO)ProductsTERAAlliance of Valiant ArmsClosersParentBluehole (2008–2018)Krafton Game Union (2018–2020)Websiteenmasse.com En Masse Entertainment, Inc. (formerly Bluehole Interactive, Inc.) was an American video game publisher. Founded in June 2008, the company was based in Seattle, Washington, and is best known for publishing massively multiplayer online role-playing game TERA, which was developed by parent company Bluehole. The original En Masse leadership team had extensive experience in the video game industry at leading companies, including Blizzard Entertainment, Microsoft, NCsoft, ArenaNet, and Electronic Arts. In January 2013, Chris Lee and Soo Min Park became chief executive officer and chief operating officer, respectively. On November 5, 2018, Bluehole and its subsidiaries, which include En Masse, were rearranged horizontally under a new parent company, Krafton Game Union. En Masse announced on August 17, 2020, that it had begun ceasing operations. Games published TERA Main article: TERA (video game) TERA was launched in Korea in January 2011. Over the next 15 months, En Masse Entertainment completed its localization and westernization work and built the infrastructure needed to publish and maintain the game on North American servers. TERA launched in North America on May 1, 2012. Less than a year after launching TERA in North America, En Masse Entertainment successfully transitioned the game to a free-to-play model. The transition happened in February 2013 and coincided with the release of the TERA: Rising update. En Masse Entertainment transitioned paying subscribers to Elite Status players, who received extra perks for paying a monthly fee. However, all content in the game was, and still is, freely and fully available to all players. En Masse Entertainment released the first official expansion for TERA on December 16, 2014. TERA: Fate of Arun added four new zones and a new city, increased the level cap for characters from 60 to 65, and added numerous quests, dungeons, and other improvements to the game. This major content expansion was made available to all players free of charge. On May 5, 2015, En Masse Entertainment also made TERA: Fate of Arun available through Steam. The Steam launch coincided with another major content release that added a new character class to the game — the gunner. TERA: Fate of Arun quickly became the number one free-to-play MMORPG on Steam, as measured by concurrent users. CLOSERS Closers is an episodic anime action RPG with a storyline that unfolds over several seasons, and beat-’em-up action set in the beleaguered city of New Seoul. Get to know the team’s personalities, and battle monsters in classic arcade style. En Masse Entertainment is the publisher for CLOSERS in North America and Europe only. The game was officially launched in Europe and North America on February 6, 2018. ZMR The next step in the growth of the company after publishing TERA was signing and publishing a second game. En Masse Entertainment signed a deal with Yingpei Games in 2013 to publish a North American version of the popular, Chinese third-person shooter, Mercenary Ops. Named ZMR or Zombies Monsters Robots, the En Masse Entertainment version of this squad-based free-to-play adventure game officially launched in North America in September 2014. In September 2017, it was announced the Zombies Monsters Robots would be shutting down with no plans to migrate the service elsewhere. To coincide with this announcement, several items were made free in the game's store. Along with this, any players who accessed the game between July 18 and September 18, 2017 were given 1,000 free EMP (En Masse Points.) En Masse left players with a final statement: "On behalf of all of us here at En Masse Entertainment, thank you for joining us these past few years, and we sincerely hope you’ll give our other games a try, too. In the meantime, you’ve only got until Halloween to accomplish your primary mission: Kill. Every. Last. Thing." Fruit Attacks In the fall of 2015, En Masse Entertainment entered another new phase of their growth as a game publisher by launching two mobile games. The first, Fruit Attacks, is an arcade puzzle game where players defend Earth from invading fruit aliens. Fruit Attacks was released on July 30, 2015, for Android and iOS. Pocket Platoons Shortly after launching Fruit Attacks, on August 27, 2015, En Masse Entertainment released Pocket Platoons, a base-building combat strategy game set in World War II Normandy. Pocket Platoons is available on iOS and Android devices. It was later remove in February 2017. Alliance of Valiant Arms Main article: Alliance of Valiant Arms In July 2016, the license to host Alliance of Valiant Arms was revealed to have been give to En Masse Entertainment. It was previously hosted by Aeria Games. The closed beta commenced on August 18, 2016, lasting until the August 23, 2018. The open beta followed on August 25, and the game was officially re-launched on September 22 of that year. The game is a free-to-play first-person shooter, which takes place in an alternate future wherein the Neo-Russian Federation has begun to take back former Soviet countries and allies, then targeting the rest of Europe with the European Union combating them. It was developed by Red Duck and first released in Korea in 2007. Kritika Online En Masse adopted the action MMORPG Kritika from South Korea, and released a closed beta called Kritika Online in May 2017. The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance In June 2019, En Masse Entertainment announced that it will be in charge of publication duties for The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance Tactics, a multiplatform strategy RPG that is based on the upcoming Netflix series. The game will be released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC/Mac. Stranger Things 3: The Game The companion game to the Netflix series. Developed by Netflix and BonusXP, and published by En Masse Entertainment. Launched July 4, 2019. References ^ IGN Staff (February 25, 2010). "En Masse Entertainment Debuts as New MMO Game Company". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ Wong, Jeane; Alexander, Brian (January 3, 2013). "En Masse Entertainment Boosts Executive Team with Naming of Veteran Chris Lee as CEO and Hiring of COO Soo Min Park". Business Wire. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ Young-won, Kim (November 5, 2018). "Bluehole launches new brand for its subunits". The Investor. ^ Gach, Ethan (August 17, 2020). "Tera Publisher En Masse Is Shutting Down". Kotaku. ^ Takahashi, Dean (April 30, 2012). "After insane development cycle, online game TERA finally poised for launch". GamesBeat. VentureBeat. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ Cai, Catherine (January 10, 2013). "MMO TERA Goes Free-to-Play". Tom's Hardware. Purch Group. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ Chalk, Andy (December 16, 2014). "Tera: Fate of Arun expansion adds continent, quests, and battle arena". PC Gamer. Future US. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ "TERA Launches on Steam with New Gunner Class Today". Gamasutra. UBM TechWeb. May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ Nunneley, Stephany (May 21, 2015). "TERA becomes "the most-played" MMORPG on Steam since launching on May 5". VG247. Videogaming247. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ "Save the Bamboo Forest!". Archived from the original on September 6, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2018. ^ Nunneley, Stephany (March 26, 2014). "Zombies Monsters Robots detailed by En Masse Entertainment". VG247. Videogaming247. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ "Zombies Monsters Robots Shuts Down on October 31st". September 27, 2017. ^ Shaul, Brandy (July 30, 2015). "Fruit Attacks Earth Defense Game Launches on Mobile". Adweek. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ Shaul, Brandy (August 27, 2015). "Pocket Platoons WWII Strategy Game Launches on Mobile". Adweek. Retrieved May 22, 2017. ^ "Kritika Online Kicks off Closed Beta". ^ "En Masse Entertainment to Publish the Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance Tactics". June 11, 2019. ^ "BonusXP – Indie Game Developers Stranger Things 3: The Game Arrives! - BonusXP - Indie Game Developers". Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019. External links Official website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game publisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_publisher"},{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"massively multiplayer online role-playing game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"TERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TERA_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Bluehole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krafton#Bluehole_Studio"},{"link_name":"Blizzard Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blizzard_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"NCsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCsoft"},{"link_name":"ArenaNet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArenaNet"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"chief operating officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_operating_officer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Krafton Game Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krafton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-krafton-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"En Masse Entertainment, Inc. (formerly Bluehole Interactive, Inc.) was an American video game publisher. Founded in June 2008, the company was based in Seattle, Washington, and is best known for publishing massively multiplayer online role-playing game TERA, which was developed by parent company Bluehole. The original En Masse leadership team had extensive experience in the video game industry at leading companies, including Blizzard Entertainment, Microsoft, NCsoft, ArenaNet, and Electronic Arts.[1] In January 2013, Chris Lee and Soo Min Park became chief executive officer and chief operating officer, respectively.[2] On November 5, 2018, Bluehole and its subsidiaries, which include En Masse, were rearranged horizontally under a new parent company, Krafton Game Union.[3] En Masse announced on August 17, 2020, that it had begun ceasing operations.[4]","title":"En Masse Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Games published"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"TERA","text":"TERA was launched in Korea in January 2011. Over the next 15 months, En Masse Entertainment completed its localization and westernization work and built the infrastructure needed to publish and maintain the game on North American servers. TERA launched in North America on May 1, 2012.