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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornsby_(crater)
Hornsby (crater)
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 23°48′N 12°30′E / 23.8°N 12.5°E / 23.8; 12.5Crater on the Moon Feature on the moonHornsbyApollo 15 imageCoordinates23°48′N 12°30′E / 23.8°N 12.5°E / 23.8; 12.5Diameter3 kmDepth0.4 kmColongitude348° at sunriseEponymThomas Hornsby Regional map showing location of Hornsby in Mare Serenitatis Hornsby is a tiny lunar impact crater in the western part of the Mare Serenitatis, a lunar mare in the northeast quadrant of the Moon's near side. It was named after British astronomer Thomas Hornsby. It is a solitary formation that is located at least 100 kilometers from any significant craters, although the curiously shaped depression Aratus CA lies about 50 km to the west-northwest. To the north-northwest is Linné, a feature notable for its skirt of high-albedo material. To the west of Hornsby is the wrinkle ridge Dorsum Von Cotta. References ^ "Hornsby (crater)". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097. Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4. Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1. McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24. Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855. Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6. Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3. Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4. Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3. Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6. Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hornsby (crater). LTO-42D1 Hornsby — L&PI topographic map
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null
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S2CID 122125855.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971SSRv...12..136M","url_text":"1971SSRv...12..136M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00171763","url_text":"10.1007/BF00171763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122125855","url_text":"122125855"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Moore","url_text":"Moore, Patrick"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr","url_text":"On the Moon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Publishing_Co.","url_text":"Sterling Publishing Co."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35469-6","url_text":"978-0-304-35469-6"}]},{"reference":"Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33500-3","url_text":"978-0-521-33500-3"}]},{"reference":"Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchytraeus_harrimani
Mesenchytraeus harrimani
["1 References"]
Species of annelid Mesenchytraeus harrimani Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Annelida Clade: Pleistoannelida Clade: Sedentaria Class: Clitellata Order: Tubificida Family: Enchytraeidae Genus: Mesenchytraeus Species: M. harrimani Binomial name Mesenchytraeus harrimani(Eisen, 1904) Mesenchytraeus harrimani is an ice worm, named after E. H. Harriman. The worm was first discovered by an insect trapper on board Harriman's famous Arctic expedition, and was given the name by the entomologist Trevor Kincaid. The worm can grow to almost 60 millimetres (2.4 in) in length and 2.5 mm (0.098 in) thick. Like other ice worms, it subsists on algae and pollen. References ^ "PBS - Harriman: Sitka". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2023-04-05. ^ Welch, Paul S. (1919). "Further Studies on North American Mesenchytraeids (Oligochaeta)". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 38 (3): 175–188. doi:10.2307/3221532. ISSN 0003-0023. Taxon identifiersMesenchytraeus harrimani Wikidata: Q16755322 CoL: 853D5 EoL: 3124234 GBIF: 8908708 ITIS: 980389 OBIS: 1068849 WoRMS: 1068849 This annelid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortulus_Animae
Hortulus Animae
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
15th to 16th century prayer book This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Hortulus Animae" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2019) Page from Hortulus Animae polonice Hortulus Animae (English: Little Garden of the Soul, German: Seelengärtlein, French: Jardin des Âmes, Polish: Raj duszny) was the Latin title of a prayer book also available in German. It was very popular in the early sixteenth century, printed in many versions, also abroad in Lyons and Kraków. History An earlier well-known work of devotion and of moral instruction, richly illustrated with stories, was "Der Selen Würtzgart", first printed at Ulm in 1483. The meaning of the title is "Herb garden of the Soul", which is similar to later titles. The first known edition of Hortulus Animae, dated 13 March 1498, was printed at Strasbourg by Wilhelm Schaffener of Ribeauvillé (Rappschwihr), followed by German versions appearing in 1501. Later editions contained woodcuts by the well-known engravers Hans Springinklee and Erhard Schön, with beautiful miniatures in some existing manuscript examples, like the one at Vienna (Cod. Bibl. Pal. Vindobonensis. 2706, 1907), which has been reproduced as facsimile by Friedrich Dornhöffer. In 1501/1502, Sebastian Brant from Strasbourg translated it into German. Hortulus Animae polonice, a Polish version written by Biernat of Lublin, printed and published in 1513 by Florian Ungler in Kraków, was believed to be the first book printed in the Polish language (it is the second). The last known copy was lost during World War II. The work is mentioned briefly at the end of Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Man of the Crowd." See also Book of Henryków Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474 History of printing in Poland References ^ Wilhelmi, Thomas (ed.). Sebastian Brant, Forschungsbeiträge zu seinem Leben, zum Narrenschiff und zum übrigen Werk (in German). Basel: Schwabe Verlag. p. 33. ISBN 3-7965-1734-X. ^ "The history of literature in Krakow". krakowcityofliterature.com. Retrieved 2017-12-19. External links Catholic Encyclopedia Hortulus Animæ - Little Garden of the Soul Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hortulus_Animae,_polonice.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"}],"text":"Page from Hortulus Animae poloniceHortulus Animae (English: Little Garden of the Soul, German: Seelengärtlein, French: Jardin des Âmes, Polish: Raj duszny) was the Latin title of a prayer book also available in German. It was very popular in the early sixteenth century, printed in many versions, also abroad in Lyons and Kraków.","title":"Hortulus Animae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ulm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulm"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Schaffener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Schaffener&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ribeauvillé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribeauvill%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Hans Springinklee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Springinklee"},{"link_name":"Erhard Schön","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erhard_Sch%C3%B6n"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Bibl. Pal. Vindobonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Library"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Dornhöffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Dornh%C3%B6ffer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Brant"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"Biernat of Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biernat_of_Lublin"},{"link_name":"Florian Ungler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Ungler"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Polish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"The Man of the Crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_of_the_Crowd"}],"text":"An earlier well-known work of devotion and of moral instruction, richly illustrated with stories, was \"Der Selen Würtzgart\", first printed at Ulm in 1483. The meaning of the title is \"Herb garden of the Soul\", which is similar to later titles.The first known edition of Hortulus Animae, dated 13 March 1498, was printed at Strasbourg by Wilhelm Schaffener of Ribeauvillé (Rappschwihr), followed by German versions appearing in 1501. Later editions contained woodcuts by the well-known engravers Hans Springinklee and Erhard Schön, with beautiful miniatures in some existing manuscript examples, like the one at Vienna (Cod. Bibl. Pal. Vindobonensis. 2706, 1907), which has been reproduced as facsimile by Friedrich Dornhöffer. In 1501/1502, Sebastian Brant from Strasbourg translated it into German.[1]Hortulus Animae polonice, a Polish version written by Biernat of Lublin, printed and published in 1513 by Florian Ungler in Kraków, was believed to be the first book printed in the Polish language (it is the second[2]). The last known copy was lost during World War II.The work is mentioned briefly at the end of Edgar Allan Poe's short story \"The Man of the Crowd.\"","title":"History"}]
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[{"reference":"Wilhelmi, Thomas (ed.). Sebastian Brant, Forschungsbeiträge zu seinem Leben, zum Narrenschiff und zum übrigen Werk (in German). Basel: Schwabe Verlag. p. 33. ISBN 3-7965-1734-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwabe_Verlag","url_text":"Schwabe Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7965-1734-X","url_text":"3-7965-1734-X"}]},{"reference":"\"The history of literature in Krakow\". krakowcityofliterature.com. Retrieved 2017-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://krakowcityofliterature.com/city-of-literature/the-history-of-literature-in-krakow/","url_text":"\"The history of literature in Krakow\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosulich_Line
Cosulich Line
["1 History","2 References","2.1 Citations","2.2 Bibliography","3 External links"]
Cosulich LineHouse flag (1903-1919)IndustryShippingFounded1857; 167 years ago (1857)HeadquartersTrieste, Italy The Cosulich Line, formally the Cosulich Società Triestina di Navigazione, is a steamship line that was based in Trieste, Italy. The company had been founded in 1889 by Antonio F. Cosulich's son as a family business. In 1903 as Unione Austriaca di Navigazione, more commonly called the Austro-American or Austro-Americana Line, when Trieste was under the rule of Austria-Hungary. After the first World War, the company became an Italian-based shipping company. In 1932 the company was forced to merge with the Lloyd Sabaudo and the Navigazione Generale Italiana, to form the Italian Line. History Austro-American Line, Fratelli Cosulich, 1909 In 1857 Captain Antonio F. Cosulich launched the family business with the 500-tonne ship Fides built-in Cherso, a Kavner Island of Istria. The company's first four ships were purchased from England in the year it was founded. The first voyages took place every six weeks and went from Trieste to Mobile, Brunswick, Charleston, Wilmington, and Newport News, as well as to other ports on the East Coast as required. Since business was good, three more used ships were bought in 1897 and four in 1898. In 1901 was a turning point for the shipping business As a result of the global economic crisis of 1901–1902, some of the ships had to be sold again. In 1902, William Burell left the company and sold his shares to the Cosulich brothers. The share capital was increased, 14 ships were taken over from the Cosulich shipping company and in 1903 the company was renamed Unione Austriaca di Navigazione già Austro-Americana e Fratelli Cosulich Società Anonima or the Austro-American line. Unione Austriaca di Navigazione was founded in Trieste in 1903 by Fratelli Cosulich. The Cosulich family originated from the island of Lussino (today Lošinj, Croatia) now operating as the Austro-American Line, ships of the company carried passengers from Trieste to Messina, Naples, Palermo, and New York. Service to South American ports and New Orleans began in 1907 (though the New Orleans service was quickly discontinued).SS Martha Washington, one of the ships of the Austro-American line In 1904 the company had 19 ships. In the same year, passengers were also transported for the first time, since many people emigrated to the United States at that time, and a profitable business area was therefore offered. Here you could also divert customers from the two North German competitors Norddeutscher Lloyd and Hamburg America Line. With the entry into the passenger business, however, one also reacted to the agreement with the English Cunard line with the Hungarian government, which planned to take over the Hungarian emigrant traffic. Cosulich made arrangements with the Canadian Pacific Steamship Company for service from Trieste to Canada which proved to be uneconomical and was canceled after six voyages. At the outbreak of World War I, passenger services ceased. House flag (1919–1932) After the Armistice, Trieste came under the rule of Italy. Reorganized as an Italian company under the name Cosulich Società Triestina di Navigazione, or Cosulich STN, the line, now sailing under the Cosulich Line name, resumed service from Mediterranean ports to New York and South America. In 1932, the Cosulich Line and fellow Italian passenger companies Lloyd Sabaudo and Navigazione Generale Italiana were merged into the state-owned Italia Flotte Riunite (English: United Fleets Italy), or ITALIA, though Cosulich was able to maintain its management from Trieste. When ITALIA was liquidated in 1937, Cosulich was absorbed into the replacement Italia Società Anonima di Navigazione, or Italian Line. The company exists today as the Fratelli Cosulich Group, still a shipowner and based in Trieste. References Citations ^ a b https://www.cosulich.com/history Cosulich ^ https://maritime-union.com/company/fratelli-cosulich-spa Maritime Union ^ a b c "Cosulich Line - Italian Liners Historical Society". ^ a b "Unione Austriaca (Austro-Americana) / Cosulich Line". 2008-05-03. Archived from the original on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2008-06-23. ^ Fiumanó, Piercarlo (8 August 2023). "Fratelli Cosulich, la dinastia triestina investe su acciaio ed energia green ("Cosulich Brothers, the Trieste dynasty invests in steel and green energy")". Nord Est Economia (in Italian). Conegliano. Retrieved 29 January 2024. Bibliography "Austro-Americana Line - New Austrian information". External links Fratelli Cosulich Group Italian Steamship Lines History and Ephemera Including Cosulich Line - Trieste GG Archives Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
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In 1903 as Unione Austriaca di Navigazione, more commonly called the Austro-American or Austro-Americana Line, when Trieste was under the rule of Austria-Hungary. After the first World War, the company became an Italian-based shipping company. In 1932 the company was forced to merge with the Lloyd Sabaudo and the Navigazione Generale Italiana, to form the Italian Line.","title":"Cosulich Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ansichtskarte_Reedereiflagge_Freiheitsstatue,_um_1909.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosulich-1"},{"link_name":"Cherso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherso"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Wilmington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austro-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shipslist-4"},{"link_name":"Lošinj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C5%A1inj"},{"link_name":"Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messina"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cosulich-1"},{"link_name":"South American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dampfer_MARTHA_WASHINGTON_der_Austro-Americana,_Triest.jpg"},{"link_name":"SS Martha Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Martha_Washington_(ID-3019)"},{"link_name":"Norddeutscher Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norddeutscher_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Hamburg America Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_America_Line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austro-3"},{"link_name":"Cunard line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunard_line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austro-3"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Steamship Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Steamship_Company"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cosulich_Line.svg"},{"link_name":"House flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_flag#House_flag"},{"link_name":"Armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Sabaudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Sabaudo"},{"link_name":"Navigazione Generale Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigazione_Generale_Italiana"},{"link_name":"Italia Flotte Riunite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_Flotte_Riunite"},{"link_name":"Italian Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Line"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shipslist-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Austro-American Line, Fratelli Cosulich, 1909In 1857 Captain Antonio F. Cosulich launched the family business with the 500-tonne ship Fides[1] built-in Cherso, a Kavner Island of Istria.[2] The company's first four ships were purchased from England in the year it was founded. The first voyages took place every six weeks and went from Trieste to Mobile, Brunswick, Charleston, Wilmington, and Newport News, as well as to other ports on the East Coast as required. Since business was good, three more used ships were bought in 1897 and four in 1898.[3] In 1901 was a turning point for the shipping business As a result of the global economic crisis of 1901–1902, some of the ships had to be sold again. In 1902, William Burell left the company and sold his shares to the Cosulich brothers. The share capital was increased, 14 ships were taken over from the Cosulich shipping company and in 1903 the company was renamed Unione Austriaca di Navigazione già Austro-Americana e Fratelli Cosulich Società Anonima or the Austro-American line.[4]Unione Austriaca di Navigazione was founded in Trieste in 1903 by Fratelli Cosulich. The Cosulich family originated from the island of Lussino (today Lošinj, Croatia) now operating as the Austro-American Line, ships of the company carried passengers from Trieste to Messina, Naples, Palermo, and New York.[1] Service to South American ports and New Orleans began in 1907 (though the New Orleans service was quickly discontinued).SS Martha Washington, one of the ships of the Austro-American lineIn 1904 the company had 19 ships. In the same year, passengers were also transported for the first time, since many people emigrated to the United States at that time, and a profitable business area was therefore offered. Here you could also divert customers from the two North German competitors Norddeutscher Lloyd and Hamburg America Line.[3] With the entry into the passenger business, however, one also reacted to the agreement with the English Cunard line with the Hungarian government, which planned to take over the Hungarian emigrant traffic.[3] Cosulich made arrangements with the Canadian Pacific Steamship Company for service from Trieste to Canada which proved to be uneconomical and was canceled after six voyages. At the outbreak of World War I, passenger services ceased.House flag (1919–1932)After the Armistice, Trieste came under the rule of Italy. Reorganized as an Italian company under the name Cosulich Società Triestina di Navigazione, or Cosulich STN, the line, now sailing under the Cosulich Line name, resumed service from Mediterranean ports to New York and South America. In 1932, the Cosulich Line and fellow Italian passenger companies Lloyd Sabaudo and Navigazione Generale Italiana were merged into the state-owned Italia Flotte Riunite (English: United Fleets Italy), or ITALIA, though Cosulich was able to maintain its management from Trieste. When ITALIA was liquidated in 1937, Cosulich was absorbed into the replacement Italia Società Anonima di Navigazione, or Italian Line.[4]The company exists today as the Fratelli Cosulich Group, still a shipowner and based in Trieste.[5]","title":"History"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katum_Camp
Katum Camp
["1 History","2 Current use","3 References","4 External links"]
Katum CampCoordinates11°40′01″N 106°12′58″E / 11.667°N 106.216°E / 11.667; 106.216 (Katum Camp)TypeArmy BaseSite historyBuilt1967In use1967–71Battles/warsVietnam WarGarrison informationOccupants25th Infantry Division5th Special Forces Group AirportKatum AirfieldIATA: noneICAO: noneSummaryElevation AMSL133 ft / 41 mRunways Direction Length Surface ft m 3,000 914 laterite Katum Camp (also known as Katum Special Forces Camp or Firebase Katum) is a former U.S. Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) base northeast of Tây Ninh in southern Vietnam. History The base was originally established to support Operation Junction City in February 1967 and the first US combat parachute jump of the war took place west of the camp. By 3 March 1967 the 1st Engineer Battalion had completed an airfield at Kà Tum. The base was located 40 km northeast of Tây Ninh, 43 km west of An Lộc and 8 km south of the Cambodian border. The camp was used by the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division during Operation Yellowstone which ran from December 1967 until February 1968. In November 1967 the 5th Special Forces Group Detachment A-322 moved to Kà Tum from Camp Suối Đá to monitor infiltration activity from Cambodia. The base received frequent artillery and mortar fire from the Vietcong and People's Army of Vietnam leading to it being nicknamed Kaboom. On 1 February 1968 Bell UH-1C Iroquois #66-00686 collided with UH-1H #66-16061 while landing at night at Kà Tum resulting in 2 U.S. killed. On 25 June 1968 a Lockheed C-130E Hercules serial #62-1861, of the 50th Troop Carrier Squadron, took 0.51 calibre AAA fire on takeoff from Kà Tum which set the port outer engine on fire which spread along port wing, the aircraft crash-landed at Tây Ninh. On 18 August 1968 the Vietcong 5th Sapper Battalion attacked the base but was beaten back. On the morning of 25 September following a mortar and rocket barrage the Vietcong attacked the base again, but were again defeated at a cost of 14 CIDG and 61 Vietcong killed and 10 Vietcong captured. On 27 May 1969 C-130A #56-0472 of the 21st Tactical Airlift Squadron was hit by ground fire while landing at Kà Tum and the starboard wing burned off in post-landing fire. On 23 June 1969 C-130B #61-0965 of the 772d Tactical Airlift Squadron, carrying artillery ammunition, was hit by ground fire on approach to Kà Tum and crashed killing all six crewmembers. The 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division operated from Kà Tum in April–May 1970.: 127  On 24 May 1970 a US medevac helicopter was shot down on approach to Kà Tum, passenger Sergeant first class Louis R. Rocco evacuated the wounded crew, actions for which he was later awarded the Medal of Honor. The 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division returned to Kà Tum in June 1970 to support the Cambodian Incursion.: 140  From 28 September to 2 October 1971 the U.S. Army's 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division and 2nd Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment mounted Operation Kà Tum, a security operation to cover the withdrawal of US personnel from the base. Current use The base has been turned over to farmland and housing. References ^ a b c Stanton, Shelby (2003). Vietnam Order of Battle. Stackpole Books. p. 108. ISBN 9780811700719. ^ "Vietnam Studies Cedar Falls- Junction City: A TURNING POINT". U.S. Army. p. 107. Retrieved 18 January 2015. ^ Kelley, Michael (2002). Where we were in Vietnam. Hellgate Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-1555716257. ^ Stanton, Shelby (2008). Special Forces at War: An Illustrated History, Southeast Asia 1957–1975. Zenith Press. p. 181. ISBN 9780760334492. ^ Rottman, Gordon (2011). Special Forces Camps in Vietnam 1961–70. Osprey Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 9781780961408. ^ "Helicopter UH-1D 66-16061". Vietnam Helicopter Pilots Association. Retrieved 18 January 2015. ^ "Lockheed C-130E Hercules 62-1861". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 18 January 2015. ^ "Battle for Kà Tum information for A-322 SF DET From date 680818 to 680925". Vietnam Helicopter Pilots Association. Retrieved 18 January 2015. ^ "Lockheed C-130A Hercules 56-0472". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 18 January 2015. ^ "Lockheed C-130B Hercules 61-0965". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 18 January 2015. ^ Dorland, Peter; Nanney, James (1982). Dust Off: Army Aeromedical Evacuation in Vietnam (PDF). United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 102–6. ISBN 978-1519259394. ^ "Vietnam Archive Operations Database". The Vietnam Center and Archive. External links Photos taken at Katum in 1967/8
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army of the Republic of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Tây Ninh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ninh"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"}],"text":"AirportKatum Camp (also known as Katum Special Forces Camp or Firebase Katum) is a former U.S. Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) base northeast of Tây Ninh in southern Vietnam.","title":"Katum Camp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Junction City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Junction_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanton-1"},{"link_name":"1st Engineer Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Engineer_Battalion_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"An Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_L%E1%BB%99c,_B%C3%ACnh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"25th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Operation Yellowstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Yellowstone_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"5th Special Forces Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Special_Forces_Group_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Vietcong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietcong"},{"link_name":"People's Army of Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bell UH-1C Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-130E Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"50th Troop Carrier Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_Troop_Carrier_Squadron"},{"link_name":"0.51 calibre AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DShK"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"CIDG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Irregular_Defense_Group_program"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"21st Tactical Airlift Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Tactical_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"772d Tactical Airlift Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/772d_Tactical_Airlift_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"1st Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanton-1"},{"link_name":"Sergeant first class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_first_class"},{"link_name":"Louis R. Rocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_R._Rocco"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cambodian Incursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Campaign"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stanton-1"},{"link_name":"3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Brigade_Combat_Team,_1st_Cavalry_Division"},{"link_name":"11th Armored Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_Armored_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The base was originally established to support Operation Junction City in February 1967 and the first US combat parachute jump of the war took place west of the camp.[1] By 3 March 1967 the 1st Engineer Battalion had completed an airfield at Kà Tum.[2] The base was located 40 km northeast of Tây Ninh, 43 km west of An Lộc and 8 km south of the Cambodian border.[3]The camp was used by the 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division during Operation Yellowstone which ran from December 1967 until February 1968.In November 1967 the 5th Special Forces Group Detachment A-322 moved to Kà Tum from Camp Suối Đá to monitor infiltration activity from Cambodia.[4]The base received frequent artillery and mortar fire from the Vietcong and People's Army of Vietnam leading to it being nicknamed Kaboom.[5]On 1 February 1968 Bell UH-1C Iroquois #66-00686 collided with UH-1H #66-16061 while landing at night at Kà Tum resulting in 2 U.S. killed.[6]On 25 June 1968 a Lockheed C-130E Hercules serial #62-1861, of the 50th Troop Carrier Squadron, took 0.51 calibre AAA fire on takeoff from Kà Tum which set the port outer engine on fire which spread along port wing, the aircraft crash-landed at Tây Ninh.[7]On 18 August 1968 the Vietcong 5th Sapper Battalion attacked the base but was beaten back. On the morning of 25 September following a mortar and rocket barrage the Vietcong attacked the base again, but were again defeated at a cost of 14 CIDG and 61 Vietcong killed and 10 Vietcong captured.[8]On 27 May 1969 C-130A #56-0472 of the 21st Tactical Airlift Squadron was hit by ground fire while landing at Kà Tum and the starboard wing burned off in post-landing fire.[9]On 23 June 1969 C-130B #61-0965 of the 772d Tactical Airlift Squadron, carrying artillery ammunition, was hit by ground fire on approach to Kà Tum and crashed killing all six crewmembers.[10]The 1st Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division operated from Kà Tum in April–May 1970.[1]: 127  On 24 May 1970 a US medevac helicopter was shot down on approach to Kà Tum, passenger Sergeant first class Louis R. Rocco evacuated the wounded crew, actions for which he was later awarded the Medal of Honor.[11]The 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division returned to Kà Tum in June 1970 to support the Cambodian Incursion.[1]: 140From 28 September to 2 October 1971 the U.S. Army's 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division and 2nd Squadron, 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment mounted Operation Kà Tum, a security operation to cover the withdrawal of US personnel from the base.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The base has been turned over to farmland and housing.","title":"Current use"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Stanton, Shelby (2003). Vietnam Order of Battle. Stackpole Books. p. 108. ISBN 9780811700719.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811700719","url_text":"9780811700719"}]},{"reference":"\"Vietnam Studies Cedar Falls- Junction City: A TURNING POINT\". U.S. Army. p. 107. Retrieved 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.history.army.mil/books/Vietnam/90-7/ch10.htm","url_text":"\"Vietnam Studies Cedar Falls- Junction City: A TURNING POINT\""}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Michael (2002). Where we were in Vietnam. Hellgate Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-1555716257.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555716257","url_text":"978-1555716257"}]},{"reference":"Stanton, Shelby (2008). Special Forces at War: An Illustrated History, Southeast Asia 1957–1975. Zenith Press. p. 181. ISBN 9780760334492.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/specialforcesatw00stan","url_text":"Special Forces at War: An Illustrated History, Southeast Asia 1957–1975"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/specialforcesatw00stan/page/n180","url_text":"181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780760334492","url_text":"9780760334492"}]},{"reference":"Rottman, Gordon (2011). Special Forces Camps in Vietnam 1961–70. Osprey Publishing. p. 22. ISBN 9781780961408.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780961408","url_text":"9781780961408"}]},{"reference":"\"Helicopter UH-1D 66-16061\". Vietnam Helicopter Pilots Association. Retrieved 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vhpa.org/KIA/incident/680102033ACD.HTM","url_text":"\"Helicopter UH-1D 66-16061\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lockheed C-130E Hercules 62-1861\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19680625-0","url_text":"\"Lockheed C-130E Hercules 62-1861\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle for Kà Tum information for A-322 SF DET From date 680818 to 680925\". Vietnam Helicopter Pilots Association. Retrieved 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vhpa.org/KIA/panel/battle/68081820.HTM","url_text":"\"Battle for Kà Tum information for A-322 SF DET From date 680818 to 680925\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lockheed C-130A Hercules 56-0472\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690527-0","url_text":"\"Lockheed C-130A Hercules 56-0472\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lockheed C-130B Hercules 61-0965\". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19690623-1","url_text":"\"Lockheed C-130B Hercules 61-0965\""}]},{"reference":"Dorland, Peter; Nanney, James (1982). Dust Off: Army Aeromedical Evacuation in Vietnam (PDF). United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 102–6. ISBN 978-1519259394.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-28-1/CMH_Pub_90-28-1.pdf","url_text":"Dust Off: Army Aeromedical Evacuation in Vietnam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1519259394","url_text":"978-1519259394"}]},{"reference":"\"Vietnam Archive Operations Database\". The Vietnam Center and Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/resources/operations/operations.txt","url_text":"\"Vietnam Archive Operations Database\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravan_and_Motorhome_Club
Caravan and Motorhome Club
["1 History","2 Structure","3 Sites","3.1 Certificated locations (CLs)","4 The National","5 Other services","6 Alliances","7 Cyber Attack","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Tourism in the United Kingdom "The Caravan Club" redirects here. For the club in London, see The Caravan Club (Endell Street). Caravan and Motorhome ClubFormation14 June 1907HeadquartersEast Grinstead HouseLocationEast Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 1UARegion served British IslesOfficial language EnglishPresidentViscount CokeMain organThe Club CouncilAffiliationsFIAStaff 900Websitewww.caravanclub.co.uk The Caravan and Motorhome Club is an organisation representing caravan and motorhome users in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was founded in 1907 and now represents nearly one million members (caravanners, motorhomers and campervanners). History Caravan Club logo used until 2017. The Club was founded in 1907 as The Caravan Club of Great Britain and Ireland. Its aim was to "... bring together those interested in van life as a pastime...to improve and supply suitable vans and other appliances...to develop the pastime by collecting, publishing and supplying to members, books and periodicals and lists of camp sites etc... to arrange camping grounds...". The Club was renamed as The Caravan Club in 1959 and celebrated its centenary on 14 June 2007. The club's current name, the Caravan and Motorhome Club was adopted in February 2017. Structure The Caravan Club is a membership organisation. The Club is led by the Executive Committee, which airs policy issues with the Club Council. The council in turn is supported by the 10 Regional Councils. Their aim of the Regional Councils is to coordinate communications throughout The Club membership. Regional Councils provide a forum to discuss Club issues and to solve local and regional problems. Club members may also vote at the Annual Members Meeting. The Club is a member of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), an organisation that represents the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users. The Club has over 900 staff and an annual turnover of over £100 million. The Caravan and Motorhome Club represents nearly one million tourers. Sites The Club operates around 200 main Caravan Club sites and over 2,200 smaller certificated "five-van" sites, known as CLs (certificated locations). Certificated locations (CLs) The Caravan And Motorhome Club site, the Sandringham estate A certificated location (or 'CL') is an informal privately owned caravan site for up to 5 caravans in the United Kingdom. Visitors with caravans pay a small fee to the CL owner in order to pitch overnight. This is usually cheaper than larger commercial caravan sites. There are over 2200 CLs in the UK and they are for exclusive use by Caravan And Motorhome Club members. Each year the Caravan And Motorhome Club issues a certificate to those sites that continue to meet their standards, hence 'certificated locations'. Caravan And Motorhome Club members vote annually for the best CL in the 'CL of the Year' competition. Most CLs are in the countryside, they are individually owned and can be on a farm or smallholding, on spare land next to a pub, golf course or hotel or on land attached to the owner's house. CLs need no site licence or formal planning permission, but are covered by two Acts of Parliament: Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960 and Caravans Act (Northern Ireland) (1963) Chapter 17. The laws state that visitors with caravans must be members of The Caravan And Motorhome Club, who are required to act responsibly and to observe the Country Code and no more than 5 caravans may be accommodated on the site at any one time. Caravans may not stay for more than 28 days per visit and must be occupied overnight. CLs are for recreational purposes and only touring caravans, motor caravans or trailer tents are permitted – tents are not permitted, other than attached caravan awnings, toilet tents or small pup tents; and permanently sited (static) caravans are not permitted on the same landholding. There are also a number of guidelines stated. For example, CLs should be fairly level and have at least ½ acre of land; and have safe access for caravans including 12 ft wide gateway and safe approach road. If the landowner has a caravan site licence from their Local Authority, the Caravan And Motorhome Club is unlikely to issue a Certificate, unless the CL is entirely separate from the landowner's other business activities. To become a CL, owners should provide an emptying point for chemical closets; a safe drinking water supply; A bin for dry rubbish; and public liability insurance cover. Some owners provide optional extras such as electrical hook ups, showers and toilets. Although exempt from planning permission, CL owners are liable to pay business rates and income tax on their profits. The National Each year, the club holds a "National Rally" over the Spring Bank holiday at the end of May. The rally usually taking place in the grounds of a stately home and can attract up to 10,000 caravanners at a time. The first National Rally was held at Leamington Spa in 1936 and attracting 100 caravans. In 2007, for the Club's Centenary year, the 80th National Rally was held in the grounds of Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire from Friday 25th to Tuesday 29 May. Other services The club offers a variety of other services with the intention of supporting and improving the lifestyle and holidays of its members. They offer a variety of insurance products including caravan, motorhome, car, breakdown, holiday, home and pet coverage. They also provide overseas ferry and pitch bookings for members looking to holiday overseas, as well as technical advice. The club is also active in lobbying on behalf of its members. Alliances The Caravan Club has developed alliances with a number of groups: Haven Holidays offers Club members an exclusive deal at 21 of their Touring Parks. National Cycle Network (co-ordinated by Sustrans) offers 12,000 miles of signed cycle routes throughout the UK. More than half of all Club Sites are situated near cycle routes. RSPB – The Club is the Species Champion of the song thrush, and sponsors the RSPB’s protection of the bird. Highways Agency – The Club has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Highways Agency. Cyber Attack On Sat Jan 20th 2024 the CAMC became aware it was the victim of a cyber security incident resulting in their website, app and online and phone booking systems becoming non funtional. The ICO (information Commissioners Office was informed). The security breach was widely commented on online and reported in an article by "the Register" on 24th Jan 2024. Club members had at this time not received any notice of the breach, A day later on 25th Jan 2024 the club's Director General Nick Lomas sent a statement to members largely confirming the register's report At the time of writing the clubs website booking system etc is still non functional - and it remains unclear whether member data has been compromised. See also Camping and Caravanning Club Caravan parks References ^ a b c "The history of The Club". Caravan Club website. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2008. ^ a b "Club facts". Caravan Club website. Retrieved 1 August 2008. ^ "New brand". Caravan and Motorhome Club. Retrieved 26 February 2017. ^ Leaning, Tom (22 February 2017). "The Caravan Club rebrands as The Caravan and Motorhome Club". CaravanTimes.co.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2017. ^ "Club organisation". Caravan Club website. Retrieved 3 August 2008. ^ "CL of the year". Caravan Club website. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2008. ^ "The Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act (1960)". UK Statute Law Database. Retrieved 1 August 2008. ^ "The Caravans Act (Northern Ireland) (1963)". UK Statute Law Database. Retrieved 1 August 2008. ^ "The National". Caravan Club website. Retrieved 2 August 2008. ^ "Caravan Club Insurance products". ^ "Alliances". Caravan Club website. Retrieved 2 August 2008. ^ "Major IT outage denies happy campers their caravan holidays". External links Legislation: The Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act (1960) Legislation: The Caravans Act (Northern Ireland) 1963 Chapter 17 Caravan and Motorhome Club travel guide from Wikivoyage vteTourism in the United Kingdom Tourism Economy of the United Kingdom Nations andregionsEngland Hotels in England Lists of tourist attractions in England List of National Trust land in England List of National Trust properties in England London Tourist Board Resorts in England Tourism in Leeds Tourism in London Tourism in Yorkshire VisitEngland Welcome to Yorkshire Northern Ireland Hotels in Northern Ireland List of museums in Northern Ireland Nature reserves in Northern Ireland List of tourist attractions in Ireland List of National Trust properties in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland Tourist Board Scotland Minister for Business, Trade, Tourism and Enterprise Resorts in Scotland ScotlandWhisky Scottish Youth Hostels Association VisitScotland Wales Capital Region Tourism Forgotten Landscapes Project List of museums in Wales South West Wales Tourism Partnership Tourism Partnership North Wales Visit Wales UKOTs and CrownDependencies Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Alderney Isle of Man Jersey Montserrat Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands CompaniesCurrent ACE Cultural Tours Airtours Carnival Corporation & plc Cunard P&O Cruises City Sightseeing Co-op Ski, Co-op Travel, Co-op Holidays Cosmos Holidays Cox & Kings Ebookers Ffestiniog Travel Flight Centre Great Rail Journeys Hays Travel Holidaybreak Jet2holidays NST Kuoni Travel Lastminute.com Martin Randall Travel PGL Superbreak Swan Hellenic NetFlights Thomas Cook Holidays TUI Group Trailfinders Traveleyes Defunct Clarksons Travel Group Club 18-30 Court Line Directline holidays EasyCruise First Choice Hogg Robinson Group Horizon Travel Kiss Flights Lunn Poly Mark Hammerton MyTravel Palmair Thomas Cook Group Thomson Travel TUI Travel XL Leisure Organisations Camping and Caravanning Club Caravan and Motorhome Club Landmark Trust National Trust Youth Hostels Association Industry bodies ABTA Association of Independent Tour Operators Confederation of Tourism and Hospitality Tourism Concern VisitBritain Touristdestinations Blue Badge tourist guide Holiday Les Routiers List of airlines of the United Kingdom List of airports in the United Kingdom and the British Crown Dependencies List of museums in the United Kingdom List of amusement parks in the United Kingdom List of past and present youth hostels in England and Wales Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Caravan Club (Endell Street)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caravan_Club_(Endell_Street)"},{"link_name":"caravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_trailer"},{"link_name":"motorhome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorhome"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facts-2"}],"text":"Tourism in the United Kingdom\"The Caravan Club\" redirects here. For the club in London, see The Caravan Club (Endell Street).The Caravan and Motorhome Club is an organisation representing caravan and motorhome users in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was founded in 1907[1] and now represents nearly one million members (caravanners, motorhomers and campervanners).[2]","title":"Caravan and Motorhome Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caravan_Club_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"logo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Caravan Club logo used until 2017.The Club was founded in 1907 as The Caravan Club of Great Britain and Ireland. Its aim was to \"... bring together those interested in van life as a pastime...to improve and supply suitable vans and other appliances...to develop the pastime by collecting, publishing and supplying to members, books and periodicals and lists of camp sites etc... to arrange camping grounds...\".[1]The Club was renamed as The Caravan Club in 1959 and celebrated its centenary on 14 June 2007. The club's current name, the Caravan and Motorhome Club was adopted in February 2017.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-organisation-5"},{"link_name":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facts-2"}],"text":"The Caravan Club is a membership organisation. The Club is led by the Executive Committee, which airs policy issues with the Club Council. The council in turn is supported by the 10 Regional Councils. Their aim of the Regional Councils is to coordinate communications throughout The Club membership. Regional Councils provide a forum to discuss Club issues and to solve local and regional problems. Club members may also vote at the Annual Members Meeting.[5]The Club is a member of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), an organisation that represents the interests of motoring organisations and motor car users.The Club has over 900 staff and an annual turnover of over £100 million.[2]The Caravan and Motorhome Club represents nearly one million tourers.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Club operates around 200 main Caravan Club sites and over 2,200 smaller certificated \"five-van\" sites, known as CLs (certificated locations).","title":"Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Caravan_Club_Site,_The_Sandringham_estate._-_geograph.org.uk_-_360116.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sandringham estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandringham_House"},{"link_name":"caravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_trailer"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"smallholding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallholding"},{"link_name":"Acts of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravan_Sites_and_Control_of_Development_Act_1960"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"business rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_rates_in_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"income tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom"}],"sub_title":"Certificated locations (CLs)","text":"The Caravan And Motorhome Club site, the Sandringham estateA certificated location (or 'CL') is an informal privately owned caravan site for up to 5 caravans in the United Kingdom. Visitors with caravans pay a small fee to the CL owner in order to pitch overnight. This is usually cheaper than larger commercial caravan sites. There are over 2200 CLs in the UK and they are for exclusive use by Caravan And Motorhome Club members. Each year the Caravan And Motorhome Club issues a certificate to those sites that continue to meet their standards, hence 'certificated locations'. Caravan And Motorhome Club members vote annually for the best CL in the 'CL of the Year' competition.[6]Most CLs are in the countryside, they are individually owned and can be on a farm or smallholding, on spare land next to a pub, golf course or hotel or on land attached to the owner's house. CLs need no site licence or formal planning permission, but are covered by two Acts of Parliament:Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960[7] and\nCaravans Act (Northern Ireland) (1963) Chapter 17.[8]The laws state that visitors with caravans must be members of The Caravan And Motorhome Club, who are required to act responsibly and to observe the Country Code and no more than 5 caravans may be accommodated on the site at any one time. Caravans may not stay for more than 28 days per visit and must be occupied overnight. CLs are for recreational purposes and only touring caravans, motor caravans or trailer tents are permitted – tents are not permitted, other than attached caravan awnings, toilet tents or small pup tents; and permanently sited (static) caravans are not permitted on the same landholding.There are also a number of guidelines stated. For example, CLs should be fairly level and have at least ½ acre of land; and have safe access for caravans including 12 ft wide gateway and safe approach road. If the landowner has a caravan site licence from their Local Authority, the Caravan And Motorhome Club is unlikely to issue a Certificate, unless the CL is entirely separate from the landowner's other business activities.To become a CL, owners should provide an emptying point for chemical closets; a safe drinking water supply; A bin for dry rubbish; and public liability insurance cover. Some owners provide optional extras such as electrical hook ups, showers and toilets. Although exempt from planning permission, CL owners are liable to pay business rates and income tax on their profits.","title":"Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Leamington Spa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leamington_Spa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-1"},{"link_name":"Blenheim Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blenheim_Palace"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"}],"text":"Each year, the club holds a \"National Rally\" over the Spring Bank holiday at the end of May. The rally usually taking place in the grounds of a stately home and can attract up to 10,000 caravanners at a time.[9]The first National Rally was held at Leamington Spa in 1936 and attracting 100 caravans.[1] In 2007, for the Club's Centenary year, the 80th National Rally was held in the grounds of Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire from Friday 25th to Tuesday 29 May.","title":"The National"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The club offers a variety of other services with the intention of supporting and improving the lifestyle and holidays of its members. They offer a variety of insurance products[10] including caravan, motorhome, car, breakdown, holiday, home and pet coverage.They also provide overseas ferry and pitch bookings for members looking to holiday overseas, as well as technical advice.The club is also active in lobbying on behalf of its members.","title":"Other services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Haven Holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haven_Holidays"},{"link_name":"National Cycle Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cycle_Network"},{"link_name":"RSPB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSPB"},{"link_name":"song thrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_thrush"},{"link_name":"Highways Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways_Agency"}],"text":"The Caravan Club has developed alliances with a number of groups:[11]Haven Holidays offers Club members an exclusive deal at 21 of their Touring Parks.\nNational Cycle Network (co-ordinated by Sustrans) offers 12,000 miles of signed cycle routes throughout the UK. More than half of all Club Sites are situated near cycle routes.\nRSPB – The Club is the Species Champion of the song thrush, and sponsors the RSPB’s protection of the bird.\nHighways Agency – The Club has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Highways Agency.","title":"Alliances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"On Sat Jan 20th 2024 the CAMC became aware it was the victim of a cyber security incident resulting in their website, app and online and phone booking systems becoming non funtional. The ICO (information Commissioners Office was informed). The security breach was widely commented on online and reported in an article by \"the Register\" on 24th Jan 2024.[12] Club members had at this time not received any notice of the breach, A day later on 25th Jan 2024 the club's Director General Nick Lomas sent a statement to members largely confirming the register's report \nAt the time of writing the clubs website booking system etc is still non functional - and it remains unclear whether member data has been compromised.","title":"Cyber Attack"}]
[{"image_text":"Caravan Club logo used until 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Caravan_Club_logo.svg/220px-Caravan_Club_logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Caravan And Motorhome Club site, the Sandringham estate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/The_Caravan_Club_Site%2C_The_Sandringham_estate._-_geograph.org.uk_-_360116.jpg/220px-The_Caravan_Club_Site%2C_The_Sandringham_estate._-_geograph.org.uk_-_360116.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Camping and Caravanning Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping_and_Caravanning_Club"},{"title":"Caravan parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravan_parks"}]
[{"reference":"\"The history of The Club\". Caravan Club website. Archived from the original on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080723055302/http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/about-us/the-caravan-club/the-history-of-the-club/","url_text":"\"The history of The Club\""},{"url":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/about-us/the-caravan-club/the-history-of-the-club/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Club facts\". Caravan Club website. Retrieved 1 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/about-us/the-caravan-club/club-facts/","url_text":"\"Club facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"New brand\". Caravan and Motorhome Club. Retrieved 26 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caravanclub.co.uk/discover/","url_text":"\"New brand\""}]},{"reference":"Leaning, Tom (22 February 2017). \"The Caravan Club rebrands as The Caravan and Motorhome Club\". CaravanTimes.co.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caravantimes.co.uk/news/clubs/caravan-club/the-caravan-club-rebrands-as-the-caravan-and-motorhome-club-$21387324.htm","url_text":"\"The Caravan Club rebrands as The Caravan and Motorhome Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club organisation\". Caravan Club website. Retrieved 3 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/about-us/the-caravan-club/club-organisation/","url_text":"\"Club organisation\""}]},{"reference":"\"CL of the year\". Caravan Club website. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617032519/http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/Planning%2Byour%2Btrip/UK%2BTrips/The%2BSite%2Bnetwork/Certificated%2BLocations/CL%2Bof%2Bthe%2Byear/","url_text":"\"CL of the year\""},{"url":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/Planning+your+trip/UK+Trips/The+Site+network/Certificated+Locations/CL+of+the+year/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act (1960)\". UK Statute Law Database. Retrieved 1 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/legResults.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=caravan&Year=1960&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&TYPE=QS&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=1178312&PageNumber=1&SortAlpha=0","url_text":"\"The Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act (1960)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Caravans Act (Northern Ireland) (1963)\". UK Statute Law Database. Retrieved 1 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/legResults.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=caravans&Year=1963&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&TYPE=QS&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=1905383&PageNumber=1&SortAlpha=0","url_text":"\"The Caravans Act (Northern Ireland) (1963)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The National\". Caravan Club website. Retrieved 2 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/news-and-events/events/club-events/the-national/","url_text":"\"The National\""}]},{"reference":"\"Caravan Club Insurance products\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/insurance","url_text":"\"Caravan Club Insurance products\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alliances\". Caravan Club website. Retrieved 2 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/About+us/Alliances/Alliances.htm","url_text":"\"Alliances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major IT outage denies happy campers their caravan holidays\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.com/2024/01/24/major_it_outage_at_caravan/","url_text":"\"Major IT outage denies happy campers their caravan holidays\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/","external_links_name":"www.caravanclub.co.uk"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080723055302/http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/about-us/the-caravan-club/the-history-of-the-club/","external_links_name":"\"The history of The Club\""},{"Link":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/about-us/the-caravan-club/the-history-of-the-club/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/about-us/the-caravan-club/club-facts/","external_links_name":"\"Club facts\""},{"Link":"https://www.caravanclub.co.uk/discover/","external_links_name":"\"New brand\""},{"Link":"http://www.caravantimes.co.uk/news/clubs/caravan-club/the-caravan-club-rebrands-as-the-caravan-and-motorhome-club-$21387324.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Caravan Club rebrands as The Caravan and Motorhome Club\""},{"Link":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/about-us/the-caravan-club/club-organisation/","external_links_name":"\"Club organisation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617032519/http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/Planning%2Byour%2Btrip/UK%2BTrips/The%2BSite%2Bnetwork/Certificated%2BLocations/CL%2Bof%2Bthe%2Byear/","external_links_name":"\"CL of the year\""},{"Link":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/Planning+your+trip/UK+Trips/The+Site+network/Certificated+Locations/CL+of+the+year/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/legResults.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=caravan&Year=1960&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&TYPE=QS&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=1178312&PageNumber=1&SortAlpha=0","external_links_name":"\"The Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act (1960)\""},{"Link":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/legResults.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=caravans&Year=1963&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&TYPE=QS&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=1905383&PageNumber=1&SortAlpha=0","external_links_name":"\"The Caravans Act (Northern Ireland) (1963)\""},{"Link":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/news-and-events/events/club-events/the-national/","external_links_name":"\"The National\""},{"Link":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/insurance","external_links_name":"\"Caravan Club Insurance products\""},{"Link":"http://www.caravanclub.co.uk/About+us/Alliances/Alliances.htm","external_links_name":"\"Alliances\""},{"Link":"https://www.theregister.com/2024/01/24/major_it_outage_at_caravan/","external_links_name":"\"Major IT outage denies happy campers their caravan holidays\""},{"Link":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/legResults.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=caravan&Year=1960&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&TYPE=QS&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=1178312&PageNumber=1&SortAlpha=0","external_links_name":"Legislation: The Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act (1960)"},{"Link":"http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/legResults.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&title=caravans&Year=1963&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&TYPE=QS&NavFrom=0&activeTextDocId=1905383&PageNumber=1&SortAlpha=0","external_links_name":"Legislation: The Caravans Act (Northern Ireland) 1963 Chapter 17"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandy_Sakano
Dandy Sakano
["1 External links","2 References"]
Japanese comedian (born 1967) Dandy SakanoBirth nameKenichi SakanoBorn (1967-01-16) January 16, 1967 (age 57)MediumtelevisionNationalityJapaneseWebsiteofficial blogSame year/generation as:Shinagawa ShojiBakarhythm Dandy Sakano (ダンディ坂野) (born Kenichi Sakano in Kaga, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan on January 16, 1967) is a Japanese comedian, best known for his flamboyant clothing and "Gets" catch phrase. A former noodle shop owner, Sakano began his comedy career in 1996. His career took off in 2003 after he featured in an advert for one of Japan's biggest pizza chains, after which he appeared on chat shows and his catchphrase became known all over Japan. In recent years, he formed a group called One Hit Wonder with three other comedians that gained temporary fame for a single gimmick. Sakano has also appeared in an advert for the insect spray Kincho, which is famous for producing silly ads in Japan. Although he can't speak English, Sakano travelled to Dundee, Scotland, in February 2011, with the aim of making 100 people laugh. He chose the city because its name sounded similar to his. Sakano's trip was filmed for a TV show being made for Teijin Ltd, a synthetic-fibre recycling company from Japan; the premise was the "recycling" of a TV star. In one of the show's scenes, Sakano was made an honorary "Dundonian" (native of Dundee). In December 2012 it was announced that Sakano will be appearing in a film version of Kazuto Okada's dark romantic comedy manga Ibitsu, directed by Toshiyuki Morioka. Sakano will play the role of a bar owner. External links (Japanese) Dandy Sakano's Official Blog References ^ a b c Good luck with that pal: Japanese comedian tries to make 100 Dundonians laugh The Daily Record. Published 10 February 2011. Accessed 11 February 2011 ^ IKKO's professionalism; Hidehiko Ishizuka returns to `Doyo Wide Gekijo'; CM of the week: Kincho The Japan Times Online. Published 10 February 2011. Accessed 30 May 2010 ^ Did you hear the one about the Japanese comic who tried to make 100 Dundonians smile? Archived 2011-02-11 at the Wayback Machine STV, Scotland. Published 9 February 2011. Accessed 13 February 2011 ^ Ibitsu Romantic Comedy Manga Gets Live-Action Film Anime News Network. Published 10 December 2012. Accessed 22 December 2012 ^ Soul of Rock Gag Comedy Manga Gets Film Anime News Network. Published 12 December 2011. Accessed 22 December 2012
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaga,_Ishikawa"},{"link_name":"Ishikawa Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100Dundonians-1"},{"link_name":"pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pizza"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100Dundonians-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Teijin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teijin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100Dundonians-1"},{"link_name":"Dundonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundonian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"romantic comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_comedy"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga"},{"link_name":"Ibitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibitsu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Dandy Sakano (ダンディ坂野) (born Kenichi Sakano in Kaga, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan on January 16, 1967) is a Japanese comedian, best known for his flamboyant clothing and \"Gets\" catch phrase.[1]A former noodle shop owner, Sakano began his comedy career in 1996. His career took off in 2003 after he featured in an advert for one of Japan's biggest pizza chains, after which he appeared on chat shows and his catchphrase became known all over Japan. In recent years, he formed a group called One Hit Wonder with three other comedians that gained temporary fame for a single gimmick.[1] Sakano has also appeared in an advert for the insect spray Kincho, which is famous for producing silly ads in Japan.[2]Although he can't speak English, Sakano travelled to Dundee, Scotland, in February 2011, with the aim of making 100 people laugh. He chose the city because its name sounded similar to his. Sakano's trip was filmed for a TV show being made for Teijin Ltd, a synthetic-fibre recycling company from Japan; the premise was the \"recycling\" of a TV star.[1] In one of the show's scenes, Sakano was made an honorary \"Dundonian\" (native of Dundee).[3]In December 2012 it was announced that Sakano will be appearing in a film version of Kazuto Okada's dark romantic comedy manga Ibitsu, directed by Toshiyuki Morioka.[4] Sakano will play the role of a bar owner.[5]","title":"Dandy Sakano"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://ameblo.jp/dandy-sakano/","external_links_name":"official blog"},{"Link":"http://ameblo.jp/dandy-sakano/","external_links_name":"Dandy Sakano's Official Blog"},{"Link":"http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/editors-choice/2011/02/10/good-luck-with-that-pal-japanese-comedian-tries-to-make-100-dundonians-laugh-86908-22912501/","external_links_name":"Good luck with that pal: Japanese comedian tries to make 100 Dundonians laugh"},{"Link":"http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fd20100530cs.html","external_links_name":"IKKO's professionalism; Hidehiko Ishizuka returns to `Doyo Wide Gekijo'; CM of the week: Kincho"},{"Link":"http://news.stv.tv/scotland/tayside/226697-japanese-comedian-tries-to-make-100-dundonians-smile/","external_links_name":"Did you hear the one about the Japanese comic who tried to make 100 Dundonians smile?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110211204431/http://news.stv.tv/scotland/tayside/226697-japanese-comedian-tries-to-make-100-dundonians-smile/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2012-12-09/ibitsu-romantic-comedy-manga-gets-live-action-film","external_links_name":"Ibitsu Romantic Comedy Manga Gets Live-Action Film"},{"Link":"http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-12-11/soul-of-rock-gag-comedy-manga-gets-film","external_links_name":"Soul of Rock Gag Comedy Manga Gets Film"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Angora
Battle of Ankara
["1 Background","2 Troops","3 Battle positioning","4 Battle","5 Aftermath","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Sources","9.1 Journals","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 40°09′N 32°57′E / 40.150°N 32.950°E / 40.150; 32.9501402 Battle near Ankara between the Timurid Empire and the Ottoman Sultanate Battle of AnkaraBattle Of Ankara, Mughal illustrationDate20 July 1402LocationÇubuk plain near Ankara40°09′N 32°57′E / 40.150°N 32.950°E / 40.150; 32.950Result Timurid victory Start of the Ottoman InterregnumBelligerents Timurid EmpireAq QoyunluGermiyanids Ottoman SultanatePrincipality of KastriotiMoravian SerbiaDistrict of BrankovićAnatolian beyliks and Black TatarsCommanders and leaders TimurShah RukhKhalil SultanMiran ShahSultan Husayn TayichiudMuhammad Sultan MirzaPir MuhammadShah-i-ShahanUthman BegYakup II of Germiyan Bayezid I (POW)Süleyman ÇelebiMehmed Çelebiİsa ÇelebiMusa Çelebi (POW)Mustafa Çelebi (POW)Stefan Lazarević Vuk Lazarević Đurađ BrankovićGjon KastriotiKoja Zaharia Dhimitër JonimaStrength 140,000 85,000–120,000class=notpageimage| Location within Turkey vteTimurid conquests and invasionsCentral Asia Belh Tashkent Balkh Persia Isfahan Tokhtamysh–Timur war Kondurcha River Terek River Georgia Tbilisi Alinja Birtvisi North Caucasia Uskhudzhe India Multan Delhi Levant Aleppo Damascus Anatolia 1st Ankara 2nd Ankara Smyrna The Battle of Ankara or Angora (Ottoman Turkish: آنقره محاربه‌سی, romanized: Anḳara Muḥârebesi) was fought on 20 July 1402 at the Çubuk plain near Ankara, between the forces of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I and the emir of the Timurid Empire, Timur. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to the Ottoman Interregnum. Background Timur, a Turco-Mongol from Transoxiana (now Uzbekistan), had built an empire in Central Asia over the years, and became the most powerful ruler in Central Asia since Genghis Khan. He sought to rebuild the once great Mongol Empire. In the 1380s and 1390s, he invaded and conquered parts of Persia (including Azerbaijan and Upper Mesopotamia), ravaged southern Russia and Ukraine (1395–96), and sacked Delhi (1398). Although there had been tensions between the Ottomans and Mongols, nothing would warrant a war, until Bayezid demanded tribute from an emir loyal to Timur, which he understood to be a personal affront and a reason for war. In 1400–01 Timur took Sivas from the Ottomans, parts of Syria from the Mamluks, and next directed towards Anatolia. Meanwhile, in 1402, the Ottomans had been campaigning in Europe. Bayezid broke off the blockade of Constantinople and marched to Ankara after Timur again moved his army to the southeast in the summer of 1402. Troops It is estimated that the Timurid army counted 140,000, mostly cavalry, and also 32 war elephants. Bayezid's army numbered 85,000. Historical sources exaggerated the number of troops to unrealistic proportions: Ahmad ibn Arabshah claimed 800,000 Timurid troops, while a German witness claimed 1.6 million, for instance. The Ottoman force included contingents under his sons, Ghazis, Janissaries, Anatolian Muslim vassals, and various European (Balkan Christian) vassals. Among Serbian vassals participating were Stefan Lazarević, Vuk Lazarević, Đurađ Branković and his brother Grgur Branković, and among Albanian were Koja Zakarija, Demetrius Jonima, Gjon Kastrioti, and probably Tanush Dukagjini. Christian vassals that did not participate include Zetan Konstantin Balšić. A quarter of the Ottoman troops were recently conquered Tatars. Battle positioning Bayezid reluctantly withdrew his forces from the blockade of Constantinople and marched them through the midsummer heat. When they arrived, they were tired and thirsty, but were allowed no time to rest or recuperate. Bayezid was advised by his generals to take up defensive positions and, when Timur's forces pushed back the Ottomans, to withdraw into the mountains and force Timur to break ranks and attempt to hunt the Ottomans in their own terrain during the midsummer heat. Bayezid instead chose to take an offensive stance and marched eastward. Advancing Ottoman scouts found no traces of the Timurids, who secretly marched southwest, rested, and were situated to the rear of the Ottomans. The Timurids encamped in the same locations that the Ottomans had previously occupied, making use of abandoned tents and water sources. In the Timurid army, Timur commanded the centre, his sons Miran and Rukh the right and left, respectively, and his grandsons the vanguard. In the Ottoman army, Bayezid commanded the centre with Janissaries, his son Suleyman the left flank with the best troops, Stefan Lazarević the right with the Balkan troops, and his son Mehmed the rear guard. Ottoman Turkish cartographic depiction of the battle by Ahmet Rasim. Battle This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Army positions at the beginning of the battle. The battle began with a large-scale attack from the Ottomans, countered by swarms of arrows from the Timurid horse archers. Several thousand were killed and many surrendered to Timur. Stefan Lazarević and his knights successfully fought off the Timurid assaults and cut through the Mongol ranks three times. Each time Stefan advised Bayezid to break out with him, Bayezid declined to do so. But the Serbians managed to save one of Bayezid's sons and the treasury from the Mongols and made their way to Constantinople. The Serbian troops wore heavy black plate armour which was very effective against the Timurid arrows. Timur admired the Serbian troops who according to him "fight like lions". During the battle the main water supply of both armies, Çubuk creek, was diverted to an off-stream reservoir near the town of Çubuk by Timur, which left the Ottoman army with no water. The final battle took place at Catal hill, dominating the Çubuk valley. The Ottoman army, both thirsty and tired, was defeated, though Bayezid managed to escape to the nearby mountains with a few hundred horsemen. However, Timur had the mountains surrounded and, heavily outnumbering Bayezid, soon captured him. He died in captivity three months later. Already heavily outnumbered, the Ottoman army was further weakened by the desertion of the Black Tatars and the Sipahis from the Anatolian beyliks, who left Bayezid's side and joined Timur's forces. Aftermath Cigarette card depiction of Bayezid I in front of Timur. After the battle, Timur moved through western Anatolia to the Aegean coast, where he besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers. The battle was catastrophic for the Ottoman state, fracturing what remained and bringing almost total collapse of the empire. This resulted in a civil war among Bayezid's sons. The Ottoman civil war continued for another 11 years (1413) following the Battle of Ankara. The battle is also significant in Ottoman history as being the only time a Sultan was captured in person. See also Siege of Ankara Notes ^ Anatolian Beyliks and Black Tatars defected to Timurid side during course of the battle. References ^ Facts On File, Inc. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-1438126760. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2021. ^ Yaşar Yüce; Ali Sevim (1991). Türkiye tarihi (in Turkish). Vol. 1. İstanbul: AKDTYKTTK Yayınları. p. 226. ^ Nicolle 1983, p. 29. ^ a b c Nicolle 1983, p. 29 he sizes of the two armies are reliably estimated at 140,000 on Timur's side and no more than 85,000 under Sultan Bayezid I ^ Creasy 1878, p. 47. ^ Creasy 1878, pp. 52–55. ^ Tucker 2010, p. 139. ^ Manz 1998, p. 25. ^ Tucker 2010, pp. 139–140. ^ a b c d e f g h Tucker 2010, p. 140. ^ Edward Gibbon; Henry Hart Milman (1899) The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Vol. 6, Peter Fenelon New York: Collier; p. 263 ^ a b Kafadar 1996, p. 18. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 499. ^ a b Fine 1994, p. 422. ^ Kinross 1977, p. 74. ^ Tucker 2010, p. 141. ^ Goody 2004, p. 53. ^ Nicholson 2001, p. 54. Sources Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd (1878). History of the Ottoman Turks, from the beginning of their empire to the present time. New York, Holt. Dahmus, Joseph Henry (1983). "Angora". Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Burnham Incorporated Pub. Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) . The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5. Goody, Jack (2004). Islam in Europe. Polity Press. Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1. Kafadar, Cemal (1996). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. University of California Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-520-20600-7. Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–13. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2247-1. Kinross, Patrick Balfour Baron (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-03093-3. Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1998). "Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. 8 (1 (Apr)). Cambridge University Press: 21–41. doi:10.1017/S1356186300016412. S2CID 154734091. Nicholson, Helen J. (2001). The Knights Hospitaller. Boydell Press. Nicolle, David (1983). Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-0-85045-511-3. Pears, Edwin (1923). The Ottoman Turks to the Fall of Constantinople. Cambridge University Press. pp. 653–705. Tucker, Spencer (2010). "Battle of Ankara". Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. Vol. One. ABC-CLIO. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0. Journals Craig, Simon (2002). "Battle of Ankara: Collision of Empires". Military History. 19 (3): 58–65. Knobler, Adam (1995). "The Rise of Tīmūr and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. 5 (3): 341–349. doi:10.1017/S135618630000660X. S2CID 162421202. Lopandić, Duško (2011). "Битка код Ангоре" . Политикин Забавник. 3101. Şenlen, Sıla (2015). "Ankara Savaşı ve I. Sultan Bayezid'in Timurlenk'e Esir Düşmesinin Sahneye Yansıması" . OTAM Ankara: 123–133. doi:10.1501/OTAM_0000000300. External links "Ankara, Battle of" in The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 423. vteBattles involving the Ottoman Empire by eraRise(1299–1453)Land battles Kulaca Hisar Bapheus Dimbos Nicaea Pelekanon Demotika Gallipoli Ihtiman Adrianople Sırp Sındığı Samokov Maritsa Philadelphia Dubravnica Savra Pločnik Bileća Kosovo Kırkdilim Karanovasa Rovine Ohrid Nicopolis Ankara Çamurlu Thessalonica Golubac Novo Brdo Hermannstadt 1st Niš Zlatitsa Kunovica Torvioll Varna 1st Mokra Otonetë 1st Oranik 2nd Kosovo Polog Constantinople Naval battles Gallipoli Classical Age(1453–1550)Land battles Leskovac Krusevac 2nd Oranik 1st Belgrade Albulena Târgoviște 2nd Mokra Ohrid Vaikal Meçad Otlukbeli Vaslui Valea Albă Shkodra Breadfield Una Adana Cătlăbuga Vrpile Krbava Dubica Çaldıran Turnadag Algiers Koçhisar Mercidabık Han Yunus Ridanieh Jajce Tlemcen 1st Mohács Peñón of Algiers Leobersdorf Gorjani Baghdad Algiers Pest Esztergom Karagak Sokhoista Naval battles Zonchio Modon Balearic Diu 1st Jeddah Formentera Tunis Preveza Girolata Alborán Ponza Strait of Hormuz Gulf of Oman Djerba Transformation(1550–1700)Land battles Tlemcen Temesvár Palast Fez Tadla Tlemcen Mostaganem Krupa Szigeth Fez Gvozdansko Çıldır Torches Alcácer Quibir 1st Brest Bihać Sisak Banat Călugăreni Giurgiu 2nd Brest Keresztes Nagykanizsa Sufiyan Tashiskari Cecora 1st Khotyn Candia Köbölkút Jurjeve Stijene 1st Zrínyiújvár 2nd Zrínyiújvár Novi Zrin Jijel Saint Gotthard Ładyżyn Krasnobród Niemirów Komarno 2nd Khotyn Lwów Trembowla 2nd Vienna Párkány Buda Vác Eperjes Kassa Vrtijeljka 2nd Mohács Crimea Negroponte Batočina 2nd Niš Zernest Egri Palanka Slankamen Hodów Ustechko Moulouya Lugos Ulaş Azov Zenta Naval battles Cyprus Lepanto Tunis Cape Corvo Cape Celidonia Focchies 1st Dardanelles 2nd Dardanelles 3rd Dardanelles 4th Dardanelles Algiers Algiers Algiers Mytilene Oinousses Andros Samothrace Old Regime(1700–1789)Land battles Chelif Oran Pruth Petrovaradin 2nd Belgrade Kurijan Samarra Kirkuk Yeghevārd Ganja Banja Luka Grocka Perekop 1st Ochakov Stavunchany 1st Kars Khresili Aspindza Larga Kagul Kozludzha Kinburn 2nd Ochakov Mehadia Karánsebes Naval battles Imbros Matapan Çeşme Patras 1st Kerch Strait 2nd Ochakov Fidonisi Modernization(1789–1908)Land battles Focșani Rymnik Giurgiu Izmail Măcin Shubra Khit Pyramids 1st Acre Mount Tabor Abukir Heliopolis Derna Arpachai Batin Slobozia Al-Safra Jeddah Čegar Alamana Gravia Erzurum Valtetsi Doliana Lalas Drăgășani Sculeni Vasilika Peta Dervenakia Karpenisi Arachova Kamatero Phaleron Petra 2nd Kars Varna Akhaltsikhe Kulevicha Algiers 2nd Acre Hims Konya Nezib Akhaltsikhe Başgedikler Kurekdere Oltenița Eupatoria Chernaya 3rd Kars Al-Hasa Kızıl Tepe Shipka Pass Plevna Aladzha 4th Kars Philippopolis Taşkesen Novšiće Ulcinj Mouzaki Al Wajbah Velestino Domokos Naval battles Andros 2nd Kerch Strait Tendra Kaliakra 5th Dardanelles 6th Dardanelles Athos Algiers Nauplia Samos Gerontas Navarino Sinop For 20th-century battles before 1914 see List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century For the battles during World War I see List of Ottoman battles in World War I Ottoman victories are in italics. vteWars and battles involving SerbsMedievalSerbian–Bulgarian Bulgar–Serb War (839–842) Bulgar–Serb War (853) Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924 Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt Bulgarian-Serb War (998) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291) Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330) Battle of Velbazhd Serbian–Ottoman Early skirmishes Battle of Gallipoli Battle of Stephaniana Battle of Demotika in 1352 Battle of Sırp Sındığı in 1364 Fall of the Serbian Empire Battle of Maritsa in 1371 Battle of Dubravnica in 1381 Battle of Savra in 1385 Battle of Pločnik in 1386 Battle of Kosovo in 1389 Serbian Despotate Battle of Karanovasa Battle of Tripolje in 1402 Siege of Novo Brdo in 1412 Battle of Vitosha Pass in 1413 Battle of Carmorlu First Scutari War Second Scutari War Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425 Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427 Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437 Battle of Trnava (1430) Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438 Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444) Crusade of Varna Battle of Nish (1443) Battle of Zlatitsa in 1443 Battle of Kunovica in 1444 Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455) Battle of Kruševac in 1454 Battle of Leskovac in 1454 Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456 Siege of Belgrade Siege of Smederevo Ottoman invasion and conquest of Serbia in 1459 Battle of Breadfield in 1479 Ottoman conquest of Zeta in 1499 Serbian–Byzantine Serb Uprising of 1038–1042 Battle of Bar Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje Battle of Zvečan (1094) Battle of Haram Siege of Ras (1127) Battle of Tara (1150) Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155) Siege of Braničevo (1154) Battle of Pantina Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129) Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328 Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by Syrgiannes Palaiologos (1334) Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 Other Hungarian invasions of Europe 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Ottomans Long War (Ottoman wars) (1593–1606) Banat Uprising (1594) Serb Uprising of 1596–1597 Battle of Mohács (1687) Uprising in Vučitrn Serb uprising of 1737–1739 Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion Battle of Martinići (1796) Battle of Krusi Battle of Lopate Venice Morean War Cretan War (1645–1669) Great Turkish War Battle on Vrtijeljka Battle of Slankamen Battle of Senta Russia Serbian Hussar Regiment Pruth River Campaign War of the Polish Succession Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) Seven Years' War 19th centurySerbian Revolution First Serbian Uprising Vračar Rudnik Svileuva Batočina and Jagodina Kragujevac Drlupa Čokešina Šabac Požarevac Karanovac Adakale Ivankovac Rudnik Vrbica Mišar Deligrad Belgrade (1806) Liberation of Belgrade Loznica Malajnica and Štubik Čegar Jasika Prahovo Suvodol Drina Varvarin Loznica Mačva Ravnje Hadži Prodan's Revolt Second Serbian Uprising Ljubić Čačak Palež Požarevac Rudnik Družetić Kragujevac Jagodina Karanovac Batočina Užice Valjevo Batočina Ottoman Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853) Battle of Grahovac Battle of Kolašin Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862) Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878) Battle of Vučji Do Battle of Fundina Battles for Plav and Gusinje Velika attacks Battle of Novšiće Battle of Murino Other Kumanovo uprising Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814 Jančić's rebellion Priest Jovica's Rebellion Several battles of Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Battle of Vršac (1849) Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878) Battle of Vranje Siege of Cattaro Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862) Krivošije uprising (1869) Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) AU-BiH War Battle of Jajce (1878) Battle of Vitez (1878) Battle of Sarajevo (1878) Serbo-Bulgarian War Battle of Pirot Battle of Slivnitsa 20th centuryMacedonian Struggle Fight on Šuplji Kamen Fight on Čelopek Fight in Tabanovce Fight in Velika Hoča Fight on Čelopek (1906) Battle of Pirot (1913) Balkan Wars First Balkan War Battle of Kumanovo Battle of Prilep Battle of Monastir Siege of Scutari Siege of Adrianople Siege of Odrin (1912–1913) Second Balkan War Battle of Bregalnica Battle of Kalimanci Battle of Knjaževac Siege of Vidin (1913) Ohrid–Debar uprising World War I Montenegrin campaign Battle of Mojkovac Serbian campaign Battle of Cer Battle of the Crna Bend (1916) Battle of Bazargic Battle of Dobro Pole Battle of the Drina Battle of Florina Battle of Kaymakchalan Battle of Kolubara Kosovo offensive (1915) Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918) Battle of Malka Nidzhe Macedonian front Monastir offensive Morava Offensive Ovče Pole Offensive Vardar offensive Srem Offensive Toplica Uprising Interwar Carinthia War Uprising in Drenica Christmas Uprising Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921) Drenica-Junik Uprising World War II Invasion of Yugoslavia Uprising in Serbia (1941) Uprising in Montenegro (1941) June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina Battle of Novi Pazar Battle of Pljevlja Battle of Kozara Battle of Loznica (1941) Battle of Livno Battle of Neretva Battle of the Sutjeska Raid on Drvar Battle of Knin Battle of Mostar Battle of Lijevče Field 1942 Montenegro offensive Bihać Operation Battle of Batina Belgrade Offensive Capture of Banja Koviljača Case Black Case White Operation Draufgänger Kozara Offensive Battle of Kupres (1942) Battle of Višegrad Mostar operation Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive Niš operation Battle of Odžak Capture of Olovo (1941) Operation Alfa Operation Delphin Operation Kopaonik Operation Kugelblitz Operation Mihailovic Operation Southeast Croatia Operation Trio Operation Uzice Battle of Poljana Operation Prijedor Siege of Rogatica (1941) Operation Rösselsprung (1944) Kosovo Operation (1944) Operation Spring Awakening Srb uprising Stratsin-Kumanovo operation Syrmian Front Battle of Zvornik Battle of Sarajevo (1945) Battle of Zelengora Croatian War Pakrac clash Plitvice Lakes incident Battle of Borovo Selo Operation Stinger 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia Battle of Osijek Battle 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Timurid_conquests_and_invasions"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Timurid_conquests_and_invasions"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Timurid_conquests_and_invasions"},{"link_name":"Timurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur"},{"link_name":"conquests and invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_conquests_and_invasions"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur#Rise_to_power"},{"link_name":"Belh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belh"},{"link_name":"Tashkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tashkent"},{"link_name":"Balkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Balkh_(1370)"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur#Conquest_of_Persia"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Isfahan_(1387)"},{"link_name":"Tokhtamysh–Timur war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokhtamysh%E2%80%93Timur_war"},{"link_name":"Kondurcha River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kondurcha_River"},{"link_name":"Terek River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Terek_River"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_invasions_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tbilisi_(1386)"},{"link_name":"Alinja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alinja"},{"link_name":"Birtvisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Birtvisi_(1403)"},{"link_name":"North Caucasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_invasion_of_Simsim"},{"link_name":"Uskhudzhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ushkudzhe"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur#Campaign_against_the_Tughlaq_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Multan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1398)"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi_(1398)"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur#Campaigns_in_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"Aleppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Aleppo_(1400)"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1400)"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur#Campaigns_in_the_Levant"},{"link_name":"1st Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ankara"},{"link_name":"2nd Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ottoman_Turkish"},{"link_name":"Çubuk plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ubuk,_Ankara"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"Bayezid I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_I"},{"link_name":"Timur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Interregnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECreasy187852%E2%80%9355-7"}],"text":"1402 Battle near Ankara between the Timurid Empire and the Ottoman SultanatevteTimurid conquests and invasionsCentral Asia \nBelh\nTashkent\nBalkh\nPersia\n\nIsfahan\nTokhtamysh–Timur war\n\nKondurcha River\nTerek River\nGeorgia\n\nTbilisi\nAlinja\nBirtvisi\nNorth Caucasia\n\nUskhudzhe\nIndia\n\nMultan\nDelhi\nLevant \n\nAleppo\nDamascus\nAnatolia\n\n1st Ankara\n2nd Ankara\nSmyrnaThe Battle of Ankara or Angora (Ottoman Turkish: آنقره محاربه‌سی, romanized: Anḳara Muḥârebesi) was fought on 20 July 1402 at the Çubuk plain near Ankara, between the forces of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I and the emir of the Timurid Empire, Timur. The battle was a major victory for Timur, and it led to the Ottoman Interregnum.[6]","title":"Battle of Ankara"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turco-Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition"},{"link_name":"Transoxiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transoxiana"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Genghis Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010139-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManz199825-9"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Upper Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010139%E2%80%93140-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010140-11"},{"link_name":"Sivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivas,_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010140-11"},{"link_name":"blockade of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1394%E2%80%931402)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010140-11"}],"text":"Timur, a Turco-Mongol from Transoxiana (now Uzbekistan), had built an empire in Central Asia over the years, and became the most powerful ruler in Central Asia since Genghis Khan.[7] He sought to rebuild the once great Mongol Empire.[8] In the 1380s and 1390s, he invaded and conquered parts of Persia (including Azerbaijan and Upper Mesopotamia), ravaged southern Russia and Ukraine (1395–96), and sacked Delhi (1398).[9] Although there had been tensions between the Ottomans and Mongols, nothing would warrant a war, until Bayezid demanded tribute from an emir loyal to Timur, which he understood to be a personal affront and a reason for war.[10] In 1400–01 Timur took Sivas from the Ottomans, parts of Syria from the Mamluks, and next directed towards Anatolia.[10]Meanwhile, in 1402, the Ottomans had been campaigning in Europe. Bayezid broke off the blockade of Constantinople and marched to Ankara after Timur again moved his army to the southeast in the summer of 1402.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicolle-est-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010140-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicolle-est-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010140-11"},{"link_name":"Ahmad ibn Arabshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Arabshah"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ghazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)"},{"link_name":"Janissaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissaries"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafadar199618-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafadar199618-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994499-14"},{"link_name":"Stefan Lazarević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Vuk Lazarević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuk_Lazarevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Đurađ Branković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994499-14"},{"link_name":"Koja Zakarija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koja_Zakarija"},{"link_name":"Demetrius Jonima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_Jonima"},{"link_name":"Gjon Kastrioti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjon_Kastrioti"},{"link_name":"Tanush Dukagjini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanush_Dukagjini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994422-15"},{"link_name":"Konstantin Balšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994422-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010140-11"}],"text":"It is estimated that the Timurid army counted 140,000,[4] mostly cavalry, and also 32 war elephants.[10] Bayezid's army numbered 85,000.[4][10] Historical sources exaggerated the number of troops to unrealistic proportions: Ahmad ibn Arabshah claimed 800,000 Timurid troops, while a German witness claimed 1.6 million, for instance.[11]The Ottoman force included contingents under his sons, Ghazis, Janissaries, Anatolian Muslim vassals,[12] and various European (Balkan Christian[12]) vassals.[13] Among Serbian vassals participating were Stefan Lazarević, Vuk Lazarević, Đurađ Branković and his brother Grgur Branković,[13] and among Albanian were Koja Zakarija, Demetrius Jonima, Gjon Kastrioti, and probably Tanush Dukagjini.[14] Christian vassals that did not participate include Zetan Konstantin Balšić.[14] A quarter of the Ottoman troops were recently conquered Tatars.[10]","title":"Troops"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinross197774-16"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010140-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010140-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Ankara,_Ahmet_Rasim.png"},{"link_name":"Ahmet Rasim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Rasim"}],"text":"Bayezid reluctantly withdrew his forces from the blockade of Constantinople and marched them through the midsummer heat. When they arrived, they were tired and thirsty, but were allowed no time to rest or recuperate. Bayezid was advised by his generals to take up defensive positions and, when Timur's forces pushed back the Ottomans, to withdraw into the mountains and force Timur to break ranks and attempt to hunt the Ottomans in their own terrain during the midsummer heat. Bayezid instead chose to take an offensive stance and marched eastward. Advancing Ottoman scouts found no traces of the Timurids, who secretly marched southwest, rested, and were situated to the rear of the Ottomans. The Timurids encamped in the same locations that the Ottomans had previously occupied, making use of abandoned tents and water sources.[15]In the Timurid army, Timur commanded the centre, his sons Miran and Rukh the right and left, respectively, and his grandsons the vanguard.[10]In the Ottoman army, Bayezid commanded the centre with Janissaries, his son Suleyman the left flank with the best troops, Stefan Lazarević the right with the Balkan troops, and his son Mehmed the rear guard.[10]Ottoman Turkish cartographic depiction of the battle by Ahmet Rasim.","title":"Battle positioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ankara_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_plan.svg"},{"link_name":"horse archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounted_archery"},{"link_name":"Çubuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ubuk"},{"link_name":"Ottoman army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_army"},{"link_name":"Black Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarai_Turks"},{"link_name":"Sipahis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipahis"},{"link_name":"Anatolian beyliks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2010141-17"}],"text":"Army positions at the beginning of the battle.The battle began with a large-scale attack from the Ottomans, countered by swarms of arrows from the Timurid horse archers. Several thousand were killed and many surrendered to Timur. Stefan Lazarević and his knights successfully fought off the Timurid assaults and cut through the Mongol ranks three times. Each time Stefan advised Bayezid to break out with him, Bayezid declined to do so. But the Serbians managed to save one of Bayezid's sons and the treasury from the Mongols and made their way to Constantinople. The Serbian troops wore heavy black plate armour which was very effective against the Timurid arrows. Timur admired the Serbian troops who according to him \"fight like lions\". During the battle the main water supply of both armies, Çubuk creek, was diverted to an off-stream reservoir near the town of Çubuk by Timur, which left the Ottoman army with no water. The final battle took place at Catal hill, dominating the Çubuk valley. The Ottoman army, both thirsty and tired, was defeated, though Bayezid managed to escape to the nearby mountains with a few hundred horsemen. However, Timur had the mountains surrounded and, heavily outnumbering Bayezid, soon captured him. He died in captivity three months later. Already heavily outnumbered, the Ottoman army was further weakened by the desertion of the Black Tatars and the Sipahis from the Anatolian beyliks, who left Bayezid's side and joined Timur's forces.[16]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ankara_sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_Bayezid_ve_Timur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cigarette card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_card"},{"link_name":"besieged and took","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Smyrna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smyrna"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitalers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitalers"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoody200453-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson200154-19"},{"link_name":"civil war among Bayezid's sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum"}],"text":"Cigarette card depiction of Bayezid I in front of Timur.After the battle, Timur moved through western Anatolia to the Aegean coast, where he besieged and took the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers.[17][18]\nThe battle was catastrophic for the Ottoman state, fracturing what remained and bringing almost total collapse of the empire. This resulted in a civil war among Bayezid's sons. The Ottoman civil war continued for another 11 years (1413) following the Battle of Ankara.The battle is also significant in Ottoman history as being the only time a Sultan was captured in person.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"}],"text":"^ Anatolian Beyliks and Black Tatars defected to Timurid side during course of the battle.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the Ottoman Turks, from the beginning of their empire to the present time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/historyofottoman00creauoft"},{"link_name":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr."},{"link_name":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-472-08260-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5"},{"link_name":"The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8135-1304-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"},{"link_name":"Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LsP-2y7kuJkC&pg=PA18"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-20600-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20600-7"},{"link_name":"The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=u_evCQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-474-2247-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2247-1"},{"link_name":"The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=X5pWGJGb3gUC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-688-03093-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-03093-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S1356186300016412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186300016412"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"154734091","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154734091"},{"link_name":"Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2ZslvgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-85045-511-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-511-3"},{"link_name":"The Ottoman Turks to the Fall of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cambridgemedieva04buryuoft"},{"link_name":"Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wHpVn68GCogC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59884-429-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-429-0"}],"text":"Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd (1878). History of the Ottoman Turks, from the beginning of their empire to the present time. New York, Holt.\nDahmus, Joseph Henry (1983). \"Angora\". Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Burnham Incorporated Pub.\nFine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.\nGoody, Jack (2004). Islam in Europe. Polity Press.\nGrousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.\nKafadar, Cemal (1996). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. University of California Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-520-20600-7.\nKastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–13. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2247-1.\nKinross, Patrick Balfour Baron (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-03093-3.\nManz, Beatrice Forbes (1998). \"Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. 8 (1 (Apr)). Cambridge University Press: 21–41. doi:10.1017/S1356186300016412. S2CID 154734091.\nNicholson, Helen J. (2001). The Knights Hospitaller. Boydell Press.\nNicolle, David (1983). Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-0-85045-511-3.\nPears, Edwin (1923). The Ottoman Turks to the Fall of Constantinople. Cambridge University Press. pp. 653–705.\nTucker, Spencer (2010). \"Battle of Ankara\". Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. Vol. One. ABC-CLIO. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S135618630000660X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS135618630000660X"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"162421202","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162421202"},{"link_name":"\"Битка код Ангоре\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//politikin-zabavnik.co.rs/pz/tekstovi/%D1%98uris-srpske-konjice"},{"link_name":"\"Ankara Savaşı ve I. Sultan Bayezid'in Timurlenk'e Esir Düşmesinin Sahneye Yansıması\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1501%2FOTAM_0000000300"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1501/OTAM_0000000300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1501%2FOTAM_0000000300"}],"sub_title":"Journals","text":"Craig, Simon (2002). \"Battle of Ankara: Collision of Empires\". Military History. 19 (3): 58–65.\nKnobler, Adam (1995). \"The Rise of Tīmūr and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. 5 (3): 341–349. doi:10.1017/S135618630000660X. S2CID 162421202.\nLopandić, Duško (2011). \"Битка код Ангоре\" [Battle of Angora]. Политикин Забавник. 3101.\nŞenlen, Sıla (2015). \"Ankara Savaşı ve I. Sultan Bayezid'in Timurlenk'e Esir Düşmesinin Sahneye Yansıması\" [Dramatic Representation of the Battle of Ankara and Bayezid I’s Captivation by Tamerlane]. OTAM Ankara: 123–133. doi:10.1501/OTAM_0000000300.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Ottoman Turkish cartographic depiction of the battle by Ahmet Rasim.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Battle_of_Ankara%2C_Ahmet_Rasim.png/220px-Battle_of_Ankara%2C_Ahmet_Rasim.png"},{"image_text":"Army positions at the beginning of the battle.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ankara_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_plan.svg/220px-Ankara_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_plan.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Cigarette card depiction of Bayezid I in front of Timur.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Ankara_sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_Bayezid_ve_Timur.jpg/220px-Ankara_sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_Bayezid_ve_Timur.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Siege of Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Ankara"}]
[{"reference":"Facts On File, Inc. (2009). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. ISBN 978-1438126760. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&q=qara+osman&pg=PA31","url_text":"Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438126760","url_text":"978-1438126760"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230123105433/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&q=qara+osman&pg=PA31","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Yaşar Yüce; Ali Sevim (1991). Türkiye tarihi (in Turkish). Vol. 1. İstanbul: AKDTYKTTK Yayınları. p. 226.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd (1878). History of the Ottoman Turks, from the beginning of their empire to the present time. New York, Holt.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00creauoft","url_text":"History of the Ottoman Turks, from the beginning of their empire to the present time"}]},{"reference":"Dahmus, Joseph Henry (1983). \"Angora\". Seven Decisive Battles of the Middle Ages. Burnham Incorporated Pub.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.","url_text":"Fine, John Van Antwerp Jr."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC","url_text":"The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5","url_text":"978-0-472-08260-5"}]},{"reference":"Goody, Jack (2004). Islam in Europe. Polity Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-1304-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC","url_text":"The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1","url_text":"978-0-8135-1304-1"}]},{"reference":"Kafadar, Cemal (1996). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. University of California Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-520-20600-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LsP-2y7kuJkC&pg=PA18","url_text":"Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20600-7","url_text":"978-0-520-20600-7"}]},{"reference":"Kastritsis, Dimitris (2007). The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–13. Brill. ISBN 978-90-474-2247-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=u_evCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Sons of Bayezid: Empire Building and Representation in the Ottoman Civil War of 1402–13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2247-1","url_text":"978-90-474-2247-1"}]},{"reference":"Kinross, Patrick Balfour Baron (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-03093-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X5pWGJGb3gUC","url_text":"The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-03093-3","url_text":"978-0-688-03093-3"}]},{"reference":"Manz, Beatrice Forbes (1998). \"Temür and the Problem of a Conqueror's Legacy\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. 8 (1 (Apr)). Cambridge University Press: 21–41. doi:10.1017/S1356186300016412. S2CID 154734091.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186300016412","url_text":"10.1017/S1356186300016412"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154734091","url_text":"154734091"}]},{"reference":"Nicholson, Helen J. (2001). The Knights Hospitaller. Boydell Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nicolle, David (1983). Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-0-85045-511-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZslvgAACAAJ","url_text":"Armies of the Ottoman Turks 1300–1774"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85045-511-3","url_text":"978-0-85045-511-3"}]},{"reference":"Pears, Edwin (1923). The Ottoman Turks to the Fall of Constantinople. Cambridge University Press. pp. 653–705.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgemedieva04buryuoft","url_text":"The Ottoman Turks to the Fall of Constantinople"}]},{"reference":"Tucker, Spencer (2010). \"Battle of Ankara\". Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict. Vol. One. ABC-CLIO. pp. 139–141. ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wHpVn68GCogC","url_text":"Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-429-0","url_text":"978-1-59884-429-0"}]},{"reference":"Craig, Simon (2002). \"Battle of Ankara: Collision of Empires\". Military History. 19 (3): 58–65.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Knobler, Adam (1995). \"The Rise of Tīmūr and Western Diplomatic Response, 1390–1405\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Third Series. 5 (3): 341–349. doi:10.1017/S135618630000660X. S2CID 162421202.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS135618630000660X","url_text":"10.1017/S135618630000660X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162421202","url_text":"162421202"}]},{"reference":"Lopandić, Duško (2011). \"Битка код Ангоре\" [Battle of Angora]. Политикин Забавник. 3101.","urls":[{"url":"http://politikin-zabavnik.co.rs/pz/tekstovi/%D1%98uris-srpske-konjice","url_text":"\"Битка код Ангоре\""}]},{"reference":"Şenlen, Sıla (2015). \"Ankara Savaşı ve I. Sultan Bayezid'in Timurlenk'e Esir Düşmesinin Sahneye Yansıması\" [Dramatic Representation of the Battle of Ankara and Bayezid I’s Captivation by Tamerlane]. OTAM Ankara: 123–133. doi:10.1501/OTAM_0000000300.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1501%2FOTAM_0000000300","url_text":"\"Ankara Savaşı ve I. Sultan Bayezid'in Timurlenk'e Esir Düşmesinin Sahneye Yansıması\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1501%2FOTAM_0000000300","url_text":"10.1501/OTAM_0000000300"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Eredivisie
1981–82 Eredivisie
["1 League standings","2 Results","3 See also","4 References"]
26th season of the Eredivisie Football league seasonEredivisieSeason1981–82ChampionsAFC Ajax (20th title)PromotedHFC HaarlemDe GraafschapRelegatedMVV MaastrichtFC Den HaagDe GraafschapEuropean CupAFC AjaxCup Winners' CupAZ '67UEFA CupPSV EindhovenHFC HaarlemFC UtrechtGoals scored1,014Average goals/game3.31Top goalscorer Wim Kieft AFC Ajax 32 goals← 1980–81 1982–83 → The Dutch Eredivisie in the 1981–82 season was contested by 18 teams. Ajax won the championship. From this season onwards, three clubs relegated instead of two. League standings Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification or relegation 1 AFC Ajax 34 26 4 4 117 42 +75 56 Qualified for 1982–83 European Cup. 2 PSV Eindhoven 34 24 3 7 81 38 +43 51 Qualified for 1982–83 UEFA Cup. 3 AZ '67 34 21 5 8 74 40 +34 47 Qualified for 1982–83 European Cup Winners' Cup. 4 HFC Haarlem 34 17 8 9 57 41 +16 42 Qualified for 1982–83 UEFA Cup. 5 FC Utrecht 34 17 5 12 56 38 +18 39 6 Feyenoord 34 13 12 9 61 59 +2 38 7 FC Groningen 34 14 9 11 68 58 +10 37 8 Sparta Rotterdam 34 13 10 11 61 48 +13 36 9 Roda JC 34 15 6 13 60 53 +7 36 10 Go Ahead Eagles 34 13 9 12 58 49 +9 35 11 NAC 34 12 9 13 42 48 −6 33 12 FC Twente 34 13 5 16 50 58 −8 31 13 NEC 34 11 8 15 41 62 −21 30 14 Willem II 34 10 7 17 50 64 −14 27 15 PEC Zwolle 34 8 10 16 45 69 −24 26 16 MVV Maastricht 34 6 11 17 35 70 −35 23 Relegated to Eerste Divisie. 17 FC Den Haag 34 4 5 25 29 82 −53 13 18 De Graafschap 34 3 6 25 29 95 −66 12 Source: rsssf.com Results Home \ Away AJA AZ FEY GAE GRA GRO DHA HFC MVV NAC NEC PEC PSV RJC SPA TWE UTR WIL Ajax 3–2 1–1 4–1 9–1 6–1 9–1 4–1 2–0 2–2 5–0 5–1 3–0 3–2 5–1 5–1 1–0 4–1 AZ '67 1–0 1–0 1–3 4–0 3–1 5–2 0–1 4–1 4–0 4–2 1–1 0–2 4–0 2–2 2–1 2–1 2–0 Feyenoord 2–2 4–2 2–0 1–0 3–2 2–1 1–3 6–1 0–0 2–2 5–5 2–4 1–0 2–4 3–3 1–0 2–0 Go Ahead Eagles 1–2 4–1 3–2 1–0 3–1 3–0 3–1 4–1 2–1 0–0 2–2 1–2 0–0 0–0 0–0 2–3 1–1 De Graafschap 1–4 0–3 3–3 1–4 1–3 1–1 1–2 2–2 0–0 1–2 2–0 1–2 2–4 1–4 1–6 0–3 0–0 FC Groningen 2–3 1–3 2–2 2–2 3–2 4–2 1–1 3–0 1–1 2–0 6–2 4–0 2–2 2–1 3–0 1–1 2–1 FC Den Haag 1–3 1–4 1–2 0–6 2–1 0–1 0–4 0–0 0–2 0–1 2–1 0–0 1–3 1–2 3–2 0–1 3–1 FC Haarlem 1–3 0–0 1–1 3–1 3–0 1–2 1–1 3–2 4–2 4–0 2–1 4–3 1–0 0–0 3–0 2–0 2–1 MVV 0–2 0–4 1–1 1–1 0–2 3–1 1–0 2–1 1–1 1–1 0–1 1–7 1–2 2–1 3–1 0–3 1–1 NAC 0–4 0–1 0–1 1–0 5–1 0–4 5–0 2–0 0–0 1–0 4–0 2–0 3–1 0–2 0–0 1–0 1–4 N.E.C. 1–3 0–3 5–1 1–3 2–0 2–2 2–1 1–1 2–1 1–1 3–1 0–4 2–1 3–3 2–1 1–0 0–4 PEC Zwolle 1–3 0–0 2–1 3–0 3–1 0–4 2–2 0–0 2–0 1–2 1–0 0–1 3–1 1–1 5–1 1–1 1–5 PSV 3–0 2–4 1–2 4–1 4–0 2–0 1–0 3–0 2–2 4–1 3–0 1–1 3–1 2–1 4–0 3–1 4–0 Roda JC 1–1 1–2 2–2 2–3 0–1 4–3 3–2 2–0 2–2 1–0 4–1 4–1 2–3 2–0 3–0 2–1 1–2 Sparta Rotterdam 5–3 2–2 1–1 1–1 4–0 4–0 2–1 0–3 4–1 5–0 1–0 1–1 0–2 1–2 1–2 2–2 3–1 FC Twente 2–1 2–0 4–0 1–0 4–0 1–1 2–0 0–2 2–2 0–1 0–2 2–0 2–3 1–3 1–0 2–1 2–0 FC Utrecht 3–5 1–0 2–1 2–0 5–0 1–0 4–0 2–0 1–0 2–2 1–0 3–0 2–1 0–0 0–1 4–2 5–2 Willem II 1–7 2–3 0–1 3–2 2–2 1–1 1–0 2–2 1–2 2–1 2–2 3–1 0–1 1–2 2–1 0–2 3–0 Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win. See also 1981–82 Eerste Divisie 1981–82 KNVB Cup References ^ EredivisieStats.nl - topscorers Eredivisie official website - info on all seasons (in Dutch) RSSSF vteFootball League Championship/Eredivisie seasons 1888–89 1889–90 1890–91 1891–92 1892–93 1893–94 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 vte1981–82 in Dutch football « 1980–81 1982–83 » League competitions Eredivisie Eerste Divisie Hoofdklasse Eerste Klasse Cup competitions KNVB Cup (Final) KNVB Women's Cup European competitions European Cup Cup Winners' Cup UEFA Cup vte1981–82 in European football (UEFA) « 1980–81 1982–83 » Domestic leagues Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark '81 '82 England Faroe Islands '81 '82 Finland '81 '82 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '81 '82 Israel Italy Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '81 '82 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Scotland Soviet Union '81 '82 Spain Sweden '81 '82 Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Domestic cups Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czechoslovakia Denmark England Faroe Islands '81 '82 Finland '81 '82 France East Germany West Germany Greece Hungary Iceland '81 '82 Israel Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway '81 '82 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania San Marino Scotland Soviet Union '81 '82 Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Wales Yugoslavia League cups England Republic of Ireland Scotland Super cups Soviet Union '81 UEFA competitions European Cup (Final) Cup Winners' Cup (Final) UEFA Cup (Final) Non-UEFA competitions Intertoto Cup Balkans Cup '80–'81 '81–'83
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standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AJA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"AZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZ_(football_club)"},{"link_name":"FEY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyenoord"},{"link_name":"GAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Ahead_Eagles"},{"link_name":"GRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Graafschap"},{"link_name":"GRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Groningen"},{"link_name":"DHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADO_Den_Haag"},{"link_name":"HFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFC_Haarlem"},{"link_name":"MVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVV_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"NAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAC_Breda"},{"link_name":"NEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.E.C."},{"link_name":"PEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEC_Zwolle"},{"link_name":"PSV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"RJC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda_JC_Kerkrade"},{"link_name":"SPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"TWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Twente"},{"link_name":"UTR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"WIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_II_(football_club)"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Ajax"},{"link_name":"AZ '67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZ_(football_club)"},{"link_name":"Feyenoord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyenoord"},{"link_name":"Go Ahead Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_Ahead_Eagles"},{"link_name":"De Graafschap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Graafschap"},{"link_name":"FC Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Groningen"},{"link_name":"FC Den Haag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADO_Den_Haag"},{"link_name":"FC Haarlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HFC_Haarlem"},{"link_name":"MVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVV_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"NAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAC_Breda"},{"link_name":"N.E.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.E.C."},{"link_name":"PEC Zwolle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEC_Zwolle"},{"link_name":"PSV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven"},{"link_name":"Roda JC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda_JC_Kerkrade"},{"link_name":"Sparta Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"FC Twente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Twente"},{"link_name":"FC Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Willem II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_II_(football_club)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nAJA\n\nAZ\n\nFEY\n\nGAE\n\nGRA\n\nGRO\n\nDHA\n\nHFC\n\nMVV\n\nNAC\n\nNEC\n\nPEC\n\nPSV\n\nRJC\n\nSPA\n\nTWE\n\nUTR\n\nWIL\n\n\nAjax\n\n\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n4–1\n\n9–1\n\n6–1\n\n9–1\n\n4–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n5–0\n\n5–1\n\n3–0\n\n3–2\n\n5–1\n\n5–1\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n\nAZ '67\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n1–3\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n5–2\n\n0–1\n\n4–1\n\n4–0\n\n4–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n4–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nFeyenoord\n\n2–2\n\n4–2\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–3\n\n6–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n5–5\n\n2–4\n\n1–0\n\n2–4\n\n3–3\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n\nGo Ahead Eagles\n\n1–2\n\n4–1\n\n3–2\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n4–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n\nDe Graafschap\n\n1–4\n\n0–3\n\n3–3\n\n1–4\n\n\n\n1–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n2–4\n\n1–4\n\n1–6\n\n0–3\n\n0–0\n\n\nFC Groningen\n\n2–3\n\n1–3\n\n2–2\n\n2–2\n\n3–2\n\n\n\n4–2\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n6–2\n\n4–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n\nFC Den Haag\n\n1–3\n\n1–4\n\n1–2\n\n0–6\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n\n\n0–4\n\n0–0\n\n0–2\n\n0–1\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n1–2\n\n3–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n\nFC Haarlem\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n3–2\n\n4–2\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n4–3\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n\nMVV\n\n0–2\n\n0–4\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n3–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–7\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n\nNAC\n\n0–4\n\n0–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n5–1\n\n0–4\n\n5–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–2\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–4\n\n\nN.E.C.\n\n1–3\n\n0–3\n\n5–1\n\n1–3\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n0–4\n\n2–1\n\n3–3\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–4\n\n\nPEC Zwolle\n\n1–3\n\n0–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–0\n\n3–1\n\n0–4\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n5–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–5\n\n\nPSV\n\n3–0\n\n2–4\n\n1–2\n\n4–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–2\n\n4–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n2–1\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n4–0\n\n\nRoda JC\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n2–3\n\n0–1\n\n4–3\n\n3–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n4–1\n\n4–1\n\n2–3\n\n\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–2\n\n\nSparta Rotterdam\n\n5–3\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n4–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–3\n\n4–1\n\n5–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–2\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n\nFC Twente\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–2\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n2–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–3\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n\nFC Utrecht\n\n3–5\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n5–0\n\n1–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n4–2\n\n\n\n5–2\n\n\nWillem II\n\n1–7\n\n2–3\n\n0–1\n\n3–2\n\n2–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–2\n\n3–0\n\n\n\nSource: [citation needed]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"}]
[]
[{"title":"1981–82 Eerste Divisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_Eerste_Divisie"},{"title":"1981–82 KNVB Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%E2%80%9382_KNVB_Cup"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Maritime_Command
Allied Maritime Command
["1 History","2 Role","3 Current Structure","4 Standing Maritime Groups","5 Commanders","6 References","7 External links"]
The central command for all NATO maritime forces "Maritime Command" redirects here. For the navy of Canada, see Royal Canadian Navy. Allied Maritime CommandFounded1 December 2012TypeTactical level commandRoleCommand and control of maritime forcesPart ofAllied Command OperationsHeadquartersNorthwood Headquarters, Hertfordshire, United KingdomWebsitemc.nato.intCommandersCommanderVice Admiral Mike Utley (Royal Navy)Deputy CommanderVice Admiral Didier Maleterre (French Navy)Chief of StaffRear Admiral Jose Delgado (Spanish Navy)Military unit The Allied Maritime Command (MARCOM) is the central command of all NATO maritime forces and the Commander MARCOM is the prime maritime advisor to the Alliance. When directed by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), it provides the core of the headquarters responsible for the conduct of maritime operations. The command is based at the Northwood Headquarters in Eastbury, Hertfordshire. SHAPE    ACLCMCJFCBSJFCNPJFC NF JSECHQ SACTJWCJFTCJALLCclass=notpageimage| Locations of NATO's two strategic commands — Allied Command Transformation (ACT) with its subordinate centres (blue marks) and Allied Command Operations (ACO), headquartered at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) and including its subordinate and joint force commands (red marks). History The Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet (Royal Navy), gained a NATO responsibility as Commander-in-Chief Eastern Atlantic Area (CINCEASTLANT), as part of SACLANT, when the NATO military command structure was established in 1953. CINCEASTLANT headquarters was established at the Northwood Headquarters in northwest London. Commander-in-Chief Eastern Atlantic was redesignated as Commander, Allied Maritime Component Command Northwood ('CC-Mar' or AMCCN) around 2004. The command, which was renamed Allied Maritime Command Northwood in 2010, reports to Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum. At the 2010 NATO Summit in Lisbon it was decided to create a leaner and more effective command structure. This reduced the number of major headquarters from 11 to 7 and, in particular, led to the deactivation of the Allied Maritime Command Naples on 27 March 2013 leaving the newly named MARCOM as the sole maritime component in NATO. MARCOM led Operation Active Endeavour, NATO's only Article-5 operation which ended in 2016. MARCOM also led Operation Ocean Shield, NATO's counter-piracy operation in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean which also ended in 2016. Currently, MARCOM leads Operation Sea Guardian designed as a Maritime Security Operation to provide security in the Mediterranean Sea. Role MARCOM was created through the North Atlantic Council to ensure the interoperability of NATO maritime forces, and placed directly under the Supreme Allied Commander Europe to be the leading voice on maritime issues within the Alliance. It is responsible for planning and conducting all NATO maritime operations. Current Structure POLITICAL STRATEGIC LEVEL : North Atlantic Council(NAC)NATO Headquarters, Brussels, BEL Secretary-General(SECGEN)NATO Headquarters, Brussels, BEL International Staff(IS)NATO Headquarters, Brussels, BEL MILITARY STRATEGIC LEVEL : International Military Staff(IMS)NATO Headquarters, Brussels, BEL Military Committee(MC)NATO Headquarters, Brussels, BEL STRATEGIC COMMANDS : Supreme Allied Commander TransformationAllied Command Transformation (ACT)Norfolk, USA Supreme Allied Commander EuropeAllied Command Operations (ACO)Mons, BEL TRANSFORMATION COMMANDS :OPERATIONAL COMMANDS : Joint Warfare Centre(JWC)Stavanger, NOR Joint Force Command Brunssum(JFC Brunssum)Brunssum, NLD Allied Air Command(AIRCOM)Ramstein, DEU Joint Force Training Centre(JFTC)Bydgoszcz, POL Joint Force Command Naples(JFC Naples)Naples, ITA Allied Land Command(LANDCOM)İzmir, TUR Joint Analysis and Lessons Learned Centre(JALLC)Lisbon, PRT Joint Force Command Norfolk(JFC Norfolk)Norfolk, Virginia, USA Allied Maritime Command(MARCOM)Northwood, GBR Joint Support and Enabling Command(JSEC)Ulm, DEU Standing Maritime Groups MARCOM leads four standing NATO maritime groups, two frigate groups and two mine countermeasures groups. The Standing NATO Maritime Groups are a multinational, integrated maritime force made up of vessels from allied countries. The ships and any aircraft aboard are available to NATO to support Alliance tasking. These groups provide NATO with a continuous maritime capability. The command is also responsible for additional naval assets as they support NATO missions. Current groups are: Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 (SNMG1) Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 (SNMG2) Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 1 (SNMCMG1) Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 2 (SNMCMG2). Commanders Commanders have been: Vice Admiral Sir Trevor Soar (2010–2012) Vice Admiral Sir George Zambellas (2012–2013) Vice Admiral Peter Hudson (2013–2015) Vice Admiral Sir Clive Johnstone (2015–2019) Vice Admiral Sir Keith Blount (2019–2023) Vice Admiral Mike Utley (2023–Present) References ^ "The Military Structure". NATO. Retrieved 7 April 2019. ^ "The Permanent Joint Headquarters". UK Government. Retrieved 15 June 2014. ^ "The Evolution of NATO's Command Structure, 1951–2009" (PDF). NATO. Retrieved 16 April 2013. ^ "NATO Lisbon Summit 2010". NATO. Retrieved 27 February 2014. ^ "Deactivation ceremony of Allied Maritime Command Naples". Headquarters Allied Joint Force Command Naples. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2013. ^ "2009 Operation Ocean Shield News Articles". Manw.nato.int. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011. ^ "Operation Sea Guardian". NATO. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ "2017 - OPERATIONS / SEA GUARDIAN". NATO. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ "MARCOM – Mission". NATO. Retrieved 27 February 2014. ^ "Allied Maritime Command - Standing Forces". NATO. Retrieved 8 May 2016. ^ "Assignments". Navy News. 1 November 2011. p. 38. Retrieved 28 April 2023. ^ "Admiral Sir George Zambellas KCB DSC ADC". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 26 April 2023. ^ "Ups and outs : October 2012". Defence Viewpoints. ^ "NATO Maritime Command Changes Leadership". Allied Maritime Command. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019. ^ "Royal Navy Appoints New Senior Officers". Forces Network. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019. ^ "Allied Maritime Command". NATO. Retrieved 28 April 2023. External links Official website vteNorth Atlantic Treaty OrganizationSymbols Animus in consulendo liber Flag of NATO "The NATO Hymn" NATO Day NATO Medal NATO Star History North Atlantic Treaty Summits Operations List of exercises Enlargement potential withdrawal Opposition to NATO .nato Internet domain Structure NATO headquarters Council International Staff International Military Staff Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Air Command Land Command Maritime Command JFC Brunssum JFC Naples JFC Norfolk Joint Support and Enabling Command STRIKFORNATO SHAPE International Band Allied Command Transformation Parliamentary Assembly Standardization agreement People Secretary General Chair of the Military Committee Supreme Allied Commander Europe Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Members Albania Belgium Bulgaria Canada Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Multilateral relations Atlantic Treaty Association Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council Mediterranean Dialogue Individual Partnership Action Plan Istanbul Cooperation Initiative Major non-NATO ally NATO global partners Open door policy Partnership for Peace Relationship with the European Union Relationship with Russia eastward NATO expansion issues See also Baghdad Pact (METO/CENTO) Balkan Pact Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) Suwałki Gap vteNATO Allied Maritime Commandstructure Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 1 Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 2 NATOmaritimeforces Albanian Naval Force Belgian Maritime Component Bulgarian Navy Royal Canadian Navy Croatian Navy Royal Danish Navy Estonian Navy Finnish Navy French Navy German Navy Hellenic Navy Icelandic Coast Guard Italian Navy Latvian Naval Forces Lithuanian Naval Force Montenegrin Navy Royal Netherlands Navy Royal Norwegian Navy Polish Navy Portuguese Navy Romanian Naval Forces Slovenian Navy Spanish Navy Swedish Navy Turkish Naval Forces Royal Navy Royal Marines United States Navy United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard This European military article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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For the navy of Canada, see Royal Canadian Navy.Military unitThe Allied Maritime Command (MARCOM) is the central command of all NATO maritime forces and the Commander MARCOM is the prime maritime advisor to the Alliance. When directed by the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), it provides the core of the headquarters responsible for the conduct of maritime operations. The command is based at the Northwood Headquarters in Eastbury, Hertfordshire.SHAPE    ACLCMCJFCBSJFCNPJFC NF JSECHQ SACTJWCJFTCJALLCclass=notpageimage| Locations of NATO's two strategic commands — Allied Command Transformation (ACT) with its subordinate centres (blue marks) and Allied Command Operations (ACO), headquartered at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) and including its subordinate and joint force commands (red marks).","title":"Allied Maritime Command"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Home Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"SACLANT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Northwood Headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwood_Headquarters"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Joint_Force_Command_Brunssum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2010 NATO Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Lisbon_summit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Allied Maritime Command Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Maritime_Command_Naples"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Operation Active Endeavour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Active_Endeavour"},{"link_name":"Operation Ocean Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ocean_Shield"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Operation Sea Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet (Royal Navy), gained a NATO responsibility as Commander-in-Chief Eastern Atlantic Area (CINCEASTLANT), as part of SACLANT, when the NATO military command structure was established in 1953. CINCEASTLANT headquarters was established at the Northwood Headquarters in northwest London.[1]Commander-in-Chief Eastern Atlantic was redesignated as Commander, Allied Maritime Component Command Northwood ('CC-Mar' or AMCCN) around 2004.[2] The command, which was renamed Allied Maritime Command Northwood in 2010, reports to Allied Joint Force Command Brunssum.[3]At the 2010 NATO Summit in Lisbon it was decided to create a leaner and more effective command structure.[4] This reduced the number of major headquarters from 11 to 7 and, in particular, led to the deactivation of the Allied Maritime Command Naples on 27 March 2013 leaving the newly named MARCOM as the sole maritime component in NATO.[5]MARCOM led Operation Active Endeavour, NATO's only Article-5 operation which ended in 2016. MARCOM also led Operation Ocean Shield, NATO's counter-piracy operation in the Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean which also ended in 2016.[6]Currently, MARCOM leads Operation Sea Guardian designed as a Maritime Security Operation to provide security in the Mediterranean Sea.[7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Atlantic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Council"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"MARCOM was created through the North Atlantic Council to ensure the interoperability of NATO maritime forces, and placed directly under the Supreme Allied Commander Europe to be the leading voice on maritime issues within the Alliance. It is responsible for planning and conducting all NATO maritime operations.[9]","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Standing NATO Maritime Group 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_NATO_Maritime_Group_1"},{"link_name":"Standing NATO Maritime Group 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_NATO_Maritime_Group_2"},{"link_name":"Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_NATO_Mine_Countermeasures_Group_1"},{"link_name":"Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_NATO_Mine_Countermeasures_Group_2"}],"text":"MARCOM leads four standing NATO maritime groups, two frigate groups and two mine countermeasures groups. The Standing NATO Maritime Groups are a multinational, integrated maritime force made up of vessels from allied countries. The ships and any aircraft aboard are available to NATO to support Alliance tasking. These groups provide NATO with a continuous maritime capability. The command is also responsible for additional naval assets as they support NATO missions.[10]Current groups are:Standing NATO Maritime Group 1 (SNMG1)\nStanding NATO Maritime Group 2 (SNMG2)\nStanding NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 1 (SNMCMG1)\nStanding NATO Mine Countermeasures Group 2 (SNMCMG2).","title":"Standing Maritime Groups"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Trevor Soar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Soar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sir George Zambellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Zambellas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Peter Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hudson_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Clive Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Johnstone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Keith Blount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Blount"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mike Utley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Utley_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Commanders have been:Vice Admiral Sir Trevor Soar (2010–2012)[11]\nVice Admiral Sir George Zambellas (2012–2013)[12]\nVice Admiral Peter Hudson (2013–2015)[13]\nVice Admiral Sir Clive Johnstone (2015–2019)[14]\nVice Admiral Sir Keith Blount (2019–2023)[15]\nVice Admiral Mike Utley (2023–Present)[16]","title":"Commanders"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Military Structure\". NATO. Retrieved 7 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/7.htm","url_text":"\"The Military Structure\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Permanent Joint Headquarters\". UK Government. Retrieved 15 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/the-permanent-joint-headquarters","url_text":"\"The Permanent Joint Headquarters\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Evolution of NATO's Command Structure, 1951–2009\" (PDF). NATO. Retrieved 16 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aco.nato.int/resources/21/Evolution%20of%20NATO%20Cmd%20Structure%201951-2009.pdf","url_text":"\"The Evolution of NATO's Command Structure, 1951–2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"NATO Lisbon Summit 2010\". NATO. Retrieved 27 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/events_66529.htm","url_text":"\"NATO Lisbon Summit 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Deactivation ceremony of Allied Maritime Command Naples\". Headquarters Allied Joint Force Command Naples. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 16 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164459/http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/page11122031/2013/deactivation-ceremony-of-allied-maritime-command-naples.aspx","url_text":"\"Deactivation ceremony of Allied Maritime Command Naples\""},{"url":"http://www.jfcnaples.nato.int/page11122031/2013/deactivation-ceremony-of-allied-maritime-command-naples.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Operation Ocean Shield News Articles\". Manw.nato.int. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429152017/http://www.manw.nato.int/page_news_archive_OOS_%202010.aspx","url_text":"\"2009 Operation Ocean Shield News Articles\""},{"url":"http://www.manw.nato.int/page_news_archive_OOS_%202010.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Operation Sea Guardian\". NATO. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mc.nato.int/missions/operation-sea-guardian.aspx","url_text":"\"Operation Sea Guardian\""}]},{"reference":"\"2017 - OPERATIONS / SEA GUARDIAN\". NATO. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mc.nato.int/media-centre/news/2017.aspx?cat=109","url_text":"\"2017 - OPERATIONS / SEA GUARDIAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"MARCOM – Mission\". NATO. Retrieved 27 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mc.nato.int/about/Pages/Mission.aspx","url_text":"\"MARCOM – Mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allied Maritime Command - Standing Forces\". NATO. Retrieved 8 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mc.nato.int/org/smg/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"\"Allied Maritime Command - Standing Forces\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assignments\". Navy News. 1 November 2011. p. 38. Retrieved 28 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/navynews/docs/201111/38","url_text":"\"Assignments\""}]},{"reference":"\"Admiral Sir George Zambellas KCB DSC ADC\". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 26 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/people/george-zambellas","url_text":"\"Admiral Sir George Zambellas KCB DSC ADC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ups and outs : October 2012\". Defence Viewpoints.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.defenceviewpoints.co.uk/defence-news","url_text":"\"Ups and outs : October 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"NATO Maritime Command Changes Leadership\". Allied Maritime Command. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://mc.nato.int/media-centre/news/2019/nato-maritime-command-changes-leadership.aspx","url_text":"\"NATO Maritime Command Changes Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Navy Appoints New Senior Officers\". Forces Network. 18 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forces.net/news/royal-navy-appoints-new-senior-officers","url_text":"\"Royal Navy Appoints New Senior Officers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allied Maritime Command\". NATO. Retrieved 28 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://mc.nato.int/#:~:text=Vice%20Admiral%20Mike%20Utley%20CB,of%20NATO's%20Standing%20Naval%20Forces.","url_text":"\"Allied Maritime Command\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Mildenberger
Karl Mildenberger
["1 Biography","2 Professional boxing record","3 Exhibition boxing record","4 Bibliography","5 References"]
German boxer Karl MildenbergerMildenberger in 1966BornKarl Mildenberger(1937-11-23)23 November 1937Kaiserslautern, GermanyDied4 October 2018(2018-10-04) (aged 80)Kaiserslautern, GermanyNationalityGermanOther namesMildeStatisticsWeight(s)HeavyweightHeight6 ft 1+1⁄2 in (1.87 m)StanceSouthpaw Boxing recordTotal fights62Wins53Wins by KO19Losses6Draws3 Karl Mildenberger (23 November 1937 – 4 October 2018) was a German heavyweight boxer. He was the European Heavyweight Champion from 1964 to 1968, during which he retained the title six times. He unsuccessfully challenged Muhammad Ali for the World Heavyweight title in September 1966. Biography Mildenberger learned the fight trade, growing up in Occupied Germany. A cousin of his father's, a former boxing champion during the Third Reich, began Karl's fistic education; he then joined the boxing program run by FC Kaiserslautern. He eventually displayed enough promise to be sent to Mannheim for training, as Mildenberger lived in the French Sector of the occupation, which forbade the practice of prizefighting; Mannheim, in the American Sector, had no such restriction. Mildenberger lost his first fight for the European Heavyweight title when he was knocked out by Welsh boxer Dick Richardson in one round in April 1962. Karl rebounded with wins over Joe Erskine, Archie McBride, Joe Bygraves and a knockout win over Billy Daniels. Mildenberger then got a draw with highly ranked Zora Folley in April 1964. Later that year, Mildenberger scored a first-round knockout over Sante Amonte to capture the European Heavyweight title. Mildenberger (right) fighting Ulrich Ritter in 1963 After defending his European title three times, Mildenberger fought Muhammad Ali for the World Heavyweight Title in September 1966. Mildenberger, the first southpaw to fight for the World Heavyweight title, frustrated the champ for most of the fight, but ultimately lost by TKO when the referee stopped the fight at 1:28 of the twelfth round following a flurry of punches by Ali. Years later, Angelo Dundee said a tenth round punch to the liver area hurt Ali, whose ability to withstand body blows was legendary. In 1967, Mildenberger participated in a tournament staged by the World Boxing Association to determine the new heavyweight champion after Ali was stripped of the title for refusing induction into the US military draft. In the first round of the tournament, getting off the deck, he lost to Oscar Bonavena by a clear twelve-round decision. Mildenberger was not the same afterwards, and was knocked out by contender Leotis Martin in seven rounds (April 1968). Subsequently, in September 1968, Mildenberger's career ended when he lost the European Heavyweight title to Henry Cooper by eighth round disqualification after headbutting his opponent. Mildenberger has said of his timing of retirement, "If I had retained the title, I would have relinquished it. Win, lose or draw, I would have retired, anyway. ...This was the end. I was unharmed. No terrible things had happened to me." Mildenberger worked as a lifeguard after his retirement from boxing. He died at the age of 80 on 4 October 2018. Professional boxing record 53 wins (19 knockouts, 34 decisions), 6 losses (4 knockouts, 1 decision, 1 DQ), 3 draws Result Record Opponent Type Round Date Location Notes Loss 53–6–3 Henry Cooper DQ 8 18 September 1968 Empire Pool, London, England EBU Heavyweight Title. Loss 53–5–3 Leotis Martin KO 7 5 April 1968 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Win 53–4–3 Gerhard Zech PTS 15 30 December 1967 Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin EBU Heavyweight Title. Loss 52–4–3 Oscar Bonavena UD 12 16 September 1967 Waldstadion, Frankfurt, Germany Win 52–3–3 Amos Lincoln TKO 6 6 May 1967 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Win 51–3–3 Billy Walker TKO 8 21 March 1967 Empire Pool, London, England EBU Heavyweight Title. Referee stopped the bout at 1:43 of the eighth round. Win 50–3–3 Piero Tomasoni PTS 15 1 February 1967 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany EBU Heavyweight Title. Loss 49–3–3 Muhammad Ali TKO 12 10 September 1966 Waldstadion, Frankfurt, Germany For WBC, The Ring, and lineal heavyweight titles. Win 49–2–3 Ivan Prebeg PTS 15 15 June 1966 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany EBU Heavyweight Title. Win 48–2–3 Eddie Machen PTS 10 3 February 1966 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Win 47–2–3 Gerhard Zech PTS 15 26 November 1965 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany EBU Heavyweight Title. Win 46–2–3 David E. Bailey PTS 10 10 September 1965 Ernst Merck Halle, Hamburg Win 45–2–3 Piero Tomasoni PTS 15 14 May 1965 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany EBU Heavyweight Title. Win 44–2–3 Kirk Barrow KO 5 9 April 1965 Ernst Merck Halle, Hamburg Win 43–2–3 Jefferson Davis PTS 10 22 January 1965 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Win 42–2–3 Ollie Wilson TKO 4 4 December 1964 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Draw 41–2–3 Amos Johnson PTS 10 20 November 1964 Deutschlandhalle, Charlottenburg, Berlin Win 41–2–2 Santo Amonti KO 1 17 October 1964 Deutschlandhalle, Charlottenburg, Berlin EBU Heavyweight Title. Draw 40–2–2 Zora Folley PTS 10 17 April 1964 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Win 40–2–1 Archie McBride PTS 10 25 January 1964 Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin Win 39–2–1 Billy Daniels KO 3 29 November 1963 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Win 38–2–1 Joe Erskine PTS 10 13 October 1963 Westfalenhallen, Dortmund, Germany Win 37–2–1 Wayne Bethea PTS 10 6 July 1963 Deutschlandhalle, Charlottenburg, Berlin Win 36–2–1 Von Clay PTS 10 10 May 1963 Deutschlandhalle, Charlottenburg, Berlin Win 35–2–1 Ulli Ritter PTS 10 20 April 1963 Ostseehalle, Kiel, Germany Draw 34–2–1 Archie McBride PTS 10 26 January 1963 Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin Win 34–2 Joe Bygraves PTS 3 30 November 1962 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Win 33–2 Alonzo Johnson PTS 10 17 November 1962 Westfalenhallen, Dortmund, Germany Win 32–2 John Robert Henry PTS 8 6 October 1962 Messesporthalle, Cologne, Germany Win 31–2 Federico Friso PTS 10 1 September 1962 Messesporthalle, Cologne, Germany Loss 30–2 Dick Richardson KO 1 24 February 1962 Westfalenhallen, Dortmund, Germany EBU Heavyweight Title. Karl knocked out at 2:35 of the first round. Win 30–1 Pete Rademacher PTS 10 20 January 1962 Westfalenhallen, Dortmund, Germany Win 29–1 Howard King PTS 10 24 November 1961 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Win 28–1 Wayne Bethea PTS 10 3 November 1961 Ernst Merck Halle, Hamburg Win 27–1 Young Jack Johnson PTS 10 29 September 1961 Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin Win 26–1 José González Sales KO 2 10 September 1961 Eisstadion, Cologne, Germany Win 25–1 Walter Haufft TKO 2 3 June 1961 Eisstadion, Cologne, Germany Win 24–1 Frankie Daniels PTS 10 28 April 1961 Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin Win 23–1 Törner Åhsman TKO 4 17 March 1961 Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin Win 22–1 Hal Carter TKO 8 20 January 1961 Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin Win 21–1 Franco Cavicchi PTS 10 7 December 1960 Bologna, Italy Win 20–1 Hans Friedrich TKO 3 26 November 1960 Festhalle Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany Win 19–1 Robert Archie Moore PTS 8 29 October 1960 Ostseehalle, Kiel, Germany Win 18–1 Alain Cherville TKO 4 1 October 1960 Westfalenhallen, Dortmund, Germany Win 17–1 Alex Buxton PTS 8 6 May 1960 Ernst Merck Halle, Mitte, Berlin Win 16–1 Francois Kania KO 3 22 April 1960 Ostseehalle, Kiel, Germany Win 15–1 Sammy Langford TKO 3 8 April 1960 Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin Win 14–1 Ron Redrup TKO 7 13 February 1960 Killesbergpark, Stuttgart, Germany Win 13–1 Jimmy Slade PTS 8 30 December 1959 Sportpalast, Schoeneberg, Berlin Win 12–1 Wim Snoek PTS 8 12 December 1959 Killesbergpark, Stuttgart, Germany Loss 11–1 Helmut Ball KO 7 7 November 1959 Killesbergpark, Stuttgart, Germany Win 11–0 Arthur Howard PTS 8 4 July 1959 Deutschlandhalle, Charlottenburg, Berlin Win 10–0 Wim Snoek PTS 8 6 June 1959 Killesbergpark, Stuttgart, Germany Win 9–0 Jacques Bro KO 5 9 May 1959 Killesbergpark, Stuttgart, Germany Win 8–0 Pedro Klijssen PTS 8 24 April 1959 Grugahalle, Essen, Germany Win 7–0 Alain Cherville PTS 8 14 March 1959 Killesbergpark, Stuttgart, Germany Win 6–0 Louis DeBolster KO 3 14 February 1959 Landwirtschaftshalle, Kaiserslautern, Germany Win 5–0 Andre Wyns PTS 8 13 December 1958 Killesbergpark, Stuttgart, Germany Win 4–0 Jose Mariano Moracia Ibanes PTS 8 5 December 1958 Bayernhalle, Munich, Germany Win 3–0 Andre Oueille TKO 5 15 November 1958 Killesbergpark, Stuttgart, Germany Win 2–0 Guenter Huber PTS 4 9 November 1958 Schwarzwaldhalle, Karlsruhe, Germany Win 1–0 Manfred Striemer KO 1 15 October 1958 Killesbergpark, Stuttgart, Germany Exhibition boxing record 1 fight 0 wins 0 losses Non-scored 1 No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location Notes 1 — 0–0 (1) Muhammad Ali — 2 Jun 4, 1979 Grugahalle, Essen, West Germany Non-scored bout Bibliography Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karl Mildenberger. Brunt, Stephen (2002). Facing Ali. Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-829-3. References ^ Brunt, p. 84 ^ Brunt, p. 85 ^ Brunt, pp. 92–93 ^ Kram, Mark (25 September 1967). "A BEAN-CAN BOUT IN FRANKFURT". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 5 October 2018. ^ Brunt, p. 95 ^ "Boxlegende: Karl Mildenberger ist tot". Spiegel Online (in German). 5 October 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018. ^ "Box-Legende: Karl Mildenberger gestorben". FAZ.NET (in German). Retrieved 5 October 2018. ^ Karl Mildenberger Archived 21 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine. BoxRec. Retrieved on 11 September 2017. Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavyweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavyweight"},{"link_name":"boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"European Heavyweight Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Boxing_Union_heavyweight_champions"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"World Heavyweight title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heavyweight_boxing_champions"}],"text":"Karl Mildenberger (23 November 1937 – 4 October 2018) was a German heavyweight boxer. He was the European Heavyweight Champion from 1964 to 1968, during which he retained the title six times. He unsuccessfully challenged Muhammad Ali for the World Heavyweight title in September 1966.","title":"Karl Mildenberger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Third Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Reich"},{"link_name":"FC Kaiserslautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Kaiserslautern"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Dick Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Richardson_(boxer)"},{"link_name":"Joe Erskine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Erskine_(Welsh_boxer)"},{"link_name":"Joe Bygraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Bygraves"},{"link_name":"Zora Folley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zora_Folley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boxkampf_Karl_Mildenberger_gegen_Ulli_Ritter_(Kiel_76.711).jpg"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali"},{"link_name":"World Heavyweight Title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heavyweight_boxing_champions"},{"link_name":"southpaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-handed"},{"link_name":"TKO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knockout"},{"link_name":"Angelo Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Dundee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World Boxing Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Association"},{"link_name":"refusing induction into the US military draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali#Draft_resistance"},{"link_name":"Oscar Bonavena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Bonavena"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Leotis Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leotis_Martin"},{"link_name":"Henry Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cooper"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Mildenberger learned the fight trade, growing up in Occupied Germany. A cousin of his father's, a former boxing champion during the Third Reich, began Karl's fistic education; he then joined the boxing program run by FC Kaiserslautern. He eventually displayed enough promise to be sent to Mannheim for training, as Mildenberger lived in the French Sector of the occupation, which forbade the practice of prizefighting; Mannheim, in the American Sector, had no such restriction.[1]Mildenberger lost his first fight for the European Heavyweight title when he was knocked out by Welsh boxer Dick Richardson in one round in April 1962. Karl rebounded with wins over Joe Erskine, Archie McBride, Joe Bygraves and a knockout win over Billy Daniels. Mildenberger then got a draw with highly ranked Zora Folley in April 1964. Later that year, Mildenberger scored a first-round knockout over Sante Amonte to capture the European Heavyweight title.[2]Mildenberger (right) fighting Ulrich Ritter in 1963After defending his European title three times, Mildenberger fought Muhammad Ali for the World Heavyweight Title in September 1966. Mildenberger, the first southpaw to fight for the World Heavyweight title, frustrated the champ for most of the fight, but ultimately lost by TKO when the referee stopped the fight at 1:28 of the twelfth round following a flurry of punches by Ali. Years later, Angelo Dundee said a tenth round punch to the liver area hurt Ali, whose ability to withstand body blows was legendary.[3]In 1967, Mildenberger participated in a tournament staged by the World Boxing Association to determine the new heavyweight champion after Ali was stripped of the title for refusing induction into the US military draft. In the first round of the tournament, getting off the deck, he lost to Oscar Bonavena by a clear twelve-round decision.[4]Mildenberger was not the same afterwards, and was knocked out by contender Leotis Martin in seven rounds (April 1968). Subsequently, in September 1968, Mildenberger's career ended when he lost the European Heavyweight title to Henry Cooper by eighth round disqualification after headbutting his opponent. Mildenberger has said of his timing of retirement, \"If I had retained the title, I would have relinquished it. Win, lose or draw, I would have retired, anyway. ...This was the end. I was unharmed. No terrible things had happened to me.\"[5]Mildenberger worked as a lifeguard after his retirement from boxing. He died at the age of 80 on 4 October 2018.[6][7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional boxing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exhibition boxing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Mildenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Karl_Mildenberger"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58574-829-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-829-3"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karl Mildenberger.Brunt, Stephen (2002). Facing Ali. Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-58574-829-3.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_exam
Oral exam
["1 Overview","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
Educational assessment where questions are asked and answered verbally Not to be confused with Aural exams. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Oral exam" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The oral exam (also oral test or viva voce; Rigorosum in German-speaking nations) is a practice in many schools and disciplines in which an examiner poses questions to the student in spoken form. The student has to answer the question in such a way as to demonstrate sufficient knowledge of the subject to pass the exam. The oral exam also helps reduce (although it does not eliminate) the risk of granting a degree to a candidate who has had the thesis or dissertation ghostwritten by an expert. Overview Many science programs require students pursuing a bachelor's degree to finish the program by taking an oral exam or a combination of oral and written exams to show how well a student has understood the material studied in the program. Usually, study guides or a syllabus are made available so that the students may prepare for the exam by reviewing practice questions and topics likely to be on the exam. There is a small but growing body of literature on the use of oral examinations in undergraduate education in the English speaking world. Some medical schools use oral exams for second and third year students to test knowledge but also the ability to respond on the spot. Students are required to take an oral exam prior to being awarded a PhD. Some universities allow the option of either taking written and oral exams or completing a project or thesis, but occasionally, all three are required for graduation. Oral exams are distinct from a defense of a thesis in that the questions in the latter are more narrow and specific to the topic of the thesis. Graduate students are sometimes allowed to choose their examiners for oral exams. Sometimes, the oral exam is offered in schools as an alternative to a written exam for students with a learning disability, like dysgraphia, developmental coordination disorder, or non-verbal learning disorder. Often parents of the students have to request that the oral exam be given to their child in lieu of the written exam. A Private Pilot Oral Exam is also required as part of the FAA and CAA practical test for prospective pilots. An oral exam is also carried out by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency in the UK for the purpose of issuing certificate of competencies for Merchant Navy deck and engine officers. The viva voce is a component of music diploma examinations administered by ABRSM, Trinity College of Music and London College of Music. Candidates are posed a series of questions by the examiner about their chosen pieces, the composer and musical era. Depending on exam board, candidates may also be required to do a short writeup on their pieces. See also Education portal Comprehensive examination Educational assessment Final examination References ^ Private Pilot Oral Exam on YouTube ^ Application for UK COC Oral Exam Further reading wiseGEEK: What Is an Oral Exam? Standardized Oral Examinations. Measurement Research Associates, Inc. Crist, Joan and Robinson, Kirk, "Stewards of the Word: Employing Oral Examinations in Required Theology Courses", Journal of Catholic Higher Education. Summer, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oral examinations.
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The oral exam also helps reduce (although it does not eliminate) the risk of granting a degree to a candidate who has had the thesis or dissertation ghostwritten by an expert.","title":"Oral exam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"medical schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project"},{"link_name":"thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis"},{"link_name":"Graduate students","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_student"},{"link_name":"learning disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_disability"},{"link_name":"dysgraphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysgraphia"},{"link_name":"developmental coordination disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder"},{"link_name":"non-verbal learning disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-verbal_learning_disorder"},{"link_name":"Private Pilot Oral Exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_pilot_licence"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"CAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Maritime and Coastguard Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_and_Coastguard_Agency"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"Merchant Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Navy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ABRSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Board_of_the_Royal_Schools_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Trinity College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_of_Music"},{"link_name":"London College of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_College_of_Music"}],"text":"Many science programs require students pursuing a bachelor's degree to finish the program by taking an oral exam or a combination of oral and written exams to show how well a student has understood the material studied in the program. Usually, study guides or a syllabus are made available so that the students may prepare for the exam by reviewing practice questions and topics likely to be on the exam. There is a small but growing body of literature on the use of oral examinations in undergraduate education in the English speaking world.Some medical schools use oral exams for second and third year students to test knowledge but also the ability to respond on the spot. Students are required to take an oral exam prior to being awarded a PhD. Some universities allow the option of either taking written and oral exams or completing a project or thesis, but occasionally, all three are required for graduation. Oral exams are distinct from a defense of a thesis in that the questions in the latter are more narrow and specific to the topic of the thesis.Graduate students are sometimes allowed to choose their examiners for oral exams.Sometimes, the oral exam is offered in schools as an alternative to a written exam for students with a learning disability, like dysgraphia, developmental coordination disorder, or non-verbal learning disorder. Often parents of the students have to request that the oral exam be given to their child in lieu of the written exam.A Private Pilot Oral Exam is also required as part of the FAA and CAA practical test for prospective pilots.[1] An oral exam is also carried out by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency in the UK for the purpose of issuing certificate of competencies for Merchant Navy deck and engine officers.[2]The viva voce is a component of music diploma examinations administered by ABRSM, Trinity College of Music and London College of Music. Candidates are posed a series of questions by the examiner about their chosen pieces, the composer and musical era. Depending on exam board, candidates may also be required to do a short writeup on their pieces.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wiseGEEK: What Is an Oral Exam?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-oral-exam.htm"},{"link_name":"Standardized Oral Examinations. Measurement Research Associates, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.measurementresearch.com/media/standardizedoral.pdf"}],"text":"wiseGEEK: What Is an Oral Exam?\nStandardized Oral Examinations. Measurement Research Associates, Inc.\nCrist, Joan and Robinson, Kirk, \"Stewards of the Word: Employing Oral Examinations in Required Theology Courses\", Journal of Catholic Higher Education. Summer, 2015.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Vindver
Federico Vindver
["1 Early life","2 Music career","3 Awards","4 Discography","5 References"]
Argentine record producer and composer (born 1982) Federico VindverBorn (1982-08-18) 18 August 1982 (age 41)Buenos Aires, ArgentinaGenresPophip hoprocklatinOccupation(s)Record producersongwritermulti-instrumentalistcomposerMusical artist Federico Vindver (born 18 August 1982) is an Argentine record producer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and composer based in Los Angeles, California. Vindver has produced along with Timbaland and worked with artists such as Justin Timberlake, Kanye West, Coldplay, Yung Tory, Beto Cuevas, Tee Grizzley, Nathy Peluso, Meghan Trainor, Pablo Alborán, Brockhampton, Ludacris, The Blossom, New City and Wisin among others. He has worked on records that have earned him Grammy and Latin Grammy Awards, and he was named Top 5 producer and writer by Billboard. Early life Vindver was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. As a young man, he left the country during its financial crisis in 2002, visiting Spain and Mexico before receiving a full piano scholarship to the Frost School of Music at the University of Miami in Florida. While he studied jazz at college, he learned other musical genres elsewhere. He was playing in a practice room at UM when he was approached and asked if he would play in a local African-American church. There he learned about gospel, R&B and soul. He then became interested in technology and production. "I was living in a practically destitute situation, because my parents couldn't help me financially and even though I had the full scholarship, I lived in a place where I didn't even have a bed," Vindver said. "At that time, an Argentine friend who lived in Miami gave me a computer that he didn't use, and there I downloaded cracked software to make music, and I started putting together the backing tracks for these gospel groups. As I did that, I started to like that a lot and I started to get more interested in producing, at first with the bands I played in." Music career In 2008, while still in college, he briefly became keyboardist and show producer for Lauryn Hill. After graduation in 2008, Vindver met Ricky Martin’s musical director who connected him with Franco De Vita, and he worked with him as arranger and keyboardist. Then he co-wrote the song "Basta Ya" for Martin's Música + Alma + Sexo album, and toured to support it. Vindver continued to tour, playing keyboards with Latin artists Jennifer Lopez and Marc Anthony, then joined his wife to live in Los Angeles, California. At that time, he decided to focus full-time on production. In 2017, through manager/music executive Gary Marella, Vindver met Timbaland and both started working together. They made tracks for rock band Muse, pop vocalist Noah Cyrus, R&B singer Zayn. In December 2018, Vindver and Timbaland were producing rap artist Saweetie and Lil Mosey, when Kanye West came to the studio. The next summer Vindver and West met again, and bonded over their mutual Christian faith. His early experience playing gospel in Miami churches appealed to West, and they decided to work together on the latter's next album, Jesus Is King. In October 2019, Kanye West released Jesus is King, which featured 10 out of 11 songs produced by Vindver. Those 10 songs charted on the Billboard Hot 100. A month after the release of Jesus is King, four songs he co-wrote and produced appeared on the Coldplay album, Everyday Life. West's album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, while the Coldplay album entered the UK Album Chart at No. 1. Of the songs Vindver wrote on Everyday Life, two were released as singles and charted: "Orphans" went to No. 1 on Billboard’s Rock Airplay chart, while "Everyday Life" hit No. 14 on the Billboard Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart. In the following years, Vindver wrote and produced for Pharrell Williams, Chance the Rapper, Armin Van Buuren, Tee Grizzley, A$AP Ferg, Brockhampton, Missy Elliott, Ant Clemons, among others. In 2020, Vindver released an online platform for producers called BeatClub, that permits them to sell their music online and network with other producers and artists. Vindver continued working with Timbaland, and that year the two producers joined Shucati, Rance, Angel Lόpez, and Sucuki, in working with Chance the Rapper on his track, "Found You", featuring Ludacris. In November 2020, Josh Groban’s album, Harmony, was produced by Bernie Herms, but Vindver produced an additional song for the project—"The Fullest (Feat. Kirk Franklin)." In 2021, Vindver co-wrote the single, "Higher Power" for Coldplay. The song was produced by Max Martin. Also that year, he wrote and produced "We’re In This Together" for Justin Bieber's Freedom EP. ‘ Throughout his career, Vindver maintained a foothold in the Latin community, producing and writing for artists Ricky Martin ("Basta Ya"), Pablo Alborán ("Hablemos de amor"), C. Tangana ("Te Olvidaste feat. Omar Apollo"), Lali ("Fascinada", "Laligera"), YEИDRY ("Ya"), and many more. Awards Award Year Recipient(s) and nominee(s) Category Result Ref. Grammy Awards 2021 Jesus Is King Best Contemporary Christian Music Album Won 2022 Donda Album of the Year Nominated 2023 Music of the Spheres Album of the Year Nominated Latin Grammy Awards 2021 El Madrileño Best Engineered Album Won 2022 "El Día Que Estrenaste El Mundo" Best Alternative Song Won Discography Year Arist Album Single Label Credit 2011 Ricky Martin Más Música + Alma + Sexo "Basta Ya" Sony Latin Writer 2013 Wisin El Regreso del Sobreviviente "Adrenalina" (featuring Jennifer Lopez and Ricky Martin) Sony Latin Producer 2014 Sensato On The Rise "Que Lo Que" Mr. 305 Records Writer 2015 Wisin Los Vaqueros La Trilogia "Que Se Siente El Deseo" Sony Latin Producer Pitbull Dale "Que Lo Que" (Sensato featuring Pitbull, Papayo and El Chevo) Mr. 305 Records Producer 2016 Brian Cross Darkness to Light "Faces & Lighters" Sony España Producer Tyron Hapi Your Fool "Your Fool" Hussie Recordings Producer CNCO Primera Cita "Primera Cita" Sony Latin Producer 2017 Thomas Gold Dreamer "Dreamer" Amada Music B.V. Producer Alx Veliz Higher "Higher" Universal Music Canada Producer Vintage Trouble Chapter II - EP II (Live) "Knock Me Out" McGee Entertainment Writer, producer New City "Dirty Secrets", "Coachella" Universal Canada Writer, producer 2018 Mariah Carey Caution "8th Grade" Epic Writer Muse Simulation Theory "Propaganda" Warner Music UK Writer, producer Natalia Oreiro Mi Pobedim "Mi Pobedim" Warner Music Argentina Writer, producer Noah Cyrus Team "Team" (A Timbaland Productions Remix) Columbia Producer Los Unidades / Pharrell E-Lo "E-Lo" (featuring Jozzy) Parlophone Records Producer Bruno Martini Youngr (Remixes) "Youngr" AfterCluv Writer, producer Little Mix LM5 "More Than Words" Syco Writer The Internet Hive Mind "Come Over" (Timbaland Remix) Columbia Producer 2019 Kanye West Jesus is King "Every Hour," "Selah", "Closed on Sunday," "On God", "Everything We Need," "Water," "God Is", "Hands On," "Use This Gospel," "Jesus is Lord" GOOD Music/Def Jam Writer, producer Coldplay Everyday Life "Orphans", "Everyday Life", "Champion of the World", "Church" Parlophone UK Producer Missy Elliott Iconology "Why I Still Love You" Goldmind/Atlantic Writer, producer Chance The Rapper The Big Day "Big Fish" Independent Producer Sharlene Viaje "Yo Pago Lo Mio" UMG Latino Writer, producer Mayra Voices "Monster" AfterCluv Writer Yung Tory Still Here "Lola", "Me & You", "Picture Me", "Said You Love Me" Mosley Music Group/Def Jam Writer, producer Carson Lueders Lonely "Lonely" Mosley Music Group/Def Jam Writer, producer Fitz and the Tantrums All the Feels "Ready Or Not" Elektra Producer Beto Cuevas Colateral "Rosas En El Lodo", "La Señal", "Por Donde Vas", "La Mitad" Warner Music Mexico Writer, producer For King & Country Burn The Ships "God Only Knows" (Timbaland Remix) Curb/Word Writer Tee Grizzley Scriptures "God’s Warrior", "Sweet Things", "Million Dollar Foreign", "Locksmith", "Heroes", "More Than Friends", "Scriptures" 300 Entertainment Writer, producer Dean Lewis A Place We Knew "Waves Remix’ Universal Australia Producer Lali Libra "Laligera" Sony Writer, producer 2020 Josh Groban Harmony "The Fullest" (featuring Kirk Franklin) Reprise Records Producer Nathy Peluso Calambre "Sana Sana", "Trio", "Business Woman", "Delito" Sony Producer Saweetie Back to the Streets "Back to the Streets" (featuring Jhené Aiko) Warner Writer, producer Meghan Trainor A Very Trainor Christmas "The Christmas Song", "Sleigh Ride", "My Only Wish" Epic Records Producer Teyana Taylor The Album "Boomin" Def Jam Producer Don Diablo Kill Me Better "Kill Me Better" Hexagon Producer Ludacris (featuring Chance the Rapper) Found You "Found You" DTP Records Producer Pablo Alboran Vertigo "Hablemos de amor", "Corazon Descalzo", No esta en tus planes" Warner Spain Producer Teyana Taylor The Album "Boomin" (featuring Missy Elliott) Def Jam Writer, producer Lali Libra "Fascinada" Sony Writer, producer Ludacris S.O.L.T. (Silence of the Lambs) "S.O.T.L." (featuring Lil Wayne) Disturbing Tha Peace Records Producer A$AP Ferg Floor Seats "Hummer Limo" RCA Records Writer producer 2021 Trippie Redd Pegasus "Leaders" 1400 Writer, producer C. Tangana El Madrileno "Te Olvidaste" (featuring Omar Pello) Sony Writer, producer Brockhampton Roadrunner: New Light New Machine "The Light Pt. II", "I’ll Take You On" (featuring Charlie Wilson) Sony Writer, producer The Blossom 97 Blossom "Hardcore Happy" "Black Eye" Video Store Writer, producer Coldplay "Higher Power" Parlophone Producer Justin Bieber Freedom EP "We’re in This Together" Def Jam Producer YEИDRY "Ya" RCA/Sony Latin Producer, writer Alicia Keys "Underdog Remix" (featuring Nicky Jam, Rauw Alejandro) Sony Producer 2022 Paulo Londra Back to the Game "Noche de Novela" Warner Music Latina/Asylum Records Producer 2023 Lauv Love U Like That Universal Music Group Writer, Producer 2024 Justin Timberlake Everything I Thought It Was "Fuckin' Up the Disco", "No Angels", "Technicolor", "Infinity Sex", "Love & War", "What Lovers Do", "Paradise" RCA Records Writer, Co-producer References ^ a b "Federico Vindver, the Argentine who produces Coldplay and Kanye West". El Silencio. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ a b c Leight, Elias (10 December 2019). "How an Argentinean Jazz Pianist Became Kanye West and Coldplay's Go-To Producer". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ "Federico Vindver". allmusic.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ Clark, Trent (20 November 2020). "SAWEETIE & JHENÉ AIKO DROP 'BACK TO THE STREETS' VIDEO AFTER MAKING EVERYONE GOOGLE BIRKIN BAG PRICES". hiphopdx.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ "Kanye West Albums Ranked Worst to Best". Complex. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ a b Yoo, Noah (25 October 2019). "Here Are the Full Credits for Kanye's New Album Jesus Is King: Clipse, Kenny G, and More". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ Brown, Preezy (7 June 2019). "Now N' Laters Future, Tyga, Tee Grizzley". revolt.tv. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ Williams, Jameson (5 September 2019). "A$AP Ferg releases stale, forgettable new album". Kute Radio. Retrieved 4 June 2021. ^ Chaves, Sebastian (9 April 2021). "Color Humano, "descartado" por Kanye West pero aceptado por Brockhampton". Silencio. Retrieved 4 June 2021. ^ "Alumnus & Producer Federico Vindver Credits his Chart-Topping Success to Frost". miami.edu. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ Lavin, Will (13 September 2020). "Listen to Chance The Rapper team up with Ludacris on new track 'Found You'". NME. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ Graff, Gary (17 November 2020). "Singer Josh Groban promotes new 'Harmony' album with Nov. 26 virtual concert". cleveland.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ "Coldplay Higher Power". allmusic.com. Retrieved 6 June 2021. ^ a b "Federico Vindver". allmusic.com. Retrieved 1 May 2021. ^ ""Hablemos de amor", Pablo Alborán lanza su segundo sencillo". tn8.tv. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ Lopez, Juanix (27 February 2021). "C. TANGANA Y "EL MADRILEÑO", SU ESPERADO NUEVO ÁLBUM". Revista Que. Retrieved 6 June 2021. ^ "HomeLifestyleFascinada de Lali, un tema interesante e innovador LIFESTYLE MÚSICA Fascinada de Lali, un tema interesante e innovador". El Zocco. July 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ "Federico Vindver Music Department Composer". imdb.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ "La cantante Yendry estrena el sencillo "Ya"". Diario Libre. 28 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021. ^ "Federico Vindver". GRAMMY.com. Retrieved 27 February 2023. ^ "Federico Vindver - Ganadores - Años Anteriores". LatinGRAMMY.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 February 2023. ^ "Federico Vindver". discogs.com. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"record producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter"},{"link_name":"multi-instrumentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-instrumentalist"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Timbaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"},{"link_name":"Justin Timberlake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Timberlake"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Coldplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay"},{"link_name":"Yung Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yung_Tory"},{"link_name":"Beto Cuevas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beto_Cuevas"},{"link_name":"Tee Grizzley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_Grizzley"},{"link_name":"Nathy Peluso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathy_Peluso"},{"link_name":"Meghan Trainor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghan_Trainor"},{"link_name":"Pablo Alborán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Albor%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Brockhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhampton_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ludacris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludacris"},{"link_name":"New City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_City_(band)"},{"link_name":"Wisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisin"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"}],"text":"Musical artistFederico Vindver (born 18 August 1982) is an Argentine record producer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and composer based in Los Angeles, California.Vindver has produced along with Timbaland and worked with artists such as Justin Timberlake, Kanye West, Coldplay, Yung Tory, Beto Cuevas, Tee Grizzley, Nathy Peluso, Meghan Trainor, Pablo Alborán, Brockhampton, Ludacris, The Blossom, New City and Wisin among others.He has worked on records that have earned him Grammy and Latin Grammy Awards, and he was named Top 5 producer and writer by Billboard.","title":"Federico Vindver"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buenos Aires, Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Frost School of Music at the University of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American"},{"link_name":"gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_music"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues"},{"link_name":"soul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Silencio-1"}],"text":"Vindver was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. As a young man, he left the country during its financial crisis in 2002, visiting Spain and Mexico before receiving a full piano scholarship to the Frost School of Music at the University of Miami in Florida. While he studied jazz at college, he learned other musical genres elsewhere. He was playing in a practice room at UM when he was approached and asked if he would play in a local African-American church. There he learned about gospel, R&B and soul. He then became interested in technology and production.\"I was living in a practically destitute situation, because my parents couldn't help me financially and even though I had the full scholarship, I lived in a place where I didn't even have a bed,\" Vindver said. \"At that time, an Argentine friend who lived in Miami gave me a computer that he didn't use, and there I downloaded cracked software to make music, and I started putting together the backing tracks for these gospel groups. As I did that, I started to like that a lot and I started to get more interested in producing, at first with the bands I played in.\"[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lauryn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauryn_Hill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-2"},{"link_name":"Ricky Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin"},{"link_name":"Franco De Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_De_Vita"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ricky-3"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Marc Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Timbaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"},{"link_name":"Muse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse_(band)"},{"link_name":"Noah Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"Zayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayn_Malik"},{"link_name":"Saweetie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saweetie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hiphopdx-4"},{"link_name":"Lil Mosey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Mosey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-2"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Complex-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-El_Silencio-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"UK Album Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Album_Chart"},{"link_name":"Hot Rock & Alternative Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Rock_%26_Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchfork-6"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"},{"link_name":"Chance the Rapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance_the_Rapper"},{"link_name":"Armin Van Buuren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Van_Buuren"},{"link_name":"Tee Grizzley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee_Grizzley"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolt-7"},{"link_name":"A$AP Ferg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASAP_Ferg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kute-8"},{"link_name":"Brockhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhampton_(band)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silencio-9"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-2"},{"link_name":"Ant Clemons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant_Clemons"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitchfork-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miami_univ-10"},{"link_name":"Ludacris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludacris"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-11"},{"link_name":"Josh Groban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Groban"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleveland-12"},{"link_name":"Max Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Martin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Higher_Power-13"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(EP)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-14"},{"link_name":"Pablo Alborán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Albor%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tn8-15"},{"link_name":"C. Tangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Tangana"},{"link_name":"Omar Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Apollo"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Que-16"},{"link_name":"Lali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lali_Esp%C3%B3sito"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zocco-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imdb-18"},{"link_name":"YEИDRY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yendry"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Diario_Libre-19"}],"text":"In 2008, while still in college, he briefly became keyboardist and show producer for Lauryn Hill.[2]After graduation in 2008, Vindver met Ricky Martin’s musical director who connected him with Franco De Vita, and he worked with him as arranger and keyboardist. Then he co-wrote the song \"Basta Ya\" for Martin's Música + Alma + Sexo album, and toured to support it.[3] Vindver continued to tour, playing keyboards with Latin artists Jennifer Lopez and Marc Anthony, then joined his wife to live in Los Angeles, California. At that time, he decided to focus full-time on production. In 2017, through manager/music executive Gary Marella, Vindver met Timbaland and both started working together. They made tracks for rock band Muse, pop vocalist Noah Cyrus, R&B singer Zayn.In December 2018, Vindver and Timbaland were producing rap artist Saweetie[4] and Lil Mosey,[2] when Kanye West came to the studio. The next summer Vindver and West met again, and bonded over their mutual Christian faith.[5] His early experience playing gospel in Miami churches appealed to West, and they decided to work together on the latter's next album, Jesus Is King.[1]In October 2019, Kanye West released Jesus is King, which featured 10 out of 11 songs produced by Vindver. Those 10 songs charted on the Billboard Hot 100. A month after the release of Jesus is King, four songs he co-wrote and produced appeared on the Coldplay album, Everyday Life. West's album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, while the Coldplay album entered the UK Album Chart at No. 1. Of the songs Vindver wrote on Everyday Life, two were released as singles and charted: \"Orphans\" went to No. 1 on Billboard’s Rock Airplay chart, while \"Everyday Life\" hit No. 14 on the Billboard Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart.[6]In the following years, Vindver wrote and produced for Pharrell Williams, Chance the Rapper, Armin Van Buuren, Tee Grizzley,[7] A$AP Ferg,[8] Brockhampton,[9] Missy Elliott,[2] Ant Clemons,[6] among others.In 2020, Vindver released an online platform for producers called BeatClub, that permits them to sell their music online and network with other producers and artists.[10]Vindver continued working with Timbaland, and that year the two producers joined Shucati, Rance, Angel Lόpez, and Sucuki, in working with Chance the Rapper on his track, \"Found You\", featuring Ludacris.[11]In November 2020, Josh Groban’s album, Harmony, was produced by Bernie Herms, but Vindver produced an additional song for the project—\"The Fullest (Feat. Kirk Franklin).\"[12]In 2021, Vindver co-wrote the single, \"Higher Power\" for Coldplay. The song was produced by Max Martin.[13] Also that year, he wrote and produced \"We’re In This Together\" for Justin Bieber's Freedom EP.[14] ‘Throughout his career, Vindver maintained a foothold in the Latin community, producing and writing for artists Ricky Martin (\"Basta Ya\"), Pablo Alborán (\"Hablemos de amor\"),[15] C. Tangana (\"Te Olvidaste feat. Omar Apollo\"),[16] Lali (\"Fascinada\",[17] \"Laligera\"),[18] YEИDRY (\"Ya\"),[19] and many more.","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-14"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discog-22"}],"text":"[14][22]","title":"Discography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Federico Vindver, the Argentine who produces Coldplay and Kanye West\". El Silencio. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://silencio.com.ar/entrevistas/en-profundidad/federico-vindver-el-argentino-que-produce-a-coldplay-y-kanye-west-43824/","url_text":"\"Federico Vindver, the Argentine who produces Coldplay and Kanye West\""}]},{"reference":"Leight, Elias (10 December 2019). \"How an Argentinean Jazz Pianist Became Kanye West and Coldplay's Go-To Producer\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/kanye-west-coldplay-federico-vindver-producer-924043/","url_text":"\"How an Argentinean Jazz Pianist Became Kanye West and Coldplay's Go-To Producer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federico Vindver\". allmusic.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/federico-vindver-mn0002635365/credits","url_text":"\"Federico Vindver\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Trent (20 November 2020). \"SAWEETIE & JHENÉ AIKO DROP 'BACK TO THE STREETS' VIDEO AFTER MAKING EVERYONE GOOGLE BIRKIN BAG PRICES\". hiphopdx.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.59118/title.saweetie-jhene-aiko-drop-back-to-the-streets-video-after-making-everyone-google-birkin-bag-prices#","url_text":"\"SAWEETIE & JHENÉ AIKO DROP 'BACK TO THE STREETS' VIDEO AFTER MAKING EVERYONE GOOGLE BIRKIN BAG PRICES\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kanye West Albums Ranked Worst to Best\". Complex. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/kanye-west-albums-ranked-best-to-worst/jesus-is-king","url_text":"\"Kanye West Albums Ranked Worst to Best\""}]},{"reference":"Yoo, Noah (25 October 2019). \"Here Are the Full Credits for Kanye's New Album Jesus Is King: Clipse, Kenny G, and More\". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/here-are-the-full-credits-for-kanye-new-album-jesus-is-king-clipse-kenny-g-and-more/","url_text":"\"Here Are the Full Credits for Kanye's New Album Jesus Is King: Clipse, Kenny G, and More\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Preezy (7 June 2019). \"Now N' Laters Future, Tyga, Tee Grizzley\". revolt.tv. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revolt.tv/2019/6/7/20824907/now-n-laters-future-tyga-tee-grizzley","url_text":"\"Now N' Laters Future, Tyga, Tee Grizzley\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Jameson (5 September 2019). \"A$AP Ferg releases stale, forgettable new album\". Kute Radio. Retrieved 4 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kuteradio.org/kuteblog/aap-ferg-releases-stale-unmemorable-new-album/","url_text":"\"A$AP Ferg releases stale, forgettable new album\""}]},{"reference":"Chaves, Sebastian (9 April 2021). \"Color Humano, \"descartado\" por Kanye West pero aceptado por Brockhampton\". Silencio. Retrieved 4 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://silencio.com.ar/etc/zoom/color-humano-descartado-por-kanye-west-pero-aceptado-por-brockhampton-51866/","url_text":"\"Color Humano, \"descartado\" por Kanye West pero aceptado por Brockhampton\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alumnus & Producer Federico Vindver Credits his Chart-Topping Success to Frost\". miami.edu. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.miami.edu/frost/stories/2020/01/alumnus-producer-federico-vindver-credits-his-chart-topping-success-to-frost.html","url_text":"\"Alumnus & Producer Federico Vindver Credits his Chart-Topping Success to Frost\""}]},{"reference":"Lavin, Will (13 September 2020). \"Listen to Chance The Rapper team up with Ludacris on new track 'Found You'\". NME. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/listen-to-chance-the-rapper-team-up-with-ludacris-on-new-track-found-you-2751532","url_text":"\"Listen to Chance The Rapper team up with Ludacris on new track 'Found You'\""}]},{"reference":"Graff, Gary (17 November 2020). \"Singer Josh Groban promotes new 'Harmony' album with Nov. 26 virtual concert\". cleveland.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2020/11/singer-josh-groban-promotes-new-harmony-album-with-nov-26-virtual-concert.html","url_text":"\"Singer Josh Groban promotes new 'Harmony' album with Nov. 26 virtual concert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coldplay Higher Power\". allmusic.com. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/higher-power-mw0003521920/credits","url_text":"\"Coldplay Higher Power\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federico Vindver\". allmusic.com. Retrieved 1 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/federico-vindver-mn0002635365","url_text":"\"Federico Vindver\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Hablemos de amor\", Pablo Alborán lanza su segundo sencillo\". tn8.tv. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tn8.tv/musica/522126-hablemos-amor-pablo-alboran-lanza-segundo-sencillo/","url_text":"\"\"Hablemos de amor\", Pablo Alborán lanza su segundo sencillo\""}]},{"reference":"Lopez, Juanix (27 February 2021). \"C. TANGANA Y \"EL MADRILEÑO\", SU ESPERADO NUEVO ÁLBUM\". Revista Que. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.que.es/2021/02/27/c-tangana-y-el-madrileno-album/","url_text":"\"C. TANGANA Y \"EL MADRILEÑO\", SU ESPERADO NUEVO ÁLBUM\""}]},{"reference":"\"HomeLifestyleFascinada de Lali, un tema interesante e innovador LIFESTYLE MÚSICA Fascinada de Lali, un tema interesante e innovador\". El Zocco. July 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://elzocco.com/musica/fascinada-de-lali/","url_text":"\"HomeLifestyleFascinada de Lali, un tema interesante e innovador LIFESTYLE MÚSICA Fascinada de Lali, un tema interesante e innovador\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federico Vindver Music Department Composer\". imdb.com. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11059241/","url_text":"\"Federico Vindver Music Department Composer\""}]},{"reference":"\"La cantante Yendry estrena el sencillo \"Ya\"\". Diario Libre. 28 May 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/musica/la-cantante-yendry-estrena-el-sencillo-ya-GE26552352","url_text":"\"La cantante Yendry estrena el sencillo \"Ya\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federico Vindver\". GRAMMY.com. Retrieved 27 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/federico-vindver/300257","url_text":"\"Federico Vindver\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federico Vindver - Ganadores - Años Anteriores\". LatinGRAMMY.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latingrammy.com/es/nominees/search?artist=%22Federico+Vindver%22&field_nominee_work_value=&year=All&genre=All","url_text":"\"Federico Vindver - Ganadores - Años Anteriores\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federico Vindver\". discogs.com. Retrieved 1 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/2866367-Federico-Vindver","url_text":"\"Federico Vindver\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbanika
Mbanika
["1 References"]
Place in Central Province, Solomon IslandsMbanika IslandMbanika IslandLocation in the Solomon IslandsCoordinates: 009°05′52.8″S 159°11′38.4″E / 9.098000°S 159.194000°E / -9.098000; 159.194000CountrySolomon IslandsProvinceCentral ProvinceIsland groupRussell Islands Group Mbanika or Banika is an island in Solomon Islands; it is located in the Central Province and is the second largest of the Russell Islands Group. The principal settlement is Yandina. As portrayed in the HBO miniseries, The Pacific, episode 4 (Gloucester/Pavuvu/Banika), the American forces used the island—referred to in the show as "Banika"—as a hospital and R&R site, during World War II. During World War II, the US built three bases on the island: Banika Field Renard Field Renard Sound Seaplane Base References ^ "The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia: Russell Island". ^ "Mbanika Island". Geoview. Retrieved 26 July 2018. ^ "Mbanika Island: Solomon Islands". Geographic Names. Retrieved 26 July 2018. vte Islands of Solomon Islands by provinceCentral Aeaun Gavutu Mbanika Nggela Islands Pavuvu Russell Islands Savo Tanambogo Tulagi Choiseul Choiseul Cyprian Bridge Island Nuatambu Rob Roy Taro Wagina Guadalcanal Guadalcanal Korasahalu Marau Sound Marapa Nughu Tavanipupu Vulelua Isabel Arnarvon Furona Island Kerehikapa Mahige Maleivona Ramos San Jorge Santa Isabel Sikopo Makira-Ulawa Ali'ite Makira Malaulalo Malaupaina Pio Olu Malau Owaraha Owariki Ugi Ulawa Malaita Adagege Alite Anuta Paina Faore Funaafou Langa Langa Lagoon Lau Lagoon Laulasi Maana'omba Malaita Maramasike Matuavi Mbasakana Ndai Ontong Java Roncador Reef Sikaiana Sulufou Tehaolei Rennell and Bellona Bellona Indispensable Reefs North Reef Rennell Temotu Anuta Banie Bass Islands Duff Islands Fatutaka Fenualoa Lomlom Makalom Malo Matema Nendö Ngalo Ngandeli Ngatendo Ngawa Nibanga Nendi Nibanga Temau Nifiloli Nukapu Nupani Patteson Shoal Pigeon Pileni Reef Islands Santa Cruz Islands Tahua Taumako Teanu Temotu Noi Tikopia Tinakula Utupua Vanikoro Western Akara Arundel Balalae Faisi Fauro Ghizo Ghoi Kennedy Kiambe Kingguru Kolombangara Liapari Logha Lola Lumbari Magusaiai Masamasa Marovo Matikuri Mbava Mborokua Mbulo Mondomondo Mono Nakaza Naru New Georgia New Georgia Islands Nggatokae Nusatupe Olasana Ovau Island Pirumeri Ranongga Rendova Shortland Shortland Islands Simbo Stirling Telina Tetepare Treasury Islands Vella Lavella Uepi Vangunu Vonavona This Solomon Islands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kito_Lorenc
Kito Lorenc
["1 Works","2 Awards"]
Kito Lorenc (2013) Kito Lorenc (4 March 1938 – 24 September 2017) was a Sorbian writer, lyric poet and translator. He was a grandson of the writer and politician Jakub Lorenc-Zalěski. Lorenc attended the Sorbian boarding high school in Cottbus from 1952 to 1956 and majored in Slavic studies in Leipzig from 1956 to 1961. He was an employee at the Institute for Sorbian People Research in Bautzen between 1961 and 1972. From 1972 until 1979, he worked as a dramaturge at the State Ensemble for Sorbian People's Culture. Kito Lorenc was a member of the Sächsischen Akademie der Künste and lived as a freelance writer in Wuischke by Hochkirch. Works "Nowe časy - nowe kwasy" (New Times - New Weddings), Poems, VEB Verlag Domowina, 1962 "Swĕtło, prawda, swobodnosć" (Light, Justice and Freedom), (Anthology of Sorbian Poets, Editor) VEB Verlag Domowina, 1963 Mina Witkojc "Po pućach časnikarki", Translation in Upper Sorbian, VEB Verlag Domowina 1964 Handrij Zejler "Serbske fabule", Translation, VEB Verlag Domowina 1966 "Struga. Bilder einer Landschaft (Struga. Pictures of a Landscape)", Poetry, VEB Verlag Domowina, 1967 "Der betresste Esel", Fabeln von Handrij Zejler, Translation, 1969, new at Domowina-Verlag 2004 "Flurbereinigung", Poetry, Aufbau Verlag 1988 "Gegen den grossen Popanz. (Against the Great Popanz)", Poetry 1990 "Achtzehn Gedichte der Jahre 1990-2002 (18 Poets of the Years 1990-2002)" Selections from Manfred Peter Hein "An einem schönbemalten Sonntag : Gedichte zu Gedichten (A beautifully painted Sunday: Poetry to Poets)", Edition Thanhäuser Rudolf Hartmetz, Hans Mirtschin, Kito Lorenc "Terra budissinensis", Lusatia 1997 Jurij Chĕžka "Die Erde aus dem Traum (The Earth from the Dream)", Domowina-Verlag 2002 "Die Unerheblichkeit Berlins (Berlin's Unconsiderablity)", Buch&Media 2002 "Die wendische Schiffahrt (The Wendish Voyage)", Domowina-Verlag 2004 Awards Literature Prize of Domowina Heinrich Heine prize of the Ministry for culture of the GDR 1974 Ćišinski Prize Heinrich Mann Prize 1991 Förderpreis Literatur zum Kunstpreis Berlin Lessing Prize of the Free State of Saxony 2009 Petrarca-Preis 2012 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany United States Latvia Czech Republic Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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He was an employee at the Institute for Sorbian People Research in Bautzen between 1961 and 1972.From 1972 until 1979, he worked as a dramaturge at the State Ensemble for Sorbian People's Culture. Kito Lorenc was a member of the Sächsischen Akademie der Künste and lived as a freelance writer in Wuischke by Hochkirch.","title":"Kito Lorenc"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Nowe časy - nowe kwasy\" (New Times - New Weddings), Poems, VEB Verlag Domowina, 1962\n\"Swĕtło, prawda, swobodnosć\" (Light, Justice and Freedom), (Anthology of Sorbian Poets, Editor) VEB Verlag Domowina, 1963\nMina Witkojc \"Po pućach časnikarki\", Translation in Upper Sorbian, VEB Verlag Domowina 1964\nHandrij Zejler \"Serbske fabule\", Translation, VEB Verlag Domowina 1966\n\"Struga. Bilder einer Landschaft (Struga. Pictures of a Landscape)\", Poetry, VEB Verlag Domowina, 1967\n\"Der betresste Esel\", Fabeln von Handrij Zejler, Translation, 1969, new at Domowina-Verlag 2004\n\"Flurbereinigung\", Poetry, Aufbau Verlag 1988\n\"Gegen den grossen Popanz. (Against the Great Popanz)\", Poetry 1990\n\"Achtzehn Gedichte der Jahre 1990-2002 (18 Poets of the Years 1990-2002)\" Selections from Manfred Peter Hein\n\"An einem schönbemalten Sonntag : Gedichte zu Gedichten (A beautifully painted Sunday: Poetry to Poets)\", Edition Thanhäuser\nRudolf Hartmetz, Hans Mirtschin, Kito Lorenc \"Terra budissinensis\", Lusatia 1997\nJurij Chĕžka \"Die Erde aus dem Traum (The Earth from the Dream)\", Domowina-Verlag 2002\n\"Die Unerheblichkeit Berlins (Berlin's Unconsiderablity)\", Buch&Media 2002\n\"Die wendische Schiffahrt (The Wendish Voyage)\", Domowina-Verlag 2004","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heinrich Heine prize of the Ministry for culture of the GDR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_Prize"},{"link_name":"Ćišinski Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%86i%C5%A1inski_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Mann Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Mann_Prize"},{"link_name":"Kunstpreis Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstpreis_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Lessing Prize of the Free State of Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessing_Prize_of_the_Free_State_of_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Petrarca-Preis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarca-Preis"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65101#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1468775/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000109086830"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/262527802"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdrGR88QWMB4Gxk4qhvHC"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90142070"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12083532t"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12083532t"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/122738926"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85145137"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000174001&P_CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20050727014&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000003841&local_base=nsk10"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074044737"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810571320305606"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11235480?l=en"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd122738926.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/029149592"}],"text":"Literature Prize of Domowina\nHeinrich Heine prize of the Ministry for culture of the GDR 1974\nĆišinski Prize\nHeinrich Mann Prize 1991\nFörderpreis Literatur zum Kunstpreis Berlin\nLessing Prize of the Free State of Saxony 2009\nPetrarca-Preis 2012Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nUnited States\nLatvia\nCzech Republic\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Awards"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walleye_fishing
Walleye fishing
["1 Characteristics","2 Bait","3 References","4 Notes"]
Walleye (painting) Fishing for walleye is a popular sport with anglers. The current IGFA all tackle record is 11.34 kilograms (25 lb 0 oz), caught on August 2, 1960 in Old Hickory Lake, Tennessee. The sport is regulated by most natural resource agencies. Management may include the use of quotas and length limits to ensure that populations are not over-exploited. As one example, in the state of Michigan, walleye of under 15" may not be legally kept, except from Lake St. Clair, Saginaw Bay and the St. Clair River, where walleye of 13" are legal to take. Many states also issue slot regulations on walleye. This is where you can keep fish below a certain size and others above. The slot limit protects the medium-sized fish, which can be considered to be at prime sexual maturity. Characteristics Since walleyes have excellent visual acuity under low illumination levels, they tend to feed more extensively at dawn and dusk, on cloudy or overcast days and under choppy conditions when light penetration into the water column is disrupted. Although anglers interpret this as light avoidance, it is merely an expression of the walleye's competitive advantage over its prey under those conditions. Similarly, in darkly stained or turbid waters, walleye tend to feed throughout the day. "Walleye chop" is a term used by walleye anglers for rough water typically with winds of 5 to 15 mph (7 to 24 km/h), and is one of the indicators for good walleye fishing due to the walleye's increased feeding activity during such conditions. In sunny conditions walleye move in schools to deeper shady areas, so when one walleye is caught there are usually other walleye feeding in the same location. These schools usually contain walleye of similar age and size. Bait Casting or trolling with spinners or minnow-imitating plugs is a good bet. Special worm harness rigs of spinners and beads are often trolled. Jigs, either traditional bucktails, or tipped with any of the modern plastics, a piece of worm or minnow are walleye angling favorites. Spoons are also good. Live baits are often still-fished, drifted or trolled on slip-sinker or "bottom-bouncing" rigs. Excellent live bait choices are nightcrawlers, minnows, or leeches, all of which can be used on a jig. In springtime walleye will take almost any bait or lure, but may be more challenging to catch through the summer months because forage like mayflies or minnows are abundant. Fall often brings another peak of walleye feeding activity. Walleye are readily caught through the ice in winter, usually on jigs, jigging spoons or minnows. When ice fishing, walleye are caught jigging or on tip-ups. Tip-ups are generally set up with a dacron backing and a clear synthetic leader. For bait, the most common minnows are fatheads and shiners. Size for bait is anywhere from 1 to 7 inches. Walleye are not known for their fight in fish below about 24" in size. They fight well if over that size, however. Their wide appeal is partially the challenge in catching them, and partially their great popularity as a food fish. References ^ All Tackle Record for Walleye International Game Fish Association (IGFA). ^ Walleye Sander vitreus Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Mitchegon. Retrieved 1 November 2010. ^ Walleye Fishing Network (2013). "Walleye Fishing". S. Reese. Retrieved 2014-04-21. Notes Sternberg, Dick (1999) Successful Walleye Fishing Creative Publishing international. ISBN 978-0-86573-095-3 Walleye: Patterns & Presentations Creative Publishing International (2000). ISBN 978-0-86573-130-1 vteAngling topicsAngling and game fishingAngling Boat fishing Trolling Casting Spey casting Reach cast Surf fishing Rock fishing Bank fishing Jet ski fishing Kayak fishing Centerpin fishing Coarse fish Rough fish Bottom fishing Tackle Techniques Tournaments Traditional fishing boats Angling personalities Television series Confédération Internationale de la Pêche Sportive Game fishing Big-game fishing Land-based game fishing Salmon run International Game Fish Association Sport fish Bass Carp Fly target species Mahi-mahi Marlin Porgie (bream) Shad Smelt whiting Striped bass Swordfish Walleye The catch Bag limits Catch and release Ikejime Minimum landing size Panfish Priest (tool) Tag and release Catch records Europe UK Fly fishingFly fishing Fly fishing tackle Bamboo fly rod Fly rod building Fly casting Fly Casting Analyzer Furled leader Spey casting Reach cast Tenkara fishing Float tube Trout bum Fly waters Bibliography of fly fishing Artificial flies Fly lure Fly tying Adams Amadou Alexandra Clouser Deep Minnow Crazy Charlie Cul De Canard Dave's Hopper Diawl bach Egg sucking leech Elk Hair Caddis Flesh Fly Grey Ghost Streamer Hare's Ear Klinkhammer Lefty's Deceiver Muddler Minnow Parks' Salmonfly Partridge and Orange Pheasant Tail Nymph Red Tag Royal Coachman Royal Wulff Sakasa Kebari Trolling tandem streamer fly Tube fly Woolly Worm Woolly Bugger Organizations American Museum of Fly Fishing Catskill Fly Fishing Center and Museum Fly Fishers International Trout Unlimited Literature Blacker's Art of Fly Making A Book on Angling A Concise Treatise on the Art of Angling Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice Favorite Flies and Their Histories Floating Flies and How to Dress Them The Fly-fisher's Entomology Fly Fishing A History of Fly Fishing for Trout Minor Tactics of the Chalk Stream Pseudonyms of notable angling authors The American Angler's Book The Salmon Fly The Way of a Trout with the Fly vteFisheries and fishing topic areasFisheries Aquaculture Diversity of fish Fish diseases and parasites Fish farming Fisheries management Fisheries science Individual fishing quota Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing Sustainable fishery Overfishing Wild fisheries Fishing Artisanal fishing Fisherman Fishing vessel History of fishing Industry List of harvested aquatic animals by weight By country Commercial fishing Marketing Markets Processing Products Seafood Recreation Angling Big-game fishing Catch and release Fishing tournaments Fly fishing Techniques Fish trap Fishfinder Fishing net Gathering seafood by hand Handline fishing Spearfishing Trawling Trolling Tackle Artificial flies Bait Bite indicators Hook Line Lures Rod Sinker Locations Fish ponds Fishing banks Fishing villages Marine habitats Glossary Index Outline Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"walleye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walleye"},{"link_name":"anglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling"},{"link_name":"IGFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGFA"},{"link_name":"Old Hickory Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Hickory_Lake"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IGFA-1"},{"link_name":"Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_management"},{"link_name":"over-exploited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishing"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lake St. Clair, Saginaw Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Saint_Clair_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"St. Clair River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_River"},{"link_name":"slot limit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_limit"}],"text":"Fishing for walleye is a popular sport with anglers. The current IGFA all tackle record is 11.34 kilograms (25 lb 0 oz), caught on August 2, 1960 in Old Hickory Lake, Tennessee.[1]The sport is regulated by most natural resource agencies. Management may include the use of quotas and length limits to ensure that populations are not over-exploited. As one example, in the state of Michigan, walleye of under 15\" may not be legally kept, except from Lake St. Clair, Saginaw Bay and the St. Clair River, where walleye of 13\" are legal to take. Many states also issue slot regulations on walleye. This is where you can keep fish below a certain size and others above. The slot limit protects the medium-sized fish, which can be considered to be at prime sexual maturity.","title":"Walleye fishing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"turbid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"anglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman"},{"link_name":"schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Since walleyes have excellent visual acuity under low illumination levels, they tend to feed more extensively at dawn and dusk, on cloudy or overcast days and under choppy conditions when light penetration into the water column is disrupted. Although anglers interpret this as light avoidance, it is merely an expression of the walleye's competitive advantage over its prey under those conditions. Similarly, in darkly stained or turbid waters, walleye tend to feed throughout the day.[citation needed]\"Walleye chop\" is a term used by walleye anglers for rough water typically with winds of 5 to 15 mph (7 to 24 km/h), and is one of the indicators for good walleye fishing due to the walleye's increased feeding activity during such conditions. In sunny conditions walleye move in schools to deeper shady areas, so when one walleye is caught there are usually other walleye feeding in the same location.[2] These schools usually contain walleye of similar age and size.[citation needed]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_(fishing)"},{"link_name":"trolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)"},{"link_name":"spinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinnerbait"},{"link_name":"Jigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigging"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"nightcrawlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm"},{"link_name":"minnows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuciscinae"},{"link_name":"leeches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeches"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"bait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bait_(luring_substance)"},{"link_name":"lure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_lure"},{"link_name":"mayflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfly"},{"link_name":"minnows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnow"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Casting or trolling with spinners or minnow-imitating plugs is a good bet. Special worm harness rigs of spinners and beads are often trolled. Jigs, either traditional bucktails, or tipped with any of the modern plastics, a piece of worm or minnow are walleye angling favorites. Spoons are also good.[citation needed]Live baits are often still-fished, drifted or trolled on slip-sinker or \"bottom-bouncing\" rigs. Excellent live bait choices are nightcrawlers, minnows, or leeches, all of which can be used on a jig.[citation needed]In springtime walleye will take almost any bait or lure, but may be more challenging to catch through the summer months because forage like mayflies or minnows are abundant. Fall often brings another peak of walleye feeding activity.[citation needed]Walleye are readily caught through the ice in winter, usually on jigs, jigging spoons or minnows. When ice fishing, walleye are caught jigging or on tip-ups. Tip-ups are generally set up with a dacron backing and a clear synthetic leader. For bait, the most common minnows are fatheads and shiners.[3] Size for bait is anywhere from 1 to 7 inches.[citation needed]Walleye are not known for their fight in fish below about 24\" in size. They fight well if over that size, however. Their wide appeal is partially the challenge in catching them, and partially their great popularity as a food fish.[citation needed]","title":"Bait"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Successful Walleye Fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DnAbO7XxTCoC&q=%22walleye+fishing%22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86573-095-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86573-095-3"},{"link_name":"Walleye: Patterns & Presentations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=P9SFdx9EXQQC&dq=%22walleye+fishing%22&pg=PA8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86573-130-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86573-130-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Angling_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Angling_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angling_topics"},{"link_name":"Angling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling"},{"link_name":"game fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_fish"},{"link_name":"Angling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling"},{"link_name":"Boat fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_boat_fishing"},{"link_name":"Trolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)"},{"link_name":"Casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_(fishing)"},{"link_name":"Spey casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spey_casting"},{"link_name":"Reach cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_cast"},{"link_name":"Surf fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surf_fishing"},{"link_name":"Rock fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_fishing"},{"link_name":"Bank fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_fishing"},{"link_name":"Jet ski fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_ski_fishing"},{"link_name":"Kayak fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayak_fishing"},{"link_name":"Centerpin fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerpin_fishing"},{"link_name":"Coarse fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coarse_fishing"},{"link_name":"Rough fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_fish"},{"link_name":"Bottom fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_fishing"},{"link_name":"Tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_tackle"},{"link_name":"Techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_techniques"},{"link_name":"Tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_tournament"},{"link_name":"Traditional fishing boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_fishing_boat"},{"link_name":"Angling personalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_television_series"},{"link_name":"Confédération Internationale de la Pêche Sportive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_la_P%C3%AAche_Sportive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deepsea.JPG"},{"link_name":"Game fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_fish"},{"link_name":"Big-game fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-game_fishing"},{"link_name":"Land-based game fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-based_game_fishing"},{"link_name":"Salmon run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_run"},{"link_name":"International Game Fish Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Game_Fish_Association"},{"link_name":"Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_fishing"},{"link_name":"Carp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carp_fishing"},{"link_name":"Fly target species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefish#Gear_and_methods"},{"link_name":"Mahi-mahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahi-mahi_fishing"},{"link_name":"Marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlin_fishing"},{"link_name":"Porgie (bream)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porgy_fishing"},{"link_name":"Shad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad_fishing"},{"link_name":"Smelt whiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelt-whiting_fishing"},{"link_name":"Striped bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striped_bass_fishing"},{"link_name":"Swordfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swordfish#Recreational_importance"},{"link_name":"Walleye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bag limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_limits"},{"link_name":"Catch and release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_and_release"},{"link_name":"Ikejime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikejime"},{"link_name":"Minimum landing size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_landing_size"},{"link_name":"Panfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panfish"},{"link_name":"Priest (tool)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest_(tool)"},{"link_name":"Tag and release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_and_release"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling_records_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling_records_in_the_UK"},{"link_name":"Fly fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing"},{"link_name":"Fly fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing"},{"link_name":"Fly fishing tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing_tackle"},{"link_name":"Bamboo fly rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_fly_rod"},{"link_name":"Fly rod building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_rod_building"},{"link_name":"Fly casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_casting"},{"link_name":"Fly Casting Analyzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Casting_Analyzer"},{"link_name":"Furled leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furled_leader"},{"link_name":"Spey casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spey_casting"},{"link_name":"Reach cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_cast"},{"link_name":"Tenkara fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenkara_fishing"},{"link_name":"Float tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_tube"},{"link_name":"Trout bum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout_bum"},{"link_name":"Fly waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Hole_River"},{"link_name":"Bibliography of fly fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_fly_fishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flyfishing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Artificial flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_fly"},{"link_name":"Fly lure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_fly"},{"link_name":"Fly tying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_tying"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_(dry_fly)"},{"link_name":"Amadou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou"},{"link_name":"Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_(wet_fly)"},{"link_name":"Clouser Deep Minnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouser_Deep_Minnow"},{"link_name":"Crazy Charlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Charlie"},{"link_name":"Cul De Canard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cul_de_canard"},{"link_name":"Dave's Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%27s_Hopper"},{"link_name":"Diawl bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diawl_bach"},{"link_name":"Egg sucking leech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_sucking_leech"},{"link_name":"Elk Hair Caddis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Hair_Caddis"},{"link_name":"Flesh Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_fly_(fly_fishing)"},{"link_name":"Grey Ghost Streamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Ghost_Streamer"},{"link_name":"Hare's Ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare%27s_Ear"},{"link_name":"Klinkhammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinkhammer"},{"link_name":"Lefty's Deceiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefty%27s_Deceiver"},{"link_name":"Muddler Minnow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muddler_Minnow"},{"link_name":"Parks' Salmonfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks%27_Salmonfly"},{"link_name":"Partridge and Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partridge_and_Orange"},{"link_name":"Pheasant Tail Nymph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheasant_Tail_Nymph"},{"link_name":"Red Tag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Tag_(artificial_fly)"},{"link_name":"Royal Coachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Coachman"},{"link_name":"Royal Wulff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Wulff"},{"link_name":"Sakasa Kebari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakasa_Kebari"},{"link_name":"Trolling tandem streamer fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolling_tandem_streamer_fly"},{"link_name":"Tube fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_fly"},{"link_name":"Woolly Worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_Worm_(imitation)"},{"link_name":"Woolly Bugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_Bugger"},{"link_name":"American Museum of Fly Fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Museum_of_Fly_Fishing"},{"link_name":"Catskill Fly Fishing Center and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catskill_Fly_Fishing_Center_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Fly Fishers International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Fishers_International"},{"link_name":"Trout Unlimited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout_Unlimited"},{"link_name":"Blacker's Art of Fly Making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacker%27s_Art_of_Fly_Making"},{"link_name":"A Book on Angling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Book_on_Angling"},{"link_name":"A Concise Treatise on the Art of Angling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Concise_Treatise_on_the_Art_of_Angling"},{"link_name":"Dry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry-Fly_Fishing_in_Theory_and_Practice"},{"link_name":"Favorite Flies and Their Histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favorite_Flies_and_Their_Histories"},{"link_name":"Floating Flies and How to Dress Them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_Flies_and_How_to_Dress_Them"},{"link_name":"The Fly-fisher's Entomology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fly-fisher%27s_Entomology"},{"link_name":"Fly Fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_Fishing_(Grey_book)"},{"link_name":"A History of Fly Fishing for Trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Fly_Fishing_for_Trout"},{"link_name":"Minor Tactics of the Chalk Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Tactics_of_the_Chalk_Stream"},{"link_name":"Pseudonyms of notable angling authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms_of_angling_authors"},{"link_name":"The American Angler's Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Angler%27s_Book"},{"link_name":"The Salmon Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salmon_Fly"},{"link_name":"The Way of a Trout with the Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Way_of_a_Trout_with_the_Fly"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Fisheries_and_fishing"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing"},{"link_name":"Fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"Fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishery"},{"link_name":"Aquaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"Diversity of fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_of_fish"},{"link_name":"Fish diseases and parasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites"},{"link_name":"Fish farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_farming"},{"link_name":"Fisheries management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_management"},{"link_name":"Fisheries science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_science"},{"link_name":"Individual fishing quota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota"},{"link_name":"Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing"},{"link_name":"Sustainable fishery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_fishery"},{"link_name":"Overfishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfishing"},{"link_name":"Wild fisheries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_fisheries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"Artisanal fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanal_fishing"},{"link_name":"Fisherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisherman"},{"link_name":"Fishing vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel"},{"link_name":"History of fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_fishing"},{"link_name":"Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_industry"},{"link_name":"List of harvested aquatic animals by weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight"},{"link_name":"By country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country"},{"link_name":"Commercial fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_fishing"},{"link_name":"Marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_marketing"},{"link_name":"Markets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_market"},{"link_name":"Processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_processing"},{"link_name":"Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_products"},{"link_name":"Seafood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafood"},{"link_name":"Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_fishing"},{"link_name":"Angling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angling"},{"link_name":"Big-game fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-game_fishing"},{"link_name":"Catch and release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_and_release"},{"link_name":"Fishing tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_tournament"},{"link_name":"Fly fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing"},{"link_name":"Techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_techniques"},{"link_name":"Fish trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_trap"},{"link_name":"Fishfinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishfinder"},{"link_name":"Fishing net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_net"},{"link_name":"Gathering seafood by hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand"},{"link_name":"Handline fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handline_fishing"},{"link_name":"Spearfishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearfishing"},{"link_name":"Trawling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trawling"},{"link_name":"Trolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)"},{"link_name":"Tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_tackle"},{"link_name":"Artificial flies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_fly"},{"link_name":"Bait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_bait"},{"link_name":"Bite indicators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_indicator"},{"link_name":"Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_hook"},{"link_name":"Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_line"},{"link_name":"Lures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_lure"},{"link_name":"Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_rod"},{"link_name":"Sinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_sinker"},{"link_name":"Fish ponds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_pond"},{"link_name":"Fishing banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_bank_(topography)"},{"link_name":"Fishing villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_village"},{"link_name":"Marine habitats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_habitat"},{"link_name":"Glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_fishing"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fishing"}],"text":"Sternberg, Dick (1999) Successful Walleye Fishing Creative Publishing international. ISBN 978-0-86573-095-3\nWalleye: Patterns & Presentations Creative Publishing International (2000). ISBN 978-0-86573-130-1vteAngling topicsAngling and game fishingAngling\nBoat fishing\nTrolling\nCasting\nSpey casting\nReach cast\nSurf fishing\nRock fishing\nBank fishing\nJet ski fishing\nKayak fishing\nCenterpin fishing\nCoarse fish\nRough fish\nBottom fishing\nTackle\nTechniques\nTournaments\nTraditional fishing boats\nAngling personalities\nTelevision series\nConfédération Internationale de la Pêche Sportive\nGame fishing\nBig-game fishing\nLand-based game fishing\nSalmon run\nInternational Game Fish Association\nSport fish\nBass\nCarp\nFly target species\nMahi-mahi\nMarlin\nPorgie (bream)\nShad\nSmelt whiting\nStriped bass\nSwordfish\nWalleye\nThe catch\nBag limits\nCatch and release\nIkejime\nMinimum landing size\nPanfish\nPriest (tool)\nTag and release\nCatch records\nEurope\nUK\nFly fishingFly fishing\nFly fishing tackle\nBamboo fly rod\nFly rod building\nFly casting\nFly Casting Analyzer\nFurled leader\nSpey casting\nReach cast\nTenkara fishing\nFloat tube\nTrout bum\nFly waters\nBibliography of fly fishing\nArtificial flies\nFly lure\nFly tying\nAdams\nAmadou\nAlexandra\nClouser Deep Minnow\nCrazy Charlie\nCul De Canard\nDave's Hopper\nDiawl bach\nEgg sucking leech\nElk Hair Caddis\nFlesh Fly\nGrey Ghost Streamer\nHare's Ear\nKlinkhammer\nLefty's Deceiver\nMuddler Minnow\nParks' Salmonfly\nPartridge and Orange\nPheasant Tail Nymph\nRed Tag\nRoyal Coachman\nRoyal Wulff\nSakasa Kebari\nTrolling tandem streamer fly\nTube fly\nWoolly Worm\nWoolly Bugger\nOrganizations\nAmerican Museum of Fly Fishing\nCatskill Fly Fishing Center and Museum\nFly Fishers International\nTrout Unlimited\nLiterature\nBlacker's Art of Fly Making\nA Book on Angling\nA Concise Treatise on the Art of Angling\nDry-Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice\nFavorite Flies and Their Histories\nFloating Flies and How to Dress Them\nThe Fly-fisher's Entomology\nFly Fishing\nA History of Fly Fishing for Trout\nMinor Tactics of the Chalk Stream\nPseudonyms of notable angling authors\nThe American Angler's Book\nThe Salmon Fly\nThe Way of a Trout with the FlyvteFisheries and fishing topic areasFisheries\nAquaculture\nDiversity of fish\nFish diseases and parasites\nFish farming\nFisheries management\nFisheries science\nIndividual fishing quota\nIllegal, unreported and unregulated fishing\nSustainable fishery\nOverfishing\nWild fisheries\nFishing\nArtisanal fishing\nFisherman\nFishing vessel\nHistory of fishing\nIndustry\nList of harvested aquatic animals by weight\nBy country\nCommercial fishing\nMarketing\nMarkets\nProcessing\nProducts\nSeafood\nRecreation\nAngling\nBig-game fishing\nCatch and release\nFishing tournaments\nFly fishing\nTechniques\nFish trap\nFishfinder\nFishing net\nGathering seafood by hand\nHandline fishing\nSpearfishing\nTrawling\nTrolling\nTackle\nArtificial flies\nBait\nBite indicators\nHook\nLine\nLures\nRod\nSinker\nLocations\nFish ponds\nFishing banks\nFishing villages\nMarine habitats\n\nGlossary\nIndex\n Outline\n Category","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Walleye (painting)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Walleye_painting.jpg/300px-Walleye_painting.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Walleye Fishing Network (2013). \"Walleye Fishing\". S. Reese. Retrieved 2014-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walleye-fishing.net/","url_text":"\"Walleye Fishing\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://wrec.igfa.org/WRecordsList.aspx?lc=AllTackle&cn=Walleye","external_links_name":"All Tackle Record for Walleye"},{"Link":"http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10364_18958-45694--,00.html","external_links_name":"Walleye Sander vitreus"},{"Link":"http://www.walleye-fishing.net/","external_links_name":"\"Walleye Fishing\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DnAbO7XxTCoC&q=%22walleye+fishing%22","external_links_name":"Successful Walleye Fishing"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P9SFdx9EXQQC&dq=%22walleye+fishing%22&pg=PA8","external_links_name":"Walleye: Patterns & Presentations"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus_nonstructural_protein_5B
Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5B
["1 Drugs targeting NS5B","2 References"]
HCV genome Nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) is a viral protein found in the hepatitis C virus (HCV). It is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, having the key function of replicating HCV's viral RNA by using the viral positive RNA strand as a template to catalyze the polymerization of ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTP) during RNA replication. Several crystal structures of NS5B polymerase in several crystalline forms have been determined based on the same consensus sequence BK (HCV-BK, genotype 1). The structure can be represented by a right hand shape with fingers, palm, and thumb. The encircled active site, unique to NS5B, is contained within the palm structure of the protein. Recent studies on NS5B protein genotype 1b strain J4's (HC-J4) structure indicate a presence of an active site where possible control of nucleotide binding occurs and initiation of de-novo RNA synthesis. De-novo adds necessary primers for initiation of RNA replication. Drugs targeting NS5B Several drugs are either on the market or in various stages of research target NS5B as a means to prevent further viral RNA replication and thus treat or cure HCV. They are often used in combination with NS5A inhibitors. Beclabuvir, currently in clinical trials. Dasabuvir (Viekira Pak), non-nucleoside/nucleotide analog, approved by FDA in December 2014 (only in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir). Deleobuvir, development terminated. Filibuvir, development terminated. Radalbuvir, currently in clinical trials. Setrobuvir, development terminated. Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi; Harvoni (combination with ledipasvir)): nucleotide analog, approved by the FDA in December 2013. References ^ Gehring S, Gregory SH, Wintermeyer P, Aloman C, Wands JR (February 2009). "Generation of immune responses against hepatitis C virus by dendritic cells containing NS5 protein-coated microparticles". Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 16 (2): 163–71. doi:10.1128/CVI.00287-08. PMC 2643538. PMID 19091993. ^ Jin Z, Leveque V, Ma H, Johnson KA, Klumpp K (March 2012). "Assembly, purification, and pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of active RNA-dependent RNA polymerase elongation complex". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (13): 10674–10683. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.325530. PMC 3323022. PMID 22303022. ^ Moradpour D, Penin F, Rice CM (June 2007). "Replication of hepatitis C virus". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 5 (6): 453–63. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1645. PMID 17487147. ^ Rigat K, Wang Y, Hudyma TW, Ding M, Zheng X, Gentles RG, et al. (November 2010). "Ligand-induced changes in hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase structure". Antiviral Research. 88 (2): 197–206. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.014. PMID 20813137. ^ Biswal BK, Cherney MM, Wang M, Chan L, Yannopoulos CG, Bilimoria D, et al. (May 2005). "Crystal structures of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genotype 2a of hepatitis C virus reveal two conformations and suggest mechanisms of inhibition by non-nucleoside inhibitors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (18): 18202–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.M413410200. PMID 15746101. ^ O'Farrell D, Trowbridge R, Rowlands D, Jäger J (February 2003). "Substrate complexes of hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase (HC-J4): structural evidence for nucleotide import and de-novo initiation". Journal of Molecular Biology. 326 (4): 1025–35. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01439-0. PMID 12589751. ^ Biswal BK, Wang M, Cherney MM, Chan L, Yannopoulos CG, Bilimoria D, et al. (August 2006). "Non-nucleoside inhibitors binding to hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase reveal a novel mechanism of inhibition". Journal of Molecular Biology. 361 (1): 33–45. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.074. PMID 16828488. vteViral proteins (early and late)DNAlinear ds-DNA(Duplodnaviria,Varidnaviria)Herpes simplexVSPs:capsid: HHV capsid portal protein Herpesvirus glycoprotein B VNPs: vmw65 ICP8 ICP34.5 ICP47 VacciniaVNPs: B13R AdenoviridaeVNPs: E1A E1B circular ds-DNA(Duplodnaviria,Varidnaviria?)Epstein–BarrVSPs: LMP-1 LMP-2 VNPs: EBNA-1 EBNA-2 EBNA-3 ncRNA: EBER BaculoviridaeVNPs: Early 35 kDa protein other(Riboviria,Monodnaviria)Polyomaviridae(SV40, MPyV, MCPyV, HaPyV)(non-enveloped circular ds-DNA)VSPs:capsid: VP1 VP2 and VP3 VNPs:oncoprotein: STag MTag LTag (SV40 Tag) AgnoproteinHepatitis B(circular partially ds-DNA)VSPs: HBsAg HBcAg HBeAg VNPs: HBx Hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase RNAds-RNA(Riboviria)Rotavirus(Duplornaviricota)VNPs: NSP1 NSP2 NSP3 NSP4 NSP5 NSP6 Rhinov., Polio, Hep A,etc. (Pisuviricota)VNPs: VPg ss-RNApositive-sense(Riboviria)Hepatitis C(Kitrinoviricota)VSPs: viral envelope E1 E2 VNPs: P7 NS2 NS3 NS4A NS4B NS5A NS5B SARS-CoV-2(Pisuviricota)VSPs: viral envelope Spike Envelope Membrane Nucleocapsid VNPs: ORF1ab 3C-like protease (NS5) ORF3a ORF3b ORF3c ORF3d ORF6 ORF7a ORF7b ORF8 ORF9b ss-RNAnegative-sense(Negarnaviricota)Influenza virusVSPs:capsid: matrix protein M1 protein viral envelope M2 protein glycoprotein: Influenza hemagglutinin Neuraminidase HA-tag VNPs: NS1 ParainfluenzaVSPs:glycoprotein: Parainfluenza hemagglutinin-neuraminidase MumpsVSPs:glycoprotein: Mumps hemagglutinin-neuraminidase MeaslesVSPs:glycoprotein: Measles hemagglutinin RSVVSPs:glycoprotein: Respiratory syncytial virus G protein Zaire ebolavirusVSPs:capsid: matrix protein VP40 VP24 Indiana vesiculovirusVSPs:capsid: matrix protein Vesiculovirus matrix proteins RTStructure and genome of HIVVSPs: gag p24 pol Integrase Reverse transcriptase HIV-1 protease env gp120 gp41 VRAPs: transactivators Tat Rev Vpr Nef Vif Vpu or Vpx Multiple Rous sarcoma virus murine leukemia virusFusion proteinoncoprotein: Gag-onc fusion protein
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viral protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_protein"},{"link_name":"hepatitis C virus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19091993-1"},{"link_name":"RNA-dependent RNA polymerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-dependent_RNA_polymerase"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA"},{"link_name":"catalyze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyze"},{"link_name":"polymerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerization"},{"link_name":"ribonucleoside triphosphates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ribonucleoside_triphosphates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"RNA replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_replication"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Nonstructural protein 5B (NS5B) is a viral protein found in the hepatitis C virus (HCV).[1] It is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, having the key function of replicating HCV's viral RNA by using the viral positive RNA strand as a template to catalyze the polymerization of ribonucleoside triphosphates (rNTP) during RNA replication.[2][3][4] Several crystal structures of NS5B polymerase in several crystalline forms have been determined based on the same consensus sequence BK (HCV-BK, genotype 1).[5] The structure can be represented by a right hand shape with fingers, palm, and thumb. The encircled active site, unique to NS5B, is contained within the palm structure of the protein. Recent studies on NS5B protein genotype 1b strain J4's (HC-J4) structure indicate a presence of an active site where possible control of nucleotide binding occurs and initiation of de-novo RNA synthesis. De-novo adds necessary primers for initiation of RNA replication.[6]","title":"Hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viral RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_RNA"},{"link_name":"NS5A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS5A_(Hepacivirus)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Beclabuvir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beclabuvir"},{"link_name":"clinical trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_trial"},{"link_name":"Dasabuvir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasabuvir"},{"link_name":"FDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDA"},{"link_name":"ombitasvir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ombitasvir"},{"link_name":"paritaprevir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paritaprevir"},{"link_name":"ritonavir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritonavir"},{"link_name":"Deleobuvir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deleobuvir"},{"link_name":"Filibuvir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filibuvir"},{"link_name":"Radalbuvir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radalbuvir"},{"link_name":"Setrobuvir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setrobuvir"},{"link_name":"Sofosbuvir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofosbuvir"},{"link_name":"Harvoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvoni"},{"link_name":"ledipasvir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledipasvir"}],"text":"Several drugs are either on the market or in various stages of research target NS5B as a means to prevent further viral RNA replication and thus treat or cure HCV. They are often used in combination with NS5A inhibitors.[7]Beclabuvir, currently in clinical trials.\nDasabuvir (Viekira Pak), non-nucleoside/nucleotide analog, approved by FDA in December 2014 (only in combination with ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir).\nDeleobuvir, development terminated.\nFilibuvir, development terminated.\nRadalbuvir, currently in clinical trials.\nSetrobuvir, development terminated.\nSofosbuvir (Sovaldi; Harvoni (combination with ledipasvir)): nucleotide analog, approved by the FDA in December 2013.","title":"Drugs targeting NS5B"}]
[{"image_text":"HCV genome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/HCV_genome.png/220px-HCV_genome.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Gehring S, Gregory SH, Wintermeyer P, Aloman C, Wands JR (February 2009). \"Generation of immune responses against hepatitis C virus by dendritic cells containing NS5 protein-coated microparticles\". Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 16 (2): 163–71. doi:10.1128/CVI.00287-08. PMC 2643538. PMID 19091993.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643538","url_text":"\"Generation of immune responses against hepatitis C virus by dendritic cells containing NS5 protein-coated microparticles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCVI.00287-08","url_text":"10.1128/CVI.00287-08"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643538","url_text":"2643538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19091993","url_text":"19091993"}]},{"reference":"Jin Z, Leveque V, Ma H, Johnson KA, Klumpp K (March 2012). \"Assembly, purification, and pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of active RNA-dependent RNA polymerase elongation complex\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 287 (13): 10674–10683. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.325530. PMC 3323022. PMID 22303022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323022","url_text":"\"Assembly, purification, and pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of active RNA-dependent RNA polymerase elongation complex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M111.325530","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M111.325530"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323022","url_text":"3323022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22303022","url_text":"22303022"}]},{"reference":"Moradpour D, Penin F, Rice CM (June 2007). \"Replication of hepatitis C virus\". Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 5 (6): 453–63. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1645. PMID 17487147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1645","url_text":"10.1038/nrmicro1645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17487147","url_text":"17487147"}]},{"reference":"Rigat K, Wang Y, Hudyma TW, Ding M, Zheng X, Gentles RG, et al. (November 2010). \"Ligand-induced changes in hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase structure\". Antiviral Research. 88 (2): 197–206. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.014. PMID 20813137.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.antiviral.2010.08.014","url_text":"10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.08.014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20813137","url_text":"20813137"}]},{"reference":"Biswal BK, Cherney MM, Wang M, Chan L, Yannopoulos CG, Bilimoria D, et al. (May 2005). \"Crystal structures of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genotype 2a of hepatitis C virus reveal two conformations and suggest mechanisms of inhibition by non-nucleoside inhibitors\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (18): 18202–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.M413410200. PMID 15746101.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M413410200","url_text":"\"Crystal structures of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genotype 2a of hepatitis C virus reveal two conformations and suggest mechanisms of inhibition by non-nucleoside inhibitors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M413410200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M413410200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15746101","url_text":"15746101"}]},{"reference":"O'Farrell D, Trowbridge R, Rowlands D, Jäger J (February 2003). \"Substrate complexes of hepatitis C virus RNA polymerase (HC-J4): structural evidence for nucleotide import and de-novo initiation\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 326 (4): 1025–35. doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01439-0. PMID 12589751.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0022-2836%2802%2901439-0","url_text":"10.1016/s0022-2836(02)01439-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12589751","url_text":"12589751"}]},{"reference":"Biswal BK, Wang M, Cherney MM, Chan L, Yannopoulos CG, Bilimoria D, et al. (August 2006). \"Non-nucleoside inhibitors binding to hepatitis C virus NS5B polymerase reveal a novel mechanism of inhibition\". Journal of Molecular Biology. 361 (1): 33–45. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.074. PMID 16828488.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2006.05.074","url_text":"10.1016/j.jmb.2006.05.074"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16828488","url_text":"16828488"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Prize
Porter Prize
["1 Recipients","2 References"]
The Porter Prize, established in 1984 by the non-profit organization known as the Porter Fund Literary Prize, is awarded annually to a writer who has created a substantial body of work and has a significant connection with Arkansas. The $5000 prize is one of the most prestigious literary awards in Arkansas. (The non-profit organization also awards a lifetime achievement award every five years and an annual scholarship to a student in the University of Central Arkansas Master of Fine Arts Creative Writing Program.) The Porter Prize was founded in honor of Ben Drew Kimpel. Recipients 2023 Jay Jennings Fiction 2022 Mark Barr Fiction 2021 Jen Fawkes Fiction 2020 Geffrey Davis Poetry 2019 Qui Nguyen Playwriting 2018 Tyrone Jaeger Fiction 2017 Padma Viswanathan Fiction 2016 Sandy Longhorn Poetry 2015 Davis McCombs Poetry 2014 Mara Leveritt Non-Fiction 2013 Pat Carr Fiction 2012 Margaret Jones Bolsterli Non-Fiction 2011 Bill Harrison Fiction 2010 Bob Ford Playwriting 2009 Roy Reed Non-Fiction 2008 Trenton Lee Stewart Fiction 2007 Greg Brownderville Poetry 2006 Donald "Skip" Hays Fiction 2005 Shirley Abbott Non-Fiction 2005 Constance Merritt Poetry 2004 Michael Burns Poetry 2003 Kevin Brockmeier Fiction 2002 Ralph Burns Poetry 2001 Morris Arnold Non-Fiction 2001 Fleda Brown Poetry 2000 Jo McDougall Poetry 1999 Grif Stockley Fiction 1998 Michael Heffernan Poetry 1997 Dennis Vannatta Fiction 1996 David Jauss Fiction 1995 Norman Lavers Fiction 1994 Werner Trieschmann Playwriting 1993 No Prize was awarded 1992 Andrea Hollander Poetry 1991 Crescent Dragonwagon Fiction 1990 James Twiggs Fiction 1989 Hope Norman Coulter Fiction 1988 Paul Lake Poetry 1987 Donald Harington Fiction 1986 Buddy Nordan Fiction 1985 Leon Stokesbury Poetry References ^ "Porter Prize (Home Page)". Porter Fund Literary Prize (porter-prize.com). ^ "Ben Drew Kimpel (1915–1983)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas. ^ "The Porter Prize Winners". Porter Fund Literary Prize (porter-prize.com).