[5]Less than a year after launching TERA in North America, En Masse Entertainment successfully transitioned the game to a free-to-play model. The transition happened in February 2013 and coincided with the release of the TERA: Rising update. En Masse Entertainment transitioned paying subscribers to Elite Status players, who received extra perks for paying a monthly fee. However, all content in the game was, and still is, freely and fully available to all players.[6]En Masse Entertainment released the first official expansion for TERA on December 16, 2014. TERA: Fate of Arun added four new zones and a new city, increased the level cap for characters from 60 to 65, and added numerous quests, dungeons, and other improvements to the game. This major content expansion was made available to all players free of charge.[7]On May 5, 2015, En Masse Entertainment also made TERA: Fate of Arun available through Steam. The Steam launch coincided with another major content release that added a new character class to the game — the gunner.[8] TERA: Fate of Arun quickly became the number one free-to-play MMORPG on Steam, as measured by concurrent users.[9]","title":"Games published"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"CLOSERS","text":"Closers is an episodic anime action RPG with a storyline that unfolds over several seasons, and beat-’em-up action set in the beleaguered city of New Seoul. Get to know the team’s personalities, and battle monsters in classic arcade style. En Masse Entertainment is the publisher for CLOSERS in North America and Europe only. The game was officially launched in Europe and North America on February 6, 2018.[10]","title":"Games published"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yingpei Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yingpei_Games&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"ZMR","text":"The next step in the growth of the company after publishing TERA was signing and publishing a second game. En Masse Entertainment signed a deal with Yingpei Games in 2013 to publish a North American version of the popular, Chinese third-person shooter, Mercenary Ops.[11] Named ZMR or Zombies Monsters Robots, the En Masse Entertainment version of this squad-based free-to-play adventure game officially launched in North America in September 2014.In September 2017, it was announced the Zombies Monsters Robots would be shutting down with no plans to migrate the service elsewhere. To coincide with this announcement, several items were made free in the game's store. Along with this, any players who accessed the game between July 18 and September 18, 2017 were given 1,000 free EMP (En Masse Points.) En Masse left players with a final statement: \"On behalf of all of us here at En Masse Entertainment, thank you for joining us these past few years, and we sincerely hope you’ll give our other games a try, too. In the meantime, you’ve only got until Halloween to accomplish your primary mission: Kill. Every. Last. Thing.\"[12]","title":"Games published"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Fruit Attacks","text":"In the fall of 2015, En Masse Entertainment entered another new phase of their growth as a game publisher by launching two mobile games. The first, Fruit Attacks, is an arcade puzzle game where players defend Earth from invading fruit aliens. Fruit Attacks was released on July 30, 2015, for Android and iOS.[13]","title":"Games published"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Pocket Platoons","text":"Shortly after launching Fruit Attacks, on August 27, 2015, En Masse Entertainment released Pocket Platoons, a base-building combat strategy game set in World War II Normandy. Pocket Platoons is available on iOS and Android devices.[14] It was later remove in February 2017.","title":"Games published"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alliance of Valiant Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_of_Valiant_Arms"},{"link_name":"Aeria Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeria_Games"},{"link_name":"free-to-play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-play"},{"link_name":"first-person shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"}],"sub_title":"Alliance of Valiant Arms","text":"In July 2016, the license to host Alliance of Valiant Arms was revealed to have been give to En Masse Entertainment. It was previously hosted by Aeria Games. The closed beta commenced on August 18, 2016, lasting until the August 23, 2018. The open beta followed on August 25, and the game was officially re-launched on September 22 of that year. The game is a free-to-play first-person shooter, which takes place in an alternate future wherein the Neo-Russian Federation has begun to take back former Soviet countries and allies, then targeting the rest of Europe with the European Union combating them. It was developed by Red Duck and first released in Korea in 2007.","title":"Games published"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"closed beta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_beta"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Kritika Online","text":"En Masse adopted the action MMORPG Kritika from South Korea, and released a closed beta called Kritika Online in May 2017.[15]","title":"Games published"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance","text":"In June 2019, En Masse Entertainment announced that it will be in charge of publication duties for The Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance Tactics, a multiplatform strategy RPG that is based on the upcoming Netflix series. The game will be released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC/Mac.