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Porter Prize"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geffrey Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geffrey_Davis"},{"link_name":"Qui Nguyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qui_Nguyen"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Jaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyrone_Jaeger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Padma Viswanathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Viswanathan"},{"link_name":"Davis McCombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_McCombs"},{"link_name":"Mara Leveritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Leveritt"},{"link_name":"Margaret Jones Bolsterli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Jones_Bolsterli"},{"link_name":"Bill Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harrison_(author)"},{"link_name":"Roy Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Reed"},{"link_name":"Trenton Lee Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton_Lee_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Shirley Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Abbott_(author)"},{"link_name":"Constance Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Merritt"},{"link_name":"Kevin Brockmeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Brockmeier"},{"link_name":"Morris Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_S._Arnold"},{"link_name":"Fleda Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleda_Brown"},{"link_name":"Andrea Hollander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Hollander_Budy"},{"link_name":"Crescent Dragonwagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_Dragonwagon"},{"link_name":"Paul Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lake_(poet)"},{"link_name":"Donald Harington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Harington_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Buddy Nordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Nordan"},{"link_name":"Leon Stokesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Stokesbury"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"2023 Jay Jennings Fiction\n2022\tMark Barr\tFiction\n2021\tJen Fawkes\tFiction\n2020\tGeffrey Davis\tPoetry\n2019\tQui Nguyen\tPlaywriting\n2018\tTyrone Jaeger\tFiction\n2017\tPadma Viswanathan\tFiction\n2016\tSandy Longhorn \tPoetry\n2015\tDavis McCombs \tPoetry\n2014\tMara Leveritt\tNon-Fiction\n2013 Pat Carr\tFiction\n2012 Margaret Jones Bolsterli Non-Fiction\n2011 Bill Harrison\tFiction\n2010 Bob Ford\tPlaywriting\n2009 Roy Reed\tNon-Fiction\n2008 Trenton Lee Stewart\tFiction\n2007 Greg Brownderville\tPoetry\n2006 Donald \"Skip\" Hays\tFiction\n2005 Shirley Abbott Non-Fiction\n2005 Constance Merritt\tPoetry\n2004 Michael Burns\tPoetry\n2003 Kevin Brockmeier\tFiction\n2002 Ralph Burns\tPoetry\n2001 Morris Arnold\tNon-Fiction\n2001 Fleda Brown\tPoetry\n2000 Jo McDougall\tPoetry\n1999 Grif Stockley\tFiction\n1998 Michael Heffernan\tPoetry\n1997 Dennis Vannatta\tFiction\n1996 David Jauss\tFiction\n1995 Norman Lavers\tFiction\n1994 Werner Trieschmann\tPlaywriting\n1993 No Prize was awarded\n1992 Andrea Hollander\tPoetry\n1991 Crescent Dragonwagon\tFiction\n1990 James Twiggs\tFiction\n1989 Hope Norman Coulter\tFiction\n1988 Paul Lake\tPoetry\n1987 Donald Harington\tFiction\n1986 Buddy Nordan\tFiction\n1985 Leon Stokesbury\tPoetry[3]","title":"Recipients"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Porter Prize (Home Page)\". Porter Fund Literary Prize (porter-prize.com).","urls":[{"url":"http://porter-prize.com/index.htm","url_text":"\"Porter Prize (Home Page)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ben Drew Kimpel (1915–1983)\". Encyclopedia of Arkansas.","urls":[{"url":"http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/ben-drew-kimpel-1688/","url_text":"\"Ben Drew Kimpel (1915–1983)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Porter Prize Winners\". Porter Fund Literary Prize (porter-prize.com).","urls":[{"url":"http://porter-prize.com/porter-winners.htm","url_text":"\"The Porter Prize Winners\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://porter-prize.com/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Porter Prize (Home Page)\""},{"Link":"http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/ben-drew-kimpel-1688/","external_links_name":"\"Ben Drew Kimpel (1915–1983)\""},{"Link":"http://porter-prize.com/porter-winners.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Porter Prize Winners\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herch_Moys%C3%A9s_Nussenzveig
Herch Moysés Nussenzveig
["1 References","2 External links"]
Brazilian physicist (1933–2022) Nussenzveig Herch Moysés Nussenzveig (16 January 1933 – 5 November 2022) was a Brazilian physicist, professor at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. He authored several textbooks, notably the collection Curso de Física Básica (Course of Basic Physics), winner of the Prêmio Jabuti in 1999 on the category Ciências Exatas, Tecnologia e Informática (Exact Sciences, Technology and Informatics). He was president of the Brazilian Physical Society from 1981 to 1983. Nussenzveig was born in São Paulo on 16 January 1933. He was a PhD student of Guido Beck. He was known, among other things, for explaining effects such as the glory, an optical phenomenon. In 1986, he was the recipient of the Max Born Award. The prize citation reads: "For distinguished and valuable contributions to the theory of Mie scattering and to the theories of the rainbow and the glory." His two brothers, wife, and three children are all scientists or physicians; one of his children is the mathematician Helena J. Nussenzveig Lopes. Nussenzveig died on 5 November 2022, at the age of 89. References ^ "Edições Anteriores - Prêmio 1999". Câmara Brasileira do Livro. Archived from the original on 10 September 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2009. ^ "Diretorias Anteriores da Sociedade Brasileira de Física". Retrieved 7 February 2010. ^ "ABC – Academia Brasileira de Ciências". Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. ^ "Herch Moysés Nussenzveig: Além do arco-íris". revistapesquisa.fapesp.br. Retrieved 18 December 2022. ^ "Max Born Award - Awards - Optica.org | Optica". Retrieved 18 December 2022. ^ Zorzetto, Ricardo (July 2010), "Herch Moysés Nussenzveig: Além do arco-íris" , Revista Pesquisa, São Paulo Research Foundation, archived from the original on 28 February 2018, retrieved 27 February 2018 ^ "Adeus a Herch Moysés Nussenzveig". UFRJ. 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022. External links ABREU, A. A.; VELHO, G.; DAVIDOVICH, L (2008). "Interview - Herch Moysés Nussenzveig" (PDF). Ciência e Cultura. Revista Ciência e Cultura (online). Sociedade Brasileira para o Progresso da Ciência: 74–88. ISSN 0009-6725. Retrieved 12 April 2009. Preceded byMário Schenberg President of the Brazilian Society of Physics 1981–1983 Succeeded byFernando de Souza Barros Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This biographical article about a Brazilian academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a physicist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Brazilian scientist article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrica_californica
Myrica californica
["1 Cultivation and uses","2 References","3 External links"]
Species of shrub Myrica californica Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fagales Family: Myricaceae Genus: Myrica Species: M. californica Binomial name Myrica californicaCham. & Schltdl. Range of Myrica californica Synonyms Morella californica Myrica californica (California bayberry, California wax myrtle or Pacific wax myrtle; syn. Gale californica (Cham. & Schltdl.) Greene, Morella californica (Cham. & Schltdl.) Wilbur) is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to the Pacific Ocean coast of North America from Vancouver Island south to California as far south as the Long Beach area. It grows to 2–10 m tall, and has serrated, sticky green leaves 4–13 cm long and 0.7–3 cm broad, which emit a spicy scent on warm days. The flower's inflorescence is arranged in a spike 0.6–3 cm long, in range of colors from green to red. The fruit is a wrinkled purple berry 4–6.5 mm diameter, with a waxy coating, hence the common name wax myrtle. This species has root nodules containing nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, allowing it to grow in relatively poor soils. Cultivation and uses It grows well on cool, moist coastlines and can be planted in lines as a seaside windbreak. The bark and leaves have historically been used on occasion for gastrointestinal ailments. The most active chemical is apparently the glycoside myricinic acid, which is related to saponin. The plant tissues are also high in tannins. The wax may be extracted from the fruit and made into candles and soap; however, this species produces much less wax than other bayberries, and so is rarely used for this purpose. Various birds eat the berries in small quantities. References ^ a b Petrides, George A. (1998). A Field Guide to Western Trees: Western United States and Canada (Peterson Field Guides). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 331–332. ISBN 0395904544. ^ a b Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 382. ISBN 0-394-73127-1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Myrica californica. Flora of North America: Myrica californica Jepson Manual treatment of Myrica californica Myrica californica — UC Photo gallery Taxon identifiersMyrica californica Wikidata: Q15377158 Wikispecies: Myrica californica CoL: 458CW FNA: 233500789 GBIF: 5414212 GRIN: 413131 IPNI: 585495-1 IRMNG: 10909008 ITIS: 19264 Plant List: kew-2500771 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:303885-2 Tropicos: 21700026 VASCAN: 6679 WFO: wfo-0000447424 This Fagales article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Petrides, George A. (1998). A Field Guide to Western Trees: Western United States and Canada (Peterson Field Guides). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 331–332. ISBN 0395904544.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetowest00petr_0/page/331","url_text":"A Field Guide to Western Trees: Western United States and Canada (Peterson Field Guides)"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetowest00petr_0/page/331","url_text":"331–332"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0395904544","url_text":"0395904544"}]},{"reference":"Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 382. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/westernforests00whit/page/382","url_text":"Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides)"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/westernforests00whit/page/382","url_text":"382"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-73127-1","url_text":"0-394-73127-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_on_Beat
Tiger on the Beat
["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Sequel","4 References","5 External links"]
1988 Hong Kong filmTiger on the BeatFilm posterTraditional Chinese老虎出更Simplified Chinese老虎出更Hanyu PinyinLǎo Hǔ Chū GèngJyutpingLou5 Fu2 Ceot1 Gaang1 Directed byLau Kar-leungWritten byTsang Kwok-chiProduced byTsang Kwok-chiStarringChow Yun-fatNina Li ChiConan LeeCinematographyChan Kwong-hungEdited byWong Ming-lamMusic byTeddy RobinDistributed byCinema City & Films Co.Release date 19 March 1988 (1988-03-19) Running time88 minutesCountryHong KongLanguageCantoneseBox officeHK$27,865,158 Tiger on the Beat (老虎出更), also known as Tiger on Beat, is a 1988 Hong Kong action comedy film directed by Lau Kar-leung. The film stars Chow Yun-fat and Conan Lee as a buddy cop team who originally hate each other, but learn to overcome their differences in solving a case. Synopsis This action-comedy film in the style of Lethal Weapon is about a lazy police veteran Francis Li (Chow Yun-fat) and his eager rookie partner Michael Tso (Conan Lee). The pair of mismatched partners are assigned to investigate the murder of a heroin trafficker "Poison Snake" Ping (Phillip Ko) who was known to be associated with crime boss Johnny Law (Norman Chui). The duo interrogate bar girl Marydonna (Nina Li Chi) who is the sister of "Poison Snake" Ping, one of Law's associates. Marydonna eventually caves to the intense pressure and fingers Law. Though the criminal soon winds up in jail and Li gets his long overdue promotion, Law is all out for revenge. Cast Chow Yun-fat as Francis Li Nina Li Chi as Marydonna (credited as Li Chi) Conan Lee as Michael Tso Gordon Liu as Fai, the Hitman Philip Ko as Heroin dealer (credited as Ko Fai) Shing Fui-On as Dummy (credited as Shing Fui Ann) Ti Lung as Loong David Chiang as Police Superintendent (credited as John Keung) James Wong as Police Inspector Jim Pak Lydia Shum as department store staff (credited as Sun Tin Ha) Lau Kar-wing as Sour Puss Shirley Ng as Mimi, Francis' sister Norman Chui as Mr. Law (credited as Tsui Shui Keung) Chan Chi-shing as Shing Joe Bryan Baker as Boss Sequel The film was followed by a sequel in 1990, Tiger on the Beat 2. The film starred Danny Lee, and Conan Lee reprised his role but Chow Yun-fat did not. References ^ "Tiger on Beat". Fandango. Retrieved 3 July 2016 ^ "Tiger on Beat (1988)". IMDb. Retrieved 3 July 2016 ^ "Cast&Crew". IMDb. Retrieved 3 July 2016 External links Tiger on the Beat at IMDb Tiger on the Beat at Hong Kong Cinemagic Tiger on the Beat at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Lau Kar-leung Challenge of the Masters (1976) Executioners from Shaolin (1977) The 36th Chamber of Shaolin (1978) The Deadly Mantis (1978) Heroes of the East (1978) Deadly Strike (1978) Dirty Ho (1979) Mad Monkey Kung Fu (1979) Return to the 36th Chamber (1980) My Young Auntie (1981) Martial Club (1981) Legendary Weapons of China (1982) Cat Vs. Rat (1982) Lady Is the Boss (1983) The Eight Diagram Pole Fighter (1984) Disciples of the 36th Chamber (1985) Martial Arts of Shaolin (1986) Tiger on the Beat (1988) Aces Go Places 5: The Terracotta Hit (1989) Drunken Master II (1994) Drunken Master III (1994) Drunken Monkey (2003) This article related to a Hong Kong film of the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an action film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Justice_(Greece)
Ministry of Justice (Greece)
["1 List of ministers","1.1 Justice (1974–2009)","1.2 Justice, transparency and human rights (2009–2019)","1.3 Justice (since July 2019)","2 External links"]
Ministry of JusticeΥπουργείο ΔικαιοσύνηςCoat of arms of the Hellenic RepublicIncumbentGiorgos Floridessince 27 June 2023AppointerPrime Minister of GreeceInaugural holderKonstantinos PapakonstantinouFormation8 July 2019Websiteministryofjustice.gr/English/ This article is part of a series onPolitics of Greece Constitution Constitutional history Human rights Executive Head of state President of the Republic (list): Katerina Sakellaropoulou Presidential Departments Government Prime Minister (list): Kyriakos Mitsotakis Cabinet: Kyr. Mitsotakis II Legislature Speaker: Konstantinos Tasoulas Presidium Conference of Presidents Parliamentary committees Constituencies Apportionment Judiciary Supreme courts Special Highest Court Court of Cassation Council of State Chamber of Accounts Subdivisions Regions Municipalities Elections Political parties Recent elections: Parliamentary: 20192023 (May)2023 (June) Local: 201420192023 European: 201420192024 Referendums: 197319742015 Foreign relations Ministry for Foreign Affairs Minister: Giorgos Gerapetritis Diplomatic missions of Greece Diplomatic missions in Greece KYSEA International Relations Passport Visa requirements Politics of the European Union Greece portal Other countries vte The Ministry of Justice (Greek: Υπουργείο Δικαιοσύνης) is the government department entrusted with the supervision of the legal and judicial system of Greece. The incumbent minister is Giorgos Floridis independent, formerly member of PASOK and Prefector of Kilkis. It was founded as the State Secretariat for Justice (Ἡ ἐπὶ τῆς Δικαιοσύνης Γραμματεία τῆς Ἐπικρατείας) on 25 January 1833, and later known as the Ministry of Justice (Katharevousa: Ὑπουργεῖον Δικαιοσύνης, Demotic: Υπουργείο Δικαιοσύνης). It was renamed the Ministry of Justice, Transparency and Human Rights (Greek: Υπουργείο Δικαιοσύνης, Διαφάνειας και Ανθρωπίνων Δικαιωμάτων) in October 2009 under George Papandreou, but was restored to its previous name in July 2019 by Kyriakos Mitsotakis. List of ministers Justice (1974–2009) Name Took office Left office Party Notes Konstantinos Papakonstantinou  24 July 1974 9 October 1974 New Democracy National unity government  Georgios Oikonomopoulos  9 October 1974 21 November 1974 Konstantinos Stefanakis  21 November 1974 21 October 1977 Spyridon Gangas  21 October 1977 28 November 1977 Georgios Stamatis  28 November 1977 17 September 1981 Solon Rangas 17 September 1981 21 October 1981 Efstathios Alexandris 21 October 1981 5 July 1982 PASOK Georgios-Alexandros Mangakis  5 July 1982 22 May 1984 Nikolaos Papantoniou  22 May 1984 21 June 1984 Georgios-Alexandros Mangakis 21 June 1984 9 May 1985 Konstantinos Kounougeris  9 May 1985 5 June 1985 Miltiadis Papaioannou 5 June 1985 26 July 1985 Georgios-Alexandros Mangakis 26 July 1985 25 April 1986 Apostolos Kaklamanis 25 April 1986 5 February 1987 Eleftherios Veryvakis 5 February 1987 23 September 1987 Menios Koutsogiorgas 23 September 1987 18 November 1988 Vasileios Rotis  18 November 1988 17 March 1989 Ioannis Skoularikis 17 March 1989 2 June 1989 Konstantinos Stamatis  2 June 1989 2 July 1989 Independent Fotis Kouvelis 2 July 1989 12 October 1989 Greek Left Coalition government  Konstantinos Stamatis 12 October 1989 11 April 1990 Independent Caretaker government and national unity government Athanasios Kanellopoulos  11 April 1990 8 August 1991 New Democracy Michalis Papakonstantinou 8 August 1991 7 August 1992 Ioannis Varvitsiotis 7 August 1992 3 December 1992 Anna Benaki-Psarouda 3 December 1992 14 September 1993 Georgios Plagianakos  14 September 1993 13 October 1993 Georgios Kouvelakis  13 October 1993 10 February 1995 PASOK Anastasios Peponis 10 February 1995 15 September 1995 Ioannis Pottakis  15 September 1995 22 January 1996 Evangelos Venizelos 22 January 1996 30 August 1996 Anargyros Fatouros 30 August 1996 25 September 1996 Evangelos Giannopoulos 25 September 1996 20 March 2000 Dimitrios Gourgourakis  20 March 2000 13 April 2000 Independent Michael Stathopoulos  13 April 2000 24 October 2001 PASOK Filippos Petsalnikos 24 October 2001 10 March 2004 Anastasios Papaligouras 10 March 2004 19 September 2007 New Democracy Sotirios Hatzigakis 19 September 2007 7 January 2009 Nikos Dendias 8 January 2009 7 October 2009 Justice, transparency and human rights (2009–2019) Name Took office Left office Party Notes Haris Kastanidis 7 October 2009 17 June 2011 PASOK Cabinet of George Papandreou Miltiadis Papaioannou 17 June 2011 17 May 2012 National unity government from 11 November Christos Geraris 17 May 2012 21 June 2012 Independent Pikrammenos caretaker cabinet Antonis Roupakiotis 21 June 2012 25 June 2013 Independent, proposed by DIMAR Samaras cabinet Haralambos Athanasiou  25 June 2013 27 January 2015 New Democracy Nikos Paraskevopoulos 27 January 2015 27 August 2015 Syriza First Tsipras cabinet Dimitris Papangelopoulos 28 August 2015 21 September 2015 Independent Thanou caretaker cabinet Nikos Paraskevopoulos 23 September 2015 5 November 2016 Syriza Second Tsipras cabinet Stavros Kontonis 5 November 2016 29 August 2018 Michalis Kalogirou  29 August 2018 9 July 2019 Justice (since July 2019) Name Took office Left office Party Notes Konstantinos Tsiaras 9 July 2019 25 May 2023 New Democracy Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis Philip Spyropoulos 26 May 2023 26 June 2023 Independent Caretaker Cabinet of Ioannis Sarmas George Florides 27 June 2023 Independent, formerly PASOK Second Cabinet of Kyriakos Mitsotakis External links Official website vteCurrent Cabinet of Greece Prime Minister: Kyriakos Mitsotakis National Economy and Finance: Kostis Hatzidakis Foreign Affairs: Giorgos Gerapetritis National Defence: Nikos Dendias Interior: Thodoris Livanios  Education, Religious Affairs and Sport: Kyriakos Pierrakakis Health: Adonis Georgiadis Infrastructure and Transport: Christos Staikouras Environment and Energy: Theodoros Skylakakis Development: Takis Theodorikakos  Labour and Social Security: Niki Kerameus Citizen Protection: Michalis Chrisochoidis Justice: Giorgos Floridis  Culture: Lina Mendoni Migration and Asylum: Nikolaos Panagiotopoulos Social Cohesion and the Family : Sofia Zacharaki Rural Development and Food: Konstantinos Tsiaras Shipping and Island Policy: Christos Stylianides Tourism: Olga Kefalogianni Digital Governance: Dimitris Papastergiou  Climate Crisis and Civil Protection : Vasilis Kikilias Ministers of State: Makis Voridis, Akis Skertsos  Government Spokesman: Pavlos Marinakis 
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[]
[{"Link":"http://ministryofjustice.gr/English/","external_links_name":"ministryofjustice.gr/English/"},{"Link":"https://ministryofjustice.gr/English/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasileios_Charalampopoulos
Vassilis Charalampopoulos (basketball)
["1 Early career","2 Professional career","2.1 Panathinaikos (2012–2018)","2.2 PAOK (2017–2018)","2.3 Lavrio (2018–2019)","2.4 Olympiacos & Ionikos Nikaias (2019–2021)","2.5 Reyer Venezia (2021)","2.6 Fortitudo Bologna (2021–2022)","2.7 VL Pesaro (2022–2023)","2.8 Dinamo Sassari (2023–present)","3 National team career","3.1 Junior national team","3.2 Senior national team","4 Career statistics","4.1 EuroLeague","5 Awards and accomplishments","5.1 Club career","5.2 Greek junior national team","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Greek basketball player Vassilis CharalampopoulosCharalampopoulos with Greece's Under-20 NT, in August 2015.No. 33 – Dinamo SassariPositionSmall forwardLeagueLBAPersonal informationBorn (1997-01-06) January 6, 1997 (age 27)Maroussi, GreeceNationalityGreekListed height2.04 m (6 ft 8 in)Listed weight109 kg (240 lb)Career informationPlaying career2012–presentCareer history2012–2018Panathinaikos2017–2018→ PAOK Thessaloniki2018–2019Lavrio2019–2021Olympiacos2019–2020→ Ionikos Nikaias2021Reyer Venezia2021–2022Fortitudo Bologna2022–2023Victoria Libertas Pesaro2023–presentDinamo Sassari Career highlights and awards 3× Greek League champion (2013, 2014, 2017) 5× Greek Cup winner (2013–2017) FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship MVP (2017) FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship MVP (2015) Medals Representing  Greece Men's Basketball FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship 2017 Greece Under-20 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship 2015 Greece Under-18 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship B 2016 Greece Under-20 Vassilis Charalampopoulos (alternate spellings: Vasileios, Vasilis, Basilis, Charalabopoulos) (Greek: Βασίλης Χαραλαμπόπουλος; born January 6, 1997) is a Greek professional basketball player for Dinamo Sassari of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). Early career Charalampopoulos, a left-handed 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) tall, 109.1 kg (241 lb) small forward, that can also play power forward, with a 2.11 m (6'11") wingspan; started playing basketball with the youth teams of the Greek club Aigaleo. He spent the 2011–12 season with the senior men's club of Aigaleo. That same season, he played in the semi-pro level Greek B League, which is the 3rd-tier division of Greek basketball. Professional career Panathinaikos (2012–2018) In 2012, Charalampopoulos moved to the Greek 1st Division club Panathinaikos. He made his pro debut in the 1st-tier level Greek League, during the 2012–13 season, on 26 November 2012, in a home game against Panelefsiniakos. Charalampopoulos made his debut in the European-wide top-tier level EuroLeague, during the 2013–14 season, in a road game against Lokomotiv Kuban, on 13 December 2013. On June 25, 2016, Charalampopoulos extended his contract with Panathinaikos for eight years, through the 2023–24 season. He was loaned to the Greek club PAOK, for the 2017–18 season. As part of his loan deal to PAOK, his contract with Panathinaikos was also restructured, as he signed a new 4-year contract with them, lasting through the 2020–21 season. The new contract also contained NBA buyout options after each season. On August 20, 2018, Charalampopoulos and Panathinaikos agreed to prematurely terminate their contract. PAOK (2017–2018) On August 16, 2017, Charalampopoulos was loaned to Greek club PAOK, for the 2017–18 season. With PAOK, during the 2017–18 Greek Basket League season, in 24 games played, he averaged 6.5 points, 3.0 rebounds, 1.0 assists, and 0.8 steals per game, in 19.6 minutes per game. He also played with PAOK in the European 3rd-tier level Basketball Champions League (BCL), where in 11 games played, he averaged 7.5 points, 2.5 rebounds, 1.1 assists, and 0.5 steals per game, in 15.9 minutes per game, during the 2017–18 season. Lavrio (2018–2019) On August 24, 2018, Charalampopoulos signed a two-year deal (with an opt-out clause prior to the Greek playoffs for the 2019 NBA draft) with Lavrio of the Greek Basket League and the FIBA Europe Cup. Olympiacos & Ionikos Nikaias (2019–2021) On August 14, 2019, Charalampopoulos signed a four-year (2+2) deal with EuroLeague side Olympiacos. On September 15, 2019, he was loaned to Ionikos Nikaias of the Greek Basket League for the 2019–2020 season. His loan was prematurely recalled on January 8, 2020, and Charalampopoulos rejoined Olympiacos for their EuroLeague campaign, after a rather successful stint with Ionikos. On July 17, 2021, Olympiacos opted out of their mutual contract and Charalampopoulos became a free agent. In 13 EuroLeague games total with Olympiacos (11 during the 2020–2021 season), Charalampopoulos averaged a playing time of only 7.5 minutes, as well as 2.5 points and 0.6 rebounds per contest. Reyer Venezia (2021) On August 1, 2021, Charalampopoulos signed a multi-year deal with Umana Reyer Venezia of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). Fortitudo Bologna (2021–2022) On December 1, 2021, Charalampopoulos transferred to Fortitudo Bologna. VL Pesaro (2022–2023) On July 17, 2022, Charalampopoulos signed with Victoria Libertas Pesaro of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). He averaged 9.4 points, 4.7 rebounds and 1.6 assists per game. Dinamo Sassari (2023–present) On July 13, 2023, he signed with Dinamo Sassari of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). National team career Junior national team With the junior national teams of Greece, Charalampopoulos played at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 editions of the FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship. He won the bronze medal at the 2013 Under-16 tournament. He also played with Greece at the 2013 TBF Under-16 World Cup in Sakarya, Turkey, where he helped Greece win the gold medal, and was voted to the All-Tournament Team. In the summer of 2014, Charalampopoulos played at the FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship and helped Greece reach the fourth place of the tournament. He finished the tournament being first in minutes per game, third in points per game and fifth in total rebounds, earning his place in the All-Tournament Team. In the summer of 2015, Charalampopoulos suffered a right ankle injury in a friendly game against the USA, and doctors initially said that it would be difficult for him to play at the 2015 FIBA Under-19 World cup. Despite the injury, Charalampopoulos was able to play at the tournament, and he scored 21 points against the US in the tournament's semifinal. Greece lost the semifinal game against the US, and Charalampopoulos was then injured once again in the third-place game, against Turkey, which Greece also lost, as they finished in fourth place. Charalampopoulos also played at the 2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship. In a game against France, he had 13 points, 10 rebounds, and 11 assists, making him the first player since Lithuania's Martynas Andriuškevičius to record a triple double at the same tournament. Eventually, Greece beat Turkey in the tournament's final, by a score of 64–61, and won the gold medal. Charalampopoulos was honoured as the MVP of the tournament. During the tournament, Charalampopoulos averaged 16.6 points, 8.1 rebounds, and 5.2 assists per game. Charalampopoulos then played at the 2nd division level 2016 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship Division B, where he won a bronze medal, made the All-Tournament Team, and was named the MVP. He also played at the 2017 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship, where he won the gold medal and was named MVP of the tournament. Senior national team Charalampopoulos became a member of the senior men's Greek national basketball team for the first time in 2016. He was selected as one of 12 players to compete with Greece at the 2016 Turin FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament. Career statistics Legend   GP Games played   GS  Games started  MPG  Minutes per game  FG%  Field-goal percentage  3P%  3-point field-goal percentage  FT%  Free-throw percentage  RPG  Rebounds per game  APG  Assists per game  SPG  Steals per game  BPG  Blocks per game  PPG  Points per game  PIR  Performance Index Rating  Bold  Career high EuroLeague Cited from euroleague.net Year Team GP GS MPG FG% 3P% FT% RPG APG SPG BPG PPG PIR 2013–14 Panathinaikos 1 0 2.8 .000 .000 .000 1.0 .0 .0 .0 0.0 0.0 2014–15 12 5 8.8 .571 .571 .750 1.2 0.7 .3 .2 2.2 2.9 2015–16 6 1 9.5 .375 .250 .667 2.0 1.0 .2 .2 1.5 3.7 2016–17 7 2 4.2 .333 .000 .000 .3 .0 .0 .0 .6 -.1 Career 26 8 7.5 .464 .417 .727 1.1 0.5 .2 .1 1.5 2.2 Awards and accomplishments Club career 3× Greek League Champion: (2013, 2014, 2017) 5× Greek Cup Winner: (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017) Greek junior national team 2013 TBF Under-16 World Cup:  Gold 2013 TBF Under-16 World Cup: All-Tournament Team 2013 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship:  Bronze 2014 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship: All-Tournament Team 2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship:  Gold 2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship: All-Tournament Team and MVP 2016 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship Division B:  Bronze 2016 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship Division B: All-Tournament Team and MVP 2017 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship:  Gold 2017 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship: All-Tournament Team and MVP See also List of youngest EuroLeague players References ^ VASILIS CHARALAMPOPOULOS Player home. ^ 15 Vassilis Charalampopoulos. ^ Vassilis Charalampopoulos Height: 204 cm. ^ 2018 NBA Global Camp Anthropometric Testing Results. ^ Basketball.Eurobasket.com Vasileios Charalampopoulos basketball profile. ^ 26 Νοεμβρίου 2012 07:00 | ΟΑΚΑ 07η Αγωνιστική | Κανονική Περίοδος | Basket League ΟΠΑΠ 2012-13 (in Greek). ^ 2013-14 Regular Season Round 9 DECEMBER 13, 2013 CET: 17:00 LOCAL TIME: 20:00 BASKET HALL. ^ Panathinaikos BC Announcement. ^ Ο Χαραλαμπόπουλος δέχθηκε μείωση 64% για να παίξει στον ΠΑΟΚ (in Greek). ^ Ο Βασίλης Χαραλαμπόπουλος στον ΠΑΟΚ (in Greek). ^ ΧΑΡΑΛΑΜΠΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ Βασίλης | STOIXIMAN.GR Basket League 2017-18 (in Greek). ^ Vasileios CHARALAMPOPOULOS STATISTICS. ^ "Vasilis Charalampopoulos è un nuovo giocatore della Fortitudo Kigili!". fortitudo103.it (in Italian). 1 December 2021. ^ "VL Pesaro announces Vasilis Charalampopoulos". Sportando. July 17, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022. ^ "Dinamo Sassari signs Vassilis Charalampopoulos". Sportando. July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 14, 2023. ^ FIBA.com Vasileios CHARALAMPOPOULOS (GRE). ^ FIBAEurope.com U-18 Men Vasileios Charalampopoulos (Greece). ^ FIBAEurope.com MVP Güven Heads All-Tournament Team. ^ Τραυματίστηκε ο Χαραλαμπόπουλος (in Greek). ^ ΗΠΑ - Ελλάδα 82 -76 (in Greek). ^ Ελλάδα - Τουρκία 71 - 8 (in Greek). ^ Έγραψε ιστορία ο Χαραλαμπόπουλος (in Greek). ^ Greece Emerge Champions After Nailbiter. ^ MVP Charalampopoulos Headlines All-Star Five. ^ Greece beat Turkey to win 2015 U18 European Championship. ^ Vasileios Charalampopoulos Greece stats. ^ Charalampopoulos crowned MVP after leading Greece to title. ^ Greek NT squad for OQT is announced. ^ CHARALAMPOPOULOS, VASILIS Stats Euroleague. External links Euroleague.net profile FIBA profile FIBA Europe profile Eurobasket.com profile Greek Basket League profile (in English) Greek Basket League profile (in Greek) Hellenic Basketball Federation profile (in Greek) Draftexpress.com profile ASK4Sports.com profile NBADraft.net profile vteBanco di Sardegna Sassari current roster 3 Treier 5 Tyree 6 Krušlin 13 Raspino 20 Bendžius 21 Gandini 22 Gentile 25 Diop 26 Gombauld 28 McKinnie 30 Jefferson 33 Charalampopoulos Bibbins Halilović Udom Sokołowski Fobbs Head coach: Marković Assistant coach(es): Bulleri Oldoini Links to related articles vteFIBA Europe Under-18 Championship Most Valuable Player Award 1998: Bečirovič 2000: Parker 2002: Lorbek 2004: Rodríguez 2005: Labović 2006: Batum 2007: Koufos 2008: Motiejūnas 2009: Kanter 2010: Valančiūnas 2011: Abrines 2012: Šarić 2013: Sipahi 2014: Güven 2015: Charalampopoulos 2016: Ntilikina 2017: Mišković 2018: Pecarski 2019: Aldama 2022: Almansa vteFIBA Europe Under-20 Championship Most Valuable Player Award 1996: Nesterović 1998: Rakočević 2000: Bečirovič 2002: Zisis 2004: Lorbek 2005: Kurbanov 2006: İlyasova 2007: Teodosić 2008: Raduljica 2009: Papanikolaou 2010: Albicy 2011: Mirotić 2012: Westermann 2013: Della Valle 2014: Osman 2015: Gudurić 2016: García 2017: Charalampopoulos 2018: Zoosman 2019: Avdija 2022: Núñez 2023: Kamardine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Dinamo Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamo_Sassari"},{"link_name":"Lega Basket Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A"}],"text":"Vassilis Charalampopoulos[1][2] (alternate spellings: Vasileios, Vasilis, Basilis, Charalabopoulos) (Greek: Βασίλης Χαραλαμπόπουλος; born January 6, 1997) is a Greek professional basketball player for Dinamo Sassari of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA).","title":"Vassilis Charalampopoulos (basketball)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"left-handed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_handed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"small forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_forward"},{"link_name":"power forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_forward_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"wingspan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wingspan#Wingspan_in_sports"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Aigaleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigaleo_B.C."},{"link_name":"semi-pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-professional"},{"link_name":"Greek B League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_B_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"3rd-tier division of Greek basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_basketball_league_system"}],"text":"Charalampopoulos, a left-handed 2.04 m (6 ft 8 in) tall,[3] 109.1 kg (241 lb) small forward, that can also play power forward, with a 2.11 m (6'11\") wingspan;[4] started playing basketball with the youth teams of the Greek club Aigaleo. He spent the 2011–12 season with the senior men's club of Aigaleo. That same season, he played in the semi-pro level Greek B League, which is the 3rd-tier division of Greek basketball.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek 1st Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"Panathinaikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_B.C."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_sports"},{"link_name":"1st-tier level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_basketball_league_system"},{"link_name":"2012–13 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League_2012%E2%80%9313"},{"link_name":"Panelefsiniakos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panelefsiniakos_B.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"European-wide top-tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_professional_club_basketball_system"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"2013–14 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Euroleague"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv Kuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBC_Lokomotiv-Kuban"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"loaned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"},{"link_name":"PAOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.A.O.K._BC"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Panathinaikos (2012–2018)","text":"In 2012, Charalampopoulos moved to the Greek 1st Division club Panathinaikos.[5] He made his pro debut in the 1st-tier level Greek League, during the 2012–13 season, on 26 November 2012, in a home game against Panelefsiniakos.[6] Charalampopoulos made his debut in the European-wide top-tier level EuroLeague, during the 2013–14 season, in a road game against Lokomotiv Kuban, on 13 December 2013.[7]On June 25, 2016, Charalampopoulos extended his contract with Panathinaikos for eight years, through the 2023–24 season.[8] He was loaned to the Greek club PAOK, for the 2017–18 season. As part of his loan deal to PAOK, his contract with Panathinaikos was also restructured, as he signed a new 4-year contract with them, lasting through the 2020–21 season. The new contract also contained NBA buyout options after each season.[9]On August 20, 2018, Charalampopoulos and Panathinaikos agreed to prematurely terminate their contract.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"loaned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"},{"link_name":"PAOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.A.O.K._BC"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Greek Basket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"European 3rd-tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_professional_club_basketball_system"},{"link_name":"Basketball Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"during the 2017–18 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Basketball_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"PAOK (2017–2018)","text":"On August 16, 2017, Charalampopoulos was loaned to Greek club PAOK, for the 2017–18 season.[10] With PAOK, during the 2017–18 Greek Basket League season, in 24 games played, he averaged 6.5 points, 3.0 rebounds, 1.0 assists, and 0.8 steals per game, in 19.6 minutes per game.[11] He also played with PAOK in the European 3rd-tier level Basketball Champions League (BCL), where in 11 games played, he averaged 7.5 points, 2.5 rebounds, 1.1 assists, and 0.5 steals per game, in 15.9 minutes per game, during the 2017–18 season.[12]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 NBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NBA_draft"},{"link_name":"Lavrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.S._Lavrio_B.C."},{"link_name":"Greek Basket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"FIBA Europe Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Europe_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Lavrio (2018–2019)","text":"On August 24, 2018, Charalampopoulos signed a two-year deal (with an opt-out clause prior to the Greek playoffs for the 2019 NBA draft) with Lavrio of the Greek Basket League and the FIBA Europe Cup.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"Olympiacos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympiacos_B.C."},{"link_name":"Ionikos Nikaias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionikos_Nikaias_B.C."},{"link_name":"Greek Basket League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"}],"sub_title":"Olympiacos & Ionikos Nikaias (2019–2021)","text":"On August 14, 2019, Charalampopoulos signed a four-year (2+2) deal with EuroLeague side Olympiacos. On September 15, 2019, he was loaned to Ionikos Nikaias of the Greek Basket League for the 2019–2020 season. His loan was prematurely recalled on January 8, 2020, and Charalampopoulos rejoined Olympiacos for their EuroLeague campaign, after a rather successful stint with Ionikos. On July 17, 2021, Olympiacos opted out of their mutual contract and Charalampopoulos became a free agent. In 13 EuroLeague games total with Olympiacos (11 during the 2020–2021 season), Charalampopoulos averaged a playing time of only 7.5 minutes, as well as 2.5 points and 0.6 rebounds per contest.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umana Reyer Venezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyer_Venezia_Mestre"},{"link_name":"Lega Basket Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A"}],"sub_title":"Reyer Venezia (2021)","text":"On August 1, 2021, Charalampopoulos signed a multi-year deal with Umana Reyer Venezia of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA).","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fortitudo Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortitudo_Bologna"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Fortitudo Bologna (2021–2022)","text":"On December 1, 2021, Charalampopoulos transferred to Fortitudo Bologna.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria Libertas Pesaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Libertas_Pesaro"},{"link_name":"Lega Basket Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"VL Pesaro (2022–2023)","text":"On July 17, 2022, Charalampopoulos signed with Victoria Libertas Pesaro of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA).[14] He averaged 9.4 points, 4.7 rebounds and 1.6 assists per game.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dinamo Sassari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamo_Sassari"},{"link_name":"Lega Basket Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Dinamo Sassari (2023–present)","text":"On July 13, 2023, he signed with Dinamo Sassari of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA).[15]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship"},{"link_name":"FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"TBF Under-16 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBF_International_Under-16_Tournament"},{"link_name":"FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIBA_Europe_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"friendly game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_game"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_under-19_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2015 FIBA Under-19 World cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIBA_Under-19_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_men%27s_national_under-18_and_under-19_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIBA_Europe_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_under-19_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania_men%27s_national_under-18_and_under-19_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Martynas Andriuškevičius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martynas_Andriu%C5%A1kevi%C4%8Dius"},{"link_name":"triple double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(basketball)#Triple-double"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"2016 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship Division B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship_Division_B"},{"link_name":"2017 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Junior national team","text":"With the junior national teams of Greece, Charalampopoulos played at the 2011, 2012, and 2013 editions of the FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship.[16] He won the bronze medal at the 2013 Under-16 tournament. He also played with Greece at the 2013 TBF Under-16 World Cup in Sakarya, Turkey, where he helped Greece win the gold medal, and was voted to the All-Tournament Team.In the summer of 2014, Charalampopoulos played at the FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship and helped Greece reach the fourth place of the tournament. He finished the tournament being first in minutes per game, third in points per game and fifth in total rebounds, earning his place in the All-Tournament Team.[17][18]In the summer of 2015, Charalampopoulos suffered a right ankle injury in a friendly game against the USA, and doctors initially said that it would be difficult for him to play at the 2015 FIBA Under-19 World cup.[19] Despite the injury, Charalampopoulos was able to play at the tournament, and he scored 21 points against the US in the tournament's semifinal.[20] Greece lost the semifinal game against the US, and Charalampopoulos was then injured once again in the third-place game, against Turkey, which Greece also lost, as they finished in fourth place.[21]Charalampopoulos also played at the 2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship. In a game against France, he had 13 points, 10 rebounds, and 11 assists, making him the first player since Lithuania's Martynas Andriuškevičius to record a triple double at the same tournament.[22] Eventually, Greece beat Turkey in the tournament's final, by a score of 64–61, and won the gold medal.[23] Charalampopoulos was honoured as the MVP of the tournament.[24][25] During the tournament, Charalampopoulos averaged 16.6 points, 8.1 rebounds, and 5.2 assists per game.[26]Charalampopoulos then played at the 2nd division level 2016 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship Division B, where he won a bronze medal, made the All-Tournament Team, and was named the MVP. He also played at the 2017 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship, where he won the gold medal and was named MVP of the tournament.[27]","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"2016 Turin FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FIBA_World_Olympic_Qualifying_Tournament_%E2%80%93_Turin"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Senior national team","text":"Charalampopoulos became a member of the senior men's Greek national basketball team for the first time in 2016. He was selected as one of 12 players to compete with Greece at the 2016 Turin FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament.[28]","title":"National team career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"euroleague.net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"EuroLeague","text":"Cited from euroleague.net[29]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basket_League"},{"link_name":"Greek Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Greek_Basketball_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Club career","text":"3× Greek League Champion: (2013, 2014, 2017)\n5× Greek Cup Winner: (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017)","title":"Awards and accomplishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TBF Under-16 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBF_International_Under-16_Tournament"},{"link_name":"TBF Under-16 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBF_International_Under-16_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2013 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FIBA_Europe_Under-16_Championship"},{"link_name":"2014 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIBA_Europe_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"All-Tournament Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIBA_Europe_Under-18_Championship#Awards"},{"link_name":"2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIBA_Europe_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIBA_Europe_Under-18_Championship"},{"link_name":"All-Tournament Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIBA_Europe_Under-18_Championship#Awards"},{"link_name":"MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_FIBA_Europe_Under-18_Championship#Awards"},{"link_name":"2016 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship Division B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship_Division_B"},{"link_name":"2016 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship Division B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship_Division_B"},{"link_name":"All-Tournament Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship_Division_B#Awards"},{"link_name":"MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship_Division_B#Awards"},{"link_name":"2017 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship"},{"link_name":"2017 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship"},{"link_name":"All-Tournament Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship#Awards"},{"link_name":"MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_FIBA_Europe_Under-20_Championship#Awards"}],"sub_title":"Greek junior national team","text":"2013 TBF Under-16 World Cup:  Gold\n2013 TBF Under-16 World Cup: All-Tournament Team\n2013 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship:  Bronze\n2014 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship: All-Tournament Team\n2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship:  Gold\n2015 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship: All-Tournament Team and MVP\n2016 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship Division B:  Bronze\n2016 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship Division B: All-Tournament Team and MVP\n2017 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship:  Gold\n2017 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship: All-Tournament Team and MVP","title":"Awards and accomplishments"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of youngest EuroLeague players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_youngest_EuroLeague_players_since_the_2000%E2%80%9301_season"}]
[{"reference":"\"Vasilis Charalampopoulos è un nuovo giocatore della Fortitudo Kigili!\". fortitudo103.it (in Italian). 1 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fortitudo103.it/vasilis-charalampopoulos-e-un-nuovo-giocatore-della-fortitudo-kigili/","url_text":"\"Vasilis Charalampopoulos è un nuovo giocatore della Fortitudo Kigili!\""}]},{"reference":"\"VL Pesaro announces Vasilis Charalampopoulos\". Sportando. July 17, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/vl-pesaro-announces-vasilis-charalampopoulos/","url_text":"\"VL Pesaro announces Vasilis Charalampopoulos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dinamo Sassari signs Vassilis Charalampopoulos\". Sportando. July 13, 2023. Retrieved July 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportando.basketball/en/dinamo-sassari-signs-vassilis-charalampopoulos/","url_text":"\"Dinamo Sassari signs Vassilis Charalampopoulos\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallene_(disambiguation)
Pallene
["1 See also"]
Pallene can refer to: Pallene (mythology), one of the seven Alkyonides, daughters of the giant Alkyoneus in Greek mythology Pallene (moon), a small moon of Saturn, discovered in 2004 Pallene (Attica), a deme of ancient Attica, Greece Pallini, a town east of Athens, Greece Pallene, Chalcidice, the westernmost headland of the Chalcidice, Greece, also called Kassandra Pallini, Chalcidice, a municipality in the above See also Pellene, a city and polis of ancient Achaea Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pallene.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Uthal
Ibn Uthal
["1 References"]
7th-century physician of the Umayyad Caliphate For Muhammad's companion, see Thumamah ibn Uthal. Ibn Uthal or Ibn Athal (Arabic: ابن أثال) was an Arab Christian from Damascus who was the personal physician of the caliph Mu'awiya I and was regarded as the most distinguished of the medical practitioners of the early Umayyad period. His medical knowledge can be considered a continuation of the tradition that existed in pre-Islamic Arabia. He was skilled in toxicology and was reportedly killed in a revenge attack. References ^ Rāshid, Rushdī; Morelon, Régis (1996). Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science: Technology, alchemy and life sciences. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-415-12412-6. ^ Shahid, Irfan (2010). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Part 2. Harvard University Press. pp. 179–181. ISBN 978-0884023470. vteIslamic medicinePhysicians7th century Abu Hafsa Yazid Al-Harith ibn Kalada Bukhtishu Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi Ibn Uthal Masarjawaih Nafi ibn al-Harith Rufaida Al-Aslamia Zaynab al-Awadiya 8th century Bukhtishu Ja'ar al-Sadiq 9th century Al-Kindi Al-Ruhawi Albubather Ali al-Ridha Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari Bukhtishu Hunayn ibn Ishaq Ishaq ibn Hunayn Jabir ibn Hayyan Jabril ibn Bukhtishu Masawaiyh Salmawaih ibn Bunan Shapur ibn Sahl Yahya ibn Sarafyun Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu Yusuf al-Khuri 10th century 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi Aayon Ibn Aayon Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari Abu Bakr al-Razi Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi Abu Zayd al-Balkhi Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi Abu ul-Ala Shirazi Al-Kaŝkarī Al-Natili Al-Tamimi, the physician Eutychius of Alexandria Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath Ibn Juljul Ibn al-Jazzar Ibrahim ibn Baks Isaac Israeli ben Solomon Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali Muvaffak Qumri Qusta ibn Luqa 11th century Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani Al-Biruni Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal Ali ibn Ridwan Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili Avicenna Badi' al-Asturlabi Ibn Abi Sadiq Ibn Al-Thahabi Ibn Butlan Ibn Hindu Ibn Jazla Ibn al-Haytham Ibn al-Kattani Ibn al-Wafid Jonah ibn Janah Masawaih 12th century Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī Ahmad ibn Farrokh Al-Samawal al-Maghribi Avempace Averroes Ibn Habal Ibn Jumay‘ Ibn Tufayl Ibn Zuhr Ibn al-Tilmīdh Moshe ben Maimon Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi Serapion the Younger Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili Zayn al-Din Gorgani 13th century Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon Al-Dakhwar Al-Shahrazuri Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat As-Suwaydi Da'ud Abu al-Fadl Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi Ibn Abi Usaibia Ibn Tumlus Ibn al-Baitar Ibn al-Nafis Ibn al-Quff Ibn al‐Raqqam Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta Najib ad-Din Samarqandi Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi Rashidun al-Suri Sa'ad al-Dawla Zakariya al-Qazwini 14th century Al-Nagawri Aqsara'i Ibn Shuayb Ibn al-Akfani Ibn al-Khatib Jaghmini Mansur ibn Ilyas Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi Nakhshabi Rashid-al-Din Hamadani Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi Zayn-e-Attar 15th century Abu Sa'id al-Afif Burhan-ud-din Kermani Husayni Isfahani Muhammad Ali Astarabadi Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi Nurbakhshi Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb Şerafeddin Kadir 16th century Rostam Gorgani ʽImad Shirazi Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani Dawud al-Antaki Hakim-e-Gilani Sultan Ali Khorasani Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf 17th century Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri Qurayshi al-Shirazi Tunakabuni Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi 18th century Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi Concepts Ophthalmology Psychology Works Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah The Canon of Medicine Tacuinum Sanitatis Anatomy Charts of the Arabs The Book of Healing Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye De Gradibus Al-Tasrif Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi Adab al-Tabib Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya Al-Hawi Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon Lives of the Physicians Centers Al-'Adudi Hospital Bimarestan Nur al-Din Bimaristan Influences Ancient Greek medicine Ancient Iranian medicine Ayurveda Influenced Ibn Sina Academy Learned medicine Medical Renaissance Medieval medicine
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Space_Ghost_Coast_to_Coast_episodes
List of Space Ghost Coast to Coast episodes
["1 Series overview","2 Episodes","2.1 Pilots (1993–2004)","2.2 Season 1 (1994)","2.3 Season 2 (1995)","2.4 Season 3 (1996)","2.5 Season 4 (1997-98)","2.6 Season 5 (1998)","2.7 Season 6 (1999)","2.8 Season 7 (2001–02)","2.9 Season 8 (2003)","2.10 Season 9 (2004)","2.11 Season 10 (2006–07)","2.12 Season 11 (2007–08)","2.13 Specials","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Space Ghost Coast to Coast is an animated late-night talk show. It is hosted by washed-up superhero Space Ghost and co-stars his archenemies Zorak and Moltar, who he has imprisoned and enslaved. Zorak is bandleader and Moltar is director and producer. They regularly disrupt the show in contempt of Space Ghost. The name Alan Laddie was the nom de plume for the show's writing staff. Two unaired pilots were created, the first released as a special feature on the Volume Two DVD set. The series premiered on April 15, 1994, and ended on May 31, 2008, with a total of 109 episodes over the course of 11 seasons. Series overview Series overviewSeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedNetworkPilots2November 16, 2004 (2004-11-16)N/A110April 15, 1994 (1994-04-15)November 11, 1994 (1994-11-11)Cartoon Network29February 20, 1995 (1995-02-20)October 20, 1995 (1995-10-20)315February 2, 1996 (1996-02-02)December 25, 1996 (1996-12-25)424July 18, 1997 (1997-07-18)January 1, 1998 (1998-01-01)511August 7, 1998 (1998-08-07)December 25, 1998 (1998-12-25)68October 8, 1999 (1999-10-08)December 17, 1999 (1999-12-17)782May 7, 2001 (2001-05-07)July 22, 2001 (2001-07-22)6September 2, 2001 (2001-09-02)May 12, 2002 (2002-05-12)Adult Swim85January 1, 2003 (2003-01-01)December 14, 2003 (2003-12-14)92January 11, 2004 (2004-01-11)April 12, 2004 (2004-04-12)109May 30, 2006 (2006-05-30)May 24, 2007 (2007-05-24)GameTap118September 11, 2007 (2007-09-11)May 31, 2008 (2008-05-31)Specials5November 4, 1994 (1994-11-04)March 19, 1996 (1996-03-19)Cartoon Network Episodes Pilots (1993–2004) TitleGuest(s)Original air dateUntitled Pilot 1"Andy's Pilot"Denzel WashingtonNovember 16, 2004 (2004-11-16) (on DVD) Space Ghost interviews actor Denzel Washington. Notes: This proof of concept test pilot was made in 1993. It features Andy Merrill as Space Ghost and features archived footage of Washington as opposed to an official appearance. It has never aired on television but a heavily edited version can be found as a bonus on the Volume 2 DVD set under the name "Andy's Pilot". Untitled Pilot 2Chris Gore & Emma ThompsonUnaired (Unaired) Space Ghost (voiced by Gary Owens) introduces the show in a "coming soon"-style preview. Season 1 (1994) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleGuest(s)Written byOriginal air date11"Spanish Translation"The Bee Gees, Kevin Meaney & Susan PowterMatthew Maiellaro, Andy Merrill, Khaki Jones & Keith CroffordApril 15, 1994 (1994-04-15) In this series premiere, Space Ghost declares his fondness for Mexican food to Susan Powter. In addition, comedian Kevin Meaney tells Space Ghost about his dislike of tight pants. 22"Gilligan"Bob Denver, Dawn Wells & Russell JohnsonMatthew Maiellaro, Andy Merrill, Khaki Jones & Keith CroffordApril 22, 1994 (1994-04-22) Space Ghost interviews the cast of Gilligan's Island and tries to find out if the show is real. 33"Elevator"Ashley Judd, Timothy Leary & Judy TenutaMatthew Maiellaro, Andy Merrill, Khaki Jones & Keith CroffordMay 6, 1994 (1994-05-06) Space Ghost falls in love with guest Judy Tenuta. Zorak and Moltar try escaping by getting on an elevator. 44"CHiPs"Bill Carter & Joe FranklinMatthew Maiellaro, Andy Merrill & Khaki JonesMay 13, 1994 (1994-05-13) As Space Ghost interviews his guests, Moltar introduces his fascination of the TV series CHiPs while he produces the show. 55"Bobcat"Bobcat Goldthwait & the RamonesMatthew Maiellaro, Andy Merrill, Khaki Jones & Keith CroffordMay 27, 1994 (1994-05-27) Space Ghost's real identity Tad Ghostal is revealed by Zorak during an interview with Bobcat. Bobcat wants to have a party with Space Ghost, and Space Ghost won't let Zorak's favorite band; The Ramones, come because they're "punks", but it turns out Zorak gave them Space Ghost's party cake. 66"Punch"Kamal Ahmed, Johnny Brennan, Cindy Guyer & Dian ParkinsonBilly Aronson & Matthew MaiellaroSeptember 16, 1994 (1994-09-16) Space Ghost, Zorak and Moltar say the word "Punch" a lot. 77"Banjo"Schoolly D & "Weird Al" YankovicChris Feresten & Matthew MaiellaroSeptember 23, 1994 (1994-09-23) Zorak tests out a mind control spell on Space Ghost and the show's guests. Meanwhile, Space Ghost nurtures a special pet, Banjo the sea monkey, which eventually turns into a giant monster that threatens to destroy the studio. 88"Batmantis"Lee Meriwether, Eartha Kitt & Adam WestMatthew MaiellaroSeptember 30, 1994 (1994-09-30) "Your mother" captures Moltar, and says she won't let him free unless Space Ghost gives her his power bands. Meanwhile, Zorak becomes Batmantis and attempts to influence Lee Meriwether. The episode is a spoof of the 60s Batman TV series, and features several of its cast members. 99"Self Help"Joyce Brothers, Rich Hall & Anka RadakovichMatthew MaiellaroOctober 7, 1994 (1994-10-07) Hoping to rehabilitate Zorak, Space Ghost welcomes psychiatrist Dr. Joyce Brothers, who ends up being more concerned about him. 1010"Gum, Disease"Danny Bonaduce & Branford MarsalisEvan Dorkin & Sarah DyerNovember 11, 1994 (1994-11-11) Moltar is sick during the taping of this episode. Meanwhile, during Space Ghost's interviews with Branford and Danny, Zorak demands gum. Notes: At one point during the episode (specifically after the commercial break), Space Ghost can be clearly seen playing the 1994 video game Sonic & Knuckles. Season 2 (1995) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleGuest(s)Written byOriginal air date111"President's Day Nightmare""1st Annual World Premiere Toon-In"Craig McCracken, Pat Ventura, Van Partible, Eugene Mattos, Genndy Tartakovsky, Dian ParkinsonMatthew MaiellaroFebruary 20, 1995 (1995-02-20) Space Ghost shows off his versatility by emceeing Cartoon Network's "World Premiere Toon-In". Members of the Council of Doom appear as judges in a beauty pageant-style competition between five cartoon directors. (Simulcast on TNT and TBS) 122"Story Book""Story Book House"James Kirkconnell & Carl ClarkChris Feresten, James Kirkconnell, & Andy MerrillMarch 17, 1995 (1995-03-17) Kirk the Storyteller retells two episodes in a storybook format, with Carl the Cartoonist doing the illustrations. 133"Girlie Show"Fran Drescher, Carol Channing, Alice Cooper & Russell JohnsonEvan Dorkin, Sarah DyerMarch 24, 1995 (1995-03-24) Space Ghost does a whole episode dedicated to girls. Zorak gets mad that they didn't have an episode about Jack Klugman. 144"Hungry"Michael Stipe, Lassie & Mujibur and SirajulSpike Feresten & Steve O'DonnellMarch 31, 1995 (1995-03-31) Space Ghost welcomes Michael Stipe from R.E.M. Later, he shares time-honored difficult-places-to-reach-while-scratching-stories with Lassie. Zorak introduces the crew to his young nephew, Raymond, and later eats him when the pizza that the crew ordered fails to arrive on time. 155"Fire Drill"David Byrne & Donny OsmondDavid Greenberger & Matthew MaiellaroJune 2, 1995 (1995-06-02) Space Ghost makes Academy Award winner David Byrne uncomfortable and attempts to get to the root of the feud between former teen idols Donny Osmond and earlier guest Danny Bonaduce. 166"Le Livre d'Histoire"Jim Carrey, Chuck Russell, James Kirkconnell & Carl ClarkMatthew Maiellaro, Chris Feresten, James Kirkconnell & Andy MerrillJune 9, 1995 (1995-06-09) A merger of the episodes "The Mask" and the "Banjo" segment from "Story Book" with the addition of Lokar as guest host. 177"Sleeper"Hulk Hogan & SlashMatt HarriganJuly 28, 1995 (1995-07-28) Space Ghost is concerned about whether Hulk Hogan is getting enough oxygen. Moltar and Zorak improvise guitar solos with their voices. 188"Jerk"Sandra Bernhard & B. Palmer MillsEvan Dorkin & Sarah DyerAugust 18, 1995 (1995-08-18) Space Ghost attempts to create an award-winning show, but his frustration and strict ways make everyone call him a jerk. Introducing Space Ghost's evil twin brother Chad Ghostal. 199"Urges"Catherine Bach & Matthew SweetNell Scovell & Joel HodgsonOctober 20, 1995 (1995-10-20) It's mating season on Zorak's home planet. Despite the rather unpleasant role the male plays in the mantis love ritual, Zorak gives in to that most common of insect impulses and returns home. Season 3 (1996) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleGuest(s)Written byOriginal air date201"Explode"Terry Jones & Glen PhillipsRob Thomas & Alan LaddieFebruary 2, 1996 (1996-02-02) Space Ghost talks to Terry Jones and makes many references to the Monty Python series with Zorak. Lokar offers Moltar a job working for him. 212"$20.01"Joel Hodgson & Penn and TellerEvan Dorkin & Sarah DyerFebruary 9, 1996 (1996-02-09) Moltar and Zorak are fired when Space Ghost replaces them with MOE 2000 (voiced by executive producer Keith Crofford), an unfeeling computer director. This is a loose parody of 2001: A Space Odyssey. 223"Lovesick"Carrot Top & Star LadyScott Lipe, Matt Harrigan & Alan LaddieFebruary 14, 1996 (1996-02-14) Space Ghost is depressed after a recent break up, and Carrot Top tries to cheer him up. 234"Transcript"Jonathan RichmanMatt Harrigan & Alan LaddieFebruary 23, 1996 (1996-02-23) Musician Jonathan Richman favors Space Ghost with a couple of charming songs during a meandering conversation. 245"Sharrock"Thurston Moore (as "Fred Cracklin")Michael Cahill, Keith Crofford, Evan Dorkin, Sarah Dyer, Matt Harrigan, Khaki Jones, Mike Lazzo, Matt Maiellaro, Andy Merrill & Dave WillisMarch 1, 1996 (1996-03-01) This episode is dedicated to Sonny Sharrock and showcases his musical work, with a moment of silence at the end. 256"Boo!"Michael Norman & Bill NyeMatt Harrigan & Dave WillisMarch 8, 1996 (1996-03-08) Space Ghost turns to experts for advice on supernatural phenomena such as the disappearance of his phantom cruiser keys. 267"Freak Show"Wylie Gustafson & Bill Manspeaker (of Green Jellÿ)Andy MerrillMay 22, 1996 (1996-05-22) An eccentric villain called Commander Andy keeps interrupting the show. 278"Switcheroo"Susan Olsen & ElviraEvan Dorkin & Sarah DyerJune 5, 1996 (1996-06-05) Space Ghost's evil twin brother Chad Ghostal stops by the show with sinister plans to take over Tad Ghostal's job. 289"Surprise"Vinnie Dombroski, Jimmie Walker, Mike Watt, Dennis Diken, Pat DiNizio, Juliana Hatfield, Ben Folds, Cameron Diaz, Mark McEwen, Wes Johnson, Dr. Robert Bakker, Matt Talbott, Judy Tenuta, Lori Fetrick, Steve Henneberry, Method Man, Jill Cunniff, Rodney Trevon Oliver, Rev. Norbert St. Louis, Les Claypool, Larry LaLonde & Bobcat GoldthwaitAndy Merrill & Alan LaddieJune 19, 1996 (1996-06-19) While Space Ghost struggles to make his way to the mail room and pick up a package, The Council of Doom gathers for a surprise birthday party. 2910"Glen Campbell"Matt GroeningMatt Harrigan, Dave Willis & Alan LaddieOctober 9, 1996 (1996-10-09) Moltar puts the show on "automated technical direction" and disappears in accordance with a manual he's reading entitled The Joy of Escape. 3011"Jacksonville"James Hetfield & Kirk HammettAndy Merrill & Dave WillisOctober 16, 1996 (1996-10-16) Continuing from the previous episode, Moltar is on the run and suspense dominates this episode. Space Ghost is forced to recruit Tansit as his fill-in director, who causes problems before bringing out the guests. 3112"Late Show"Janeane Garofalo, Dave Grohl, Flip Orley, & John PopperSpike Feresten & Steve O'DonnellOctober 23, 1996 (1996-10-23) Former Late Show with David Letterman writers scripted this unabashed spoof of late-night talk show convention. 3213"Cookout"Emeril Lagasse, Nathalie Dupree & Martin YanEvan Dorkin, Sarah Dyer & Alan LaddieDecember 11, 1996 (1996-12-11) The Council of Doom judge a cooking contest. Zorak wants all the bones. 3314"Art Show"Laurie Anderson & StompEvan Dorkin, Sarah Dyer & Alan LaddieDecember 18, 1996 (1996-12-18) Performance artist Laurie Anderson riles Space Ghost by revealing that she never watches television, then waxes conspiratorial about cyberspace. A disengaged Space Ghost invisos out, missing much of the remaining interview. 3415"Woody Allen's Fall Project"James KirkconnellChip Duffey, Andy Merrill, Matthew Maiellaro, Khaki Jones, Evan Dorkin, Sarah Dyer, Chris Feresten, Steve O'Donnell & Spike FerestenDecember 25, 1996 (1996-12-25) Reenactments of old episodes are done in live-action by various crew members, with introductions by "Space Ghost expert" James Kirkconnell. Season 4 (1997-98) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleGuest(s)Written byOriginal air date351"Rehearsal"Fred SchneiderChip DuffeyJuly 11, 1997 (1997-07-11) This flashback episode transports viewers to a dress rehearsal two days before the premiere of Space Ghost Coast to Coast on April 15, 1994. Offering a rare glimpse behind the scenes, "Rehearsal" features Space Ghost, Moltar and Zorak flubbing familiar gags, missing cues and mistiming special effects. 362"Gallagher"Bob Odenkirk & David CrossMark Banker, Rich Dahm, Chip Duffey, Ben Karlin, Sean LaFleur, Andy Merrill, Pete Smith & Dave WillisJuly 18, 1997 (1997-07-18) Space Ghost introduces "Space Time Quiz Fun 9000" and his "contestants". What follows is a rapid-fire conversation in more ways than one, as Odenkirk's growing addiction to power-band blasts results in a steady volley from Space Ghost. 373"Edelweiss"BeckDave WillisJuly 25, 1997 (1997-07-25) Zorak is zapped until he can apparently no longer regenerate, leaving Space Ghost without a bandleader. Moltar is instructed to fill in for his dearly departed friend by singing renditions of German folk songs, which puts Beck, the show's lone guest, to sleep. Zorak, who isn't really dead, decides to get back at Space Ghost by "haunting" the set. 384"Anniversary"Judy Tenuta & Bobcat GoldthwaitEvan Dorkin & Sarah DyerAugust 1, 1997 (1997-08-01) Space Ghost marks a "special notch in the belt that is the Space Ghost saga". 395"Zoltran"Robin Leach & Merrill MarkoeMatt Harrigan & Alan LaddieAugust 8, 1997 (1997-08-08) Space Ghost chats with Robin Leach until his guest reveals that he is, in fact, an evil villain named Zoltran. 406"Pilot"Lori Fetrick & Steve HenneberryEvan Dorkin & Sarah DyerAugust 15, 1997 (1997-08-15) Lokar presents the "lost pilot" for the show Birdman Coast to Coast. George Lowe was a singer in the episode, yet his voice was distorted and was not given credit. 417"Speck"Jimmy Cliff & Jack LoganMatt HarriganAugust 22, 1997 (1997-08-22) Moltar and mechanic-turned-musician Jack Logan share a creepy conversation about items underneath their beds. Meanwhile, an irritating speck in Space Ghost's eye stops the show cold, a final calamity on a night of amusing mishaps. 428"Zorak"Dr. Maxcy Nolan & Steve ArnoldEvan Dorkin & Sarah DyerAugust 29, 1997 (1997-08-29) An episode dedicated to Zorak. 439"Switcheroo '97"Bill Mumy & Mark HamillRich Dahm, Ben Karlin, Dan Vebber & Alan LaddieSeptember 5, 1997 (1997-09-05) Zorak and Moltar go to a science fiction convention without inviting Space Ghost, prompting him to create Space Ghost Con '97. 4410"Mayonnaise"Jon StewartAndy MerrillSeptember 12, 1997 (1997-09-12) While attempting to introduce Jon Stewart to the wonders of aroma therapy, Moltar accidentally cuts off his oxygen. 4511"Brilliant Number One"Peter Fonda & Buzz AldrinMatthew Maiellaro, Michael Cahill & Alan LaddieSeptember 19, 1997 (1997-09-19) Space Ghost pays homage to his real boss by continually referring to Peter Fonda as "Ted Turner's brother-in-law". Rammstein's "Wollt ihr das Bett in Flammen sehen?" is used as the opening theme. Note: An alternate version, entitled "Brilliant Number Two", aired on December 14, 1997. 4612"Boo Boo Kitty"Michael McKean & David LanderMatthew MaiellaroSeptember 26, 1997 (1997-09-26) During Space Ghost's interview with McKean & Lander (or lack thereof), a menacing "kitty" blimp hovers around Ghost Planet. 4713"Needledrop"Ice-T, Ernie C & Fred WillardDan Vebber, Sean LaFleur & Alan LaddieOctober 3, 1997 (1997-10-03) Space Ghost decides to do the "hip shake" throughout the show. Meanwhile, Moltar accidentally releases a ghost into the studio, which steals Zorak's soul. 4814"Sphinx"Mike Judge & Harland WilliamsDave WillisOctober 10, 1997 (1997-10-10) Mike Judge kindly asks Space Ghost to "whack the Rugrats". Space Ghost agrees to the job, as long as he can get onto one of Judge's shows. 4915"Pavement"Colin Quinn, Pavement, Red Green, Goldie Hawn & Tommy DavidsonChip Duffey, Andy Merrill, Pete Smith & Dave Willis (credited to "Tad Ghostal")October 17, 1997 (1997-10-17) In an episode written by Space Ghost himself, "The Beatles" arrive, and their singing disrupts a Goldie Hawn interview. The Great Gazoo also makes a cameo and Zorak goes to "prison". 5016"Untitled"George Clinton & Erik EstradaChip Duffey, Matthew Maiellaro & Alan LaddieOctober 24, 1997 (1997-10-24) Space Ghost, an unofficial member of the P-Funk Mob, sets the groove in motion with George Clinton, but Moltar attempts to wrest the show from Space Ghost's control so he can interview his hero and the star of TV's CHiPs, Erik Estrada. 5117"Hipster"The Millionaire & Sam ButeraEvan Dorkin & Sarah DyerOctober 31, 1997 (1997-10-31) Space Ghost's evil twin brother Chad Ghostal hosts this episode. George Lowe portrays an audience member, uncredited. 5218"Piledriver"Rob Zombie & Raven-SymonéMark Banker, Rich Dahm & Alan LaddieNovember 7, 1997 (1997-11-07) Grandpa Space Ghost (voiced by Randy Savage) stops by the show to visit Tad Ghostal. Note: This episode opens with an archive dubbed segment from the Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! episode "Jeepers, It's the Creeper". 5319"Suckup"John Henson & Bob GoenMatt Harrigan & Alan LaddieNovember 14, 1997 (1997-11-14) Desperate for a new gig, Space Ghost kisses up to Talk Soup host John Henson and Entertainment Tonight host Bob Goen by telling each that they are "pretty men". Brak however, spoils the whole affair by spilling gravy on the show's set. 5420"Dam"Charlton HestonRandolph Heard & Alan LaddieNovember 21, 1997 (1997-11-21) This show welcomes its first-ever Academy Award winner, Charlton Heston, who, after much prodding, offers his trophy to Space Ghost. 5521"Boat Show"Steve Allen & Andy DickAndy MerrillDecember 5, 1997 (1997-12-05) This episode is a musical special consisting of 11 numbers. Brak joins in as the melodic "Man on the Street". 5622"Telethon"Bob Abdou, Pete Michael & Russ PowellEvan Dorkin & Sarah DyerDecember 12, 1997 (1997-12-12) Space Ghost holds a telethon with the Council of Doom because he's out of money, but ends up losing even more money. 5723"Dimethyl Pyrimidinol Bisulfite"Pat Boone & Chuck DBen Karlin, Rich Dahm & Alan LaddieDecember 19, 1997 (1997-12-19) Space Ghost and Zorak try to endorse ointment and potted meat to the home viewing audience. Everyone except Space Ghost is severely underwhelmed at the performance of special guest The Rappin' Space Goblin. 5824"Joshua"Tony Bennett, Tom Arnold, Afro-Plane, Kathy Kinney, Ginny, the Dog Who Saves Cats, Paul Gilmartin, Annabelle Gurwitch, John Flansburgh, William, the King of Imagination, Ryah Rosenberg & Sean MedlockChip Duffey, Andy Merrill, Pete Smith & Dave WillisJanuary 1, 1998 (1998-01-01) A parody of corporate videos with a brief appearance at the end of two winners of a haiku contest. Notes: This is sometimes considered a season 5 episode due to the release year. Season 5 (1998) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleGuest(s)Written byOriginal air date591"Terminal"Dr. Drew Pinsky & Marc WeinerPete Smith & Matt HarriganAugust 7, 1998 (1998-08-07) Space Ghost fakes a terminal illness so Zorak and Moltar will have sympathy for him. 602"Toast"Merrill Markoe, Adam Carolla & John HensonMatt Harrigan, Pete Smith & Dave WillisAugust 14, 1998 (1998-08-14) After Space Ghost declares his love for Merrill Markoe, he receives advice from Adam Carolla, co-host of MTV's Loveline. 613"Lawsuit"Greta Van SusterenEvan Dorkin & Sarah DyerAugust 21, 1998 (1998-08-21) Space Ghost gets sued by his old sidekicks Jan and Jace. Their lawyer is Space Ghost's arch enemy Dr. Nightmare, Attorney at Law. 624"Cahill"Garrett Morris & Mark McEwenBen Karlin & Brian PosehnAugust 28, 1998 (1998-08-28) A vicious storm on Ghost Planet has Space Ghost scared silly. 635"Warren"Gary Owens & Col. Bruce Hampton (as Warren)Matt MaeillaroSeptember 4, 1998 (1998-09-04) Space Ghost grows angry upon learning that he has been 'imposternated' on a bizarre, intergalactic television program. Notes: The premiere airing was an extended edit in which the same events played out three times in a row, running for 35 minutes without commercial breaks. The shorter, 12 minute version was first aired on September 6, 1998 (1998-09-06). The longer version was later released on "The 1998 Episodes" DVD. 646"Chinatown"Tyra Banks & Rebecca RomijnDave WillisSeptember 11, 1998 (1998-09-11) Space Ghost trades Moltar to a Chinese baseball team and replaces him with a dog. Zorak loses his edge without Moltar. 657"Rio Ghosto"Ben Stiller, Kevin Smith, & Jim JarmuschMark BankerSeptember 18, 1998 (1998-09-18) Space Ghost pursues a movie career. 668"Pal Joey"Michael MoorePete SmithSeptember 25, 1998 (1998-09-25) Joey, an overzealous ex-intern, annoys Space Ghost with his antics. 679"Curses"Moby, Emo Philips, Shirley Manson, & James KirkconnellPete SmithNovember 6, 1998 (1998-11-06) Space Ghost is afflicted by the Curse of Kintavé and is driven to eat all of his guests. 6810"Intense Patriotism"Jeff FoxworthyDave WillisDecember 4, 1998 (1998-12-04) Space Ghost attempts to take Ghost Planet to the United States, and consequently focuses the show on various aspects of America. 6911"Waiting for Edward"Denis LearyMatt Harrigan, Matthew Maiellaro, Pete Smith & Dave WillisDecember 25, 1998 (1998-12-25) While Space Ghost interviews Denis Leary, Moltar destroys Ghost Planet and Space Ghost subsequently appears at a day camp, explaining how he saved Christmas. Season 6 (1999) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleGuest(s)Written byOriginal air date701"Chambraigne"Bob Costas & Al Roker (TV version)Matt Maiellaro, Dave Willis, Jim Fortier & Pete SmithOctober 8, 1999 (1999-10-08) Space Ghost tries the product "Chambraigne", a shampoo that supposedly enhances intelligence. After watching the show, the inventors of Chambraigne rush to Ghost Planet to try and stop Space Ghost from endorsing their fake product before his idiocy exposes their scam. Notes: This episode was first released on DVD as a bonus feature on Aqua Teen Hunger Force Volume Five and later on "From the Kentucky Nightmare DVD". The commercial at the beginning was edited for both releases, with Al Roker replaced by George "Al" Lowe. Carl and his son later returned in the Aqua Teen Hunger Force episode "Carl Wash", also available on the Aqua Teen Hunger Force Volume Five. 712"Snatch"Steven WrightN/AOctober 15, 1999 (1999-10-15) The comedy stakes are high when Space Ghost, Moltar, Zorak and guest Steven Wright are sealed inside the studio by a giant blob and stalked by body-snatching alien pods. Notes: This episode premiered with an ending featuring a Colonial Man (played by Dave Willis) telling viewers to bid for the ending on eBay. It was later re-aired on January 28, 2000 (2000-01-28) without this closing message. The Colonial Man ending was later included as a bonus on "From the Kentucky Nightmare DVD". An aborted attempt to use the Steven Wright interview, entitled "Dinner with Steven", was released on "The 1998 Episodes" DVD as a "bonus value episode". 723"Girl Hair"HansonMatt Harrigan, Matt Maiellaro, Pete Smith & Dave WillisOctober 22, 1999 (1999-10-22) Members of Hanson have long hair and Space Ghost is obsessed with combing it. This episode reveals Space Ghost's dark side as well as Zorak's desire to procure teeth so that he can get into clubs. Appearances by the Tooth Fairy and Bizarro Santa Claus bring about one of the weirdest scenes yet staged on the show. 734"Sequel"Captain & TennilleEvan Dorkin & Sarah DyerOctober 29, 1999 (1999-10-29) After Space Ghost has been sent to the slammer for years of mistreating Jan and Jace, Birdman is called upon to guest host the show, but spends most of his time lamenting an impending divorce from his wife Galaxy Girl, a.k.a. Sylvia. 745"Curling Flower Space"Jerry Springer & Sarah Jessica ParkerMatt Maiellaro, Jim Fortier & Dave WillisNovember 19, 1999 (1999-11-19) Jerry Springer and Sarah Jessica Parker nearly get trampled in this bizarre romp through the minds of Space Ghost, Moltar and Zorak. 756"Table Read"N/ADave Willis, Jim Fortier, Matt Maiellaro & Mark BankerDecember 3, 1999 (1999-12-03) The show's voice actors and writers, consisting of George Lowe, C. Martin Croker, Jim Fortier, Dave Willis, Matt Maiellaro, Mike Lazzo and Mark Banker, rehearse (in live-action) the episode "Fire Ant". 767"Fire Ant"Conan O'BrienDave Willis, Matt Maiellaro, Jim Fortier & Mark BankerDecember 10, 1999 (1999-12-10) Space Ghost spontaneously combusts during his interview with fellow talk show host Conan O'Brien. Later, after vaporizing an ant that bit him, Space Ghost finds another ant in the studio, and vows to follow it home and kill its whole family. Notes: Two versions of this episode exist, with approximate lengths of 11 and 22 minutes. In the extended episode, a more than 10-minute version of Space Ghost's pursuit of the fire ant across various backdrops is shown, eventually reaching the standard episode's conclusion. This version is currently available on the app. 778"King Dead"Jon BenjaminDave Willis, Matt Maiellaro, Pete Smith, Jim Fortier & Mark BankerDecember 17, 1999 (1999-12-17) Space Ghost fires Zorak and Moltar and replaces them with Brak and Tansit, but quickly realizes they are poor substitutes. Meanwhile, after breaking into Space Ghost's apartment, Zorak and Moltar decide to derail the show by abducting the guest star Jon Benjamin and holding him for ransom. Season 7 (2001–02) The series moved to Adult Swim on September 2, 2001, with the premiere of "Knifin' Around". Another episode featuring Merrill Markoe titled "Drop Out" was planned for this run of episodes but was never produced. The series' revival run is the first season of the show after Hanna-Barbera was absorbed into Warner Bros. Animation on March 12, 2001, and William Hanna's death of throat cancer on March 22, 2001. No.overallNo. inseasonTitleGuest(s)Written byOriginal air date781"Kentucky Nightmare"Willie NelsonMatt Maiellaro & Dave WillisMay 7, 2001 (2001-05-07)(on Cartoon Network) Space Ghost signs an endorsement deal with a liquor store chain, and he is forced to use a shark as the show's new mascot. A bear wanders onto the set, upsetting the normal routine by repeatedly attacking Space Ghost. After remembering a comment Bobcat Goldthwait had made during his interview several years earlier, Space Ghost cracks open all the windows in the studio, which later allows the building to be overrun by giant killer bees that the shark attracted by spontaneously exploding. 792"The Justice Hole"Dave ThomasMatt Maiellaro & Dave WillisJuly 22, 2001 (2001-07-22)(on Cartoon Network) An agitated Space Ghost leaves his own show, but can't find anything to do. When he tries joining a team of third-rate superheroes based in a hole in the ground outside the Justice League's headquarters, he finds that even the reject heroes don't like him. 803"Knifin' Around"Björk & Thom YorkeMatt Maiellaro & Dave WillisSeptember 2, 2001 (2001-09-02) Space Ghost has Moltar sub in as the show's host to keep Thom Yorke distracted while he illegally copies the new Radiohead album. Meanwhile, Space Ghost discovers he is married to Björk, but hates being a husband, especially to someone so eccentric. 814"Flipmode"Busta RhymesMatt Maiellaro & Dave WillisOctober 14, 2001 (2001-10-14) Space Ghost is hosting a "mystery dinner theater" and in the midst, he beats Zorak senseless a number of times and causes a massive gas leak, which causes everyone to hallucinate. 825"Sweet for Brak"Tenacious D (Jack Black & Kyle Gass)Matt Maiellaro & Dave WillisNovember 18, 2001 (2001-11-18) Space Ghost becomes jealous when Brak's spin-off, The Brak Show, becomes a hit. Meanwhile, Zorak teaches the band Tenacious D how to perform. 836"Mommentary"Willie NelsonMatt Maiellaro & Dave WillisDecember 2, 2001 (2001-12-02) Special edition of "Kentucky Nightmare" with commentary provided by the show producers' mothers: Harriet Lazzo, Rachel Maiellaro and Sharon Willis. 847"Mommentary: Creator's Commentary"Willie NelsonMatt Maiellaro & Dave WillisMay 12, 2002 (2002-05-12) Special edition of "Mommentary" with commentary on previous commentary by Mike Lazzo, Matt Maiellaro and Dave Willis. 858"Mommentary: Jelly Bean"Willie NelsonMatt Maiellaro & Dave WillisMay 12, 2002 (2002-05-12) Special edition of "Mommentary" with new commentary from the show's producers Mike Lazzo, Matt Maiellaro and Dave Willis. Season 8 (2003) Two other episodes were planned for this season but scrapped. One entitled "One Way Out" would have featured Seth Green, while the other, untitled episode would have featured Seth MacFarlane. No.overallNo. inseasonTitleGuest(s)Written byOriginal air date861"Baffler Meal"Willie NelsonMatt Maiellaro, Dave Willis & Todd HansonJanuary 1, 2003 (2003-01-01) Space Ghost sells the show out to a fast food restaurant named Burger Trench, but the restaurant's overzealous mascots, the Aqua Teen Hunger Force (Master Shake, Frylock and Meatwad), continually disrupt the show with their relentless promotion of Burger Trench's food. Notes: This episode serves as an Adult Swim backdoor pilot for the series Aqua Teen Hunger Force and originally written circa 1999 but rejected because of the heavy emphasis on the Aqua Teen Hunger Force characters who appear here in their prototype designs with Shake and Frylock's different voices. The episode is included as a bonus on Aqua Teen Hunger Force Volume 2 along with a deleted opening sequence and commentary. 872"Whipping Post"Dennis MillerMatt HarriganContributing Writers: Jim Fortier, Matt Maiellaro, Pete Smith & Dave WillisNovember 23, 2003 (2003-11-23) Space Ghost is angry about a variety of topics, and rants mightily to his guest, comedian Dennis Miller. 883"Eat a Peach"Todd BarryMatt HarriganContributing Writers: Jim Fortier, Matt Maiellaro, Pete Smith & Dave WillisNovember 30, 2003 (2003-11-30) Moltar and Zorak compete for Space Ghost's attention, while Space Ghost is more concerned with the safety of comedian Todd Barry's automobile. 894"In Memory of Elizabeth Reed"William ShatnerMatt HarriganContributing Writers: Jim Fortier, Matt Maiellaro, Pete Smith & Dave WillisDecember 7, 2003 (2003-12-07) Space Ghost's interview with William Shatner is cut short when he is called into action to take part in an epic battle with the HVAC repairmen working on Zorak's air conditioner. In Space Ghost's absence, Moltar attempts to share some of his Star Trek fanfiction with Shatner. 905"Idlewild South"Jeff ProbstMatt HarriganContributing Writers: Jim Fortier, Matt Maiellaro, Pete Smith & Dave WillisDecember 14, 2003 (2003-12-14) Space Ghost becomes incredibly drunk after Moltar convinces him that tallboys (16oz beers) will make him "feel like a cowboy", and his inebriated antics quickly derail his interview with Survivor host Jeff Probst. Season 9 (2004) This is the last season of the show that would be aired on Adult Swim before being moved to the video section of GameTap for two more seasons before its cancellation.No.overallNo. inseasonTitleGuest(s)Written byOriginal air date911"Dreams"Triumph the Insult Comic DogMatt HarriganContributing Writers: Jim Fortier, Matt Maiellaro, Pete Smith & Dave WillisJanuary 11, 2004 (2004-01-11) Space Ghost hosts a telethon to raise money for "retardos" and enlists Triumph's help. 922"Live at the Fillmore""Unfinished POS"NoneMatt HarriganApril 12, 2004 (2004-04-12) The show's budget is used to bail Space Ghost out of jail. Afterwards, he, Zorak, and Moltar try to find ways to run the show without that money, but things take a bizarre turn for the worse. Notes: This episode was left unfinished and was promoted as an "Unfinished POS". The credits for "Kentucky Nightmare" appear at the end. Season 10 (2006–07) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleGuest(s)Original release date931"Billy"Billy MitchellMay 30, 2006 (2006-05-30) Space Ghost interviews Billy Mitchell. 942"Rand"Rand MillerJune 13, 2006 (2006-06-13) Space Ghost discusses Myst with Rand Miller. 953"Kenny"Kenny Wayne ShepherdJuly 4, 2006 (2006-07-04) Space Ghost seeks style advice from Kenny Wayne Shepherd. 964"Al"Allan Alcorn as "Mr. Pong"October 10, 2006 (2006-10-10) Zorak is reunited with Mr. Pong, his father. 975"Steve"Steve WozniakJanuary 23, 2007 (2007-01-23) Zorak shops for a "brain cannon". 986"Rob"Rob FulopFebruary 28, 2007 (2007-02-28) Space Ghost seeks answers after his cat, Marty, dies. 997"Howard"Howard WarshawMarch 17, 2007 (2007-03-17) Zorak's old nemesis, Yarr, returns after 20 years. 1008"Wayne"Wayne CoyneApril 21, 2007 (2007-04-21) Space Ghost appoints Moltar as the staff cook. 1019"Larry"Larry HunterMay 24, 2007 (2007-05-24) Space Ghost interviews Larry Hunter. Season 11 (2007–08) No.overallNo. inseasonTitleGuest(s)Original release date1021"Richard"Richard GarriottSeptember 11, 2007 (2007-09-11) Space Ghost and Zorak talk to Moltar about his marriage. 1032"Stephen"Stephen BristowOctober 31, 2007 (2007-10-31) Zorak and Moltar torment Space Ghost, after over hearing him discuss his nightmare with Yarr. 1043"David"David CraneNovember 11, 2007 (2007-11-11) Zorak takes over the show when Space Ghost goes searching for Moltar. 1054"Chantal"Chantal ClaretDecember 2, 2007 (2007-12-02) Space Ghost discusses Morningwood with Chantal Claret. 1065"Mark"Mark ThompsonMay 4, 2008 (2008-05-04) Space Ghost interviews Mark Thompson. 1076"Bruce"Bruce SternMay 16, 2008 (2008-05-16) Space Ghost interviews Bruce Stern. 1087"Dee"Dee SniderMay 25, 2008 (2008-05-25) Space Ghost brags about winning a "Golden Throaty" award. 1098"Barenaked Ladies"Barenaked LadiesMay 31, 2008 (2008-05-31) Space Ghost attempts to spice up the show to boost ratings by showing Barenaked Ladies, but gets confused when they are not literally bare-naked ladies. He gets the show canceled by repeatedly showing his nipple to increase the show's female audience. Specials TitleGuest(s)Written byOriginal air date"The Mask"Jim Carrey & Chuck RussellMatthew MaiellaroNovember 4, 1994 (1994-11-04) A promotional special released exclusively on the VHS release of The Mask, featuring interviews with the film's star and director. Later shown as a part of the "Le Livre d'Histoire" episode on June 9, 1995. "A Space Ghost Christmas"Kevin MeaneyMatthew MaiellaroDecember 25, 1994 (1994-12-25) A special Christmas episode featuring musical segments with the main cast and the Council of Doom. Notes: Aired in the form of a marathon with its separate segments and songs surrounding older episodes. It originally premiered with "Bobcat", "Batmantis" and "Gum, Disease" shown in-between. "Space Ghost Syndication Exclusive Special"N/AMatt HarriganNovember 12, 1995 (1995-11-12) Space Ghost waits for a large cash payment from the "syndication weasels" so he can perform some all-new material. Notes: This was a one-hour special that aired in syndication; "Batmantis", "Bobcat" and "Jerk" were shown in between its separate segments. "Dark Side of the Ghost Planet Planetarium Tour"Thurston MooreMatthew MaiellaroFebruary 9, 1996 (1996-02-09) In early 1996, there was a planetarium tour that Cartoon Network and Turner produced. The event included the Space Ghost Coast to Coast episodes "$20.01", "Transcript" and "Explode", along with music videos and old 1960s Space Ghost episodes. The event was hosted by Space Ghost, Zorak and Moltar. Thurston Moore made an appearance, from footage of Moore that would later be seen in the episode "Sharrock". This episode/special, with the episodes and music videos edited out, can now be found on YouTube. "Jonny Quest"Jonny QuestMatthew MaiellaroMarch 19, 1996 (1996-03-19) Created as a trailer as well as an interview of sorts for Turner Home Entertainment's VHS releases of Classic Jonny Quest. Also included commercial clips. See also List of Space Ghost Coast to Coast characters References ^ "The Second Pilot". Brak's Scrapbook. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2022. ^ "Space Ghost Coast to Coast". Retrieved 2022-12-29 – via www.metacritic.com. ^ "Space Ghost Coast to Coast". Archived from the original on 2020-12-22. Retrieved 2020-08-27 – via www.metacritic.com. ^ The Daily Ghost Planet "More from the con - New Episode Tonight!" Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine. July 22, 2001. Accessed March 24, 2011. ^ The Daily Ghost Planet "New episodes - titles and dates" Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine. November 9, 2003. Accessed March 15, 2011. ^ Rayner, Ben. "Still a Hunger Force to be reckoned with" Archived 2012-10-13 at the Wayback Machine. TheStar.com, April 15, 2007. Accessed January 27, 2008. ^ Nemtusak, Brian (26 April 2007). "If You Don't Get Aqua Teen Hunger Force the Movie, It's Because You Don't Watch Aqua Teen Hunger Force the TV Show". The Chicago Reader. Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2021-08-30. ^ "One Time Airing of a "New" Episode to Mark C2C's 10th Anniversary". The Daily Ghost Planet. April 6, 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2011-03-15. External links Official website Space Ghost Coast to Coast on CartoonNetwork.com at the Wayback Machine (archive index) Space Ghost Coast to Coast at IMDb Space Ghost Coast to Coast at epguides.com
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space Ghost Coast to Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Ghost_Coast_to_Coast"},{"link_name":"animated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animated_series"},{"link_name":"late-night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_night_television"},{"link_name":"talk show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show"},{"link_name":"Space Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Ghost"},{"link_name":"Zorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorak"},{"link_name":"bandleader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandleader"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_director"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_producer"},{"link_name":"nom de plume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"}],"text":"Space Ghost Coast to Coast is an animated late-night talk show. It is hosted by washed-up superhero Space Ghost and co-stars his archenemies Zorak and Moltar, who he has imprisoned and enslaved. Zorak is bandleader and Moltar is director and producer. They regularly disrupt the show in contempt of Space Ghost.The name Alan Laddie was the nom de plume for the show's writing staff.Two unaired pilots were created, the first released as a special feature on the Volume Two DVD set. The series premiered on April 15, 1994, and ended on May 31, 2008, with a total of 109 episodes over the course of 11 seasons.","title":"List of Space Ghost Coast to Coast episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pilots"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(1994)"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(1995)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(1996)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_4_(1997)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_5_(1998)"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_6_(1999)"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_7_(2001%E2%80%9302)"},{"link_name":"Adult Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_8_(2003)"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_9_(2004)"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_10_(2006%E2%80%9307)"},{"link_name":"GameTap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameTap"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_11_(2007%E2%80%9308)"},{"link_name":"Specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Specials"}],"text":"Series overviewSeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedNetworkPilots2November 16, 2004 (2004-11-16)N/A110April 15, 1994 (1994-04-15)November 11, 1994 (1994-11-11)Cartoon Network29February 20, 1995 (1995-02-20)October 20, 1995 (1995-10-20)315February 2, 1996 (1996-02-02)December 25, 1996 (1996-12-25)424July 18, 1997 (1997-07-18)January 1, 1998 (1998-01-01)511August 7, 1998 (1998-08-07)December 25, 1998 (1998-12-25)68October 8, 1999 (1999-10-08)December 17, 1999 (1999-12-17)782May 7, 2001 (2001-05-07)July 22, 2001 (2001-07-22)6September 2, 2001 (2001-09-02)May 12, 2002 (2002-05-12)Adult Swim85January 1, 2003 (2003-01-01)December 14, 2003 (2003-12-14)92January 11, 2004 (2004-01-11)April 12, 2004 (2004-04-12)109May 30, 2006 (2006-05-30)May 24, 2007 (2007-05-24)GameTap118September 11, 2007 (2007-09-11)May 31, 2008 (2008-05-31)Specials5November 4, 1994 (1994-11-04)March 19, 1996 (1996-03-19)Cartoon Network","title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pilots (1993–2004)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (1994)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (1995)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3 (1996)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 4 (1997-98)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 5 (1998)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 6 (1999)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merrill Markoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Markoe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Hanna-Barbera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Barbera"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Animation"},{"link_name":"William Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hanna"}],"sub_title":"Season 7 (2001–02)","text":"The series moved to Adult Swim on September 2, 2001, with the premiere of \"Knifin' Around\". Another episode featuring Merrill Markoe titled \"Drop Out\" was planned for this run of episodes[4] but was never produced. The series' revival run is the first season of the show after Hanna-Barbera was absorbed into Warner Bros. Animation on March 12, 2001, and William Hanna's death of throat cancer on March 22, 2001.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seth Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Green"},{"link_name":"Seth MacFarlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_MacFarlane"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Season 8 (2003)","text":"Two other episodes were planned for this season but scrapped. One entitled \"One Way Out\" would have featured Seth Green, while the other, untitled episode would have featured Seth MacFarlane.[5]","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 9 (2004)","text":"This is the last season of the show that would be aired on Adult Swim before being moved to the video section of GameTap for two more seasons before its cancellation.","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 10 (2006–07)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 11 (2007–08)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Specials","title":"Episodes"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Space Ghost Coast to Coast characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Space_Ghost_Coast_to_Coast_characters"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)
Telecommunications in Georgia (country)
["1 Radio and television","2 Cellular Networks","3 Fixed Telephony, Internet and IP Television","3.1 Internet censorship and surveillance","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Telecommunications in Georgia include radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Radio and television See also: List of radio stations in Georgia (country) and Television in Georgia (country) Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 12, shortwave 4 (1998). There are 35 FM stations in the country, as of 2021. Radios: 3.02 million (1997). Television broadcast stations: 25 (plus repeaters) (2011). Televisions: 2.57 million (1997). Cellular Networks See also: Telephone numbers in Georgia Calling code: +995 Mobile Phone subscribers: 4,955,272 million lines (April 2021) There are three cellular telephone networks: MagtiCom LTD, Silknet JSC, and Cellfie Mobile (Formerly known as Beeline). The cellular network market counts more than 4,955,272 active customers in total. Coverage extends to over 98% of the populated territory as of 2010; In urban areas there are 20 telephones per 100 people and in rural areas 4 telephones per 100 people. In 2020, the Georgian National Communications Commission announced its plans to introduce Mobile virtual network operators in 2021. The first MVNO in the country, Hallo, launched in Q4 of 2022 and it is based on Silknet's infrastructure. Tele 1 (also marketed as Tele One) is going to launch soon. It is not yet clear which operator's infrastructure the company will use. Tele 1 has already started operating in the country partially, but its services (video and audio calling) are available only through their apps as of now (VoIP). The Georgian National Communications Commission has announced an auction for the 5G spectrum. It will be held in August 2023 and most of the lots come with a requirement for MNOs to start talks with MVNOs, which means they will not be able to keep their infrastructure closed off if they want to buy licenses for specific 5G frequencies. Fixed Telephony, Internet and IP Television Internet Service Providers: at least 10 ISPs. Fixed Internet Subscribers: 977,6 thousand lines (April 2021) Internet Protocol television Subscribers: 551 thousand lines (April 2021) Fixed Phone Subscribers: 830,222 lines in use (2009), 366,250 lines in use (April 2021) Top-level domain: .ge The fixed telephony, internet and IP television in Georgia is mainly operated by MAGTICOM, Silknet and New Net, all of which controlled 90% of the market in 2018. By the end of 2008, there were 618,000 fixed telephone users in Georgia. In urban areas there are 20 telephones per 100 people, and in rural areas there are four telephones per 100 people. Additionally, Datahouse Global LLC, Geonet LLC, Inexphone LLC, and Myphone LLC are providing VoIP-based fixed telephony services over the country. Fiber-optic lines connect the major cities and Georgia and Bulgaria are connected with fiber-optic line between Poti and Varna (Bulgaria). The home internet provider industry in Georgia is heavily monopolized by 2 major competitors: Silknet and MAGTICOM. There are other smaller, more obscure providers as well, but these two are the most popular and have the biggest nationwide coverage. Both companies offer TV and mobile packages that can be combined with home internet as well. Internet censorship and surveillance Listed as engaged in selective Internet filtering in the political and conflict/security areas and as no evidence of filtering in the social and Internet tools areas by the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) in November 2010. Access to Internet content in Georgia is largely unrestricted as the legal constitutional framework, developed after the 2003 Rose Revolution, established a series of provisions that should, in theory, curtail any attempts by the state to censor the Internet. At the same time, these legal instruments have not been sufficient to prevent limited filtering on corporate and educational networks. Georgia's dependence on international connectivity makes it vulnerable to upstream filtering, evident in the March 2008 blocking of YouTube by Türk Telekom. On March 14, 2016, access to YouTube was restricted nationwide. This restriction of access was to presumably prevent Georgian citizens from accessing a video which threatened a number of journalists and opposition figures with the exposure of covertly recorded video tapes of sex acts. YouTube access went down throughout Georgia until the threatening video was removed from the internet. See also Georgian National Communications Commission References  This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA. ^ a b "Mobile • Subscribers by companies". analytics.comcom.ge. Retrieved 2021-07-01. ^ Magticom. "Magticom / მთავარი". მაგთიკომი. ^ "სილქნეტი - ყველაფერი კავშირშია". ^ "Cellfie". cellfie.ge. Retrieved 2023-07-20. ^ "მაგთი - კავშირი თქვენს სამყაროსთან..." Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. ^ "Internet • Subscribers by companies". analytics.comcom.ge. Retrieved 2021-07-01. ^ "Facebook". www.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 2022-02-25. Retrieved 2021-07-01. ^ "Fixed • Subscribers by companies". analytics.comcom.ge. Retrieved 2021-07-01. ^ Maia Mikashavidze, Georgia #Telecommunications, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010 ^ a b "ONI Country Profile: Georgia", OpenNet Initiative, November 2010 ^ Georgia, Civil. "Civil.Ge - Politicians, Journalist Threatened with Sex Tape Leak". civil.ge. External links Georgian National Communications Commission, website. Sidorenko, Alexey, "Internet, Society and Democracy in Georgia", in Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 15. Robakidze, Nino, "Georgia: Immature Media", in Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 25. vteGeorgia articlesHistoryEarly Prehistoric Georgia Shulaveri–Shomu culture Kura–Araxes culture Trialeti culture Colchian culture Mushki Diauehi Colchis Kingdom of Iberia Lazica Roman era Sasanian Iberia Christianization of Iberia Middle Principality of Iberia Bagrationi dynasty Arab rule Emirate of Tbilisi Kingdom of Abkhazia Kingdom of the Iberians Unification of the Georgian realm Kingdom of Hereti First Kingdom of Kakheti Kingdom of Georgia Byzantine wars Seljuk wars Battle of Didgori Golden Age Mongol invasions Timur's invasions Samtskhe atabegate Turkmen incursions Kingdom of Imereti Principality of Abkhazia Principality of Svaneti Principality of Guria Principality of Mingrelia Kingdom of Kartli Kingdom of Kakheti Safavid Georgia Shah Abbas I's invasions Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 1795 Persian Invasion Absorption by the Russian Empire Modern Democratic Republic of Georgia Armenian War Red Army invasion Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic April 9 tragedy Independent Georgia Civil War War in Abkhazia Rose Revolution Russo-Georgian War By topic Names of Georgia Monarchs States Military history Wars Battles Timeline of Georgian history more Geography Borders Birds Black Sea Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Glaciers Greater Caucasus Lakes Lesser Caucasus Mammals National parks Protected areas Rivers Volcanoes more Subdivisions Administrative divisions Cities and towns Tbilisi Regions more Russian-occupied territories Abkhazia South Ossetia Politics Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Central bank Companies Energy Lari (currency) Mining Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transport more Culture Alphabet Architecture Art Chokha Cinema Cuisine Wine Dance Gambling Languages Georgian Laz Mingrelian Svan Media Music Mythology Names Public holidays Religion Sports World Heritage Sites more Demographics Education Ethnic minorities Georgians List Diaspora Health care Women more Symbols Anthem Bolnisi cross Borjgali Coat of arms Flag Motto Saint George cross Saint Nino cross OutlineIndex Category Portal vteTelecommunicationsHistory Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Data compression audio DCT image video Digital media Internet video online video platform social media streaming Drums Edholm's law Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Information Age Information revolution Internet Mass media Mobile phone Smartphone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepaid mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Phryctoria Semiconductor device MOSFET transistor Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter (teletype) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television digital streaming Undersea telegraph line Videotelephony Whistled language Wireless revolution Pioneers Nasir Ahmed Edwin Howard Armstrong Mohamed M. Atalla John Logie Baird Paul Baran John Bardeen Alexander Graham Bell Emile Berliner Tim Berners-Lee Francis Blake (telephone) Jagadish Chandra Bose Charles Bourseul Walter Houser Brattain Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Yogen Dalal Daniel Davis Jr. Donald Davies Amos Dolbear Thomas Edison Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Oliver Heaviside Robert Hooke Erna Schneider Hoover Harold Hopkins Gardiner Greene Hubbard Internet pioneers Bob Kahn Dawon Kahng Charles K. Kao Narinder Singh Kapany Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Robert Metcalfe Antonio Meucci Samuel Morse Jun-ichi Nishizawa Charles Grafton Page Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Tivadar Puskás Johann Philipp Reis Claude Shannon Almon Brown Strowger Henry Sutton Charles Sumner Tainter Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Thomas A. Watson Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmissionmedia Coaxial cable Fiber-optic communication optical fiber Free-space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves wireless Transmission line telecommunication circuit Network topologyand switching Bandwidth Links Nodes terminal Network switching circuit packet Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space-division Frequency-division Time-division Polarization-division Orbital angular-momentum Code-division Concepts Communication protocol Computer network Data transmission Store and forward Telecommunications equipment Types of network Cellular network Ethernet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN Public Switched Telephone Radio Television Telex UUCP WAN Wireless network Notable networks ARPANET BITNET CYCLADES FidoNet Internet Internet2 JANET NPL network Toasternet Usenet Locations Africa Americas North South Antarctica Asia Europe Oceania (Global telecommunications regulation bodies) Telecommunication portal Category Outline Commons vteTelecommunications in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union vteTelecommunications in AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal vteInternet censorship and surveillance by countryAfrica Algeria Angola Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo DR Congo RO Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mauritania Morocco (Western Sahara) Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Greenland Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Puerto Rico Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China East Timor Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestinian territories Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany (YouTube video blocking) Georgia Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Telecommunications in Georgia (country)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of radio stations in Georgia (country)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Television in Georgia (country)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio"},{"link_name":"Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"}],"text":"See also: List of radio stations in Georgia (country) and Television in Georgia (country)Radio broadcast stations: AM 7, FM 12, shortwave 4 (1998). There are 35 FM stations in the country, as of 2021.\nRadios: 3.02 million (1997).\nTelevision broadcast stations: 25 (plus repeaters) (2011).\nTelevisions: 2.57 million (1997).","title":"Radio and television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telephone numbers in Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Calling code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_code"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNAC-AnnulReport-20092-1"},{"link_name":"MagtiCom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MagtiCom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Silknet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silknet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Beeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeline_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Georgian National Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_National_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"Mobile virtual network operators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_virtual_network_operator"},{"link_name":"Hallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hallo.ge/"},{"link_name":"Tele 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tele1.ge/"},{"link_name":"Georgian National Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_National_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"MNOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNO"},{"link_name":"MVNOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_virtual_network_operator"}],"text":"See also: Telephone numbers in GeorgiaCalling code: +995\nMobile Phone subscribers: 4,955,272 million lines (April 2021)[1]There are three cellular telephone networks: MagtiCom LTD,[2] Silknet JSC,[3] and Cellfie Mobile (Formerly known as Beeline).[4] The cellular network market counts more than 4,955,272 active customers in total.Coverage extends to over 98% of the populated territory as of 2010;[5] In urban areas there are 20 telephones per 100 people and in rural areas 4 telephones per 100 people.In 2020, the Georgian National Communications Commission announced its plans to introduce Mobile virtual network operators in 2021. The first MVNO in the country, Hallo, launched in Q4 of 2022 and it is based on Silknet's infrastructure. Tele 1 (also marketed as Tele One) is going to launch soon. It is not yet clear which operator's infrastructure the company will use. Tele 1 has already started operating in the country partially, but its services (video and audio calling) are available only through their apps as of now (VoIP).The Georgian National Communications Commission has announced an auction for the 5G spectrum. It will be held in August 2023 and most of the lots come with a requirement for MNOs to start talks with MVNOs, which means they will not be able to keep their infrastructure closed off if they want to buy licenses for specific 5G frequencies.","title":"Cellular Networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet Service Providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Service_Provider"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Internet Protocol television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol_television"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GNAC-AnnulReport-20092-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Top-level domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-level_domain"},{"link_name":".ge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.ge"},{"link_name":"MAGTICOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MagtiCom"},{"link_name":"Silknet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silknet"},{"link_name":"New Net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Net"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EJCtlc-9"},{"link_name":"Datahouse Global LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datahouse_Global_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Geonet LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geonet_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Inexphone LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inexphone_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Myphone LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myphone_LLC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fiber-optic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Poti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poti"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Silknet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silknet"},{"link_name":"MAGTICOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MagtiCom"}],"text":"Internet Service Providers: at least 10 ISPs.\nFixed Internet Subscribers: 977,6 thousand lines (April 2021)[6]\nInternet Protocol television Subscribers: 551 thousand lines (April 2021)[7]\nFixed Phone Subscribers: 830,222 lines in use (2009),[1] 366,250 lines in use (April 2021)[8]\nTop-level domain: .geThe fixed telephony, internet and IP television in Georgia is mainly operated by MAGTICOM, Silknet and New Net, all of which controlled 90% of the market in 2018. By the end of 2008, there were 618,000 fixed telephone users in Georgia.[9] In urban areas there are 20 telephones per 100 people, and in rural areas there are four telephones per 100 people.Additionally, Datahouse Global LLC, Geonet LLC, Inexphone LLC, and Myphone LLC are providing VoIP-based fixed telephony services over the country.Fiber-optic lines connect the major cities and Georgia and Bulgaria are connected with fiber-optic line between Poti and Varna (Bulgaria). The home internet provider industry in Georgia is heavily monopolized by 2 major competitors: Silknet and MAGTICOM. There are other smaller, more obscure providers as well, but these two are the most popular and have the biggest nationwide coverage. Both companies offer TV and mobile packages that can be combined with home internet as well.","title":"Fixed Telephony, Internet and IP Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OpenNet Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenNet_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONI-CountryProfile-Georgia-Nov2010-10"},{"link_name":"Rose Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Revolution"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Türk Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Telekom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ONI-CountryProfile-Georgia-Nov2010-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Civil.Ge-11"}],"sub_title":"Internet censorship and surveillance","text":"Listed as engaged in selective Internet filtering in the political and conflict/security areas and as no evidence of filtering in the social and Internet tools areas by the OpenNet Initiative (ONI) in November 2010.[10]Access to Internet content in Georgia is largely unrestricted as the legal constitutional framework, developed after the 2003 Rose Revolution, established a series of provisions that should, in theory, curtail any attempts by the state to censor the Internet. At the same time, these legal instruments have not been sufficient to prevent limited filtering on corporate and educational networks. Georgia's dependence on international connectivity makes it vulnerable to upstream filtering, evident in the March 2008 blocking of YouTube by Türk Telekom.[10]On March 14, 2016, access to YouTube was restricted nationwide. This restriction of access was to presumably prevent Georgian citizens from accessing a video which threatened a number of journalists and opposition figures with the exposure of covertly recorded video tapes of sex acts. YouTube access went down throughout Georgia until the threatening video was removed from the internet.[11]","title":"Fixed Telephony, Internet and IP Television"}]
[]
[{"title":"Georgian National Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_National_Communications_Commission"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Metheny
Bud Metheny
["1 References","2 External links"]