\n[16]","title":"Games published"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Stranger Things 3: The Game","text":"The companion game to the Netflix series. Developed by Netflix and BonusXP, and published by En Masse Entertainment. Launched July 4, 2019.\n[17]","title":"Games published"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"IGN Staff (February 25, 2010). \"En Masse Entertainment Debuts as New MMO Game Company\". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/02/26/en-masse-entertainment-debuts-as-new-mmo-game-company","url_text":"\"En Masse Entertainment Debuts as New MMO Game Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN_Entertainment","url_text":"IGN Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Wong, Jeane; Alexander, Brian (January 3, 2013). \"En Masse Entertainment Boosts Executive Team with Naming of Veteran Chris Lee as CEO and Hiring of COO Soo Min Park\". Business Wire. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130103005284/en/En-Masse-Entertainment-Boosts-Executive-Team-Naming","url_text":"\"En Masse Entertainment Boosts Executive Team with Naming of Veteran Chris Lee as CEO and Hiring of COO Soo Min Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Wire","url_text":"Business Wire"}]},{"reference":"Young-won, Kim (November 5, 2018). \"Bluehole launches new brand for its subunits\". The Investor.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theinvestor.co.kr/view.php?ud=20181105000797","url_text":"\"Bluehole launches new brand for its subunits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Herald","url_text":"The Investor"}]},{"reference":"Gach, Ethan (August 17, 2020). \"Tera Publisher En Masse Is Shutting Down\". Kotaku.","urls":[{"url":"https://kotaku.com/en-masse-entertainment-is-shutting-down-1844755092","url_text":"\"Tera Publisher En Masse Is Shutting Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku","url_text":"Kotaku"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (April 30, 2012). \"After insane development cycle, online game TERA finally poised for launch\". GamesBeat. VentureBeat. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2012/04/30/after-insane-development-cycle-online-game-TERA-finally-poised-for-launch/","url_text":"\"After insane development cycle, online game TERA finally poised for launch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesBeat","url_text":"GamesBeat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"}]},{"reference":"Cai, Catherine (January 10, 2013). \"MMO TERA Goes Free-to-Play\". Tom's Hardware. Purch Group. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tomshardware.com/news/MMO-TERA-F2P-free-to-play,20335.html","url_text":"\"MMO TERA Goes Free-to-Play\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%27s_Hardware","url_text":"Tom's Hardware"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purch_Group","url_text":"Purch Group"}]},{"reference":"Chalk, Andy (December 16, 2014). \"Tera: Fate of Arun expansion adds continent, quests, and battle arena\". PC Gamer. Future US. Archived from the original on December 30, 2014. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141230203832/http://www.pcgamer.com/tera-fate-of-arun-expansion-adds-continent-quests-and-battle-arena/","url_text":"\"Tera: Fate of Arun expansion adds continent, quests, and battle arena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_US","url_text":"Future US"},{"url":"http://www.pcgamer.com/tera-fate-of-arun-expansion-adds-continent-quests-and-battle-arena/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TERA Launches on Steam with New Gunner Class Today\". Gamasutra. UBM TechWeb. May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/242693/TERA_Launches_on_Steam_with_New_Gunner_Class_Today.php","url_text":"\"TERA Launches on Steam with New Gunner Class Today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBM_TechWeb","url_text":"UBM TechWeb"}]},{"reference":"Nunneley, Stephany (May 21, 2015). \"TERA becomes \"the most-played\" MMORPG on Steam since launching on May 5\". VG247. Videogaming247. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vg247.com/2015/05/21/TERA-mmo-steam-pc-free-to-play/","url_text":"\"TERA becomes \"the most-played\" MMORPG on Steam since launching on May 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videogaming247","url_text":"Videogaming247"}]},{"reference":"\"Save the Bamboo Forest!\". Archived from the original on September 6, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200906122443/https://closers.enmasse.com/","url_text":"\"Save the Bamboo Forest!\""},{"url":"https://closers.enmasse.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Nunneley, Stephany (March 26, 2014). \"Zombies Monsters Robots detailed by En Masse Entertainment\". VG247. Videogaming247. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vg247.com/2014/03/26/zombies-monsters-robots-detailed-by-en-masse-entertainment/","url_text":"\"Zombies Monsters Robots detailed by En Masse Entertainment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG247","url_text":"VG247"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videogaming247","url_text":"Videogaming247"}]},{"reference":"\"Zombies Monsters Robots Shuts Down on October 31st\". September 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmohuts.com/news/zombies-monsters-robots-shuts-october-31st/","url_text":"\"Zombies Monsters Robots Shuts Down on October 31st\""}]},{"reference":"Shaul, Brandy (July 30, 2015). \"Fruit Attacks Earth Defense Game Launches on Mobile\". Adweek. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adweek.com/digital/fruit-attacks-earth-defense-game-launches-on-mobile/","url_text":"\"Fruit Attacks Earth Defense Game Launches on Mobile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adweek","url_text":"Adweek"}]},{"reference":"Shaul, Brandy (August 27, 2015). \"Pocket Platoons WWII Strategy Game Launches on Mobile\". Adweek. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adweek.com/digital/pocket-platoons-wwii-strategy-game-launches-on-mobile/","url_text":"\"Pocket Platoons WWII Strategy Game Launches on Mobile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adweek","url_text":"Adweek"}]},{"reference":"\"Kritika Online Kicks off Closed Beta\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/298708/KRITIKA_ONLINE_KICKS_OFF_CLOSED_BETA.php","url_text":"\"Kritika Online Kicks off Closed Beta\""}]},{"reference":"\"En Masse Entertainment to Publish the Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance Tactics\". June 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmorpg.com/news/en-masse-entertainment-to-publish-the-dark-crystal-age-of-resistance-tactics-1000052797","url_text":"\"En Masse Entertainment to Publish the Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance Tactics\""}]},{"reference":"\"BonusXP – Indie Game Developers Stranger Things 3: The Game Arrives! - BonusXP - Indie Game Developers\". Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190712173000/https://bonusxp.com/2019/07/stranger-things-3-the-game-arrives","url_text":"\"BonusXP – Indie Game Developers Stranger Things 3: The Game Arrives! - BonusXP - Indie Game Developers\""},{"url":"https://bonusxp.com/2019/07/stranger-things-3-the-game-arrives","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://enmasse.com/","external_links_name":"enmasse.com"},{"Link":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2010/02/26/en-masse-entertainment-debuts-as-new-mmo-game-company","external_links_name":"\"En Masse Entertainment Debuts as New MMO Game Company\""},{"Link":"http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130103005284/en/En-Masse-Entertainment-Boosts-Executive-Team-Naming","external_links_name":"\"En Masse Entertainment Boosts Executive Team with Naming of Veteran Chris Lee as CEO and Hiring of COO Soo Min Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.theinvestor.co.kr/view.php?ud=20181105000797","external_links_name":"\"Bluehole launches new brand for its subunits\""},{"Link":"https://kotaku.com/en-masse-entertainment-is-shutting-down-1844755092","external_links_name":"\"Tera Publisher En Masse Is Shutting Down\""},{"Link":"https://venturebeat.com/2012/04/30/after-insane-development-cycle-online-game-TERA-finally-poised-for-launch/","external_links_name":"\"After insane development cycle, online game TERA finally poised for launch\""},{"Link":"http://www.tomshardware.com/news/MMO-TERA-F2P-free-to-play,20335.html","external_links_name":"\"MMO TERA Goes Free-to-Play\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141230203832/http://www.pcgamer.com/tera-fate-of-arun-expansion-adds-continent-quests-and-battle-arena/","external_links_name":"\"Tera: Fate of Arun expansion adds continent, quests, and battle arena\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcgamer.com/tera-fate-of-arun-expansion-adds-continent-quests-and-battle-arena/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/242693/TERA_Launches_on_Steam_with_New_Gunner_Class_Today.php","external_links_name":"\"TERA Launches on Steam with New Gunner Class Today\""},{"Link":"http://www.vg247.com/2015/05/21/TERA-mmo-steam-pc-free-to-play/","external_links_name":"\"TERA becomes \"the most-played\" MMORPG on Steam since launching on May 5\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200906122443/https://closers.enmasse.com/","external_links_name":"\"Save the Bamboo Forest!\""},{"Link":"https://closers.enmasse.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.vg247.com/2014/03/26/zombies-monsters-robots-detailed-by-en-masse-entertainment/","external_links_name":"\"Zombies Monsters Robots detailed by En Masse Entertainment\""},{"Link":"https://mmohuts.com/news/zombies-monsters-robots-shuts-october-31st/","external_links_name":"\"Zombies Monsters Robots Shuts Down on October 31st\""},{"Link":"http://www.adweek.com/digital/fruit-attacks-earth-defense-game-launches-on-mobile/","external_links_name":"\"Fruit Attacks Earth Defense Game Launches on Mobile\""},{"Link":"http://www.adweek.com/digital/pocket-platoons-wwii-strategy-game-launches-on-mobile/","external_links_name":"\"Pocket Platoons WWII Strategy Game Launches on Mobile\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamasutra.com/view/pressreleases/298708/KRITIKA_ONLINE_KICKS_OFF_CLOSED_BETA.php","external_links_name":"\"Kritika Online Kicks off Closed Beta\""},{"Link":"https://www.mmorpg.com/news/en-masse-entertainment-to-publish-the-dark-crystal-age-of-resistance-tactics-1000052797","external_links_name":"\"En Masse Entertainment to Publish the Dark Crystal: Age of Resistance Tactics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190712173000/https://bonusxp.com/2019/07/stranger-things-3-the-game-arrives","external_links_name":"\"BonusXP – Indie Game Developers Stranger Things 3: The Game Arrives! - BonusXP - Indie Game Developers\""},{"Link":"https://bonusxp.com/2019/07/stranger-things-3-the-game-arrives","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.enmasse.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]