American baseball player and coach (1915-2003) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Baseball player Bud MethenyMetheny, circa 1938William and Mary center fielderOutfielderBorn: (1915-06-01)June 1, 1915St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.Died: January 2, 2003(2003-01-02) (aged 87)Virginia Beach, Virginia, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutApril 27, 1943, for the New York YankeesLast MLB appearanceMay 9, 1946, for the New York YankeesMLB statisticsBatting average.247Home runs31Runs batted in156 Teams New York Yankees (1943–1946) Career highlights and awards World Series champion (1943) Arthur Beauregard “Bud” Metheny (June 1, 1915 – January 2, 2003) was an American baseball player and coach. He played professional baseball for the New York Yankees (1943–46) and served Old Dominion University for 32 years as head baseball coach, head basketball coach and athletic director. Metheny was a graduate of the College of William and Mary where he played college baseball. He was also a brother of Phi Kappa Tau. During his four-year career with Yankees, he played for the Yankees in the second and last games of the 1943 World Series as the Yankees defeated the St. Louis Cardinals and he played with such great players as DiMaggio, Rizzuto and Dickey. In the minors before joining the Yankees, Metheny won pennants with Norfolk and the Kansas City Blues, as well as the Little World Series with the Newark Bears. Metheny joined the Old Dominion athletic staff in 1948 as head baseball coach, compiling a 423–363–6 record before retiring in 1980. He was honored by the NCAA as the Eastern Regional Coach of the Year in 1963 and 1964, a period when his Monarchs captured college division crowns. He was named National Coach of the Year in 1964, and in 1980, his final season as the Monarchs head coach, ODU captured the Virginia State Championship. Metheny served as head basketball coach from 1948–65, compiling a 198-163 record and posting 16 winning seasons. His 198 wins were ultimately surpassed by Blaine Taylor on January 5, 2011. He also served as athletic director from 1963–1970. In 1984, to honor Metheny and his days with the Yankees, ODU adopted the Yankee uniform look of the distinctive blue pinstripes. Metheny was enshrined in the College Baseball Coaches Hall of Fame in Dallas in 1983. He was a member of the College Baseball Coaches Hall of Fame, Old Dominion Hall of Fame, Virginia Sports Hall of Fame, William & Mary Hall of Fame and the Tidewater Baseball Hall of Fame. The Old Dominion baseball stadium, which opened in 1983, is named in Metheny's honor. References ^ Miller, Ed (2011-01-05). "ODU basketball win is milestone for coach | HamptonRoads.com | PilotOnline.com". HamptonRoads.com. Retrieved 2014-01-02. External links Biography portal Arthur "Bud" Metheny, Special Collections and University Archives Wiki, Old Dominion University Libraries Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors) Virginia Sports Hall of Fame Biography and photo Bud Metheny at Find a Grave Links to related articles vteOld Dominion Monarchs men's basketball head coaches Tommy Scott (1930–1940) George Stirnweiss (1940–1942) Scrap Chandler (1942–1946) Julius Rubin (1946–1947) Jack Callahan (1947–1948) Bud Metheny (1948–1965) Sonny Allen (1965–1975) Paul Webb (1975–1985) Tom Young (1985–1991) Oliver Purnell (1991–1994) Jeff Capel II (1994–2001) Blaine Taylor (2001–2013) Jim Corrigan # (2013) Jeff Jones (2013–2023) Kieran Donohue # (2023–2024) Mike Jones (2024– ) # denotes interim head coach vteOld Dominion Monarchs head baseball coaches Tommy Scott (1931–1939) No team (1940) George Gregory (1941–1942) Scrap Chandler (1943–1944) No team (1945) Scrap Chandler (1946) Everett Tolson (1947) Jack Callahan (1948) Bud Metheny (1949–1969) Jim Brady # (1970) Bud Metheny (1971–1980) Mark Newman (1981–1989) Pat McMahon (1990–1994) Tony Guzzo (1995–2004) Jerry Meyers (2005–2010) Nate Goulet # (2011) Chris Finwood (2012– ) # denotes interim head coach vteOld Dominion Monarchs athletic directors Tommy Scott (1930–1940) Unknown (1940–1942) Scrap Chandler (1942–1963) Bud Metheny (1963–1970) Jim Jarrett (1970–2010) Camden Wood Selig (2010– ) vteNew York Yankees 1943 World Series champions 1 Frankie Crosetti 2 Snuffy Stirnweiss 3 Bud Metheny 5 Nick Etten 6 Joe Gordon 7 Billy Johnson 8 Bill Dickey 9 Charlie Keller 10 Roy Weatherly 15 Hank Borowy 16 Tuck Stainback 18 Johnny Lindell 19 Johnny Murphy 20 Tiny Bonham 21 Spud Chandler (AL MVP) 22 Marius Russo Manager Joe McCarthy Coaches 31 Art Fletcher 32 Earle Combs 33 Johnny Schulte Regular season
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancowry_Subdivision
Nancowry Subdivision
["1 Administration","2 References"]
Coordinates: 8°10′N 93°22′E / 8.16°N 93.36°E / 8.16; 93.36 Nancowry SubdivisionNancowry SubdivisionGeographyLocationBay of BengalCoordinates8°10′N 93°22′E / 8.16°N 93.36°E / 8.16; 93.36TypeIsland groupArchipelagoNicobar IslandsAdjacent toIndian OceanTotal islands15Major islandsKatchalKamortaTeressaNancowryChowraArea453.65 km2 (175.16 sq mi)Administration IndiaDistrictNicobarIsland groupNicobar IslandsSubdivisions of IndiaNancowry SubdivisionLargest settlementKalatapu (pop. 1870)DemographicsPopulation10636 (2011)Pop. density23.5/km2 (60.9/sq mi)Ethnic groupsHindu, NicobareseAdditional informationTime zoneIST (UTC+5:30)PIN744301Telephone code03192ISO codeIN-AN-00Official websitewww.and.nic.inLiteracy84.4%Avg. summer temperature30.2 °C (86.4 °F)Avg. winter temperature23.0 °C (73.4 °F)Sex ratio1.2♂/♀Census Code35.638.0001Official LanguagesHindi, English, Tamil Car (regional) Nancowry Subdivision is one of three local administrative divisions of the Indian district of Nicobar, part of the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Administration It includes 4 taluks: Nancowrie taluk Kamorta taluk Teressa and Chowra taluk Katchal taluk References ^ "Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census" (PDF). Government of Andaman. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2016. ^ Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code ^ "Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands" (PDF). Census of India. Retrieved 16 January 2011. India portal Andaman and Nicobar Islands travel guide from Wikivoyage vteNicobar districtBlocks Great Nicobar Subdivision Car Nicobar Subdivision Nancowry Subdivision TehsilsandvillagesCar NicobarSubdivision Arong Big Lapati Chuckchucha IAF Camp Kakana Kimois Kinmai Kinyuka Malacca Mus Perka Sawai Small Lapati Tamaloo Tapoiming Teetop Great NicobarSubdivision 7 km Farm Afra Bay Alexandera River Anul (Anula) Bewai/Kuwak Campbell Bay Chingen Gandhi Nagar Govinda Nagar Indira Point Joginder Nagar Katahu Kokeon Lanaya Lawful Laxmi Nagar Makhahu (Makachua) Patisang Pattia (Pulopattia) Pitayo Pulloullo (Puloulo) Pulobha (Pulobahan) Pulomilo Pulopanja Shastri Nagar Shompen hut Shompen Village-A Shompen Village-B Trinket Bay Vijoy Nagar NancowrySubdivision Al-Hit-Touch (Balu Basti) Alhiat Aloorang Altheak Alukian (Alhukheck) Banderkari (Pulu) Bengali Berainak (Badnak) Champin Chanel (Chanol) Changua (Changup) Chongkamong Chota Inak Chukmachi Daring E-Wall Enam Hinnunga Hintona Inroak Chinlak Itoi (Hitui) Japan Tikri Jhoola Kakana Kalasi Kamorta (Kalatapu, incl. Sanuh) Kanahinot Knot Kuitasuk Luxi Malacca Meenakshi Ram Nagar Mildera Minyuk Munak (incl. Ponioo/Moul) Payuha Pilpilow Raihion Ramzoo (Ramjaw) Tahaila Tapong (incl. Kabila) Tillangchong Upper Katchal Vikas Nagar Other Mount Thullier Car Nicobar Air Force Base Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (Galathea National Park and Campbell Bay National Park) Nicobar Islands rain forests This Andaman and Nicobar Islands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census\" (PDF). Government of Andaman. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 4 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf","url_text":"\"Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census\""},{"url":"http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands\" (PDF). Census of India. Retrieved 16 January 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf","url_text":"\"Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Saphon
Baal-zephon
["1 God","2 Location","3 Ba'al Zephon stele","4 See also","5 Notes and references","5.1 Notes","5.2 References","5.3 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Epithet of the storm god Ba'al Mount Ṣapōn Part of a series onAncient Semitic religion Mesopotamian Levantine pre-Islamic Arabia Near Eastern Religions The Levant Adonis Anat Arsay Asherah Astarte Atargatis ʿAṯtar Azizos Baʿalat Gebal Baʿal Baʿal Berith Baʿal Ḥammon Baʿal Marqod Baʿal Ṣapon Baʿalshamem Chemosh Dagan El Eshmun Haddu Kotharat Kothar-wa-Khasis Melqart Milcom Misor Mot Nikkal Qedesh Qos Resheph Sakkun Shadrafa Shahar Shalim Shapshu Sydyk Tanit Yam Yahweh Yarikh vteDeities of the ancient Near East Ancient Egyptian Amun Anubis Apis Atum Buchis Geb Horus Isis Montu Nephthys Nut Osiris Ptah Qetesh Ra Set Shu Tefnut Thoth Arabian Allah Aglibol Abgal al-Lat al-Qaum al-‘Uzzá Atarsamain ʿAṯtar Baalshamin Bēl Dhul Khalasa Dushara Gad Hubal Malakbel Manaf Manāt Nasr Nuha Orotalt Ruda Suwa' Theandrios Wadd Ya'uq Yaghūth Yarhibol Yatha Eblaite Adamma Aštabil Dagan Hadabal Hadad Ḫalabatu Išḫara Kura Ninkarrak Saggar Shalash Elamite Humban Inshushinak Ishmekarab Jabru Kiririsha Lagamar Manzat Nahhunte Narundi Napir Napirisha Pinikir Ruhurater Simut Hurrian Allani Aštabi Hayya Ḫepat Hutena and Hutellura Išḫara Kubaba Kumarbi Kušuḫ Lelluri Mitanni dynastic deities (Indra, Mitra, Varuna) Nabarbi Ninatta and Kulitta Nupatik Pirengir Shalash Šarruma Šauška Šimige Šuwala Takitu Tašmišu Teshub Tilla Levantine(Canaanite and Ugaritic) Adonis Anat Arsay Asherah Ashima Astarte Atargatis ʿAṯtar Azizos Baʿal Baʿal Ḥammon Baʿal Marqod Baʿal Ṣapon Baʿalshamem Baʿalat Gebal Chemosh Dagan El Eshmun Haddu Kotharat Kothar-wa-Khasis Melqart Milcom Misor Mot Nikkal Qedesh Qos Resheph Sakkun Shadrafa Shahar Shalim Shapshu Sydyk Tanit Yam Yahweh Yarikh Mesopotamian Adad/Ishkur Amurru An/Anu Asarluhi Ashur Aya Belet Nagar Dumuzi Enki/Ea Enlil Ereshkigal Gibil Inanna/Ishtar Ishtaran Manungal Marduk Nabu Nammu Nanaya Nisaba Shala Šumugan Nanna/Sin Nergal Ninazu Ninegal Ningal Ningishzida Ninhursag Ninisina Ninlil Ninshubur Pabilsag Papsukkal Sarpanit Sebitti Tishpak Utu/Shamash Wer Zababa Religions of the ancient Near Eastvte An illustration of Baalzephon in the Infernal Dictionary by Collin de Plancy. Baʽal Zephon (Hebrew: בַּעַל צְפֹן‎ Baʿal Ṣəfōn; Akkadian: Bēl Ḫazi (dIM ḪUR.SAG); Ugaritic: baʿlu ṣapāni; Hurrian: Tešub Ḫalbağe; Egyptian: bꜥr ḏꜣpwnꜣ), also transliterated as Baal-zephon, was an epithet of the Canaanite storm god Baʿal (lit. "Lord") in his role as lord of Mount Zaphon; he is identified in the Ugaritic texts as Hadad. Because of the mountain's importance and location, it came to metonymously signify "north" in Hebrew; the name is therefore sometimes given in translation as Lord of the North. He was equated with the Greek god Zeus in his epithet Zeus Kasios and later with the Roman Jupiter Casius. Because Baʿal Zaphon was considered a protector of maritime trade, sanctuaries were constructed in his honor around the Mediterranean by his Canaanite and Phoenician devotees. "Baal-zephon" thereby also became a placename, most notably a location mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures' Book of Exodus as the location where the Israelites miraculously crossed the Red Sea during their exodus from Egypt. God The name Baʿal Zaphon never appears in the mythological texts discovered at Ugarit. Instead, it occurs in guides to ritual and in letters, where it is used to differentiate this form of Baʿal from others such as Baʿal Ugarit. The iconography of a storm god standing on two mountains is associated with him. The earliest discovered depiction of the god – where he stands astride two mountains in a smiting posture (a posture associated with Baal in general) – dates to the 18th century BC. Other depictions show him crowned and bearing a scepter. As a protector of maritime trade, his temples also received votive stone anchors. The treaty between Asarhaddon and King Baʿal of Tyre ranks Baʿal Zaphon third behind Baʿal Shamem and Baʿal Malage. In addition to his temple at Jebel Aqra and Ugarit, Baʿal Zaphon is known to have been worshipped at Tyre and Carthage and served as the chief god of the colony at Tahpanes. A 14th-century letter from the king of Ugarit to the Egyptian pharaoh (KTU2 2.23) places Baʿal Zaphon as equivalent to Amun. Temples to Zeus Kasios are attested in Egypt, Athens, Epidauros, Delos, Corfu, Sicily, and Spain, with the last mention occurring on Rome's German border in the 3rd century. Location 1st-millennium BC Assyrian texts mention Baʿal Zaphon as the name of the mountain itself. (Locally as well, the mountain was worshipped in its own right.) The books of Exodus and Numbers in the Hebrew Scriptures records that the Israelites were instructed by YHWH to camp across from a place named "Baʿal Zaphon" in order to appear trapped and thereby entice the Pharaoh to pursue them: Speak unto the children of Israel, that they turn and encamp before Pihahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, over against Baalzephon: before it shall ye encamp by the sea. For Pharaoh will say of the children of Israel, They are entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut them in. And I will harden Pharaoh's heart, that he shall follow after them; and I will be honoured upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host; that the Egyptians may know that I am the Lord. And they did so. Gmirkin identified this as Arsinoe on the Gulf of Suez. A Ptolemaic-era geographical text at the Cairo Museum lists four border fortresses, the third being "Midgol and Baʿal Zaphon". In context, it appears to have been located on a route to the Red Sea coast, perhaps on the canal from Pithom to a location near Arsinoe. On the other hand, David A. Falk has pointed that Baal-zephon is mentioned in Papyrus Sallier IV as an ancient Egyptian place, which was probably located northeast of the Wadi Tumilat. According to Herodotus (who considered it to mark the boundary between Egypt and Syria), at Ras Kouroun, a small mountain near the marshy Lake Bardawil, the "Serbonian Bog" of Herodotus, where Zeus' ancient opponent Typhon was "said to be hidden". Here, Greeks knew, Baal Sephon was worshipped. Ba'al Zephon stele This imported wholly Egyptian work featuring a Canaanite god is the only instance where he is depicted in both image and language, so it's a great starting point for identifying him in other places. Eythan Levy notes a parallel between Ba'al Zephon and the "Asiatic Seth." Seth's attributes are horns, an ankh in one hand, a was sceptre in the other, and a beard. He wears a conical hat resembling the white crown of Egypt with a long string ending in a tassel that looks like a lotus flower. Ba'al here seems to be depicted largely the same way. See also Baʿal Baʿal Hammon Notes and references Notes ^ This location is usually associated with the modern Jebel Aqra on the Syrio-Turkish border, but that identification has been challenged by Liverani based on Albright's claim that the Amarna letters' Ṣapuna does not refer to the mountain near Ugarit but to a city named Ṣapuma or Ṣabuma at the mouth of the Jabbok. In 1967, Ross placed it in "the Shephelah region, not far from the kingdom of Gezer. Vita rejected the identification of Ṣabuma with the Biblical Zaphon, proposing it instead referred to Zebʿoim. ^ As, for example, by the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. ^ Eissfeldt argued that the Biblical mention of Baʿal Zaphon actually referred to the god having originally received credit for the salvation of the Israelites, but it is usually accepted as a placename. References ^ a b c d e f g Niehr (1999), p. 152. ^ Cornelius, Izak (1994). The Iconography of the Canaanite Gods Reshef and Baʻal: Late Bronze and Iron Age I Periods (C 1500-1000 BCE). Orbis biblicus et orientalis. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 151–152. doi:10.5167/uzh-142977. Retrieved 2023-11-16. ^ Fox (2009), pp. 243–258. ^ Liverani (1998). ^ Albright (1943). ^ Vita (2005). ^ Spencer L. Allen (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 216. ISBN 9781614512363. ^ Chung, Youn Ho (2010). The Sin of the Calf: The Rise of the Bible's Negative Attitude Toward the Golden Calf. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 168. ISBN 9780567212313. ^ a b DDD, "Zaphon". ^ ISBE (1996), p. 381. ^ Dijkstra, Meindert (1993). "The weather-God on two mountains". Ugarit-Forschungen (23): 127–137. ^ a b c d e f g Niehr (1999), p. 153. ^ Exod. 14:2–4. ^ Num. 33:7. ^ EDB (2000), p. 137. ^ Eissfeldt (1932). ^ Exod. 14:2–4 (KJV). ^ Gmirkin (2006), p. 233. ^ Falk, D. A. (2018). "What We Know about the Egyptian Places Mentioned in Exodus". TheTorah.com. ^ Lane Fox 2009:253-56. ^ Levy, Eythan (2018-01-01). "A Fresh Look at the Mekal Stele (Egypt and the Levant 28, 2018)". Egypt and the Levant. Retrieved 2024-02-18. Bibliography "Zaphon", Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999, pp. 927–928. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, Grand Rapids: Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4. Bromiley, Geoffrey W., ed. (1996), International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Grand Rapids: Wm. B Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-3781-3. Albright, William F. (1943), "Two Little Understood Amarna Letters from the Middle Jordan Valley", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 89. Eissfeldt, O. (1932), Baal Zaphon, Zeus Kasios, und der Durchzug der Israeliten durchs Meer, Halle{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). Fox, Robin Lane (2009), Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer, New York: Knopf. Gmirkin, Russell E. (2006), Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus, T. & T. Clark, ISBN 978-0-567-02592-0. Liverani, Mario (1998), Le lettere di el-Amarna 1. Le lettere dei "Piccoli Re", Brescia{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). (in Italian) Niehr, H. (1999), "Baal-zaphon", Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. 152–154. Vita, Juan-Pablo (2005), "Der biblische Ortsname Zaphon und die Amarnabriefe EA 273-274", Ugarit-Forschungen, No. 37, pp. 673–677. (in German) External links Jewish Encyclopedia: Baal-zephon vteAncient Semitic and Mesopotamian religionDeitiesCanaanite deities Adonis Anat Arsay Asherah Ashima Astarte Atargatis ʿAṯtar Baʿalat Gebal Baʿal Baʿal Berit Baʿal Ḥammon Baʿal Marqod Baʿal Ṣapon Baalshamin/Baʿalshamem Chemosh Dagan El Elohim Elyon Eshmun Haddu Kothar-wa-Khasis Kotharat Melqart Milcom Misor Mot Nikkal Qedesh Qos Resheph Sakkun Shahar Shalim Shapshu Sydyk Tanit Yahweh Yam Yarikh Mesopotamian deities Abzu/Apsu Adad Amurru Antu Anu Anshar Ashur Bes Dumuzid Enki/Ea Enlil Ereshkigal Geshtinanna Inanna/Ishtar Ki Kingu Kishar Lahamu Lahmu Marduk Mummu Nabu Nammu Nanna/Sin Nergal Ningishzida Ninhursag Ninlil Tiamat Utu/Shamash Mythology portal vteBook of ExodusChapters 1–6 6–9 10–13 13–17 18–20 21–24 25–27 27–30 30–34 35–38 38–40 People Moses Israelites Aaron Bezalel Eliezer Elim Gershom Jethro High Priest of Israel Ithamar Marah Miriam Nadab and Abihu Oholiab Pharaoh Pharaoh's daughter Shiphrah and Puah Zipporah Objects Aaron's rod Ark of bulrushes Ark of the Covenant Asherah pole Bronze laver Burning bush Golden calf Incense offering Manna Mercy seat Pillars of fire and cloud Priestly clothing breastplate golden head plate robe sash tunic turban undergarments Showbread Staff of Moses Tabernacle Tefillin Temple menorah Places Egypt Massah and Meribah Mount Horeb Mount Sinai Stations of the Exodus Pi-HaHiroth Pi-Ramesses Battle of Refidim Shur Wilderness of Sin Yam Suph (Reed Sea) Torah readings Shemot Va'eira Bo Beshalach Yitro Mishpatim Terumah Tetzaveh Ki Tissa Vayakhel Pekudei Sources Priestly Jahwist Elohist Textual analysis Sources and parallels Textual variations Covenant Code Exodus Rabbah Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai Song of the Sea In Antebellum America Manuscripts Nash Papyrus Papyrus 18 Phrases I Am that I Am Baal-zephon El Shaddai Eye for an eye Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy With a strong hand and an outstretched arm Events The Exodus Plagues of Egypt Ten Commandments Zipporah at the inn ← Genesis Bible portal Christianity portal Judaism portal Leviticus → Authority control databases International VIAF Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jebel_Aqra_(Kel_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1,_Mount_Casius),_2008.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baalzephon.png"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Akkadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_language"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingir"},{"link_name":"Ugaritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic"},{"link_name":"Hurrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurrian_language"},{"link_name":"Tešub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teshub"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152-1"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion"},{"link_name":"storm god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_god"},{"link_name":"Baʿal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal"},{"link_name":"Mount Zaphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zaphon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152-1"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hadad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blok-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"metonymously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymy"},{"link_name":"north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DDD'',_%22Zaphon%22-10"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"equated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca"},{"link_name":"Greek god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion"},{"link_name":"Zeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus"},{"link_name":"Zeus Kasios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus_Kasios"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion"},{"link_name":"Jupiter Casius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Casius"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Canaanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanites"},{"link_name":"Phoenician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152-1"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Scriptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Scriptures"},{"link_name":"Book of Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"miraculously crossed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_of_the_Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"}],"text":"Mount ṢapōnAn illustration of Baalzephon in the Infernal Dictionary by Collin de Plancy.Baʽal Zephon (Hebrew: בַּעַל צְפֹן‎ Baʿal Ṣəfōn; Akkadian: Bēl Ḫazi (dIM ḪUR.SAG); Ugaritic: baʿlu ṣapāni; Hurrian: Tešub Ḫalbağe;[1] Egyptian: bꜥr ḏꜣpwnꜣ[2]), also transliterated as Baal-zephon, was an epithet of the Canaanite storm god Baʿal (lit. \"Lord\") in his role as lord of Mount Zaphon;[1][n 1] he is identified in the Ugaritic texts as Hadad.[7][8] Because of the mountain's importance and location, it came to metonymously signify \"north\" in Hebrew;[9] the name is therefore sometimes given in translation as Lord of the North.[n 2] He was equated with the Greek god Zeus in his epithet Zeus Kasios and later with the Roman Jupiter Casius.Because Baʿal Zaphon was considered a protector of maritime trade, sanctuaries were constructed in his honor around the Mediterranean by his Canaanite and Phoenician devotees.[1] \"Baal-zephon\" thereby also became a placename, most notably a location mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures' Book of Exodus as the location where the Israelites miraculously crossed the Red Sea during their exodus from Egypt.","title":"Baal-zephon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ugarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugarit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152-1"},{"link_name":"votive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive"},{"link_name":"anchors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999153-14"},{"link_name":"The treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esarhaddon%27s_Treaty_with_Ba%27al_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"Asarhaddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asarhaddon"},{"link_name":"King Baʿal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_of_Tyre"},{"link_name":"Tyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Tyre"},{"link_name":"Baʿal Shamem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal_Shamem"},{"link_name":"Baʿal Malage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal_Malage"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999153-14"},{"link_name":"Jebel Aqra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Aqra"},{"link_name":"Ugarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugarit"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_colonization"},{"link_name":"Tahpanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahpanhes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999153-14"},{"link_name":"KTU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keilalphabetische_Texte_aus_Ugarit"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999153-14"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Athens"},{"link_name":"Epidauros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidauros"},{"link_name":"Delos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delos"},{"link_name":"Corfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfu"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthaginian_Spain"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999153-14"}],"text":"The name Baʿal Zaphon never appears in the mythological texts discovered at Ugarit. Instead, it occurs in guides to ritual and in letters, where it is used to differentiate this form of Baʿal from others such as Baʿal Ugarit.[1] The iconography of a storm god standing on two mountains is associated with him.[11] The earliest discovered depiction of the god – where he stands astride two mountains in a smiting posture (a posture associated with Baal in general) – dates to the 18th century BC.[1] Other depictions show him crowned and bearing a scepter.[1] As a protector of maritime trade, his temples also received votive stone anchors.[12] The treaty between Asarhaddon and King Baʿal of Tyre ranks Baʿal Zaphon third behind Baʿal Shamem and Baʿal Malage.[12] In addition to his temple at Jebel Aqra and Ugarit, Baʿal Zaphon is known to have been worshipped at Tyre and Carthage and served as the chief god of the colony at Tahpanes.[12]A 14th-century letter from the king of Ugarit to the Egyptian pharaoh (KTU2 2.23) places Baʿal Zaphon as equivalent to Amun.[12][clarification needed] Temples to Zeus Kasios are attested in Egypt, Athens, Epidauros, Delos, Corfu, Sicily, and Spain, with the last mention occurring on Rome's German border in the 3rd century.[12]","title":"God"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999153-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''DDD'',_%22Zaphon%22-10"},{"link_name":"Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbers"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Scriptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Scriptures"},{"link_name":"Israelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"YHWH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible#In_the_Book_of_Exodus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EDB''2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP9sYIRXZZ2MCpgPA137_137]-17"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"children of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites"},{"link_name":"Pihahiroth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Hahiroth"},{"link_name":"Migdol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migdol"},{"link_name":"the sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"the Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Gmirkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russell_E._Gmirkin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arsinoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Cairo Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo_Museum"},{"link_name":"Pithom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithom"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGmirkin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9_7lSWFMCX4CpgPA233_233]-21"},{"link_name":"Wadi Tumilat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Tumilat"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Herodotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodotus"},{"link_name":"Ras Kouroun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_Kouroun"},{"link_name":"Lake Bardawil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Bardawil"},{"link_name":"Serbonian Bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbonian_Bog"},{"link_name":"Typhon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhon"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"1st-millennium BC Assyrian texts mention Baʿal Zaphon as the name of the mountain itself.[12] (Locally as well, the mountain was worshipped in its own right.)[9]The books of Exodus and Numbers in the Hebrew Scriptures records that the Israelites were instructed by YHWH to camp across from a place named \"Baʿal Zaphon\" in order to appear trapped and thereby entice the Pharaoh to pursue them:[13][14][1][15][n 3]Speak unto the children of Israel, that they turn and encamp before Pihahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, over against Baalzephon: before it shall ye encamp by the sea. For Pharaoh will say of the children of Israel, They are entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut them in. And I will harden Pharaoh's heart, that he shall follow after them; and I will be honoured upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host; that the Egyptians may know that I am the Lord. And they did so.[17]Gmirkin identified this as Arsinoe on the Gulf of Suez. A Ptolemaic-era geographical text at the Cairo Museum lists four border fortresses, the third being \"Midgol and Baʿal Zaphon\". In context, it appears to have been located on a route to the Red Sea coast, perhaps on the canal from Pithom to a location near Arsinoe.[18] On the other hand, David A. Falk has pointed that Baal-zephon is mentioned in Papyrus Sallier IV as an ancient Egyptian place, which was probably located northeast of the Wadi Tumilat.[19]According to Herodotus (who considered it to mark the boundary between Egypt and Syria), at Ras Kouroun, a small mountain near the marshy Lake Bardawil, the \"Serbonian Bog\" of Herodotus, where Zeus' ancient opponent Typhon was \"said to be hidden\".[20] Here, Greeks knew, Baal Sephon was worshipped.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stele_Baal_Saphon_AO13176.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levy_2018_p.-24"}],"text":"This imported wholly Egyptian work featuring a Canaanite god is the only instance where he is depicted in both image and language, so it's a great starting point for identifying him in other places. Eythan Levy notes a parallel between Ba'al Zephon and the \"Asiatic Seth.\" Seth's attributes are horns, an ankh in one hand, a was sceptre in the other, and a beard. He wears a conical hat resembling the white crown of Egypt with a long string ending in a tassel that looks like a lotus flower. Ba'al here seems to be depicted largely the same way.[21]","title":"Ba'al Zephon stele"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Jebel Aqra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Aqra"},{"link_name":"Syrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian-Turkish_border"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2009243%E2%80%93258-3"},{"link_name":"Liverani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Liverani"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani1998-4"},{"link_name":"Albright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Albright"},{"link_name":"Amarna letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters"},{"link_name":"Ugarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugarit"},{"link_name":"Jabbok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabbok"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbright1943-5"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Shephelah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shephelah"},{"link_name":"Gezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juan-Pablo_Vita&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zebʿoim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeb%CA%BFoim"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVita2005-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''ISBE''1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBW_1mt4oebQCpgPA381_381]-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEissfeldt1932-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiehr1999153-14"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ This location is usually associated with the modern Jebel Aqra on the Syrio-Turkish border,[3] but that identification has been challenged by Liverani[4] based on Albright's claim that the Amarna letters' Ṣapuna does not refer to the mountain near Ugarit but to a city named Ṣapuma or Ṣabuma at the mouth of the Jabbok.[5] In 1967, Ross[who?] placed it in \"the Shephelah region, not far from the kingdom of Gezer.[citation needed] Vita rejected the identification of Ṣabuma with the Biblical Zaphon, proposing it instead referred to Zebʿoim.[6]\n\n^ As, for example, by the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.[10]\n\n^ Eissfeldt argued that the Biblical mention of Baʿal Zaphon actually referred to the god having originally received credit for the salvation of the Israelites,[16] but it is usually accepted as a placename.[12]","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiehr1999152_1-6"},{"link_name":"Niehr (1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNiehr1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Iconography of the Canaanite Gods Reshef and Baʻal: Late Bronze and Iron Age I Periods (C 1500-1000 BCE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/TheIconographyOfTheCanaaniteGodsReshefAndBaal"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5167/uzh-142977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5167%2Fuzh-142977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2009243%E2%80%93258_3-0"},{"link_name":"Fox (2009)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFox2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiverani1998_4-0"},{"link_name":"Liverani (1998)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLiverani1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbright1943_5-0"},{"link_name":"Albright (1943)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAlbright1943"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVita2005_6-0"},{"link_name":"Vita (2005)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVita2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-blok_8-0"},{"link_name":"The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zfFeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781614512363","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614512363"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"The Sin of the Calf: The Rise of the Bible's Negative Attitude Toward the Golden Calf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2qeoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780567212313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567212313"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DDD'',_%22Zaphon%22_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''DDD'',_%22Zaphon%22_10-1"},{"link_name":"DDD, \"Zaphon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDDD,_%22Zaphon%22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''ISBE''1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidBW_1mt4oebQCpgPA381_381]_11-0"},{"link_name":"ISBE 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(1999)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNiehr1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Exod. 14:2–4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0214.htm#2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Num. 33:7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0433.htm#7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EDB''2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidP9sYIRXZZ2MCpgPA137_137]_17-0"},{"link_name":"EDB (2000)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEDB2000"},{"link_name":"137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA137"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEissfeldt1932_18-0"},{"link_name":"Eissfeldt (1932)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEissfeldt1932"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Exod. 14:2–4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#14:2"},{"link_name":"KJV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGmirkin2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9_7lSWFMCX4CpgPA233_233]_21-0"},{"link_name":"Gmirkin (2006)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGmirkin2006"},{"link_name":"233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9_7lSWFMCX4C&pg=PA233"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"What We Know about the Egyptian Places Mentioned in Exodus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thetorah.com/article/what-we-know-about-the-egyptian-places-mentioned-in-exodus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Levy_2018_p._24-0"},{"link_name":"\"A Fresh Look at the Mekal Stele (Egypt and the Levant 28, 2018)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/38528694"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b c d e f g Niehr (1999), p. 152.\n\n^ Cornelius, Izak (1994). The Iconography of the Canaanite Gods Reshef and Baʻal: Late Bronze and Iron Age I Periods (C 1500-1000 BCE). Orbis biblicus et orientalis. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 151–152. doi:10.5167/uzh-142977. Retrieved 2023-11-16.\n\n^ Fox (2009), pp. 243–258.\n\n^ Liverani (1998).\n\n^ Albright (1943).\n\n^ Vita (2005).\n\n^ Spencer L. Allen (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 216. ISBN 9781614512363.\n\n^ Chung, Youn Ho (2010). The Sin of the Calf: The Rise of the Bible's Negative Attitude Toward the Golden Calf. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 168. ISBN 9780567212313.\n\n^ a b DDD, \"Zaphon\".\n\n^ ISBE (1996), p. 381.\n\n^ Dijkstra, Meindert (1993). \"The weather-God on two mountains\". Ugarit-Forschungen (23): 127–137.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Niehr (1999), p. 153.\n\n^ Exod. 14:2–4.\n\n^ Num. 33:7.\n\n^ EDB (2000), p. 137.\n\n^ Eissfeldt (1932).\n\n^ Exod. 14:2–4 (KJV).\n\n^ Gmirkin (2006), p. 233.\n\n^ Falk, D. A. (2018). \"What We Know about the Egyptian Places Mentioned in Exodus\". TheTorah.com.\n\n^ Lane Fox 2009:253-56.\n\n^ Levy, Eythan (2018-01-01). \"A Fresh Look at the Mekal Stele (Egypt and the Levant 28, 2018)\". Egypt and the Levant. Retrieved 2024-02-18.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Zaphon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA927"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8028-2400-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4"},{"link_name":"International Standard Bible Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BW_1mt4oebQC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8028-3781-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3781-3"},{"link_name":"Albright, William F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Albright"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Fox, Robin Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox"},{"link_name":"Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9_7lSWFMCX4C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-567-02592-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-02592-0"},{"link_name":"Liverani, Mario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Liverani"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"\"Baal-zaphon\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA152"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"\"Der biblische Ortsname Zaphon und die Amarnabriefe EA 273-274\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache%3A9ocihIYyyzgJ%3Adigital.csic.es%2Fbitstream%2F10261%2F12491%2F1%2FOrtsname%2520Zaphon.pdf+Zaphon&hl=en&gl=ch&sig=AFQjCNHth3E4YxFxDayoLKL6Uw58IVrHkA&pli=1"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"\"Zaphon\", Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1999, pp. 927–928.\nEerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, Grand Rapids: Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4.\nBromiley, Geoffrey W., ed. (1996), International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Grand Rapids: Wm. B Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-3781-3.\nAlbright, William F. (1943), \"Two Little Understood Amarna Letters from the Middle Jordan Valley\", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 89.\nEissfeldt, O. (1932), Baal Zaphon, Zeus Kasios, und der Durchzug der Israeliten durchs Meer, Halle{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).\nFox, Robin Lane (2009), Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer, New York: Knopf.\nGmirkin, Russell E. (2006), Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus, T. & T. Clark, ISBN 978-0-567-02592-0.\nLiverani, Mario (1998), Le lettere di el-Amarna 1. Le lettere dei \"Piccoli Re\", Brescia{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). (in Italian)\nNiehr, H. (1999), \"Baal-zaphon\", Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, pp. 152–154.\nVita, Juan-Pablo (2005), \"Der biblische Ortsname Zaphon und die Amarnabriefe EA 273-274\", Ugarit-Forschungen, No. 37, pp. 673–677. (in German)","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"Mount Ṣapōn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Jebel_Aqra_%28Kel_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1%2C_Mount_Casius%29%2C_2008.jpg/300px-Jebel_Aqra_%28Kel_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1%2C_Mount_Casius%29%2C_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"An illustration of Baalzephon in the Infernal Dictionary by Collin de Plancy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Baalzephon.png/300px-Baalzephon.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Stele_Baal_Saphon_AO13176.jpg/220px-Stele_Baal_Saphon_AO13176.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Baʿal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal"},{"title":"Baʿal Hammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%CA%BFal_Hammon"}]
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B Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-3781-3","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BW_1mt4oebQC","url_text":"International Standard Bible Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3781-3","url_text":"978-0-8028-3781-3"}]},{"reference":"Albright, William F. (1943), \"Two Little Understood Amarna Letters from the Middle Jordan Valley\", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 89","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Albright","url_text":"Albright, William F."}]},{"reference":"Eissfeldt, O. (1932), Baal Zaphon, Zeus Kasios, und der Durchzug der Israeliten durchs Meer, Halle","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fox, Robin Lane (2009), Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer, New York: Knopf","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox","url_text":"Fox, Robin Lane"}]},{"reference":"Gmirkin, Russell E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._military_vehicles_by_model_number
List of the United States military vehicles by model number
["1 M1 to M99","1.1 Pre-consecutive \"Motor Carriages\"","1.2 Armored Cars","1.3 Scout cars","1.4 Half-tracks","1.5 Pre-consecutive tractors","1.6 Pre-consecutive trucks","1.7 Pre-consecutive trailers","1.8 Tankdozer kits","2 M100 to M199","3 M200 to M299","4 M300 to M399","5 M400 to M499","6 M500 to M599","7 M600 to M699","8 M700 to M799","9 M800 to M899","10 M900 to M999","11 M1000 to M1099","12 M1100 to M1199","13 M1200 to M1299","14 M1300 to M1399","15 Non-consecutive numbers","16 See also","17 References","18 External links"]
"List of "M" series military vehicles" and "M-numbers" redirect here. For the List: group 'M' material, see List of the United States Army weapons by supply catalog designation § Group "M" Material. This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Needs {{convert}} from short tons to kg and inches to cm. Please help improve this article if you can. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The following is a (partial) listing of vehicle model numbers or M-numbers assigned by the United States Army. Some of these designations are also used by other agencies, services, and nationalities, although these various end users usually assign their own nomenclature. M1 to M99 For non-sequential numbers, like M1 Abrams, see bottom of list. M1 Combat Car, also known as the M1 Light Tank M1 light motorcycle M2 Light tank, .5" MG or 37 mm gun, 11-ton M2 Medium Tank M2 Combat Car, (G38) M3 Medium tank (Lee/Grant), 28-ton, 37 mm and 75 mm gun M3 Light tank, (Stuart)12-ton, M4 Medium tank (Sherman), 30-ton, 75/76 mm gun M5 Light tank, (Stuart) M6 Heavy tank, 60-ton M7 Medium tank (G137) M8 Light Armored Car (Greyhound) M22 Locust Tank, light, airborne, 37 mm gun M24 Chaffee Tank, light, 18-ton, 75 mm gun M26 Pershing Tank, medium (originally classified as heavy), full-track, 47-ton, 90 mm M26E1 Pershing Tank, medium, full-track, 47-ton, 90 mm M26E2 Pershing Tank, medium, full-track, 48.5-ton, 90 mm M27 Medium tank, Detroit Arsenal M28 Cargo carrier (G154) M29 Weasel Carrier, cargo, full-track, 1/2-ton, amphibious (G179) M30 Cargo carrier (G158) based on M4 Sherman M31 Tank recovery vehicle (M3 Grant) M32 Recovery vehicle (M4 Sherman) M32A1 Recovery vehicle, medium, 161⁄2 inch full-track M32A1B1 Recovery vehicle, medium, 233⁄4 inch full-track (M4A1 chassis) M32A1B2 Recovery vehicle, medium, full-track M32A1B3 Recovery vehicle, medium, full-track M32B1 Recovery vehicle, medium, crane & a-frame, f-t, (M4A1 chassis) M32B2 Recovery vehicle, medium, 161⁄2 inch track, (M4A4 chassis) M33 Tank, prime mover, medium, full-track, 31-ton, (G222) M34 Tank, prime mover, medium, full-track, 31-ton, (M32B1 converted) M35 Tank, prime mover, turret removed, full-track, (M10A1 hull) M39 Armored Utility Vehicle, full-track, converted M18 M41 Walker Bulldog Tank, light, 23.5-ton, 76 mm gun M41A1 Tank, combat, light, pintle mounted mg, full-track, 76 mm M41A2 Tank, combat, light, new turret traverse, full-track, 76 mm M41A3 Tank, combat, light, fuel injection engine, full-track, 76 mm M45 medium tank, (G226) M46 Patton tank, combat, medium, full-track, 90 mm, 48.5-ton M46A1 tank, combat, medium, slope side turret, full-track, 90 mm, 48.5-ton M46E1 tank, combat, medium, .30 cal mg fender kit, full-track, 90 mm M47 Patton tank, combat, M46 w/T42 turret, full-track, 90 mm, 48.5-ton M48 Patton tank, combat, full-tracked, 90 mm, 49-ton (1951) M48A1 tank, combat, gun stabilized in elevation and azimuth, 90 mm M48A1E1 tank, combat, full-track, British 105 mm (M48A1 chassis) M48A1E2 tank, combat, full-track, diesel engine, 90 mm M48A2 tank, combat, f-t, fuel injection engine, 90 mm, 50.75-ton (1956) M48A2C tank, combat, improved fire control, full-track, 90 mm M48A2E1 tank, combat, multi-fuel engine, full-track, 90 mm (1959) M48A3 tank, combat, production version of M48A1E2, 90 mm (1960) M48A4 tank, combat, f-t, M60 turret, 105 mm, (M48E3 chassis) (1965) M48C tank, mild steel, 'C' for condemned embossed into right front hull M48E1 tank, first with British gun, full-tracked, 105 mm M48E2 tank, prototype of M48A2 M49 Otter, Carrier, cargo/troop, amphibious, full-tracked M51 Recovery vehicle, full-track, heavy, 60-ton, 30 mph, 200 mi range M59 armored personnel carrier, full-track, 20-ton, (1955) M59A1 carrier, armored personnel, machine gun cupola, f-t, 20-ton M60 main battle tank, full-tracked, 105 mm gun M60A1 tank, full-tracked, 105 mm gun (1968) M60A1E1 tank, combat, full-tracked, Zenon I/R, Shillelagh, new turret (1965) M60A1E2 tank, combat, full-tracked, stabilized Shillelagh, 152mm M60A1E3 tank, combat, full-tracked, experimental, 105 mm gun (1969) M60A1E4 tank, experimental, f-t, remote controlled 20 mm, 105mm M60A2 tank, full-tracked, remote controlled 20 mm, 152 mm Gun-Launcher (1970) M60A3 tank, combat, full-tracked, laser rangefinder, 900 hp engine, 105mm M60E1 tank, combat, full-tracked,British gun, 105mm M60E2 tank, combat, full-tracked, Shillelagh 152 mm, remote controlled 20m M66 tank, combat, full-tracked, Zenon I/R, Shillelagh 152 mm, M67 tank, combat, full-tracked, flamethrower, range 200 m (M48A1 chassis) M67A1 tank, combat, full-tracked, flamethrower, fuel capacity 378 gal (1961) M67A2 tank, combat, full-tracked, flamethrower (M48A3 chassis) M70 Reserved for German/American MBT-70 M74 Tank Recovery Vehicle, medium, full tracked (M4A3E8 chassis) (1952) M75 (APC), medium, full-tracked M76 Otter Carrier, cargo, amphibious, full-tracked, 11⁄4-ton M84 Mortar Carrier, self-propelled, full-track, 4.2-inch, (1956) M85 Tractor, artillery towing, full-track, 23-ton M88, medium tank recovery, full-tracked, 55-ton, gasoline engine M88A1 recovery vehicle, improved, medium, full-tracked, 55-ton, diesel engine M88A2 recovery vehicle, improved, heavy, full-tracked, 70-ton, diesel Pre-consecutive "Motor Carriages" M1 Mortar Motor Carriage 4.2 inch mortar on Cunningham T1E1 cargo carrier. M2 Mortar Motor Carriage (T5E1), (G79) M3 Gun Motor Carriage, (T12) M4 Mortar Motor Carriage, (T19) M5 Gun Motor Carriage, (T1), Cletrac M6 Gun Motor Carriage, (T21), M7 Howitzer Motor Carriage, (T32) M8 Howitzer Motor Carriage, (T17E1), Scott M9 Gun Motor Carriage, (T40), M10 Gun Motor Carriage, (T35E1), M11 not used M12 Gun Motor Carriage, (T6), M13 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage M14 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage M15 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage M17 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage M18 Gun Motor Carriage, (T70) M19 Gun Motor Carriage,(T65E1) M20 ? Motor Carriage M21 Mortar Motor Carriage M22 ? Motor Carriage M23 ? Motor Carriage M24 ? Motor Carriage M25 ? Motor Carriage M26 ? Motor Carriage M27 ? Motor Carriage M28 ? Motor Carriage M29 ? Motor Carriage M30 ? Motor Carriage M31 ? Motor Carriage M32 ? Motor Carriage M33 ? Motor Carriage M34 Gun Motor Carriage 40 mm halftrack (T160)?? M35 ? Motor Carriage M36 Gun Motor Carriage,(T71E1) M37 105 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage, (T76) M38 ? Motor Carriage (M38 Wolfhound, 37 mm, 6 × 6?) M39 ? Motor Carriage M40 Gun Motor Carriage M41 Howitzer Motor Carriage M42 Gun Motor Carriage (Duster) M43 Howitzer Motor Carriage M44 Self Propelled Howitzer (T99) M45 Self Propelled ? M46 Self Propelled ? M47 Self Propelled ? M48 Self Propelled ? M49 Self Propelled ? M50 Self Propelled Rifle(T165)(Ontos) M51 Self Propelled ? M52 Self Propelled Howitzer (T98) M53 Self Propelled Gun (T97) M54 Self Propelled ? M55 Self Propelled Howitzer M56 Self Propelled Gun(T101) (Designation jumps to M100 series) Armored Cars M1 Armored car (G29) Model T4 Cunningham (1934) M2 unknown M3 unknown M4 unknown M5 Armored car (G134) (T17 Deerhound) M6 Armored car (G122) (T17E1 Staghound) M7 Armored car (G133) (T18 Boarhound) M8 Armored car (G136) (Greyhound) T22 (M9 halftrack car)? M10 redesignated M20 Armored Utility Car T26 (G176) M38 Wolfhound, 37 mm, 6 × 6 Scout cars M1 scout car (G31) M2 Scout car (G32) M3 Scout Car (G67) M4 Scout car (G66) Half-tracks M1 car, Halftrack, (T1E1) 1933, Cadillac 8-cylinder, 115 HP. (33 produced) M2 half-track truck, (T9) (Ford) M2 half-track car, (T14) Autocar, White Motor Co. M3 half-track, Autocar, White Motor Co. M4 81 mm Mortar Carriage M5 half-track variant of M2 half-track car built by International Harvester M9 half-track car M15 half-track Multiple Gun Carriage built by Autocar M21 mortar carrier, 81mm Pre-consecutive tractors M1 Light Tractor M1 Medium Tractor M1 Heavy Tractor M2 Light Tractor M2 Medium Tractor M2 Heavy Tractor Tractor cranes M1 tractor crane, 1-ton, (G108)- International Harvester, T-6 M2 unknown M3 tractor crane, 2-ton, (G69) - Caterpillar D6 M4 tractor crane, 6-ton, (G126) - Caterpillar D7 M5 tractor crane, 2-ton, (G99) - International Harvester T-9 High-speed M1 unknown M2 High Speed Tractor (G111) M3 unknown M4 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 18-ton (G150) M4A1 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 18-ton M4A1C Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 18-ton M4A2 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 18-ton M4C Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 18-ton M5 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 13-ton (G162) M5A1 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 13-ton M5A2 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 13-ton M5A3 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 13-ton M5A4 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 13-ton M6 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 38-ton (G184) M7 Snow Tractor, search & rescue, half-track (G194) (Allis-Chalmers) M8 Tractor (G266) M8A1 Tractor, full-track, high-speed M8A2 Tractor, full-track, high-speed Pre-consecutive trucks M1 AA prime mover (Corbitt), (GMC T95), 1931 (G28) M1 1⁄2-ton, 4 × 2, Bomb service M1 1-ton, 4 × 2, Bomb service, (G85) M1 6-ton, 6 × 6, heavy wrecker, (G116) M1 artillery repair, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G82) M1 automotive repair, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G83) M1 Bomb service, (G85) M1 chemical service, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M1 earth auger, M1 emergency repair (G61) – Dodge WC-41 M1 light machine shop, (G16) M1 small arms repair, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G72) M1 spare parts, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G84) M1 tank maintenance, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G91) M1 heavy wrecking, (G63) M2 artillery repair, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G82) M2 automotive repair, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G83) M2 emergency repair (G61) – Dodge WC-60 M2 spare parts, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G84) M2 tool and bench, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G58) M2 welding, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G59) M3 light machine shop, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G57) M3 welding, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G59) M4 machine shop, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G57) M5 unknown M6 11⁄2-ton, bomb service truck (G85) M7 small arms repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M8 automotive repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M9 artillery repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M10 instrument repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M11 not used M12 welding, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M13 tool and bench, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M14 spare parts, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M15 unknown M16 machine shop, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M17 unknown M18 electrical repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M19 Tank Transporter (G159) M20 prime mover, 12-ton, Diamond T, (G159) – M19 Tank Transporter M21 unknown M22 lift, (G161) M23 Instrument bench, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M24 unknown M25 Tank Transporter, tank transporter/recovery vehicle, nicknamed "Dragon Wagon". M26 tractor + M15 trailer. Used from 1944 to 1945 M26 Tractor, 12-ton, armored cab. Component of the Dragon Wagon tank transporter M27 Bomb service, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M28 unknown M29 unknown M30 signal corps repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M31 signal corps repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M32 tire repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck M33 unknown M34 Truck, Cargo, long wheelbase, 11.00×20", 6ea, 6 × 6 (M44 chassis) (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M35 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M35A1 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M35A2 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M35A3 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M36 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, XLWB (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M37 Truck, Cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G741) – Dodge M37 M37B1 Truck, Cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G741) M38 Truck, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, Utility, (G740) – Willys M38 M39 Truck, Chassis, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M40 Truck, Chassis, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M41 Truck, Cargo, 5-ton, 6 x 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M42 Truck, Command, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G741) – Dodge M37 M43 Truck, Ambulance, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G741) – Dodge M37 M44 Truck, Chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M45 Truck, Chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M46C truck, Chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck heating and tie down unit for Honest John M47 Truck, Dump Truck Chassis (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M48 Truck, Tractor (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M49 Truck, Tank, 6 × 6, Fuel Servicing (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M49C Truck, Tank, 6 × 6, Fuel Servicing M49A1C Truck, Tank, 6 × 6, Fuel Servicing M49A2C Truck, Tank, 6 × 6, Fuel Servicing M50 Truck, Tank, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, Water, 1,000 Gal (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M51 Truck, Dump, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M52 Truck, Tractor, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M53 Chassis, Truck, 3⁄4-ton 4 × 4 (G741) – Dodge M37 M54 Truck, Cargo, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M55 Truck, Cargo, XLWB, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M56 Chassis, Truck, 3⁄4-ton 4 × 4 (G741) – Dodge M37 (emergency repair) M56B1 Truck, Chassis, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G741) M56C Truck, Chassis, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G741) M57 Truck Chassis (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M58 truck chassis (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M59 Truck, Dump (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M60 Truck, Wrecker, Light (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M61 Truck, Chassis, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M62 Truck, Wrecker, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M63 Truck, Chassis, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M64 Truck, Cargo Van, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M65 unknown M66 unknown Pre-consecutive trailers M1 Instrument trailer, (G26) for director or generator (3 inch AA) M1 searchlight trailer (G221) M1 chemical /bomb trailer 4-ton (G74) M2 Instrument trailer, (Director only), (3 inch AA) M2A1 Generator trailer, (Generator only), (3 inch AA) M2 chemical /bomb trailer 4-ton (G74) M3 Unknown M4 artillery plotting room trailer (G155) M5 Bomb Trailer, 21⁄2-ton, 3-wheel (G74) M6 tractor crane (G117) M7 2-ton generator trailer (G221) M8 armored ammunition, (G157) M9 Trailer, Tank, 45 Ton (Diamond T tank transporter) with integrated dolly (G159) M10 Trailer, Ammunition, 2-wheel (G660) M11 unknown M12 tractor crane M13 2-ton directors, soft top (G221) M14 2-ton directors, hard top (G221) M15 Semi-Trailer, Transporter, 40-Ton, 8-wheel – M25 Tank Transporter (G160) M15A2 Semi trailer, tank transport, 50-ton, 8-wheeled M16 clamshell bucket, for M2 crane (G201) M17 2-ton, quadmount (G221) M18 2-ton, generator, (G221) M19 snow trailer, 1-ton (G195) M20 quadmount (G220) M21 Trailer, Ammunition, 4-ton, 2-wheel (G213) M22 2-ton directors hard top (G221) M23 Trailer, Ammunition, 8-ton, 4-wheel (G216) M24 ammunition – Ben Hur trailer M25 tire repair – Ben Hur trailer M26 semitrailer, 7-ton (G713) M27 unknown M28 unknown M29 bomb trailer, 3/4-ton, 1-axle (G240) M30 Semitrailer, 6-ton Payload, 10-Ton Gross, 2-wheel, Fuel Tank, 2000-gallon (F2B Semitrailer, 2,000 Gal. Fuel Servicing, HeilCo) (G678) M31 unknown Tankdozer kits M1 La Plant bulldozer for M4 Sherman (G228) M2 La Plant bulldozer for M4 Sherman (G228) M3 bulldozer for M46 Patton (G246) M4 bulldozer for M24 Chaffee (G265) M5 bulldozer for T8E4, and M8 high speed tractor M6 bulldozer for M47 Patton (G286) M7 unknown M8 bulldozer for M48 Patton (G278) M9 bulldozer for M60 (G306) M100 to M199 M100 Trailer, 2-Wheel, Cargo, 1⁄4-ton (G747, 1951) M101 Trailer, Cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 2-Wheel (G748) M101A1 Trailer, cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled M101A2 Trailer, cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled M101A3 Trailer, cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled M102 Chassis, Trailer, 11⁄2-ton, 2-Wheel (G754) M102A1 Chassis, Trailer, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled M102A2 Chassis, Trailer, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled M102 Vehicle, engineer armored, front mount crane, (M47 chassis), (1955) M103 Chassis, Trailer, 11⁄2-ton, 2-Wheel (G754) M103A1 Trailer, cargo, 2-wheeled M103A2 Trailer, generator, 60-cycle × 2, 2-wheeled M103 Tank, combat, full-track, 120 mm, 60-ton M103A1 Tank, combat, full-track, gun w/bore evacuator, 120 mm, 63-ton M103A1E1 Tank, experimental, f-t, M60 engine, transmission, fire control XM104 Self-Propelled Gun, combat, full-track, 105 mm, 4-ton, (1961) M104 Trailer, Cargo, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled (M102 chassis) (G754) M104A1 Trailer, cargo, 11⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled M104A2 Trailer, cargo, 11⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled M105 Trailer, cargo, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled (M102 chassis) (G754) M105A1 Trailer, cargo, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled M105A2 Trailer, cargo, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled M106 mortar carrier, self-propelled, full-track, 4.2-inch M106A1 mortar carrier, self-propelled, improved, diesel engine, f-t, 4.2-inch M106 Trailer, Tank: Water, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, 400 Gal (M102 chassis) (G754) M106A1 Trailer, Tank: Water, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, 400 Gal M106A2 Trailer, Tank: Water, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, 400 Gal M107 Field artillery, self-propelled, f-t, 175 mm, air-transportable M107E1 Field artillery, S-P, f-t, improved cooling, hydraulic, 175 mm M107 Trailer, Tank: Water, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, 400 Gal (M102 chassis) (G754) M107A1 Trailer, Tank: Water, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, 400 Gal M107A2 Trailer, Tank: Water, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, 400 Gal M108 Howitzer, self-propelled, light, 105 mm, range 15,000 m M108 Truck, Crane, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M108 Truck, radio repair, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M109 Howitzer, S-P, full-track, 155 mm, range 18,500 m, (1962) M109A1 Howitzer, self-propelled, medium, f-t, 8 ft longer barrel, 155 mm M109A2 Howitzer, self-propelled, medium, f-t, 8 ft longer barrel, 155 mm M109G Howitzer, S-P, horizontal sliding breech, (export to Switzerland) M109 Truck, Van, 6 × 6, Shop (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M109 Truck, shop van, REO OA331 gas, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M109A1 Truck, shop van, LDS-427 multifuel, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M109A2 Truck, shop van, LDT-465 multifuel, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M109A3 Truck, shop van, LDT-465, multifuel,21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M110 Howitzer, S-P, heavy, f-t, 8-inch, nuclear ammo, (1961) M110E1 Howitzer, S-P, improved engine cooling, hydraulic, 8-inch M110E2 Howitzer, self-propelled, extended tube, 8-inch M113 Carrier, personnel, full-track, armored, 40 mph, range 300 mi M113A1 Carrier, personnel, diesel engine, full-track, armored, (1962) M113C Carrier, prototype, smaller version, remote controlled gun, 20 mm M113C+R Carrier, export, sold to Netherlands, (1965) M113C+R Carrier, export, sold to Canada, (1969) M113E1 Carrier, personnel, GE gas turbine engine, full-track, armored M113E2 Carrier, personnel, diesel engine, full-track, armored M1131⁄2 (Lynx reconnaissance vehicle) M113 trailer, chassis, 3-ton, (G842) PGM-19 Jupiter M114 trailer, low bed, 3-ton, (G842) PGM-19 Jupiter M114 Carrier, command and reconnaissance, f-t, armored, air-droppable, (1962) M114A1 Carrier, command and reconnaissance, f-t, armored, side skirts eliminated, remote-controlled M2HB cupola, .50 cal M114A1 Carrier, reconnaissance, f-t, remote-controlled HS 120 gun, 20 mm, (1968) M114A1 Carrier, reconnaissance, f-t, new engine, transmission, torsion, (1973) M114A1E1 Carrier, reconnaissance, f-t, HS 820 gun, 20 mm, (1965) M114A2 Carrier, reconnaissance, f-t, modified gun cupola, 20 mm. (1965) M115 Trailer, Chassis, 1⁄4-ton, 2-Wheel (G747); chassis version of M100 trailer M116 Chassis: Trailer, 3⁄4-ton, 2-Wheel (G748); chassis version of M101 trailer photos m116 trailer.php M116 Carrier, cargo, f-t, soft skin, amphibious, Husky M116 Carrier, personnel, full-track, steel armor not aluminum M117 Chassis, Semitrailer, 6-ton, single axle (G751) M118 Semitrailer, Stake, 6-ton, single axle (M117 chassis) (G751) M118A1 Semitrailer, Stake, 6-ton, single axle M119 Semitrailer, Van, 6-ton, single axle, 2-Wheel (M117 chassis) (G751) M119A1 Semi trailer, van, 6-ton, 2-wheeled M123 Truck, Tractor, 10-ton, 6 × 6 (G792) M123A1 Truck, tractor, diesel, 10-ton, 6 × 6 M123A1C Truck, tractor w/w 45,000 lb, Cummins V8 diesel, 10-ton, 6 × 6 M124 Truck, radio repair shop, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M125 Truck, Cargo, 10-ton, 6 × 6 (G792) M125 Carrier, self-propelled, full-track, mortar, 81 mm M125A1 Carrier, self-propelled, diesel engine, full-track, mortar, 81 mm M126 Chassis, Semitrailer, 12-ton, 4-Wheel (G750) M127 Semitrailer, Stake, 12-ton, 4-wheel (M126 chassis) (G750) M127A1 Semi trailer, cargo, 12-ton, 4-wheel M128 Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel (M126 chassis) (G750) M128A1 Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel M128A1C Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel M128A2C Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel M129 Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel (M126 chassis) (G750) M129A1 Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel M129A1C Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel M129A2C Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel M131A2 Semitrailer, Tank, Fuel Servicing, 5000 gal, 12-ton, 4-wheel (G755 & G888) M132 Truck, Medical Van (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M132 Flame thrower, self-propelled, full-track, (M113 chassis) M132A1 Flame thrower, self-propelled, f-t, range 170 m, (M113A1 chassis) M132E1 Flame thrower, self-propelled, full-track, 113⁄4-ton M133 Truck, kitchen, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (Only made for Canadian Army. Kitchen Truck) M135 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G749) M139 Truck, Bridging, 5-ton, 6 x 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M139 Truck, Chassis, 5-ton, 6 x 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck XM142 Truck, bomb handling, (G741) – Dodge M37 M143A1 Trailer, bomb-transport, 2-ton, 4-wheeled M146C Semitrailer, Van, Shop, 6-ton, 2-Wheel (G824) XM147 Truck, amphibious, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, "Super DUKW" (G814); based on M135 XM148 Truck, amphibious, 5-ton, 6 × 6, "Gull" (ACF-Brill) M149 Trailer, Water, 400 gal, 2-wheeled (Water Buffalo) (G877) M149A1 Trailer, Water, 400 gal, 2-wheeled M149A2 Trailer, Water, 400 gal, 2-wheeled M151, jeep, utility, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, 65 mph (G838) M151A1 Jeep, utility, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (1963) M151A1C Jeep, utility, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, with M40A1 (Recoilless rifle, 106 mm) M151A2 Jeep, utility, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (1970) M152 Truck, panel, utility, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (Limited procurement by USAF. Radio/Command Truck), (G741) – Dodge M37 XM157 Truck, amphibious, 8-ton, 8 × 8, "Drake", GMC M160 tank transporter, trailer, 60-ton, (G791) M162 Carrier, self-propelled, Vulcan gun, f-t, armored, (M113A1) M163 Carrier, self-propelled, Vulcan gun, f-t, armored, (M113) M164 semitrailer, office van, 6-ton, (G751) XM166 AA gun (from M42 Duster) mounted on M548 M170 Truck, Ambulance, Front Line, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G758) M172 Semitrailer, Low Bed, 15-ton, 4-Wheel (G797) M172A1 Semitrailer, Low Bed, 25-ton, 4-wheel M173 tank transporter, trailer, 25-ton (G790) M179 self-propelled howitzer, 155mm, M185 Truck, Van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, Shop (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M185A3 Truck, repair shop van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M190 Truck, cargo, 10-ton, 8 × 8, Sterling, M193 Truck, cargo, 15-ton, 8 × 8, Sterling M194 Truck, tractor, 15-ton, 8 × 8, Kenworth XM195 Truck, cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (compact M37) – Dodge M37 M195E1 Howitzer, self-propelled, full-track, 105 mm M197 Dolly, Trailer Converter, 6-ton, 2-Wheel (G800) M198 Dolly, Trailer Converter, 8-ton, 2-Wheel (G800) M199 Dolly, Trailer Converter, 18-ton (G811) M200 to M299 M200 Chassis: Trailer 21⁄2-ton, single axle (G756) M201 truck, telephone maintenance, 3⁄4-ton, Dodge M37 M207 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G749) M209 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G749) M211 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, dual wheel (G749) M215 Truck, Dump, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G749) M216 Truck, Gasoline Tank, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M217 Truck, Gasoline Tank, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G749) M217C Truck, tank, fuel serving, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M220 Truck, Shop Van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G749) M220C Truck, shop van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M220D Truck, shop van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M221 Truck, Tractor, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G749) M222 Truck, Water Tank, 21⁄2-ton, 1000 gal, 6 × 6 (G749) M238 truck, instrument repair shop, (G749) M242 trailer, M33 fire control, radar dish mount, 2-ton, (G789) Nike Ajax M243 trailer, M33 fire control, antina hauler, 2-ton, (G789) Nike Ajax M244 trailer, M33 fire control, computer van, 2-ton, (G789) Nike Ajax M246 Truck, Tractor, Wrecker, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M246A1 Truck, tractor, wrecker, 5-ton, 6 × 6 M246A2 Truck, tractor, wrecker, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (Note for M247 Sergeant York see M988) M249 Truck, gun-lifting, heavy, (front), M65 Atomic Cannon M250 Truck, gun-lifting, heavy, (rear), (G268) M65 Atomic Cannon M254 truck, missile rocket motor, Nike Ajax M255 truck, body section, Nike Ajax M256 truck, inert, Nike Ajax M257 truck, inert, Nike Ajax M258A1 Trailer, radar-tracking van, 4-dual wheels (G789) M259A1 Trailer, Nike Hercules director station, 4-dual wheels (G789) M260 trailer, drop bed, antenna mount, Nike (G789) M261A1 Trailer, guided-missile flatbed, booster, 4-dual wheels (G789) M262 trailer, launch control van, (G789) Nike M268 Truck, propellant servicing, 5-ton, 6 × 6, Corporal II M269 Semitrailer, Low Bed, 12-ton, Wrecker, 4-wheel (G802) M270 Semitrailer, Low Bed, 12-ton, Wrecker, 4-wheel (G802) (for M270 launcher see M993) M271 trailer, pole transporter, 31⁄2-ton (K-36), (G782) M273 truck, 5-ton, 6 × 6, M274 Carrier, light weapons, Infantry, 4-cylinder Willys, 1⁄2-ton M274A1 Carrier, light weapons, Infantry, 106 mm platform, 1⁄2-ton, 25 mph M274A2 Truck, platform, utility, magnesium frame, 1⁄2-ton, 4 × 4 M274A3 Truck, platform, utility, 2-cylinder 2AO42, M274 upgrade M274A4 Truck, platform, utility, 2-cylinder 2AO42, M274A1 upgrade M274A5 Truck, platform, utility, aluminum frame replacing magnesium, 4 × 4 M275 Truck, Tractor, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742)- M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M275A1 Truck, Tractor, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742) M275A2 Truck, Tractor, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742) M278 semitrailer, water tank, 2000-Gal. (G817) M280 truck, servicing platform, (M39 truck) Corporal II M282 truck, cargo, 5-ton, 8 × 8, REO M283 Truck, cargo, export, LWB, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (LWB M37) M284 truck, fire control system, test shop, (G749) M289 Truck, Missile Launcher, 5-ton 6 x 6 (G744), Honest John (Note - for vehicle mounted rocket launchers see List of U.S. Army Rocket Launchers By Model Number) M291 Truck, Van, Expandable, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M292 Truck, Van, 21⁄2-ton, Expansible (G742)- M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M292A1 Truck, van, extendable, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M292A2 Truck, extendable, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M295 Chassis, Semitrailer, 6-ton, 4-wheel (G819) M296 trailer, utility, 21⁄2-ton, M300 to M399 M301 truck, air compressor, Corporal missile M304 trailer, electronic shop, Nike Ajax M305 Bicycle, men's, (G519) M306 Bicycle, women's, (G519) M308 Semitrailer, tank, water, 1000 gal, 4-wheeled (G750) M310 Cable Reel Trailer, 31⁄2-ton (K-37B), 2-Wheel, 1955 (G813) M311 Trailer, warhead guided missile, 4-wheel. Corporal II M313 Semitrailer, Van, Expansible, 6-ton, two-axle, 4-wheel (G819) M323 Semi trailer, tracking station van, AN/MPQ-12, Corporal II M324 Trailer, Doppler station van, AN/MRQ-7, Corporal II M325 trailer, computer station van, AN/MSA-6, Corporal II M328 Truck, Bridging, 5-ton, 6 × 6, (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M329 trailer, rocket transporter, (G821) Honest John M332 Trailer, Ammunition: 1⁄2-ton, 2-Wheel (G660) M342 Truck, Dump, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (M35A2 chassis) – M35 series 2½-ton 6×6 cargo truck M345 Flat Bed Trailer, 10-Ton, 2-Axle, 4-Wheel (G816) M346 semitrailer, tank transporter, 60-ton, 8-wheel, Dorsey M347 semitrailer, refrigerator, 15-ton, (G856) M348 Semitrailer, Van, Electronic, Tactical, 6-ton, 28-foot, 2-Wheel, (G833 & G848) V-189 trailer, for AN/MSC-25 M349 Semitrailer, Van, Refrigerator, 71⁄2-ton, single-axle, 2-Wheel (G815 & G820) M350 truck, air servicer, Corporal II M353 Trailer, chassis, GP, 31⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, NSN 2330-00-542-2831 (G854) M354 Dolly, Trailer Converter, 18-Ton, 4-Wheel (G872) M357 truck, cargo, 4-ton, 8 × 8, Teracruser, FWD M359 trailer, electronic shop van, 3-ton, (G789) Nike M363 Dolly, Trailer Converter, 71⁄2-ton M364 dolly, trailer converter, 6-ton, M365 Dolly, Trailer Converter, 10-ton (G676) M367 Trailer, Maintenance, Telephone Cable Splicer, 1⁄4-ton (K-38), 2-Wheel (G747) – Jeep trailer M373 Semitrailer, Van, Electronic, Tactical, 6-ton, 30-Foot, 4-Wheel (G833 & G878) M375 truck, tractor, 25-ton, 8 × 8, REO M376 truck, tractor, 25-ton, 8 × 8, Detroit Arsenal M377 truck, tractor, 25-ton, 8 × 8, Detroit Arsenal M381 truck, cargo, 2-ton, 4 × 4, (G742) M382 trailer, electronic shop van, (G789) Nike M383 trailer, electronic shop van, (G789) Nike M384 truck, cargo, 1-ton, 8 × 8, (G838) M386 Truck, Missile Launcher, 5-ton, 6 x 6, Honest John – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M387 Truck, Guided Missile Launcher, 21⁄2-ton 6 x 6 (based on M44), MGM-18 Lacrosse M388 Semi trailer, tank, 3,000 gal, 2-wheeled, alcohol, PGM-11 Redstone M389 Trailer, w/missile test body kit, 1-ton, 2-wheeled, (G840) M390C Trailer, chassis, 2-ton, 2-wheeled, (G839) M394 semitrailer, medical van, 3-ton, (G833) M398 Truck, Guided Missile Launcher, 21⁄2-ton 6 x 6 (based on M45), MGM-18 Lacrosse M400 to M499 M401 variant of FWD teracruser also M357 M405 handling unit trailer Honest John M406 antenna trailer Nike M408 truck, 3⁄4-ton, 6 × 6 M409 truck, 10-ton, 8 × 8 XM410 truck, 21⁄2-ton, 8 x 8, Chrysler M411 truck shop van MGM-18 Lacrosse M412 truck shop van MGM-18 Lacrosse M416 trailer, cargo, 1⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled (G857) (1962) M416A1 Trailer, cargo, 1⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled, (1976) M416B1 Trailer, cargo, 1⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled M417 trailer, cargo, 1-ton (G875) M420 trailer, MGR-3 Little John rocket M422 'Mighty Mite' Truck, utility, lightweight, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G843) (1959) M422A1 'Mighty Mite' Truck, utility, lightweight, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (1960), 6 inch longer M423 ambulance, 11⁄2-ton 4 × 2, (G731) M424 trailer van, directors station (G789) Nike M425 truck, 5-ton, tractor, 4 x 2 (G671) M426 truck, 5-ton, tractor, 4 x 2 (G671) M427 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 18-foot, GMC, AFKWX-353 M428 trailer van, radar tracking station, Nike M429 dolly, for Nike trailers M430 dolly, trailer, rear, for Nike trailers M431 dolly, trailer, front, for Nike trailers M432 dolly, trailer, rear, for Nike trailers M434 truck, cargo, 31⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 XM437 truck, cargo, 15-ton Le Tourneau-Westinghouse (G860) – M520 Goer XM438 truck, fuel tanker, 5000-Gal, Le Tourneau-Westinghouse (G860) – M520 Goer M442 truck, guided missile, rocket motor, Nike Hercules M443 truck, cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, Willys mule M447 Semitrailer, Van, Shop, Folding Sides, 4-Wheel (G819) M447C Semitrailer, Van, Shop, Folding Sides, 4-Wheel M448 Trailer, Shop Van (M103A3 chassis) (G754) M451 truck, guided missile test set, Nike Hercules XM453E1 truck, cargo, 5-ton, 8 × 8, GMC XM453E2 truck, cargo, 5-ton, 8 × 8, Ford XM453E3 truck, cargo, 5-ton, 8 × 8, REO M454 trailer, chassis (G849) M455 trailer, low bed, 5-ton, (G842) PGM-19 Jupiter M456 trailer, chassis, 5-ton (G842) PGM-19 Jupiter M457 semitrailer, maintenance, weapon mechanical unit (G751) M458 semitrailer, maintenance, weapon electrical unit (G751) M459 semitrailer, maintenance, weapon connecting unit (G751) M460 trailer van, electronic, 5-ton (G842) PGM-19 Jupiter M461 trailer van, electronic, 3-ton (G842) PGM-19 Jupiter M463 trailer air conditioned, 11⁄2-ton (G871) M465 cart assembly, transport, 762mm rocket, Honest John M472 truck, van, missile firing data computer (G742) PGM-11 Redstone M473 truck, guided missile body section Nike Hercules M474 tracked carrier, guided missile equipment, Pershing 1 (G294) M477 truck, pneumatic shop, missile system, PGM-11 Redstone M478 truck, erector, guided missile, PGM-11 Redstone M479 trailer, missile battery shop, PGM-11 Redstone M480 trailer, missile body aft section, PGM-11 Redstone M481 semitrailer, missile warhead, PGM-11 Redstone M482 semitrailer, missile thrust unit, PGM-11 Redstone M483 trailer, air servicer, PGM-11 Redstone M484 semitrailer, supply office, PGM-11 Redstone M486 truck, missile repair parts, PGM-11 Redstone M487 trailer, missile repair parts, PGM-11 Redstone M488 truck, missile repair parts, PGM-11 Redstone M489 truck, missile nose section, Nike Hercules M499 semitrailer, van M500 to M599 M501 loader transporter, Hawk missile M503 truck, shop van, MGM-18 Lacrosse M504 semitrailer, launch station, MGM-29 Sergeant M506 truck, hydrogen peroxide servicer, PGM-11 Redstone – Dodge M37 M508 semitrailer, shop van, 6-ton, (G751) M512 Truck, shop van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742) M513 truck, shop van, MGM-18 Lacrosse M514 Trailer, chassis, 1-ton, 2-wheeled, (G839) M515 truck, shop van, MGM-18 Lacrosse M518 trailer, transporter, (G842) M520 'Goer', Truck, Cargo, 8-ton, 4 × 4, articulated (G861) M520E1 Carrier, Cargo, Full-Track, 8-ton M521A1 Howitzer, self-propelled, full-track, air transportable, 105 mm M523E2 Truck, tractor, 25-ton (G868) M524 semitrailer, 55-ton, 8-wheel (G869) M527 semitrailer, low bed, 6-ton (G859) M528 dolly, load divider, 35-ton (G870) M529 trailer, low bed, 7-ton, missile, Nike (G858) M530 truck, fire, 6 × 6, (Kaiser jeep) M531 truck, amphibious, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, AMC, muskrat M532 trailer, field laundry, M533 trailer Bakery oven, 21⁄2-ton M535 truck, shop van, (G508) M536 trailer, laundry, 11⁄2-ton, (G867) M537 trailer, bakery, 21⁄2-ton, (G867) M538 trailer, dough mixer, (G867) M539 trailer, chassis, 6-ton, (G859) M543 Truck, Wrecker, medium, 5-ton, 6 × 6, Gas Engine (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M543A1 Truck, Wrecker, medium, 5-ton, 6 × 6, Mack Engine M543A2 Truck, Wrecker, medium, 5-ton, 6 × 6, Continental Engine XM545 trailer, chassis, 1-ton 2 wheel (G839) M546 carrier tracked, guided missile, MIM-46 Mauler M548 Carrier, Cargo, Full-Tracked, amphibious, 6-ton, (M113 power train) M548A1 Carrier, Cargo, Full-Tracked, 6-ton, (M113 power train) M548E1 Recovery vehicle, with welder kit, full-track, 6-ton, (1968) M549 quad trac, Michigan Equipment M551 'Sheridan' Armored Airborne Reconnaissance Assault Vehicle, f-t, 152 mm gun or Shillelagh, (entered US service 1969) M553 'Goer', Truck, Wrecker, 10-ton, 4 × 4, articulated, W/W (G861) M553E1 Truck, wrecker, 10-ton, 6 × 6 XM554 Truck, wrecker, 20-ton, 4 × 4, Le Tourneau-Westinghouse (G860) M555 semitrailer electronics van, 6-ton, 1-axle M556 semitrailer electronics shop van, 6-ton, 1-axle M557 semitrailer electronics van, 10-ton, 2-axle M558 semitrailer electronics van, 10-ton, 2-axle M559 'Goer', Truck, Fuel Servicing, 2500 gal., 4 × 4, articulated (G861) M561 'Gama Goat' Truck, Cargo, 11⁄4-ton, 6 × 6 (G874) M564 trailer van, electronic shop, 9-ton (G789) M565 dolly, trailer, front, for M564 van M566 dolly, trailer, rear, for M564 van M567 truck van, electronic shop, 21⁄2-ton, (G742) M569 trailer, chassis, 1⁄4-ton, (G857) M571 carrier, utility, F-T, articulated, (G879), Canadair, Dynatrac M572 rocket handler, with M36 truck M573 dolly, front, launch control station, (G789) Nike XM574 Semitrailer, Van: Electronic, 10-ton, 2 axle, 4 wheel (G883) M577 Carrier, command post, light, full-track M578 Light Recovery Vehicle M580 trailer, chassis, 1-ton, (G881) M581 trailer, chassis, 11⁄2-ton, (G881) M582 trailer, van, 2-ton, (G789) M583 trailer, van, 2-ton, (G789) M584 dolly, trailer, front, (G789) M585 trailer, cargo, 1⁄4-ton, M586 semitrailer, water tank, 2,000-Gal. (G882) M589 dolly, trailer, front, electronic, (G789) M595 dolly, trailer, front, antenna, (G789) M598 tracked cargo carrier, (G295) M600 to M699 M600 Dolly, trailer, electric shop, rear M601 Truck, Power Wagon, US/CANADA air force use, 1-ton, 4 × 4 (G834) M602 Truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6; modified M35 M603 Truck, 1⁄4-ton, utility 4 × 4 (G847) M604 Truck, cargo, 3⁄4-ton (G845) M605 Truck, cargo 21⁄2-ton (G846) M606 Truck, utility, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, modified CJ3B, (G395) M606A2 Truck, utility, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, modified CJ5 M606A3 Truck, utility, radio, auxiliary 24v power supply, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 M607 Truck, tractor, 21⁄2-ton, (G835) M608 Truck, dump, 21⁄2-ton (G835) M609 Truck, shop van, 21⁄2-ton (G835) M610 Truck, water tank, 1000 Gal. 21⁄2-ton (G835) M611 Truck, gasoline tanker, 1,200-Gal (G835) M612 Truck, van expansible (G835) M613 Truck, instrument repair shop (G835) M614 Truck, dump (G835) M615 Truck, Ambulance, 1-ton, 4 × 4 (G834) M616 Truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G835) M617 Truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G835) M618 Truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G835) M619 Truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G835) M620 Truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G835) M621 Truck, cargo, export to Norway, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, 11:00 × 20 (G900) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M622 Truck, fuel tank, export to Norway, engine flame heater kit, 6 × 6 (G900) M623 Truck, van, export to Norway, compressed air diff-lock on 3 axles (G900) M624 Truck, dump, export to Norway, (details apply to all 4 trucks) (G900) M625 trailer, water tank, 400-Gal. (G877) M626 truck, tractor 10-ton, (G792) M627 semitrailer, tank transporter, jointed, 521⁄2-ton, (G902) XM654 Semitrailer, Van: Telemetry Equipment, 10-ton, 2-axle, 4-wheel (G883) M656 Truck, cargo, 5-ton, 8 × 8, Ford (G852) M657 trailer, van radar simulator test station, (G789) Nike M667 Launcher-transporter, Lance Guided Missile, f-t, armor, (1964) MGM-52 Lance M671 semitrailer, van, maintenance, 6-ton (G859) M672 semitrailer, van, maintenance, 6-ton (G859) M674 Semitrailer, low-bed, 15-ton, 4-wheel (G884) Nike system M676 truck, cargo, pickup, Kaiser Jeep – FSN 2320-889-2004 M677 truck, cargo, pickup, 4-door, Kaiser Jeep – FSN 2320-889-2005 M678 truck, carry all, Kaiser Jeep – FSN 2320-889-2006 M679 truck, ambulance, Kaiser Jeep – FSN 2320-889-2007 XM680 Semitrailer, Van: Electronic Equipment, 10-ton, 2-axle, 4-wheel (G883) M681 semitrailer, van, 15-ton, 4-wheel M682 semitrailer, van, transmittal radar, 15-ton, 4-wheel, (G884) M683 semitrailer, van, control radar, 15-ton, 4-wheel, (G884) M684 semitrailer, van, heat exchanger, 15-ton, 4-wheel, (G884) M688 loader transporter, MGM-52 Lance M689 Dolly Set, Lift, Transportable Shelter (G889); includes M690 and M691 M690 Dolly, trailer, front M691 Dolly, trailer, rear M696 tracked recovery vehicle, light, (M548 chassis) M699 dolly trailer, rear, (G789) Nike M700 to M799 M701 Mechanized infantry combat vehicle, Pacific Car and Foundry M705 truck, cargo, 11⁄4-ton, (G905), Chevrolet M706 Car, armored, light, (V-100 Cadillac Gage Commando) M707 dolly, set transportable shelter XM708 truck, dump, 3⁄4-ton (G741) – Dodge M37 M709 trailer, stake/platform, 3⁄4-ton M710 scooter, rough terrain XM711 truck, wrecker, 3⁄4-ton, (G741) – Dodge M37 M712 trailer, aircraft loading, 31⁄2-ton M713 motor scooter, M714 tractor, flat bed, tilt loading, 6-ton M715 Truck, cargo, troops, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G890) M716 Trailer, Maintenance: Telephone Cable Splicer, 1⁄4-ton (G857) M718 Truck, ambulance, front-line, 1/4-ton, 4 × 4 M718A1 Truck, ambulance, front-line, 1⁄4-ton, (1970) M720 Dolly Set, Lift, Transportable Shelter: 3-Ton (G898); includes M721, M722 M721 dolly, front M722 dolly, rear M723 mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (FMC) M724 Truck, Cab and chassis, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (G890) M725 Truck, Ambulance, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/o winch (G890) M726 Truck, Maintenance, 11⁄4-ton, NSN 2320-921-6379, w/winch (G890) M727 carrier, guided missile, Hawk missile M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle M729 tank, combat assault vehicle, (M116 Husky) M730 Carrier, self-propelled, guided missile, MIM-72 Chaparral, Sidewinder × 4 M732 Carrier, self-propelled, Vulcan gun, f-t, armor, (M113A1 chassis) M733 carrier, cargo, amphibious, f-t, (M116 Husky) M734 mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (FMC) M737 truck, ambulance, 11⁄4-ton, Chevrolet (G905) XM738 Semitrailer, Van: Telephone Equipment, 6-ton, 4-Wheel (G883) XM739 Semitrailer, Van: Switchboard Equipment, 6-ton, 4-Wheel (G883) M740 trailer, missile launcher, MGM-52 Lance M741 carrier, M163 VADS M742 armored recovery vehicle, (MBT-70) M743 Armored vehicle-launched bridge, (MBT-70) M745 combat engineer vehicle, (MBT-70) M746 Truck, Tractor, Heavy Equipment Transporter (HET), 221⁄2-ton, 8 × 8 (G903) – HETT M747 Semi-Trailer, Low Bed, Heavy Equipment Transporter, 60-ton (G904) – HETT M748 Truck, Bolster (or Logging), 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck M749 semitrailer, shop van, 6-ton, (G819) M750 Semitrailer, Van, Repair Parts Storage, 6-ton, 4-Wheel (G819) M751A2 truck, bolster, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 M752 carrier, missile launcher, MGM-52 Lance M753 motor scooter, rough terrain M754 carrier, missile launcher, Hawk missile M755 Carrier, 81-mm Mortar: (M116 Husky) M756 truck, Maintenance, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, Pipeline Construction, with winch (G742)- M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M756A2 truck, Maintenance, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, Pipeline Construction, with winch (multifuel)- M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M757 truck, tractor, 5-ton, 8 × 8, (G852) M759 carrier, cargo, 11⁄2-ton, f-t (G353) M761 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, U.S. Steel M762 Trailer, chassis, 3⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled, (1970) M763 truck, Maintenance, Telephone (G742)- M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M764 truck, Maintenance, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, Earthboring Machine & Pole Sitter with Winch (G742)- M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck M765 mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (FMC) M766 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G901) M767 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M768 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M769 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M770 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M771 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M772 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M773 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M774 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M775 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M776 truck, tanker, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M777 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M778 truck, cargo, dropside, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M779 truck, fuel tanker, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M780 truck, water tanker, 1000-Gal. 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M781 truck, shop van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M782 truck, instrument repair shop, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M783 truck, tractor, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M784 truck, dump, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M785 truck, bolster, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M786 truck, pole derrick, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M787 truck, telephone maintenance, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M788 truck, auger, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901) M789 trailer, flat bed tilt loading, 3⁄4-ton (G907) M790 Trailer Erector Launcher Guided Missile, Pershing 1a M791 Truck, Expandable Van, 5-ton, 8 × 8 (G852) M792 Truck, Ambulance, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G874) – M561 Gama Goat M793 semitrailer, tank transporter, jointed, 52.5-ton, HETT M794 trailer, field laundry, 4-ton, M795 trailer, dough mixer, 4-ton, M796 trailer, bolster, 4-ton (G882) M798 Trailer, Bolster M800 to M899 XM800 Armored Reconnaissance Scout Vehicle, (Lockheed-6 × 6.), (FMC-tracked) M802 Trailer, electric shop, radar course direct central, Nike Hercules M803 tank combat, 152mm gun M805 Dolly set, (used by M802) M806 tank recovery vehicle, (M113 chassis) M807 tank recovery vehicle, (M113 chassis) M808 combat vehicle, articulated, Twister, Lockheed M809 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 LWB, AM General (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M810 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 SWB (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M811 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 XLWB (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M812 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 XLWB (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M813 Truck, Cargo: 5-ton, 6 x 6 LWB (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M813A1 Truck, Cargo Dropside, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M814 Truck, Cargo: 5-ton, 6 × 6, XLWB (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M815 Truck, Bolster: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M816 Truck, Wrecker: 5-ton, 6 × 6, Cummins 250 Engine (G908) M817 Truck, Dump: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M818 Truck, Tractor: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M819 Truck, Tractor: 5-ton, 6 × 6, Wrecker (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M820 Truck, Van: 5-ton, 6 × 6, Expansible (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M821 Truck, Stake: Bridge Transporter, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck XM822 Semitrailer, Van: Petroleum Testing Laborator, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel XM823 Semitrailer, Van: Teletype Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel (G883) XM824 Semitrailer, Van: Cryptographic Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel (G883) M825 Truck, recoilless rifle, 106 mm, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (1970) M829 dolly set (G889); includes M830 and M831 M830 dolly set, front M831 dolly set, rear M832 Dolly Set, Lift, Transportable Shelter: 51⁄4-Ton M840 Dolly Set, Lift, Transportable Shelter: 41⁄2-Ton XM844 Semitrailer, Van: On-Line Electronic Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel XM845 Semitrailer, Van: Off-Line Electronic Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel XM847 Semitrailer, Van: Digital Terminal No. 1 Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel XM848 Semitrailer, Van: Digital Terminal No. 2 Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel XM849 Semitrailer, Van: Secure Voice-Dlectronic Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel XM850 Semitrailer, Van: Voice Switch Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel M857 Semitrailer, tank, fuel, 5,000 gal, 4-wheel M860 semitrailer, flat bed, radar set, and M901 launcher MIM-104 Patriot M869 semitrailer, launcher, MIM-104 Patriot M870 Semitrailer, Low Bed, 40-ton M871 Semitrailer, Tactical, Dual Purpose Breakbulk / Container Transporter, 221⁄2-Ton M872 Semitrailer, Tactical, Dual Purpose Breakbulk / Container Transporter, 34 Ton; extended M870 M876 telephone truck, auger/derrick M877 'Goer', Truck, Cargo, 8-ton, 4 × 4, articulated, with crane M878 Truck, Tractor, 5-ton, 4 × 2, Yard Type M880/M890 Pickups, (1976) (Early CUCV) M880 – 4×4 pickup M881 – M880 fitted with additional 100-amp 24-volt generator M882 – M881 fitted with additional 60-amp 24-volt generator and communications equipment M883 – M881 fitted with slide-in shelter kit M884 – M880 fitted with 100-amp 24-volt generator and slide-in shelter kit with tie-downs M885 – M880 fitted with slide-in shelter kit with tie-downs M886 – M880 ambulance model M887 – M880 maintenance model M888 – M880 telephone maintenance model M890 – 4 × 2 pickup M891 – M890 fitted with additional 60-amp 24-volt generator M892 – M890 fitted with additional 60-amp 24-volt generator and communications kit M893 – M890 ambulance version M900 to M999 M901 ITV Vehicle, Improved TOW, Full Track M911 Truck, Tractor, Commercial, Heavy Equipment Transporter (C-HET), 221⁄2-ton, 8 x 6 – HETT XM912 Semitrailer, Van: Computer Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel XM913 Semitrailer, Van: Computer Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel M915 Truck, Tractor, Line Haul, 14-ton, 6 × 4 – M915 (truck) M916 Truck, Tractor, Light Equipment Transporter (LET), 6 × 6 w/winch – M915 (truck) M917 Truck Chassis, 8 × 6 (for 20-ton dump truck) – M915 (truck) M918 Truck Chassis, 6 × 6 (for 1500 gal bituminous distributor) – M915 (truck) M919 Truck Chassis, 8 × 6 (for concrete mobile mixer) – M915 (truck) M920 Truck, Tractor, Medium Equipment Transporter (MET), 20-ton, 8 × 6 w/winch – M915 (truck) M923 Truck, Cargo: 5-ton, 6 × 6 Dropside - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M924 Truck, Cargo: LWB, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/o winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M925 Truck, Cargo: 5-ton, 6 × 6 Dropside (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M926 Truck, cargo, longbed, 5-ton, 6 × 6 - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M927 Truck, Cargo: 5-ton, 6 × 6 XLWB- M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M928 Truck, Cargo: 5-ton, 6 × 6 XLWB (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M929 Truck, Dump: 5-ton, 6 × 6 - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M930 Truck, Dump: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M931 Truck, Tractor: 5-ton, 6 × 6 - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M932 Truck, Tractor: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M933 Truck, Tractor: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M934 Truck, Van, Expansible: 5-ton, 6 × 6 XLWB - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M935 Truck, Van, Expansible: 5-ton, 6 × 6 XLWB, w/hydraulic lift gate - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M936 Truck, Medium Wrecker: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M939 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/winch) M940 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M941 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M942 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (XLWB) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M943 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (XLWB W/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M944 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M944A1 truck, chassis, 5-ton, 6 × 6 Mobile shop equipped M945 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck M963 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, M966A1 Truck, missile carrier, TOW, armor, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV) M967 Semitrailer, Tank, Bulk Haul, 5000 Gal., Self Load/Unload M969 Semitrailer, Tank, Fuel Dispensing, 5000 Gal. Automotive M970 Semitrailer, Tank, Fuel Dispensing, 5000 Gal. Under/Over Wing Aircraft XM971 Semitrailer, Van: Satellite Terminal, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel M972 semitrailer, tanker, water, 5.000-Gal. M973 carrier, cargo, f-t, (SUSV) M974 semitrailer, low bed, 12-ton, MIM-104 Patriot M975 carrier, launcher, f-t, M976 semitrailer, missile transport, MIM-104 Patriot M977 Truck, Cargo: 10-ton, 8 × 8, with Materiel Handling Crane – HEMTT M978 Truck, Tank: 10-ton, 8 × 8, Fuel Servicing, 2500 gallon – HEMTT M981 FISTV Carrier, Infantry, armored, full-track, (M113 chassis) M983 Truck, Tractor: 10-ton, 8 × 8 – HEMTT M984 Truck, Wrecker: 10-ton, Recovery, 8 × 8 – HEMTT M984A1 HEMTT Truck, Wrecker, 10-ton, 8 × 8, Recovery M984E1 HEMTT Truck, Wrecker, 10-ton, 8 × 8, Recovery M985 Truck, Cargo: 10-ton, 8 × 8, with HD Materiel Handling Crane – HEMTT M985W1 HEMTT Truck, Cargo, 10-ton, 8 × 8, with HD Materiel Handling Crane M986 semitrailer, transporter, erector/launcher, Ground Launched Cruise Missile M987 fighting vehicle system carrier M988 chassis, self-propelled, (M48A5), M247 Sergeant York M989 Heavy Expanded Mobility Ammunition Trailer (HEMAT), 11-ton M990 semitrailer, van, 6-ton, XM991 Semitrailer, Van: Repair Facility, 10 ton, 2 axle, 4 wheel M992 carrier, ammunition, (FAASV), (M109A2 chassis) M993 M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System XM995 Semitrailer, Van: Test Station, 10 ton, 2 axle, 4 wheel M996 truck, ambulance, 4 × 4, armored, 2-litter,(HMMWV) M997 Truck, ambulance, 4-litter, armor, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (HMMWV) M997A1 Truck, ambulance, 4-litter, armor, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (HMMWV) M998 Truck, cargo, personnel, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV) M998A1 Truck, cargo, personnel, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV) M1000 to M1099 M1000 Semitrailer, Low Bed, 70-ton, Rear Loading – HETT M1001 Truck, Tractor, 10-Ton, 8 × 8, MAN (w/crane) M1002 Truck, Wrecker, 10-Ton, 8 × 8, MAN w/crane M1005 semitrailer,electronic, 6-ton, 1-axle Roland missile M1006 Semitrailer, Van, Electronic NBC, 6 Ton M1007 semitrailer, van, electronic, 6-ton Pershing II M1008 Truck, cargo, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, NSN 2320-01-123-6827 M1008A1 Truck, cargo, communications kit, 100amp/24v, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (CUCV) M1009 Truck, utility, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, NSN 2320-01-123-2665 (CUCV) M1010 Truck, ambulance, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, NSN 2320-01-123-2666 (CUCV) M1013 truck, tractor, 10-ton, 8 × 8, MAN (w/crane) M1014 truck, tractor, 10-ton, 8 × 8, MAN (w/o crane), NSN 2320-12-191-5425 M1015 carrier, cargo, f-t, ballistic protected shelter M1022 Dolly Set, Lift, Transportable Shelter: 71⁄2-Ton M1025A1 Truck, armament carrier, armor, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV) M1026A1 Truck, armament carrier, armor, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/winch (HMMWV) M1028 Truck, shelter carrier, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, NSN 2320-01-123-5077 CUCV M1028A1 Truck, shelter carrier, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, PTO capability M1028A2 Truck, shelter carrier, 11⁄2-ton, 4 × 4, PTO, dual rear wheels M1028A3 Truck, shelter carrier, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, dual rear wheels M1028FF Truck, firefighting, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, dual rear wheels M1030M1 Motorcycle M1031 Truck, chassis, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, PTO capability (contact truck) CUCV M1032 Semitrailer van guided missile repair parts: (PATRIOT) M1034 trailer, flatbed, 5-ton M1035A1 Truck, ambulance, 2-litter, soft-top, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (HMMWV) M1036 truck, Truck, missile carrier, TOW, supplemental armor, 4 × 4, w/winch (HMMWV) M1037 truck, shelter carrier, 4 × 4, (S-250 shelter) M1038A1 Truck, cargo, personnel, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV) M1040 Fast Attack Vehicle, 4 × 2 M1041 Fast Attack Vehicle, 4 × 2, w/TOW M1042 truck, shelter carrier, 4 × 4, w/winch, (S-250 shelter) M1043A1 Truck, armament carrier, supplemental armor, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV) M1044A1 Truck, armament carrier, supplemental armor, 4 × 4, w/winch (HMMWV) M1045A1 Truck, missile carrier, TOW, supplemental armor, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV) M1046A1 Truck, missile carrier, TOW, supplemental armor, 4 × 4, w/winch (HMMWV) M1047 armored car, 8 × 8, LAV-25 M1048 trailer, flatbed, 6-ton M1050 carrier, ammunition, FAASV M1059 carrier, smoke generator, (M113 chassis) M1060 remote engineer vehicle, ROBAT (modified M60 tank) M1061 Trailer, flatbed, 5 ton, 4 × 4, XM1061A1 M1062 Semitrailer, Tank: Fuel, 7500 Gal., 2-Axle XM1063 Semitrailer, Van: Electronic Tactical, 12-Ton, 4-Wheel M1064 mortar carrier, equipped with M121 120 mm mortar M1065 carrier, command post, f-t, 1.5-ton (M973 series) M1066 carrier, ambulance, f-t, 1.5-ton (M973 series) M1067 carrier, cargo, f-t, 1.5-ton (M973 series) M1069 truck, tractor, prime mover, light artillery,(M119 105mm) M1070 tractor, 8 × 8, HETT M1073 trailer, flat bed, general purpose, 7.5-ton M1074 Truck, Palletized Loading, 10 × 10 with Material Handling Crane and 20K winch – Palletized Load System M1075 Truck, Palletized Loading, 10 x 10 w/o Material Handling Crane – Palletized Load System M1076 Palletized Load System Trailer (PLST) – Palletized Load System M1077 truck, flatrack, Palletized load system, (PLST) M1078 2.5-ton Cargo Truck, (LMTV) M1079 2.5-ton Van M1080 2.5-ton Chassis M1081 2.5-ton Cargo Truck LVAD LAPES/AD M1082 2.5-ton Trailer M1083 5-ton Cargo Truck M1084 5-ton Cargo Truck with MHE M1085 5-ton Long-wheelbase Cargo Truck M1086 5-ton Long-wheelbase Cargo Truck with MHE M1087 5-ton Expansible Van M1088 5-ton Tractor M1089 5-ton Wrecker M1090 5-ton Dump Truck M1091 5-ton Fuel Truck M1092 Truck, Chassis 5-ton M1093 5-ton Cargo Truck LVAD LAPES/AD M1094 5-ton Dump Truck LVAD LAPES/AD M1095 5-ton Trailer M1096 5-ton Long-wheelbase Chassis M1097A1 Truck, HMMWV, variant, heavy, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 M1097A2 Truck, HMMWV, maintenance, heavy, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 M1097 Avenger, short-range air defense system M1098 5000 gallon semitrailer M1100 to M1199 M1100 trailer, for M120 120 mm mortar M1101 trailer, cargo, light, (for HMMWV) M1102 trailer, cargo, heavy, (for HMMWV) M1103 trailer, chassis, (for HMMWV) M1108 Universal Carrier, armoured carrier based on the M113 M1109 HMMWV 4 × 4 weapon carrier M1112 Trailer, Tank, Water: 400 gallon, 11⁄2-ton, 8-wheel (Water Buffalo) M1113 HMMWV 4 × 4 utility vehicle M1114 HMMWV 4 × 4 weapon carrier with improved armour protection M1115 HMMWV 4 × 4 self-propelled TOW missile launcher M1116 4 × 4 armoured security vehicle M1117 Armored Security Vehicle, Guardian, 4 × 4 armoured security vehicle based on the V-100 Commando, M1120 HEMTT Load Handling System (LHS) M1121 HMMWV 4 × 4 self-propelled TOW missile launcher M1123 HMMWV 4 × 4 utility vehicle, M1124 M1125 M1126 ICV version of the Stryker M1127 RV version of the Stryker M1128 MGS version of the Stryker M1129 MC version of the Stryker M1130 CV version of the Stryker M1131 FSV version of the Stryker M1132 ESV version of the Stryker M1133 MEV version of the Stryker M1134 ATGM version of the Stryker M1135 NBCRV version of the Stryker M1136 M1137 M1138 M1139 M1140 FMTV 5-Ton truck version for the HIMARS launcher system M1141 M1142 HEMTT Tactical Fire Fighting Truck based on the (M1120) M1143 M1144 M1145 HMMWV version for USAF FAC duties M1146 M1147 FMTV Load Handling System Trailer XM1148 FMTV 8.8-Ton load handling system truck M1149 M1150 Assault breacher vehicle based on the M1 Abrams M1151 Up-Armored Capable HMMWV Enhanced Armament Carrier M1152 Up-Armored Capable HMMWV Enhanced Troop/Cargo/Shelter Carrier M1153 M1154 M1155 M1156 M1157 FMTV 10-Ton dump truck M1158 HEMTT water tender version of the (M1120) M1159 M1160 FMTV 10-Ton truck variant for MEADS system M1161 Growler (vehicle) light support vehicle, M1162 Growler (vehicle) trailer, canceled M1163 Growler (vehicle) light support vehicle, Prime mover, M1164 ammunition trailer M1165 Up-Armored HMMWV M1166 M1167 TOW HMMWV M1168 M1169 M1170 M1171 M1172 M1173 M1174 M1175 M1176 M1177 M1178 M1179 M1180 M1181 M1182 M1183 M1184 M1185 M1186 M1187 M1188 M1189 M1190 M1191 M1192 M1193 M1194 M1195 M1196 M1197 HMMWV Field Litter Ambulance (Air Force) M1198 M1199 M1200 to M1299 M1200 Armored Knight M1201 FCSMGV RSV M1202 FCSMGV MCS M1203 FCSMGV NLOS-C M1204 FCSMGV NLOS-M M1205 FCSMGV RMV M1206 FCSMGV ICV M1207 FCSMGV ME-V M1208 FCSMGV ME-T M1209 FCSMGV C2V M1210 M1211 ECV 2 Command and Control M1212 ECV 2 Armament Carrier M1213 ECV 2 Shelter/Troop Carrier M1214 ECV 2 TOW Weapons Carrier M1215 M1216 Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle M1217 Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment M1218 Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment M1219 Armed Robotic Vehicle M1220 Caiman 6X6 MRAP MRPV M1221 RG-33L USMC 6X6 MRAP M1222 M1223 M1224 MaxxPro M1225 ECV 2 Ambulance M1226 RG-33L 6x6 MMPV Panther Mine Resistant Vehicle Engineer M1227 RG-33L 6X6 MMPV Panther Mine Resistant Vehicle EOD M1228 M1229 RG-33L 6X6 MMPV Prophet Signals Intelligence vehicle M1230 Caiman TVS M1231 Husky VMMD M1232 RG-33L 6X6 MRAP M1233 RG-33L 6X6 Ambulance MRAP M1234 MaxxPro Plus MRAP M1235 MaxxPro Dash/Dash DXM MRAP M1236 RG-31A3 (EM) MRAP M1237 RG-33L Plus MRAP 6X6 M1238 RG-33 SOCOM MRAP 4X4 M1239 RG-33L SOCOM AUV 6X6 M1240 M-ATV M1241 RG-31 Mk5E MRAP M1242 M1243 M1244 M1245 SOCOM M-ATV SOCOM version of the M1240 M1246 M1247 M1248 6X6 MTV Caiman M1249 Maxxpro 6X6 MaxxPro 6X6 recovery vehicle M1250 Tilt Deck Recovery Trailer (TDRT) M1251 FSVV M1252 MCVV M1253 ATVV M1254 MEVV M1255 CVV M1256 ICVV M1257 ESVV M1258 M1259 M1260 M1261 M1262 M1263 M1264 M1265 M1266 MaxxPro Long Wheel Base (LWB) Ambulance M1267 M1268 Light Engineer Utility Trailer (LEUT) Type I M1269 LEUT Type II M1270 RG-31 Mk5E Medium Mine Protected Vehicle (MMPV) Type II M1271 Hydrema 910 mine clearing vehicle M1272 Buffalo A2 M1273 FMTV 10-ton chassis M1274 M-ATV Key Leader Vehicles (KLV), WIN-T Soldier Network Extension (SNE) M1275 M1276 M-ATV Key Leader Vehicles (KLV), WIN-T Point of Presence (PoP) M1277 M-ATV fitted with M153 CROWS M1278 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Heavy Guns Carrier (HGC) M1279 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Utility (Utl) M1280 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) General Purpose (GP) M1281 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Close Combat Weapons Carrier (CCWC) M1282 M1283 General Purpose (GP) M1284 Medical Evacuation Vehicle (MEV) M1285 Medical Treatment Vehicle (MTV) M1286 Mission Command (MCmd) M1287 Mortar Carrier Vehicle (MCV) M1288 Ground Mobility Vehicle (GMV 1.1) M1289 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Trailer M1290 M1291 M1292 M1293 M1294 M1295 M1296 Dragoon (ICVD) M1297 Army Ground Mobility Vehicle (AGMV 1.1) M1298 M1299 Extended Range Cannon Artillery M1300 to M1399 M1300 tractor, 8 × 8, EHETS M1301 Infantry Squad Vehicle (ISV) M1302 semi-trailer, tank transporter EHETS 8-axles, 85-ton Non-consecutive numbers M1 Abrams Tank, main battle, full-track, 105 mm gun, 58-ton M1A1 Abrams Tank, main battle, full-track, 120 mm gun, 58-ton M1A2 Abrams Tank, main battle, full-track, 120 mm gun w/2nd gun sight for TC M2 Bradley Vehicle, Infantry Fighting, full-track, armored, 25 mm chain-gun, 211⁄2-ton M2A1 Vehicle, Infantry Fighting, full-track, armored, 25 mm chain-gun, 211⁄2-ton M2A2 Vehicle, Infantry Fighting, full-track, armored, 25 mm chain-gun, 211⁄2-ton M3 Bradley Vehicle, Cavalry Fighting, full-track, armored, 25 mm chain-gun, 211⁄2-ton M3A1 Vehicle, Cavalry Fighting, full-track, armored, 25 mm chain-gun, 211⁄2-ton M3A2 Vehicle, Cavalry Fighting, full-track, armored, 25 mm chain-gun, 211⁄2-ton M3 CROP Palletized Load System M4 C2V battlefield command post M5 Ground Based Common Sensor Carrier M6 Linebacker anti-aircraft vehicle M7 Bradley Fire Support Vehicle M8 Armored Gun System M9 ACE - Armored Combat Earthmover M10 Booker M93 Fox, armoured reconnaissance vehicle, 6 × 6 M104 Wolverine (AVLB) M1975 Launcher, Heavy Dry Support Bridge M1977 HEMTT Common Bridge Transporter (CBT) – HEMTT XM2001 Crusader, self-propelled howitzer See also List of armoured fighting vehicles List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces List of military vehicles List of U.S. military vehicles by supply catalog designation List of U.S. Signal Corps vehicles List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces Military technology and equipment United States Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center NATO Stock Number References ^ a b c Doyle, David (May 2006). "GOER! - the story of the intriguingly-named 8-ton 4x4 Caterpillar". Classic Military Vehicle. Kelsey Publishing: 40–43. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2014. ^ Pike, John (29 September 2018). "M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank". Global Security. US. Retrieved 17 April 2019. ^ Pike, John (29 August 2016). "M1A1 Abrams". Global Security. US. Retrieved 17 April 2019. ^ "M1A2 Abrams". ^ "M2 and M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS)". ^ "M2A1 and M3A1 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS)". Crismon, Fred W (2001). US Military Wheeled Vehicles (3 ed.). Victory WWII. ISBN 0-970056-71-0. Doyle, David (2003). Standard catalog of U.S. Military Vehicles. Krause. ISBN 0-87349-508-X. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018. Standard Military Vehicle Data Sheets. Ordnance Tank Automotive Cmd. 1959. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2016. TM 9-500 Data Sheets for Ordnance Type Material (PDF). US Dept. of the Army. 1962. Retrieved 23 April 2018. TM 9-2800 Standard Military Motor Vehicles. US Dept. of the Army. 1943. Retrieved 14 December 2016. TM 9-2800 Military Vehicles. US Dept. of the Army. 1947. Retrieved 14 December 2016. TM 9-2800 Military Vehicles. US Dept. of the Army. 1953. Retrieved 14 December 2016. WD CAT. ORD 1 Introduction to Ordnance catalog WD CAT. ORD 2 Index to Ordnance supply catalog ST 9-159 Handbook of Ordnance material dated March 1968. (ST is Special Text) External links WWII US Vehicle Markings (pdf) Combined Arms Research Library - scans of vehicle data sheets circa 1960
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of the United States Army weapons by supply catalog designation § Group \"M\" Material","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_United_States_Army_weapons_by_supply_catalog_designation#Group_%22M%22_Material"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"}],"text":"\"List of \"M\" series military vehicles\" and \"M-numbers\" redirect here. For the List: group 'M' material, see List of the United States Army weapons by supply catalog designation § Group \"M\" Material.The following is a (partial) listing of vehicle model numbers or M-numbers assigned by the United States Army. Some of these designations are also used by other agencies, services, and nationalities, although these various end users usually assign their own nomenclature.","title":"List of the United States military vehicles by model number"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M1 Combat Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Combat_Car"},{"link_name":"M1 light motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_light_motorcycle"},{"link_name":"M2 Light tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Light_tank"},{"link_name":"M2 Medium Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Medium_Tank"},{"link_name":"M2 Combat Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Combat_Car"},{"link_name":"M3 Medium tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Medium_tank"},{"link_name":"M3 Light tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Light_tank"},{"link_name":"M4 Medium tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Medium_tank"},{"link_name":"M5 Light tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5_Light_tank"},{"link_name":"M6 Heavy tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_Heavy_tank"},{"link_name":"M7 Medium tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M7_Medium_tank"},{"link_name":"M8 Light Armored Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8_Greyhound"},{"link_name":"M22 Locust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M22_Locust"},{"link_name":"M24 Chaffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M24_Chaffee"},{"link_name":"M26 Pershing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M26_Pershing"},{"link_name":"M26E1 Pershing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M26E1_Pershing"},{"link_name":"M26E2 Pershing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M26E2_Pershing"},{"link_name":"M27 Medium tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M27_Medium_tank"},{"link_name":"Detroit Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Arsenal_Tank_Plant"},{"link_name":"M28 Cargo carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M28_Cargo_carrier"},{"link_name":"M29 Weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M29_Weasel"},{"link_name":"M30 Cargo carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M30_Cargo_carrier"},{"link_name":"M31 Tank recovery vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M31_Tank_recovery_vehicle"},{"link_name":"M32 Recovery vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M32_Recovery_vehicle"},{"link_name":"M39 Armored Utility Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_Armored_Utility_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"M41 Walker Bulldog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M41_Walker_Bulldog"},{"link_name":"M46 Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M46_Patton"},{"link_name":"M47 Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M47_Patton"},{"link_name":"M48 Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton"},{"link_name":"M48A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M48A1E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M48A1E2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M48A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M48A2C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M48A2E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M48A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M48A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M48C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M48E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M48E2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M49 Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M49_Otter"},{"link_name":"M59 armored personnel carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M59_armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"M60 main battle tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_Patton"},{"link_name":"M60A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_Patton#M60A1"},{"link_name":"M60A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_Patton#M60A2_'Starship'"},{"link_name":"M60A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_Patton#M60A3_Patton"},{"link_name":"M60E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M60E2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M60_Patton#Variants"},{"link_name":"M67 tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M67_Flame_Thrower_Tank"},{"link_name":"MBT-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBT-70"},{"link_name":"M74 Tank Recovery Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M74_Tank_Recovery_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"M75 (APC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M75_(APC)"},{"link_name":"M76 Otter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M76_Otter"},{"link_name":"M84 Mortar Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M84_Mortar_Carrier"},{"link_name":"M88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M88_Recovery_Vehicle"}],"text":"For non-sequential numbers, like M1 Abrams, see bottom of list.M1 Combat Car, also known as the M1 Light Tank\nM1 light motorcycle\nM2 Light tank, .5\" MG or 37 mm gun, 11-ton\nM2 Medium Tank\nM2 Combat Car, (G38)\nM3 Medium tank (Lee/Grant), 28-ton, 37 mm and 75 mm gun\nM3 Light tank, (Stuart)12-ton,\nM4 Medium tank (Sherman), 30-ton, 75/76 mm gun\nM5 Light tank, (Stuart)\nM6 Heavy tank, 60-ton\nM7 Medium tank (G137)\nM8 Light Armored Car (Greyhound)\nM22 Locust Tank, light, airborne, 37 mm gun\nM24 Chaffee Tank, light, 18-ton, 75 mm gun\nM26 Pershing Tank, medium (originally classified as heavy), full-track, 47-ton, 90 mm\nM26E1 Pershing Tank, medium, full-track, 47-ton, 90 mm\nM26E2 Pershing Tank, medium, full-track, 48.5-ton, 90 mm\nM27 Medium tank, Detroit Arsenal\nM28 Cargo carrier (G154)\nM29 Weasel Carrier, cargo, full-track, 1/2-ton, amphibious (G179)\nM30 Cargo carrier (G158) based on M4 Sherman\nM31 Tank recovery vehicle (M3 Grant)\nM32 Recovery vehicle (M4 Sherman)\nM32A1 Recovery vehicle, medium, 161⁄2 inch full-track\nM32A1B1 Recovery vehicle, medium, 233⁄4 inch full-track (M4A1 chassis)\nM32A1B2 Recovery vehicle, medium, full-track\nM32A1B3 Recovery vehicle, medium, full-track\nM32B1 Recovery vehicle, medium, crane & a-frame, f-t, (M4A1 chassis)\nM32B2 Recovery vehicle, medium, 161⁄2 inch track, (M4A4 chassis)\nM33 Tank, prime mover, medium, full-track, 31-ton, (G222)\nM34 Tank, prime mover, medium, full-track, 31-ton, (M32B1 converted)\nM35 Tank, prime mover, turret removed, full-track, (M10A1 hull)\nM39 Armored Utility Vehicle, full-track, converted M18\nM41 Walker Bulldog Tank, light, 23.5-ton, 76 mm gun\nM41A1 Tank, combat, light, pintle mounted mg, full-track, 76 mm\nM41A2 Tank, combat, light, new turret traverse, full-track, 76 mm\nM41A3 Tank, combat, light, fuel injection engine, full-track, 76 mm\nM45 medium tank, (G226)\nM46 Patton tank, combat, medium, full-track, 90 mm, 48.5-ton\nM46A1 tank, combat, medium, slope side turret, full-track, 90 mm, 48.5-ton\nM46E1 tank, combat, medium, .30 cal mg fender kit, full-track, 90 mm\nM47 Patton tank, combat, M46 w/T42 turret, full-track, 90 mm, 48.5-ton\nM48 Patton tank, combat, full-tracked, 90 mm, 49-ton (1951)\nM48A1 tank, combat, gun stabilized in elevation and azimuth, 90 mm\nM48A1E1 tank, combat, full-track, British 105 mm (M48A1 chassis)\nM48A1E2 tank, combat, full-track, diesel engine, 90 mm\nM48A2 tank, combat, f-t, fuel injection engine, 90 mm, 50.75-ton (1956)\nM48A2C tank, combat, improved fire control, full-track, 90 mm\nM48A2E1 tank, combat, multi-fuel engine, full-track, 90 mm (1959)\nM48A3 tank, combat, production version of M48A1E2, 90 mm (1960)\nM48A4 tank, combat, f-t, M60 turret, 105 mm, (M48E3 chassis) (1965)\nM48C tank, mild steel, 'C' for condemned embossed into right front hull\nM48E1 tank, first with British gun, full-tracked, 105 mm\nM48E2 tank, prototype of M48A2\nM49 Otter, Carrier, cargo/troop, amphibious, full-tracked\nM51 Recovery vehicle, full-track, heavy, 60-ton, 30 mph, 200 mi range\nM59 armored personnel carrier, full-track, 20-ton, (1955)\nM59A1 carrier, armored personnel, machine gun cupola, f-t, 20-ton\nM60 main battle tank, full-tracked, 105 mm gun\nM60A1 tank, full-tracked, 105 mm gun (1968)\nM60A1E1 tank, combat, full-tracked, Zenon I/R, Shillelagh, new turret (1965)\nM60A1E2 tank, combat, full-tracked, stabilized Shillelagh, 152mm\nM60A1E3 tank, combat, full-tracked, experimental, 105 mm gun (1969)\nM60A1E4 tank, experimental, f-t, remote controlled 20 mm, 105mm\nM60A2 tank, full-tracked, remote controlled 20 mm, 152 mm Gun-Launcher (1970)\nM60A3 tank, combat, full-tracked, laser rangefinder, 900 hp engine, 105mm\nM60E1 tank, combat, full-tracked,British gun, 105mm\nM60E2 tank, combat, full-tracked, Shillelagh 152 mm, remote controlled 20m\nM66 tank, combat, full-tracked, Zenon I/R, Shillelagh 152 mm,\nM67 tank, combat, full-tracked, flamethrower, range 200 m (M48A1 chassis)\nM67A1 tank, combat, full-tracked, flamethrower, fuel capacity 378 gal (1961)\nM67A2 tank, combat, full-tracked, flamethrower (M48A3 chassis)\nM70 Reserved for German/American MBT-70\nM74 Tank Recovery Vehicle, medium, full tracked (M4A3E8 chassis) (1952)\nM75 (APC), medium, full-tracked\nM76 Otter Carrier, cargo, amphibious, full-tracked, 11⁄4-ton\nM84 Mortar Carrier, self-propelled, full-track, 4.2-inch, (1956)\nM85 Tractor, artillery towing, full-track, 23-ton\nM88, medium tank recovery, full-tracked, 55-ton, gasoline engine\nM88A1 recovery vehicle, improved, medium, full-tracked, 55-ton, diesel engine\nM88A2 recovery vehicle, improved, heavy, full-tracked, 70-ton, diesel","title":"M1 to M99"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M1 Mortar Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M1_Mortar_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M2 Mortar Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M2_Mortar_Motor_Carriage&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M3 Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Gun_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M4 Mortar Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_half-track_car"},{"link_name":"M5 Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M10_tank_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Cletrac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cletrac"},{"link_name":"M6 Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_Gun_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M7 Howitzer Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M7_Howitzer_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M8 Howitzer Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8_Howitzer_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M9 Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M9_Gun_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M10 Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M10_Gun_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M12 Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M12_Gun_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M13 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M13_Half-track"},{"link_name":"M14 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M14_Half-track"},{"link_name":"M15 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M15_Half-Track"},{"link_name":"M16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M16_Half-track"},{"link_name":"M17 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M17_Half-track"},{"link_name":"M18 Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M18_Gun_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M19 Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M19_Gun_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M21 Mortar Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M21_Mortar_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M34 Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M15_Halftrack"},{"link_name":"M36 Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M36_Gun_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M37 105 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M37_105_mm_Howitzer_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M38 Wolfhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M38_Wolfhound"},{"link_name":"M40 Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M40_Gun_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M41 Howitzer Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M41_Howitzer_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M42 Gun Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M42_Gun_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M43 Howitzer Motor Carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M43_Howitzer_Motor_Carriage"},{"link_name":"M44 Self Propelled Howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M44_Self_Propelled_Howitzer"},{"link_name":"M50 Self Propelled Rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M50_Self_Propelled_Rifle"},{"link_name":"M52 Self Propelled Howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M52_Self_Propelled_Howitzer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M53 Self Propelled Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M53_Self_Propelled_Gun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M55 Self Propelled Howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M55_Self_Propelled_Howitzer"},{"link_name":"M56 Self Propelled Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M56_Self_Propelled_Gun"}],"sub_title":"Pre-consecutive \"Motor Carriages\"","text":"M1 Mortar Motor Carriage 4.2 inch mortar on Cunningham T1E1 cargo carrier.\nM2 Mortar Motor Carriage (T5E1), (G79)\nM3 Gun Motor Carriage, (T12)\nM4 Mortar Motor Carriage, (T19)\nM5 Gun Motor Carriage, (T1), Cletrac\nM6 Gun Motor Carriage, (T21),\nM7 Howitzer Motor Carriage, (T32)\nM8 Howitzer Motor Carriage, (T17E1), Scott\nM9 Gun Motor Carriage, (T40),\nM10 Gun Motor Carriage, (T35E1),\nM11 not used\nM12 Gun Motor Carriage, (T6),\nM13 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage\nM14 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage\nM15 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage\nM16 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage\nM17 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage\nM18 Gun Motor Carriage, (T70)\nM19 Gun Motor Carriage,(T65E1)\nM20 ? Motor Carriage\nM21 Mortar Motor Carriage\nM22 ? Motor Carriage\nM23 ? Motor Carriage\nM24 ? Motor Carriage\nM25 ? Motor Carriage\nM26 ? Motor Carriage\nM27 ? Motor Carriage\nM28 ? Motor Carriage\nM29 ? Motor Carriage\nM30 ? Motor Carriage\nM31 ? Motor Carriage\nM32 ? Motor Carriage\nM33 ? Motor Carriage\nM34 Gun Motor Carriage 40 mm halftrack (T160)??\nM35 ? Motor Carriage\nM36 Gun Motor Carriage,(T71E1)\nM37 105 mm Howitzer Motor Carriage, (T76)\nM38 ? Motor Carriage (M38 Wolfhound, 37 mm, 6 × 6?)\nM39 ? Motor Carriage\nM40 Gun Motor Carriage\nM41 Howitzer Motor Carriage\nM42 Gun Motor Carriage (Duster)\nM43 Howitzer Motor Carriage\nM44 Self Propelled Howitzer (T99)\nM45 Self Propelled ?\nM46 Self Propelled ?\nM47 Self Propelled ?\nM48 Self Propelled ?\nM49 Self Propelled ?\nM50 Self Propelled Rifle(T165)(Ontos)\nM51 Self Propelled ?\nM52 Self Propelled Howitzer (T98)\nM53 Self Propelled Gun (T97)\nM54 Self Propelled ?\nM55 Self Propelled Howitzer\nM56 Self Propelled Gun(T101)(Designation jumps to M100 series)","title":"M1 to M99"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M1 Armored car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Armored_car"},{"link_name":"T17 Deerhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T17_Deerhound"},{"link_name":"T17E1 Staghound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T17E1_Staghound"},{"link_name":"T18 Boarhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T18_Boarhound"},{"link_name":"M8 Armored car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8_Greyhound"},{"link_name":"M38 Wolfhound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M38_Wolfhound"}],"sub_title":"Armored Cars","text":"M1 Armored car (G29) Model T4 Cunningham (1934)\nM2 unknown\nM3 unknown\nM4 unknown\nM5 Armored car (G134) (T17 Deerhound)\nM6 Armored car (G122) (T17E1 Staghound)\nM7 Armored car (G133) (T18 Boarhound)\nM8 Armored car (G136) (Greyhound) T22\n(M9 halftrack car)?\nM10 redesignated M20 Armored Utility Car T26 (G176)\nM38 Wolfhound, 37 mm, 6 × 6","title":"M1 to M99"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M3 Scout Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Scout_Car"}],"sub_title":"Scout cars","text":"M1 scout car (G31)\nM2 Scout car (G32)\nM3 Scout Car (G67)\nM4 Scout car (G66)","title":"M1 to M99"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M2 half-track car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_half-track_car"},{"link_name":"Autocar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_Company"},{"link_name":"White Motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Motor"},{"link_name":"M3 half-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_half-track"},{"link_name":"Autocar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_Company"},{"link_name":"White Motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Motor"},{"link_name":"M5 half-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5_half-track"},{"link_name":"M9 half-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M9_half-track"},{"link_name":"M15 half-track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M15_half-track"},{"link_name":"Autocar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocar_Company"}],"sub_title":"Half-tracks","text":"M1 car, Halftrack, (T1E1) 1933, Cadillac 8-cylinder, 115 HP. (33 produced)\nM2 half-track truck, (T9) (Ford)\nM2 half-track car, (T14) Autocar, White Motor Co.\nM3 half-track, Autocar, White Motor Co.\nM4 81 mm Mortar Carriage\nM5 half-track variant of M2 half-track car built by International Harvester\nM9 half-track car\nM15 half-track Multiple Gun Carriage built by Autocar\nM21 mortar carrier, 81mm","title":"M1 to M99"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M1 Light Tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Light_Tractor"},{"link_name":"M1 Medium Tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Medium_Tractor"},{"link_name":"M1 Heavy Tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Heavy_Tractor"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar D6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_D6"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar D7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar_D7"},{"link_name":"M2 High Speed Tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_High_Speed_Tractor"},{"link_name":"M4 Tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Tractor"},{"link_name":"M5 Tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5_Tractor"},{"link_name":"M6 Tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_Tractor"},{"link_name":"M7 Snow Tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M7_Snow_Tractor"},{"link_name":"Allis-Chalmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allis-Chalmers"},{"link_name":"M8 Tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8_Tractor"}],"sub_title":"Pre-consecutive tractors","text":"M1 Light Tractor\nM1 Medium Tractor\nM1 Heavy Tractor\nM2 Light Tractor\nM2 Medium Tractor\nM2 Heavy TractorTractor cranesM1 tractor crane, 1-ton, (G108)- International Harvester, T-6\nM2 unknown\nM3 tractor crane, 2-ton, (G69) - Caterpillar D6\nM4 tractor crane, 6-ton, (G126) - Caterpillar D7\nM5 tractor crane, 2-ton, (G99) - International Harvester T-9High-speedM1 unknown\nM2 High Speed Tractor (G111)\nM3 unknown\nM4 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 18-ton (G150)\nM4A1 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 18-ton\nM4A1C Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 18-ton\nM4A2 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 18-ton\nM4C Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 18-ton\nM5 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 13-ton (G162)\nM5A1 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 13-ton\nM5A2 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 13-ton\nM5A3 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 13-ton\nM5A4 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 13-ton\nM6 Tractor, full-track, high-speed, 38-ton (G184)\nM7 Snow Tractor, search & rescue, half-track (G194) (Allis-Chalmers)\nM8 Tractor (G266)\nM8A1 Tractor, full-track, high-speed\nM8A2 Tractor, full-track, high-speed","title":"M1 to M99"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"Dodge WC-41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_WC_series#WC-41"},{"link_name":"Dodge WC-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_WC_series#WC-60"},{"link_name":"M6 11⁄2-ton, bomb service truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_Bomb_Service_Truck"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M19 Tank Transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M19_Tank_Transporter"},{"link_name":"Diamond T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_T"},{"link_name":"M19 Tank Transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M19_Tank_Transporter"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M25 Tank Transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_Tank_Transporter"},{"link_name":"Dragon Wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_Tank_Transporter"},{"link_name":"M26 Tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_Tank_Transporter"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_CCKW_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"Dodge M37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_M37"},{"link_name":"Willys M38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willys_M38"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"Dodge M37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_M37"},{"link_name":"Dodge M37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_M37"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"Honest John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"Dodge M37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_M37"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"Dodge M37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_M37"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"}],"sub_title":"Pre-consecutive trucks","text":"M1 AA prime mover (Corbitt), (GMC T95), 1931 (G28)\nM1 1⁄2-ton, 4 × 2, Bomb service\nM1 1-ton, 4 × 2, Bomb service, (G85)\nM1 6-ton, 6 × 6, heavy wrecker, (G116)\nM1 artillery repair, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G82)\nM1 automotive repair, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G83)\nM1 Bomb service, (G85)\nM1 chemical service, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM1 earth auger,\nM1 emergency repair (G61) – Dodge WC-41\nM1 light machine shop, (G16)\nM1 small arms repair, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G72)\nM1 spare parts, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G84)\nM1 tank maintenance, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G91)\nM1 heavy wrecking, (G63)\nM2 artillery repair, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G82)\nM2 automotive repair, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G83)\nM2 emergency repair (G61) – Dodge WC-60\nM2 spare parts, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G84)\nM2 tool and bench, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G58)\nM2 welding, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G59)\nM3 light machine shop, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G57)\nM3 welding, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G59)\nM4 machine shop, COE, van, 11⁄2 to 3-ton, 4 × 4 (G57)\nM5 unknown\nM6 11⁄2-ton, bomb service truck (G85)\nM7 small arms repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM8 automotive repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM9 artillery repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM10 instrument repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM11 not used\nM12 welding, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM13 tool and bench, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM14 spare parts, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM15 unknown\nM16 machine shop, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM17 unknown\nM18 electrical repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM19 Tank Transporter (G159)\nM20 prime mover, 12-ton, Diamond T, (G159) – M19 Tank Transporter\nM21 unknown\nM22 lift, (G161)\nM23 Instrument bench, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM24 unknown\nM25 Tank Transporter, tank transporter/recovery vehicle, nicknamed \"Dragon Wagon\". M26 tractor + M15 trailer. Used from 1944 to 1945\nM26 Tractor, 12-ton, armored cab. Component of the Dragon Wagon tank transporter\nM27 Bomb service, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM28 unknown\nM29 unknown\nM30 signal corps repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM31 signal corps repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM32 tire repair, GMC CCKW 2½-ton 6×6 truck\nM33 unknown\nM34 Truck, Cargo, long wheelbase, 11.00×20\", 6ea, 6 × 6 (M44 chassis) (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM35 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM35A1 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM35A2 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM35A3 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM36 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, XLWB (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM37 Truck, Cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G741) – Dodge M37\nM37B1 Truck, Cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G741)\nM38 Truck, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, Utility, (G740) – Willys M38\nM39 Truck, Chassis, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM40 Truck, Chassis, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM41 Truck, Cargo, 5-ton, 6 x 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM42 Truck, Command, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G741) – Dodge M37\nM43 Truck, Ambulance, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G741) – Dodge M37\nM44 Truck, Chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM45 Truck, Chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM46C truck, Chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck heating and tie down unit for Honest John\nM47 Truck, Dump Truck Chassis (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM48 Truck, Tractor (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM49 Truck, Tank, 6 × 6, Fuel Servicing (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM49C Truck, Tank, 6 × 6, Fuel Servicing\nM49A1C Truck, Tank, 6 × 6, Fuel Servicing\nM49A2C Truck, Tank, 6 × 6, Fuel Servicing\nM50 Truck, Tank, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, Water, 1,000 Gal (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM51 Truck, Dump, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM52 Truck, Tractor, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM53 Chassis, Truck, 3⁄4-ton 4 × 4 (G741) – Dodge M37\nM54 Truck, Cargo, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM55 Truck, Cargo, XLWB, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM56 Chassis, Truck, 3⁄4-ton 4 × 4 (G741) – Dodge M37 (emergency repair)\nM56B1 Truck, Chassis, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G741)\nM56C Truck, Chassis, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G741)\nM57 Truck Chassis (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM58 truck chassis (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM59 Truck, Dump (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM60 Truck, Wrecker, Light (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM61 Truck, Chassis, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM62 Truck, Wrecker, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM63 Truck, Chassis, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM64 Truck, Cargo Van, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM65 unknown\nM66 unknown","title":"M1 to M99"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M5 Bomb Trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5_Bomb_Trailer"},{"link_name":"Diamond T tank transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_T_tank_transporter"},{"link_name":"M25 Tank Transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_Tank_Transporter"},{"link_name":"quadmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadmount"},{"link_name":"M19 snow trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M19_snow_trailer"},{"link_name":"quadmount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadmount"},{"link_name":"Ben Hur trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hur_trailer"},{"link_name":"Ben Hur trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hur_trailer"}],"sub_title":"Pre-consecutive trailers","text":"M1 Instrument trailer, (G26) for director or generator (3 inch AA)\nM1 searchlight trailer (G221)\nM1 chemical /bomb trailer 4-ton (G74)\nM2 Instrument trailer, (Director only), (3 inch AA)\nM2A1 Generator trailer, (Generator only), (3 inch AA)\nM2 chemical /bomb trailer 4-ton (G74)\nM3 Unknown\nM4 artillery plotting room trailer (G155)\nM5 Bomb Trailer, 21⁄2-ton, 3-wheel (G74)\nM6 tractor crane (G117)\nM7 2-ton generator trailer (G221)\nM8 armored ammunition, (G157)\nM9 Trailer, Tank, 45 Ton (Diamond T tank transporter) with integrated dolly (G159)\nM10 Trailer, Ammunition, 2-wheel (G660)\nM11 unknown\nM12 tractor crane\nM13 2-ton directors, soft top (G221)\nM14 2-ton directors, hard top (G221)\nM15 Semi-Trailer, Transporter, 40-Ton, 8-wheel – M25 Tank Transporter (G160)\nM15A2 Semi trailer, tank transport, 50-ton, 8-wheeled\nM16 clamshell bucket, for M2 crane (G201)\nM17 2-ton, quadmount (G221)\nM18 2-ton, generator, (G221)\nM19 snow trailer, 1-ton (G195)\nM20 quadmount (G220)\nM21 Trailer, Ammunition, 4-ton, 2-wheel (G213)\nM22 2-ton directors hard top (G221)\nM23 Trailer, Ammunition, 8-ton, 4-wheel (G216)\nM24 ammunition – Ben Hur trailer\nM25 tire repair – Ben Hur trailer\nM26 semitrailer, 7-ton (G713)\nM27 unknown\nM28 unknown\nM29 bomb trailer, 3/4-ton, 1-axle (G240)\nM30 Semitrailer, 6-ton Payload, 10-Ton Gross, 2-wheel, Fuel Tank, 2000-gallon (F2B Semitrailer, 2,000 Gal. Fuel Servicing, HeilCo) (G678)\nM31 unknown","title":"M1 to M99"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allis-Chalmers"},{"link_name":"La Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allis-Chalmers"},{"link_name":"M24 Chaffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M24_Chaffee"}],"sub_title":"Tankdozer kits","text":"M1 La Plant bulldozer for M4 Sherman (G228)\nM2 La Plant bulldozer for M4 Sherman (G228)\nM3 bulldozer for M46 Patton (G246)\nM4 bulldozer for M24 Chaffee (G265)\nM5 bulldozer for T8E4, and M8 high speed tractor\nM6 bulldozer for M47 Patton (G286)\nM7 unknown\nM8 bulldozer for M48 Patton (G278)\nM9 bulldozer for M60 (G306)","title":"M1 to M99"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_trailer"},{"link_name":"M103 Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M103_heavy_tank"},{"link_name":"M103A1 Tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M103_heavy_tank"},{"link_name":"XM104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM104"},{"link_name":"M106 mortar carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M106_mortar_carrier"},{"link_name":"M107","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M107_Self-Propelled_Gun"},{"link_name":"M108 Howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M108_Howitzer"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M109 Howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M109_howitzer"},{"link_name":"M109A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M109_howitzer"},{"link_name":"M109A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M109_howitzer"},{"link_name":"M109G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M109_howitzer"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M110 Howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M110_howitzer"},{"link_name":"M110E1 Howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M110_howitzer"},{"link_name":"M110E2 Howitzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M110_howitzer"},{"link_name":"M113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"M113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"M113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"M113C+R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"M113C+R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"M113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"M113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"Lynx reconnaissance vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynx_reconnaissance_vehicle"},{"link_name":"PGM-19 Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter"},{"link_name":"PGM-19 Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter"},{"link_name":"M114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M114_armored_fighting_vehicle"},{"link_name":"photos m116 trailer.php","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.olive-drab.com/idphoto/id"},{"link_name":"M116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M116_Husky"},{"link_name":"M123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M123_and_M125_10-ton_6x6_trucks"},{"link_name":"M123A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M123_and_M125_10-ton_6x6_trucks"},{"link_name":"M123A1C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M123_and_M125_10-ton_6x6_trucks"},{"link_name":"M125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M123_and_M125_10-ton_6x6_trucks"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M132_Armored_Flamethrower"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"Dodge M37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_M37"},{"link_name":"M151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M151"},{"link_name":"M151A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M151#Variants"},{"link_name":"M151A1C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M151#Variants"},{"link_name":"M151A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M151#Variants"},{"link_name":"Dodge M37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_M37"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"Dodge M37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_M37"}],"text":"M100 Trailer, 2-Wheel, Cargo, 1⁄4-ton (G747, 1951)\nM101 Trailer, Cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 2-Wheel (G748)\nM101A1 Trailer, cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled\nM101A2 Trailer, cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled\nM101A3 Trailer, cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled\nM102 Chassis, Trailer, 11⁄2-ton, 2-Wheel (G754)\nM102A1 Chassis, Trailer, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled\nM102A2 Chassis, Trailer, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled\nM102 Vehicle, engineer armored, front mount crane, (M47 chassis), (1955)\nM103 Chassis, Trailer, 11⁄2-ton, 2-Wheel (G754)\nM103A1 Trailer, cargo, 2-wheeled\nM103A2 Trailer, generator, 60-cycle × 2, 2-wheeled\nM103 Tank, combat, full-track, 120 mm, 60-ton\nM103A1 Tank, combat, full-track, gun w/bore evacuator, 120 mm, 63-ton\nM103A1E1 Tank, experimental, f-t, M60 engine, transmission, fire control\nXM104 Self-Propelled Gun, combat, full-track, 105 mm, 4-ton, (1961)\nM104 Trailer, Cargo, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled (M102 chassis) (G754)\nM104A1 Trailer, cargo, 11⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled\nM104A2 Trailer, cargo, 11⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled\nM105 Trailer, cargo, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled (M102 chassis) (G754)\nM105A1 Trailer, cargo, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled\nM105A2 Trailer, cargo, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled\nM106 mortar carrier, self-propelled, full-track, 4.2-inch\nM106A1 mortar carrier, self-propelled, improved, diesel engine, f-t, 4.2-inch\nM106 Trailer, Tank: Water, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, 400 Gal (M102 chassis) (G754)\nM106A1 Trailer, Tank: Water, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, 400 Gal\nM106A2 Trailer, Tank: Water, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, 400 Gal\nM107 Field artillery, self-propelled, f-t, 175 mm, air-transportable\nM107E1 Field artillery, S-P, f-t, improved cooling, hydraulic, 175 mm\nM107 Trailer, Tank: Water, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, 400 Gal (M102 chassis) (G754)\nM107A1 Trailer, Tank: Water, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, 400 Gal\nM107A2 Trailer, Tank: Water, 11⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, 400 Gal\nM108 Howitzer, self-propelled, light, 105 mm, range 15,000 m\nM108 Truck, Crane, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM108 Truck, radio repair, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM109 Howitzer, S-P, full-track, 155 mm, range 18,500 m, (1962)\nM109A1 Howitzer, self-propelled, medium, f-t, 8 ft longer barrel, 155 mm\nM109A2 Howitzer, self-propelled, medium, f-t, 8 ft longer barrel, 155 mm\nM109G Howitzer, S-P, horizontal sliding breech, (export to Switzerland)\nM109 Truck, Van, 6 × 6, Shop (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM109 Truck, shop van, REO OA331 gas, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM109A1 Truck, shop van, LDS-427 multifuel, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM109A2 Truck, shop van, LDT-465 multifuel, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM109A3 Truck, shop van, LDT-465, multifuel,21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM110 Howitzer, S-P, heavy, f-t, 8-inch, nuclear ammo, (1961)\nM110E1 Howitzer, S-P, improved engine cooling, hydraulic, 8-inch\nM110E2 Howitzer, self-propelled, extended tube, 8-inch\nM113 Carrier, personnel, full-track, armored, 40 mph, range 300 mi\nM113A1 Carrier, personnel, diesel engine, full-track, armored, (1962)\nM113C Carrier, prototype, smaller version, remote controlled gun, 20 mm\nM113C+R Carrier, export, sold to Netherlands, (1965)\nM113C+R Carrier, export, sold to Canada, (1969)\nM113E1 Carrier, personnel, GE gas turbine engine, full-track, armored\nM113E2 Carrier, personnel, diesel engine, full-track, armored\nM1131⁄2 (Lynx reconnaissance vehicle)\nM113 trailer, chassis, 3-ton, (G842) PGM-19 Jupiter\nM114 trailer, low bed, 3-ton, (G842) PGM-19 Jupiter\nM114 Carrier, command and reconnaissance, f-t, armored, air-droppable, (1962)\nM114A1 Carrier, command and reconnaissance, f-t, armored, side skirts eliminated, remote-controlled M2HB cupola, .50 cal\nM114A1 Carrier, reconnaissance, f-t, remote-controlled HS 120 gun, 20 mm, (1968)\nM114A1 Carrier, reconnaissance, f-t, new engine, transmission, torsion, (1973)\nM114A1E1 Carrier, reconnaissance, f-t, HS 820 gun, 20 mm, (1965)\nM114A2 Carrier, reconnaissance, f-t, modified gun cupola, 20 mm. (1965)\nM115 Trailer, Chassis, 1⁄4-ton, 2-Wheel (G747); chassis version of M100 trailer\nM116 Chassis: Trailer, 3⁄4-ton, 2-Wheel (G748); chassis version of M101 trailer photos m116 trailer.php\nM116 Carrier, cargo, f-t, soft skin, amphibious, Husky\nM116 Carrier, personnel, full-track, steel armor not aluminum\nM117 Chassis, Semitrailer, 6-ton, single axle (G751)\nM118 Semitrailer, Stake, 6-ton, single axle (M117 chassis) (G751)\nM118A1 Semitrailer, Stake, 6-ton, single axle\nM119 Semitrailer, Van, 6-ton, single axle, 2-Wheel (M117 chassis) (G751)\nM119A1 Semi trailer, van, 6-ton, 2-wheeled\nM123 Truck, Tractor, 10-ton, 6 × 6 (G792)\nM123A1 Truck, tractor, diesel, 10-ton, 6 × 6\nM123A1C Truck, tractor w/w 45,000 lb, Cummins V8 diesel, 10-ton, 6 × 6\nM124 Truck, radio repair shop, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM125 Truck, Cargo, 10-ton, 6 × 6 (G792)\nM125 Carrier, self-propelled, full-track, mortar, 81 mm\nM125A1 Carrier, self-propelled, diesel engine, full-track, mortar, 81 mm\nM126 Chassis, Semitrailer, 12-ton, 4-Wheel (G750)\nM127 Semitrailer, Stake, 12-ton, 4-wheel (M126 chassis) (G750)\nM127A1 Semi trailer, cargo, 12-ton, 4-wheel\nM128 Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel (M126 chassis) (G750)\nM128A1 Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel\nM128A1C Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel\nM128A2C Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel\nM129 Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel (M126 chassis) (G750)\nM129A1 Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel\nM129A1C Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel\nM129A2C Semitrailer, Van, 12-ton, Cargo, 4-wheel\nM131A2 Semitrailer, Tank, Fuel Servicing, 5000 gal, 12-ton, 4-wheel (G755 & G888)\nM132 Truck, Medical Van (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM132 Flame thrower, self-propelled, full-track, (M113 chassis)\nM132A1 Flame thrower, self-propelled, f-t, range 170 m, (M113A1 chassis)\nM132E1 Flame thrower, self-propelled, full-track, 113⁄4-ton\nM133 Truck, kitchen, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (Only made for Canadian Army. Kitchen Truck)\nM135 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G749)\nM139 Truck, Bridging, 5-ton, 6 x 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM139 Truck, Chassis, 5-ton, 6 x 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nXM142 Truck, bomb handling, (G741) – Dodge M37\nM143A1 Trailer, bomb-transport, 2-ton, 4-wheeled\nM146C Semitrailer, Van, Shop, 6-ton, 2-Wheel (G824)\nXM147 Truck, amphibious, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, \"Super DUKW\" (G814); based on M135\nXM148 Truck, amphibious, 5-ton, 6 × 6, \"Gull\" (ACF-Brill)\nM149 Trailer, Water, 400 gal, 2-wheeled (Water Buffalo) (G877)\nM149A1 Trailer, Water, 400 gal, 2-wheeled\nM149A2 Trailer, Water, 400 gal, 2-wheeled\nM151, jeep, utility, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, 65 mph (G838)\nM151A1 Jeep, utility, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (1963)\nM151A1C Jeep, utility, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, with M40A1 (Recoilless rifle, 106 mm)\nM151A2 Jeep, utility, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (1970)\nM152 Truck, panel, utility, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (Limited procurement by USAF. Radio/Command Truck), (G741) – Dodge M37\nXM157 Truck, amphibious, 8-ton, 8 × 8, \"Drake\", GMC\nM160 tank transporter, trailer, 60-ton, (G791)\nM162 Carrier, self-propelled, Vulcan gun, f-t, armored, (M113A1)\nM163 Carrier, self-propelled, Vulcan gun, f-t, armored, (M113)\nM164 semitrailer, office van, 6-ton, (G751)\nXM166 AA gun (from M42 Duster) mounted on M548\nM170 Truck, Ambulance, Front Line, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G758)\nM172 Semitrailer, Low Bed, 15-ton, 4-Wheel (G797)\nM172A1 Semitrailer, Low Bed, 25-ton, 4-wheel\nM173 tank transporter, trailer, 25-ton (G790)\nM179 self-propelled howitzer, 155mm,\nM185 Truck, Van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, Shop (G742) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM185A3 Truck, repair shop van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM190 Truck, cargo, 10-ton, 8 × 8, Sterling,\nM193 Truck, cargo, 15-ton, 8 × 8, Sterling\nM194 Truck, tractor, 15-ton, 8 × 8, Kenworth\nXM195 Truck, cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (compact M37) – Dodge M37\nM195E1 Howitzer, self-propelled, full-track, 105 mm\nM197 Dolly, Trailer Converter, 6-ton, 2-Wheel (G800)\nM198 Dolly, Trailer Converter, 8-ton, 2-Wheel (G800)\nM199 Dolly, Trailer Converter, 18-ton (G811)","title":"M100 to M199"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dodge M37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_M37"},{"link_name":"Nike Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Nike Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Nike Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Ajax"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M65 Atomic Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M65_Atomic_Cannon"},{"link_name":"M65 Atomic Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M65_Atomic_Cannon"},{"link_name":"Nike Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Nike Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Nike Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Nike Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Nike Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"Corporal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_II"},{"link_name":"M274 Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M274_%C2%BD-ton_4%C3%974_utility_platform_truck"},{"link_name":"M274A1 Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M274_%C2%BD-ton_4%C3%974_utility_platform_truck"},{"link_name":"M274A2 Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M274_%C2%BD-ton_4%C3%974_utility_platform_truck"},{"link_name":"M274A3 Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M274_%C2%BD-ton_4%C3%974_utility_platform_truck"},{"link_name":"M274A4 Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M274_%C2%BD-ton_4%C3%974_utility_platform_truck"},{"link_name":"M274A5 Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M274_%C2%BD-ton_4%C3%974_utility_platform_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"Corporal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_II"},{"link_name":"REO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Motor_Car_Company"},{"link_name":"Honest John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John"},{"link_name":"List of U.S. Army Rocket Launchers By Model Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Army_Rocket_Launchers_By_Model_Number"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"}],"text":"M200 Chassis: Trailer 21⁄2-ton, single axle (G756)\nM201 truck, telephone maintenance, 3⁄4-ton, Dodge M37\nM207 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G749)\nM209 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G749)\nM211 Truck, Cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, dual wheel (G749)\nM215 Truck, Dump, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G749)\nM216 Truck, Gasoline Tank, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM217 Truck, Gasoline Tank, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G749)\nM217C Truck, tank, fuel serving, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM220 Truck, Shop Van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G749)\nM220C Truck, shop van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM220D Truck, shop van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM221 Truck, Tractor, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G749)\nM222 Truck, Water Tank, 21⁄2-ton, 1000 gal, 6 × 6 (G749)\nM238 truck, instrument repair shop, (G749)\nM242 trailer, M33 fire control, radar dish mount, 2-ton, (G789) Nike Ajax\nM243 trailer, M33 fire control, antina hauler, 2-ton, (G789) Nike Ajax\nM244 trailer, M33 fire control, computer van, 2-ton, (G789) Nike Ajax\nM246 Truck, Tractor, Wrecker, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM246A1 Truck, tractor, wrecker, 5-ton, 6 × 6\nM246A2 Truck, tractor, wrecker, 5-ton, 6 × 6\n(Note for M247 Sergeant York see M988)\nM249 Truck, gun-lifting, heavy, (front), M65 Atomic Cannon\nM250 Truck, gun-lifting, heavy, (rear), (G268) M65 Atomic Cannon\nM254 truck, missile rocket motor, Nike Ajax\nM255 truck, body section, Nike Ajax\nM256 truck, inert, Nike Ajax\nM257 truck, inert, Nike Ajax\nM258A1 Trailer, radar-tracking van, 4-dual wheels (G789)\nM259A1 Trailer, Nike Hercules director station, 4-dual wheels (G789)\nM260 trailer, drop bed, antenna mount, Nike (G789)\nM261A1 Trailer, guided-missile flatbed, booster, 4-dual wheels (G789)\nM262 trailer, launch control van, (G789) Nike\nM268 Truck, propellant servicing, 5-ton, 6 × 6, Corporal II\nM269 Semitrailer, Low Bed, 12-ton, Wrecker, 4-wheel (G802)\nM270 Semitrailer, Low Bed, 12-ton, Wrecker, 4-wheel (G802)\n(for M270 launcher see M993)\nM271 trailer, pole transporter, 31⁄2-ton (K-36), (G782)\nM273 truck, 5-ton, 6 × 6,\nM274 Carrier, light weapons, Infantry, 4-cylinder Willys, 1⁄2-ton\nM274A1 Carrier, light weapons, Infantry, 106 mm platform, 1⁄2-ton, 25 mph\nM274A2 Truck, platform, utility, magnesium frame, 1⁄2-ton, 4 × 4\nM274A3 Truck, platform, utility, 2-cylinder 2AO42, M274 upgrade\nM274A4 Truck, platform, utility, 2-cylinder 2AO42, M274A1 upgrade\nM274A5 Truck, platform, utility, aluminum frame replacing magnesium, 4 × 4\nM275 Truck, Tractor, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742)- M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM275A1 Truck, Tractor, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742)\nM275A2 Truck, Tractor, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742)\nM278 semitrailer, water tank, 2000-Gal. (G817)\nM280 truck, servicing platform, (M39 truck) Corporal II\nM282 truck, cargo, 5-ton, 8 × 8, REO\nM283 Truck, cargo, export, LWB, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (LWB M37)\nM284 truck, fire control system, test shop, (G749)\nM289 Truck, Missile Launcher, 5-ton 6 x 6 (G744), Honest John (Note - for vehicle mounted rocket launchers see List of U.S. Army Rocket Launchers By Model Number)\nM291 Truck, Van, Expandable, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM292 Truck, Van, 21⁄2-ton, Expansible (G742)- M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM292A1 Truck, van, extendable, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM292A2 Truck, extendable, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM295 Chassis, Semitrailer, 6-ton, 4-wheel (G819)\nM296 trailer, utility, 21⁄2-ton,","title":"M200 to M299"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Corporal missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_missile"},{"link_name":"Nike Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Ajax"},{"link_name":"Corporal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_II"},{"link_name":"AN/MPQ-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AN/MPQ-12&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corporal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_II"},{"link_name":"AN/MRQ-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AN/MRQ-7&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corporal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_II"},{"link_name":"AN/MSA-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AN/MSA-6&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corporal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_II"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"Honest John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6×6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6%C3%976_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"Corporal II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporal_II"},{"link_name":"Teracruser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teracruser&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"FWD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Wheel_Drive"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"Jeep trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_trailer"},{"link_name":"REO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REO_Motor_Car_Company"},{"link_name":"Detroit Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Arsenal_Tank_Plant"},{"link_name":"Detroit Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Arsenal_Tank_Plant"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"Honest John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"MGM-18 Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"MGM-18 Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse"}],"text":"M301 truck, air compressor, Corporal missile\nM304 trailer, electronic shop, Nike Ajax\nM305 Bicycle, men's, (G519)\nM306 Bicycle, women's, (G519)\nM308 Semitrailer, tank, water, 1000 gal, 4-wheeled (G750)\nM310 Cable Reel Trailer, 31⁄2-ton (K-37B), 2-Wheel, 1955 (G813)\nM311 Trailer, warhead guided missile, 4-wheel. Corporal II\nM313 Semitrailer, Van, Expansible, 6-ton, two-axle, 4-wheel (G819)\nM323 Semi trailer, tracking station van, AN/MPQ-12, Corporal II\nM324 Trailer, Doppler station van, AN/MRQ-7, Corporal II\nM325 trailer, computer station van, AN/MSA-6, Corporal II\nM328 Truck, Bridging, 5-ton, 6 × 6, (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM329 trailer, rocket transporter, (G821) Honest John\nM332 Trailer, Ammunition: 1⁄2-ton, 2-Wheel (G660)\nM342 Truck, Dump, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (M35A2 chassis) – M35 series 2½-ton 6×6 cargo truck\nM345 Flat Bed Trailer, 10-Ton, 2-Axle, 4-Wheel (G816)\nM346 semitrailer, tank transporter, 60-ton, 8-wheel, Dorsey\nM347 semitrailer, refrigerator, 15-ton, (G856)\nM348 Semitrailer, Van, Electronic, Tactical, 6-ton, 28-foot, 2-Wheel, (G833 & G848) V-189 trailer, for AN/MSC-25\nM349 Semitrailer, Van, Refrigerator, 71⁄2-ton, single-axle, 2-Wheel (G815 & G820)\nM350 truck, air servicer, Corporal II\nM353 Trailer, chassis, GP, 31⁄2-ton, 2-wheeled, NSN 2330-00-542-2831 (G854)\nM354 Dolly, Trailer Converter, 18-Ton, 4-Wheel (G872)\nM357 truck, cargo, 4-ton, 8 × 8, Teracruser, FWD\nM359 trailer, electronic shop van, 3-ton, (G789) Nike\nM363 Dolly, Trailer Converter, 71⁄2-ton\nM364 dolly, trailer converter, 6-ton,\nM365 Dolly, Trailer Converter, 10-ton (G676)\nM367 Trailer, Maintenance, Telephone Cable Splicer, 1⁄4-ton (K-38), 2-Wheel (G747) – Jeep trailer\nM373 Semitrailer, Van, Electronic, Tactical, 6-ton, 30-Foot, 4-Wheel (G833 & G878)\nM375 truck, tractor, 25-ton, 8 × 8, REO\nM376 truck, tractor, 25-ton, 8 × 8, Detroit Arsenal\nM377 truck, tractor, 25-ton, 8 × 8, Detroit Arsenal\nM381 truck, cargo, 2-ton, 4 × 4, (G742)\nM382 trailer, electronic shop van, (G789) Nike\nM383 trailer, electronic shop van, (G789) Nike\nM384 truck, cargo, 1-ton, 8 × 8, (G838)\nM386 Truck, Missile Launcher, 5-ton, 6 x 6, Honest John – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM387 Truck, Guided Missile Launcher, 21⁄2-ton 6 x 6 (based on M44), MGM-18 Lacrosse\nM388 Semi trailer, tank, 3,000 gal, 2-wheeled, alcohol, PGM-11 Redstone\nM389 Trailer, w/missile test body kit, 1-ton, 2-wheeled, (G840)\nM390C Trailer, chassis, 2-ton, 2-wheeled, (G839)\nM394 semitrailer, medical van, 3-ton, (G833)\nM398 Truck, Guided Missile Launcher, 21⁄2-ton 6 x 6 (based on M45), MGM-18 Lacrosse","title":"M300 to M399"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FWD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"Honest John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"MGM-18 Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"MGM-18 Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"M416 trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_trailer#Versions"},{"link_name":"M416B1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M416B1"},{"link_name":"MGR-3 Little John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGR-3_Little_John"},{"link_name":"M422 'Mighty Mite'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M422_Mighty_Mite"},{"link_name":"M422A1 'Mighty Mite'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M422_Mighty_Mite"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"M425","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M425_and_426_Tractor_Truck"},{"link_name":"M426","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M425_and_426_Tractor_Truck"},{"link_name":"GMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMC_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"Le Tourneau-Westinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._LeTourneau#Move_into_manufacturing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoyleGoer-1"},{"link_name":"M520 Goer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M520_Goer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoyleGoer-1"},{"link_name":"M520 Goer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M520_Goer"},{"link_name":"Nike Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Nike Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Hercules"},{"link_name":"PGM-19 Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter"},{"link_name":"PGM-19 Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter"},{"link_name":"PGM-19 Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter"},{"link_name":"PGM-19 Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-19_Jupiter"},{"link_name":"M465","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-465"},{"link_name":"Honest John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGR-1_Honest_John"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"Nike Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Hercules"},{"link_name":"M474","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113_Armored_Personnel_Carrier_variants"},{"link_name":"Pershing 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershing_1"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"Nike Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Hercules"}],"text":"M401 variant of FWD teracruser also M357\nM405 handling unit trailer Honest John\nM406 antenna trailer Nike\nM408 truck, 3⁄4-ton, 6 × 6\nM409 truck, 10-ton, 8 × 8\nXM410 truck, 21⁄2-ton, 8 x 8, Chrysler\nM411 truck shop van MGM-18 Lacrosse\nM412 truck shop van MGM-18 Lacrosse\nM416 trailer, cargo, 1⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled (G857) (1962)\nM416A1 Trailer, cargo, 1⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled, (1976)\nM416B1 Trailer, cargo, 1⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled\nM417 trailer, cargo, 1-ton (G875)\nM420 trailer, MGR-3 Little John rocket\nM422 'Mighty Mite' Truck, utility, lightweight, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G843) (1959)\nM422A1 'Mighty Mite' Truck, utility, lightweight, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (1960), 6 inch longer\nM423 ambulance, 11⁄2-ton 4 × 2, (G731)\nM424 trailer van, directors station (G789) Nike\nM425 truck, 5-ton, tractor, 4 x 2 (G671)\nM426 truck, 5-ton, tractor, 4 x 2 (G671)\nM427 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 18-foot, GMC, AFKWX-353\nM428 trailer van, radar tracking station, Nike\nM429 dolly, for Nike trailers\nM430 dolly, trailer, rear, for Nike trailers\nM431 dolly, trailer, front, for Nike trailers\nM432 dolly, trailer, rear, for Nike trailers\nM434 truck, cargo, 31⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nXM437 truck, cargo, 15-ton Le Tourneau-Westinghouse[1] (G860) – M520 Goer\nXM438 truck, fuel tanker, 5000-Gal, Le Tourneau-Westinghouse[1] (G860) – M520 Goer\nM442 truck, guided missile, rocket motor, Nike Hercules\nM443 truck, cargo, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, Willys mule\nM447 Semitrailer, Van, Shop, Folding Sides, 4-Wheel (G819)\nM447C Semitrailer, Van, Shop, Folding Sides, 4-Wheel\nM448 Trailer, Shop Van (M103A3 chassis) (G754)\nM451 truck, guided missile test set, Nike Hercules\nXM453E1 truck, cargo, 5-ton, 8 × 8, GMC\nXM453E2 truck, cargo, 5-ton, 8 × 8, Ford\nXM453E3 truck, cargo, 5-ton, 8 × 8, REO\nM454 trailer, chassis (G849)\nM455 trailer, low bed, 5-ton, (G842) PGM-19 Jupiter\nM456 trailer, chassis, 5-ton (G842) PGM-19 Jupiter\nM457 semitrailer, maintenance, weapon mechanical unit (G751)\nM458 semitrailer, maintenance, weapon electrical unit (G751)\nM459 semitrailer, maintenance, weapon connecting unit (G751)\nM460 trailer van, electronic, 5-ton (G842) PGM-19 Jupiter\nM461 trailer van, electronic, 3-ton (G842) PGM-19 Jupiter\nM463 trailer air conditioned, 11⁄2-ton (G871)\nM465 cart assembly, transport, 762mm rocket, Honest John\nM472 truck, van, missile firing data computer (G742) PGM-11 Redstone\nM473 truck, guided missile body section Nike Hercules\nM474 tracked carrier, guided missile equipment, Pershing 1 (G294)\nM477 truck, pneumatic shop, missile system, PGM-11 Redstone\nM478 truck, erector, guided missile, PGM-11 Redstone\nM479 trailer, missile battery shop, PGM-11 Redstone\nM480 trailer, missile body aft section, PGM-11 Redstone\nM481 semitrailer, missile warhead, PGM-11 Redstone\nM482 semitrailer, missile thrust unit, PGM-11 Redstone\nM483 trailer, air servicer, PGM-11 Redstone\nM484 semitrailer, supply office, PGM-11 Redstone\nM486 truck, missile repair parts, PGM-11 Redstone\nM487 trailer, missile repair parts, PGM-11 Redstone\nM488 truck, missile repair parts, PGM-11 Redstone\nM489 truck, missile nose section, Nike Hercules\nM499 semitrailer, van","title":"M400 to M499"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hawk missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_missile"},{"link_name":"MGM-18 Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"MGM-29 Sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-29_Sergeant"},{"link_name":"PGM-11 Redstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGM-11_Redstone"},{"link_name":"Dodge M37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_M37"},{"link_name":"MGM-18 Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"MGM-18 Lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-18_Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"M520 'Goer'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M520_Goer"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"MIM-46 Mauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-46_Mauler"},{"link_name":"M548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M548"},{"link_name":"M113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M113"},{"link_name":"Michigan Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Equipment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M551 'Sheridan'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M551_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"M553 'Goer'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M520_Goer"},{"link_name":"Le Tourneau-Westinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._LeTourneau#Move_into_manufacturing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoyleGoer-1"},{"link_name":"M559 'Goer'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M520_Goer"},{"link_name":"M561 'Gama Goat'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama_Goat"},{"link_name":"Canadair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"M578 Light Recovery Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M578_Light_Recovery_Vehicle"}],"text":"M501 loader transporter, Hawk missile\nM503 truck, shop van, MGM-18 Lacrosse\nM504 semitrailer, launch station, MGM-29 Sergeant\nM506 truck, hydrogen peroxide servicer, PGM-11 Redstone – Dodge M37\nM508 semitrailer, shop van, 6-ton, (G751)\nM512 Truck, shop van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G742)\nM513 truck, shop van, MGM-18 Lacrosse\nM514 Trailer, chassis, 1-ton, 2-wheeled, (G839)\nM515 truck, shop van, MGM-18 Lacrosse\nM518 trailer, transporter, (G842)\nM520 'Goer', Truck, Cargo, 8-ton, 4 × 4, articulated (G861)\nM520E1 Carrier, Cargo, Full-Track, 8-ton\nM521A1 Howitzer, self-propelled, full-track, air transportable, 105 mm\nM523E2 Truck, tractor, 25-ton (G868)\nM524 semitrailer, 55-ton, 8-wheel (G869)\nM527 semitrailer, low bed, 6-ton (G859)\nM528 dolly, load divider, 35-ton (G870)\nM529 trailer, low bed, 7-ton, missile, Nike (G858)\nM530 truck, fire, 6 × 6, (Kaiser jeep)\nM531 truck, amphibious, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, AMC, muskrat\nM532 trailer, field laundry,\nM533 trailer Bakery oven, 21⁄2-ton\nM535 truck, shop van, (G508)\nM536 trailer, laundry, 11⁄2-ton, (G867)\nM537 trailer, bakery, 21⁄2-ton, (G867)\nM538 trailer, dough mixer, (G867)\nM539 trailer, chassis, 6-ton, (G859)\nM543 Truck, Wrecker, medium, 5-ton, 6 × 6, Gas Engine (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM543A1 Truck, Wrecker, medium, 5-ton, 6 × 6, Mack Engine\nM543A2 Truck, Wrecker, medium, 5-ton, 6 × 6, Continental Engine\nXM545 trailer, chassis, 1-ton 2 wheel (G839)\nM546 carrier tracked, guided missile, MIM-46 Mauler\nM548 Carrier, Cargo, Full-Tracked, amphibious, 6-ton, (M113 power train)\nM548A1 Carrier, Cargo, Full-Tracked, 6-ton, (M113 power train)\nM548E1 Recovery vehicle, with welder kit, full-track, 6-ton, (1968)\nM549 quad trac, Michigan Equipment\nM551 'Sheridan' Armored Airborne Reconnaissance Assault Vehicle, f-t, 152 mm gun or Shillelagh, (entered US service 1969)\nM553 'Goer', Truck, Wrecker, 10-ton, 4 × 4, articulated, W/W (G861)\nM553E1 Truck, wrecker, 10-ton, 6 × 6\nXM554 Truck, wrecker, 20-ton, 4 × 4, Le Tourneau-Westinghouse[1] (G860)\nM555 semitrailer electronics van, 6-ton, 1-axle\nM556 semitrailer electronics shop van, 6-ton, 1-axle\nM557 semitrailer electronics van, 10-ton, 2-axle\nM558 semitrailer electronics van, 10-ton, 2-axle\nM559 'Goer', Truck, Fuel Servicing, 2500 gal., 4 × 4, articulated (G861)\nM561 'Gama Goat' Truck, Cargo, 11⁄4-ton, 6 × 6 (G874)\nM564 trailer van, electronic shop, 9-ton (G789)\nM565 dolly, trailer, front, for M564 van\nM566 dolly, trailer, rear, for M564 van\nM567 truck van, electronic shop, 21⁄2-ton, (G742)\nM569 trailer, chassis, 1⁄4-ton, (G857)\nM571 carrier, utility, F-T, articulated, (G879), Canadair, Dynatrac\nM572 rocket handler, with M36 truck\nM573 dolly, front, launch control station, (G789) Nike\nXM574 Semitrailer, Van: Electronic, 10-ton, 2 axle, 4 wheel (G883)\nM577 Carrier, command post, light, full-track\nM578 Light Recovery Vehicle\nM580 trailer, chassis, 1-ton, (G881)\nM581 trailer, chassis, 11⁄2-ton, (G881)\nM582 trailer, van, 2-ton, (G789)\nM583 trailer, van, 2-ton, (G789)\nM584 dolly, trailer, front, (G789)\nM585 trailer, cargo, 1⁄4-ton,\nM586 semitrailer, water tank, 2,000-Gal. (G882)\nM589 dolly, trailer, front, electronic, (G789)\nM595 dolly, trailer, front, antenna, (G789)\nM598 tracked cargo carrier, (G295)","title":"M500 to M599"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willys_MB#Post-war"},{"link_name":"M606A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willys_MB#Post-war"},{"link_name":"M606A3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willys_MB#Post-war"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M656","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M656"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"MGM-52 Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-52_Lance"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"},{"link_name":"M676","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Forward_Control#Military_variants"},{"link_name":"Kaiser Jeep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Jeep"},{"link_name":"FSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Stock_Number"},{"link_name":"M677","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Forward_Control#Military_variants"},{"link_name":"M678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Forward_Control#Military_variants"},{"link_name":"M679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep_Forward_Control#Military_variants"},{"link_name":"MGM-52 Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-52_Lance"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Nike"}],"text":"M600 Dolly, trailer, electric shop, rear\nM601 Truck, Power Wagon, US/CANADA air force use, 1-ton, 4 × 4 (G834)\nM602 Truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6; modified M35\nM603 Truck, 1⁄4-ton, utility 4 × 4 (G847)\nM604 Truck, cargo, 3⁄4-ton (G845)\nM605 Truck, cargo 21⁄2-ton (G846)\nM606 Truck, utility, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, modified CJ3B, (G395)\nM606A2 Truck, utility, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, modified CJ5\nM606A3 Truck, utility, radio, auxiliary 24v power supply, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4\nM607 Truck, tractor, 21⁄2-ton, (G835)\nM608 Truck, dump, 21⁄2-ton (G835)\nM609 Truck, shop van, 21⁄2-ton (G835)\nM610 Truck, water tank, 1000 Gal. 21⁄2-ton (G835)\nM611 Truck, gasoline tanker, 1,200-Gal (G835)\nM612 Truck, van expansible (G835)\nM613 Truck, instrument repair shop (G835)\nM614 Truck, dump (G835)\nM615 Truck, Ambulance, 1-ton, 4 × 4 (G834)\nM616 Truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G835)\nM617 Truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G835)\nM618 Truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G835)\nM619 Truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G835)\nM620 Truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G835)\nM621 Truck, cargo, export to Norway, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, 11:00 × 20 (G900) – M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM622 Truck, fuel tank, export to Norway, engine flame heater kit, 6 × 6 (G900)\nM623 Truck, van, export to Norway, compressed air diff-lock on 3 axles (G900)\nM624 Truck, dump, export to Norway, (details apply to all 4 trucks) (G900)\nM625 trailer, water tank, 400-Gal. (G877)\nM626 truck, tractor 10-ton, (G792)\nM627 semitrailer, tank transporter, jointed, 521⁄2-ton, (G902)\nXM654 Semitrailer, Van: Telemetry Equipment, 10-ton, 2-axle, 4-wheel (G883)\nM656 Truck, cargo, 5-ton, 8 × 8, Ford (G852)\nM657 trailer, van radar simulator test station, (G789) Nike\nM667 Launcher-transporter, Lance Guided Missile, f-t, armor, (1964) MGM-52 Lance\nM671 semitrailer, van, maintenance, 6-ton (G859)\nM672 semitrailer, van, maintenance, 6-ton (G859)\nM674 Semitrailer, low-bed, 15-ton, 4-wheel (G884) Nike system\nM676 truck, cargo, pickup, Kaiser Jeep – FSN 2320-889-2004\nM677 truck, cargo, pickup, 4-door, Kaiser Jeep – FSN 2320-889-2005\nM678 truck, carry all, Kaiser Jeep – FSN 2320-889-2006\nM679 truck, ambulance, Kaiser Jeep – FSN 2320-889-2007\nXM680 Semitrailer, Van: Electronic Equipment, 10-ton, 2-axle, 4-wheel (G883)\nM681 semitrailer, van, 15-ton, 4-wheel\nM682 semitrailer, van, transmittal radar, 15-ton, 4-wheel, (G884)\nM683 semitrailer, van, control radar, 15-ton, 4-wheel, (G884)\nM684 semitrailer, van, heat exchanger, 15-ton, 4-wheel, (G884)\nM688 loader transporter, MGM-52 Lance\nM689 Dolly Set, Lift, Transportable Shelter (G889); includes M690 and M691\nM690 Dolly, trailer, front\nM691 Dolly, trailer, rear\nM696 tracked recovery vehicle, light, (M548 chassis)\nM699 dolly trailer, rear, (G789) Nike","title":"M600 to M699"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pacific Car and Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paccar"},{"link_name":"Cadillac Gage Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac_Gage_Commando"},{"link_name":"Dodge M37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_M37"},{"link_name":"Dodge M37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_M37"},{"link_name":"M715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Jeep_M715"},{"link_name":"M718","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M151#Variants"},{"link_name":"M718A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M151#Variants"},{"link_name":"M724","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Jeep_M715#Jeep_M715_Series"},{"link_name":"M725","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Jeep_M715#Jeep_M715_Series"},{"link_name":"M726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Jeep_M715#Jeep_M715_Series"},{"link_name":"Hawk missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_missile"},{"link_name":"M728 Combat Engineer Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M728_Combat_Engineer_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"MIM-72 Chaparral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-72_Chaparral"},{"link_name":"M733","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M116_Husky#Variants"},{"link_name":"Chevrolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet"},{"link_name":"MGM-52 Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-52_Lance"},{"link_name":"M163 VADS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M163_VADS"},{"link_name":"Armored vehicle-launched bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_vehicle-launched_bridge"},{"link_name":"HETT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HETT"},{"link_name":"HETT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HETT"},{"link_name":"M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M39_series_5-ton_6%C3%976_truck"},{"link_name":"MGM-52 Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-52_Lance"},{"link_name":"Hawk missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_missile"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M757","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M656"},{"link_name":"U.S. Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Steel"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M35_series_2%C2%BD-ton_6x6_cargo_truck"},{"link_name":"Pershing 1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershing_1a"},{"link_name":"M791 Truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M656"},{"link_name":"M561 Gama Goat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gama_Goat"},{"link_name":"HETT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Equipment_Transport_System"}],"text":"M701 Mechanized infantry combat vehicle, Pacific Car and Foundry\nM705 truck, cargo, 11⁄4-ton, (G905), Chevrolet\nM706 Car, armored, light, (V-100 Cadillac Gage Commando)\nM707 dolly, set transportable shelter\nXM708 truck, dump, 3⁄4-ton (G741) – Dodge M37\nM709 trailer, stake/platform, 3⁄4-ton\nM710 scooter, rough terrain\nXM711 truck, wrecker, 3⁄4-ton, (G741) – Dodge M37\nM712 trailer, aircraft loading, 31⁄2-ton\nM713 motor scooter,\nM714 tractor, flat bed, tilt loading, 6-ton\nM715 Truck, cargo, troops, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G890)\nM716 Trailer, Maintenance: Telephone Cable Splicer, 1⁄4-ton (G857)\nM718 Truck, ambulance, front-line, 1/4-ton, 4 × 4\nM718A1 Truck, ambulance, front-line, 1⁄4-ton, (1970)\nM720 Dolly Set, Lift, Transportable Shelter: 3-Ton (G898); includes M721, M722\nM721 dolly, front\nM722 dolly, rear\nM723 mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (FMC)\nM724 Truck, Cab and chassis, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (G890)\nM725 Truck, Ambulance, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/o winch (G890)\nM726 Truck, Maintenance, 11⁄4-ton, NSN 2320-921-6379, w/winch (G890)\nM727 carrier, guided missile, Hawk missile\nM728 Combat Engineer Vehicle\nM729 tank, combat assault vehicle, (M116 Husky)\nM730 Carrier, self-propelled, guided missile, MIM-72 Chaparral, Sidewinder × 4\nM732 Carrier, self-propelled, Vulcan gun, f-t, armor, (M113A1 chassis)\nM733 carrier, cargo, amphibious, f-t, (M116 Husky)\nM734 mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (FMC)\nM737 truck, ambulance, 11⁄4-ton, Chevrolet (G905)\nXM738 Semitrailer, Van: Telephone Equipment, 6-ton, 4-Wheel (G883)\nXM739 Semitrailer, Van: Switchboard Equipment, 6-ton, 4-Wheel (G883)\nM740 trailer, missile launcher, MGM-52 Lance\nM741 carrier, M163 VADS\nM742 armored recovery vehicle, (MBT-70)\nM743 Armored vehicle-launched bridge, (MBT-70)\nM745 combat engineer vehicle, (MBT-70)\nM746 Truck, Tractor, Heavy Equipment Transporter (HET), 221⁄2-ton, 8 × 8 (G903) – HETT\nM747 Semi-Trailer, Low Bed, Heavy Equipment Transporter, 60-ton (G904) – HETT\nM748 Truck, Bolster (or Logging), 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G744) – M39 series 5-ton 6×6 truck\nM749 semitrailer, shop van, 6-ton, (G819)\nM750 Semitrailer, Van, Repair Parts Storage, 6-ton, 4-Wheel (G819)\nM751A2 truck, bolster, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6\nM752 carrier, missile launcher, MGM-52 Lance\nM753 motor scooter, rough terrain\nM754 carrier, missile launcher, Hawk missile\nM755 Carrier, 81-mm Mortar: (M116 Husky)\nM756 truck, Maintenance, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, Pipeline Construction, with winch (G742)- M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM756A2 truck, Maintenance, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, Pipeline Construction, with winch (multifuel)- M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM757 truck, tractor, 5-ton, 8 × 8, (G852)\nM759 carrier, cargo, 11⁄2-ton, f-t (G353)\nM761 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, U.S. Steel\nM762 Trailer, chassis, 3⁄4-ton, 2-wheeled, (1970)\nM763 truck, Maintenance, Telephone (G742)- M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM764 truck, Maintenance, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, Earthboring Machine & Pole Sitter with Winch (G742)- M35 series 2½-ton 6x6 cargo truck\nM765 mechanized infantry combat vehicle, (FMC)\nM766 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6 (G901)\nM767 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM768 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM769 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM770 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM771 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM772 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM773 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM774 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM775 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM776 truck, tanker, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM777 truck, chassis, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM778 truck, cargo, dropside, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM779 truck, fuel tanker, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM780 truck, water tanker, 1000-Gal. 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM781 truck, shop van, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM782 truck, instrument repair shop, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM783 truck, tractor, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM784 truck, dump, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM785 truck, bolster, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM786 truck, pole derrick, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM787 truck, telephone maintenance, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM788 truck, auger, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6, (G901)\nM789 trailer, flat bed tilt loading, 3⁄4-ton (G907)\nM790 Trailer Erector Launcher Guided Missile, Pershing 1a\nM791 Truck, Expandable Van, 5-ton, 8 × 8 (G852)\nM792 Truck, Ambulance, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (G874) – M561 Gama Goat\nM793 semitrailer, tank transporter, jointed, 52.5-ton, HETT\nM794 trailer, field laundry, 4-ton,\nM795 trailer, dough mixer, 4-ton,\nM796 trailer, bolster, 4-ton (G882)\nM798 Trailer, Bolster","title":"M700 to M799"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XM800 Armored Reconnaissance Scout Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM800_Armored_Reconnaissance_Scout_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Nike Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Hercules"},{"link_name":"M803 tank combat, 152mm gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM803"},{"link_name":"Lockheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation"},{"link_name":"AM General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_General"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M816_Wrecker"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M809_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M825","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M151_MUTT#Variants"},{"link_name":"MIM-104 Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot"},{"link_name":"MIM-104 Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot"},{"link_name":"M877 'Goer'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M520_Goer"},{"link_name":"M880/M890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUCV#Dodge_M800_Series"}],"text":"XM800 Armored Reconnaissance Scout Vehicle, (Lockheed-6 × 6.), (FMC-tracked)\nM802 Trailer, electric shop, radar course direct central, Nike Hercules\nM803 tank combat, 152mm gun\nM805 Dolly set, (used by M802)\nM806 tank recovery vehicle, (M113 chassis)\nM807 tank recovery vehicle, (M113 chassis)\nM808 combat vehicle, articulated, Twister, Lockheed\nM809 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 LWB, AM General (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM810 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 SWB (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM811 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 XLWB (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM812 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 XLWB (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM813 Truck, Cargo: 5-ton, 6 x 6 LWB (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM813A1 Truck, Cargo Dropside, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM814 Truck, Cargo: 5-ton, 6 × 6, XLWB (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM815 Truck, Bolster: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM816 Truck, Wrecker: 5-ton, 6 × 6, Cummins 250 Engine (G908)\nM817 Truck, Dump: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM818 Truck, Tractor: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM819 Truck, Tractor: 5-ton, 6 × 6, Wrecker (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM820 Truck, Van: 5-ton, 6 × 6, Expansible (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM821 Truck, Stake: Bridge Transporter, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (G908) – M809 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nXM822 Semitrailer, Van: Petroleum Testing Laborator, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel\nXM823 Semitrailer, Van: Teletype Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel (G883)\nXM824 Semitrailer, Van: Cryptographic Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel (G883)\nM825 Truck, recoilless rifle, 106 mm, 1⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, (1970)\nM829 dolly set (G889); includes M830 and M831\nM830 dolly set, front\nM831 dolly set, rear\nM832 Dolly Set, Lift, Transportable Shelter: 51⁄4-Ton\nM840 Dolly Set, Lift, Transportable Shelter: 41⁄2-Ton\nXM844 Semitrailer, Van: On-Line Electronic Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel\nXM845 Semitrailer, Van: Off-Line Electronic Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel\nXM847 Semitrailer, Van: Digital Terminal No. 1 Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel\nXM848 Semitrailer, Van: Digital Terminal No. 2 Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel\nXM849 Semitrailer, Van: Secure Voice-Dlectronic Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel\nXM850 Semitrailer, Van: Voice Switch Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel\nM857 Semitrailer, tank, fuel, 5,000 gal, 4-wheel\nM860 semitrailer, flat bed, radar set, and M901 launcher MIM-104 Patriot\nM869 semitrailer, launcher, MIM-104 Patriot\nM870 Semitrailer, Low Bed, 40-ton\nM871 Semitrailer, Tactical, Dual Purpose Breakbulk / Container Transporter, 221⁄2-Ton\nM872 Semitrailer, Tactical, Dual Purpose Breakbulk / Container Transporter, 34 Ton; extended M870\nM876 telephone truck, auger/derrick\nM877 'Goer', Truck, Cargo, 8-ton, 4 × 4, articulated, with crane\nM878 Truck, Tractor, 5-ton, 4 × 2, Yard Type\nM880/M890 Pickups, (1976) (Early CUCV)\nM880 – 4×4 pickup\nM881 – M880 fitted with additional 100-amp 24-volt generator\nM882 – M881 fitted with additional 60-amp 24-volt generator and communications equipment\nM883 – M881 fitted with slide-in shelter kit\nM884 – M880 fitted with 100-amp 24-volt generator and slide-in shelter kit with tie-downs\nM885 – M880 fitted with slide-in shelter kit with tie-downs\nM886 – M880 ambulance model\nM887 – M880 maintenance model\nM888 – M880 telephone maintenance model\nM890 – 4 × 2 pickup\nM891 – M890 fitted with additional 60-amp 24-volt generator\nM892 – M890 fitted with additional 60-amp 24-volt generator and communications kit\nM893 – M890 ambulance version","title":"M800 to M899"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M901 ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M901_ITV"},{"link_name":"M911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh_M911"},{"link_name":"HETT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HETT"},{"link_name":"M915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M915_(truck)"},{"link_name":"M915 (truck)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M915_(truck)"},{"link_name":"M915 (truck)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M915_(truck)"},{"link_name":"M915 (truck)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M915_(truck)"},{"link_name":"M915 (truck)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M915_(truck)"},{"link_name":"M915 (truck)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M915_(truck)"},{"link_name":"M915 (truck)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M915_(truck)"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M939_series_5-ton_6x6_truck"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"M970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M970"},{"link_name":"SUSV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUSV"},{"link_name":"MIM-104 Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot"},{"link_name":"MIM-104 Patriot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-104_Patriot"},{"link_name":"HEMTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEMTT"},{"link_name":"HEMTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEMTT"},{"link_name":"M981 FISTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M981_FISTV"},{"link_name":"HEMTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEMTT"},{"link_name":"HEMTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEMTT"},{"link_name":"HEMTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEMTT"},{"link_name":"HEMTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEMTT"},{"link_name":"HEMTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEMTT"},{"link_name":"HEMTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEMTT"},{"link_name":"Ground Launched Cruise Missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Launched_Cruise_Missile"},{"link_name":"M247 Sergeant York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M247_Sergeant_York"},{"link_name":"FAASV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAASV"},{"link_name":"M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M270_Multiple_Launch_Rocket_System"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"}],"text":"M901 ITV Vehicle, Improved TOW, Full Track\nM911 Truck, Tractor, Commercial, Heavy Equipment Transporter (C-HET), 221⁄2-ton, 8 x 6 – HETT\nXM912 Semitrailer, Van: Computer Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel\nXM913 Semitrailer, Van: Computer Equipment, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel\nM915 Truck, Tractor, Line Haul, 14-ton, 6 × 4 – M915 (truck)\nM916 Truck, Tractor, Light Equipment Transporter (LET), 6 × 6 w/winch – M915 (truck)\nM917 Truck Chassis, 8 × 6 (for 20-ton dump truck) – M915 (truck)\nM918 Truck Chassis, 6 × 6 (for 1500 gal bituminous distributor) – M915 (truck)\nM919 Truck Chassis, 8 × 6 (for concrete mobile mixer) – M915 (truck)\nM920 Truck, Tractor, Medium Equipment Transporter (MET), 20-ton, 8 × 6 w/winch – M915 (truck)\nM923 Truck, Cargo: 5-ton, 6 × 6 Dropside - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM924 Truck, Cargo: LWB, 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/o winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM925 Truck, Cargo: 5-ton, 6 × 6 Dropside (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM926 Truck, cargo, longbed, 5-ton, 6 × 6 - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM927 Truck, Cargo: 5-ton, 6 × 6 XLWB- M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM928 Truck, Cargo: 5-ton, 6 × 6 XLWB (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM929 Truck, Dump: 5-ton, 6 × 6 - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM930 Truck, Dump: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM931 Truck, Tractor: 5-ton, 6 × 6 - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM932 Truck, Tractor: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM933 Truck, Tractor: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM934 Truck, Van, Expansible: 5-ton, 6 × 6 XLWB - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM935 Truck, Van, Expansible: 5-ton, 6 × 6 XLWB, w/hydraulic lift gate - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM936 Truck, Medium Wrecker: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM939 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/winch)\nM940 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (w/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM941 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM942 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (XLWB) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM943 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 (XLWB W/winch) - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM944 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM944A1 truck, chassis, 5-ton, 6 × 6 Mobile shop equipped\nM945 Truck, Chassis: 5-ton, 6 × 6 - M939 series 5-ton 6x6 truck\nM963 truck, cargo, 21⁄2-ton, 6 × 6,\nM966A1 Truck, missile carrier, TOW, armor, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV)\nM967 Semitrailer, Tank, Bulk Haul, 5000 Gal., Self Load/Unload\nM969 Semitrailer, Tank, Fuel Dispensing, 5000 Gal. Automotive\nM970 Semitrailer, Tank, Fuel Dispensing, 5000 Gal. Under/Over Wing Aircraft\nXM971 Semitrailer, Van: Satellite Terminal, 10-Ton, 4-Wheel\nM972 semitrailer, tanker, water, 5.000-Gal.\nM973 carrier, cargo, f-t, (SUSV)\nM974 semitrailer, low bed, 12-ton, MIM-104 Patriot\nM975 carrier, launcher, f-t,\nM976 semitrailer, missile transport, MIM-104 Patriot\nM977 Truck, Cargo: 10-ton, 8 × 8, with Materiel Handling Crane – HEMTT\nM978 Truck, Tank: 10-ton, 8 × 8, Fuel Servicing, 2500 gallon – HEMTT\nM981 FISTV Carrier, Infantry, armored, full-track, (M113 chassis)\nM983 Truck, Tractor: 10-ton, 8 × 8 – HEMTT\nM984 Truck, Wrecker: 10-ton, Recovery, 8 × 8 – HEMTT\nM984A1 HEMTT Truck, Wrecker, 10-ton, 8 × 8, Recovery\nM984E1 HEMTT Truck, Wrecker, 10-ton, 8 × 8, Recovery\nM985 Truck, Cargo: 10-ton, 8 × 8, with HD Materiel Handling Crane – HEMTT\nM985W1 HEMTT Truck, Cargo, 10-ton, 8 × 8, with HD Materiel Handling Crane\nM986 semitrailer, transporter, erector/launcher, Ground Launched Cruise Missile\nM987 fighting vehicle system carrier\nM988 chassis, self-propelled, (M48A5), M247 Sergeant York\nM989 Heavy Expanded Mobility Ammunition Trailer (HEMAT), 11-ton\nM990 semitrailer, van, 6-ton,\nXM991 Semitrailer, Van: Repair Facility, 10 ton, 2 axle, 4 wheel\nM992 carrier, ammunition, (FAASV), (M109A2 chassis)\nM993 M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System\nXM995 Semitrailer, Van: Test Station, 10 ton, 2 axle, 4 wheel\nM996 truck, ambulance, 4 × 4, armored, 2-litter,(HMMWV)\nM997 Truck, ambulance, 4-litter, armor, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (HMMWV)\nM997A1 Truck, ambulance, 4-litter, armor, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (HMMWV)\nM998 Truck, cargo, personnel, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV)\nM998A1 Truck, cargo, personnel, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV)","title":"M900 to M999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HETT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HETT"},{"link_name":"M1001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1001"},{"link_name":"M1002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1002"},{"link_name":"Roland missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_missile"},{"link_name":"Pershing II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershing_II"},{"link_name":"M1008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUCV#CUCV_1"},{"link_name":"M1009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUCV"},{"link_name":"M1013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1013"},{"link_name":"M1014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAN_KAT1#US_military"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"CUCV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUCV"},{"link_name":"M1030M1 Motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_motorcycle#Hayes_Diversified_Technologies_M1030M1"},{"link_name":"CUCV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUCV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"Fast Attack Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Attack_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Fast Attack Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Attack_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"LAV-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAV-25"},{"link_name":"FAASV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAASV"},{"link_name":"ROBAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROBAT"},{"link_name":"M1064 mortar carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1064_mortar_carrier"},{"link_name":"M1070","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh_M1070"},{"link_name":"HETT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HETT"},{"link_name":"Palletized Load System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palletized_Load_System"},{"link_name":"Palletized Load System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palletized_Load_System"},{"link_name":"Palletized Load System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palletized_Load_System"},{"link_name":"Palletized load system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palletized_load_system"},{"link_name":"M1078","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1078"},{"link_name":"LMTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMTV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMMWV"},{"link_name":"M1097 Avenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1097_Avenger"}],"text":"M1000 Semitrailer, Low Bed, 70-ton, Rear Loading – HETT\nM1001 Truck, Tractor, 10-Ton, 8 × 8, MAN (w/crane)\nM1002 Truck, Wrecker, 10-Ton, 8 × 8, MAN w/crane\nM1005 semitrailer,electronic, 6-ton, 1-axle Roland missile\nM1006 Semitrailer, Van, Electronic NBC, 6 Ton\nM1007 semitrailer, van, electronic, 6-ton Pershing II\nM1008 Truck, cargo, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, NSN 2320-01-123-6827\nM1008A1 Truck, cargo, communications kit, 100amp/24v, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (CUCV)\nM1009 Truck, utility, 3⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, NSN 2320-01-123-2665 (CUCV)\nM1010 Truck, ambulance, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, NSN 2320-01-123-2666 (CUCV)\nM1013 truck, tractor, 10-ton, 8 × 8, MAN (w/crane)\nM1014 truck, tractor, 10-ton, 8 × 8, MAN (w/o crane), NSN 2320-12-191-5425\nM1015 carrier, cargo, f-t, ballistic protected shelter\nM1022 Dolly Set, Lift, Transportable Shelter: 71⁄2-Ton\nM1025A1 Truck, armament carrier, armor, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV)\nM1026A1 Truck, armament carrier, armor, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/winch (HMMWV)\nM1028 Truck, shelter carrier, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, NSN 2320-01-123-5077 CUCV\nM1028A1 Truck, shelter carrier, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, PTO capability\nM1028A2 Truck, shelter carrier, 11⁄2-ton, 4 × 4, PTO, dual rear wheels\nM1028A3 Truck, shelter carrier, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, dual rear wheels\nM1028FF Truck, firefighting, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, dual rear wheels\nM1030M1 Motorcycle\nM1031 Truck, chassis, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, PTO capability (contact truck) CUCV\nM1032 Semitrailer van guided missile repair parts: (PATRIOT)\nM1034 trailer, flatbed, 5-ton\nM1035A1 Truck, ambulance, 2-litter, soft-top, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4 (HMMWV)\nM1036 truck, Truck, missile carrier, TOW, supplemental armor, 4 × 4, w/winch (HMMWV)\nM1037 truck, shelter carrier, 4 × 4, (S-250 shelter)\nM1038A1 Truck, cargo, personnel, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV)\nM1040 Fast Attack Vehicle, 4 × 2\nM1041 Fast Attack Vehicle, 4 × 2, w/TOW\nM1042 truck, shelter carrier, 4 × 4, w/winch, (S-250 shelter)\nM1043A1 Truck, armament carrier, supplemental armor, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV)\nM1044A1 Truck, armament carrier, supplemental armor, 4 × 4, w/winch (HMMWV)\nM1045A1 Truck, missile carrier, TOW, supplemental armor, 4 × 4, w/o winch (HMMWV)\nM1046A1 Truck, missile carrier, TOW, supplemental armor, 4 × 4, w/winch (HMMWV)\nM1047 armored car, 8 × 8, LAV-25\nM1048 trailer, flatbed, 6-ton\nM1050 carrier, ammunition, FAASV\nM1059 carrier, smoke generator, (M113 chassis)\nM1060 remote engineer vehicle, ROBAT (modified M60 tank)\nM1061 Trailer, flatbed, 5 ton, 4 × 4, XM1061A1\nM1062 Semitrailer, Tank: Fuel, 7500 Gal., 2-Axle\nXM1063 Semitrailer, Van: Electronic Tactical, 12-Ton, 4-Wheel\nM1064 mortar carrier, equipped with M121 120 mm mortar\nM1065 carrier, command post, f-t, 1.5-ton (M973 series)\nM1066 carrier, ambulance, f-t, 1.5-ton (M973 series)\nM1067 carrier, cargo, f-t, 1.5-ton (M973 series)\nM1069 truck, tractor, prime mover, light artillery,(M119 105mm)\nM1070 tractor, 8 × 8, HETT\nM1073 trailer, flat bed, general purpose, 7.5-ton\nM1074 Truck, Palletized Loading, 10 × 10 with Material Handling Crane and 20K winch – Palletized Load System\nM1075 Truck, Palletized Loading, 10 x 10 w/o Material Handling Crane – Palletized Load System\nM1076 Palletized Load System Trailer (PLST) – Palletized Load System\nM1077 truck, flatrack, Palletized load system, (PLST)\nM1078 2.5-ton Cargo Truck, (LMTV)\nM1079 2.5-ton Van\nM1080 2.5-ton Chassis\nM1081 2.5-ton Cargo Truck LVAD LAPES/AD\nM1082 2.5-ton Trailer\nM1083 5-ton Cargo Truck\nM1084 5-ton Cargo Truck with MHE\nM1085 5-ton Long-wheelbase Cargo Truck\nM1086 5-ton Long-wheelbase Cargo Truck with MHE\nM1087 5-ton Expansible Van\nM1088 5-ton Tractor\nM1089 5-ton Wrecker\nM1090 5-ton Dump Truck\nM1091 5-ton Fuel Truck\nM1092 Truck, Chassis 5-ton\nM1093 5-ton Cargo Truck LVAD LAPES/AD\nM1094 5-ton Dump Truck LVAD LAPES/AD\nM1095 5-ton Trailer\nM1096 5-ton Long-wheelbase Chassis\nM1097A1 Truck, HMMWV, variant, heavy, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4\nM1097A2 Truck, HMMWV, maintenance, heavy, 11⁄4-ton, 4 × 4\nM1097 Avenger, short-range air defense system\nM1098 5000 gallon semitrailer","title":"M1000 to M1099"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M120 120 mm mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M120_120_mm_mortar"},{"link_name":"M1108 Universal Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variants_of_the_M113_armored_personnel_carrier"},{"link_name":"M1109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee#Expanded_capacity"},{"link_name":"M1113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee#Expanded_capacity"},{"link_name":"M1117 Armored Security Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1117_Armored_Security_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"V-100 Commando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-100_Commando"},{"link_name":"M1120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1120_HEMTT_Load_Handling_System"},{"link_name":"ICV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1126_Infantry_Carrier_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker"},{"link_name":"RV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1127_Reconnaissance_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker"},{"link_name":"MGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1128_Mobile_Gun_System"},{"link_name":"Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1129_Mortar_Carrier"},{"link_name":"Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker"},{"link_name":"CV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1130_Commander%27s_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker"},{"link_name":"FSV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1131_Fire_Support_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker"},{"link_name":"ESV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1132_Engineer_Squad_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker"},{"link_name":"MEV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1133_Medical_Evacuation_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker"},{"link_name":"ATGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1134_Anti-Tank_Guided_Missile_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker"},{"link_name":"NBCRV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1135_Nuclear,_Biological,_Chemical,_Reconnaissance_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Stryker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker"},{"link_name":"FMTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Medium_Tactical_Vehicles#Variants"},{"link_name":"HIMARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIMARS"},{"link_name":"HEMTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck#HEMTT_models"},{"link_name":"M1120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1120"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee#Variants"},{"link_name":"USAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"FAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_air_control"},{"link_name":"FMTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Medium_Tactical_Vehicles#Variants"},{"link_name":"FMTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Medium_Tactical_Vehicles#Variants"},{"link_name":"M1150 Assault breacher vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1150_Assault_Breacher_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Up-Armored Capable HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1151"},{"link_name":"Up-Armored Capable HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1151"},{"link_name":"FMTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Medium_Tactical_Vehicles#Variants"},{"link_name":"HEMTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_Expanded_Mobility_Tactical_Truck#HEMTT_models"},{"link_name":"M1120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1120"},{"link_name":"FMTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Medium_Tactical_Vehicles#Variants"},{"link_name":"MEADS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEADS"},{"link_name":"Growler (vehicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growler_(jeep)"},{"link_name":"Growler (vehicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growler_(jeep)"},{"link_name":"Growler (vehicle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growler_(jeep)"},{"link_name":"Up-Armored HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee#M1113_Expanded_Capacity_Vehicle_(ECV)"},{"link_name":"TOW HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee#M1113_Expanded_Capacity_Vehicle_(ECV)"},{"link_name":"HMMWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee"}],"text":"M1100 trailer, for M120 120 mm mortar\nM1101 trailer, cargo, light, (for HMMWV)\nM1102 trailer, cargo, heavy, (for HMMWV)\nM1103 trailer, chassis, (for HMMWV)\nM1108 Universal Carrier, armoured carrier based on the M113\nM1109 HMMWV 4 × 4 weapon carrier\nM1112 Trailer, Tank, Water: 400 gallon, 11⁄2-ton, 8-wheel (Water Buffalo)\nM1113 HMMWV 4 × 4 utility vehicle\nM1114 HMMWV 4 × 4 weapon carrier with improved armour protection\nM1115 HMMWV 4 × 4 self-propelled TOW missile launcher\nM1116 4 × 4 armoured security vehicle\nM1117 Armored Security Vehicle, Guardian, 4 × 4 armoured security vehicle based on the V-100 Commando,\nM1120 HEMTT Load Handling System (LHS)\nM1121 HMMWV 4 × 4 self-propelled TOW missile launcher\nM1123 HMMWV 4 × 4 utility vehicle,\nM1124\nM1125\nM1126 ICV version of the Stryker\nM1127 RV version of the Stryker\nM1128 MGS version of the Stryker\nM1129 MC version of the Stryker\nM1130 CV version of the Stryker\nM1131 FSV version of the Stryker\nM1132 ESV version of the Stryker\nM1133 MEV version of the Stryker\nM1134 ATGM version of the Stryker\nM1135 NBCRV version of the Stryker\nM1136\nM1137\nM1138\nM1139\nM1140 FMTV 5-Ton truck version for the HIMARS launcher system\nM1141\nM1142 HEMTT Tactical Fire Fighting Truck based on the (M1120)\nM1143\nM1144\nM1145 HMMWV version for USAF FAC duties\nM1146\nM1147 FMTV Load Handling System Trailer\nXM1148 FMTV 8.8-Ton load handling system truck\nM1149\nM1150 Assault breacher vehicle based on the M1 Abrams\nM1151 Up-Armored Capable HMMWV Enhanced Armament Carrier\nM1152 Up-Armored Capable HMMWV Enhanced Troop/Cargo/Shelter Carrier\nM1153\nM1154\nM1155\nM1156\nM1157 FMTV 10-Ton dump truck\nM1158 HEMTT water tender version of the (M1120)\nM1159\nM1160 FMTV 10-Ton truck variant for MEADS system\nM1161 Growler (vehicle) light support vehicle,\nM1162 Growler (vehicle) trailer, canceled\nM1163 Growler (vehicle) light support vehicle, Prime mover,\nM1164 ammunition trailer\nM1165 Up-Armored HMMWV\nM1166\nM1167 TOW HMMWV\nM1168\nM1169\nM1170\nM1171\nM1172\nM1173\nM1174\nM1175\nM1176\nM1177\nM1178\nM1179\nM1180\nM1181\nM1182\nM1183\nM1184\nM1185\nM1186\nM1187\nM1188\nM1189\nM1190\nM1191\nM1192\nM1193\nM1194\nM1195\nM1196\nM1197 HMMWV Field Litter Ambulance (Air Force)\nM1198\nM1199","title":"M1100 to M1199"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armored Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1200_Armored_Knight"},{"link_name":"FCSMGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems_Manned_Ground_Vehicles#Reconnaissance_and_Surveillance_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"FCSMGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems_Manned_Ground_Vehicles#Mounted_Combat_System"},{"link_name":"FCSMGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems_Manned_Ground_Vehicles#Non-Line-of-Sight_Cannon"},{"link_name":"FCSMGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems_Manned_Ground_Vehicles#Non-Line-of-Sight_Mortar"},{"link_name":"FCSMGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems_Manned_Ground_Vehicles#Recovery_and_Maintenance_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"FCSMGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems_Manned_Ground_Vehicles#Infantry_Carrier_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"FCSMGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems_Manned_Ground_Vehicles#XM1207/8_Medical_vehicle"},{"link_name":"FCSMGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems_Manned_Ground_Vehicles#XM1207/8_Medical_vehicle"},{"link_name":"FCSMGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_Combat_Systems_Manned_Ground_Vehicles#Command_and_Control_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"ECV 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee"},{"link_name":"ECV 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee"},{"link_name":"ECV 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee"},{"link_name":"ECV 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee"},{"link_name":"Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Unmanned_Ground_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifunctional_Utility/Logistics_and_Equipment"},{"link_name":"Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifunctional_Utility/Logistics_and_Equipment"},{"link_name":"Armed Robotic Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Robotic_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Caiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Caiman"},{"link_name":"RG-33L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-33"},{"link_name":"MaxxPro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_MaxxPro"},{"link_name":"ECV 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humvee"},{"link_name":"RG-33L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-33"},{"link_name":"RG-33L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-33"},{"link_name":"RG-33L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-33"},{"link_name":"Caiman TVS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Caiman"},{"link_name":"Husky VMMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Husky_VMMD"},{"link_name":"RG-33L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-33"},{"link_name":"RG-33L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-33"},{"link_name":"MaxxPro Plus MRAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_MaxxPro#MaxxPro_Plus"},{"link_name":"MaxxPro Dash/Dash DXM MRAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_MaxxPro#MaxxPro_Dash_M1235A1"},{"link_name":"RG-31A3 (EM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-31_Nyala"},{"link_name":"RG-33L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-33#Design"},{"link_name":"RG-33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-33#Design"},{"link_name":"RG-33L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-33#Design"},{"link_name":"M-ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh_M-ATV"},{"link_name":"RG-31 Mk5E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-31_Nyala"},{"link_name":"SOCOM M-ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh_M-ATV#Production_and_refurbishment"},{"link_name":"6X6 MTV Caiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Caiman"},{"link_name":"Maxxpro 6X6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_MaxxPro#MRV"},{"link_name":"FSVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker#Double_V-Hull"},{"link_name":"MCVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker#Double_V-Hull"},{"link_name":"ATVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker#Double_V-Hull"},{"link_name":"MEVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker#Double_V-Hull"},{"link_name":"CVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker#Double_V-Hull"},{"link_name":"ICVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker#Double_V-Hull"},{"link_name":"ESVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker#Double_V-Hull"},{"link_name":"RG-31 Mk5E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RG-31_Nyala"},{"link_name":"Buffalo A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_(mine_protected_vehicle)#Variants"},{"link_name":"FMTV 10-ton chassis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Medium_Tactical_Vehicles#Variants"},{"link_name":"WIN-T Soldier Network Extension (SNE)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_WIN-T#WIN-T_Increment_2"},{"link_name":"WIN-T Point of Presence (PoP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PM_WIN-T#WIN-T_Increment_2"},{"link_name":"M-ATV fitted with M153 CROWS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshkosh_M-ATV#Production_and_refurbishment"},{"link_name":"Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Heavy Guns Carrier (HGC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Light_Tactical_Vehicle#Versions"},{"link_name":"Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Utility (Utl)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Light_Tactical_Vehicle#Versions"},{"link_name":"Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) General Purpose (GP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Light_Tactical_Vehicle#Versions"},{"link_name":"Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Close Combat Weapons Carrier (CCWC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Light_Tactical_Vehicle#Versions"},{"link_name":"General Purpose (GP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Multi-Purpose_Vehicle#Variants"},{"link_name":"Medical Evacuation Vehicle (MEV)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Multi-Purpose_Vehicle#Variants"},{"link_name":"Medical Treatment Vehicle (MTV)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Multi-Purpose_Vehicle#Variants"},{"link_name":"Mission Command (MCmd)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Multi-Purpose_Vehicle#Variants"},{"link_name":"Mortar Carrier Vehicle (MCV)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Multi-Purpose_Vehicle#Variants"},{"link_name":"Ground Mobility Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_Flyer"},{"link_name":"Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Trailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Light_Tactical_Vehicle_(JLTV)_Trailer"},{"link_name":"Dragoon (ICVD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryker#30mm_cannon"},{"link_name":"Army Ground Mobility Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Ground_Mobility_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Extended Range Cannon Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1299"}],"text":"M1200 Armored Knight\nM1201 FCSMGV RSV\nM1202 FCSMGV MCS\nM1203 FCSMGV NLOS-C\nM1204 FCSMGV NLOS-M\nM1205 FCSMGV RMV\nM1206 FCSMGV ICV\nM1207 FCSMGV ME-V\nM1208 FCSMGV ME-T\nM1209 FCSMGV C2V\nM1210\nM1211 ECV 2 Command and Control\nM1212 ECV 2 Armament Carrier\nM1213 ECV 2 Shelter/Troop Carrier\nM1214 ECV 2 TOW Weapons Carrier\nM1215\nM1216 Small Unmanned Ground Vehicle\nM1217 Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment\nM1218 Multifunctional Utility/Logistics and Equipment\nM1219 Armed Robotic Vehicle\nM1220 Caiman 6X6 MRAP MRPV\nM1221 RG-33L USMC 6X6 MRAP\nM1222\nM1223\nM1224 MaxxPro\nM1225 ECV 2 Ambulance\nM1226 RG-33L 6x6 MMPV Panther Mine Resistant Vehicle Engineer\nM1227 RG-33L 6X6 MMPV Panther Mine Resistant Vehicle EOD\nM1228\nM1229 RG-33L 6X6 MMPV Prophet Signals Intelligence vehicle\nM1230 Caiman TVS\nM1231 Husky VMMD\nM1232 RG-33L 6X6 MRAP\nM1233 RG-33L 6X6 Ambulance MRAP\nM1234 MaxxPro Plus MRAP\nM1235 MaxxPro Dash/Dash DXM MRAP\nM1236 RG-31A3 (EM) MRAP\nM1237 RG-33L Plus MRAP 6X6\nM1238 RG-33 SOCOM MRAP 4X4\nM1239 RG-33L SOCOM AUV 6X6\nM1240 M-ATV\nM1241 RG-31 Mk5E MRAP\nM1242\nM1243\nM1244\nM1245 SOCOM M-ATV SOCOM version of the M1240\nM1246\nM1247\nM1248 6X6 MTV Caiman\nM1249 Maxxpro 6X6 MaxxPro 6X6 recovery vehicle\nM1250 Tilt Deck Recovery Trailer (TDRT)\nM1251 FSVV\nM1252 MCVV\nM1253 ATVV\nM1254 MEVV\nM1255 CVV\nM1256 ICVV\nM1257 ESVV\nM1258\nM1259\nM1260\nM1261\nM1262\nM1263\nM1264\nM1265\nM1266 MaxxPro Long Wheel Base (LWB) Ambulance\nM1267\nM1268 Light Engineer Utility Trailer (LEUT) Type I\nM1269 LEUT Type II\nM1270 RG-31 Mk5E Medium Mine Protected Vehicle (MMPV) Type II\nM1271 Hydrema 910 mine clearing vehicle\nM1272 Buffalo A2\nM1273 FMTV 10-ton chassis\nM1274 M-ATV Key Leader Vehicles (KLV), WIN-T Soldier Network Extension (SNE)\nM1275\nM1276 M-ATV Key Leader Vehicles (KLV), WIN-T Point of Presence (PoP)\nM1277 M-ATV fitted with M153 CROWS\nM1278 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Heavy Guns Carrier (HGC)\nM1279 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Utility (Utl)\nM1280 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) General Purpose (GP)\nM1281 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Close Combat Weapons Carrier (CCWC)\nM1282\nM1283 General Purpose (GP)\nM1284 Medical Evacuation Vehicle (MEV)\nM1285 Medical Treatment Vehicle (MTV)\nM1286 Mission Command (MCmd)\nM1287 Mortar Carrier Vehicle (MCV)\nM1288 Ground Mobility Vehicle (GMV 1.1)\nM1289 Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) Trailer \nM1290\nM1291\nM1292\nM1293\nM1294\nM1295\nM1296 Dragoon (ICVD)\nM1297 Army Ground Mobility Vehicle (AGMV 1.1)\nM1298\nM1299 Extended Range Cannon Artillery","title":"M1200 to M1299"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M1300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oshkosh_M1300&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"EHETS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EHETS&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Infantry Squad Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_Squad_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"EHETS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EHETS&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"M1300 tractor, 8 × 8, EHETS\nM1301 Infantry Squad Vehicle (ISV)\nM1302 semi-trailer, tank transporter EHETS 8-axles, 85-ton","title":"M1300 to M1399"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M1 Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"M1A1 Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"M1A2 Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"M2 Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Bradley"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"M2A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Bradley"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"M2A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Bradley"},{"link_name":"M3 Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Bradley"},{"link_name":"M3A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Bradley"},{"link_name":"M3A2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Palletized Load System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palletized_Load_System"},{"link_name":"M6 Linebacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_Linebacker"},{"link_name":"M8 Armored Gun System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8_Armored_Gun_System"},{"link_name":"M9 ACE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M9_Armored_Combat_Earthmover"},{"link_name":"M10 Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M10_Booker"},{"link_name":"M93 Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M93_Fox"},{"link_name":"M104 Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M104_Wolverine"},{"link_name":"HEMTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEMTT"},{"link_name":"XM2001 Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM2001_Crusader"}],"text":"M1 Abrams Tank, main battle, full-track, 105 mm gun, 58-ton[2]\nM1A1 Abrams Tank, main battle, full-track, 120 mm gun, 58-ton[3]\nM1A2 Abrams Tank, main battle, full-track, 120 mm gun w/2nd gun sight for TC[4]\nM2 Bradley Vehicle, Infantry Fighting, full-track, armored, 25 mm chain-gun, 211⁄2-ton[5]\nM2A1 Vehicle, Infantry Fighting, full-track, armored, 25 mm chain-gun, 211⁄2-ton[6]\nM2A2 Vehicle, Infantry Fighting, full-track, armored, 25 mm chain-gun, 211⁄2-ton\nM3 Bradley Vehicle, Cavalry Fighting, full-track, armored, 25 mm chain-gun, 211⁄2-ton\nM3A1 Vehicle, Cavalry Fighting, full-track, armored, 25 mm chain-gun, 211⁄2-ton\nM3A2 Vehicle, Cavalry Fighting, full-track, armored, 25 mm chain-gun, 211⁄2-ton\nM3 CROP Palletized Load System\nM4 C2V battlefield command post\nM5 Ground Based Common Sensor Carrier\nM6 Linebacker anti-aircraft vehicle\nM7 Bradley Fire Support Vehicle\nM8 Armored Gun System\nM9 ACE - Armored Combat Earthmover\nM10 Booker\nM93 Fox, armoured reconnaissance vehicle, 6 × 6\nM104 Wolverine (AVLB)\nM1975 Launcher, Heavy Dry Support Bridge\nM1977 HEMTT Common Bridge Transporter (CBT) – HEMTT\nXM2001 Crusader, self-propelled howitzer","title":"Non-consecutive numbers"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of armoured fighting vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles"},{"title":"List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_land_vehicles_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces"},{"title":"List of military vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_vehicles"},{"title":"List of U.S. military vehicles by supply catalog designation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._military_vehicles_by_supply_catalog_designation"},{"title":"List of U.S. Signal Corps vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Signal_Corps_vehicles"},{"title":"List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces"},{"title":"Military technology and equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology_and_equipment"},{"title":"United States Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Tank_Automotive_Research,_Development_and_Engineering_Center"},{"title":"NATO Stock Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Stock_Number"}]
[{"reference":"Doyle, David (May 2006). \"GOER! - the story of the intriguingly-named 8-ton 4x4 Caterpillar\". Classic Military Vehicle. Kelsey Publishing: 40–43. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120206124428/http://forum.aceboard.net/12980-1229-25755-0-Caterpillar-M520-GOER-Amphibie-Articule.htm","url_text":"\"GOER! - the story of the intriguingly-named 8-ton 4x4 Caterpillar\""},{"url":"http://forum.aceboard.net/12980-1229-25755-0-Caterpillar-M520-GOER-Amphibie-Articule.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pike, John (29 September 2018). \"M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank\". Global Security. US. Retrieved 17 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m1-intro.htm","url_text":"\"M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank\""}]},{"reference":"Pike, John (29 August 2016). \"M1A1 Abrams\". Global Security. US. Retrieved 17 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m1a1.htm","url_text":"\"M1A1 Abrams\""}]},{"reference":"\"M1A2 Abrams\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m1a2.htm","url_text":"\"M1A2 Abrams\""}]},{"reference":"\"M2 and M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m2.htm","url_text":"\"M2 and M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"M2A1 and M3A1 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/m2a1.htm","url_text":"\"M2A1 and M3A1 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS)\""}]},{"reference":"Crismon, Fred W (2001). US Military Wheeled Vehicles (3 ed.). Victory WWII. ISBN 0-970056-71-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-970056-71-0","url_text":"0-970056-71-0"}]},{"reference":"Doyle, David (2003). Standard catalog of U.S. Military Vehicles. Krause. ISBN 0-87349-508-X. Archived from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180115001518/https://books.google.nl/books?id=52WIEG-1TjgC&pg=PA36","url_text":"Standard catalog of U.S. Military Vehicles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87349-508-X","url_text":"0-87349-508-X"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=52WIEG-1TjgC&pg=PA36","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Standard Military Vehicle Data Sheets. Ordnance Tank Automotive Cmd. 1959. Archived from the original on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141210025545/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p4013coll11/id/879","url_text":"Standard Military Vehicle Data Sheets"},{"url":"http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p4013coll11/id/879","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"TM 9-500 Data Sheets for Ordnance Type Material (PDF). US Dept. of the Army. 1962. Retrieved 23 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radionerds.com/index.php/File:TM_9-500.pdf","url_text":"TM 9-500 Data Sheets for Ordnance Type Material"}]},{"reference":"TM 9-2800 Standard Military Motor Vehicles. US Dept. of the Army. 1943. Retrieved 14 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/140198120/TM-9-2800-1943-STANDARD-MILITARY-MOTOR-VEHICLES-1-SEPTEMBER-1943","url_text":"TM 9-2800 Standard Military Motor Vehicles"}]},{"reference":"TM 9-2800 Military Vehicles. US Dept. of the Army. 1947. Retrieved 14 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/188375301/TM-9-2800-1947","url_text":"TM 9-2800 Military Vehicles"}]},{"reference":"TM 9-2800 Military Vehicles. US Dept. of the Army. 1953. Retrieved 14 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/183017787/TM-9-2800-1-1953-INCLUDING-C1-EN-C2-pdf","url_text":"TM 9-2800 Military Vehicles"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niza_Calle_127_(TransMilenio)
Niza Calle 127 (TransMilenio)
["1 Location","2 History","3 Station services","3.1 Main line service","3.2 Feeder routes","3.3 Inter-city service","4 External links","5 See also"]
Niza Calle 127General informationLocationSuba (Bogotá)ColombiaHistoryOpenedApril 29, 2006Services Preceding station TransMilenio Following station Suba Avenida Boyacátowards Portal de Suba Humedal Córdobatowards San Martín The simple station Niza Calle 127 is part of the TransMilenio mass-transit system of Bogotá, Colombia, which opened in the year 2000. Niza Calle 127 (TransMilenio) Location The station is located in northwestern Bogotá, specifically on Avenida Suba with Calles 127 and 127D. It serves the Niza, Calatrava, and Las Villas neighborhoods. History In 2006, phase two of the TransMilenio system was completed, including the Avenida Suba line, on which this station is located. The station is named Niza-Cll 127 for its proximity to the Niza neighborhood and the arterial road Avenida Calle 127. Nearby are the Niza and Bulevar Niza shopping centers. Station services Main line service Service as of April 29, 2006 Type Northern Routes Southern Routes Frequency Local 7 7 Every three minutes Express Monday through SaturdayAll day C15 H15 Every two minutes Express Monday through SaturdayMorning rush J73 Every two minutes Express Monday through SaturdayEvening rush C73 Every two minutes Express Sundays and holidays C96 G96 Every 3–4 minutes Feeder routes This station does not have connections to feeder routes. Inter-city service This station does not have inter-city service. External links TransMilenio See also Bogotá TransMilenio List of TransMilenio Stations
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_S%C3%A9nia
La Sénia
["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Prehistory","2.2 Ancient regime","2.3 Contemporary era","3 Administration and politics","4 Culture","5 Economy","6 Twin towns","7 References","8 External links"]
Town in Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain Municipality of Spain in CataloniaLa SéniaMunicipality of Spain Coat of armsLa SéniaLocation in SpainCoordinates: 40°38′0.82″N 0°17′7.08″E / 40.6335611°N 0.2853000°E / 40.6335611; 0.2853000Country SpainAutonomous Community CataloniaProvinceTarragonaComarcaMontsiàGovernment • MayorMaria Victoria Almuni BaladaArea • Total108.41 km2 (41.86 sq mi)Elevation369 m (1,211 ft)Population (2022) • Total5,475 • Density51/km2 (130/sq mi)Demonym(s)senienc (catalan), ceniense (spanish)Postal code43560Websitelasenia.cat La Sénia is a town and municipality in the province of Tarragona, in the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. It is part of the Montsià comarca. Throughout the 20th century and up to the present day, La Sénia has been recognized for its prominent furniture industry. Etymology The name derives from the Arabic word saniya (flour mill, water wheel), which evolved into the Romance term azenia during the Middle Ages. The town shares its name with the Cenia river, which flows through the municipality. History Prehistory Material remains have been found that demonstrate the presence of inhabitants in prehistoric times. The area of La Sénia has been occupied since ancient times. The caves of dels Rossegadors and de la Tenalla contain Levantine rock art, which are evidence of the seasonal nomadic life of small groups of humans during the Epipaleolithic period. These paintings depict the fauna of the time, hunting human figures, details of male and female clothing, as well as scenes of hunting activities and compositions of unknown meaning. Ancient regime La Sénia was officially recognized with a charter of population on April 17, 1232. On September 13, 1233, Peter II of Montcada  granted the fiefdom of the town, then known as Cenia, to Lord Guillem Moragues, originally from Tortosa, for repopulation. On January 25, 1336, Guillem Moragues delivered the Carta Puebla to twenty-one residents, thus establishing the town of La Sénia under the jurisdiction of the castle of Ulldecona. During the Catalan Civil War in 1462, La Sénia actively participated against John II of Aragon and was assaulted several times by royal troops until it finally surrendered in June 1466. In 1536, it was incorporated into the commandery of Mirambel. In 1716, after the War of Spanish Succession, the population lost numerous privileges and local liberties with the implementation of the Nueva Planta decrees of Philip V. Contemporary era During the Peninsular War, the town of La Sénia made significant contributions. When it was conquered along with the rest of Montsià and Baix Ebre, it became part of the French department of Bouches-de-l'Èbre. During this period, La Sénia gained importance for its shipbuilding industry. After the expulsion of the French from the region of Montsià, absolutism was restored with the return of Ferdinand VII to the Spanish throne. When Spain was divided into provinces in 1833, La Sénia became part of Tarragona. In the same year, the First Carlist War began in the area, with the conquest of the town by general Ramón Cabrera, leading to constant sieges by Isabelline troops until 1840 when general Leopoldo O'Donnell defeated Ramón Cabrera. On April 18, 1871, the Spanish noble title of Marquesado de la Cenia was established by king Amadeo I in favor of Fernando Cotoner y Chacón, who held the ranks of lieutenant general, captain general of Puerto Rico and minister of war. Subsequently, on August 15, 1882, Alfonso XII granted the title the Grandee distinction. In the early 20th century, in 1907, electricity was installed in the town. During the early stages of the Spanish Civil War, in 1937, the Spanish Republican Air Force built an air base in the area known as els Plans. Republican aviators initially flew from this airfield, which was later used by German forces. Nationalist troops entered the town on April 14, 1938, after the Aragon Offensive. Afterward, the personnel of the German Condor Legion settled in the airfield, which became their most important operating base. During the summer, the airfield was highly active as the Germans carried out numerous operations in the Levante Offensive and the Battle of the Ebro. On December 16 of that same year, a group of Republican Tupolev SB bombers conducted a surprise attack on the Condor Legion facilities, destroying seven German Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters and causing severe damage to the ground installations. It was one of the most audacious attacks by the Republican Air Force during the war. In the 1980s, a significant change occurred in the official name of the municipality, which had remained unchanged since its founding in 1232. This change involved the translation of the previous and original name Cenia into Catalan, and the municipality has been officially known as La Sénia ever since. Administration and politics La Sénia is composed of two population entities. Population by entities (2022 census) Population Entity Population Els Plans 32 La Sénia 5,475 Culture The parish church is dedicated to Saint Bartholomew and Saint Roque. It was built between the 17th and 18th centuries in a Baroque style with neoclassical details. It has a single nave with side chapels and a square-shaped bell tower. The roof is topped with a dome, and the bell windows are located at the corners. The old town of the village preserves a similar aesthetic, with houses featuring grand portals and balconies. In 1983, a regulation was established to preserve this area of the town. About 6 km (3.7 mi) from the center of La Sénia is the sanctuary of the Virgin of Pallerols, located on the top of Pallerols mountain. It is a simple building that houses an image of the Virgin of Palleróos, the patron saint of the town. Location in the Montsià comarca In 1904, the Banda Harmónica de Cenia was founded, composed of 75 musicians. Now known as Agrupació Musical Senienca, it has gained recognition in the neighboring regions and has received awards in international competitions. In 2002, it was awarded the Creu de Sant Jordi, a significant recognition. The main festival of La Sénia is celebrated in August and is known for its horse races. During the month of September, a pilgrimage is made to the sanctuary of Pallerols. Economy The economy of La Sénia has traditionally revolved around agriculture, with dryland crops such as olive trees, vineyards, and cereals being prominent. In the 1930s, the first brush factories emerged. In the 1960s, the construction of the Ulldecona Dam attracted immigrant workers and contributed to the industrial growth of the municipality, with the establishment of paper mills, furniture factories, railing companies, freight transportation, and construction. The olive oil produced in La Sénia, extracted from its ancient olive trees, is marketed as a luxury product and can reach a price of €15 per half liter. Regarding the furniture industry, small industrial establishments applying industrial processes to furniture manufacturing emerged in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s, companies implementing large-scale manufacturing processes were established. In the 1970s, factories specialized in different stages of the furniture manufacturing and sales process. Today, the wood, furniture, and accessories sector employs the majority of the population. La Sénia has become the main producer of modern furniture in Spain and a reference in the industry in Catalonia. The municipality has the Catalonia Furniture Technology Dissemination Center (AMBIT Living Spaces Cluster) and a wood waste treatment plant. It has recently been recognized as a Center of Artisanal Interest in Catalonia for furniture manufacturing by the Executive Council of Catalonia. Twin towns Cazorla, Andalusia References ^ "Creus de Sant Jordi 2002". Archived from the original on November 9, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2009. ^ External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to La Sénia. Town hall of La Sénia (in Catalan) Places adjacent to La Sénia Valderrobres (Aragon) Beceite (Aragon)Tortosa Roquetes La Pobla de Benifassà (Valencia) La Sénia Mas de Barberans Rossell (Valencia) San Rafael del Río (Valencia) Ulldecona vteMunicipalities of Montsià Alcanar Amposta Freginals La Galera Godall Mas de Barberans Masdenverge Sant Carles de la Ràpita Sant Jaume d'Enveja Santa Bàrbara La Sénia Ulldecona vteMunicipalities of the province of Tarragona Aiguamúrcia Albinyana Alcanar Alcover Aldover Alfara de Carles Alforja Alió Almoster Altafulla Amposta Arbolí Arnes Ascó Banyeres del Penedès Barberà de la Conca Batea Bellmunt del Priorat Bellvei Benifallet Benissanet Blancafort Bonastre Bot Botarell Bràfim Cabacés Cabra del Camp Calafell Camarles Cambrils Capafonts Capçanes Caseres Castellvell del Camp Colldejou Conesa Constantí Corbera d'Ebre Cornudella de Montsant Creixell Cunit Deltebre Duesaigües El Catllar El Lloar El Masroig El Milà El Molar El Montmell El Morell El Perelló El Pinell de Brai El Pla de Santa Maria El Pont d'Armentera El Rourell El Vendrell Els Garidells Els Guiamets Els Pallaresos Falset Figuerola del Camp Flix Forès Freginals Gandesa Garcia Ginestar Godall Gratallops Horta de Sant Joan L'Albiol L'Aldea L'Aleixar L'Ametlla de Mar L'Ampolla L'Arboç L'Argentera L'Espluga de Francolí La Bisbal de Falset La Bisbal del Penedès La Canonja La Fatarella La Febró La Figuera La Galera La Masó La Morera de Montsant La Nou de Gaià La Palma d'Ebre La Pobla de Mafumet La Pobla de Massaluca La Pobla de Montornès La Riba La Riera de Gaià La Secuita La Selva del Camp La Sénia La Torre de Fontaubella La Torre de l'Espanyol La Vilella Alta La Vilella Baixa Les Borges del Camp Les Piles Llorac Llorenç del Penedès Margalef Marçà Mas de Barberans Masdenverge Masllorenç Maspujols Miravet Mont-ral Mont-roig del Camp Montblanc Montbrió del Camp Montferri Móra d'Ebre Móra la Nova Nulles Passanant i Belltall Paüls Perafort Pira Poboleda Pontils Porrera Pradell de la Teixeta Prades Prat de Comte Pratdip Puigpelat Querol Rasquera Renau Reus Riba-roja d'Ebre Riudecanyes Riudecols Riudoms Rocafort de Queralt Roda de Berà Rodonyà Roquetes Salomó Salou Sant Carles de la Ràpita Sant Jaume d'Enveja Sant Jaume dels Domenys Santa Bàrbara Santa Coloma de Queralt Santa Oliva Sarral Savallà del Comtat Senan Solivella Tarragona Tivenys Tivissa Torredembarra Torroja del Priorat Tortosa Ulldecona Ulldemolins Vallclara Vallfogona de Riucorb Vallmoll Valls Vandellòs i l'Hospitalet de l'Infant Vespella de Gaià Vila-rodona Vila-seca Vilabella Vilalba dels Arcs Vilallonga del Camp Vilanova d'Escornalbou Vilanova de Prades Vilaplana Vilaverd Vimbodí Vinebre Vinyols i els Arcs Xerta Authority control databases International VIAF National United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
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Throughout the 20th century and up to the present day, La Sénia has been recognized for its prominent furniture industry.","title":"La Sénia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Cenia river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenia_(river)"}],"text":"The name derives from the Arabic word saniya (flour mill, water wheel), which evolved into the Romance term azenia during the Middle Ages. The town shares its name with the Cenia river, which flows through the municipality.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_art"},{"link_name":"Epipaleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epipalaeolithic"}],"sub_title":"Prehistory","text":"Material remains have been found that demonstrate the presence of inhabitants in prehistoric times. The area of La Sénia has been occupied since ancient times. The caves of dels Rossegadors and de la Tenalla contain Levantine rock art, which are evidence of the seasonal nomadic life of small groups of humans during the Epipaleolithic period. These paintings depict the fauna of the time, hunting human figures, details of male and female clothing, as well as scenes of hunting activities and compositions of unknown meaning.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter II of Montcada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_II_of_Montcada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_de_Moncada"},{"link_name":"Tortosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortosa"},{"link_name":"Ulldecona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulldecona"},{"link_name":"Catalan Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"John II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Mirambel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirambel"},{"link_name":"War of Spanish Succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession"},{"link_name":"Nueva Planta decrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees"},{"link_name":"Philip V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain"}],"sub_title":"Ancient regime","text":"La Sénia was officially recognized with a charter of population on April 17, 1232. On September 13, 1233, Peter II of Montcada [es] granted the fiefdom of the town, then known as Cenia, to Lord Guillem Moragues, originally from Tortosa, for repopulation. On January 25, 1336, Guillem Moragues delivered the Carta Puebla to twenty-one residents, thus establishing the town of La Sénia under the jurisdiction of the castle of Ulldecona. During the Catalan Civil War in 1462, La Sénia actively participated against John II of Aragon and was assaulted several times by royal troops until it finally surrendered in June 1466. In 1536, it was incorporated into the commandery of Mirambel.In 1716, after the War of Spanish Succession, the population lost numerous privileges and local liberties with the implementation of the Nueva Planta decrees of Philip V.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Montsià","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montsi%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Baix Ebre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baix_Ebre"},{"link_name":"French department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bouches-de-l'Èbre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-de-l%27%C3%88bre"},{"link_name":"Montsià","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montsi%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"absolutism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Tarragona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Tarragona"},{"link_name":"First Carlist War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Carlist_War"},{"link_name":"Ramón Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera,_1st_Duke_of_Maestrazgo"},{"link_name":"Isabelline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo O'Donnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_O%27Donnell"},{"link_name":"Ramón Cabrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Cabrera,_1st_Duke_of_Maestrazgo"},{"link_name":"Spanish noble title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_nobility"},{"link_name":"Marquesado de la Cenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquesado_de_la_Cenia"},{"link_name":"Amadeo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeo_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Fernando Cotoner y Chacón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Cotoner_y_Chac%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XII"},{"link_name":"Grandee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandee"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Spanish Republican Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"air base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_base"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"German forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_Legion"},{"link_name":"Nationalist troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Aragon Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Condor Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_Legion"},{"link_name":"Levante Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Ebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ebro"},{"link_name":"Tupolev SB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupolev_SB"},{"link_name":"Condor Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condor_Legion"},{"link_name":"Messerschmitt Bf 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109"},{"link_name":"Republican Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary era","text":"During the Peninsular War, the town of La Sénia made significant contributions. When it was conquered along with the rest of Montsià and Baix Ebre, it became part of the French department of Bouches-de-l'Èbre. During this period, La Sénia gained importance for its shipbuilding industry. After the expulsion of the French from the region of Montsià, absolutism was restored with the return of Ferdinand VII to the Spanish throne.When Spain was divided into provinces in 1833, La Sénia became part of Tarragona. In the same year, the First Carlist War began in the area, with the conquest of the town by general Ramón Cabrera, leading to constant sieges by Isabelline troops until 1840 when general Leopoldo O'Donnell defeated Ramón Cabrera.On April 18, 1871, the Spanish noble title of Marquesado de la Cenia was established by king Amadeo I in favor of Fernando Cotoner y Chacón, who held the ranks of lieutenant general, captain general of Puerto Rico and minister of war. Subsequently, on August 15, 1882, Alfonso XII granted the title the Grandee distinction.In the early 20th century, in 1907, electricity was installed in the town.During the early stages of the Spanish Civil War, in 1937, the Spanish Republican Air Force built an air base in the area known as els Plans. Republican aviators initially flew from this airfield, which was later used by German forces. Nationalist troops entered the town on April 14, 1938, after the Aragon Offensive. Afterward, the personnel of the German Condor Legion settled in the airfield, which became their most important operating base. During the summer, the airfield was highly active as the Germans carried out numerous operations in the Levante Offensive and the Battle of the Ebro. On December 16 of that same year, a group of Republican Tupolev SB bombers conducted a surprise attack on the Condor Legion facilities, destroying seven German Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters and causing severe damage to the ground installations. It was one of the most audacious attacks by the Republican Air Force during the war.In the 1980s, a significant change occurred in the official name of the municipality, which had remained unchanged since its founding in 1232. This change involved the translation of the previous and original name Cenia into Catalan, and the municipality has been officially known as La Sénia ever since.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"La Sénia is composed of two population entities.","title":"Administration and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Saint Roque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_y_de_Santa_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism"},{"link_name":"bell tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Localitzaci%C3%B3_de_la_S%C3%A9nia.png"},{"link_name":"Creu de Sant Jordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creu_de_Sant_Jordi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"horse races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_racing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"}],"text":"The parish church is dedicated to Saint Bartholomew and Saint Roque. It was built between the 17th and 18th centuries in a Baroque style with neoclassical details. It has a single nave with side chapels and a square-shaped bell tower. The roof is topped with a dome, and the bell windows are located at the corners. The old town of the village preserves a similar aesthetic, with houses featuring grand portals and balconies. In 1983, a regulation was established to preserve this area of the town. About 6 km (3.7 mi) from the center of La Sénia is the sanctuary of the Virgin of Pallerols, located on the top of Pallerols mountain. It is a simple building that houses an image of the Virgin of Palleróos, the patron saint of the town.Location in the Montsià comarcaIn 1904, the Banda Harmónica de Cenia was founded, composed of 75 musicians. Now known as Agrupació Musical Senienca, it has gained recognition in the neighboring regions and has received awards in international competitions. In 2002, it was awarded the Creu de Sant Jordi, a significant recognition.[1] The main festival of La Sénia is celebrated in August and is known for its horse races.[2] During the month of September, a pilgrimage is made to the sanctuary of Pallerols.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dryland crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dryland_farming"},{"link_name":"olive trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive"},{"link_name":"vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"cereals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal"},{"link_name":"Ulldecona Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulldecona_Dam"},{"link_name":"olive oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_oil"},{"link_name":"olive trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive"},{"link_name":"modern furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_furniture"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Executive Council of Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Catalonia"}],"text":"The economy of La Sénia has traditionally revolved around agriculture, with dryland crops such as olive trees, vineyards, and cereals being prominent. In the 1930s, the first brush factories emerged. In the 1960s, the construction of the Ulldecona Dam attracted immigrant workers and contributed to the industrial growth of the municipality, with the establishment of paper mills, furniture factories, railing companies, freight transportation, and construction.The olive oil produced in La Sénia, extracted from its ancient olive trees, is marketed as a luxury product and can reach a price of €15 per half liter.Regarding the furniture industry, small industrial establishments applying industrial processes to furniture manufacturing emerged in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s, companies implementing large-scale manufacturing processes were established. In the 1970s, factories specialized in different stages of the furniture manufacturing and sales process. Today, the wood, furniture, and accessories sector employs the majority of the population. La Sénia has become the main producer of modern furniture in Spain and a reference in the industry in Catalonia. The municipality has the Catalonia Furniture Technology Dissemination Center (AMBIT Living Spaces Cluster) and a wood waste treatment plant. It has recently been recognized as a Center of Artisanal Interest in Catalonia for furniture manufacturing by the Executive Council of Catalonia.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cazorla, Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cazorla,_Andalusia"}],"text":"Cazorla, Andalusia","title":"Twin towns"}]
[{"image_text":"Location in the Montsià comarca","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Localitzaci%C3%B3_de_la_S%C3%A9nia.png/220px-Localitzaci%C3%B3_de_la_S%C3%A9nia.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Creus de Sant Jordi 2002\". Archived from the original on November 9, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101109021727/http://www.gencat.cat/presidencia/creusantjordi/2002/entitats.htm","url_text":"\"Creus de Sant Jordi 2002\""},{"url":"http://www.gencat.cat/presidencia/creusantjordi/2002/entitats.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillian_Dove_Willcox
Lillian Dove-Willcox
["1 Life","2 References"]
British suffragette Lillian Dove-WillcoxBorn1875 (1875)Bedminster, EnglandDied1963 (aged 87–88)London, EnglandNationalityBritish Lillian Dove-Willcox (1875–1963) was a British suffragette who was a member of Emmeline Pankhurst's personal bodyguard. Life Dove-Willcox was born in Bedminster, Bristol in 1875. Her husband died in 1908. She was living in Bristol and attended the West of England branch of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). The following year she was arrested at the House of Commons after trying to lobby on behalf of the Women's Social and Political Union on 29 June 1909. She was sentenced to a month in Holloway Prison and was released early after she went on hunger strike. She and Theresa Garnett were later convicted of assaulting a warder at Holloway. She again went on hunger strike to be released from a ten-day sentence. She returned to Bristol where she, the future policewoman Mary Allen and Annie Kenney were met at the station and a procession of supporters welcomed them. Dove-Willcox planting at tree at Eagle House Dove-Wilcox was invited to Eagle House at Batheaston in Somerset in 1910. Eagle house was known as "Suffragette's Rest" because of its support for the movement. It was the home of fellow suffragettes Mary Blathwayt and her mother Emily. Emily planted a tree to commemorate every woman who went to prison for the cause. These trees came to be known as "Annie's Arboretum" after Annie Kenney, a local organiser. Dove-Wilcox planted a Picea Orientalis and a lead plaque was installed to record the event on 9 May 1910. Mary's father was a photographer and he recorded the event. Like the Blathwayts, Dove-Wilcox offered lodging to suffragettes (including the extreme Mary Richardson) at her cottage in the Wye valley. Richardson was devoted to Dove-Willcox and wrote the poem The Translation of the Love I Bear Lillian Dove. Dove-Wilcox took over from Annie Kenney as the leader of the WSPU branch in the West of England in 1911, and expressed her loyalty to the Pankhursts by becoming a member of Emmeline Pankhurst's personal bodyguard. When Emmeline was arrested in Glasgow on 9 March 1913. She managed to travel back south on the same train as Emmeline and her guards. Two days later she was arrested at the Houses of Parliament and sentenced to another month in prison. Some members started to disagree with the WSPU. Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst demanded greater militancy and in 1913 the organisation and the Pankhurst family split over the issue of arson. Dove-Wilcox joined Sylvia Pankhurst and others who had created the socialist East London Federation of Suffragettes. Dove-Wilcox supported Edith How-Martyn in later years, documenting the movement in the Suffragette Fellowship. Willcox died in Ealing in 1963. References ^ a b c d e Elizabeth Crawford (2001). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928. Psychology Press. pp. 709–. ISBN 978-0-415-23926-4. ^ a b c d "Lillian Dove Willcox". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 4 April 2018. ^ Taxus Baccata Elegantissima 1909, BathinTime.co.uk, Retrieved 30 October 2017 ^ "Suffrage Stories: What Links Charles Dickens, The Rokeby Venus And The Number 38 Bus?". womanandhersphere.com. 23 June 2014. ^ "Museum of London | Free museum in London". collections.museumoflondon.org.uk. Retrieved 1 August 2019. vteAnnie's Arboretum at Eagle HouseEagle House aka Suffragette's Retreat Suffragettes Laura Ainsworth Lilias Ashworth Hallett Minnie Baldock Elizabeth Edith 'Betty' Balfour Mary Blathwayt Emily Blathwayt Georgina Brackenbury Marie Brackenbury Millicent Browne Florence Canning Mary Jane Clarke posthumously Clara Codd Ellen (Nellie/Nelly) Crocker Charlotte Despard Katherine Douglas Smith Una Dugdale Millicent Fawcett Theresa Garnett Vida Goldstein Florence Haig Margaret Hewitt Vera Holme Elsie Howey Maud Joachim Winifred Jones Gladice Keevil Annie Kenney Jenny (Jane) Kenney Jessie Kenney Kitty Kenney Aeta Lamb Charlotte Marsh Clara Mordan Dr. Mary Morris Marie Naylor Adela Pankhurst Christabel Pankhurst Emmeline Pankhurst Mary Phillips Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton Alice Perkins Isabel Seymour Gertrude Stewart Helen Kirkpatrick Watts Marion Wallace Edith Wheelwright Lillian Dove Willcox Henria (Henriette) Leech Williams Lillian Williamson Vera Wentworth Rose Lamartine Yates
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmeline Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst"}],"text":"Lillian Dove-Willcox (1875–1963) was a British suffragette who was a member of Emmeline Pankhurst's personal bodyguard.","title":"Lillian Dove-Willcox"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bedminster, Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedminster,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Women's Social and Political Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford2001-1"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Women's Social and Political Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spart-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford2001-1"},{"link_name":"Holloway Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway_Prison"},{"link_name":"hunger strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"Theresa Garnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_Garnett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford2001-1"},{"link_name":"Mary Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Sophia_Allen"},{"link_name":"Annie Kenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Kenney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spart-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suffragette_Lillian_Dove-Willcox_1911_planting_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Eagle House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)"},{"link_name":"Batheaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batheaston"},{"link_name":"Mary Blathwayt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Blathwayt"},{"link_name":"Emily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Blathwayt"},{"link_name":"Annie Kenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Kenney"},{"link_name":"Picea Orientalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Picea_Orientalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iop-3"},{"link_name":"Mary Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Richardson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spart-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford2001-1"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst"},{"link_name":"East London Federation of Suffragettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_London_Federation_of_Suffragettes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spart-2"},{"link_name":"Edith How-Martyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_How-Martyn"},{"link_name":"Suffragette Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffragette_Fellowship&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ealing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crawford2001-1"}],"text":"Dove-Willcox was born in Bedminster, Bristol in 1875. Her husband died in 1908. She was living in Bristol and attended the West of England branch of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU).[1] The following year she was arrested at the House of Commons after trying to lobby on behalf of the Women's Social and Political Union[2] on 29 June 1909.[1]She was sentenced to a month in Holloway Prison and was released early after she went on hunger strike. She and Theresa Garnett were later convicted of assaulting a warder at Holloway. She again went on hunger strike to be released from a ten-day sentence.[1] She returned to Bristol where she, the future policewoman Mary Allen and Annie Kenney were met at the station and a procession of supporters welcomed them.[2]Dove-Willcox planting at tree at Eagle HouseDove-Wilcox was invited to Eagle House at Batheaston in Somerset in 1910. Eagle house was known as \"Suffragette's Rest\" because of its support for the movement. It was the home of fellow suffragettes Mary Blathwayt and her mother Emily. Emily planted a tree to commemorate every woman who went to prison for the cause. These trees came to be known as \"Annie's Arboretum\" after Annie Kenney, a local organiser. Dove-Wilcox planted a Picea Orientalis and a lead plaque was installed to record the event on 9 May 1910. Mary's father was a photographer and he recorded the event.[3]Like the Blathwayts, Dove-Wilcox offered lodging to suffragettes (including the extreme Mary Richardson) at her cottage in the Wye valley. Richardson was devoted to Dove-Willcox and wrote the poem The Translation of the Love I Bear Lillian Dove.[4] Dove-Wilcox took over from Annie Kenney as the leader of the WSPU branch in the West of England in 1911,[2] and expressed her loyalty to the Pankhursts by becoming a member of Emmeline Pankhurst's personal bodyguard. When Emmeline was arrested in Glasgow on 9 March 1913. She managed to travel back south on the same train as Emmeline and her guards. Two days later she was arrested at the Houses of Parliament and sentenced to another month in prison.[1]Some members started to disagree with the WSPU. Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst demanded greater militancy and in 1913 the organisation and the Pankhurst family split over the issue of arson. Dove-Wilcox joined Sylvia Pankhurst and others who had created the socialist East London Federation of Suffragettes.[2]Dove-Wilcox supported Edith How-Martyn in later years, documenting the movement in the Suffragette Fellowship.[5] Willcox died in Ealing in 1963.[1]","title":"Life"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Elizabeth Crawford (2001). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928. Psychology Press. pp. 709–. ISBN 978-0-415-23926-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=giffod3v0FsC&pg=PA709","url_text":"The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23926-4","url_text":"978-0-415-23926-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Lillian Dove Willcox\". Spartacus Educational. Retrieved 4 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://spartacus-educational.com/WdoveL.htm","url_text":"\"Lillian Dove Willcox\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suffrage Stories: What Links Charles Dickens, The Rokeby Venus And The Number 38 Bus?\". womanandhersphere.com. 23 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://womanandhersphere.com/tag/lillian-dove-willcox/","url_text":"\"Suffrage Stories: What Links Charles Dickens, The Rokeby Venus And The Number 38 Bus?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Museum of London | Free museum in London\". collections.museumoflondon.org.uk. Retrieved 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.museumoflondon.org.uk/online/agent/3592.html","url_text":"\"Museum of London | Free museum in London\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Huaiyang
Huaiyang Kingdom
["1 List of rulers","2 References"]
Ancient Chinese kingdom Kingdoms of the Han dynasty in 195 BC Huaiyang (淮陽國), was a kingdom/principality that existed intermittently during the Han dynasty. Its territories was located in modern eastern Henan and northwestern Anhui. Huaiyang initially covered the later Chen, Yingchuan and Runan commanderies and a total of more than 60 counties. In 196 BC Liu You (劉友), a son of the Emperor Gaozu and the first Prince of Huaiyang, was granted the territory, but was moved to Zhao two years later. Liu Qiang (劉彊), a son of the Emperor Hui, took over Huaiyang. After Qiang's death, the fief passed to his brother Wu (武), who was killed in the Lü Clan Disturbance in 180 BC. At this time, Huaiyang was already reduced to the equivalent of one commandery. Both the Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing appointed one of their sons to Huaiyang, however, in both cases, the prince was eventually relocated to another principality, and Huaiyang became administered by the central government as the Huaiyang Commandery. In 63 BC, Emperor Xuan granted the title Prince of Huaiyang to his son Liu Qin (劉欽), whose descendants held the title until the Xin dynasty was founded. During Emperor Guangwu's reign, the title "Prince of Huaiyang" was briefly bestowed to Liu Xuan, commonly known as the Gengshi Emperor, a former pretender to the Han throne during the post-Xin dynasty interregnum. However, Xuan had been killed by the Chimei before he had a chance to move to his fief. The kingdom/principality was reinstated for a final time in 79 AD, when Liu Bing (劉昞), a son of the Emperor Ming, was granted the fief. Bing died without designating an heir, and the kingdom was dissolved. In 2 AD, Huaiyang consisted of 9 counties: Chen (陳), Ku (苦), Yangjia (陽夏), Ningping (寧平), Fugou (扶溝), Gushi (固始), Yu (圉), Xinping (新平) and Zhe (柘). The population was 981,423, in 135,544 households. List of rulers Liu You (友), Prince You of Zhao (趙幽王), 196–194 BC; Liu Qiang (彊), 187–183 BC; Liu Wu (武), 183–180 BC; Liu Wu (武), Prince Xiao of Liang (梁孝王), 176–168 BC; Liu Yu (餘), Prince Gong of Lu (魯共王), 155–153 BC; Liu Qin (欽), Prince Xian (憲) of Huaiyang, 63–27 BC; Liu Xuan (玄), Prince Wen (文) of Huaiyang, 27–1 BC; Liu Yan (縯), 1 BC – 9 AD. Liu Bing (昞), 79–88 AD. References ^ Book of Han, Chapter 38. ^ Dushi Fangyu Jiyao, Chapter 2. ^ Zhou, Zhenhe (1987). Xihan Zhengqu Dili (in Chinese). Beijing: People's Publishing House. pp. 41–42. ^ Book of Han, Chapter 47. ^ Book of Han, Chapter 53. ^ Book of Han, Chapter 80. ^ Book of Later Han, Chapter 50. ^ Book of Han, Chapter 28.
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[{"image_text":"Kingdoms of the Han dynasty in 195 BC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Han_dynasty_Kingdoms_195_BC.png/220px-Han_dynasty_Kingdoms_195_BC.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Zhou, Zhenhe (1987). Xihan Zhengqu Dili (in Chinese). Beijing: People's Publishing House. pp. 41–42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Zhenhe","url_text":"Zhou, Zhenhe"}]}]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_on_my_Mind
Georgia on My Mind
["1 Background and original recording","2 Ray Charles version","3 Ella Fitzgerald version","4 The Hawks/The Band version","5 Willie Nelson version","6 See also","7 References"]
1930 song by Hoagy Carmichael and Stuart Gorrell For other uses, see Georgia on My Mind (disambiguation). Georgia on My MindRegional anthem of GeorgiaLyricsStuart Gorrell, 1930MusicHoagy Carmichael, 1930PublishedDecember 22, 1930; 93 years ago (1930-12-22) Southern Music Publishing Co., Inc.Adopted1979; 45 years ago (1979) "Georgia on My Mind"Single by Hoagy Carmichael and his OrchestraB-side"One Night in Havana"Released1930 (1930)RecordedSeptember 15, 1930StudioRCA Victor, New York CityGenreTraditional popLabelVictorComposer(s)Hoagy CarmichaelLyricist(s)Stuart Gorrell "Georgia on My Mind" is a 1930 song written by Hoagy Carmichael and Stuart Gorrell and first recorded that same year by Hoagy Carmichael at the RCA Victor Studios at 155 East 24th Street in New York City. However, the song has been most often associated with soul singer Ray Charles, who was a native of the U.S. state of Georgia and recorded it for his 1960 album The Genius Hits the Road. In 1979, the State of Georgia designated Ray Charles' version the official state song. The song has become part of the Great American Songbook tradition. "Georgia on My Mind" has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame twice. The first induction was in 1993 for the 1960 recording on the ABC-Paramount label by Ray Charles. The second induction happened in 2014 for the 1930 recording on the Victor label by Hoagy Carmichael And His Orchestra. Background and original recording It has been asserted that Hoagy Carmichael wrote the song about his sister, Georgia. However, Carmichael wrote in his second autobiography Sometimes I Wonder (1976) that saxophonist Frankie Trumbauer told him he should write a song about the state of Georgia. Trumbauer jokingly volunteered the first two words, "Georgia, Georgia...", which Carmichael ended up using while working on the song with his roommate, Stuart Gorrell. Gorrell, who wrote the lyrics, stated he wrote the lyrics about Carmichael’s sister. Gorrell's name was absent from the copyright, but Carmichael sent him royalty checks anyway. Carmichael recorded "Georgia on My Mind", with Bix Beiderbecke on cornet, in New York City on September 15, 1930. Ray Charles version "Georgia on My Mind"Single by Ray Charlesfrom the album The Genius Hits the Road B-side"Carry Me Back to Old Virginny"ReleasedSeptember 1960 (1960-09)RecordedMay 1960Genre Soul orchestral pop country Length3:35LabelABC-Paramount (USA)Stateside (UK)Composer(s)Hoagy CarmichaelLyricist(s)Stuart GorrellProducer(s)Sid FellerRay Charles singles chronology "Tell the Truth" (1960) "Georgia on My Mind" (1960) "Ruby" (1960) In 1960, Ray Charles, a native of Georgia, recorded a version of the song that went to No. 1 on the Billboard magazine Hot 100. Charles' hit rendition would become the most widely-known version of the tune from this time on. It would also be the song most associated with his musical career. The string intro was famously copied by the Eagles for their piano intro to Desperado Chart (1960–1961) Peakposition Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 47 UK Singles (OCC) 24 US Billboard Hot 100 1 Chart (2013) Peakposition France (SNEP) 117 In 1977, Robert Grossman, James Picker and Craig Whitaker created a clay animation short, Jimmy the C, in which U.S. President Jimmy Carter sings in Ray Charles' version of the song. In 1979, the song was designated the State Song of Georgia, and Charles was invited to perform it at the state capitol. The TV series Designing Women used an instrumental version of "Georgia on My Mind" as its opening theme. During the opening credits of the show's sixth season in 1991, Charles performed his version of the song live on piano while the show's cast watched him. In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine named the Ray Charles version of "Georgia on My Mind" the 44th greatest song of all time. The original lyrics, including the commonly excised introductory verse, are in the Georgia Code under license. Ella Fitzgerald version In 1962, famed jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald released a rendition of the song, produced by Norman Granz, on the album Ella Swings Gently with Nelson. The Hawks/The Band version The song was a standard at performances by Ronnie Hawkins and The Hawks, where it was sung by pianist Richard Manuel after 1964. When The Hawks broke up and formed The Band, they kept the song in their repertoire. They recorded a studio version of the song for Jimmy Carter's presidential bid in 1976. It was released as a single that year as well as on their 1977 album Islands. Willie Nelson version "Georgia on My Mind"Single by Willie Nelsonfrom the album Stardust B-side"On the Sunny Side of the Street"ReleasedMarch 25, 1978Recorded1977GenreCountryLength3:55LabelColumbiaComposer(s)Hoagy CarmichaelLyricist(s)Stuart GorrellProducer(s)Sid FellerWillie Nelson singles chronology "I Love You a Thousand Ways" (1977) "Georgia on My Mind" (1978) "Blue Skies" (1978) Willie Nelson recorded the song on Stardust, his 1978 album of standards. It was released as single, peaked at No. 1 for a single week, and ranked for sixteen weeks on Billboard’s country charts. Nelson's version won him a Grammy Award in 1979 at the 21st Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Vocal Performance, Male. Chart (1978) Peakposition US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 1 US Billboard Hot 100 84 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 1 Canadian RPM Top Singles 86 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 16 See also List of 1930s jazz standards Spirit of Atlanta Drum and Bugle Corps Atlanta CV Drum and Bugle Corps References ^ Library of Congress. Copyright Office. (1931). Catalog of Copyright Entries, 1931 Musical Compositions For the Year 1931 New Series Vol 26 Part 3. United States Copyright Office. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. ^ a b "State Song". Georgia Secretary of State. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved March 18, 2015. ^ a b c "History – Joint Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly designating "Georgia on My Mind"". GeorgiaInfo. April 24, 1979. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i Gioia, Ted (2012). The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 122–124. ISBN 978-0-19-993739-4. ^ Oney, Tish (July 28, 2017). ""Georgia On My Mind" by Hoagy Carmichael". All About Jazz. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ "GRAMMY Hall Of Fame". grammy.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024. ^ "Song Composer's Sister Wedded". The Oakland Post Enquirer. November 16, 1942. p. 5. Archived from the original on October 8, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2023 – via newspapers.com. ^ Fox, Cen. "Georgia On My Mind by Ray Charles in Georgia". Song Places. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2016. ^ Carmichael, Hoagy; Longstreet, Stephen (1976). Sometimes I Wonder: The Story of Hoagy Carmichael (Repr. d. Ausg. New York 1965. ed.). New York: Da Capo. ISBN 9780306708091. ^ a b Breihan, Tom (November 15, 2022). "The Supremes - "Where Did Our Love Go". The Number Ones: Twenty Chart-Topping Hits That Reveal the History of Pop Music. New York: Hachette Book Group. pp. 61–62. ^ Stanley, Bob (September 13, 2013). "This Is My Prayer: The Birth of Soul". Yeah Yeah Yeah: The Story of Modern Pop. Faber & Faber. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-571-28198-5. ^ a b c "29 Black Music Milestones: Ray Charles' 'Georgia' Becomes State Song". Billboard. February 12, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ a b "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. April 7, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2016. ^ Maillot, Elodie (February 26, 2021). ""Georgia on My Mind": the spirit of Ray Charles returns to the south". PAM - Pan African Music. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ "Ray Charles – Georgia on My Mind" (in French). Ultratop 50. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. ^ "Ray Charles Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. ^ "Ray Charles – Georgia on My Mind" (in French). Les classement single. ^ McCall, Douglas L. (September 11, 2015). Film Cartoons: A Guide to 20th Century American Animated Features and Shorts. McFarland. ISBN 9781476609669 – via Google Books. ^ "About | ROBERT GROSSMAN". robertgrossman. ^ "1977 Academy Awards". InfoPlease. Archived from the original on February 28, 2011. ^ "Ella 101: Georgia On My Mind (Day 26 of 101)". WYSO. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ Morris, Chris, Liner Notes to Islands CD release ^ "Georgia on My Mind (song by Willie Nelson)". musicvf.com. May 27, 1978. Retrieved July 26, 2016. ^ "Willie Nelson | Artist | GRAMMY.com". grammy.com. ^ "Willie Nelson Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. ^ "Willie Nelson Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. vteBix BeiderbeckeCompositions "Davenport Blues" (1925) "In a Mist (Bixology)" (1927) "For No Reason at All in C" (1927) with Frank Trumbauer "Candlelights" (1930) "Flashes" (1931) "In the Dark" (1931) Bands The Wolverines (jazz band) Jean Goldkette Paul Whiteman Frankie Trumbauer Hoagy Carmichael The Beiderbecke Trilogy The Beiderbecke Affair The Beiderbecke Tapes The Beiderbecke Connection Related Jazz (miniseries) Bix (film) Young Man with a Horn (novel) Young Man with a Horn (film) Private Astronomy: A Vision of the Music of Bix Beiderbecke 23457 Beiderbecke Bix 7 Road Race Memorial Jazz Festival Leon Bismark Beiderbecke House The Smithsonian Collection of Classic Jazz Jazz: The Smithsonian Anthology vteRay CharlesStudio albumsAtlantic Ray Charles (Hallelujah, I Love Her So) The Great Ray Charles Yes Indeed! Soul Brothers What'd I Say The Genius of Ray Charles The Genius Sings the Blues Soul Meeting The Genius After Hours True to Life Love & Peace ABC The Genius Hits the Road Dedicated to You Ray Charles and Betty Carter Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music, Vol. 2 Ingredients in a Recipe for Soul Sweet & Sour Tears Have a Smile with Me Together Again / Country and Western Meets Rhythm and Blues Crying Time Ray's Moods Ray Charles Invites You to Listen A Portrait of Ray I'm All Yours Baby! Doing His Thing My Kind of Jazz Love Country Style Volcanic Action of My Soul Jazz Number II A Message from the People Through the Eyes of Love Crossover My Kind of Jazz Part 3 Columbia Wish You Were Here Tonight Friendship From the Pages of My Mind Just Between Us Warner Bros. Would You Believe? My World Strong Love Affair Other labels Genius + Soul = Jazz Porgy and Bess Genius Loves Company Posthumous studio creations Genius & Friends Ray Sings, Basie Swings Rare Genius Live albums Ray Charles at Newport Ray Charles in Person Live in Concert Ray Charles Live Notablecompilations Do the Twist! with Ray Charles Ray Charles Greatest Hits A Man and His Soul The Best of Ray Charles Anthology The Birth of Soul Ray Charles in Concert True Genius Billboard Hot 100top 10 singles "What'd I Say" "Georgia on My Mind" "Hit the Road Jack" "One Mint Julep" "Unchain My Heart" "I Can't Stop Loving You " "You Don't Know Me" "You Are My Sunshine" "Busted" "Take These Chains from My Heart" "Crying Time" Other Billboard Charts#1 singles "I Got a Woman" "A Fool for You" "Mary Ann" "Drown in My Own Tears" "Together Again" "Let's Go Get Stoned" "Seven Spanish Angels" "I'll Be Good to You" Grammy Awarded Works(not included above) "Let The Good Times Roll" "Living for the City" "A Song for You" "Heaven Help Us All" "Here We Go Again" See also Discography Tangerine Records David "Fathead" Newman Fathead / Ray Charles Sextet Hank Crawford The Raelettes Ray soundtrack Here We Go Again: Celebrating the Genius of Ray Charles Tribute to Uncle Ray "Confession Blues" Category vteWillie Nelson singles1950s "No Place for Me" "Man With the Blues" / "The Storm Has Just Begun" "What a Way to Live" 1960s "Nite Life" "The Part Where I Cry" / "Mr. Record Man" "Willingly" "Touch Me" "Wake Me When It's Over" "Half a Man" / "The Last Letter" "Am I Blue" "I Never Cared For You" "Pretty Paper" "San Antonio Rose" "I Love You Because" "The Party's Over" "Blackjack County Chain" "Johnny One Time" "Bring Me Sunshine" 1970s "Fire and Rain" "Yesterday's Wine" "Stay All Night (Stay a Little Longer)" "Bloody Mary Morning" "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain" "If You've Got the Money I've Got the Time" "Georgia on My Mind" "Blue Skies" "All of Me" "Whiskey River" "September Song" "White Christmas" 1980s "Help Me Make It Through the Night" "My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys" "Midnight Rider" "On the Road Again" "Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground" "Mona Lisa" "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" "Always on My Mind" "Let It Be Me" "Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning" "Little Old Fashioned Karma" "Why Do I Have to Choose" "Take It to the Limit" "Without a Song" "City of New Orleans" "Forgiving You Was Easy" "Living in the Promiseland" "Heart of Gold" "Spanish Eyes" (with Julio Iglesias) "Twilight Time" "Nothing I Can Do About It Now" "There You Are" "Mr. Record Man" 1990s "Ain't Necessarily So" "Graceland" 2000s "Mendocino County Line" (with Lee Ann Womack) "Wurlitzer Prize" (with Norah Jones) "Beer for My Horses" (with Toby Keith) "The Harder They Come" "You Don't Know Me" "Cowboys Are Frequently, Secretly Fond of Each Other" "Gravedigger" 2010s "Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die" "Just Breathe" "Grandma's Hands" (with Mavis Staples) "The Wall" "It's All Going to Pot" "Summer Wind" "Vote 'Em Out" "Forever Country" Category:Willie Nelson vteMichael BubléDiscographyStudio albums BaBalu Michael Bublé It's Time Call Me Irresponsible Crazy Love Christmas To Be Loved Nobody but Me Love Higher Live albums Come Fly with Me Caught in the Act Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden Extended plays Totally Bublé Let It Snow More With Love A Taste of Bublé A Holiday Gift for You Singles "How Can You Mend a Broken Heart" "Kissing a Fool" "Sway" "Spider-Man Theme" "Feeling Good" "Home" "Save the Last Dance for Me" "Everything" "Me and Mrs. Jones" "Lost" "It Had Better Be Tonight (Meglio stasera)" "Comin' Home Baby" "Haven't Met You Yet" "Hold On" "Baby (You've Got What It Takes)" "Cry Me a River" "Crazy Love" "Hollywood" "Don't Get Around Much Anymore" "All I Want for Christmas Is You" "Georgia on My Mind" "It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" / "Jingle Bells" "White Christmas" "It's a Beautiful Day" "You've Got a Friend in Me" "You Make Me Feel So Young" "To Love Somebody" "The More You Give (The More You'll Have)" "Nobody but Me" "When I Fall in Love" "Love You Anymore" "Forever Now" "Elita" "Cuddle Up, Cozy Down Christmas" Other songs "Come Dance with Me" "Baby, It's Cold Outside" "Feliz Navidad" "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" Concert tours Crazy Love Tour To Be Loved Tour An Evening with Michael Bublé Higher Tour Related Michael Bublé's Christmas in the City vteNational and regional anthems of North AmericaCountries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States RegionsBritish West Indies Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands Canada Alberta Newfoundland and Labrador Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Dutch Caribbean Aruba Bonaire Curaçao Saba Sint Eustatius (Statia) Sint Maarten French West Indies Guadeloupe Martinique Saint-Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Kingdom of Denmark Greenland Mexico Aguascalientes Baja California & Baja California Sur Chiapas Coahuila Oaxaca Tlaxcala Yucatán Zacatecas United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Rocky Mountain High Where the Columbines Grow Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Give Me Louisiana You Are My Sunshine Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico Bilingual English Spanish New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oklahoma Oklahoma Hills Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina Carolina South Carolina on My Mind South Dakota Tennessee My Homeland, Tennessee Tennessee Waltz Rocky Top Tennessee Smoky Mountain Rain Texas U.S. Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Take Me Home, Country Roads The West Virginia Hills Wisconsin Wyoming Former Alaska (1833-1867) Federal Republic of Central America (1823–1839) Confederate States (1861–1865) Confederate States (1861–1865) Grenada (1967–1974) Haiti (1893–1903) Maryland (United States) (1937–2021) Netherlands Antilles (2000–2010) Nicaragua (1876–1889) Nicaragua (1889–1893) Nicaragua (1893–1910) United States (1789–1931) United States (1831–1931) Virginia (United States) (1940-1997) vteGrammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance1950s "Catch a Falling Star" – Perry Como (1958) Come Dance with Me! – Frank Sinatra (1959) 1960s "Georgia on My Mind" – Ray Charles / The Genius of Ray Charles – Ray Charles (1960) "Lollipops and Roses" – Jack Jones (1961) "I Left My Heart in San Francisco" – Tony Bennett (1962) "Wives and Lovers" – Jack Jones (1963) "Hello, Dolly!" – Louis Armstrong (1964) "It Was a Very Good Year" – Frank Sinatra (1965) "Strangers in the Night" – Frank Sinatra (1966) "By the Time I Get to Phoenix" – Glen Campbell (1967) "Light My Fire" – José Feliciano (1968) "Everybody's Talkin'" – Harry Nilsson (1969) 1970s "Everything Is Beautiful" – Ray Stevens (1970) "You've Got a Friend" – James Taylor (1971) "Without You" – Harry Nilsson (1972) "You Are the Sunshine of My Life" – Stevie Wonder (1973) Fulfillingness' First Finale – Stevie Wonder (1974) Still Crazy After All These Years – Paul Simon (1975) Songs in the Key of Life – Stevie Wonder (1976) "Handy Man" – James Taylor (1977) "Copacabana (At the Copa)" – Barry Manilow (1978) 52nd Street – Billy Joel (1979) 1980s "This Is It" – Kenny Loggins (1980) Breakin' Away – Al Jarreau (1981) "Truly" – Lionel Richie (1982) Thriller – Michael Jackson (1983) "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)" – Phil Collins (1984) No Jacket Required – Phil Collins (1985) "Higher Love" – Steve Winwood (1986) Bring On the Night – Sting (1987) "Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (1988) "How Am I Supposed to Live Without You" – Michael Bolton (1989) 1990s "Oh, Pretty Woman (live 1987)" – Roy Orbison (1990) "When a Man Loves a Woman" – Michael Bolton (1991) "Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton (1992) "If I Ever Lose My Faith in You" – Sting (1993) "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" – Elton John (1994) "Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (1995) "Change the World" – Eric Clapton (1996) "Candle in the Wind 1997" – Elton John (1997) "My Father's Eyes" – Eric Clapton (1998) "Brand New Day" – Sting (1999) 2000s "She Walks This Earth" – Sting (2000) "Don't Let Me Be Lonely Tonight" – James Taylor (2001) "Your Body Is a Wonderland" – John Mayer (2002) "Cry Me a River" – Justin Timberlake (2003) "Daughters" – John Mayer (2004) "From the Bottom of My Heart" – Stevie Wonder (2005) "Waiting on the World to Change" – John Mayer (2006) "What Goes Around... Comes Around" – Justin Timberlake (2007) "Say" – John Mayer (2008) "Make It Mine" – Jason Mraz (2009) 2010s "Just the Way You Are" – Bruno Mars (2010) Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia on My Mind (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_on_My_Mind_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Hoagy Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoagy_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"Stuart Gorrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Gorrell"},{"link_name":"Hoagy Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoagy_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Studios_New_York#24th_St"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"U.S. state of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"The Genius Hits the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Genius_Hits_the_Road"},{"link_name":"state song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_song"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialStateSong-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resolution-3"},{"link_name":"Great American Songbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_American_Songbook"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ray Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Charles"},{"link_name":"Hoagy Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoagy_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For other uses, see Georgia on My Mind (disambiguation).\"Georgia on My Mind\" is a 1930 song written by Hoagy Carmichael and Stuart Gorrell and first recorded that same year by Hoagy Carmichael at the RCA Victor Studios at 155 East 24th Street in New York City. However, the song has been most often associated with soul singer Ray Charles, who was a native of the U.S. state of Georgia and recorded it for his 1960 album The Genius Hits the Road.In 1979, the State of Georgia designated Ray Charles' version the official state song.[2][3] The song has become part of the Great American Songbook tradition.[4][5]\"Georgia on My Mind\" has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame twice. The first induction was in 1993 for the 1960 recording on the ABC-Paramount label by Ray Charles. The second induction happened in 2014 for the 1930 recording on the Victor label by Hoagy Carmichael And His Orchestra.[6]","title":"Georgia on My Mind"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoagy Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoagy_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox-8"},{"link_name":"Frankie Trumbauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Trumbauer"},{"link_name":"Stuart Gorrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Gorrell"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carmichael-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-4"},{"link_name":"Bix Beiderbecke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bix_Beiderbecke"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-4"}],"text":"It has been asserted that Hoagy Carmichael wrote the song about his sister, Georgia.[7][8] However, Carmichael wrote in his second autobiography Sometimes I Wonder (1976) that saxophonist Frankie Trumbauer told him he should write a song about the state of Georgia. Trumbauer jokingly volunteered the first two words, \"Georgia, Georgia...\", which Carmichael ended up using while working on the song with his roommate, Stuart Gorrell. Gorrell, who wrote the lyrics, stated he wrote the lyrics about Carmichael’s sister.[4][9] Gorrell's name was absent from the copyright, but Carmichael sent him royalty checks anyway.[4]Carmichael recorded \"Georgia on My Mind\", with Bix Beiderbecke on cornet, in New York City on September 15, 1930.[4]","title":"Background and original recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatest-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Desperado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desperado_(Eagles_song)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"Robert Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Grossman_(artist)"},{"link_name":"clay animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_animation"},{"link_name":"Jimmy the C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_the_C"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resolution-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"Designing Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Women"},{"link_name":"sixth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Women_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"44th greatest song of all time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greatest-13"},{"link_name":"Georgia Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Code"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OfficialStateSong-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Resolution-3"}],"text":"In 1960, Ray Charles, a native of Georgia, recorded a version of the song that went to No. 1 on the Billboard magazine Hot 100.[4] Charles' hit rendition would become the most widely-known version of the tune from this time on.[12][4][13][14] It would also be the song most associated with his musical career. The string intro was famously copied by the Eagles for their piano intro to Desperado [12]In 1977, Robert Grossman, James Picker and Craig Whitaker created a clay animation short, Jimmy the C, in which U.S. President Jimmy Carter sings in Ray Charles' version of the song.[19][20][21]In 1979, the song was designated the State Song of Georgia, and Charles was invited to perform it at the state capitol.[3][12]The TV series Designing Women used an instrumental version of \"Georgia on My Mind\" as its opening theme. During the opening credits of the show's sixth season in 1991, Charles performed his version of the song live on piano while the show's cast watched him.In 2003, Rolling Stone magazine named the Ray Charles version of \"Georgia on My Mind\" the 44th greatest song of all time.[4][13]The original lyrics, including the commonly excised introductory verse, are in the Georgia Code under license.[2][3]","title":"Ray Charles version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ella Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"Norman Granz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Granz"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"In 1962, famed jazz singer Ella Fitzgerald released a rendition of the song, produced by Norman Granz, on the album Ella Swings Gently with Nelson.[22]","title":"Ella Fitzgerald version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ronnie Hawkins and The Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Hawkins"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Manuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Manuel"},{"link_name":"The Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Band"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_(The_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The song was a standard at performances by Ronnie Hawkins and The Hawks,[4] where it was sung by pianist Richard Manuel after 1964. When The Hawks broke up and formed The Band, they kept the song in their repertoire. They recorded a studio version of the song for Jimmy Carter's presidential bid in 1976. It was released as a single that year as well as on their 1977 album Islands.[23]","title":"The Hawks/The Band version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willie Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Stardust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust_(Willie_Nelson_album)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standards-4"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vcf-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Willie Nelson recorded the song on Stardust, his 1978 album of standards.[4] It was released as single, peaked at No. 1 for a single week, and ranked for sixteen weeks on Billboard’s country charts.[24] Nelson's version won him a Grammy Award in 1979 at the 21st Annual Grammy Awards for Best Country Vocal Performance, Male.[25]","title":"Willie Nelson version"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of 1930s jazz standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_1930s_jazz_standards"},{"title":"Spirit of Atlanta Drum and Bugle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_Atlanta_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps"},{"title":"Atlanta CV Drum and Bugle Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_CV_Drum_and_Bugle_Corps"}]
[{"reference":"Library of Congress. Copyright Office. (1931). Catalog of Copyright Entries, 1931 Musical Compositions For the Year 1931 New Series Vol 26 Part 3. United States Copyright Office. U.S. Govt. Print. Off.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/catalogofcopyrig263libr","url_text":"Catalog of Copyright Entries, 1931 Musical Compositions For the Year 1931 New Series Vol 26 Part 3"}]},{"reference":"\"State Song\". Georgia Secretary of State. September 5, 2008. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved March 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080905171246/http://www.sos.ga.gov/state_symbols/state_song.html","url_text":"\"State Song\""},{"url":"http://www.sos.ga.gov/state_symbols/state_song.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History – Joint Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly designating \"Georgia on My Mind\"\". GeorgiaInfo. April 24, 1979. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171018071202/http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/history/article/the-leo-frank-case/joint-resolution-of-the-georgia-general-assembly-designating-georgia-on-my","url_text":"\"History – Joint Resolution of the Georgia General Assembly designating \"Georgia on My Mind\"\""},{"url":"http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/history/article/the-leo-frank-case/joint-resolution-of-the-georgia-general-assembly-designating-georgia-on-my","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gioia, Ted (2012). The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 122–124. ISBN 978-0-19-993739-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dVwGAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA122","url_text":"The Jazz Standards: A Guide to the Repertoire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993739-4","url_text":"978-0-19-993739-4"}]},{"reference":"Oney, Tish (July 28, 2017). \"\"Georgia On My Mind\" by Hoagy Carmichael\". All About Jazz. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutjazz.com/georgia-on-my-mind-by-hoagy-carmichael-hoagy-carmichael-by-tish-oney","url_text":"\"\"Georgia On My Mind\" by Hoagy Carmichael\""}]},{"reference":"\"GRAMMY Hall Of Fame\". grammy.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award","url_text":"\"GRAMMY Hall Of Fame\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240515142203/https://www.grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Song Composer's Sister Wedded\". The Oakland Post Enquirer. November 16, 1942. p. 5. Archived from the original on October 8, 2023. Retrieved October 1, 2023 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oakland-post-enquirer-georgia-on-my/132720687/","url_text":"\"Song Composer's Sister Wedded\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231008123703/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oakland-post-enquirer-georgia-on-my/132720687/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Cen. \"Georgia On My Mind by Ray Charles in Georgia\". Song Places. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180411090322/http://www.songplaces.com/Georgia_On_My_Mind/Georgia","url_text":"\"Georgia On My Mind by Ray Charles in Georgia\""},{"url":"http://www.songplaces.com/Georgia_On_My_Mind/Georgia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Carmichael, Hoagy; Longstreet, Stephen (1976). Sometimes I Wonder: The Story of Hoagy Carmichael (Repr. d. Ausg. New York 1965. ed.). New York: Da Capo. ISBN 9780306708091.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306708091","url_text":"9780306708091"}]},{"reference":"Breihan, Tom (November 15, 2022). \"The Supremes - \"Where Did Our Love Go\". The Number Ones: Twenty Chart-Topping Hits That Reveal the History of Pop Music. New York: Hachette Book Group. pp. 61–62.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group","url_text":"Hachette Book Group"}]},{"reference":"Stanley, Bob (September 13, 2013). \"This Is My Prayer: The Birth of Soul\". Yeah Yeah Yeah: The Story of Modern Pop. Faber & Faber. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-571-28198-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9emZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7","url_text":"\"This Is My Prayer: The Birth of Soul\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-28198-5","url_text":"978-0-571-28198-5"}]},{"reference":"\"29 Black Music Milestones: Ray Charles' 'Georgia' Becomes State Song\". Billboard. February 12, 2011. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/29-black-music-milestones-ray-charles-georgia-becomes-state-song-473071/","url_text":"\"29 Black Music Milestones: Ray Charles' 'Georgia' Becomes State Song\""}]},{"reference":"\"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". Rolling Stone. April 7, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/ray-charles-georgia-on-my-mind-20110525","url_text":"\"500 Greatest Songs of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"Maillot, Elodie (February 26, 2021). \"\"Georgia on My Mind\": the spirit of Ray Charles returns to the south\". PAM - Pan African Music. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pan-african-music.com/en/black-history-month-georgia-on-my-mind-ray-charles/","url_text":"\"\"Georgia on My Mind\": the spirit of Ray Charles returns to the south\""}]},{"reference":"McCall, Douglas L. (September 11, 2015). Film Cartoons: A Guide to 20th Century American Animated Features and Shorts. McFarland. ISBN 9781476609669 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ALmJCgAAQBAJ&q=jimmy+the+c+robert+grossman&pg=PA152","url_text":"Film Cartoons: A Guide to 20th Century American Animated Features and Shorts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476609669","url_text":"9781476609669"}]},{"reference":"\"About | ROBERT GROSSMAN\". robertgrossman.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.robertgrossman.com/about","url_text":"\"About | ROBERT GROSSMAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"1977 Academy Awards\". InfoPlease. Archived from the original on February 28, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110228000712/http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0149393.html","url_text":"\"1977 Academy Awards\""},{"url":"https://www.infoplease.com/arts-entertainment/academy-awards/1977-academy-awards","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ella 101: Georgia On My Mind (Day 26 of 101)\". WYSO. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wyso.org/show/equinox/2018-05-20/ella-101-georgia-on-my-mind-day-26-of-101","url_text":"\"Ella 101: Georgia On My Mind (Day 26 of 101)\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Chris, Liner Notes to Islands CD release","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Georgia on My Mind (song by Willie Nelson)\". musicvf.com. May 27, 1978. Retrieved July 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://musicvf.com/song.php?id=48897","url_text":"\"Georgia on My Mind (song by Willie Nelson)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Willie Nelson | Artist | GRAMMY.com\". grammy.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://grammy.com/artists/willie-nelson/4954","url_text":"\"Willie Nelson | Artist | GRAMMY.com\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Rendlesham
Baron Rendlesham
["1 Baron Rendlesham (1806)","1.1 Line of succession","2 Notes","3 References"]
Coat of arms of the Lords Rendlesham. Baron Rendlesham, of Rendlesham, is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1806 for the businessman Peter Thellusson, who also represented Midhurst, Malmesbury and Bossiney in Parliament. The Thellusson (pronounced "Tellusson") family were of French Protestant origin, but settled in Geneva, Switzerland, after the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572. A later member of the family, Peter Thellusson, emigrated to England in 1762 where he established a successful London business. From the wealth acquired, he purchased several estates around the country, notably Brodsworth Hall in South Yorkshire. After his death his estate was embroiled in the Thellusson Will Case. Rendlesham arms from Brodsworth Hall His eldest son was the aforementioned Peter Isaac Thellusson, 1st Baron Rendlesham, who took over the family business. Lord Rendlesham's younger son, the fourth Baron (who succeeded his twin brother), sat as a Member of Parliament for Suffolk East. His only son, the fifth Baron, also represented this constituency (as a Conservative). As of 2013 the title is held by the latter's great-grandson, the ninth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1999. Baron Rendlesham (1806) Line of succession Peter Isaac Thellusson, 1st Baron Rendlesham (1761–1808) John Thellusson, 2nd Baron Rendlesham (1785–1832) William Thellusson, 3rd Baron Rendlesham (1798–1839) Frederick Thellusson, 4th Baron Rendlesham (1798–1852) Frederick William Brook Thellusson, 5th Baron Rendlesham (1840–1911) Frederick Archibald Charles Thellusson, 6th Baron Rendlesham (1868–1938) Percy Edward Thellusson, 7th Baron Rendlesham (1874–1943) Hon. Hugh Edmund Thellusson (1876–1926) Charles Anthony Hugh Thellusson, 8th Baron Rendlesham (1915–1999) Charles William Brooke Thellusson, 9th Baron Rendlesham (born 1954) Hon. Peter Robert Thellusson (1920–2007) (1) James Hugh Thellusson (born 1961) (2) Benjamin Peter Thellusson (born 2002) (3) Peter Richard Thellusson (born 1962) The heir presumptive is present holder's first cousin, James Hugh Thellusson (born 1961). The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Benjamin Peter Thellusson (born 2002). Notes This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Baron Rendlesham" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ^ "No. 15889". The London Gazette. 11 February 1806. p. 193. References Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990, Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages vte Extant baronies in the Peerage of IrelandSorted by (historical) entity at time of grantLordship of Ireland Kingsale Dunsany Dunboyne Louth Kingdom of Ireland Inchiquin Digby^* Carbery Aylmer Farnham Lisle Newborough Macdonald Kensington^• Massy Muskerry Sheffield^• Auckland^* Kilmaine Waterpark Graves Huntingfield Carrington^* Rossmore^• Hotham Crofton ffrench Henley^• Langford Dufferin and Claneboye Henniker^• Ventry Dunalley Clanmorris Ashtown United Kingdom Rendlesham Castlemaine Decies Garvagh Talbot of Malahide Carew^• Oranmore and Browne^• Bellew Fermoy Rathdonnell ^* Also a Baron in the Peerage of Great Britain  ^• Also a Baron in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
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The Thellusson (pronounced \"Tellusson\") family were of French Protestant origin, but settled in Geneva, Switzerland, after the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572.A later member of the family, Peter Thellusson, emigrated to England in 1762 where he established a successful London business. From the wealth acquired, he purchased several estates around the country, notably Brodsworth Hall in South Yorkshire. After his death his estate was embroiled in the Thellusson Will Case.Rendlesham arms from Brodsworth HallHis eldest son was the aforementioned Peter Isaac Thellusson, 1st Baron Rendlesham, who took over the family business. Lord Rendlesham's younger son, the fourth Baron (who succeeded his twin brother), sat as a Member of Parliament for Suffolk East. His only son, the fifth Baron, also represented this constituency (as a Conservative). As of 2013[update] the title is held by the latter's great-grandson, the ninth Baron, who succeeded his father in 1999.","title":"Baron Rendlesham"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Baron Rendlesham (1806)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"link_name":"Peter Isaac Thellusson, 1st Baron Rendlesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thellusson,_1st_Baron_Rendlesham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"link_name":"John Thellusson, 2nd Baron Rendlesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Thellusson,_2nd_Baron_Rendlesham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"link_name":"William Thellusson, 3rd Baron Rendlesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Thellusson,_3rd_Baron_Rendlesham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"link_name":"Frederick Thellusson, 4th Baron Rendlesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Thellusson,_4th_Baron_Rendlesham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"link_name":"Frederick William Brook Thellusson, 5th Baron Rendlesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Thellusson,_5th_Baron_Rendlesham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"link_name":"Frederick Archibald Charles Thellusson, 6th Baron Rendlesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Archibald_Charles_Thellusson,_6th_Baron_Rendlesham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"link_name":"Percy Edward Thellusson, 7th Baron Rendlesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Edward_Thellusson,_7th_Baron_Rendlesham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"link_name":"Charles Anthony Hugh Thellusson, 8th Baron Rendlesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Anthony_Hugh_Thellusson,_8th_Baron_Rendlesham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"link_name":"Charles William Brooke Thellusson, 9th Baron Rendlesham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_William_Brooke_Thellusson,_9th_Baron_Rendlesham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"heir presumptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"}],"sub_title":"Line of succession","text":"Peter Isaac Thellusson, 1st Baron Rendlesham (1761–1808)\n John Thellusson, 2nd Baron Rendlesham (1785–1832)\n William Thellusson, 3rd Baron Rendlesham (1798–1839)\n Frederick Thellusson, 4th Baron Rendlesham (1798–1852)\n Frederick William Brook Thellusson, 5th Baron Rendlesham (1840–1911)\n Frederick Archibald Charles Thellusson, 6th Baron Rendlesham (1868–1938)\n Percy Edward Thellusson, 7th Baron Rendlesham (1874–1943)\nHon. Hugh Edmund Thellusson (1876–1926)\n Charles Anthony Hugh Thellusson, 8th Baron Rendlesham (1915–1999)\n Charles William Brooke Thellusson, 9th Baron Rendlesham (born 1954)\nHon. Peter Robert Thellusson (1920–2007)\n(1) James Hugh Thellusson (born 1961)\n(2) Benjamin Peter Thellusson (born 2002)\n(3) Peter Richard Thellusson (born 1962)The heir presumptive is present holder's first cousin, James Hugh Thellusson (born 1961).\nThe heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son, Benjamin Peter Thellusson (born 2002).","title":"Baron Rendlesham (1806)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"No. 15889\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15889/page/193"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"}],"text":"^ \"No. 15889\". The London Gazette. 11 February 1806. p. 193.","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemies_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 3
["1 Plot","2 Cast and characters","2.1 Main cast","2.2 Recurring cast","2.3 Guest cast","3 Crew","4 Episodes","5 Reception","6 Home media","7 References","8 External links"]
1998-1999 season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season of television series Buffy the Vampire SlayerSeason 3Region 1 Season 3 DVD coverShowrunnerJoss WhedonStarring Sarah Michelle Gellar Nicholas Brendon Alyson Hannigan Charisma Carpenter David Boreanaz Seth Green Anthony Stewart Head No. of episodes22ReleaseOriginal networkThe WBOriginal releaseSeptember 29, 1998 (1998-09-29) –September 21, 1999 (1999-09-21)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 2Next →Season 4List of episodes The third season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on September 29, 1998 on The WB and episode 22, the second of the two part season finale, aired on July 13, 1999. However, episode 18 "Earshot" did not air until September 21, 1999, shortly before the season 4 premiere. The show maintained its previous time slot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. "Earshot" and "Graduation Day, Part Two", were delayed in the wake of the Columbine High School massacre because of their content. Plot After attempting to start a new life in Los Angeles, Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) returns to Sunnydale in season three, and is reunited with her friends and her mother. She is no longer a criminal suspect, but Principal Snyder, who took vindictive pleasure in expelling Buffy, refuses to reinstate her until he is told to do so by Giles. Angel (David Boreanaz) is resurrected mysteriously by the unseen Powers That Be. While Buffy is happy to have Angel back, he seems to have lost much of his sanity in Hell. Buffy helps Angel recover but, having seen Angel's demonic side, Buffy's friends distrust him until he saves them from a monster. Rupert Giles (Anthony Stewart Head) is fired from the Watchers' Council because he has developed a "father's love" for Buffy, and towards the end of the season Buffy announces that she will also no longer work for the Council. Early in the season she is confronted with an unstable Slayer, Faith (Eliza Dushku), who was activated after Kendra's death near the end of season two. Angel, after getting his soul back, is once again tormented by his guilt and personally by an entity called the First Evil, who takes credits of bringing Angel back for wicked intents and goads him into attempting suicide. Though Buffy is unable to prevent Angel from killing himself, the Powers That Be intervene and convince Angel that he has a greater purpose. Although the First is still out there, the antagonist of the season is shown to be the affable Mayor Richard Wilkins III (Harry Groener), who is near completion of his plan to "ascend" to become a giant snake-like demon – having already gained immortality through a Faustian bargain with demons when he founded Sunnydale a century ago. The final step is to be a massacre of students on Sunnydale High's graduation day. Although Faith works with Buffy at first, after accidentally killing a human, Faith becomes irrational and sides with Mayor Wilkins, whose charismatic behavior influences Faith's dark side. She helps Wilkins in his plan, and eventually she poisons Angel. The only antidote for the poison is the blood of a Slayer, so Buffy tries to grab Faith to feed her to Angel. Faith, though severely wounded, jumps from her roof onto a passing truck, out of Buffy's reach. Buffy is forced to let Angel drink from her, putting her in a brief coma. Wilkins, who had a fatherly affection for Faith, gets angry and attempts to suffocate her, but is stopped by Angel. During her time in a coma, Buffy shares a dream with Faith where they make peace. At the climax of the season, Wilkins speaks at the graduation ceremony, as the time for his transformation has come and he finally morphs into the demon Olvikan. He eats Principal Snyder and kills several others; but Buffy and her friends have organized the graduating students to fight back against Wilkins and his vampires. (A solar eclipse allows Angel and other vampires to be out in daytime.) Buffy confronts the demon, taunting him about Faith. She lures the provoked Mayor into the library which has many explosives. The explosion destroys Wilkins in his Olvikan form, as well as the school. Meanwhile, Angel becomes convinced that Buffy's love for him will be bad for her in the long run. After the battle with the Mayor, he leaves Sunnydale, leading to the spin-off series in Los Angeles. Cordelia also leaves Sunnydale at the end of the season in order to attempt an acting career in L.A., though later becomes a major character on the spin-off. Cast and characters Main cast Sarah Michelle Gellar as Buffy Summers Nicholas Brendon as Xander Harris Alyson Hannigan as Willow Rosenberg Charisma Carpenter as Cordelia Chase David Boreanaz as Angel Seth Green as Daniel "Oz" Osbourne Anthony Stewart Head as Rupert Giles Recurring cast Kristine Sutherland as Joyce Summers Eliza Dushku as Faith Harry Groener as Mayor Richard Wilkins III Alexis Denisof as Wesley Wyndam-Pryce Armin Shimerman as Principal Snyder Danny Strong as Jonathan Levinson Larry Bagby as Larry Blaisdell K. Todd Freeman as Mr. Trick Jason Hall as Devon MacLeish Emma Caulfield as Anya Jenkins Ethan Erickson as Percy West Jack Plotnick as Deputy Mayor Allan Finch Fab Filippo as Scott Hope Mercedes McNab as Harmony Kendall Saverio Guerra as Willy the Snitch Guest cast Elizabeth Anne Allen as Amy Madison Robia LaMorte as The First Evil/Jenny Calendar Julia Lee as Lily/Anne Steele James Marsters as Spike Mark Metcalf as The Master Robin Sachs as Ethan Rayne Andy Umberger as D'Hoffryn Harris Yulin as Quentin Travers Serena Scott Thomas as Gwendolyn Post Crew Series creator Joss Whedon served as executive producer and showrunner, and wrote and directed five episodes of the season including the season premiere and the two-part finale. David Greenwalt was promoted to executive producer, and wrote two episodes (including directing one of them) and directed another. Marti Noxon was promoted to co-producer and wrote five episodes. New additions in the third season included Jane Espenson, who served as executive story editor and wrote three episodes, including an episode originally pitched from Thania St. John (who receives story credit). Douglas Petrie joined as a story editor, later promoted to executive story editor midseason and wrote three episodes. Dan Vebber joined as a staff writer and wrote two episodes. David Fury returned and freelanced two episodes. This was the last season for Greenwalt as a writer/director on the series, as he departed to be the showrunner for the spin off series Angel. He would serve as consulting producer until the end of the sixth season. Joss Whedon directed the highest number of episodes in the third season, directing five episodes. James A. Contner and James Whitmore, Jr. each directed four. Episodes See also: List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)351"Anne"Joss WhedonJoss WhedonSeptember 29, 1998 (1998-09-29)3ABB017.06 Willow, Oz, Xander, and Cordelia attempt to cover Buffy's Slayer responsibilities, with mixed results. Grieving over Angel, Buffy has exiled herself to Los Angeles, working at a diner, Helen's Kitchen, under the name "Anne". Buffy meets Lily, a member of 'the Lonely Ones', a group who romanticized vampires and were saved by Buffy. After Lily's boyfriend Rickie goes missing, Buffy reluctantly agrees to help. Buffy saves an old man who walks into traffic, but he dies soon after. Buffy realizes that he is Rickie, decades older than the previous day. Lily meets the owner of a homeless shelter, who convinces her that Rickie is there. Buffy discovers that a blood bank has been providing names of homeless people to the shelter, and goes to investigate, only to be thrown, along with Lily, through a portal into a demonic factory where the missing people are slaves. When they are no longer useful, they are returned to their own world, where only a single day has passed, as time passes faster in the factory. Announcing herself as the Slayer, Buffy leads an uprising against the demons. The portal closes behind the freed slaves. Buffy allows Lily to assume her identity as "Anne", and returns to Sunnydale. 362"Dead Man's Party"James Whitmore, Jr.Marti NoxonOctober 6, 1998 (1998-10-06)3ABB026.20 Buffy has been cleared of Kendra's murder, but Principal Snyder refuses to allow her to return to Sunnydale High. Joyce and Buffy's friends find it difficult to welcome Buffy back to Sunnydale. Joyce brings home a Nigerian mask called Ovu Mobani (which means Evil Eye), which she hangs in her bedroom, and invites Buffy's friends over for a dinner party to celebrate her return. Buffy's friends, wishing to avoid talking to Buffy about their feelings of abandonment, invite Oz's band. Meanwhile, a dead cat and several dead people return to life. Investigating, Giles discovers that Joyce's mask carries the spirit of a demon. Racing to warn Buffy, Giles witnesses an army of the dead heading for the Summers house. Buffy overhears her mother admitting it is difficult to deal with Buffy's return. Feeling betrayed, Buffy makes plans to leave again. Joyce and Buffy's friends confront Buffy over her abandonment. The zombies arrive and attempt to claim the mask, but Buffy destroys Ovu Mobani and the zombies vanish. Giles threatens Snyder to allow Buffy to return to school. Buffy reconciles with Willow, who tells Buffy she has begun to study witchcraft. 373"Faith, Hope & Trick"James A. ContnerDavid GreenwaltOctober 13, 1998 (1998-10-13)3ABB035.46 Two vampires, Mr. Trick and Kakistos, arrive in Sunnydale. Buffy is readmitted to school by a reluctant Snyder. At the Bronze, Buffy sees a young woman leaving with a vampire. Fearing for her life, she follows them, but watches the woman kill the vampire, introducing herself as the Slayer Faith. Faith's arrival causes tension, as she appears more enthusiastic about her role than Buffy, and flirts with Scott Hope, Buffy's potential love interest. Scott asks Buffy on a date. She initially accepts, but is startled after he gives her a ring similar to one Angel gave her. Giles tells Buffy that Faith's Watcher is dead. Buffy goes to warn Faith, but she already knows, having come to Sunnydale to escape from Kakistos. Kakistos leads an attack on the pair. Mr. Trick leaves the fight halfway through, while Faith and Buffy kill Kakistos. In the library later, Buffy reveals to Willow and Giles that Angel's soul was restored just before she had to kill him. Faith stays in Sunnydale. Buffy agrees to go on a date with Scott. She abandons a ring in the mansion where Angel had died. Moments after she leaves, Angel reappears. 384"Beauty and the Beasts"James Whitmore, Jr.Marti NoxonOctober 20, 1998 (1998-10-20)3ABB046.20 Giles reveals that a student was mauled to death overnight. Oz is a prime suspect, as a window to Oz's cage was open. Willow collects a hair sample from the victim, hoping to determine who killed him, but the test is inconclusive. That night, Buffy is attacked by a rabid Angel. She subdues him and chains him up. Buffy visits the school counselor, but finds him dead. Pete loses his temper with girlfriend Debbie over a bottle with a green liquid inside. He transforms into a monster and attacks Debbie, but relents, blaming her for angering him. Oz notes that all victims are connected to Debbie. Now suspecting Pete, Buffy and Willow approach her, but Debbie, who has been physically and psychologically abused, blames herself for Pete's anger. Pete visits Oz, transforms into a monster, and attacks. Oz is overpowered until he turns into a werewolf, turning the tables. Debbie stops Buffy from stunning Pete, who escapes. Later, Pete kills Debbie and overpowers Buffy. On the verge of killing her, Angel, who has broken free, intervenes and saves her, and reveals that he remembers her. Buffy keeps Angel's return a secret. 395"Homecoming"David GreenwaltDavid GreenwaltNovember 3, 1998 (1998-11-03)3ABB056.53 Buffy nurses Angel back to health in secret. Scott breaks up with Buffy, telling her that she seems too distracted. Buffy, angry that Cordelia did not tell her about yearbook photographs, decides to compete with Cordelia for the title of Homecoming Queen. Preparing for the dance, Willow and Xander flirt with each other and share a kiss, despite their ongoing relationships. Spies, working for Mr. Trick, overhear Buffy saying that she and Faith will ride together in a limo to the Homecoming dance. Mr. Trick sends several vampires to kill the two Slayers. In an attempt to restore their friendship, Willow arranges for Cordelia to take Faith's place in the limo. The driver takes them to a clearing with a TV, which plays a recording of Mr. Trick announcing the SlayerFest '98 hunt. Buffy and Cordelia trap one vampire, then retreat to a cabin for shelter. They manage to contact Giles and escape. At the library, Cordelia kills one vampire and scares off another. Buffy tricks two other assailants into shooting each other dead. Mr. Trick visits the Mayor, who recruits him to help control the town's youth. 406"Band Candy"Michael LangeJane EspensonNovember 10, 1998 (1998-11-10)3ABB066.35 Buffy struggles to manage her time between her friends, Giles, Joyce, and Angel, eventually caught by Joyce and Giles in a lie about her evening. Snyder tasks Buffy with selling chocolate bars to raise money for the band. The chocolate proves extremely addictive, and causes the adults to act increasingly immaturely. Buffy and Willow find The Bronze packed with adults partying. Buffy, realizing that the chocolate is responsible, decides to visit the factory. On her way there, she finds Giles and Joyce kissing in the street. Buffy breaks into the factory, finding it empty apart from Ethan, who eventually reveals that he is working for Mr. Trick and a demon called Lurconis. Giles remembers that Lurconis hides in the sewers. They arrive in time to stop Mr. Trick, the Mayor, and several vampires from completing the ritual to summon Lurconis and feed him a tribute of four babies, although the Mayor escapes before being noticed. Mr. Trick also escapes, and Buffy sets Lurconis on fire. The adults soon return to normal. The Mayor reprimands Mr. Trick for allowing the demon to die. 417"Revelations"James A. ContnerDouglas PetrieNovember 17, 1998 (1998-11-17)3ABB076.46 Gwendolyn Post arrives, claiming to be Faith's new watcher. She warns that a demon named Lagos is seeking the Glove of Myhnegon, a powerful gauntlet. While searching for the Glove of Myhnegon, Xander sees Angel and Buffy together. Angel shows Buffy the Glove of Myhnegon. Xander rushes to tell Giles of Angel's return, finding him with Gwendolyn. Giles and the others confront Buffy later, with Giles angry that Buffy concealed Angel's return. Gwendolyn visits Faith, promising to be a strict watcher and disparaging Giles's methods. Xander tells Faith that Angel is alive and has the Glove of Myhnegon and Faith decides to slay Angel. Giles tells Gwendolyn that he knows how to destroy the glove, but Gwendolyn knocks him out. Xander and Faith find Giles hurt. Faith assumes that Angel was responsible, and rushes to kill him. Gwendolyn and Faith arrive separately first. Faith defeats Angel, but Buffy stops her from killing him. Faith and Buffy fight. Gwendolyn recovers the glove and puts it on, using it to summon lightning bolt and attack the others. Buffy manages to kill Gwendolyn after Faith acts as a distraction. The group reconcile and forgive Angel, but Faith feels unable to trust anyone after Gwendolyn's betrayal. 428"Lovers Walk"David SemelDan VebberNovember 24, 1998 (1998-11-24)3ABB086.00 Buffy receives her SAT scores and ponders a future outside Sunnydale. Willow goes to a magic shop, looking for ingredients for an anti-love spell to end her and Xander's mutual attraction. Spike, who has returned to Sunnydale, kidnaps Willow and Xander and forces Willow to cast a love spell on Drusilla, who has left him. Spike visits Buffy's home and talks to Joyce. Buffy and Angel intervene and attack him, but he refuses to tell them where Willow is. They agree to cooperate with him while he seeks supplies for the spell. Fearing they are about to die, Xander and Willow kiss just as Oz and Cordelia find them. Horrified, Cordelia runs off but is impaled on rebar when some stairs collapse under her. Several vampires attack Spike, Angel, and Buffy, but they eventually repel their attackers. Spike decides to win Drusilla back without using a spell, and leaves. Xander visits Cordelia, who is recovering in hospital, but she tells him to stay away from her. Buffy tells Angel that she cannot continue seeing him unless Angel says he does not love her, which he cannot bring himself to do. 439"The Wish"David GreenwaltMarti NoxonDecember 8, 1998 (1998-12-08)3ABB096.32 Willow attempts to repair things with Oz, but he tells her to leave him alone. Cordelia, heartbroken over Xander, meets Anya, who tries to help her move on. Anya gives Cordelia a necklace. After Cordelia says that she wishes Buffy had never come to Sunnydale, Anya turns into a demon, then vanishes, and Cordelia is transported to an alternative reality. Soon after, Cordelia learns that Sunnydale is overrun by vampires, as The Master has taken over Sunnydale. Cordelia tries to tell Giles, but Willow and Xander, now vampires, kill her. Giles recovers her necklace, and deduces that it belongs to Anyanka and that reality can be restored if Anyanka's power center is destroyed. Buffy, who was based in Cleveland, arrives after Giles attempts to contact her. Buffy goes to the Bronze, finding Angel chained up. She agrees to let him help her, and they go to a factory where The Master has automated blood extraction. In the ensuing fight, Angel, Willow, Xander, and Buffy are killed. Giles summons Anyanka, and destroys her amulet, returning reality to the moment that Cordelia expressed her wish. Anya is perplexed at being unable to grant wishes. 4410"Amends"Joss WhedonJoss WhedonDecember 15, 1998 (1998-12-15)3ABB106.85 Oz and Willow make amends and get back together, although Oz decides to take things slowly. Buffy, at Joyce's request, invites Faith over for Christmas, but she refuses. Angel visits Giles, asking for help about vivid dreams of his past crimes. Angel sees a vision of Jenny Calendar, and runs out, panicked. Soon after, Buffy tells Giles that she was in Angel's dream, and they begin to investigate. Angel's dreams intensify, and tell him that his pain will end if he kills Buffy. Giles suggests that the First Evil is the cause of Angel's visions. Faith visits Buffy's home after all, but Angel arrives and warns Buffy to stay away from him, leaving before he loses control. Buffy tracks down The First Evil, who tells Buffy that she cannot defeat it, and that Angel will be dead by sunrise. Buffy finds Angel, who refuses to leave the hilltop, having chosen to kill himself. However, a snowfall arrives, protecting Sunnydale from the sun, saving Angel's life. Angel and Buffy walk through the town hand-in-hand. 4511"Gingerbread"James Whitmore, Jr.Story by : Thania St. John & Jane EspensonTeleplay by : Jane EspensonJanuary 12, 1999 (1999-01-12)3ABB116.42 Joyce joins Buffy on a night of Slaying and finds two dead children. Giles theorizes that the children were victims of an occult sacrifice. Joyce speaks out in front of the whole town against monsters, witches, and Slayers. Willow and Amy Madison, who have started a coven, soon become suspects after police search their lockers and find material related to witchcraft. Joyce forbids Buffy from seeing Willow again, and suggests that Buffy has not helped Sunnydale despite her Slaying. After Buffy leaves, the two children appear to Joyce in a vision. Realizing that the children have no parents or identity, Buffy and her friends find records of the same children dying every 50 years since 1649. Buffy and Giles rush to tell Joyce, but Joyce knocks them out on the children's instructions. Willow, Buffy, and Amy are tied to stakes at the city hall. Cordelia revives Giles while Joyce starts a fire at Buffy's feet. Amy escapes by transforming into a rat, while Cordelia and Giles arrive in time to douse the fire. Giles performs a spell that reveals the demon behind the children, and Buffy kills it. Buffy and Willow attempt, but fail, to restore Amy's human form. 4612"Helpless"James A. ContnerDavid FuryJanuary 19, 1999 (1999-01-19)3ABB127.00 Buffy loses her Slayer strength during a fight with a vampire and is nearly killed. During a training session, Giles hypnotizes and drugs Buffy. Meanwhile, the head watcher, Quentin Travers, prepares a test for Buffy's 18th birthday, including a captive drug-addicted vampire, Kralik. Kralik escapes, turning one of Quentin's assistants, Blair, into a vampire and killing the other. Out at night, Buffy runs into Kralik and Blair. Without her powers, she is forced to run, but Giles rescues her. Giles confesses that he drugged her on the instructions of the Watchers' Council. Buffy leaves with Cordelia, furious at Giles. She returns home to find a message from Kralik, who has kidnapped Joyce. Buffy goes to find Joyce, managing to trap Blair and knock him unconscious, and evades Kralik. Buffy steals Kralik's pills and finds Joyce, but Kralik catches up to her. He swallows the pills, but dies after drinking from a glass that Buffy filled with holy water. Quentin congratulates Buffy on passing the test, but fires Giles from the Council for assisting her. Buffy allows Giles to tend her wounds, and the pair await a new watcher. 4713"The Zeppo"James Whitmore, Jr.Dan VebberJanuary 26, 1999 (1999-01-26)3ABB135.93 Buffy, Faith, Willow, and Giles work together to defeat several demons that Giles later identifies as members of the Sisterhood of Jhe, who are intent on opening the Hellmouth. Xander, feeling increasingly insecure about his role in the group, buys a car in the hope it will make him useful, but accidentally rear-ends school bully Jack. Jack threatens Xander with a knife, but Xander covers for Jack when police arrive, gaining his respect. Jack takes Xander to the cemetery, where they resurrect Jack's dead friends. Jack, also dead, tries to initiate Xander into the group, but he flees. Driving away, Xander hits a member of the Sisterhood, saving Faith. They retreat to her motel, where Faith seduces him. After having sex, Faith kicks Xander out. Xander realizes that Jack and his friends have built a bomb. With Buffy, Giles, and the rest of his friends too busy, Xander tracks down the group himself. After outwitting them, Xander forces Jack to defuse the bomb, before Oz kills Jack. Meanwhile, Buffy, Faith, Angel, Willow, and Giles manage to close the Hellmouth and stop the Sisterhood in a largely off-screen struggle. 4814"Bad Girls"Michael LangeDouglas PetrieFebruary 9, 1999 (1999-02-09)3ABB146.09 Buffy and Faith's new Watcher, Wesley Wyndam-Pryce, tasks Buffy with finding an amulet belonging to the demon Balthazar. Joined by Faith, they defeat the vampires named El Eliminati and recover the amulet despite being outnumbered. Faith interrupts a class test to take Buffy to another vampire nest, and after a successful hunt the two go out dancing together. Angel warns Buffy and Wesley that Balthazar has returned. Buffy gives Angel the amulet for safekeeping. Buffy and Faith track down Balthazar, and break into a nearby shop to arm themselves. They are arrested, but break out of the police car, injuring the officers in the process. The following night, Faith and Buffy attack several more vampires, but Faith mistakes Deputy Mayor Allan for a vampire and kills him. Other vampires kidnap Wesley and Giles. Balthazar interrogates them. Wesley is willing to give up the amulet, but does not know Angel's name. Angel himself shows up, along with Buffy. They free Giles and Wesley and defeat the vampires and Balthazar. Balthazar warns Buffy that a greater enemy is rising. Later, the Mayor performs a ritual to make himself invincible. Buffy visits Faith, who acts unconcerned about Allan's death. 4915"Consequences"Michael GershmanMarti NoxonFebruary 16, 1999 (1999-02-16)3ABB155.93 Divers recover Allan's body in the river, where Faith had dumped it. Wesley asks Buffy and Faith to investigate his murder. Buffy confesses to Willow, who advises her to seek Giles. Faith, however, has already told Giles that Buffy killed Allan. Giles orders Buffy into his office, but tells Buffy that he knows Faith has lied. Wesley overhears their conversation and contacts the Watchers' Council. Xander offers to help, revealing that he has slept with Faith, upsetting Willow. Xander visits Faith , but she overpowers and starts to strangle him. Angel rescues Xander and chains Faith up, warning Buffy that Faith may have developed a taste for killing. Watchers led by Wesley arrive, subduing Angel and taking Faith away for judgment. Faith escapes, however. Buffy tracks down Faith, but fails to talk her down, and Buffy hits Faith in anger. They are interrupted by vampires led by Mr. Trick. Faith fights them off, and kills Mr. Trick before he can kill Buffy. Buffy expresses a hope to Giles that Faith may yet be redeemed, but Faith visits the Mayor and offers to replace Mr. Trick. 5016"Doppelgangland"Joss WhedonJoss WhedonFebruary 23, 1999 (1999-02-23)3ABB166.50 Willow continues to investigate the Mayor. Faith alerts him of the attempt, and the Mayor tells Faith that he plans to have Willow killed. Anya, desperate to regain her powers as a vengeance demon, asks Willow to help summon her amulet. The spell goes wrong, calling Willow's vampire form to Sunnydale. At the Bronze, Xander and Buffy run into Vampire Willow, and are horrified when she reveals her vampire face. Other vampires attack Vampire Willow, but she easily overpowers and recruits them. The real Willow arrives, much to her friends' relief and puzzlement. Oz and Angel watch Vampire Willow lead an attack on the Bronze. Anya offers to help Vampire Willow return to her world. Buffy leads an attempt to retake the Bronze, leaving Willow behind. Vampire Willow attacks real Willow, but Willow stuns her vampire form. Buffy decides to use real Willow as a decoy to persuade the vampires to leave the Bronze. Cordelia unwittingly frees Vampire Willow, but Wesley saves Cordelia. Anya eventually sees through the subterfuge, and Buffy and Angel fight the vampires. Working with Anya, they return Vampire Willow to her reality, where she is immediately killed. 5117"Enemies"David GrossmanDouglas PetrieMarch 16, 1999 (1999-03-16)3ABB175.94 Buffy and Faith encounter a demon, claiming to have Books of Ascension for the Mayor and offering to sell them. Faith tracks the demon down on the Mayor's orders and kills it, recovering the Books. She visits Angel, confessing to a murder and acting distressed. Faith tries to seduce Angel, but he rebuffs her. Faith and the Mayor plot to remove Angel's soul, with help from a demon. Faith returns to Angel along with the demon, and they perform a spell in an attempt to remove his soul. The spell appears successful, and after a struggle, Angel and Faith visit the Mayor. Wesley leads Cordelia and others to the Hall of Records, to research on the Mayor. They learn that the Mayor has been alive for almost a century. Angel joins Faith to find Buffy. After bringing her to Angel's mansion, they restrain her. Faith taunts Buffy, moaning about being in her shadow and revealing details about the Mayor's plans for Ascension, and that the Mayor deliberately built Sunnydale on the Hellmouth. Angel reveals that his turn was in fact a sham. Faith escapes. Shaken by their joint deception, Buffy tells Angel that she needs a break from being together for a little while. 5218"Earshot"Regis KimbleJane EspensonSeptember 21, 1999 (1999-09-21)3ABB185.08 Buffy get infected with blood from a slain demon and soon gains the power to hear people's thoughts, with the exception of Angel's. Initially she finds the new ability useful, exploiting it to gain an advantage in class. However, her friends are uncomfortable at Buffy hearing their innermost thoughts, and the voices soon become overwhelming. Buffy overhears one student making a threat against the school before collapsing in the cafeteria. Giles takes Buffy home, while Willow organizes an investigation into the threat. Angel kills a second of the same demon, using its heart with a potion to try and cure Buffy. Willow and Oz track down a suspect, but it turns out that he has no involvement. Cordelia finds a letter from Jonathan, a boy struggling with confidence issues. Buffy tracks him to the clock tower, where he has assembled a rifle and had planned to kill himself. Buffy talks him down. Xander stumbles upon a lunch lady spiking the food with rat poison, and Buffy knocks her unconscious. Jonathan attends counseling and is suspended from school. This episode was originally scheduled to be broadcast on April 27 but was postponed following the Columbine High School massacre on April 20, 1999. 5319"Choices"James A. ContnerDavid FuryMay 4, 1999 (1999-05-04)3ABB195.04 Buffy asks Wesley to leave Sunnydale after graduation, but Wesley forbids it. Buffy offers to act proactively to stop the Mayor's plans for Ascension. Faith steals the Box of Gavrok at the docks and delivers it to the Mayor. Buffy learns of this, and plans with the others to steal and destroy the Box, over Wesley's objections. The heist is successful, although Faith kidnaps Willow. Buffy and Wesley argue over whether to trade the Box for Willow, Oz settling the matter by smashing a vessel containing the potion needed for the ritual. Willow briefly escapes, levitating a pencil to stake a vampire, and finds the Books of Ascension in the Mayor's office. She steals a few pages before being recaptured. The Mayor arrives at the school to make the exchange, which is interrupted when Snyder arrives with security guards. One of the guards opens the box, and two large beetle-like creatures come out of it, killing the guard. Buffy closes the box before any more can escape. The Mayor leaves with the box. Buffy realizes that she cannot leave Sunnydale as long as evil exists there. Willow agrees to stay to help her and to continue her witchcraft studies. 5420"The Prom"David SolomonMarti NoxonMay 11, 1999 (1999-05-11)3ABB205.22 Joyce visits Angel, telling him that he cannot stand in the way of Buffy's future. On patrol together, Angel breaks up with Buffy and says that he plans to leave Sunnydale after the Ascension. Xander runs into Cordelia at a clothes shop. They get into an argument, during which Cordelia reveals that her family is poor now. A monster breaks into the shop and kills a boy wearing a tuxedo. Wesley identifies the beast as a hellhound, and deduce that a malcontent student, Tucker Wells, plans to use the hellhound to ruin prom night. Buffy offers to stop Tucker so that the rest can enjoy the prom. Xander attends the prom with Anya. Cordelia thanks Xander for paying for her dress, then dances with Wesley. Buffy easily subdues Tucker, but learns that he already released three hellhounds. Buffy manages to kill all three before they interrupt the prom, then changes into her own dress. Buffy is surprised to win the prom award of Class Protector, awarded as thanks from the whole school for her work stopping monsters. Angel arrives in a tuxedo, to dance with Buffy, although he stresses that it does not change things between them. 5521"Graduation Day (Part 1)"Joss WhedonJoss WhedonMay 18, 1999 (1999-05-18)3ABB215.13 Faith kills Professor Worth on the Mayor's orders, causing Buffy and Giles to investigate. Anya reveals that she has previously seen an Ascension, explaining that the resulting demon will be much stronger than anything the group has faced. The Mayor interrupts the meeting, threatening the group. Giles stabs him, but the Mayor is unharmed. Buffy convinces Joyce to leave town for her own safety. Willow searches desperately for a spell to stop the Ascension, but finds nothing. Oz calms her down with a kiss, and they make love. Angel and Buffy raid Worth's office, finding some notes which they take to Wesley and Giles, who discover that Worth had found the bones of the demon Olvikan. Faith shoots Angel with an arrow laced with a toxin deadly to vampires, leaving Angel near death. The Watchers' Council refuses to help Angel, leading Buffy to quit the Council. Willow learns that a cure requiring the blood of a Slayer exists. The Mayor eats some insects from the Box of Gavrok, part of his preparation for the Ascension. Buffy finds Faith at her apartment and the two fight. Buffy stabs Faith, but she jumps off into a passing truck. 5622"Graduation Day (Part 2)"Joss WhedonJoss WhedonMay 24, 1999 (1999-05-24) (Canada) July 13, 1999 (1999-07-13) (United States)3ABB226.53 Buffy visits Angel and forces him to drink her blood, allowing Angel to recover. When he comes to he takes Buffy, now near death herself, to hospital. Nearby, the Mayor is informed that Faith is alive but in a coma from which she may never recover. The Mayor tries to suffocate Buffy, but Angel stops him. Buffy has a dream in which Faith tells her that even the Mayor has human weaknesses. Buffy wakes up, recovered, and organizes a plan with her friends for stopping the Mayor. Xander and Willow recruit several school students to join their plan. The graduation ceremony begins, and during his speech the Mayor's Ascension begins, and he transforms into Olvikan. The students reveal that they are all armed, and begin an attack. Olvikan kills Snyder and several other students. Buffy taunts Olvikan about Faith, drawing him away from the remaining students towards the library, where Giles detonates a bomb, destroying the demon and the school. In the aftermath, Wesley returns to England, and Angel leaves without saying goodbye to Buffy, although they share a final look at each other from a distance. This episode sees the last appearance of Cordelia Chase, who would go on to be a series regular in the Angel spin-off series. Reception The season is frequently regarded as the best season of the series. On Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of 13 critic reviews are positive for the season and the average rating is 8.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Season three perfects the show's winning formula to create an addictive and satisfying viewing experience, episode after episode." It received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations: Outstanding Makeup for a Series for "The Zeppo" and Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series for "Lovers Walk". The season averaged 5.3 million viewers, which was its highest rated season. Home media Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Complete Third Season was released on DVD in region 1 on January 7, 2003 and in region 2 on October 29, 2001. The DVD includes all 22 episodes on 6 discs presented in full frame 1.33:1 aspect ratio. Special features on the DVD include four commentary tracks—"Helpless" by writer David Fury, "Bad Girls" by writer Doug Petrie, "Consequences" by director Michael Gershman and "Earshot" by writer Jane Espenson. Writers Joss Whedon, Jane Espenson, and Doug Petrie discuss the episodes "Bad Girls", "Consequences", "Enemies", "Earshot", and "Graduation Day, Part One" in interviews. Scripts for "Faith, Hope & Trick", "Band Candy", "Lovers Walk", and "The Wish" are included. Featurettes include, "Special Effects", "Wardrobe", "Weapons", which all detail the title subjects; "Buffy Speak", which details the language and dialogue used on the show; and "Season 3 Overview", a 20-minute featurette where cast and crew members discuss the season. Also included are cast biographies and photo galleries. References ^ "School Daze". Entertainment Weekly. May 25, 1999. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2010. ^ Ruditis, Paul and Gallagher, Diana G. Angel: The Casefiles Vol. 2. p. 4. ^ "A Brief History of Mutant Enemy". Whedon.info. May 24, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2010. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Sept. 28–Oct. 4)". The Los Angeles Times. October 7, 1998. Retrieved April 25, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Oct. 5-11)". The Los Angeles Times. October 14, 1998. Retrieved April 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Oct. 12-18)". The Los Angeles Times. October 21, 1998. Retrieved April 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Oct. 19-25)". The Los Angeles Times. October 28, 1998. Retrieved April 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Nov. 2-8)". The Los Angeles Times. November 11, 1998. Retrieved April 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Nov. 9-15)". The Los Angeles Times. November 18, 1998. Retrieved April 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Nov. 16-22)". The Los Angeles Times. November 25, 1998. Retrieved April 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Broadcast & Cable Nielsens: Week Ending November 29, 1998". Ratings Ryan. April 22, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Dec. 7-13)". The Los Angeles Times. December 16, 1998. Retrieved April 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Dec. 14-20)". The Los Angeles Times. December 24, 1998. Retrieved April 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 11-17)". The Los Angeles Times. January 20, 1999. Retrieved April 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 18-24)". The Los Angeles Times. January 27, 1999. Retrieved April 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 25-31)". The Los Angeles Times. February 3, 1999. Retrieved April 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Feb. 8-14)". The Los Angeles Times. February 18, 1999. Retrieved April 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Feb. 15-21)". The Los Angeles Times. February 24, 1999. Retrieved May 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Feb. 22-28)". The Los Angeles Times. March 3, 1999. Retrieved May 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (March 15–21)". The Los Angeles Times. March 24, 1999. Retrieved May 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (Sept. 20–26)". The Los Angeles Times. September 29, 1999. Retrieved May 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (May 3–9)". The Los Angeles Times. May 12, 1999. Retrieved May 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (May 10–16)". The Los Angeles Times. May 19, 1999. Retrieved May 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (May 17–23)". The Los Angeles Times. May 26, 1999. Retrieved May 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "National Nielsen Viewership (July 12–18)". The Los Angeles Times. July 21, 1999. Retrieved May 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Bunting, Sarah D. (March 10, 2017). "Every Season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Ranked From Worst to Best". Vulture. Retrieved November 10, 2023. ^ Jeffery, Morgan (August 13, 2018). "Which was the best Buffy season? We've ranked 'em all". Digital Spy. Retrieved November 10, 2023. ^ Gaughan, Liam (November 24, 2021). "Every Season Of Buffy The Vampire Slayer Ranked Worst To Best". /Film. Retrieved November 10, 2023. ^ James, Fredrick (February 28, 2022). "Every Season of 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer,' Ranked from Worst to Best". Collider. Retrieved November 10, 2023. ^ "Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Season 3 (1998-1999)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 18, 2017. ^ "Buffy The Vampire Slayer". Television Academy. Retrieved November 10, 2023. ^ "Final ratings for the 1998-1999 TV season". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 29, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2010. ^ "Buffy the Vampire Slayer - The Complete Third Season (1997)". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 29, 2010. ^ "Buffy DVD and VHS". BBC. Retrieved July 31, 2010. ^ "Buffy the Vampire Slayer - Season 3". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2010. External links Buffy the Vampire Slayer at IMDb List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 3 episodes at BuffyGuide.com Buffy the Vampire Slayer at epguides.com vteBuffy the Vampire Slayer Canon Index Awards Series Film Television Episodes Unaired pilot Season 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Comics Season Eight Nine Ten Twelve: The Reckoning Boom! Studios CharactersMain Buffy Xander Willow Cordelia Giles Oz Anya Spike Tara Riley Angel Dawn Recurring Joyce Harmony Jenny Snyder Jonathan Faith Wesley Halfrek Andrew Robin Kennedy Satsu Fray VillainsMain The Master Drusilla The Mayor Adam Glory The First Other Darla Amy Anointed One D'Hoffryn Walsh Warren The Trio Caleb Universe Big Bads Monsters Slayers Sunnydale Vampire Watcher Spin-offsTelevision Angel Undeveloped spinoffs Buffy: The Animated Series Comics Fray Tales of the Slayers Tales of the Vampires Video games Buffy the Vampire Slayer (2000) Buffy the Vampire Slayer (2002) Wrath of the Darkhul King Chaos Bleeds Other media Card game High School yearbook Home video Guidebooks Magazines Music Novels Role-playing games Fandom Buffering the Vampire Slayer podcast Fan productions Related Buffy studies In popular culture Whedonverse Category vteBuffy the Vampire Slayer episodesSeason 1 Unaired pilot "Welcome to the Hellmouth" "The Harvest" "Witch" "Teacher's Pet" "Never Kill a Boy on the First Date" "The Pack" "Angel" "I, Robot... You, Jane" "The Puppet Show" "Nightmares" "Out of Mind, Out of Sight" "Prophecy Girl" Season 2 "When She Was Bad" "Some Assembly Required" "Inca Mummy Girl" "Lie to Me" "The Dark Age" "What's My Line, Parts One and Two" "Bad Eggs" "Surprise" "Innocence" "Phases" "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered" "Passion" "Killed by Death" "I Only Have Eyes for You" "Go Fish" "Becoming, Parts One and Two" Season 3 "Anne" "Dead Man's Party" "Faith, Hope & Trick" "Beauty and the Beasts" "Homecoming" "Band Candy" "Revelations" "Lovers Walk" "The Wish" "Amends" "Gingerbread" "Helpless" "The Zeppo" "Bad Girls" "Consequences" "Doppelgangland" "Earshot" "Choices" "Graduation Day, Parts One and Two" Season 4 "Living Conditions" "Beer Bad" "Pangs" "Something Blue" "Hush" "The I in Team" "Goodbye Iowa" "This Year's Girl" "Who Are You?" "Superstar" "The Yoko Factor" "Restless" Season 5 "Buffy vs. Dracula" "Real Me" "The Replacement" "Out of My Mind" "Checkpoint" "The Body" "Tough Love" "Spiral" "The Weight of the World" "The Gift" Season 6 "Bargaining, Parts One and Two" "After Life" "Life Serial" "All the Way" "Once More, with Feeling" "Tabula Rasa" "Smashed" "Wrecked" "As You Were" "Hell's Bells" "Normal Again" "Entropy" "Seeing Red" "Villains" "Two to Go" "Grave" Season 7 "Lessons" "Beneath You" "Same Time, Same Place" "Help" "Selfless" "Him" "Conversations with Dead People" "Sleeper" "Never Leave Me" "Bring On the Night" "Showtime" "Potential" "The Killer in Me" "First Date" "Get It Done" "Storyteller" "Lies My Parents Told Me" "Dirty Girls" "Empty Places" "Touched" "Chosen"
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer"},{"link_name":"The WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WB"},{"link_name":"Earshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earshot_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Earshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earshot_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Graduation Day, Part Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation_Day_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Columbine High School massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"1998-1999 season of Buffy the Vampire SlayerSeason of television seriesThe third season of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer premiered on September 29, 1998 on The WB and episode 22, the second of the two part season finale, aired on July 13, 1999. However, episode 18 \"Earshot\" did not air until September 21, 1999, shortly before the season 4 premiere. The show maintained its previous time slot, airing Tuesdays at 8:00 pm ET. \"Earshot\" and \"Graduation Day, Part Two\", were delayed in the wake of the Columbine High School massacre because of their content.[1]","title":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer season 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"start a new life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Buffy Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_Summers"},{"link_name":"Sarah Michelle Gellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar"},{"link_name":"Sunnydale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnydale"},{"link_name":"Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"David Boreanaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boreanaz"},{"link_name":"Powers That Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powers_That_Be_(Angel)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rupert Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Giles"},{"link_name":"Anthony Stewart Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Head"},{"link_name":"Watchers' Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchers%27_Council"},{"link_name":"Slayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slayer_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Eliza Dushku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Dushku"},{"link_name":"First Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Evil"},{"link_name":"Richard Wilkins III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Groener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Groener"},{"link_name":"accidentally killing a human","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Girls_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Principal Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Snyder"},{"link_name":"spin-off series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(1999_TV_series)"}],"text":"After attempting to start a new life in Los Angeles, Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) returns to Sunnydale in season three, and is reunited with her friends and her mother. She is no longer a criminal suspect, but Principal Snyder, who took vindictive pleasure in expelling Buffy, refuses to reinstate her until he is told to do so by Giles. Angel (David Boreanaz) is resurrected mysteriously by the unseen Powers That Be.[2] While Buffy is happy to have Angel back, he seems to have lost much of his sanity in Hell. Buffy helps Angel recover but, having seen Angel's demonic side, Buffy's friends distrust him until he saves them from a monster.Rupert Giles (Anthony Stewart Head) is fired from the Watchers' Council because he has developed a \"father's love\" for Buffy, and towards the end of the season Buffy announces that she will also no longer work for the Council. Early in the season she is confronted with an unstable Slayer, Faith (Eliza Dushku), who was activated after Kendra's death near the end of season two.Angel, after getting his soul back, is once again tormented by his guilt and personally by an entity called the First Evil, who takes credits of bringing Angel back for wicked intents and goads him into attempting suicide. Though Buffy is unable to prevent Angel from killing himself, the Powers That Be intervene and convince Angel that he has a greater purpose.Although the First is still out there, the antagonist of the season is shown to be the affable Mayor Richard Wilkins III (Harry Groener), who is near completion of his plan to \"ascend\" to become a giant snake-like demon – having already gained immortality through a Faustian bargain with demons when he founded Sunnydale a century ago. The final step is to be a massacre of students on Sunnydale High's graduation day.Although Faith works with Buffy at first, after accidentally killing a human, Faith becomes irrational and sides with Mayor Wilkins, whose charismatic behavior influences Faith's dark side. She helps Wilkins in his plan, and eventually she poisons Angel. The only antidote for the poison is the blood of a Slayer, so Buffy tries to grab Faith to feed her to Angel. Faith, though severely wounded, jumps from her roof onto a passing truck, out of Buffy's reach. Buffy is forced to let Angel drink from her, putting her in a brief coma. Wilkins, who had a fatherly affection for Faith, gets angry and attempts to suffocate her, but is stopped by Angel. During her time in a coma, Buffy shares a dream with Faith where they make peace.At the climax of the season, Wilkins speaks at the graduation ceremony, as the time for his transformation has come and he finally morphs into the demon Olvikan. He eats Principal Snyder and kills several others; but Buffy and her friends have organized the graduating students to fight back against Wilkins and his vampires. (A solar eclipse allows Angel and other vampires to be out in daytime.) Buffy confronts the demon, taunting him about Faith. She lures the provoked Mayor into the library which has many explosives. The explosion destroys Wilkins in his Olvikan form, as well as the school.Meanwhile, Angel becomes convinced that Buffy's love for him will be bad for her in the long run. After the battle with the Mayor, he leaves Sunnydale, leading to the spin-off series in Los Angeles. Cordelia also leaves Sunnydale at the end of the season in order to attempt an acting career in L.A., though later becomes a major character on the spin-off.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarah Michelle Gellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Michelle_Gellar"},{"link_name":"Buffy Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_Summers"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Brendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Brendon"},{"link_name":"Xander Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xander_Harris"},{"link_name":"Alyson Hannigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyson_Hannigan"},{"link_name":"Willow Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Charisma Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charisma_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Cordelia Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordelia_Chase"},{"link_name":"David Boreanaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boreanaz"},{"link_name":"Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Seth Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Green"},{"link_name":"Daniel \"Oz\" Osbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oz_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Stewart Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Stewart_Head"},{"link_name":"Rupert Giles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Giles"}],"sub_title":"Main cast","text":"Sarah Michelle Gellar as Buffy Summers\nNicholas Brendon as Xander Harris\nAlyson Hannigan as Willow Rosenberg\nCharisma Carpenter as Cordelia Chase\nDavid Boreanaz as Angel\nSeth Green as Daniel \"Oz\" Osbourne\nAnthony Stewart Head as Rupert Giles","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kristine Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Joyce Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Summers"},{"link_name":"Eliza Dushku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliza_Dushku"},{"link_name":"Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Groener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Groener"},{"link_name":"Mayor Richard Wilkins III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Alexis Denisof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Denisof"},{"link_name":"Wesley Wyndam-Pryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Wyndam-Pryce"},{"link_name":"Armin Shimerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Shimerman"},{"link_name":"Principal Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Snyder"},{"link_name":"Danny Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Strong"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Levinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Levinson"},{"link_name":"Larry Bagby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Bagby"},{"link_name":"Larry Blaisdell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Blaisdell"},{"link_name":"K. Todd Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Todd_Freeman"},{"link_name":"Mr. Trick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Trick"},{"link_name":"Jason Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Hall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Devon MacLeish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_characters#Devon_MacLeish"},{"link_name":"Emma Caulfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Caulfield"},{"link_name":"Anya Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anya_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Ethan Erickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Erickson"},{"link_name":"Percy West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_West"},{"link_name":"Jack Plotnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Plotnick"},{"link_name":"Deputy Mayor Allan Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_characters#Deputy_Mayor_Allan_Finch"},{"link_name":"Fab Filippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fab_Filippo"},{"link_name":"Scott Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hope"},{"link_name":"Mercedes McNab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_McNab"},{"link_name":"Harmony Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony_Kendall"},{"link_name":"Willy the Snitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_the_Snitch"}],"sub_title":"Recurring cast","text":"Kristine Sutherland as Joyce Summers\nEliza Dushku as Faith\nHarry Groener as Mayor Richard Wilkins III\nAlexis Denisof as Wesley Wyndam-Pryce\nArmin Shimerman as Principal Snyder\nDanny Strong as Jonathan Levinson\nLarry Bagby as Larry Blaisdell\nK. Todd Freeman as Mr. Trick\nJason Hall as Devon MacLeish\nEmma Caulfield as Anya Jenkins\nEthan Erickson as Percy West\nJack Plotnick as Deputy Mayor Allan Finch\nFab Filippo as Scott Hope\nMercedes McNab as Harmony Kendall\nSaverio Guerra as Willy the Snitch","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Anne Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Anne_Allen"},{"link_name":"Amy Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Madison"},{"link_name":"Robia LaMorte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robia_LaMorte"},{"link_name":"The First Evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Evil"},{"link_name":"Jenny Calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Calendar"},{"link_name":"Julia Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Lee_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_characters#Anne"},{"link_name":"James Marsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marsters"},{"link_name":"Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Mark Metcalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Metcalf"},{"link_name":"The Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)"},{"link_name":"Robin Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Sachs"},{"link_name":"Ethan Rayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethan_Rayne"},{"link_name":"Andy Umberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Umberger"},{"link_name":"D'Hoffryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Hoffryn"},{"link_name":"Harris Yulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Yulin"},{"link_name":"Quentin Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Travers"},{"link_name":"Serena Scott Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Scott_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Gwendolyn Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwendolyn_Post"}],"sub_title":"Guest cast","text":"Elizabeth Anne Allen as Amy Madison\nRobia LaMorte as The First Evil/Jenny Calendar\nJulia Lee as Lily/Anne Steele\nJames Marsters as Spike\nMark Metcalf as The Master\nRobin Sachs as Ethan Rayne\nAndy Umberger as D'Hoffryn\nHarris Yulin as Quentin Travers\nSerena Scott Thomas as Gwendolyn Post","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joss Whedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joss_Whedon"},{"link_name":"showrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showrunner"},{"link_name":"David Greenwalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Greenwalt"},{"link_name":"Marti Noxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marti_Noxon"},{"link_name":"Jane Espenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Espenson"},{"link_name":"Thania St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thania_St._John"},{"link_name":"Douglas Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Petrie"},{"link_name":"Dan Vebber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Vebber"},{"link_name":"David Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fury"},{"link_name":"Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_(1999_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"James A. Contner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Contner"},{"link_name":"James Whitmore, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whitmore,_Jr."}],"text":"Series creator Joss Whedon served as executive producer and showrunner, and wrote and directed five episodes of the season including the season premiere and the two-part finale. David Greenwalt was promoted to executive producer, and wrote two episodes (including directing one of them) and directed another. Marti Noxon was promoted to co-producer and wrote five episodes. New additions in the third season included Jane Espenson, who served as executive story editor and wrote three episodes, including an episode originally pitched from Thania St. John (who receives story credit). Douglas Petrie joined as a story editor, later promoted to executive story editor midseason and wrote three episodes. Dan Vebber joined as a staff writer and wrote two episodes. David Fury returned and freelanced two episodes. This was the last season for Greenwalt as a writer/director on the series, as he departed to be the showrunner for the spin off series Angel. He would serve as consulting producer until the end of the sixth season.[3]Joss Whedon directed the highest number of episodes in the third season, directing five episodes. James A. Contner and James Whitmore, Jr. each directed four.","title":"Crew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer_episodes"}],"text":"See also: List of Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Primetime Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"The Zeppo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zeppo"},{"link_name":"Lovers Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_Walk"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The season is frequently regarded as the best season of the series.[26][27][28][29] On Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of 13 critic reviews are positive for the season and the average rating is 8.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads, \"Season three perfects the show's winning formula to create an addictive and satisfying viewing experience, episode after episode.\"[30] It received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations: Outstanding Makeup for a Series for \"The Zeppo\" and Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series for \"Lovers Walk\".[31]The season averaged 5.3 million viewers, which was its highest rated season.[32]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1_dvd-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"David Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fury"},{"link_name":"Doug Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Petrie"},{"link_name":"Michael Gershman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Gershman_(director)"},{"link_name":"Jane Espenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Espenson"},{"link_name":"Joss Whedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joss_Whedon"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Buffy the Vampire Slayer: The Complete Third Season was released on DVD in region 1 on January 7, 2003[33] and in region 2 on October 29, 2001.[34] The DVD includes all 22 episodes on 6 discs presented in full frame 1.33:1 aspect ratio. Special features on the DVD include four commentary tracks—\"Helpless\" by writer David Fury, \"Bad Girls\" by writer Doug Petrie, \"Consequences\" by director Michael Gershman and \"Earshot\" by writer Jane Espenson. Writers Joss Whedon, Jane Espenson, and Doug Petrie discuss the episodes \"Bad Girls\", \"Consequences\", \"Enemies\", \"Earshot\", and \"Graduation Day, Part One\" in interviews. Scripts for \"Faith, Hope & Trick\", \"Band Candy\", \"Lovers Walk\", and \"The Wish\" are included. Featurettes include, \"Special Effects\", \"Wardrobe\", \"Weapons\", which all detail the title subjects; \"Buffy Speak\", which details the language and dialogue used on the show; and \"Season 3 Overview\", a 20-minute featurette where cast and crew members discuss the season. Also included are cast biographies and photo galleries.[35]","title":"Home media"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"School Daze\". Entertainment Weekly. May 25, 1999. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004214847/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,84403,00.html","url_text":"\"School Daze\""},{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,84403,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of Mutant Enemy\". Whedon.info. May 24, 2004. Retrieved July 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whedon.info/A-Brief-History-of-Mutant-Enemy.html","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Mutant Enemy\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Sept. 28–Oct. 4)\". The Los Angeles Times. October 7, 1998. Retrieved April 25, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41309288/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Sept. 28–Oct. 4)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Oct. 5-11)\". The Los Angeles Times. October 14, 1998. Retrieved April 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41372444/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Oct. 5-11)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Oct. 12-18)\". The Los Angeles Times. October 21, 1998. Retrieved April 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41307440/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Oct. 12-18)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Oct. 19-25)\". The Los Angeles Times. October 28, 1998. Retrieved April 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41371185/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Oct. 19-25)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Nov. 2-8)\". The Los Angeles Times. November 11, 1998. Retrieved April 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41372619/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Nov. 2-8)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Nov. 9-15)\". The Los Angeles Times. November 18, 1998. Retrieved April 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41316218/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Nov. 9-15)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Nov. 16-22)\". The Los Angeles Times. November 25, 1998. Retrieved April 28, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41313160/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Nov. 16-22)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcast & Cable Nielsens: Week Ending November 29, 1998\". Ratings Ryan. April 22, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ratingsryan.com/2020/04/broadcast-cable-nielsens-week-ending_22.html","url_text":"\"Broadcast & Cable Nielsens: Week Ending November 29, 1998\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Dec. 7-13)\". The Los Angeles Times. December 16, 1998. Retrieved April 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41295417/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Dec. 7-13)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Dec. 14-20)\". The Los Angeles Times. December 24, 1998. Retrieved April 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41372304/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Dec. 14-20)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 11-17)\". The Los Angeles Times. January 20, 1999. Retrieved April 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41319654/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 11-17)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 18-24)\". The Los Angeles Times. January 27, 1999. Retrieved April 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41319996/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 18-24)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 25-31)\". The Los Angeles Times. February 3, 1999. Retrieved April 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41321511/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Jan. 25-31)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Feb. 8-14)\". The Los Angeles Times. February 18, 1999. Retrieved April 30, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41321832/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Feb. 8-14)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Feb. 15-21)\". The Los Angeles Times. February 24, 1999. Retrieved May 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41306812/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Feb. 15-21)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Feb. 22-28)\". The Los Angeles Times. March 3, 1999. Retrieved May 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41320206/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Feb. 22-28)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (March 15–21)\". The Los Angeles Times. March 24, 1999. Retrieved May 1, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41313523/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (March 15–21)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Sept. 20–26)\". The Los Angeles Times. September 29, 1999. Retrieved May 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41321901/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (Sept. 20–26)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (May 3–9)\". The Los Angeles Times. May 12, 1999. Retrieved May 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41313596/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (May 3–9)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (May 10–16)\". The Los Angeles Times. May 19, 1999. Retrieved May 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41314884/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (May 10–16)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (May 17–23)\". The Los Angeles Times. May 26, 1999. Retrieved May 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41321453/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (May 17–23)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (July 12–18)\". The Los Angeles Times. July 21, 1999. Retrieved May 2, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/41305617/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"National Nielsen Viewership (July 12–18)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Bunting, Sarah D. (March 10, 2017). \"Every Season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Ranked From Worst to Best\". Vulture. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2017/03/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-seasons-ranked-from-worst-to-best.html","url_text":"\"Every Season of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Ranked From Worst to Best\""}]},{"reference":"Jeffery, Morgan (August 13, 2018). \"Which was the best Buffy season? We've ranked 'em all\". Digital Spy. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a863611/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-seasons-ranked/","url_text":"\"Which was the best Buffy season? We've ranked 'em all\""}]},{"reference":"Gaughan, Liam (November 24, 2021). \"Every Season Of Buffy The Vampire Slayer Ranked Worst To Best\". /Film. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/669889/every-season-of-buffy-the-vampire-slayer-ranked-worst-to-best/","url_text":"\"Every Season Of Buffy The Vampire Slayer Ranked Worst To Best\""}]},{"reference":"James, Fredrick (February 28, 2022). \"Every Season of 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer,' Ranked from Worst to Best\". Collider. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/buffy-the-vampire-slayer-seasons-ranked/","url_text":"\"Every Season of 'Buffy the Vampire Slayer,' Ranked from Worst to Best\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Season 3 (1998-1999)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/buffy_the_vampire_slayer/s03","url_text":"\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Season 3 (1998-1999)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buffy The Vampire Slayer\". Television Academy. Retrieved November 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/shows/buffy-vampire-slayer","url_text":"\"Buffy The Vampire Slayer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final ratings for the 1998-1999 TV season\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 29, 2009. Retrieved August 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091029011819/http://geocities.com/Hollywood/4616/ew0604.html","url_text":"\"Final ratings for the 1998-1999 TV season\""},{"url":"http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/4616/ew0604.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer - The Complete Third Season (1997)\". Amazon.com. Retrieved July 29, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00006RCNX","url_text":"\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer - The Complete Third Season (1997)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com","url_text":"Amazon.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Buffy DVD and VHS\". BBC. Retrieved July 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/buffy/buffystuff/dvdvideo/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Buffy DVD and VHS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer - Season 3\". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on October 9, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081009113311/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Buffy-Vampire-Slayer-Season-3/1565","url_text":"\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer - Season 3\""},{"url":"http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Buffy-Vampire-Slayer-Season-3/1565","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Shindo
Charles J. Shindo
["1 Bibliography","2 Awards","3 External links"]
American historian Charles Jogi ShindoBornCalifornia, United StatesNationality United StatesAlma materUniversity of Southern CaliforniaCalifornia State University, FullertonUniversity of RochesterKnown forCultural HistoryAwardsW. Turrentine Jackson Award (1992)Roselyn Boneno Award for Teaching (2003)Caroline Bancroft Prize (1998)Scientific careerFieldsHistoryInstitutionsLouisiana State UniversityDoctoral advisorRobert Westbrook Charles Jogi Shindo is a Professor of United States history at Louisiana State University. Dr. Shindo took his BA at the University of Southern California where he undertook a number of majors before settling on history. He then earned a master's degree at California State University, Fullerton. He undertook his Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Rochester. His dissertation, entitled "Voices of the migrant : democracy and culture in the dust bowl works of John Steinbeck, John Ford, and Woody Guthrie" was completed under the direction of historian Robert Westbrook in 1992. Dr. Shindo's book, Dust Bowl Migrants in the American Imagination challenges the common conception of the Dust Bowl migrant, arguing that a small group of artists perpetuated the stereotype of the downtrodden "Okie" to promote their own reformist agenda, when, in fact, the realities of the migrant worker was quite different. At LSU, Dr. Shindo's course offerings center on Asian-American, U.S. Cultural, and Post-Civil War history. Bibliography Shindo, Charles J. Dust Bowl Migrants in the American Imagination (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997) Shindo, Charles J. "Myth of the Dust Bowl," Wilson Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4 (Autumn 2000): 25-30 Shindo, Charles J. 1927 and the Rise of Modern America (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010) Awards W. Turrentine Jackson Award of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association (1992). Roselyn Boneno Award for Teaching - Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College (2003) Caroline Bancroft Prize, Western History Department, Denver Public Library (1998) External links Departmental homepage Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Other IdRef This biography of an American historian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"California State University, Fullerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Fullerton"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"Robert Westbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Westbrook_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Dust Bowl migrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_Bowl_migrant"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"Asian-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian-American"}],"text":"Charles Jogi Shindo is a Professor of United States history at Louisiana State University.Dr. Shindo took his BA at the University of Southern California where he undertook a number of majors before settling on history. He then earned a master's degree at California State University, Fullerton. He undertook his Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Rochester. His dissertation, entitled \"Voices of the migrant : democracy and culture in the dust bowl works of John Steinbeck, John Ford, and Woody Guthrie\" was completed under the direction of historian Robert Westbrook in 1992.Dr. Shindo's book, Dust Bowl Migrants in the American Imagination challenges the common conception of the Dust Bowl migrant, arguing that a small group of artists perpetuated the stereotype of the downtrodden \"Okie\" to promote their own reformist agenda, when, in fact, the realities of the migrant worker was quite different.At LSU, Dr. Shindo's course offerings center on Asian-American, U.S. Cultural, and Post-Civil War history.","title":"Charles J. Shindo"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Shindo, Charles J. Dust Bowl Migrants in the American Imagination (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997)\nShindo, Charles J. \"Myth of the Dust Bowl,\" Wilson Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4 (Autumn 2000): 25-30\nShindo, Charles J. 1927 and the Rise of Modern America (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Historical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Historical_Association"}],"text":"W. Turrentine Jackson Award of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association (1992).\nRoselyn Boneno Award for Teaching - Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College (2003)\nCaroline Bancroft Prize, Western History Department, Denver Public Library (1998)","title":"Awards"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.artsci.lsu.edu/hist/shindo.htm","external_links_name":"Departmental homepage"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000116007862","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/17375258","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfmmWVPPD8p4qKyQmXfMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/10072766","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134882561","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb134882561","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/142397296","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14482380","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96068145","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/195490118","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_J._Shindo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velko_Yotov
Velko Yotov
["1 Career","2 Honours","3 External links"]
Bulgarian footballer In this Bulgarian name, the patronymic is Nikolaev and the family name is Yotov. Velko YotovPersonal informationFull name Velko Nikolaev YotovDate of birth (1970-08-26) 26 August 1970 (age 53)Place of birth Sofia, BulgariaHeight 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s) Second strikerSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1988–1993 Levski Sofia 113 (31)1993–1995 Espanyol 42 (14)1995–1999 Newell's Old Boys 106 (35)1999 Olimpik Teteven 6 (0)2000–2001 Charleston Battery 29 (9)2002–2005 Atlanta Silverbacks 72 (20)Total 368 (109)International career1991–1995 Bulgaria 7 (1) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Velko Nikolaev Yotov (Bulgarian: Велко Никола́ев Йотов; born 26 August 1970) is a Bulgarian retired professional footballer who played as a forward. Career He was part of the Bulgaria national team that reached the semi-finals of the 1994 World Cup. After coming through the ranks in Levski Sofia he moved to Botev Plovdiv and was then sold to Espanyol, where he helped them win Segunda Division with his 13 goals in 1993–94 season. In 1995, he moved to Argentina and spent four seasons with Newell's Old Boys before finishing his career in the USA-League with Charleston Battery and Atlanta Silverbacks. Honours Levski Sofia A PFG: 1992–93 Bulgarian Cup: 1990–91, 1991–92 Espanyol Segunda División: 1993–94 External links Velko Yotov at National-Football-Teams.com Velko Yotov at BDFutbol Profile at LevskiSofia.info vteBulgaria squad – 1994 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Mihaylov (c) 2 Kremenliev 3 Ivanov 4 Tsvetanov 5 Hubchev 6 Yankov 7 Kostadinov 8 Stoichkov 9 Letchkov 10 Sirakov 11 Borimirov 12 Nikolov 13 Yordanov 14 Genchev 15 Iliev 16 Kiryakov 17 Mihtarski 18 Aleksandrov 19 Georgiev 20 Balakov 21 Yotov 22 Andonov Coach: Penev This biographical article related to association football in Bulgaria, about a forward, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgarian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"}],"text":"In this Bulgarian name, the patronymic is Nikolaev and the family name is Yotov.Velko Nikolaev Yotov (Bulgarian: Велко Никола́ев Йотов; born 26 August 1970) is a Bulgarian retired professional footballer who played as a forward.","title":"Velko Yotov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulgaria national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1994 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Levski Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levski_Sofia"},{"link_name":"Botev Plovdiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botev_Plovdiv"},{"link_name":"Espanyol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanyol"},{"link_name":"Newell's Old Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newell%27s_Old_Boys"},{"link_name":"Charleston Battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Battery"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Silverbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Silverbacks"}],"text":"He was part of the Bulgaria national team that reached the semi-finals of the 1994 World Cup. After coming through the ranks in Levski Sofia he moved to Botev Plovdiv and was then sold to Espanyol, where he helped them win Segunda Division with his 13 goals in 1993–94 season. In 1995, he moved to Argentina and spent four seasons with Newell's Old Boys before finishing his career in the USA-League with Charleston Battery and Atlanta Silverbacks.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A PFG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_PFG"},{"link_name":"1992–93","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992-93_A_PFG"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1990–91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990-91_Bulgarian_Cup"},{"link_name":"1991–92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991-92_Bulgarian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"}],"text":"Levski SofiaA PFG: 1992–93\nBulgarian Cup: 1990–91, 1991–92EspanyolSegunda División: 1993–94","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/22942.html","external_links_name":"Velko Yotov"},{"Link":"https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j2574.html","external_links_name":"Velko Yotov"},{"Link":"http://en.levskisofia.info/player/velko-yotov/","external_links_name":"Profile at LevskiSofia.info"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velko_Yotov&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews_(alias_Ballyhalbert)
St. Andrews (alias Ballyhalbert)
["1 Settlements","2 Townlands","3 See also","4 References"]
St. Andrews (alias Ballyhalbert) is a civil parish in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is situated in the historic barony of Ards Upper. Settlements The civil parish contains the following village: Ballyhalbert Portavogie Townlands The civil parish contains the following townlands: Ballyesborough Ballyfrench Ballygraffan Ballyhalbert Ballyhemlin Burial Island Echlinville Green Island Portavogie Roddans See also List of civil parishes of County Down References ^ a b c "St. Andrews (alias Ballyhalbert)". IreAtlas Townlands Database. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
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[]
[{"title":"List of civil parishes of County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_of_County_Down"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocchetta_Mattei
Rocchetta Mattei
["1 History","1.1 After World War II","2 Description","3 Gallery","4 References"]
Coordinates: 44°13′25″N 11°03′36″E / 44.223633°N 11.059922°E / 44.223633; 11.059922Rocchetta Mattei Rocchetta Mattei is a fortress located on the Northern Apennine Mountains, on a hill which is 407 meters above sea level, in the locality of Savignano in the municipality of Grizzana Morandi, on the Strada Statale 64 Porrettana, in the Metropolitan City of Bologna. Built in the second half of nineteenth century, it blends various eclectic styles, from Medieval to Moorish. History Count Cesare Mattei Rocchetta Mattei was the home of count Cesare Mattei, a scholar, politician and self-taught physician who founded electrohomeopathy, a practice founded on homeopathy. On November 5, 1850, the first stone of Rocchetta Mattei was laid, and as early as 1859 it became habitable and eventually Cesare Mattei’s permanent residence. Inside Rocchetta Mattei, the count led a life as a medieval castellan and even created a court, complete with a buffoon. The castle hosted illustrious individuals who came from everywhere to undergo Mattei's treatment, including Ludwig III of Bavaria and Alexander II of Russia. In 1925, there was an official visit by the Prince of Piedmont. Even Fyodor Dostoevsky quotes the Count in The Brothers Karamazov, when he tells the devil he managed to recover from terrible rheumatism thanks to a book and some drops from Count Mattei. After World War II During World War II, German troops damaged the interior of the building. When the conflict was over, the last heir, Iris Boriani, was unable to sell the building, and offered it free to the Municipality of Bologna, but they did not accept the donation. In 1959, Rocchetta Mattei was purchased by Primo Stefanelli. He transformed one of the smaller buildings, already used as a hunting pavilion, into a cozy hotel with an adjoining restaurant. The restaurant accessed an adjacent shady park, creating an oasis of peace and serenity. Stefanelli wanted to repair the damage and restore the castle to its original condition and make it a prime tourist destination. In 1989, Stefanelli died and the situation deteriorated; due to various problems, Rocchetta Mattei was definitively closed to the public. In 1997, a committee was created for the preservation of the castle which, in the face of total abandonment by the owners and government institutions, seemed destined to ruin. Many initiatives were launched, such as a human chain around Rocchetta Mattei and conferences and debates, which were very successful. In 2000, a museum was established about Count Cesare Mattei, the Rocchetta Mattei, and electrohomeopathy on Via Nazionale 117 in Riola di Vergato, seat of the Committee "Archivio Museo Cesare Mattei". It continues in the present day collecting historical things relating to the life of Count Cesare Mattei. In 2006, the foundation of Cassa di Risparmio in Bologna officially announced the acquisition of Rocchetta Mattei, restored it, which ultimately led to the reopening to the public on August 9, 2015. Description The castle photographed by Paolo Monti in 1956 The set of buildings that make up the present castle was located on a medieval complex, which belonged to the emperors Frederick I and Otto IV and the domain of Matilda of Tuscany, who held a vassal, Lanfranco da Savignano, as guardian. The need to defend the passage on the Rhine made this castle precious to the rulers of the time. Having fallen into the hands of the Bolognese, and created a more advanced defensive line, the fortress became useless and was destroyed in 1293. Before choosing Savignano for its castle, it seems that Cesare Mattei had visited several places. The place was preferred for many reasons: the ease of access, the rock forming a gigantic natural pedestal, and the location on the confluence of the rivers Limentra orientale and Reno. The predominant style of the building is Moorish, with additional medieval and modern Italian architecture. The main entrance opens onto a branch of highway 64. An inscription at the top commemorates the origin and completion of the building with the following words: Il Conte Cesare Mattei - sopra le rovine di antica rocca - edificò questo castello dove visse XXV anni - benefico ai poveri - assiduamente studioso - delle virtù mediche dell'erbe - per la qual scienza ebbe nome in Europa - ed era cercato dagli infermi il suo soccorso - Mario Venturoli Mattei - compié l'edificio - e secondo il voto di lui - nel X anno dalla morte - ne portò qui le ceneri - con amore e riconoscenza di figlio - il III Aprile MCMVI Translation: Count Cesare Mattei - above the ruins of an ancient fortress - built this castle where he lived for twenty-five years - charitable to the poor – an assiduous scholar - of the medical virtues of herbs - for which science was named in Europe - and was sought by the sick for his help - Mario Venturoli Mattei - completed the building - and according to his wishes – 10 years from his death - his ashes were brought here - with love and gratitude as a son - the 3 April 1906 The Rocchetta Mattei in 2015 A large and spacious staircase leads to the vestibule of the main living area. A hippogriff is guarding the entrance, through which one passes into a courtyard dug into the rock. Two caryatids support the jamb of the front door. The monolith basin that occupies the center comes from the parish church of Verzuno where it served as a baptismal font. Entering the courtyard, in the left corner, Cesare Mattei laid the first stone of the building in November 5, 1850, in the presence of a few friends. From the same side, a door leads to a ladder and then to the magnificent loggia known as the Loggia Carolina built in oriental style. The staircase of the tower leads through a drawbridge to a small room with small windows and a stalactite ceiling, which was the bedroom of Count Cesare Mattei. Here, the original furniture and pipes owned by the count are still preserved. There is also the ‘Vision’s Staircase’ (Scala delle visioni) which is allegorical depiction in the vault representing the new homeopathic science winning over traditional medicine. Two couplets from the Latinist abbot Giordan, Nicoise, friend of Mattei and guest in Rocchetta Mattei, celebrate the victory: "Finxerat. Haec. Deus. Huc Immissa. Light. Superne Signavitque. Umbras. Lumine. Ducta. Manus Hisce. Nova. Ex. Herbis. Mundo. Medicine. Paratur Hinc. Vetus. She. Fugit. Victima. Strata. Jacet." The staircase leads to a room on the top of the main tower. Returning to the Loggia Carolina is the White Room and the Turkish Room. After a short stretch of uncovered rock, there is the Courtyard of the Lions, a reproduction of the courtyard of the Alhambra in Granada. The remains of Cesare Mattei are found inside an ark covered with majolica. Going back from the Courtyard of the Lions one enters the hall of peace, named so in homage to the victorious end of the Great War. Next is the hall of music in the church, a reproduction of the cathedral of Cordoba. Next to the church is the Room of the Ninety, so called because the Count Mattei wanted to keep a banquet of old nonagenarians when he reached this age. He died before his time without having seen the finished room, which was finished by his adopted son Mario Venturoli Mattei. When one exits the park there is an elegant stone staircase that leads to the Porrettana Railway. Various small structures once used as service rooms are now converted into villas, which crown the main building. Gallery The entrance The main courtyard The Courtyard of the Lions The chapel The Room of the Ninety References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rocchetta Mattei. ^ "Cesare Mattei". www.CesareMattei.com (in Italian). Retrieved 2019-07-22. ^ F.Dostoevskij, The Brothers Karamazov (vol. I), Oscar Mondadori (translated by Nadia Cicognini and Paola Cotta), Milan, 1994 ^ "Grizzana Morandi: dopo il restauro riapre al pubblico la 'Rocchetta Mattei'". BolognaToday. Retrieved 2019-07-22. 44°13′25″N 11°03′36″E / 44.223633°N 11.059922°E / 44.223633; 11.059922 Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rocchetta_Mattei_-_Da.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northern Apennine Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennine_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Grizzana Morandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grizzana_Morandi"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan City of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Moorish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorish_style"}],"text":"Rocchetta MatteiRocchetta Mattei is a fortress located on the Northern Apennine Mountains, on a hill which is 407 meters above sea level, in the locality of Savignano in the municipality of Grizzana Morandi, on the Strada Statale 64 Porrettana, in the Metropolitan City of Bologna.Built in the second half of nineteenth century, it blends various eclectic styles, from Medieval to Moorish.","title":"Rocchetta Mattei"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rocchetta_mattei,_interno,_sala_dei_novanta,_03_vetrata.jpg"},{"link_name":"count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Cesare Mattei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Mattei"},{"link_name":"electrohomeopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohomeopathy"},{"link_name":"homeopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy"},{"link_name":"castellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mattei-1"},{"link_name":"Ludwig III of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_III_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Alexander II of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Prince of Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky"},{"link_name":"The Brothers Karamazov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov"},{"link_name":"rheumatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheumatism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Count Cesare MatteiRocchetta Mattei was the home of count Cesare Mattei, a scholar, politician and self-taught physician who founded electrohomeopathy, a practice founded on homeopathy.On November 5, 1850, the first stone of Rocchetta Mattei was laid, and as early as 1859 it became habitable and eventually Cesare Mattei’s permanent residence. Inside Rocchetta Mattei, the count led a life as a medieval castellan and even created a court, complete with a buffoon.[1]The castle hosted illustrious individuals who came from everywhere to undergo Mattei's treatment, including Ludwig III of Bavaria and Alexander II of Russia. In 1925, there was an official visit by the Prince of Piedmont. Even Fyodor Dostoevsky quotes the Count in The Brothers Karamazov, when he tells the devil he managed to recover from terrible rheumatism thanks to a book and some drops from Count Mattei.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Cassa di Risparmio in Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassa_di_Risparmio_in_Bologna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BolognaToday-3"}],"sub_title":"After World War II","text":"During World War II, German troops damaged the interior of the building. When the conflict was over, the last heir, Iris Boriani, was unable to sell the building, and offered it free to the Municipality of Bologna, but they did not accept the donation.In 1959, Rocchetta Mattei was purchased by Primo Stefanelli. He transformed one of the smaller buildings, already used as a hunting pavilion, into a cozy hotel with an adjoining restaurant. The restaurant accessed an adjacent shady park, creating an oasis of peace and serenity.Stefanelli wanted to repair the damage and restore the castle to its original condition and make it a prime tourist destination.In 1989, Stefanelli died and the situation deteriorated; due to various problems, Rocchetta Mattei was definitively closed to the public.In 1997, a committee was created for the preservation of the castle which, in the face of total abandonment by the owners and government institutions, seemed destined to ruin. Many initiatives were launched, such as a human chain around Rocchetta Mattei and conferences and debates, which were very successful.In 2000, a museum was established about Count Cesare Mattei, the Rocchetta Mattei, and electrohomeopathy on Via Nazionale 117 in Riola di Vergato, seat of the Committee \"Archivio Museo Cesare Mattei\". It continues in the present day collecting historical things relating to the life of Count Cesare Mattei.In 2006, the foundation of Cassa di Risparmio in Bologna officially announced the acquisition of Rocchetta Mattei, restored it, which ultimately led to the reopening to the public on August 9, 2015.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paolo_Monti_-_Servizio_fotografico_(Grizzana_Morandi,_1969)_-_BEIC_6353956.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paolo Monti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Monti"},{"link_name":"Frederick I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Otto IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Matilda of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"vassal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Bolognese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Limentra orientale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limentra_orientale"},{"link_name":"Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_(river)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grizzana_Morandi_Rocchetta_Mattei2.JPG"},{"link_name":"hippogriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippogriff"},{"link_name":"caryatids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryatid"},{"link_name":"jamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamb"},{"link_name":"Verzuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verzuno&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"baptismal font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"loggia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggia"},{"link_name":"oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism"},{"link_name":"Alhambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"},{"link_name":"majolica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majolica"},{"link_name":"Porrettana Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porrettana_Railway"}],"text":"The castle photographed by Paolo Monti in 1956The set of buildings that make up the present castle was located on a medieval complex, which belonged to the emperors Frederick I and Otto IV and the domain of Matilda of Tuscany, who held a vassal, Lanfranco da Savignano, as guardian. The need to defend the passage on the Rhine made this castle precious to the rulers of the time. Having fallen into the hands of the Bolognese, and created a more advanced defensive line, the fortress became useless and was destroyed in 1293.Before choosing Savignano for its castle, it seems that Cesare Mattei had visited several places. The place was preferred for many reasons: the ease of access, the rock forming a gigantic natural pedestal, and the location on the confluence of the rivers Limentra orientale and Reno. The predominant style of the building is Moorish, with additional medieval and modern Italian architecture.The main entrance opens onto a branch of highway 64. An inscription at the top commemorates the origin and completion of the building with the following words:Il Conte Cesare Mattei - sopra le rovine di antica rocca - edificò questo castello dove visse XXV anni - benefico ai poveri - assiduamente studioso - delle virtù mediche dell'erbe - per la qual scienza ebbe nome in Europa - ed era cercato dagli infermi il suo soccorso - Mario Venturoli Mattei - compié l'edificio - e secondo il voto di lui - nel X anno dalla morte - ne portò qui le ceneri - con amore e riconoscenza di figlio - il III Aprile MCMVITranslation: Count Cesare Mattei - above the ruins of an ancient fortress - built this castle where he lived for twenty-five years - charitable to the poor – an assiduous scholar - of the medical virtues of herbs - for which science was named in Europe - and was sought by the sick for his help - Mario Venturoli Mattei - completed the building - and according to his wishes – 10 years from his death - his ashes were brought here - with love and gratitude as a son - the 3 April 1906The Rocchetta Mattei in 2015A large and spacious staircase leads to the vestibule of the main living area. A hippogriff is guarding the entrance, through which one passes into a courtyard dug into the rock. Two caryatids support the jamb of the front door. The monolith basin that occupies the center comes from the parish church of Verzuno where it served as a baptismal font. Entering the courtyard, in the left corner, Cesare Mattei laid the first stone of the building in November 5, 1850, in the presence of a few friends.From the same side, a door leads to a ladder and then to the magnificent loggia known as the Loggia Carolina built in oriental style. The staircase of the tower leads through a drawbridge to a small room with small windows and a stalactite ceiling, which was the bedroom of Count Cesare Mattei. Here, the original furniture and pipes owned by the count are still preserved. There is also the ‘Vision’s Staircase’ (Scala delle visioni) which is allegorical depiction in the vault representing the new homeopathic science winning over traditional medicine. Two couplets from the Latinist abbot Giordan, Nicoise, friend of Mattei and guest in Rocchetta Mattei, celebrate the victory:\"Finxerat. Haec. Deus. Huc Immissa. Light. Superne Signavitque. Umbras. Lumine. Ducta. Manus Hisce. Nova. Ex. Herbis. Mundo. Medicine. Paratur Hinc. Vetus. She. Fugit. Victima. Strata. Jacet.\"The staircase leads to a room on the top of the main tower. Returning to the Loggia Carolina is the White Room and the Turkish Room. After a short stretch of uncovered rock, there is the Courtyard of the Lions, a reproduction of the courtyard of the Alhambra in Granada. The remains of Cesare Mattei are found inside an ark covered with majolica.Going back from the Courtyard of the Lions one enters the hall of peace, named so in homage to the victorious end of the Great War. Next is the hall of music in the church, a reproduction of the cathedral of Cordoba. Next to the church is the Room of the Ninety, so called because the Count Mattei wanted to keep a banquet of old nonagenarians when he reached this age. He died before his time without having seen the finished room, which was finished by his adopted son Mario Venturoli Mattei. When one exits the park there is an elegant stone staircase that leads to the Porrettana Railway. Various small structures once used as service rooms are now converted into villas, which crown the main building.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grizzana_Morandi_Rocchetta_mattei_-_Entrata2.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rocchetta_mattei,_cortile_principale_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rocchetta_mattei,_cortile_dei_leoni_(ispirato_all%27alhambra)_08,0.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rocchetta_mattei,_interno,_cappella_moresca_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rocchetta_mattei,_interno,_sala_dei_novanta,_01.jpg"}],"text":"The entrance\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe main courtyard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Courtyard of the Lions\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe chapel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Room of the Ninety","title":"Gallery"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Desir
Gary Desir
["1 Early life and career","2 Research activities","3 Other activities","4 Notable publications","5 References","6 External links"]
Gary DesirBornGary V. DesirAlma materNew York University Yale UniversityKnown forDiscovery of RenalaseSpousesDeborah Dyett DesirScientific careerFieldsNephrology and molecular physiologyInstitutionsYale University Yale School of Medicine VA Connecticut Healthcare System School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Albert Schweitzer Hospital Gary V. Desir is a physician, researcher and medical practitioner who was appointed as the vice provost for faculty development and diversity at Yale University in March 2020. Desir is also the chair of the department of internal medicine at Yale School of Medicine, and was formerly the chair of the Yale Medicine Board. His areas of specialization include nephrology and molecular physiology, the latter specifically about potassium channels. His notable research work includes discovery of the kidney protein renalase. Early life and career Desir was born in Haiti and has studied rhétorique from St Louis de Gonzague. He moved to the US in 1972 and in 1973 he enrolled in the bachelors program at New York University. In 1976, he graduated as a BS in biology while receiving the membership of Phi Beta Kappa. In 1980, he graduated with honors from Yale University and became part of the Alpha Omega Alpha. From 1980 to 1983 he trained in internal medicine. He took part in the fellowship program in nephrology. He worked for 3 years as the research fellowship at Yale University in nephrology with specialization in potassium channels (molecular physiology). In 1988, Desir was appointed as an assistant professor at Yale School of Medicine. He became associate professor and professor in 1993 and 2003 respectively. From 1997 to 2004, he served as the section chief of nephrology at the VA Connecticut Healthcare System. He worked as the chair of internal medicine at VACHS from 2004 to 2013. In 2013, he was appointed on interim basis as the chair of the department of internal medicine at Yale School of Medicine. He was appointed to the permanent chair in 2015. In 2016 Desir was designated as the Paul B. Beeson Professor of Internal Medicine at Yale. Desir is also vice provost for faculty development and diversity. Research activities Desir's most notable research activity include the discovery of the agent renalase, which is basically a renal protein. It can be classified as an enzyme as well as a hormone - such nature being decided on its site of action with the prospect of being used in dual-purpose. The primary function of renalase is as an intracellular enzyme that controls and manipulates energy production at granular level. It also has the protective characteristics that it exhibits against cell injury and stress, once it secretes in the plasma. Desir is also the founder of biotech firm Personal Therapeutics, that works exploring the prospects of commercializing renalase and its pathway while basing the foundations in two concepts, viz. renalase agonist and renalase antagonist. Renalase agonist primarily deals with the role of renalase in mitigating tissue injury in myocardial infarction whereas renalase antagonist is based on the concept of fighting cancer cells which "highjack the renalase pathway as a survival mechanism". During covid-19 pandemic, a correlation was claimed in a Yale researchers report between low levels of the renalase and poor outcome of clinical treatment of covid patients. Other activities Desir is an active advocate of diversity, equity and inclusion and a founding member of the Minority Organization for Retention & Expansion executive committee of Yale. Under dual teaching appointment, Desir conducts the graduate course "Sustainable Development in a Post-Disaster Context" at the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, in collaboration with the Albert Schweitzer Hospital in Deschapelles, Haiti. Notable publications Jianchao Xu, Guoyong Li, Peili Wang, Heino Velazquez, Xiaoqiang Yao, Yanyan Li, Yanling Wu, Aldo Peixoto, Susan Crowley, and Gary V. Desir; Renalase is a novel, soluble monoamine oxidase that regulates cardiac function and blood pressure. International Union of Pharmacology. XLI. Compendium of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Potassium Channels George A. Gutman, K. George Chandy, John P. Adelman, Jayashree Aiyar, Douglas A. Bayliss, David E. Clapham, Manuel Covarriubias, Gary V. Desir, Kiyoshi Furuichi, Barry Ganetzky, Maria L. Garcia, Stephan Grissmer, Lily Y. Jan, Andreas Karschin, Donghee Kim, Sabina Kuperschmidt, Yoshihisa Kurachi, Michel Lazdunski, Florian Lesage, Henry A. Lester, David McKinnon, Colin G. Nichols, Ita O'Kelly, Jonathan Robbins, Gail A. Robertson, Bernardo Rudy, Michael Sanguinetti, Susumu Seino, Walter Stuehmer, Michael M. Tamkun, Carol A. Vandenberg, Aguan Wei, Heike Wulff and Randy S. Wymore Molecular Diversity and Regulation of Renal Potassium Channels ; Steven C. Hebert, Gary Desir, Gerhard Giebisch, and Wenhui Wang Catecholamines Regulate the Activity, Secretion, and Synthesis of Renalase Guoyong Li, Jianchao Xu, Peili Wang, Heino Velazquez, Yanyan Li, Yanling Wu, and Gary V. Desir. The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 regulates peripheral insulin sensitivity Jianchao Xu, Peili Wang, Yanyan Li, Guoyong Li, Leonard K. Kaczmarek, Yanling Wu, Pandelakis A. Koni, Richard A. Flavell, and Gary V. Desir. Jianchao Xu, Pandelakis A. Koni, Peili Wang, Guoyong Li, Leonard Kaczmarek, Yanling Wu, Yanyan Li, Richard A. Flavell, Gary V. Desir, The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 regulates energy homeostasis and body weight, Human Molecular Genetics, Volume 12, Issue 5, 1 March 2003, Pages 551–559, Defective processing and expression of thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter as a cause of Gitelman's syndrome Shanti Kunchaparty, Matthew Palcso, Jennifer Berkman, Heino Velázquez, Gary V. Desir, Paul Bernstein, Robert F. Reilly, and David H. Ellison Regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular function by renalase Author links open overlay panel; Gary V.Desir Renalase Lowers Ambulatory Blood Pressure by Metabolizing Circulating Adrenaline Gary V. Desir, LieQi Tang, Peili Wang, Guoyong Li, Benedita Sampaio‐Maia, Janete Quelhas‐Santos, Manuel Pestana, and Heino Velazquez A Functional Polymorphism in Renalase (Glu37Asp) Is Associated with Cardiac Hypertrophy, Dysfunction, and Ischemia: Data from the Heart and Soul Study Ramin Farzaneh-Far, Gary V. Desir,Beeya Na,Nelson B. Schiller,Mary A. Whooley Renalase in hypertension and kidney disease, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Gary V. Desir, Aldo J. Peixoto, Volume 29, Issue 1, January 2014, Pages 22–28, References ^ "Deborah E. Dyett And Gary DeSir Set Bridal for Aug. 26". The New York Times. 1979-04-08. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-09-29. ^ "Theta Epsilon Omega Chapter - Deborah Dyett Desir, MD, Joins ACR Executive Committee as Secretary". www.akanewhaven.org. Retrieved 2021-09-29. ^ Parry, Julie. "Desir Named Vice Provost for Faculty Development and Diversity". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "Founders Day: Building a Stronger and More Inclusive Yale". Office of the President. 2020-10-14. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ Stevens, Chester (2020-10-14). "Salovey unveils new plans for equity, belonging at Yale". University News HQ. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "amhe.org". Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "Kidney enzyme renalase a potential therapy for severe COVID-19". News-Medical.net. 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "What is Renalase?". News-Medical.net. 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ Guo, Xiaojia; Hollander, Lindsay; MacPherson, Douglas; Wang, Ling; Velazquez, Heino; Chang, John; Safirstein, Robert; Cha, Charles; Gorelick, Fred; Desir, Gary V. (2016-03-14). "Inhibition of renalase expression and signaling has antitumor activity in pancreatic cancer". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 22996. Bibcode:2016NatSR...622996G. doi:10.1038/srep22996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4789641. PMID 26972355. ^ Parry, Julie. "Desir Shares Life Story, Advice in "The Importance of Being Present"". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "Gary V. Desir, M.D., appointed Chair and Chief of Internal Medicine". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "Gary Desir, MD". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "Gary V. Desir, M.D., appointed Chair and Chief of Internal Medicine". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "Gary V. Desir, M.D., HS '83, FW '87, named interim chair of internal medicine". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "More news about Yale people". yalealumnimagazine.com. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "Dr. Gary Desir designated the Beeson Professor of Internal Medicine". YaleNews. 2016-09-06. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "DIM Comp R2". Issuu. Retrieved 2021-09-29. ^ Sanger, Catherine Shea; Gleason, Nancy W., eds. (2020). Diversity and Inclusion in Global Higher Education. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-1628-3. ISBN 978-981-15-1627-6. S2CID 237868497. ^ "Gary Desir". Yale Medicine. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ Desir, Gary (2012). "Novel insights into the physiology of renalase and its role in hypertension and heart disease". Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 27 (5): 719–725. doi:10.1007/s00467-011-1828-7. ISSN 1432-198X. PMID 21424526. S2CID 8473507. ^ Desir, Gary. "Renalase Deficiency and Cardiovascular Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Castillo, Grace (2016-03-29). "Potential treatment for pancreatic cancer on horizon". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "AMHE Newsletter. In this number. Winter Haitian Medical Association Abroad Association Medicale Haïtienne à l'étranger. - PDF Free Download". docplayer.fr. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ Guo, Xiaojia; Hollander, Lindsay; MacPherson, Douglas; Wang, Ling; Velazquez, Heino; Chang, John; Safirstein, Robert; Cha, Charles; Gorelick, Fred; Desir, Gary V. (2016-03-14). "Inhibition of renalase expression and signaling has antitumor activity in pancreatic cancer". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 22996. Bibcode:2016NatSR...622996G. doi:10.1038/srep22996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4789641. PMID 26972355. ^ Wang, Yang; Safirstein, Robert; Velazquez, Heino; Guo, Xiao-Jia; Hollander, Lindsay; Chang, John; Chen, Tian-Min; Mu, Jian-Jun; Desir, Gary V. (2017). "Extracellular renalase protects cells and organs by outside-in signalling". Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 21 (7): 1260–1265. doi:10.1111/jcmm.13062. ISSN 1582-1838. PMC 5487909. PMID 28238213. ^ "Blood protein predicts poor COVID-19 outcomes". medicalxpress.com. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "Kidney enzyme renalase a potential therapy for severe COVID-19". News-Medical.net. 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ Parry, Julie. "Diversity, Equity, Inclusion Focus Of Department of Internal Medicine". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ "Who We Are". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ ""Black Women in Medicine" Documentary to Screen at Yale on Tuesday 4/26". Good Black News. 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ Xiong, Amy (2018-03-30). "Global Health Day addresses climate change". Yale Daily News. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ Xu, Jianchao; Li, Guoyong; Wang, Peili; Velazquez, Heino; Yao, Xiaoqiang; Li, Yanyan; Wu, Yanling; Peixoto, Aldo; Crowley, Susan; Desir, Gary V. (2005-05-02). "Renalase is a novel, soluble monoamine oxidase that regulates cardiac function and blood pressure". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 115 (5): 1275–1280. doi:10.1172/JCI24066. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 1074681. PMID 15841207. ^ Gutman, George A.; Chandy, K. George; Adelman, John P.; Aiyar, Jayashree; Bayliss, Douglas A.; Clapham, David E.; Covarriubias, Manuel; Desir, Gary V.; Furuichi, Kiyoshi; Ganetzky, Barry; Garcia, Maria L. (2003-12-01). "International Union of Pharmacology. XLI. Compendium of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Potassium Channels". Pharmacological Reviews. 55 (4): 583–586. doi:10.1124/pr.55.4.9. PMID 14657415. S2CID 34963430. ^ Hebert, Steven C.; Desir, Gary; Giebisch, Gerhard; Wang, Wenhui (2005-01-01). "Molecular Diversity and Regulation of Renal Potassium Channels". Physiological Reviews. 85 (1): 319–371. doi:10.1152/physrev.00051.2003. ISSN 0031-9333. PMC 2838721. PMID 15618483. ^ Li, Guoyong; Xu, Jianchao; Wang, Peili; Velazquez, Heino; Li, Yanyan; Wu, Yanling; Desir, Gary V. (2008-03-11). "Catecholamines Regulate the Activity, Secretion, and Synthesis of Renalase". Circulation. 117 (10): 1277–1282. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.732032. PMID 18299506. S2CID 6658935. ^ Xu, Jianchao; Wang, Peili; Li, Yanyan; Li, Guoyong; Kaczmarek, Leonard K.; Wu, Yanling; Koni, Pandelakis A.; Flavell, Richard A.; Desir, Gary V. (2004-03-02). "The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 regulates peripheral insulin sensitivity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (9): 3112–3117. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.3112X. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308450100. PMC 365752. PMID 14981264. ^ Xu, J. (2003-03-01). "The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 regulates energy homeostasis and body weight". Human Molecular Genetics. 12 (5): 551–559. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg049. ISSN 1460-2083. PMID 12588802. ^ Kunchaparty, Shanti; Palcso, Matthew; Berkman, Jennifer; Velázquez, Heino; Desir, Gary V.; Bernstein, Paul; Reilly, Robert F.; Ellison, David H. (1999-10-01). "Defective processing and expression of thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter as a cause of Gitelman's syndrome". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 277 (4): F643–F649. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.1999.277.4.F643. ISSN 1931-857X. PMID 10516289. ^ Desir, Gary V. (2009). "Regulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular function by renalase". Kidney International. 76 (4): 366–370. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.169. ISSN 0085-2538. PMID 19471322. ^ Desir, Gary V.; Tang, LieQi; Wang, Peili; Li, Guoyong; Sampaio-Maia, Benedita; Quelhas-Santos, Janete; Pestana, Manuel; Velazquez, Heino (2012). "Renalase Lowers Ambulatory Blood Pressure by Metabolizing Circulating Adrenaline". Journal of the American Heart Association. 1 (4): e002634. doi:10.1161/JAHA.112.002634. PMC 3487338. PMID 23130169. ^ Farzaneh-Far, Ramin; Desir, Gary V.; Na, Beeya; Schiller, Nelson B.; Whooley, Mary A. (2010-10-20). "A Functional Polymorphism in Renalase (Glu37Asp) Is Associated with Cardiac Hypertrophy, Dysfunction, and Ischemia: Data from the Heart and Soul Study". PLOS ONE. 5 (10): e13496. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513496F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013496. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2958117. PMID 20975995. ^ Desir, Gary V.; Peixoto, Aldo J. (2013-10-17). "Renalase in hypertension and kidney disease". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 29 (1): 22–28. doi:10.1093/ndt/gft083. ISSN 1460-2385. PMID 24137013. External links Gary Desir at Yale School of Medicine Gary Desir at Yale Medicine
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Yale School of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"renalase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renalase"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Gary V. Desir is a physician, researcher and medical practitioner who was appointed as the vice provost for faculty development and diversity at Yale University in March 2020.[3][4][5] Desir is also the chair of the department of internal medicine at Yale School of Medicine, and was formerly the chair of the Yale Medicine Board. His areas of specialization include nephrology and molecular physiology, the latter specifically about potassium channels.[6] His notable research work includes discovery of the kidney protein renalase.[7][8][9]","title":"Gary Desir"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Alpha Omega Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Omega_Alpha"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Desir was born in Haiti[10] and has studied rhétorique from St Louis de Gonzague. He moved to the US in 1972 and in 1973 he enrolled in the bachelors program at New York University. In 1976, he graduated as a BS in biology while receiving the membership of Phi Beta Kappa.[11] In 1980, he graduated with honors from Yale University and became part of the Alpha Omega Alpha.[12] From 1980 to 1983 he trained in internal medicine. He took part in the fellowship program in nephrology. He worked for 3 years as the research fellowship at Yale University in nephrology with specialization in potassium channels (molecular physiology).In 1988, Desir was appointed as an assistant professor at Yale School of Medicine. He became associate professor and professor in 1993 and 2003 respectively. From 1997 to 2004, he served as the section chief of nephrology at the VA Connecticut Healthcare System. He worked as the chair of internal medicine at VACHS from 2004 to 2013.[13] In 2013, he was appointed on interim basis as the chair of the department of internal medicine at Yale School of Medicine.[14] He was appointed to the permanent chair in 2015.[15] In 2016 Desir was designated as the Paul B. Beeson Professor of Internal Medicine at Yale.[16] Desir is also vice provost for faculty development and diversity.[17][18]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Desir's most notable research activity include the discovery of the agent renalase, which is basically a renal protein. It can be classified as an enzyme as well as a hormone - such nature being decided on its site of action with the prospect of being used in dual-purpose.[19] The primary function of renalase is as an intracellular enzyme that controls and manipulates energy production at granular level. It also has the protective characteristics that it exhibits against cell injury and stress, once it secretes in the plasma.[20][21]Desir is also the founder of biotech firm Personal Therapeutics, that works exploring the prospects of commercializing renalase and its pathway while basing the foundations in two concepts, viz. renalase agonist and renalase antagonist. Renalase agonist primarily deals with the role of renalase in mitigating tissue injury in myocardial infarction whereas renalase antagonist is based on the concept of fighting cancer cells[22] which \"highjack the renalase pathway as a survival mechanism\".[23][24][25] During covid-19 pandemic, a correlation was claimed in a Yale researchers report between low levels of the renalase and poor outcome of clinical treatment of covid patients.[26][27]","title":"Research activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Desir is an active advocate of diversity, equity and inclusion[28] and a founding member of the Minority Organization for Retention & Expansion executive committee of Yale.[29][30] Under dual teaching appointment, Desir conducts the graduate course \"Sustainable Development in a Post-Disaster Context\" at the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, in collaboration with the Albert Schweitzer Hospital in Deschapelles, Haiti.[31]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Jianchao Xu, Guoyong Li, Peili Wang, Heino Velazquez, Xiaoqiang Yao, Yanyan Li, Yanling Wu, Aldo Peixoto, Susan Crowley, and Gary V. Desir; Renalase is a novel, soluble monoamine oxidase that regulates cardiac function and blood pressure.[32]\nInternational Union of Pharmacology. XLI. Compendium of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels: Potassium Channels George A. Gutman, K. George Chandy, John P. Adelman, Jayashree Aiyar, Douglas A. Bayliss, David E. Clapham, Manuel Covarriubias, Gary V. Desir, Kiyoshi Furuichi, Barry Ganetzky, Maria L. Garcia, Stephan Grissmer, Lily Y. Jan, Andreas Karschin, Donghee Kim, Sabina Kuperschmidt, Yoshihisa Kurachi, Michel Lazdunski, Florian Lesage, Henry A. Lester, David McKinnon, Colin G. Nichols, Ita O'Kelly, Jonathan Robbins, Gail A. Robertson, Bernardo Rudy, Michael Sanguinetti, Susumu Seino, Walter Stuehmer, Michael M. Tamkun, Carol A. Vandenberg, Aguan Wei, Heike Wulff and Randy S. Wymore[33]\nMolecular Diversity and Regulation of Renal Potassium Channels ; Steven C. Hebert, Gary Desir, Gerhard Giebisch, and Wenhui Wang[34]\nCatecholamines Regulate the Activity, Secretion, and Synthesis of Renalase Guoyong Li, Jianchao Xu, Peili Wang, Heino Velazquez, Yanyan Li, Yanling Wu, and Gary V. Desir.[35]\nThe voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 regulates peripheral insulin sensitivity Jianchao Xu, Peili Wang, Yanyan Li, Guoyong Li, Leonard K. Kaczmarek, Yanling Wu, Pandelakis A. Koni, Richard A. Flavell, and Gary V. Desir.[36]\nJianchao Xu, Pandelakis A. Koni, Peili Wang, Guoyong Li, Leonard Kaczmarek, Yanling Wu, Yanyan Li, Richard A. Flavell, Gary V. Desir, The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 regulates energy homeostasis and body weight, Human Molecular Genetics, Volume 12, Issue 5, 1 March 2003, Pages 551–559,[37]\nDefective processing and expression of thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter as a cause of Gitelman's syndrome Shanti Kunchaparty, Matthew Palcso, Jennifer Berkman, Heino Velázquez, Gary V. Desir, Paul Bernstein, Robert F. Reilly, and David H. Ellison[38]\nRegulation of blood pressure and cardiovascular function by renalase Author links open overlay panel; Gary V.Desir [39]\nRenalase Lowers Ambulatory Blood Pressure by Metabolizing Circulating Adrenaline Gary V. Desir, LieQi Tang, Peili Wang, Guoyong Li, Benedita Sampaio‐Maia, Janete Quelhas‐Santos, Manuel Pestana, and Heino Velazquez[40]\nA Functional Polymorphism in Renalase (Glu37Asp) Is Associated with Cardiac Hypertrophy, Dysfunction, and Ischemia: Data from the Heart and Soul Study Ramin Farzaneh-Far, Gary V. Desir,Beeya Na,Nelson B. Schiller,Mary A. Whooley [41]\nRenalase in hypertension and kidney disease, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Gary V. Desir, Aldo J. Peixoto, Volume 29, Issue 1, January 2014, Pages 22–28,[42]","title":"Notable publications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Deborah E. Dyett And Gary DeSir Set Bridal for Aug. 26\". The New York Times. 1979-04-08. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1979/04/08/archives/deborah-e-dyett-and-gary-desir-set-bridal-for-aug-26.html","url_text":"\"Deborah E. Dyett And Gary DeSir Set Bridal for Aug. 26\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Theta Epsilon Omega Chapter - Deborah Dyett Desir, MD, Joins ACR Executive Committee as Secretary\". www.akanewhaven.org. Retrieved 2021-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.akanewhaven.org/akalades/9390005","url_text":"\"Theta Epsilon Omega Chapter - Deborah Dyett Desir, MD, Joins ACR Executive Committee as Secretary\""}]},{"reference":"Parry, Julie. \"Desir Named Vice Provost for Faculty Development and Diversity\". medicine.yale.edu. Retrieved 2021-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/desir-named-vice-provost-for-faculty-development-and-diversity/","url_text":"\"Desir Named Vice Provost for Faculty Development and Diversity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Founders Day: Building a Stronger and More Inclusive Yale\". Office of the President. 2020-10-14. Retrieved 2021-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://president.yale.edu/president/yale-talk/founders-day-building-stronger-and-more-inclusive-yale","url_text":"\"Founders Day: Building a Stronger and More Inclusive Yale\""}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Chester (2020-10-14). \"Salovey unveils new plans for equity, belonging at Yale\". University News HQ. Retrieved 2021-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.universitynewshq.com/university-news/salovey-unveils-new-plans-for-equity-belonging-at-yale/","url_text":"\"Salovey unveils new plans for equity, belonging at Yale\""}]},{"reference":"\"amhe.org\". Retrieved 2021-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://amhe.org/journal/?page_id=1472","url_text":"\"amhe.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kidney enzyme renalase a potential therapy for severe COVID-19\". News-Medical.net. 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2021-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news-medical.net/news/20200607/Kidney-enzyme-renalase-a-potential-therapy-for-severe-COVID-19.aspx","url_text":"\"Kidney enzyme renalase a potential therapy for severe COVID-19\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is Renalase?\". News-Medical.net. 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2021-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Renalase.aspx","url_text":"\"What is Renalase?\""}]},{"reference":"Guo, Xiaojia; Hollander, Lindsay; MacPherson, Douglas; Wang, Ling; Velazquez, Heino; Chang, John; Safirstein, Robert; Cha, Charles; Gorelick, Fred; Desir, Gary V. (2016-03-14). \"Inhibition of renalase expression and signaling has antitumor activity in pancreatic cancer\". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 22996. Bibcode:2016NatSR...622996G. doi:10.1038/srep22996. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4789641. 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Bibcode:2010PLoSO...513496F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013496. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2958117. PMID 20975995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958117","url_text":"\"A Functional Polymorphism in Renalase (Glu37Asp) Is Associated with Cardiac Hypertrophy, Dysfunction, and Ischemia: Data from the Heart and Soul Study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...513496F","url_text":"2010PLoSO...513496F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0013496","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0013496"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","url_text":"1932-6203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2958117","url_text":"2958117"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20975995","url_text":"20975995"}]},{"reference":"Desir, Gary V.; Peixoto, Aldo J. (2013-10-17). \"Renalase in hypertension and kidney disease\". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 29 (1): 22–28. doi:10.1093/ndt/gft083. ISSN 1460-2385. PMID 24137013.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgft083","url_text":"\"Renalase in hypertension and kidney disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgft083","url_text":"10.1093/ndt/gft083"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1460-2385","url_text":"1460-2385"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24137013","url_text":"24137013"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Archives_Centre
City of Westminster Archives Centre
["1 Local archives","2 Visitors","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°29′51″N 0°07′49″W / 51.497559°N 0.130140°W / 51.497559; -0.130140Archive centre in London, England The Westminster Archives Centre is the archive centre for the City of Westminster, London, located at 10 St Ann's Street, London SW1P 2DE England. Local archives Archives and library sources are available free of charge for the City of Westminster, covering Marylebone, Paddington and Westminster. Building History including texts for architecture and building historians London Theatre History Family History Poor Law references about the history of charity, poverty, and welfare in London Visitors Visitors must be members of Westminster Libraries and Archives in order to visit the City of Westminster Archives Centre. Membership is free, and visitors can join when they visit. See also National Archives The National Archives (United Kingdom) References ^ "City of Westminster Archives Centre | Art UK Art UK | Visit Venues City of Westminster Archives Centre". Artuk.org. Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ "Archives Centre's library collection". Retrieved 8 April 2016. ^ "Westminster City Archives - Sightseeing". visitlondon.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016. External links Westminster Archives Centre 51°29′51″N 0°07′49″W / 51.497559°N 0.130140°W / 51.497559; -0.130140
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_Kuthu
Arabic Kuthu
["1 Composition","2 Music video","2.1 Background and production","2.2 Synopsis","3 Marketing and release","4 Reception","4.1 Audience response","4.2 Critical reviews","5 Arabic Kuthu Challenge","6 Records","7 Other versions","8 Live performances","9 Credits and personnel","10 Charts","11 Accolades","12 Notes","13 References","14 External links"]
2022 Indian song "Arabic Kuthu"Arabic Kuthu song cover featuring actors Vijay and Pooja HegdeSingle by Anirudh and Jonita Gandhifrom the album Beast LanguageTamilReleased14 February 2022Recorded2022StudioAlbuquerque Records, ChennaiPanchathan Record Inn and AM Studios, ChennaiStrings 7 Studio, ChennaiMy Studio, KochiYRF Studios, MumbaiGenreEDM, kuthu, Arabic music, dance, popLength4:40LabelSun Pictures, Sun TV (publisher)Composer(s)AnirudhLyricist(s)SivakarthikeyanProducer(s)AnirudhBeast track listing "Arabic Kuthu" "Jolly O Gymkhana" "Beast Mode" Music video"Arabic Kuthu" on YouTube "Arabic Kuthu" is a 2022 Indian song and the first single in the soundtrack of the Tamil-language film Beast, directed by Nelson. Starring Vijay and Pooja Hegde, the film is produced by Kalanithi Maran under the studio Sun Pictures. The track is composed by Anirudh, who also sang the track alongside Jonita Gandhi, while the lyrics for the track were written by actor Sivakarthikeyan. The first single to be released from the album, being highly expected from fans, was delayed multiple times. The single was released on Valentine's Day (14 February 2022). It subsequently became the most-viewed and liked South Indian song within 24 hours, garnering 25 million views within a short period, and also the fastest South Indian song to cross 50 million views. The lyrical video has crossed more than 520 million views and the music video crossed over 560 million views in YouTube. The music video also peaked at no. 1 on the YouTube Global Music Video charts. The hook step dance involving Vijay and Pooja Hegde – the lead actors of Beast – became popular. Composition This film marks Anirudh's third collaboration with Vijay after Kaththi (2014) and Master (2021), and with Nelson after Kolamaavu Kokila (2018) and Doctor (2021). Anirudh composed the tracks during mid-July 2021. In order to experiment with the film's music, he had composed this particular track in the style of Arabic music and featured lyrics in both Tamil and Arabic. The opening phrase, "Halamithi Habibo" translates to "I dreamed of my lover". Sivakarthikeyan wrote the lyrics to the track in mid-August 2021. According to reports and as per the name, the track is a fusion Arabic music and Kuthu (a type of Tamil folk music). It also had mild influences of dance and pop music. The track was sung by Anirudh and Jonita Gandhi, who previously sung for "Chellamma" in Doctor. Anirudh, in his interaction with fans during a Facebook chat session, stated that the work on the first single had been completed and would be released later, and further clarified that all the updates regarding the film will be revealed post-completion of the film's shooting. Music video Background and production The music video, a direct clip from the film itself, features Vijay and Pooja Hegde dancing in an Arabian set. The music video was choreographed by Jani Master. In a deleted tweet, Jani had announced that the rehearsals for the song might take place during mid-April 2021, and the song will be shot within seven days, starting from the first week of May 2021. However, shooting did not take place, due to Vijay's decision to halt shooting in concern with the rise in COVID-19 cases in Tamil Nadu and furthermore, Hegde had also been diagnosed with COVID-19. The song was shot at Gokulam Studios during September 2021. To promote the single, Nelson shot a promotional video for the track featuring Vijay, Anirudh, Sivakarthikeyan and himself in December 2021. Synopsis In the context of the film, the music video is placed during a wedding in which Preethi (Hegde) meets Veera (Vijay) and describes him as the ideal partner she wished for. After a brief interaction, the music video follows and then is followed by Veera assaulting a man at a wedding for playing riskily with his child, due to Veera's PTSD. Marketing and release The single was highly anticipated by fans, and was rumoured to be released on Anirudh's birthday (16 October 2021) and later scheduled for release on Diwali (4 November 2021), neither of these ended up happening. Makers stated that Sun Pictures' commitments to the release of Rajinikanth-starrer Annaatthe, and also the death of Puneeth Rajkumar insisted the makers not to release any update regarding the film on Diwali, which was posted on Ananda Vikatan's exclusive article about the film. The single was earlier planned to be released on New Year's Eve (31 December), and later to Pongal (14 January 2022), but could not be launched on that date. The track was released on the occasion of Valentine's Day (14 February 2022), as Anirudh traditionally released singles on that date. The full music video was released on 9 May 2022, after the theatrical release of the film. Reception Audience response Vijay and Pooja Hegde's rolling step in the music video went viral and became a signature hook step and was recreated by millions in many short-video and social media platforms. Hegde's #ArabicKuthuChallenge went viral in social media, and many recreated the signature step. Critical reviews The Indian Express stated Sivakarthikeyan's lyrics as the highlights which "likely to go right over the head of the listeners". The review further added "The hook line of the song is 'malama pitha pithadhe' and it's hard to tell what it means. One can't even confidently tell if it has any base in the Arabic language. And that seems to be the fun part of the song. Composer Anirudh wants to make a point that as long as the music is enjoyable, people don't sweat over incomprehensible lyrics. You see, music has no language." Asuthosh Mohan of Film Companion called it as an "interesting fusion of Arabic and kuthu styles, repurposed to his (Anirudh's) own sensibility" and concluded that the track "works as a no-frills earworm that promises to get better with the visuals and choreography". Mohan explored the similarities of the track to that of "Mettalaa Hajbo" by Moroccan artist Karima Gouit, in terms of mood and rhythm. Khushboo Ratda of Pinkvilla reviewed: "Vijay's swag, Pooja Hegde's dance moves and Anirudh's music makes it a party anthem". Arabic Kuthu Challenge Pooja Hegde's #ArabicKuthuChallenge went viral in social media, and many recreated the signature step. Many celebrities such as Shilpa Shetty, Jacqueline Fernandez, Rakul Preet Singh, Katrina Kaif, Samantha Ruth Prabhu, Keerthy Suresh, Rashmika Mandanna, Varun Dhawan, Atlee, Sivaangi Krishnakumar, Jai, Amritha Aiyer, Yashika Aannand, Krithi Shetty, Vedhika, and Anupama Parameswaran recreated the music video by performing the song's iconic hook step. The "Arabic Kuthu Challenge" video had a cultural impact on several sportspersons including cricketers Devon Conway, Narayan Jagadeesan, Chezhian Harinishanth, Washington Sundar, Abhishek Sharma, Priyam Garg, Jagadeesha Suchith and Subramaniam Badrinath, all of whom recreated the viral hook step via social medias. Players of the English association football team, Manchester United F.C., additionally took part in the challenge and performed the aforementioned step. Indian badminton player P. V. Sindhu also took part in the fad and recreated the step. Records The track garnered over 17 million views in less than 10 hours, and eventually surpassed the 24-hour records of "Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava" from Pushpa: The Rise (2021) and "Kalaavathi" from Sarkaru Vaari Paata (2022), which garnered over 14 and 16 million views within 24 hours, respectively. It registered over 25 million real-time views within 24 hours, setting an all-time record for South India's most viewed song in 24 hours, and also reached the 20-million mark within less than 24 hours. It garnered over 2.5 million likes and became the most-liked South Indian song, and the second-most liked Indian song within 24 hours, behind the title track of Dil Bechara (2020). On 18 February, the song had garnered about 50-million views and became the fastest South Indian song to achieve this feat. According to the digital media company Genius, the track was listed as one among the top 5 songs (in the fourth position) at the global charts and eventually peaked at the top of chart itself. The song reached 100 million views within 12 days breaking the record of "Rowdy Baby" which took 17 days to hit 100 million views. Other versions Hindi and Telugu versions of the song titled as "Halamithi Habibo" was released on 4 April 2022. Lyrics of Hindi version was penned by Raqueeb Alam, whereas Sri Sai Kiran penned Telugu version. Malayalam and Kannada versions of the song was released on 21 June. Lyrics of Malayalam version was penned by Deepak Ram, whereas Varadaraj Chikkaballapura penned Kannada version. Dinker Kalvala replaced Anirudh in the Malayalam and Kannada versions of the song, while Jonita Gandhi recorded all versions. The songs Lo-fi version titled, "Halamithi Habibo (LoFi Version)" was released on 14 January 2024. Live performances On 8 April 2022, Pooja Hegde, Anirudh and Nelson performed the song at a press meet held at Hyderabad for the film's promotion. Credits and personnel Credits adapted from YouTube. Anirudh – composer Sivakarthikeyan – lyricist Anirudh – vocal Jonita Gandhi – vocal Jani Master – Choreographer Suren. G – mix engineer Alagiakoothan – sound designer Charts Chart performances for "Arabic Kuthu" Chart (2022) Peakposition India (Billboard)Arabic Kuthu 9 Accolades Awards and nominations received by "Arabic Kuthu" Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient(s) Result Ref. South Indian International Movie Awards 16 September 2023 Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil Jonita Gandhi Won Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil Anirudh Ravichander Nominated Best Lyricist – Tamil Sivakarthikeyan Nominated Behindwoods Gold Medals 22 May 2022 Golden Voice of the Future (Female) Jonita Gandhi Won JFW Movie Awards 2 April 2023 Best singer Jonita Gandhi Won Notes ^ The track released a day before "Arabic Kuthu" being launched. ^ Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order. ^ Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_(2022_Indian_film)"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Dilipkumar"},{"link_name":"Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Pooja Hegde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooja_Hegde"},{"link_name":"Kalanithi Maran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalanithi_Maran"},{"link_name":"Sun Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Anirudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anirudh_Ravichander"},{"link_name":"Jonita Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonita_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Sivakarthikeyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivakarthikeyan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Pooja Hegde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooja_Hegde"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"\"Arabic Kuthu\" is a 2022 Indian song and the first single in the soundtrack of the Tamil-language film Beast, directed by Nelson. Starring Vijay and Pooja Hegde, the film is produced by Kalanithi Maran under the studio Sun Pictures. The track is composed by Anirudh, who also sang the track alongside Jonita Gandhi,[1] while the lyrics for the track were written by actor Sivakarthikeyan. The first single to be released from the album, being highly expected from fans, was delayed multiple times.[2]The single was released on Valentine's Day (14 February 2022).[3][4] It subsequently became the most-viewed and liked South Indian song within 24 hours, garnering 25 million views within a short period, and also the fastest South Indian song to cross 50 million views.[5] The lyrical video has crossed more than 520 million views[6] and the music video crossed over 560 million views in YouTube.[7][8]\nThe music video also peaked at no. 1 on the YouTube Global Music Video charts.[9] The hook step dance involving Vijay and Pooja Hegde – the lead actors of Beast – became popular.[10]","title":"Arabic Kuthu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaththi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaththi"},{"link_name":"Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"Kolamaavu Kokila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolamaavu_Kokila"},{"link_name":"Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Arabic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_music"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Kuthu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dappankuthu"},{"link_name":"Tamil folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_folk_culture"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_music"},{"link_name":"pop music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Jonita Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonita_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Chellamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chellamma"},{"link_name":"Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"This film marks Anirudh's third collaboration with Vijay after Kaththi (2014) and Master (2021), and with Nelson after Kolamaavu Kokila (2018) and Doctor (2021).[11][12] Anirudh composed the tracks during mid-July 2021.[13] In order to experiment with the film's music, he had composed this particular track in the style of Arabic music and featured lyrics in both Tamil and Arabic.[14][15] The opening phrase, \"Halamithi Habibo\" translates to \"I dreamed of my lover\".[16] Sivakarthikeyan wrote the lyrics to the track in mid-August 2021.[17][18]According to reports and as per the name, the track is a fusion Arabic music and Kuthu (a type of Tamil folk music).[19] It also had mild influences of dance and pop music.[20] The track was sung by Anirudh and Jonita Gandhi, who previously sung for \"Chellamma\" in Doctor.[1] Anirudh, in his interaction with fans during a Facebook chat session, stated that the work on the first single had been completed and would be released later, and further clarified that all the updates regarding the film will be revealed post-completion of the film's shooting.[21]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vijay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Pooja Hegde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooja_Hegde"},{"link_name":"Jani Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_Master"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 cases in Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Background and production","text":"The music video, a direct clip from the film itself, features Vijay and Pooja Hegde dancing in an Arabian set. The music video was choreographed by Jani Master.[22] In a deleted tweet, Jani had announced that the rehearsals for the song might take place during mid-April 2021, and the song will be shot within seven days, starting from the first week of May 2021.[23] However, shooting did not take place, due to Vijay's decision to halt shooting in concern with the rise in COVID-19 cases in Tamil Nadu[24] and furthermore, Hegde had also been diagnosed with COVID-19.[25] The song was shot at Gokulam Studios during September 2021.[26][27] To promote the single, Nelson shot a promotional video for the track featuring Vijay, Anirudh, Sivakarthikeyan and himself in December 2021.[28]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PTSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTSD"}],"sub_title":"Synopsis","text":"In the context of the film, the music video is placed during a wedding in which Preethi (Hegde) meets Veera (Vijay) and describes him as the ideal partner she wished for. After a brief interaction, the music video follows and then is followed by Veera assaulting a man at a wedding for playing riskily with his child, due to Veera's PTSD.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Diwali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwali"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Rajinikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth"},{"link_name":"Annaatthe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaatthe"},{"link_name":"Puneeth Rajkumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puneeth_Rajkumar"},{"link_name":"Ananda Vikatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Vikatan"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-32"},{"link_name":"New Year's Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Pongal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pongal_(festival)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"The single was highly anticipated by fans, and was rumoured to be released on Anirudh's birthday (16 October 2021)[29] and later scheduled for release on Diwali (4 November 2021), neither of these ended up happening.[30] Makers stated that Sun Pictures' commitments to the release of Rajinikanth-starrer Annaatthe, and also the death of Puneeth Rajkumar insisted the makers not to release any update regarding the film on Diwali, which was posted on Ananda Vikatan's exclusive article about the film.[31][32] The single was earlier planned to be released on New Year's Eve (31 December),[33] and later to Pongal (14 January 2022), but could not be launched on that date.[34]The track was released on the occasion of Valentine's Day (14 February 2022), as Anirudh traditionally released singles on that date.[35] The full music video was released on 9 May 2022, after the theatrical release of the film.[36]","title":"Marketing and release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pinkvilla.com-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnaindia.com-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-44"}],"sub_title":"Audience response","text":"Vijay and Pooja Hegde's rolling step in the music video went viral and became a signature hook step and was recreated by millions[37] in many short-video and social media platforms.[38][39][40][41] Hegde's #ArabicKuthuChallenge went viral in social media,[42][43] and many recreated the signature step.[44]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"Sivakarthikeyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivakarthikeyan"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Film Companion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Companion"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"kuthu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dappankuthu"},{"link_name":"Moroccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Karima Gouit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karima_Gouit"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-46"},{"link_name":"Pinkvilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkvilla"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Critical reviews","text":"The Indian Express stated Sivakarthikeyan's lyrics as the highlights which \"likely to go right over the head of the listeners\". The review further added \"The hook line of the song is 'malama pitha pithadhe' and it's hard to tell what it means. One can't even confidently tell if it has any base in the Arabic language. And that seems to be the fun part of the song. Composer Anirudh wants to make a point that as long as the music is enjoyable, people don't sweat over incomprehensible lyrics. You see, music has no language.\"[45] Asuthosh Mohan of Film Companion called it as an \"interesting fusion of Arabic and kuthu styles, repurposed to his (Anirudh's) own sensibility\" and concluded that the track \"works as a no-frills earworm that promises to get better with the visuals and choreography\". Mohan explored the similarities of the track to that of \"Mettalaa Hajbo\" by Moroccan artist Karima Gouit, in terms of mood and rhythm.[46] Khushboo Ratda of Pinkvilla reviewed: \"Vijay's swag, Pooja Hegde's dance moves and Anirudh's music makes it a party anthem\".[47]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pinkvilla.com-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnaindia.com-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-44"},{"link_name":"Shilpa Shetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilpa_Shetty"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Fernandez"},{"link_name":"Rakul Preet Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakul_Preet_Singh"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Katrina Kaif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Kaif"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Samantha Ruth Prabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Ruth_Prabhu"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Keerthy Suresh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keerthy_Suresh"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Rashmika Mandanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashmika_Mandanna"},{"link_name":"Varun Dhawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varun_Dhawan"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Atlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlee_(director)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Sivaangi Krishnakumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaangi_Krishnakumar"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Jai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jai_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Amritha Aiyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritha_Aiyer"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Yashika Aannand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yashika_Aannand"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Krithi Shetty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krithi_Shetty"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Vedhika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedhika"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Anupama Parameswaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anupama_Parameswaran"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Devon Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Conway"},{"link_name":"Narayan Jagadeesan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayan_Jagadeesan"},{"link_name":"Chezhian Harinishanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chezhian_Harinishanth"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Washington Sundar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Sundar"},{"link_name":"Abhishek Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhishek_Sharma_(cricketer,_born_2000)"},{"link_name":"Priyam Garg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyam_Garg"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Jagadeesha Suchith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadeesha_Suchith"},{"link_name":"Subramaniam Badrinath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramaniam_Badrinath"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Manchester United F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"P. V. Sindhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Sindhu"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"Pooja Hegde's #ArabicKuthuChallenge went viral in social media,[42][43] and many recreated the signature step.[44] Many celebrities such as Shilpa Shetty, Jacqueline Fernandez, Rakul Preet Singh,[48] Katrina Kaif,[49] Samantha Ruth Prabhu,[50] Keerthy Suresh,[51] Rashmika Mandanna, Varun Dhawan,[52] Atlee,[53] Sivaangi Krishnakumar,[54] Jai, Amritha Aiyer,[55] Yashika Aannand,[56] Krithi Shetty,[57] Vedhika,[58] and Anupama Parameswaran[59] recreated the music video by performing the song's iconic hook step.The \"Arabic Kuthu Challenge\" video had a cultural impact on several sportspersons including cricketers Devon Conway, Narayan Jagadeesan, Chezhian Harinishanth,[60] Washington Sundar, Abhishek Sharma, Priyam Garg,[61] Jagadeesha Suchith and Subramaniam Badrinath,[62] all of whom recreated the viral hook step via social medias. Players of the English association football team, Manchester United F.C., additionally took part in the challenge and performed the aforementioned step.[63] Indian badminton player P. V. Sindhu also took part in the fad and recreated the step.[64]","title":"Arabic Kuthu Challenge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-66"},{"link_name":"Pushpa: The Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushpa:_The_Rise"},{"link_name":"Sarkaru Vaari Paata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkaru_Vaari_Paata"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Dil Bechara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Bechara"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"Genius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(website)"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Rowdy Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowdy_Baby"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"The track garnered over 17 million views in less than 10 hours,[65][66] and eventually surpassed the 24-hour records of \"Oo Antava Oo Oo Antava\" from Pushpa: The Rise (2021) and \"Kalaavathi\" from Sarkaru Vaari Paata (2022),[a] which garnered over 14 and 16 million views within 24 hours, respectively.[69] It registered over 25 million real-time views within 24 hours, setting an all-time record for South India's most viewed song in 24 hours,[70] and also reached the 20-million mark within less than 24 hours.[69][71] It garnered over 2.5 million likes and became the most-liked South Indian song, and the second-most liked Indian song within 24 hours, behind the title track of Dil Bechara (2020).[72] On 18 February, the song had garnered about 50-million views and became the fastest South Indian song to achieve this feat.[5]According to the digital media company Genius, the track was listed as one among the top 5 songs (in the fourth position) at the global charts and eventually peaked at the top of chart itself.[73] The song reached 100 million views within 12 days breaking the record of \"Rowdy Baby\" which took 17 days to hit 100 million views.[74]","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam"},{"link_name":"Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-79"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-79"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-79"},{"link_name":"Lo-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"Hindi and Telugu versions of the song titled as \"Halamithi Habibo\" was released on 4 April 2022.[75] Lyrics of Hindi version was penned by Raqueeb Alam, whereas Sri Sai Kiran penned Telugu version.[76] Malayalam and Kannada versions of the song was released on 21 June.[77][78] Lyrics of Malayalam version was penned by Deepak Ram,[77] whereas Varadaraj Chikkaballapura penned Kannada version.[78] Dinker Kalvala replaced Anirudh in the Malayalam and Kannada versions of the song, while Jonita Gandhi recorded all versions.[77][78] The songs Lo-fi version titled, \"Halamithi Habibo (LoFi Version)\" was released on 14 January 2024.[79]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"}],"text":"On 8 April 2022, Pooja Hegde, Anirudh and Nelson performed the song at a press meet held at Hyderabad for the film's promotion.[80]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Anirudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anirudh_Ravichander"},{"link_name":"Sivakarthikeyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivakarthikeyan"},{"link_name":"Jonita Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonita_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Jani Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani_Master"}],"text":"Credits adapted from YouTube.[81]Anirudh – composer\nSivakarthikeyan – lyricist\nAnirudh – vocal\nJonita Gandhi – vocal\nJani Master – Choreographer\nSuren. G – mix engineer\nAlagiakoothan – sound designer","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-84"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-85"}],"text":"^ The track released a day before \"Arabic Kuthu\" being launched.[67][68]\n\n^ Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.\n\n^ Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Sensational singers of Thalapathy Vijay's 'Arabic Kuthu' song in 'Beast' revealed\". IndiaGlitz. 13 February 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiaglitz.com/arabic-kuthu-singers-jonita-gandhi-anirudh-thalapathy-vijay-sivakarthikeyan-nelson-beast-chellamma-tamil-news-307765","url_text":"\"Sensational singers of Thalapathy Vijay's 'Arabic Kuthu' song in 'Beast' revealed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220214120043/https://www.indiaglitz.com/arabic-kuthu-singers-jonita-gandhi-anirudh-thalapathy-vijay-sivakarthikeyan-nelson-beast-chellamma-tamil-news-307765","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"First Song From Thalapathy Vijay's Gangster-thriller Beast to be Out Soon\". News18. 19 January 2022. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. 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Retrieved 10 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arabic-kuthu-video-song-out-now-have-you-watched-these-unseen-dance-moves-in-theaters/articleshow/91460592.cms","url_text":"\"'Arabic Kuthu' video song out now: Have you watched these unseen dance moves in theaters?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220510070123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arabic-kuthu-video-song-out-now-have-you-watched-these-unseen-dance-moves-in-theaters/articleshow/91460592.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Vijay gets netizens dancing to Halamathi Habibo's groovy beats\". TelanganaToday.com. 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. 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Retrieved 10 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/vijai-tv-celebrities-reels-for-arabic-kuthu/articleshow/89610373.cms","url_text":"\"அரபிக் குத்து... இது விஜய் டிவி பிரபலங்களின் வெர்ஷன்!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220216084142/https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/vijai-tv-celebrities-reels-for-arabic-kuthu/articleshow/89610373.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"பூஜா ஹெக்டேவுக்கு போட்டியான நமீதா மாரிமுத்து.. அரபிக் குத்துக்கு வேற லெவல் கவர்ச்சி குத்தாட்டம்!\". Filmibeat.com (in Tamil). 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. 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Watch\". India Today. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/spicejet-air-hostesses-pull-off-thalapathy-vijay-and-pooja-hegde-s-halamithi-habibo-hook-step-in-viral-video-watch-1931984-2022-03-31","url_text":"\"SpiceJet air hostesses pull off Thalapathy Vijay and Pooja Hegde's Halamithi Habibo hook step in viral video. Watch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220406054818/https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/spicejet-air-hostesses-pull-off-thalapathy-vijay-and-pooja-hegde-s-halamithi-habibo-hook-step-in-viral-video-watch-1931984-2022-03-31","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"VIDEO: Pooja Hegde takes on the Arabic Kuthu challenge; Flaunts hot dance moves on a yacht\". Pinkvilla. 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/video-pooja-hegde-takes-arabic-kuthu-challenge-flaunts-hot-dance-moves-yacht-1024433","url_text":"\"VIDEO: Pooja Hegde takes on the Arabic Kuthu challenge; Flaunts hot dance moves on a yacht\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220216050854/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/video-pooja-hegde-takes-arabic-kuthu-challenge-flaunts-hot-dance-moves-yacht-1024433","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pooja Hegde nails 'Arabic Kuthu' challenge, shows off killer dance moves on a yacht\". DNA India. 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pooja-hegde-nails-arabic-kuthu-challenge-shows-off-killer-halamithi-habibo-moves-on-a-yatch-watch-2934534","url_text":"\"Pooja Hegde nails 'Arabic Kuthu' challenge, shows off killer dance moves on a yacht\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_India","url_text":"DNA India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220216084305/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pooja-hegde-nails-arabic-kuthu-challenge-shows-off-killer-halamithi-habibo-moves-on-a-yatch-watch-2934534","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pooja Hegde's 'Arabic Kuthu' challenge is rocking the internet\". The Times of India. 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pooja-hegdes-arabic-kuthu-challenge-is-rocking-the-internet/articleshow/89610969.cms","url_text":"\"Pooja Hegde's 'Arabic Kuthu' challenge is rocking the internet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220216085006/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pooja-hegdes-arabic-kuthu-challenge-is-rocking-the-internet/articleshow/89610969.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Beast song Arabic Kuthu: Pooja Hegde, Vijay set dance floor on fire to lyrics we don't understand\". The Indian Express. 15 February 2022. Archived from the original on 14 February 2022. 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Retrieved 10 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-john-abraham-turns-choreographer-as-shilpa-shetty-jacqueline-fernandez-rakul-preet-dance-to-beast-s-song-2942264","url_text":"\"John Abraham turns choreographer as Shilpa Shetty, Jacqueline Fernandez, Rakul Preet Singh dance to Beast's song\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220422093923/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-john-abraham-turns-choreographer-as-shilpa-shetty-jacqueline-fernandez-rakul-preet-dance-to-beast-s-song-2942264","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Katrina Kaif dances to Thalapathy Vijay-Pooja Hegde's Arabic Kuthu with school kids, watch viral video\". DNA India. Archived from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-katrina-kaif-dances-to-thalapathy-vijay-pooja-hegde-s-arabic-kuthu-with-school-kids-watch-viral-video-2988310","url_text":"\"Katrina Kaif dances to Thalapathy Vijay-Pooja Hegde's Arabic Kuthu with school kids, watch viral video\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230408065550/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-katrina-kaif-dances-to-thalapathy-vijay-pooja-hegde-s-arabic-kuthu-with-school-kids-watch-viral-video-2988310","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Samantha grooves to Thalapathy Vijay's Beast song 'Arabic Kuthu'; Pooja Hegde REACTS\". Pinkvilla. 18 February 2022. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. 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Retrieved 6 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tollywood.net/now-its-time-for-keerthy-suresh-arabic-kuthu/","url_text":"\"Now it's time for Keerthy Suresh Arabic Kuthu\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221201115104/https://www.tollywood.net/now-its-time-for-keerthy-suresh-arabic-kuthu/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rashmika Mandanna And Varun Dhawan Grooving To Arabic Kuthu Deserves Thalapathy Vijay Fans' Attention\". News18. 10 March 2022. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. 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Retrieved 4 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jonita-gandhi-sing-arabic-kuthu-and-vaseegara-in-bgm-awards-2022.html","url_text":"\"JONITA GANDHI STUNS WITH HER ARABIC KUTHU AND VASEEGARA SONGS AT BGM 2022\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812160345/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jonita-gandhi-sing-arabic-kuthu-and-vaseegara-in-bgm-awards-2022.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Twin Birds JFW Movie Awards 2023: A One Of A Kind Grand Awards Night For The Women In Cinema Is Here!\". Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://jfwonline.com/article/twin-birds-jfw-movie-awards-2023-a-one-of-a-kind-grand-awards-night-for-the-women-in-cinema-is-here/","url_text":"\"Twin Birds JFW Movie Awards 2023: A One Of A Kind Grand Awards Night For The Women In Cinema Is Here!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230327133540/https://jfwonline.com/article/twin-birds-jfw-movie-awards-2023-a-one-of-a-kind-grand-awards-night-for-the-women-in-cinema-is-here/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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categories\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230920012322/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siima-2023-nominations-tamil-ponniyin-selvan-1-and-vikram-dominate-the-award-categories/articleshow/103685580.cms","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jonita-gandhi-sing-arabic-kuthu-and-vaseegara-in-bgm-awards-2022.html","external_links_name":"\"JONITA GANDHI STUNS WITH HER ARABIC KUTHU AND VASEEGARA SONGS AT BGM 2022\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812160345/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/jonita-gandhi-sing-arabic-kuthu-and-vaseegara-in-bgm-awards-2022.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://jfwonline.com/article/twin-birds-jfw-movie-awards-2023-a-one-of-a-kind-grand-awards-night-for-the-women-in-cinema-is-here/","external_links_name":"\"Twin Birds JFW Movie Awards 2023: A One Of A Kind Grand Awards Night For The Women In Cinema Is Here!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230327133540/https://jfwonline.com/article/twin-birds-jfw-movie-awards-2023-a-one-of-a-kind-grand-awards-night-for-the-women-in-cinema-is-here/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8FAUEv_E_xQ","external_links_name":"Arabic Kuthu (lyrical version)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUN5Uf9mObQ","external_links_name":"Arabic Kuthu (full video version)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hodges
John Hodges
["1 Cricket career","2 Later life","3 Sources","4 References","5 External links"]
Australian cricketer For other people named John Hodges, see John Hodges (disambiguation). John HodgesPersonal informationFull nameJohn Robart HodgesBorn(1855-08-11)11 August 1855Knightsbridge, London, EnglandDied17 January 1933(1933-01-17) (aged 77)Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaBattingLeft-handedBowlingLeft-arm medium round-armInternational information National sideAustraliaTest debut (cap 7)15 March 1877 v EnglandLast Test31 March 1877 v England Domestic team information YearsTeam1877–78Victoria Career statistics Competition Tests First-class Matches 2 4 Runs scored 10 75 Batting average 3.33 12.50 100s/50s 0/0 0/0 Top score 8 22 Balls bowled 136 457 Wickets 6 12 Bowling average 14.00 16.50 5 wickets in innings 0 0 10 wickets in match 0 0 Best bowling 2/7 3/11 Catches/stumpings 0/0 1/0Source: Cricinfo, 30 August 2018 John Robart Hodges (11 August 1855 – 17 January 1933) was an Australian cricketer who played in the first two Test matches in 1877. Cricket career Hodges was born in Knightsbridge, London, on 11 August 1855 and is believed to have died on 17 January 1933 in Melbourne, Victoria. The exact details of his death remain unconfirmed but this date is generally accepted by the sport's historians. He is one of the least-known Australian players, so meteoric and short was his career. He had the unusual distinction of playing in a Test match (and not just any Test match, the first ever given such status) before playing for his colony. Therefore, the historic international, played at Melbourne in 1877 between Australia and England, was Hodges' first-class debut. A left-handed batsman and fast-medium, round-arm bowler, Hodges started playing cricket for the Capulets club in the Melbourne suburb of Collingwood. Following some good performances in club cricket, he soon appeared for the Richmond Cricket Club (1876–77), and later played for Victoria. His bowling had both pace and movement and occasionally he could swing the ball sharply. But it also lacked consistency and all the good work he showed previously rarely came to the fore in his two representative matches. He bowled too short and was hit about the ground by some of the English batsmen. Hodges got his chance to play in the inaugural Test when the more widely recognised bowler Frank Allan refused to travel to Melbourne from Warrnambool for the match. Allan could not spare the time and thus Hodges bowled the very first ball for Australia in Test history and was unlucky not to take a wicket with it. Newspaper reports suggested that an umpiring error saved the English batsman, Henry Jupp, after he dislodged the bails whilst attempting to play the ball. Umpire Ben Terry, standing at square leg, did not see the incident and therefore Jupp survived. Hodges took three wickets in his first Test, including John Selby twice, and did enough to earn selection for the second Test two weeks later. He claimed another three wickets in the second Test and this time it was Andrew Greenwood that fell to him in both innings. In the two Tests he scored just ten runs (with two ducks and a highest score of 8) and his fielding was considered casual bordering on slipshod. Nine months after his representative matches, in December 1877, Hodges made his debut for Victoria and played a second and last time for the state in February the following year. From then on his form deserted him and he was soon out of first-class cricket and back playing for the Capulets. Later life A bootmaker by trade, Hodges appeared before a Richmond court in February 1884, charged with indecent exposure. The charges were dismissed, and from thereon he faded into relative obscurity. One of the last references to Hodges came in January 1911 when Tom Horan, a former teammate in that inaugural Test side, reported that he believed Hodges had moved to South Africa. But further details about his life are sparse. Despite his early cricketing ability Hodges spent most of his life living in poverty. Sources The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket, Oxford University Press (1996) Australian Cricket – The Game and the Players, Hodder & Stoughton (1982) ABC Guide to Australian Test Cricketers, Queen Anne Press (1994) References ^ "Who holds the record for the most runs conceded in a Test?". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 29 October 2019. External links John Hodges at ESPNcricinfo John Hodges at CricketArchive (subscription required) vteAustralia squad – Australia vs England 1876–77 test series (drawn) D. Gregory (c) Bannerman Blackham (†) Cooper Garrett N. Gregory Hodges Horan Kendall Kelly Midwinter Murdoch Spofforth Thomson
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The exact details of his death remain unconfirmed but this date is generally accepted by the sport's historians.[1] He is one of the least-known Australian players, so meteoric and short was his career. He had the unusual distinction of playing in a Test match (and not just any Test match, the first ever given such status) before playing for his colony. Therefore, the historic international, played at Melbourne in 1877 between Australia and England, was Hodges' first-class debut.A left-handed batsman and fast-medium, round-arm bowler, Hodges started playing cricket for the Capulets club in the Melbourne suburb of Collingwood. Following some good performances in club cricket, he soon appeared for the Richmond Cricket Club (1876–77), and later played for Victoria.His bowling had both pace and movement and occasionally he could swing the ball sharply. But it also lacked consistency and all the good work he showed previously rarely came to the fore in his two representative matches. He bowled too short and was hit about the ground by some of the English batsmen. Hodges got his chance to play in the inaugural Test when the more widely recognised bowler Frank Allan refused to travel to Melbourne from Warrnambool for the match. Allan could not spare the time and thus Hodges bowled the very first ball for Australia in Test history and was unlucky not to take a wicket with it. Newspaper reports suggested that an umpiring error saved the English batsman, Henry Jupp, after he dislodged the bails whilst attempting to play the ball. Umpire Ben Terry, standing at square leg, did not see the incident and therefore Jupp survived.Hodges took three wickets in his first Test, including John Selby twice, and did enough to earn selection for the second Test two weeks later. He claimed another three wickets in the second Test and this time it was Andrew Greenwood that fell to him in both innings. In the two Tests he scored just ten runs (with two ducks and a highest score of 8) and his fielding was considered casual bordering on slipshod.Nine months after his representative matches, in December 1877, Hodges made his debut for Victoria and played a second and last time for the state in February the following year. From then on his form deserted him and he was soon out of first-class cricket and back playing for the Capulets.","title":"Cricket career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Horan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Horan"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"}],"text":"A bootmaker by trade, Hodges appeared before a Richmond court in February 1884, charged with indecent exposure. The charges were dismissed, and from thereon he faded into relative obscurity. One of the last references to Hodges came in January 1911 when Tom Horan, a former teammate in that inaugural Test side, reported that he believed Hodges had moved to South Africa. But further details about his life are sparse. Despite his early cricketing ability Hodges spent most of his life living in poverty.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket, Oxford University Press (1996)\nAustralian Cricket – The Game and the Players, Hodder & Stoughton (1982)\nABC Guide to Australian Test Cricketers, Queen Anne Press (1994)","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Della_Vite
Filippo Della Vite
["1 Career","2 World Cup results","3 World Championship results","4 References","5 External links"]
Italian alpine skier Filippo Della VitePersonal informationBorn (2001-10-04) 4 October 2001 (age 22)Bergamo, ItalyOccupationAlpine skierHeight1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)Skiing careerDisciplinesTechnical eventsClubG.S. Fiamme OroWorld Cup debut2018World ChampionshipsTeams1World CupSeasons6 Medal record Men's alpine skiing Representing  Italy Junior World Championships 2022 Panorama Giant slalom Filippo "Pippo" Della Vite (born 4 October 2001) is an Italian alpine skier. Career During his career, he has achieved four results among the top 15 in the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup. World Cup results Top 15 Date Place Discipline Rank 10 December 2022 Val d'Isere Giant slalom 12 19 December 2022 Alta Badia Giant slalom 13 7 January 2023 Adelboden Giant slalom 11 25 February 2023 Palisades Tahoe Giant slalom 12 11 March 2023 Kranjska Gora Giant slalom 14 12 March 2023 Kranjska Gora Giant slalom 6 18 March 2023 Soldeu Giant slalom 7 World Championship results   Year    Age   Slalom   Giant  slalom  Super-G Downhill Combined Parallel Teamevent 2023 21 — 10 — — — 16 8 References ^ a b "Filippo Della Vite profile". fis-ski.com. Retrieved 2 March 2023. External links Filippo Della Vite at FIS (alpine) Filippo Della Vite at Ski-DB Alpine Ski Database vteBergamoHistory of Bergamo Timeline Kingdom of the Lombards Lombard League Republic of Venice Republic of Bergamo Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia Il Risorgimento Italian resistance movement Monuments and places Accademia Carrara Cappella Colleoni Duomo di Bergamo Santa Maria Maggiore Teatro Donizetti Personalities Alexander of Bergamo Evaristo Baschenis Filippo Della Vite Gaetano Donizetti Giuseppe Donizetti Gianandrea Gavazzeni Sofia Goggia Lorenzo Lotto Giacomo Manzù Michela Moioli Giovanni Battista Moroni Palma il Vecchio Filippo Maria Pandolfi Carlo Alfredo Piatti Andrea Previtali Giacomo Quarenghi Enrico Rastelli Gianluigi Trovesi Andrew Viterbi Neighborhoods Colognola Redona Valtesse Valverde Transportation Il Caravaggio International Airport A4-E64 motorway Bergamo railway station Bergamo–Albino light rail Category Commons
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pon_Pon
Pon Pon
["1 Background","2 References"]
Italian comic strip Not to be confused with Pon Pon Pon. Pon PonGenre Humor/comedy Creative teamCreated byLuciano Bottaro Pon Pon is the title character of an Italian comic strip created by Luciano Bottaro. Background Pon Pon was created by Bottaro in 1955 as Sor Funghetto and was published until 1970 in the children magazine Lo Scolaro. In 1967 it was renamed "Pon Pon" and in 1969 new stories of Pon Pon were published in Re di Picche. From November 1971 to August 1994 the comic strip was regularly published in the weekly magazine Il Giornalino. In 1999 a whole anthology devoted to the character, Pon Pon Annual, was released. In 2000 it resurfaced in the magazine G Baby. The comics is set in a peaceful and serene country village, populated by anthropomorphic mushrooms, each with a different personality, in which the difficulties and dangers are caused not by enemies easily identifiable but by the same flaws of the characters, which represent those of society. References ^ a b c d e Gianni Bono. Guida al fumetto italiano. Epierre, 2003. pp. 1539, 1696–1697. ^ Gianni Brunoro (1984). Quel fantastico mondo: padri, figli, padrini, padroni e padreterni del fumetto italiano. Dedalo, 1984. p. 119. ISBN 8822045076. This Italian comics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a comics character is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragile_(Junko_Onishi_album)
Fragile (Junko Onishi album)
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Production","5 References","6 External links"]
1998 studio album by Junko OnishiFragileStudio album by Junko OnishiReleasedSeptember 23, 1998RecordedJuly 5–7, 1998StudioToshiba-EMI studio 3, TokyoGenreJazzLength56:45LabelSomethin' Else (Toshiba EMI)TOCJ-8008ProducerHitoshi NamekataJunko Onishi chronology Self Portrait(1998) Fragile(1998) Musical Moments(2009) Fragile is the seventh leader album by the Japanese pianist Junko Onishi, released on September 23, 1998, in Japan. It was re-released on May 4, 1999, by Blue Note Records. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings In a review for AllMusic, Tim Sheridan wrote: "Onishi gets into a classic rock groove on this disc... Her fervent piano attack in particular keeps the disc consistently interesting." The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings called the album "a fun record for Onishi," but noted that it "sidles into self-indulgence at points." A reviewer for Billboard stated that, on the album, Onishi "forgoes tradition and lets the fun fly." They commented: "The results are infectious, as the individual tracks open, develop, and eventually burn with enthusiasm." The Australian Financial Review's Shane Nichols called the music "an interesting dip into the past," and remarked: "It's no secret that Onishi swings; this album proves she rocks too." A writer for the Orlando Weekly described the album as "a jam-intensive adventure," noting that Onishi "has made a startling leap from sublime acoustic post-bop to sonic terrain largely associated with '70s fusion and contemporary groove-jazz." Writing for All About Jazz, David Adler stated: "I've never been a fan of the rock cover trend in the jazz world. The concept has sent many a fine jazz CD off the tracks, and it manages nearly to ruin this one entirely." Another AAJ reviewer commented: "Fragile is ironically quite pliable and coarse at times, wielding an oft-unwieldy arsenal of moods and sounds which occasionally (and admittedly) lose their sense of form and function." Track listing No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1."Phaethon"-Junko Onishi8:212."Complexions"-Junko Onishi7:213."You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'"-Phil Spector, Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil11:384."Compared To What"Gene McDanielsGene McDaniels7:055."Hey Joe"-Billy Roberts10:466."Eulogia Variation"-Junko Onishi6:167."Sunshine Of Your Love (JAM)"-Jack Bruce - Pete Brown - Eric Clapton5:18 Personnel Junko Onishi - piano Reginald Veal - double bass Karriem "Ol Skool Jamz" Riggins - drums Motohiko Hino - drums (2, 4) Tamaya Honda - drums (5, 7) PEACE - Vocal (4) Production Executive producer - Hitoshi Namekata Co-producer - Junko Onishi Recording and mixing engineer - Jim Anderson Assistant engineer - Masataka Saito, Masaaki Ugazin, Tomoyuki Fukuda Mastering engineer - Yoshio Okazaki Cover photograph - Kunihiro Takuma Inner photograph - Hitsuru Hirota Art director - Kaoru Taku A&R - Yoshiko Tsuge References ^ "Junko Onishi: Fragile". Jazz Music Archives. Retrieved November 14, 2023. ^ "Junko Onishi Catalog". JazzDisco. Retrieved November 14, 2023. ^ a b Tim Sheridan. "Fragile Review". Allmusic. Retrieved 14 November 2023. ^ a b Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2000). The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD. Penguin Books. pp. 1133–1134. ^ "Reviews & Previews". Billboard. May 1, 1999. p. 21 – via Google Books. ^ Nichols, Shane (July 24, 1999). "Great Discs". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved November 14, 2023. ^ "Review - Fragile". Orlando Weekly. May 12, 1999. Retrieved November 14, 2023. ^ Adler, David (October 1, 1999). "Junko Onishi: Fragile". All About Jazz. Retrieved November 14, 2023. ^ "Junko Onishi: Fragile". All About Jazz. January 21, 2003. Retrieved November 14, 2023. External links Junko Onishi HP Fragile - Junko Onishi on iTunes Junko Onishi Fragile By Bill Bennett vteJunko OnishiYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Studio albums Wow (1992) Cruisin' (1993) Shigeharu Mukai J Quintet featuring Junko Onishi (1993) Piano Quintet Suite (1995) Hat Trick (1996) Tenor Time (1996) Fragile (1998) Cool Woods (1999) Musical Moments (2009) Baroque (2010) Tea Times (2016) Very Special (2017) Glamorous Life (2017) Live albums Live at the Village Vanguard (1994) Live at the Village Vanguard Vol. II (1994) Play, Piano, Play (1996) Compilations Self Portrait (released 1998) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junko Onishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junko_Onishi_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Fragile is the seventh leader album by the Japanese pianist Junko Onishi, released on September 23, 1998, in Japan. It was re-released on May 4, 1999, by Blue Note Records.[1][2]","title":"Fragile (Junko Onishi album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-3"},{"link_name":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Guide_to_Jazz_Recordings"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penguin-4"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Australian Financial Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Orlando Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"All About Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In a review for AllMusic, Tim Sheridan wrote: \"Onishi gets into a classic rock groove on this disc... Her fervent piano attack in particular keeps the disc consistently interesting.\"[3]The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings called the album \"a fun record for Onishi,\" but noted that it \"sidles into self-indulgence at points.\"[4]A reviewer for Billboard stated that, on the album, Onishi \"forgoes tradition and lets the fun fly.\" They commented: \"The results are infectious, as the individual tracks open, develop, and eventually burn with enthusiasm.\"[5]The Australian Financial Review's Shane Nichols called the music \"an interesting dip into the past,\" and remarked: \"It's no secret that Onishi swings; this album proves she rocks too.\"[6]A writer for the Orlando Weekly described the album as \"a jam-intensive adventure,\" noting that Onishi \"has made a startling leap from sublime acoustic post-bop to sonic terrain largely associated with '70s fusion and contemporary groove-jazz.\"[7]Writing for All About Jazz, David Adler stated: \"I've never been a fan of the rock cover trend in the jazz world. The concept has sent many a fine jazz CD off the tracks, and it manages nearly to ruin this one entirely.\"[8] Another AAJ reviewer commented: \"Fragile is ironically quite pliable and coarse at times, wielding an oft-unwieldy arsenal of moods and sounds which occasionally (and admittedly) lose their sense of form and function.\"[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%27ve_Lost_That_Lovin%27_Feelin%27"},{"link_name":"Phil Spector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Spector"},{"link_name":"Barry Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Mann"},{"link_name":"Cynthia Weil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_Weil"},{"link_name":"Compared To What","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compared_to_What"},{"link_name":"Gene McDaniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_McDaniels"},{"link_name":"Gene McDaniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_McDaniels"},{"link_name":"Hey Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Joe"},{"link_name":"Billy Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Of Your Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Of_Your_Love"},{"link_name":"Jack Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Pete Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Brown"},{"link_name":"Eric Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton"}],"text":"No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1.\"Phaethon\"-Junko Onishi8:212.\"Complexions\"-Junko Onishi7:213.\"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\"-Phil Spector, Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil11:384.\"Compared To What\"Gene McDanielsGene McDaniels7:055.\"Hey Joe\"-Billy Roberts10:466.\"Eulogia Variation\"-Junko Onishi6:167.\"Sunshine Of Your Love (JAM)\"-Jack Bruce - Pete Brown - Eric Clapton5:18","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junko Onishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junko_Onishi_(musician)"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Reginald Veal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Veal"},{"link_name":"double bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Karriem \"Ol Skool Jamz\" Riggins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karriem_Riggins"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Motohiko Hino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motohiko_Hino"}],"text":"Junko Onishi - piano\nReginald Veal - double bass\nKarriem \"Ol Skool Jamz\" Riggins - drums\nMotohiko Hino - drums (2, 4)\nTamaya Honda - drums (5, 7)\nPEACE - Vocal (4)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Co-producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Recording and mixing engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineer"},{"link_name":"Jim Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Anderson_(sound_engineer)"},{"link_name":"Mastering engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastering_engineer"},{"link_name":"Art director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"A&R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire"}],"text":"Executive producer - Hitoshi Namekata\nCo-producer - Junko Onishi\nRecording and mixing engineer - Jim Anderson\nAssistant engineer - Masataka Saito, Masaaki Ugazin, Tomoyuki Fukuda\nMastering engineer - Yoshio Okazaki\nCover photograph - Kunihiro Takuma\nInner photograph - Hitsuru Hirota\nArt director - Kaoru Taku\nA&R - Yoshiko Tsuge","title":"Production"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britton_Johnsen
Britton Johnsen
["1 College career","2 Professional career","2.1 Overseas","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]
American basketball player Britton JohnsenPersonal informationBorn (1979-07-08) July 8, 1979 (age 44)Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.Listed height6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)Listed weight245 lb (111 kg)Career informationHigh schoolMurray (Murray, Utah)CollegeUtah (1997–1998, 2000–2003)NBA draft2003: undraftedPlaying career2003–2011PositionSmall forward / power forwardNumber31, 32Career history2003Orlando Magic2003–2004Fayetteville Patriots2004Orlando Magic2004Indiana Pacers2004–2005Idaho Stampede2005–2006Lucentum Alicante2006Panellinios2006–2007Pau-Orthez2008Bakersfield Jam2008Utah Flash2008Galatasaray Café Crown2008–2009PAOK Thessaloniki2009–2010Panellinios2011Quilmes de Mar del Plata Career highlights and awards All-NBADL Second Team (2004) MWC Player of the Year (2002) Second-team Parade All-American (1997) Stats  at NBA.comStats at Basketball-Reference.com Britton Weaver Johnsen (born July 8, 1979) is an American retired professional basketball player who played briefly in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He graduated from Murray High School and the University of Utah. Born in Salt Lake City, his hometown is Murray, Utah. Johnsen is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. College career Johnsen played college basketball with the University of Utah's Utah Utes. Professional career Johnsen was selected with the #19 pick of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) draft by the Gary Steelheads in 2003. He then played briefly for the Orlando Magic in the NBA in the 2003–04 NBA season averaging 2.1 points and 2.1 rebounds per game. He then played with the New Orleans Hornets during the 2004 NBA preseason and with the Indiana Pacers in the 2004–05 NBA season averaging 2.0 points and 1.7 rebounds per game. He also played with the summer league squad of the Utah Jazz at the Rocky Mountain Revue and with the Jazz during their preseason training camp in the year 2008. He also played in the NBA D-League with the Fayetteville Patriots, the Bakersfield Jam, and the Utah Flash and in the CBA with the Idaho Stampede. Overseas Johnsen also played overseas for several professional clubs. He moved to the Spanish ACB League club Etosa Alicante in 2005. He then moved to the Greek A1 League club Panellinios Athens in 2006. In 2007, he joined the French Pro A League club Élan Béarnais Pau-Orthez. In 2008, he moved to the Turkish League club Galatasaray Café Crown. In 2009, he joined the Greek team PAOK Thessaloniki. A year later, he signed with Panellinios B.C. In 2011, he joined the Argentine team Quilmes de Mar del Plata. References ^ Johnsen has faith to keep knocking. ^ Ex-Ute Britton Johnsen at Jazz camp. ^ Flash acquire Johnsen from Bakersfield Jam. ^ PAOK signs Johnsen. (in Greek) Archived January 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ Britton Johnson. latinbasket. Sources NBA Profile @ NBA.com Euroleague.net Profile Basketpedya.com Profile TSN.ca Career Transactions NBA D-League Profile External links FIBA profile TBLStat.net profile Britton Johnsen NBA Statistics @ Basketballreference.com Utah Utes bio vteMountain West Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year 2000: Jensen 2001: Wesley 2002: Johnsen 2003: Douglas 2004: Araújo & Welch 2005: Bogut 2006: Heath 2007: Young 2008: Cummard & Giddens 2009: Nevill 2010: Hobson 2011: Fredette 2012: Franklin 2013: Williams 2014: Thames 2015: Marks 2016: Harris 2017: Clavell 2018: Martin 2019: Merrill 2020: Flynn 2021: Mitchell 2022: Roddy 2023: Moore 2024: Osobor
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_player"},{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Murray High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_High_School_(Utah)"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Murray, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray,_Utah"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Britton Weaver Johnsen (born July 8, 1979) is an American retired professional basketball player who played briefly in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He graduated from Murray High School and the University of Utah. Born in Salt Lake City, his hometown is Murray, Utah. Johnsen is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[1]","title":"Britton Johnsen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Utah"},{"link_name":"Utah Utes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Utes_men%27s_basketball"}],"text":"Johnsen played college basketball with the University of Utah's Utah Utes.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Continental Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Gary Steelheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Steelheads"},{"link_name":"Orlando Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Magic"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"2003–04 NBA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"rebounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Hornets"},{"link_name":"Indiana Pacers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Pacers"},{"link_name":"2004–05 NBA season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_NBA_season"},{"link_name":"Utah Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Jazz"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mountain Revue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Revue"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"NBA D-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_D-League"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield_Jam"},{"link_name":"Utah Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Flash"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Idaho Stampede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho_Stampede"}],"text":"Johnsen was selected with the #19 pick of the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) draft by the Gary Steelheads in 2003. He then played briefly for the Orlando Magic in the NBA in the 2003–04 NBA season averaging 2.1 points and 2.1 rebounds per game. He then played with the New Orleans Hornets during the 2004 NBA preseason and with the Indiana Pacers in the 2004–05 NBA season averaging 2.0 points and 1.7 rebounds per game.He also played with the summer league squad of the Utah Jazz at the Rocky Mountain Revue and with the Jazz during their preseason training camp in the year 2008.[2]He also played in the NBA D-League with the Fayetteville Patriots, the Bakersfield Jam, and the Utah Flash[3] and in the CBA with the Idaho Stampede.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish ACB League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_ACB"},{"link_name":"Etosa Alicante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_Lucentum_Alicante"},{"link_name":"Greek A1 League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_Ethniki"},{"link_name":"Panellinios Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panellinios_BC"},{"link_name":"French Pro A League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_Nationale_de_Basketball"},{"link_name":"Élan Béarnais Pau-Orthez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lan_B%C3%A9arnais_Pau-Orthez"},{"link_name":"Turkish League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Galatasaray Café Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatasaray_Caf%C3%A9_Crown"},{"link_name":"PAOK Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.A.O.K._B.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Panellinios B.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panellinios_B.C."},{"link_name":"Quilmes de Mar del Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilmes_de_Mar_del_Plata"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Overseas","text":"Johnsen also played overseas for several professional clubs. He moved to the Spanish ACB League club Etosa Alicante in 2005. He then moved to the Greek A1 League club Panellinios Athens in 2006.In 2007, he joined the French Pro A League club Élan Béarnais Pau-Orthez. In 2008, he moved to the Turkish League club Galatasaray Café Crown. In 2009, he joined the Greek team PAOK Thessaloniki.[4] A year later, he signed with Panellinios B.C. In 2011, he joined the Argentine team Quilmes de Mar del Plata.[5]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NBA Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nba.com/playerfile/britton_johnsen/index.html"},{"link_name":"Euroleague.net Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?seasoncode=U2007&pcode=KWS"},{"link_name":"Basketpedya.com Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//basketpedya.com/Acc002InfJug.php?idjug=43103"},{"link_name":"TSN.ca Career Transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tsn.ca/nba/teams/players/bio/?id=846&hubname=nba"},{"link_name":"NBA D-League Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090102225946/http://www.nba.com/dleague/playerfile/index.jsp?player=britton_johnsen"}],"text":"NBA Profile @ NBA.com\nEuroleague.net Profile\nBasketpedya.com Profile\nTSN.ca Career Transactions\nNBA D-League Profile","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shampoo_(duo)
Shampoo (duo)
["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Studio albums","2.2 Compilation albums","2.3 Singles","2.4 Video","2.5 Books","3 Use of audio in other media","4 Covers by other acts","5 References"]
English female pop music duo Not to be confused with Shampoo (parody band). ShampooOriginPlumstead, London, EnglandGenresPop, pop punk, power popYears active1993–2000LabelsIcerinkFood RecordsParlophoneEMI RecordsPast membersJacqui BlakeCarrie Askew Shampoo were an English female pop music duo in the 1990s, formed by Jacqueline "Jacqui" Blake (born 23 November 1974 in Woolwich) and Caroline "Carrie" Askew (born 4 May 1976 in Plumstead). Their 1994 song "Trouble" from the debut album We Are Shampoo reached No. 11 in the UK Singles Chart and was featured in 1995's Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie. History Jacqui Blake and Carrie Askew were best friends at Plumstead Manor School, a secondary school for girls in Plumstead, London. In the early nineties they started writing Last Exit, a fanzine for the Manic Street Preachers, and later appeared in the video for "Little Baby Nothing". They also wrote a fanzine for Fabulous. During this time they formed Shampoo, taking the name from their schoolyard nickname of 'the shampoo girls', for claiming to be 'washing their hair' when turning down date requests. Their first single, "Blisters and Bruises" (co-written by Lawrence of the bands Felt and Denim) with the B-sides "Paydirt" and "I Love Little Pussy", was released by Icerink Records (a short-lived label created by Saint Etienne's Bob Stanley and Pete Wiggs) on 7-inch pink vinyl in 1993. This and their following single, "Bouffant Headbutt", received favourable reviews in the music press, such as the NME and Melody Maker, but sold few copies. Whilst their first two singles were typical of the riot grrrl bands coming to notice, the following year saw the release of "Trouble" and the album We Are Shampoo, which displayed a more radio-friendly sound, but still with much of their previous abrasiveness: "Dirty Old Love Song" panned Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston (whose "I Will Always Love You" had been the previous year's biggest-selling single in the UK). "Shiny Black Taxi Cab" was about a night on the town gone wrong (ending with a spoken section by the 'taxi driver' complaining to a new passenger about two drunken girls who had thrown up all over his cab the previous week). We Are Shampoo sold over a million copies, with the majority of sales in Japan and the rest of Asia. "Trouble" reached No. 11 on the UK charts, landing the group on Top of the Pops and the cover of Smash Hits magazine. For the remainder of 1994, Shampoo did well, finding fans in both the mainstream and alternative music scenes, boosted in part by their links to the Manic Street Preachers fanscene. Shampoo became moderately successful in Japan. "Trouble" was included in the 1995 film Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie and also appeared on the film's soundtrack. It also appeared in the 1996 film Foxfire and the 1997 film Trojan War. The Britpop single "Delicious" reached No. 21 in the UK in February 1995. It is also played in the 1997 film Casper: A Spirited Beginning. The song "Don't Call Me Babe" was included in the soundtrack of the 1996 film Barb Wire. In July 1996, a week before the Spice Girls debuted on the UK Singles Chart with "Wannabe", the duo charted with a song called "Girl Power" (a slogan which was popularised by the Spice Girls). However, this song peaked at No. 25, and was only on the chart for four weeks, meaning that by the time Shampoo released their second album, also called Girl Power, their sales were in decline. In September 1996, they released a cover of the Waitresses' "I Know What Boys Like", which became their last chart entry, peaking at No. 42. After the Girl Power album failed to reach the UK Albums Chart, the duo separated from Food Records, and the third Shampoo album, Absolute Shampoo, was released solely on the Internet in 2000. Shampoo often cited their main influences as being the Sex Pistols, Gary Numan and the Beastie Boys, whilst also claiming to be huge fans of East 17 and Take That. Shampoo covered Numan's song "Cars" on the B-side of their "Girl Power" single, while a cover of East 17's "House of Love" was included on their debut album. In May 2007, the album We Are Shampoo was re-issued in the UK with their B-sides as bonus tracks. In September 2019, Q magazine published an interview with Shampoo. Regarding the end of the group, Carrie said, "We never said, 'let's split up', we just took some time off. And then that ended up being a bit more time and a bit more and it just fizzed out really. We wanted to settle down and have kids. It just came to a natural end." Discography Shampoo discographyStudio albums4Compilation albums2Video albums1Music videos2Singles10 The discography of Shampoo consists of four studio albums, two compilation albums and ten singles. Studio albums Year Album Chart positions UK AUS JPN 1994 We Are Shampoo Labels: Food Records, Parlophone, Toshiba EMI-Ltd, Cherry Red Notes: Re-issued with 6 B-sides in 2007. 45 137 8 1995 Shampoo or Nothing Labels: Toshiba EMI Ltd Notes: Japanese Release of Girl Power – – 10 1996 Girl Power Labels: Food Records, Parlophone Notes: UK release of Shampoo or Nothing – 192 – 2000 Absolute Shampoo Labels: Shampoo Records Notes: Internet only – – – Compilation albums Year Album Chart positions JPN 1995 Delicious Labels: Toshiba EMI Ltd Notes: Japan only: B-sides/rare tracks 6 1998 The Greatest Labels: Toshiba EMI Ltd Notes: Japan only – Singles Year Single Chart positions UK AUS BEL(FLA) IRE JPN NLD 1993 "Blisters and Bruises" – – – – – – "Bouffant Headbutt" – – – – – – 1994 "Trouble" 11 17 17 23 81 16 "Viva La Megababes" 27 97 50 – – – 1995 "Delicious" 21 223 – – 76 – "Trouble" (re-release) 36 – – – – – "War Paint" (Japan only) – – – – – – 1996 "Girl Power" 25 120 – – 22 – "I Know What Boys Like" 42 131 – – – – "Yea Yea Yea (Tell Me Baby)" (Japan only) – – – – 95 – All Japanese figures are from the Oricon Singles Chart. Video We Are Shampoo (1995) – Japanese video collection containing videos for "Trouble", "Viva La Megababes", "Delicious" & "Bouffant Headbutt". There are two different videos for "Trouble". The original features the girls trying to get home from central London after a night out. The re-make features new footage of the girls singing to the camera, intercut with film footage from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie. Books Delicious (1995, Japanese book) Use of audio in other media "Trouble" appears on the soundtracks to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995), Foxfire (1996) and Jawbreaker (1999). The song is sung by characters in the film Blackrock (1997). It is featured in the closing credits of the seventh episode of Zapped, and is also featured in the film Trojan War (1997). "Don't Call Me Babe" appears in the film Barb Wire (1996) and on its soundtrack, and also appears in Jawbreaker (1999). "Delicious" appears on the Casper: A Spirited Beginning (1997) soundtrack. Shampoo provided voices for the PlayStation puzzle game Spin Jam   (2000). "Girl Power" is featured in the film Sugar & Spice (2001). Covers by other acts "Trouble" was covered by Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine, and can be found as a B-side on their "The Young Offenders Mum" single. It was also sung by the cast of the 2007 film St Trinian's and featured on the film's soundtrack. In 2009, Japanese rock band Vamps included a cover of the song as a B-side to their single "I Gotta Kick Start Now". That same year, Zebrahead also included a version on their cover album, Panty Raid. In 2021, Miley Cyrus recorded a cover of the song "Delicious" for use in a Gucci commercial. References ^ "Billboard". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 5 August 1995 – via Google Books. ^ "Sky Songs | Download We Are Shampoo by Shampoo". Songs.sky.com. Retrieved 27 May 2010. ^ Pride, Dominic (20 September 1997). "EMI Still Hungry for Food". Billboard. p. 44. Retrieved 13 January 2015. ^ a b c "Official Charts > Shampoo". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 14 July 2019. ^ "Shampoo Are So Much More than a 90s One-Hit Wonder". Vice. 27 September 2017. ^ "SHAMPOO | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". Official Charts. ^ "Spice Girls | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company". Official Charts. ^ "Shampoo Biography – Page 2". Absolute Radio. 13 March 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2010. ^ Doherty, Niall (September 2019). "Shampoo". Q. ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 493. ISBN 1-904994-10-5. ^ a b Australian (ARIA) peaks: Top 50 peaks: "australian-charts.com > Shampoo in Australian Charts". Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 July 2019. Top 100 peaks: Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 250. "Viva La Megababes": "The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 19 Feb 1995". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 28 September 2016. "Delicious": "Response from ARIA re: Shampoo chart history, received 20 August 2019". Imgur.com. Retrieved 20 August 2019. N.B. The High Point number in the NAT column represents the release's peak on the national chart. We Are Shampoo and Girl Power (album): "Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 13 September 2016". Imgur.com. Retrieved 28 September 2016. "Girl Power" (single) and "I Know What Boys Like": "Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 15 July 2015". Imgur.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015. ^ "Ultratop > Shampoo in Ultratop Vlaanderen" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 July 2019. ^ "The Irish Charts – All there is to know > Search results for 'Shampoo' (from irishcharts.ie)". Imgur.com (original source published by Fireball Media). Retrieved 28 September 2016. ^ "dutchcharts.nl > Shampoo in Dutch Charts" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 July 2019. ^ "Pop/Punk Princesses". Billboard. 5 August 1995. p. 18. Retrieved 14 January 2015. ^ Stone, Doug. "Jawbreaker ". AllMusic. Retrieved 14 January 2015. ^ Blackrock (Motion picture). 1996. Event occurs at 14:13. Note: Song's use is confirmed in the credits at 1:25:09 ^ Strong, Martin C. (2003) The Great Indie Discography, Canongate, ISBN 1-84195-335-0, p. 662 ^ Long, Chris (2007). "Various Artists St Trinian's: The Soundtrack Review". BBC. Retrieved 1 February 2015. ^ Kenneally, Cerys (29 July 2021). "Miley Cyrus reveals she's recording her next album "back home in Tennessee"". The Line of Best Fit. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
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Their 1994 song \"Trouble\" from the debut album We Are Shampoo reached No. 11 in the UK Singles Chart and was featured in 1995's Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie.","title":"Shampoo (duo)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plumstead Manor School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumstead_Manor_School"},{"link_name":"Plumstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumstead"},{"link_name":"fanzine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanzine"},{"link_name":"Manic Street Preachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manic_Street_Preachers"},{"link_name":"Little Baby Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Baby_Nothing"},{"link_name":"Fabulous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabulous_(band)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_(musician)"},{"link_name":"B-sides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Saint Etienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Etienne_(band)"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_record"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"riot grrrl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_grrrl"},{"link_name":"We Are Shampoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Shampoo"},{"link_name":"Mariah Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariah_Carey"},{"link_name":"Whitney Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Houston"},{"link_name":"I Will Always Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Will_Always_Love_You"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-4"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"Smash Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smash_Hits"},{"link_name":"alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Manic Street Preachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manic_Street_Preachers"},{"link_name":"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Foxfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxfire_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War_(film)"},{"link_name":"Britpop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britpop"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Casper: A Spirited Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper:_A_Spirited_Beginning"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb_Wire_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Barb Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb_Wire_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Spice Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice_Girls"},{"link_name":"Wannabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannabe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"the Waitresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waitresses"},{"link_name":"I Know What Boys Like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Know_What_Boys_Like"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"Gary Numan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Numan"},{"link_name":"Beastie Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beastie_Boys"},{"link_name":"East 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_17"},{"link_name":"Take That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take_That"},{"link_name":"Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(song)"},{"link_name":"House of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Love_(East_17_song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Jacqui Blake and Carrie Askew were best friends at Plumstead Manor School, a secondary school for girls in Plumstead, London. In the early nineties they started writing Last Exit, a fanzine for the Manic Street Preachers, and later appeared in the video for \"Little Baby Nothing\". They also wrote a fanzine for Fabulous.During this time they formed Shampoo, taking the name from their schoolyard nickname of 'the shampoo girls', for claiming to be 'washing their hair' when turning down date requests.[citation needed]Their first single, \"Blisters and Bruises\" (co-written by Lawrence of the bands Felt and Denim) with the B-sides \"Paydirt\" and \"I Love Little Pussy\", was released by Icerink Records (a short-lived label created by Saint Etienne's Bob Stanley and Pete Wiggs) on 7-inch pink vinyl in 1993. This and their following single, \"Bouffant Headbutt\", received favourable reviews in the music press, such as the NME and Melody Maker, but sold few copies.[citation needed]Whilst their first two singles were typical of the riot grrrl bands coming to notice, the following year saw the release of \"Trouble\" and the album We Are Shampoo, which displayed a more radio-friendly sound, but still with much of their previous abrasiveness: \"Dirty Old Love Song\" panned Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston (whose \"I Will Always Love You\" had been the previous year's biggest-selling single in the UK). \"Shiny Black Taxi Cab\" was about a night on the town gone wrong (ending with a spoken section by the 'taxi driver' complaining to a new passenger about two drunken girls who had thrown up all over his cab the previous week). We Are Shampoo sold over a million copies, with the majority of sales in Japan and the rest of Asia.[3]\"Trouble\" reached No. 11 on the UK charts,[4] landing the group on Top of the Pops and the cover of Smash Hits magazine. For the remainder of 1994, Shampoo did well, finding fans in both the mainstream and alternative music scenes, boosted in part by their links to the Manic Street Preachers fanscene. Shampoo became moderately successful in Japan. \"Trouble\" was included in the 1995 film Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie and also appeared on the film's soundtrack. It also appeared in the 1996 film Foxfire and the 1997 film Trojan War. The Britpop[5] single \"Delicious\" reached No. 21 in the UK in February 1995. It is also played in the 1997 film Casper: A Spirited Beginning. The song \"Don't Call Me Babe\" was included in the soundtrack of the 1996 film Barb Wire.In July 1996, a week before the Spice Girls debuted on the UK Singles Chart with \"Wannabe\", the duo charted with a song called \"Girl Power\" (a slogan which was popularised by the Spice Girls).[6][7] However, this song peaked at No. 25, and was only on the chart for four weeks, meaning that by the time Shampoo released their second album, also called Girl Power, their sales were in decline. In September 1996, they released a cover of the Waitresses' \"I Know What Boys Like\", which became their last chart entry, peaking at No. 42. After the Girl Power album failed to reach the UK Albums Chart, the duo separated from Food Records, and the third Shampoo album, Absolute Shampoo, was released solely on the Internet in 2000.Shampoo often cited their main influences as being the Sex Pistols, Gary Numan and the Beastie Boys, whilst also claiming to be huge fans of East 17 and Take That. Shampoo covered Numan's song \"Cars\" on the B-side of their \"Girl Power\" single, while a cover of East 17's \"House of Love\" was included on their debut album.In May 2007, the album We Are Shampoo was re-issued in the UK with their B-sides as bonus tracks.[8]In September 2019, Q magazine published an interview with Shampoo. Regarding the end of the group, Carrie said, \"We never said, 'let's split up', we just took some time off. And then that ended up being a bit more time and a bit more and it just fizzed out really. We wanted to settle down and have kids. It just came to a natural end.\"[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The discography of Shampoo consists of four studio albums, two compilation albums and ten singles.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"All Japanese figures are from the Oricon Singles Chart.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers:_The_Movie"}],"sub_title":"Video","text":"We Are Shampoo (1995) – Japanese video collection containing videos for \"Trouble\", \"Viva La Megababes\", \"Delicious\" & \"Bouffant Headbutt\".\nThere are two different videos for \"Trouble\". The original features the girls trying to get home from central London after a night out. The re-make features new footage of the girls singing to the camera, intercut with film footage from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Delicious (1995, Japanese book)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Foxfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxfire_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Jawbreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawbreaker_(film)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Blackrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackrock_(film)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Zapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapped_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Trojan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War_(film)"},{"link_name":"Barb Wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barb_Wire_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Casper: A Spirited Beginning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper:_A_Spirited_Beginning"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation"},{"link_name":"Spin Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spin_Jam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q109232308#sitelinks-wikipedia"},{"link_name":"Sugar & Spice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_%26_Spice"}],"text":"\"Trouble\" appears on the soundtracks to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (1995),[15] Foxfire (1996) and Jawbreaker (1999).[16] The song is sung by characters in the film Blackrock (1997).[17] It is featured in the closing credits of the seventh episode of Zapped, and is also featured in the film Trojan War (1997).\n\"Don't Call Me Babe\" appears in the film Barb Wire (1996) and on its soundtrack, and also appears in Jawbreaker (1999).\n\"Delicious\" appears on the Casper: A Spirited Beginning (1997) soundtrack.\nShampoo provided voices for the PlayStation puzzle game Spin Jam  [d] (2000).\n\"Girl Power\" is featured in the film Sugar & Spice (2001).","title":"Use of audio in other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"covered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_the_Unstoppable_Sex_Machine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strong-18"},{"link_name":"St Trinian's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long-19"},{"link_name":"Vamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamps_(band)"},{"link_name":"I Gotta Kick Start Now","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Gotta_Kick_Start_Now"},{"link_name":"Zebrahead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebrahead"},{"link_name":"Panty Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panty_Raid_(album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Miley Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miley_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"Gucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucci"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"\"Trouble\" was covered by Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine, and can be found as a B-side on their \"The Young Offenders Mum\" single.[18] It was also sung by the cast of the 2007 film St Trinian's and featured on the film's soundtrack.[19] In 2009, Japanese rock band Vamps included a cover of the song as a B-side to their single \"I Gotta Kick Start Now\". That same year, Zebrahead also included a version on their cover album, Panty Raid.[citation needed] In 2021, Miley Cyrus recorded a cover of the song \"Delicious\" for use in a Gucci commercial.[20]","title":"Covers by other acts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Billboard\". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 5 August 1995 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xwsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18&q=shampoo%2Bpop%2Bpunk","url_text":"\"Billboard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sky Songs | Download We Are Shampoo by Shampoo\". Songs.sky.com. Retrieved 27 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://songs.sky.com/artists/Shampoo/We+Are+Shampoo/d367ceca5f794ffaa1c34d749314951d","url_text":"\"Sky Songs | Download We Are Shampoo by Shampoo\""}]},{"reference":"Pride, Dominic (20 September 1997). \"EMI Still Hungry for Food\". Billboard. p. 44. Retrieved 13 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CQoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44","url_text":"\"EMI Still Hungry for Food\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Charts > Shampoo\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/30524/shampoo/","url_text":"\"Official Charts > Shampoo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Shampoo Are So Much More than a 90s One-Hit Wonder\". Vice. 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/mb7bz4/shampoo-are-so-much-more-than-a-90s-one-hit-wonder","url_text":"\"Shampoo Are So Much More than a 90s One-Hit Wonder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"Vice"}]},{"reference":"\"SHAMPOO | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\". Official Charts.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/30524/shampoo/","url_text":"\"SHAMPOO | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Spice Girls | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\". Official Charts.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/1633/spice-girls/","url_text":"\"Spice Girls | full Official Chart History | Official Charts Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts"}]},{"reference":"\"Shampoo Biography – Page 2\". Absolute Radio. 13 March 2009. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 27 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716073548/http://www.absoluteradio.co.uk/artists/Shampoo/biography/page2.html","url_text":"\"Shampoo Biography – Page 2\""},{"url":"http://www.absoluteradio.co.uk/artists/Shampoo/biography/page2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Doherty, Niall (September 2019). \"Shampoo\". Q.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saintetiennedisco.com/connected/shampoo/a/1.html","url_text":"\"Shampoo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 493. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"\"australian-charts.com > Shampoo [UK] in Australian Charts\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Shampoo+%5BUK%5D","url_text":"\"australian-charts.com > Shampoo [UK] in Australian Charts\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010 (pdf ed.). Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. p. 250.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 19 Feb 1995\". Imgur.com (original document published by ARIA). Retrieved 28 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/jS8TP2P.jpg","url_text":"\"The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart – Week Ending 19 Feb 1995\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"ARIA"}]},{"reference":"\"Response from ARIA re: Shampoo chart history, received 20 August 2019\". Imgur.com. Retrieved 20 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/ln2RGga.jpg","url_text":"\"Response from ARIA re: Shampoo chart history, received 20 August 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 13 September 2016\". Imgur.com. Retrieved 28 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/4zSXLew.gif","url_text":"\"Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 13 September 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 15 July 2015\". Imgur.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/oyPN1pW.jpg","url_text":"\"Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 15 July 2015\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150716153430/http://i.imgur.com/oyPN1pW.jpg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ultratop > Shampoo [UK] in Ultratop Vlaanderen\" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Shampoo+%5BUK%5D","url_text":"\"Ultratop > Shampoo [UK] in Ultratop Vlaanderen\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Irish Charts – All there is to know > Search results for 'Shampoo' (from irishcharts.ie)\". Imgur.com (original source published by Fireball Media). Retrieved 28 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://i.imgur.com/4PMiEvC.jpg","url_text":"\"The Irish Charts – All there is to know > Search results for 'Shampoo' (from irishcharts.ie)\""}]},{"reference":"\"dutchcharts.nl > Shampoo [UK] in Dutch Charts\" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 14 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Shampoo+%5BUK%5D","url_text":"\"dutchcharts.nl > Shampoo [UK] in Dutch Charts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pop/Punk Princesses\". Billboard. 5 August 1995. p. 18. Retrieved 14 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xwsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18","url_text":"\"Pop/Punk Princesses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Stone, Doug. \"Jawbreaker [Original Soundtrack]\". AllMusic. Retrieved 14 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/jawbreaker-original-soundtrack-mw0000047423","url_text":"\"Jawbreaker [Original Soundtrack]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Blackrock (Motion picture). 1996. Event occurs at 14:13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackrock_(film)","url_text":"Blackrock"}]},{"reference":"Long, Chris (2007). \"Various Artists St Trinian's: The Soundtrack Review\". BBC. Retrieved 1 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/fhn8","url_text":"\"Various Artists St Trinian's: The Soundtrack Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"Kenneally, Cerys (29 July 2021). \"Miley Cyrus reveals she's recording her next album \"back home in Tennessee\"\". The Line of Best Fit. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/miley-cyrus-reveals-shes-recording-her-next-album-back-home-in-tennessee","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus reveals she's recording her next album \"back home in Tennessee\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Line_of_Best_Fit","url_text":"The Line of Best Fit"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210729130957/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/news/latest-news/miley-cyrus-reveals-shes-recording-her-next-album-back-home-in-tennessee","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D123_road
D123 road
["1 Traffic volume","2 Road junctions and populated areas","3 Sources"]
Road in Croatia D123 state roadRoute informationLength1.1 km (0.68 mi)Major junctionsFrom Sobra ferry portTo D120 in Sobra LocationCountryCroatiaCountiesDubrovnik-Neretva Highway system Highways in Croatia Jadrolinija ferry departing from Sobra, at the northern terminus of the D123 road D123 is a state road on island of Mljet in Croatia connecting the main state road on the island (D120) to Sobra ferry port, from where Jadrolinija ferries fly to the mainland, docking in Prapratno and the D416 state road. The road is 1.1 km (0.68 mi) long. The road, as well as all other state roads in Croatia, is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, a state-owned company. Traffic volume Traffic is not regularly counted on the road, however, Hrvatske ceste report number of vehicles using Prapratno-Sobra ferry line, connecting the D123 and D416 state road. Substantial variations between annual (AADT) and summer (ASDT) traffic volumes are attributed to the fact that the road connects to a number of summer resorts. D123 traffic volume Road Counting site AADT ASDT Notes D123 8311 Prapratno-Sobra 96 237 Vehicles using Prapratno-Sobra ferry line. Road junctions and populated areas This article contains a bulleted list or table of intersections which should be presented in a properly formatted junction table. Please consult this guideline for information on how to create one. Please improve this article if you can. (November 2021) D123 junctions/populated areas Type Slip roads/Notes Sobra ferry port – access to the mainland port of Prapratno (by Jadrolinija) and the D416.The northern terminus of the road. Sobra D120 to Pomena, Polače and Mljet National Park (to the west) and Saplunara (to the east).The southern terminus of the road. Sources ^ a b "Jadrolinija ferry service". May 11, 2010. ^ "Decision on categorization of public roads as state roads, county roads and local roads". Narodne novine (in Croatian). February 17, 2010. ^ "Public Roads Act". Narodne novine (in Croatian). December 14, 2004. ^ "Traffic counting on the roadways of Croatia in 2009 - digest" (PDF). Hrvatske ceste. May 1, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. vteState roads in Croatia1–14 D1 D2 D3 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D12 D14 20–77 D20 D22 D23 D24 D25 D26 D27 D28 D29 D30 D31 D32 D33 D34 D35 D36 D37 D38 D39 D40 D41 D42 D43 D44 D45 D46 D47 D48 D49 D50 D51 D52 D53 D54 D55 D56 D57 D58 D59 D60 D62 D64 D66 D69 D70 D72 D74 D75 D76 D77 100–129 D100 D101 D102 D103 D104 D105 D106 D109 D110 D111 D112 D113 D114 D115 D116 D117 D118 D119 D120 D121 D123 D124 D125 D126 D128 D129 200–235 D200 D201 D203 D204 D205 D206 D207 D208 D209 D210 D211 D212 D213 D214 D216 D217 D218 D219 D220 D222 D223 D224 D225 D227 D228 D229 D231 D232 D233 D235 300–316 D300 D301 D302 D303 D304 D305 D306 D307 D310 D312 D313 D314 D316 400–427 D400 D401 D402 D403 D404 D405 D406 D407 D408 D409 D410 D411 D412 D413 D414 D415 D416 D417 D418 D420 D421 D422 D423 D424 D425 D429 D430 D431 D432 D433 D434 500–548 D500 D501 D502 D503 D507 D510 D512 D514 D515 D516 D517 D518 D519 D520 D522 D525 D526 D528 D530 D531 D534 D535 D536 D537 D538 D539 D540 D541 D542 D543 D544 D545 D546 D547 D548 Hrvatske ceste Jadrolinija
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jadrolinija.ferry-ready.to.departure.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mljet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mljet"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"D120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D120_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"Sobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobra"},{"link_name":"Jadrolinija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadrolinija"},{"link_name":"Prapratno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prapratno"},{"link_name":"D416","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D416_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jadrolinija-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NN-klasifikacija-2"},{"link_name":"Hrvatske ceste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatske_ceste"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NN-PublicRoadsAct-3"}],"text":"Jadrolinija ferry departing from Sobra, at the northern terminus of the D123 roadD123 is a state road on island of Mljet in Croatia connecting the main state road on the island (D120) to Sobra ferry port, from where Jadrolinija ferries fly to the mainland, docking in Prapratno and the D416 state road.[1] The road is 1.1 km (0.68 mi) long.[2]The road, as well as all other state roads in Croatia, is managed and maintained by Hrvatske ceste, a state-owned company.[3]","title":"D123 road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hrvatske ceste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatske_ceste"},{"link_name":"D416 state road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D416_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC-promet-4"},{"link_name":"AADT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AADT"}],"text":"Traffic is not regularly counted on the road, however, Hrvatske ceste report number of vehicles using Prapratno-Sobra ferry line, connecting the D123 and D416 state road.[4] Substantial variations between annual (AADT) and summer (ASDT) traffic volumes are attributed to the fact that the road connects to a number of summer resorts.","title":"Traffic volume"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Road junctions and populated areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jadrolinija_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jadrolinija_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Jadrolinija ferry service\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jadrolinija.hr/default.aspx?lang=2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NN-klasifikacija_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Decision on categorization of public roads as state roads, county roads and local roads\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2010_02_17_410.html"},{"link_name":"Narodne novine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodne_novine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NN-PublicRoadsAct_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Public Roads 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Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_roads_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"D1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D1_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D2_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D3_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D5_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D6_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D7_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D8_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D9_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D10_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D12_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D14_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D20_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D22_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D23_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D24_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D25_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D26_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D27_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D28_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D29_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D30_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D31_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D32_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D33","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D33_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D34_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D35_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D36_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D37_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D38_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D39","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D39_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D40_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D41_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D42","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D42_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D43","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D43_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D44_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D45_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D46_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D47_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D48_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D49_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D50_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D51","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D51_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D52_road_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"D53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D53_road"},{"link_name":"D54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D54_road"},{"link_name":"D55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D55_road"},{"link_name":"D56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D56_road"},{"link_name":"D57","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D57_road"},{"link_name":"D58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D58_road"},{"link_name":"D59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D59_road"},{"link_name":"D60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D60_road"},{"link_name":"D62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D62_road"},{"link_name":"D64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D64_road"},{"link_name":"D66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D66_road"},{"link_name":"D69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D69_road"},{"link_name":"D70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D70_road"},{"link_name":"D72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D72_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D74_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D75_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D76_road"},{"link_name":"D77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D77_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D100_road"},{"link_name":"D101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D101_road"},{"link_name":"D102","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D102_road"},{"link_name":"D103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D103_road"},{"link_name":"D104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D104_road"},{"link_name":"D105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D105_road"},{"link_name":"D106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D106_road"},{"link_name":"D109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D109_road"},{"link_name":"D110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D110_road"},{"link_name":"D111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D111_road"},{"link_name":"D112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D112_road"},{"link_name":"D113","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D113_road"},{"link_name":"D114","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D114_road"},{"link_name":"D115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D115_road"},{"link_name":"D116","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D116_road"},{"link_name":"D117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D117_road"},{"link_name":"D118","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D118_road"},{"link_name":"D119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D119_road"},{"link_name":"D120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D120_road"},{"link_name":"D121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D121_road"},{"link_name":"D123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"D124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D124_road"},{"link_name":"D125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D125_road"},{"link_name":"D126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D126_road"},{"link_name":"D128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D128_road"},{"link_name":"D129","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D129_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D200_road"},{"link_name":"D201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D201_road"},{"link_name":"D203","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D203_road"},{"link_name":"D204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D204_road"},{"link_name":"D205","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D205_road"},{"link_name":"D206","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D206_road"},{"link_name":"D207","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D207_road"},{"link_name":"D208","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D208_road"},{"link_name":"D209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D209_road"},{"link_name":"D210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D210_road"},{"link_name":"D211","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D211_road"},{"link_name":"D212","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D212_road"},{"link_name":"D213","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D213_road"},{"link_name":"D214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D214_road"},{"link_name":"D216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D216_road"},{"link_name":"D217","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D217_road"},{"link_name":"D218","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D218_road"},{"link_name":"D219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D219_road"},{"link_name":"D220","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D220_road"},{"link_name":"D222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D222_road"},{"link_name":"D223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D223_road"},{"link_name":"D224","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D224_road"},{"link_name":"D225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D225_road"},{"link_name":"D227","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D227_road"},{"link_name":"D228","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D228_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D229","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D229_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D231_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D232_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D233_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D235_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D300","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D300_road"},{"link_name":"D301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D301_road"},{"link_name":"D302","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D302_road"},{"link_name":"D303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D303_road"},{"link_name":"D304","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D304_road"},{"link_name":"D305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D305_road"},{"link_name":"D306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D306_road"},{"link_name":"D307","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D307_road"},{"link_name":"D310","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D310_road"},{"link_name":"D312","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D312_road"},{"link_name":"D313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D313_road"},{"link_name":"D314","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D314_road"},{"link_name":"D316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D316_road&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"D400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D400_road"},{"link_name":"D401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D401_road"},{"link_name":"D402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D402_road"},{"link_name":"D403","url":"https://en.wikiped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},{"link_name":"Hrvatske ceste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatske_ceste"},{"link_name":"Jadrolinija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadrolinija"}],"text":"^ a b \"Jadrolinija ferry service\". May 11, 2010.\n\n^ \"Decision on categorization of public roads as state roads, county roads and local roads\". Narodne novine (in Croatian). February 17, 2010.\n\n^ \"Public Roads Act\". Narodne novine (in Croatian). December 14, 2004.\n\n^ \"Traffic counting on the roadways of Croatia in 2009 - digest\" (PDF). Hrvatske ceste. May 1, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011.vteState roads in Croatia1–14\nD1\nD2\nD3\nD5\nD6\nD7\nD8\nD9\nD10\nD12\nD14\n20–77\nD20\nD22\nD23\nD24\nD25\nD26\nD27\nD28\nD29\nD30\nD31\nD32\nD33\nD34\nD35\nD36\nD37\nD38\nD39\nD40\nD41\nD42\nD43\nD44\nD45\nD46\nD47\nD48\nD49\nD50\nD51\nD52\nD53\nD54\nD55\nD56\nD57\nD58\nD59\nD60\nD62\nD64\nD66\nD69\nD70\nD72\nD74\nD75\nD76\nD77\n100–129\nD100\nD101\nD102\nD103\nD104\nD105\nD106\nD109\nD110\nD111\nD112\nD113\nD114\nD115\nD116\nD117\nD118\nD119\nD120\nD121\nD123\nD124\nD125\nD126\nD128\nD129\n200–235\nD200\nD201\nD203\nD204\nD205\nD206\nD207\nD208\nD209\nD210\nD211\nD212\nD213\nD214\nD216\nD217\nD218\nD219\nD220\nD222\nD223\nD224\nD225\nD227\nD228\nD229\nD231\nD232\nD233\nD235\n300–316\nD300\nD301\nD302\nD303\nD304\nD305\nD306\nD307\nD310\nD312\nD313\nD314\nD316\n400–427\nD400\nD401\nD402\nD403\nD404\nD405\nD406\nD407\nD408\nD409\nD410\nD411\nD412\nD413\nD414\nD415\nD416\nD417\nD418\nD420\nD421\nD422\nD423\nD424\nD425\nD429\nD430\nD431\nD432\nD433\nD434\n500–548\nD500\nD501\nD502\nD503\nD507\nD510\nD512\nD514\nD515\nD516\nD517\nD518\nD519\nD520\nD522\nD525\nD526\nD528\nD530\nD531\nD534\nD535\nD536\nD537\nD538\nD539\nD540\nD541\nD542\nD543\nD544\nD545\nD546\nD547\nD548\n\nHrvatske ceste\nJadrolinija","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Jadrolinija ferry departing from Sobra, at the northern terminus of the D123 road","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Jadrolinija.ferry-ready.to.departure.jpg/220px-Jadrolinija.ferry-ready.to.departure.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Jadrolinija ferry service\". May 11, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jadrolinija.hr/default.aspx?lang=2","url_text":"\"Jadrolinija ferry service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decision on categorization of public roads as state roads, county roads and local roads\". Narodne novine (in Croatian). February 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2010_02_17_410.html","url_text":"\"Decision on categorization of public roads as state roads, county roads and local roads\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodne_novine","url_text":"Narodne novine"}]},{"reference":"\"Public Roads Act\". Narodne novine (in Croatian). December 14, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2004_12_180_3130.html","url_text":"\"Public Roads Act\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodne_novine","url_text":"Narodne novine"}]},{"reference":"\"Traffic counting on the roadways of Croatia in 2009 - digest\" (PDF). Hrvatske ceste. May 1, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721100545/http://www.hrvatske-ceste.hr/WEB%20-%20Legislativa/brojenje-prometa/CroDig2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Traffic counting on the roadways of Croatia in 2009 - digest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatske_ceste","url_text":"Hrvatske ceste"},{"url":"http://www.hrvatske-ceste.hr/WEB%20-%20Legislativa/brojenje-prometa/CroDig2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D123_road&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"http://www.jadrolinija.hr/default.aspx?lang=2","external_links_name":"\"Jadrolinija ferry service\""},{"Link":"http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2010_02_17_410.html","external_links_name":"\"Decision on categorization of public roads as state roads, county roads and local roads\""},{"Link":"http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2004_12_180_3130.html","external_links_name":"\"Public Roads Act\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721100545/http://www.hrvatske-ceste.hr/WEB%20-%20Legislativa/brojenje-prometa/CroDig2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Traffic counting on the roadways of Croatia in 2009 - digest\""},{"Link":"http://www.hrvatske-ceste.hr/WEB%20-%20Legislativa/brojenje-prometa/CroDig2009.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_covariance
General covariance
["1 Overview","2 Remarks","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Principle stating that physical laws are the same in all coordinate systems In theoretical physics, general covariance, also known as diffeomorphism covariance or general invariance, consists of the invariance of the form of physical laws under arbitrary differentiable coordinate transformations. The essential idea is that coordinates do not exist a priori in nature, but are only artifices used in describing nature, and hence should play no role in the formulation of fundamental physical laws. While this concept is exhibited by general relativity, which describes the dynamics of spacetime, one should not expect it to hold in less fundamental theories. For matter fields taken to exist independently of the background, it is almost never the case that their equations of motion will take the same form in curved space that they do in flat space. Overview A physical law expressed in a generally covariant fashion takes the same mathematical form in all coordinate systems, and is usually expressed in terms of tensor fields. The classical (non-quantum) theory of electrodynamics is one theory that has such a formulation. Albert Einstein proposed this principle for his special theory of relativity; however, that theory was limited to spacetime coordinate systems related to each other by uniform inertial motion, meaning relative motion in any straight line without acceleration. Einstein recognized that the general principle of relativity should also apply to accelerated relative motions, and he used the newly developed tool of tensor calculus to extend the special theory's global Lorentz covariance (applying only to inertial frames) to the more general local Lorentz covariance (which applies to all frames), eventually producing his general theory of relativity. The local reduction of the metric tensor to the Minkowski metric tensor corresponds to free-falling (geodesic) motion, in this theory, thus encompassing the phenomenon of gravitation. Much of the work on classical unified field theories consisted of attempts to further extend the general theory of relativity to interpret additional physical phenomena, particularly electromagnetism, within the framework of general covariance, and more specifically as purely geometric objects in the spacetime continuum. Remarks The relationship between general covariance and general relativity may be summarized by quoting a standard textbook: Mathematics was not sufficiently refined in 1917 to cleave apart the demands for "no prior geometry" and for a geometric, coordinate-independent formulation of physics. Einstein described both demands by a single phrase, "general covariance". The "no prior geometry" demand actually fathered general relativity, but by doing so anonymously, disguised as "general covariance", it also fathered half a century of confusion. A more modern interpretation of the physical content of the original principle of general covariance is that the Lie group GL4(R) is a fundamental "external" symmetry of the world. Other symmetries, including "internal" symmetries based on compact groups, now play a major role in fundamental physical theories. See also Coordinate conditions Coordinate-free Background independence Differential geometry Diffeomorphism Covariance and contravariance Covariant derivative Fictitious force Galilean invariance Gauge covariant derivative General covariant transformations Harmonic coordinate condition Inertial frame of reference Lorentz covariance Principle of covariance Special relativity Symmetry in physics Notes ^ More precisely, only coordinate systems related through sufficiently differentiable transformations are considered. ^ Gutfreund, Hanoch; Renn, Jürgen (2017). The Formative Years of Relativity: The History and Meaning of Einstein's Princeton Lectures (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-1-4008-8868-9. Extract of page 367 ^ Charles W. Misner; Kip S. Thorne; John Archibald Wheeler (1973). Gravitation. Freeman. p. 431. ISBN 0-7167-0344-0. References Ohanian, Hans C.; Ruffini, Remo (1994). Gravitation and Spacetime (2nd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-96501-5. See section 7.1. External links Norton, J.D. (1993). "General covariance and the foundations of general relativity: eight decades of dispute" (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics. 56 (7). IOP Publishing: 791–858. Bibcode:1993RPPh...56..791N. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/56/7/001. S2CID 250902085. Archived from the original on 2017-11-24. Retrieved 2018-10-17.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ("archive" version is re-typset, 460 kbytes)
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The essential idea is that coordinates do not exist a priori in nature, but are only artifices used in describing nature, and hence should play no role in the formulation of fundamental physical laws. While this concept is exhibited by general relativity, which describes the dynamics of spacetime, one should not expect it to hold in less fundamental theories. For matter fields taken to exist independently of the background, it is almost never the case that their equations of motion will take the same form in curved space that they do in flat space.","title":"General covariance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"tensor fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_field"},{"link_name":"quantum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"electrodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrodynamics"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"special theory of relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_relativity"},{"link_name":"spacetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime"},{"link_name":"inertial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"general principle of relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_relativity#General_principle_of_relativity"},{"link_name":"tensor calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_field#Tensor_calculus"},{"link_name":"general theory of relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity"},{"link_name":"metric tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tensor"},{"link_name":"Minkowski metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_space"},{"link_name":"geodesic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity"},{"link_name":"gravitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation"},{"link_name":"classical unified field theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_unified_field_theories"}],"text":"A physical law expressed in a generally covariant fashion takes the same mathematical form in all coordinate systems,[1] and is usually expressed in terms of tensor fields. The classical (non-quantum) theory of electrodynamics is one theory that has such a formulation.Albert Einstein proposed this principle for his special theory of relativity; however, that theory was limited to spacetime coordinate systems related to each other by uniform inertial motion, meaning relative motion in any straight line without acceleration.[2] Einstein recognized that the general principle of relativity should also apply to accelerated relative motions, and he used the newly developed tool of tensor calculus to extend the special theory's global Lorentz covariance (applying only to inertial frames) to the more general local Lorentz covariance (which applies to all frames), eventually producing his general theory of relativity. The local reduction of the metric tensor to the Minkowski metric tensor corresponds to free-falling (geodesic) motion, in this theory, thus encompassing the phenomenon of gravitation.Much of the work on classical unified field theories consisted of attempts to further extend the general theory of relativity to interpret additional physical phenomena, particularly electromagnetism, within the framework of general covariance, and more specifically as purely geometric objects in the spacetime continuum.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GravitationP431-3"},{"link_name":"principle of general covariance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_covariance"},{"link_name":"Lie group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group"},{"link_name":"symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry"},{"link_name":"groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"}],"text":"The relationship between general covariance and general relativity may be summarized by quoting a standard textbook:[3]Mathematics was not sufficiently refined in 1917 to cleave apart the demands for \"no prior geometry\" and for a geometric, coordinate-independent formulation of physics. Einstein described both demands by a single phrase, \"general covariance\". The \"no prior geometry\" demand actually fathered general relativity, but by doing so anonymously, disguised as \"general covariance\", it also fathered half a century of confusion.A more modern interpretation of the physical content of the original principle of general covariance is that the Lie group GL4(R) is a fundamental \"external\" symmetry of the world. Other symmetries, including \"internal\" symmetries based on compact groups, now play a major role in fundamental physical theories.","title":"Remarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"The Formative Years of Relativity: The History and Meaning of Einstein's Princeton Lectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VYi9DgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4008-8868-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-8868-9"},{"link_name":"Extract of page 367","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VYi9DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA367"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-GravitationP431_3-0"},{"link_name":"Charles W. Misner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_W._Misner"},{"link_name":"Kip S. Thorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_S._Thorne"},{"link_name":"John Archibald Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"Gravitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitation_(book)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7167-0344-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-0344-0"}],"text":"^ More precisely, only coordinate systems related through sufficiently differentiable transformations are considered.\n\n^ Gutfreund, Hanoch; Renn, Jürgen (2017). The Formative Years of Relativity: The History and Meaning of Einstein's Princeton Lectures (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 376. ISBN 978-1-4008-8868-9. Extract of page 367\n\n^ Charles W. Misner; Kip S. Thorne; John Archibald Wheeler (1973). Gravitation. Freeman. p. 431. ISBN 0-7167-0344-0.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_ACB_Playoffs
2013 ACB Playoffs
["1 Bracket","2 Quarterfinals","2.1 Real Madrid vs. Blu:sens Monbús","2.2 Valencia Basket vs. CAI Zaragoza","2.3 Laboral Kutxa vs. Herbalife Gran Canaria","2.4 FC Barcelona Regal vs. Uxúe Bilbao Basket","3 Semifinals","3.1 Real Madrid vs. CAI Zaragoza","3.2 FC Barcelona Regal vs. Herbalife Gran Canaria","4 Finals","4.1 Real Madrid vs. FC Barcelona Regal","5 References"]
2013 ACB Playoffs← 20122014 → The 2013 ACB Playoffs was the final phase of the 2012–13 ACB season. It started on May 23 and ended on June 19. FC Barcelona Regal were the defending champions, and Real Madrid took the 2013 title. All times are CEST (UTC+02:00). Bracket Quarter Finals Semifinals Finals          1 Real Madrid 2 8 Blu:sens Monbús 0 1 Real Madrid 3 5 CAI Zaragoza 0 4 Valencia Basket 1 5 CAI Zaragoza 2 1 Real Madrid 3 3 FC Barcelona Regal 2 2 Laboral Kutxa 1 7 Herbalife Gran Canaria 2 3 FC Barcelona Regal 3 7 Herbalife Gran Canaria 0 3 FC Barcelona Regal 2 6 Uxúe Bilbao Basket 1 Quarterfinals The quarterfinals are best-of-3 series. Real Madrid vs. Blu:sens Monbús May 24b 19:15 Real Madrid 90–75 Blu:sens Monbús Scoring by quarter: 22-25, 28-11, 16-20, 24-19 Pts: Fernández 17Rebs: Mirotić 8Asts: Rodríguez 5PIR: Mirotić 22 Pts: Mejri 15Rebs: Kendall 8Asts: Rodríguez, Pumprla 5PIR: Mejri 171–0 Palacio de Deportes, MadridAttendance: 6,962Referees: J.R. García Ortiz, L. Guirao, C. Peruga May 26 12:40 Blu:sens Monbús 58–74 Real Madrid Scoring by quarter: 10-16, 23-18, 12-22, 13-18 Pts: Corbacho 11Rebs: Pumprla 6Asts: Freyre 5PIR: Corbacho 11 Pts: Carroll 25Rebs: Mirotić 9Asts: Llull 2PIR: Carroll 22Real Madrid wins series, 2–0 Fontes do Sar, Santiago de CompostelaAttendance: 5,860Referees: J. C. Garcia Gonzalez, J. Trujillo, Castillo Valencia Basket vs. CAI Zaragoza May 23 20:30 Valencia Basket 80–42 CAI Zaragoza Scoring by quarter: 17-11, 20-12, 23-8, 20-11 Pts: Dubljević 15Rebs: Faverani 9Asts: Marković 7PIR: Dubljević 20 Pts: Van Rossom 17Rebs: Aguilar 7Asts: three players 2PIR: Van Rossom 151–0 Pabellón Municipal Fuente San Luis, ValenciaAttendance: 8,000Referees: E. Perez Pizarro, Ó. Perea, M.A. Pérez Niz May 26 12:00 CAI Zaragoza 122–120 (3OT) Valencia Basket Scoring by quarter: 21-19, 22-23, 17-27, 30-21, Overtime: 32-30 Pts: Roll 19Rebs: Jones, Golubović 7Asts: Llompart 6PIR: Van Rossom 21 Pts: Doellman 29Rebs: Doellman 9Asts: San Miguel, Marković 6PIR: Doellman 301–1 Príncipe Felipe Arena, ZaragozaAttendance: 8,300Referees: Redondo, M. A. Perez Perez, C. S. Monserrat May 28 20:30 Valencia Basket 77–83 CAI Zaragoza Scoring by quarter: 20-21, 18-14, 18-19, 21-29 Pts: Doellman 14Rebs: Faverani, Kelati 7Asts: Marković 11PIR: Faverani 17 Pts: Roll 19Rebs: Golubović 10Asts: Van Rossom, Llompart 3PIR: Llompart 20CAI Zaragoza wins series, 1–2 Pabellón Municipal Fuente San Luis, ValenciaAttendance: 8,200Referees: J.A. Martín Bertrán, J.C García González, Castillo Laboral Kutxa vs. Herbalife Gran Canaria May 23 20:15 Laboral Kutxa 57–56 Herbalife Gran Canaria Scoring by quarter: 21-21, 9-10, 12-14, 15-11 Pts: Lampe 15Rebs: Lampe 10Asts: Heurtel 6PIR: Lampe 16 Pts: Nelson 16Rebs: Báez 10Asts: three players 3PIR: Nelson 171–0 Fernando Buesa Arena, Vitoria-GasteizAttendance: 11,518Referees: A. Conde, B. Jiménez, Martínez Fernández May 26 13:00 Herbalife Gran Canaria 83–78 (OT) Laboral Kutxa Scoring by quarter: 19-18, 13-19, 15-14, 20-16, Overtime: 16-11 Pts: Toolson 17Rebs: Báez 8Asts: Bellas, Nelson 4PIR: Toolson 20 Pts: Nocioni 13Rebs: Nocioni 12Asts: Heurtel 5PIR: Nocioni 241–1 Centro Insular, Las Palmas de Gran CanariaAttendance: 4,171Referees: J.A. Martín Bertrán, V. Bultó, C. Peruga May 28 20:30 Laboral Kutxa 66–72 Herbalife Gran Canaria Scoring by quarter: 13-13, 20-22, 17-16, 16-21 Pts: Lampe 14Rebs: Lampe 10Asts: Causeur 4PIR: Lampe 14 Pts: Toolson 27Rebs: Bellas 9Asts: Nelson 3PIR: Toolson 30Herbalife Gran Canaria wins series, 1–2 Fernando Buesa Arena, Vitoria-GasteizAttendance: 12,182Referees: E. Pérez Pizarro, Redondo, Carlos Cortés FC Barcelona Regal vs. Uxúe Bilbao Basket May 23 20:45 FC Barcelona Regal 88–62 Uxúe Bilbao Basket Scoring by quarter: 27-15, 22-20, 19-11, 20-16 Pts: Mavrokefalidis 16Rebs: Sada, Wallace 6Asts: Tomić 6PIR: Tomić 25 Pts: Hervelle 17Rebs: Hervelle 8Asts: Zisis 5PIR: Hervelle, Grimau 171–0 Palau Blaugrana, BarcelonaAttendance: 4,793Referees: D. Hierrezuelo, F.J. Araña, C. Cortés May 26 12:00 Uxúe Bilbao Basket 90–89 FC Barcelona Regal Scoring by quarter: 26-15, 22-15, 18-25, 24-34 Pts: Hamilton 19Rebs: Vasileiadis 6Asts: Zisis 3PIR: Mumbrú, Grimau 19 Pts: Lorbek 20Rebs: Mavrokefalidis 7Asts: Tomić 4PIR: Lorbek 281–1 Bilbao Arena, BilbaoAttendance: 6,917Referees: E. Pérez Pizarro, A. Conde, F. Calatrava May 28 20:45 FC Barcelona Regal 79–70 Uxúe Bilbao Basket Scoring by quarter: 22-17, 11-18, 16-15, 30-20 Pts: Lorbek 20Rebs: Lorbek 6Asts: Huertas 20PIR: Lorbek 27 Pts: Zisis 17Rebs: Hamilton 11Asts: three players 3PIR: Zisis 18FC Barcelona Regal wins series, 2–1 Palau Blaugrana, BarcelonaAttendance: 4,888Referees: Daniel Hierrezuelo, Jiménez Trujillo, C Sánchez Monserrat Semifinals The semifinals are best-of-5 series. Real Madrid vs. CAI Zaragoza May 30 21:00 Real Madrid 84–76 CAI Zaragoza Scoring by quarter: 18-16, 24-24, 24-13, 18-23 Pts: Mirotić 18Rebs: Mirotić 11Asts: Rodríguez 5PIR: Mirotić 26 Pts: Rudež 16Rebs: Golubović, Aguilar 6Asts: Van Rossom 5PIR: Rudež 171–0 Palacio de Deportes, MadridAttendance: 7,221Referees: Juan Carlos Arteaga, M.A. Pérez Pérez, Jorge Martínez June 1 19:00 Real Madrid 93–65 CAI Zaragoza Scoring by quarter: 24-13, 25-22, 25-14, 19-16 Pts: Carroll 18Rebs: Mirotić, Begic 6Asts: Rodríguez 8PIR: Carroll 21 Pts: Llompart 12Rebs: Roll 5Asts: Roll 2PIR: Llompart 142–0 Palacio de Deportes, MadridAttendance: 8,233Referees: J.A. Martín Bertrán, Oscar Perea, Fernando Calatrava June 4 21:00 CAI Zaragoza 63–77 Real Madrid Scoring by quarter: 14-15, 23-20, 13-18, 13-24 Pts: Roll 12Rebs: three players 5Asts: Van Rossom 4PIR: three players 9 Pts: Mirotić 18Rebs: Fernández 8Asts: Fernández 5PIR: Mirotić 21Real Madrid wins series, 3–0 Príncipe Felipe Arena, ZaragozaAttendance: 11,000Referees: Daniel Hierrezuelo, J.C. García González, Lluís Guirao FC Barcelona Regal vs. Herbalife Gran Canaria May 31 21:00 FC Barcelona Regal 69–63 Herbalife Gran Canaria Scoring by quarter: 16-21, 13-9, 26-15, 14-18 Pts: Navarro 14Rebs: Tomić 8Asts: Tomić 4PIR: Wallace 17 Pts: Nelson 21Rebs: Nelson, Báez 11Asts: Nelson 3PIR: Nelson 281–0 Palau Blaugrana, BarcelonaAttendance: 5,198Referees: Antonio Conde, José Ramón García Ortiz, Carlos Peruga June 2 12:40 FC Barcelona Regal 77–73 Herbalife Gran Canaria Scoring by quarter: 23-20, 17-16, 18-21, 19-16 Pts: Navarro 22Rebs: Wallace 6Asts: Navarro 5PIR: Navarro 21 Pts: Toolson 20Rebs: Báez 10Asts: Bellas, Nelson 3PIR: Newley 192–0 Palau Blaugrana, BarcelonaAttendance: 4,877Referees: Redondo, Jiménez Trujillo, Carlos Cortés June 5 21:00 Herbalife Gran Canaria 62–84 FC Barcelona Regal Scoring by quarter: 18-17, 18-22, 12-22, 14-23 Pts: Báez 13Rebs: Báez 11Asts: Bellas, Nelson 3PIR: Báez 16 Pts: Oleson 17Rebs: Wallace 17Asts: Huertas 6PIR: Oleson 20FC Barcelona Regal wins series, 3–0 Centro Insular, Las Palmas de Gran CanariaAttendance: 5,023Referees: Emilio Pérez Pizarro, Vicente Bultó, Carlos Peruga Finals The finals are best-of-5 series. Real Madrid vs. FC Barcelona Regal June 9 12:40 Real Madrid 76–72 FC Barcelona Regal Scoring by quarter: 21-14, 14-31, 15-13, 26-14 Pts: Rodríguez 21Rebs: Fernández 8Asts: Rodríguez 4PIR: Rodríguez 19 Pts: Sada 17Rebs: Tomić 6Asts: four players 2PIR: Sada 161–0 Palacio de Deportes, MadridAttendance: 10,859Referees: Emilio Pérez Pizarro, Antonio Conde, Carlos Peruga June 11 21:00 Real Madrid 71–72 FC Barcelona Regal Scoring by quarter: 10-11, 26-15, 19-20, 16-26 Pts: Reyes 13Rebs: Fernández 10Asts: Rodríguez 4PIR: Fernández 23 Pts: Navarro 19Rebs: Tomić, Lorbek 5Asts: Navarro 5PIR: Navarro 201–1 Palacio de Deportes, MadridAttendance: 12,348Referees: Daniel Hierrezuelo, J.C. García González, Carlos Cortés June 14 22:00 FC Barcelona Regal 72–84 Real Madrid Scoring by quarter: 13-17, 22-24, 15-15, 22-28 Pts: Navarro 20Rebs: Wallace 6Asts: Sada 3PIR: Wallace 13 Pts: Reyes 20Rebs: three players 5Asts: Llull 5PIR: Reyes 261–2 Palau Blaugrana, BarcelonaAttendance: 7,562Referees: Juan Carlos Arteaga, M.A. Pérez Pérez, Jiménez Trujillo June 16 19:00 FC Barcelona Regal 73–62 Real Madrid Scoring by quarter: 23-17, 11-15, 15-13, 24-17 Pts: Tomić 18Rebs: Tomić 11Asts: Huertas 6PIR: Tomić 26 Pts: Reyes 10Rebs: Reyes 6Asts: Fernández, Rodríguez 2PIR: Reyes 102–2 Palau Blaugrana, BarcelonaAttendance: 7,219Referees: Daniel Hierrezuelo, Antonio Conde, J.C. García González June 19 22:00 Real Madrid 79–71 FC Barcelona Regal Scoring by quarter: 20-18, 21-14, 14-16, 24-23 Pts: Fernandez 15Rebs: Darden 7Asts: Llull 5PIR: Darden 16 Pts: Ingles 25Rebs: three players 6Asts: Sada 3PIR: Ingles 28Real Madrid wins series 3–2 Palacio de Deportes, MadridAttendance: 12,832Referees: Juan Carlos Arteaga, Antonio Conde, Jiménez Trujillo ACB Finals MVP: Felipe Reyes 2013 ACB League Real Madrid31st title References vteLiga ACBSeasons 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Playoffs 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Finals 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Clubs2023–24 Barça Baskonia Bàsquet Girona Baxi Manresa Casademont Zaragoza Covirán Granada Dreamland Gran Canaria Joventut Badalona Lenovo Tenerife Monbus Obradoiro MoraBanc Andorra Real Madrid Río Breogán Surne Bilbao Basket UCAM Murcia Unicaja Valencia Basket Zunder Palencia Former Askatuak Cáceres (defunct) Cajabilbao (defunct) Cajamadrid (defunct) Cantabria Lobos (defunct) CB Zaragoza Círcol Catòlic Ciudad de Huelva (defunct) Collado Villalba (defunct) Espanyol (defunct) Estudiantes Fuenlabrada Gijón (defunct) Gipuzkoa Girona (defunct) Granada (defunct) Granollers L'Hospitalet León (defunct) Lleida Llíria (defunct) Lucentum Alicante (defunct) Maristas (defunct) Menorca (defunct) OAR Ferrol (defunct) Ourense Oximesa (defunct) Peñas Huesca Real Betis Salamanca (defunct) San Pablo Burgos Tenerife AB (defunct) Tenerife CB (defunct) Valladolid (defunct) Competition ACB Clubs Owners In international competitions Seasons & winners Pyramid Statistics and awards ACB statistical leaders ACB three-point field goals percentage ACB free throw percentage ACB MVP ACB Finals MVP All-ACB Team ACB Most Spectacular Player ACB Best Young Player ACB Player of the Month Best Coach AEEB Coach of the Year ACB contests Associated competitions Copa del Rey Supercopa Copa Príncipe de Asturias (defunct) vte2012–13 in Spanish basketballDomestic leagues Liga ACB Playoffs LEB Oro Playoffs LEB Plata Liga EBA Domestic cups Copa del Rey Supercopa de España Copa Príncipe de Asturias Copa LEB Plata European competitions Euroleague Eurocup EuroChallenge Related to national teamsMen EuroBasket 2013 Women EuroBasket Women 2013 Qualification Women's basketball Liga Femenina Copa de la Reina EuroLeague Women EuroCup Women
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012–13 ACB season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_ACB_season"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"UTC+02:00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B02:00"}],"text":"The 2013 ACB Playoffs was the final phase of the 2012–13 ACB season. It started on May 23 and ended on June 19. FC Barcelona Regal were the defending champions, and Real Madrid took the 2013 title.All times are CEST (UTC+02:00).","title":"2013 ACB Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bracket"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The quarterfinals are best-of-3 series.","title":"Quarterfinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"Blu:sens Monbús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obradoiro_CAB"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mirotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Miroti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Mirotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Miroti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Mejri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Mejri"},{"link_name":"Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levon_Kendall"},{"link_name":"Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Pumprla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Pumprla"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Mejri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Mejri"},{"link_name":"Palacio de Deportes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Deportes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Blu:sens Monbús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obradoiro_CAB"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Corbacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Corbacho"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Pumprla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Pumprla"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Freyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Freyre"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Corbacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Corbacho"},{"link_name":"Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaycee_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Mirotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Miroti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Llull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Llull"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaycee_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"Fontes do Sar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabell%C3%B3n_Multiusos_Fontes_do_Sar"},{"link_name":"Santiago de Compostela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela"}],"sub_title":"Real Madrid vs. Blu:sens Monbús","text":"May 24b 19:15\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReal Madrid\n90–75\nBlu:sens Monbús\nScoring by quarter: 22-25, 28-11, 16-20, 24-19\nPts: Fernández 17Rebs: Mirotić 8Asts: Rodríguez 5PIR: Mirotić 22\n\nPts: Mejri 15Rebs: Kendall 8Asts: Rodríguez, Pumprla 5PIR: Mejri 171–0\n\n\n\nPalacio de Deportes, MadridAttendance: 6,962Referees: J.R. García Ortiz, L. Guirao, C. PerugaMay 26 12:40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBlu:sens Monbús\n58–74\nReal Madrid\nScoring by quarter: 10-16, 23-18, 12-22, 13-18\nPts: Corbacho 11Rebs: Pumprla 6Asts: Freyre 5PIR: Corbacho 11\n\nPts: Carroll 25Rebs: Mirotić 9Asts: Llull 2PIR: Carroll 22Real Madrid wins series, 2–0\n\n\n\nFontes do Sar, Santiago de CompostelaAttendance: 5,860Referees: J. C. Garcia Gonzalez, J. Trujillo, Castillo","title":"Quarterfinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valencia Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_BC"},{"link_name":"CAI Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_Zaragoza_2002"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Dubljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojan_Dubljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Faverani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Faverani"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Marković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Markovi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Dubljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojan_Dubljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Van Rossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Van_Rossom"},{"link_name":"Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Aguilar_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Van Rossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Van_Rossom"},{"link_name":"Pabellón Municipal Fuente San Luis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabell%C3%B3n_Municipal_Fuente_San_Luis"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"CAI Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_Zaragoza_2002"},{"link_name":"Valencia Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_BC"},{"link_name":"Overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Basketball"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roll_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Jones_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Golubović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Golubovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Llompart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Llompart"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Van Rossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Van_Rossom"},{"link_name":"Doellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Doellman"},{"link_name":"Doellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Doellman"},{"link_name":"San Miguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_San_Miguel"},{"link_name":"Marković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Markovi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Doellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Doellman"},{"link_name":"Príncipe Felipe Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe_Felipe_Arena"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"},{"link_name":"Valencia Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_BC"},{"link_name":"CAI Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_Zaragoza_2002"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Doellman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Doellman"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Faverani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Faverani"},{"link_name":"Kelati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kelati"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Marković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Markovi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Faverani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Faverani"},{"link_name":"Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roll_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Golubović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Golubovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Van Rossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Van_Rossom"},{"link_name":"Llompart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Llompart"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Llompart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Llompart"},{"link_name":"CAI Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_Zaragoza_2002"},{"link_name":"Pabellón Municipal Fuente San Luis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabell%C3%B3n_Municipal_Fuente_San_Luis"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"}],"sub_title":"Valencia Basket vs. CAI Zaragoza","text":"May 23 20:30\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nValencia Basket\n80–42\nCAI Zaragoza\nScoring by quarter: 17-11, 20-12, 23-8, 20-11\nPts: Dubljević 15Rebs: Faverani 9Asts: Marković 7PIR: Dubljević 20\n\nPts: Van Rossom 17Rebs: Aguilar 7Asts: three players 2PIR: Van Rossom 151–0\n\n\n\nPabellón Municipal Fuente San Luis, ValenciaAttendance: 8,000Referees: E. Perez Pizarro, Ó. Perea, M.A. Pérez NizMay 26 12:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCAI Zaragoza\n122–120 (3OT)\nValencia Basket\nScoring by quarter: 21-19, 22-23, 17-27, 30-21, Overtime: 32-30\nPts: Roll 19Rebs: Jones, Golubović 7Asts: Llompart 6PIR: Van Rossom 21\n\nPts: Doellman 29Rebs: Doellman 9Asts: San Miguel, Marković 6PIR: Doellman 301–1\n\n\n\nPríncipe Felipe Arena, ZaragozaAttendance: 8,300Referees: Redondo, M. A. Perez Perez, C. S. MonserratMay 28 20:30\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nValencia Basket\n77–83\nCAI Zaragoza\nScoring by quarter: 20-21, 18-14, 18-19, 21-29\nPts: Doellman 14Rebs: Faverani, Kelati 7Asts: Marković 11PIR: Faverani 17\n\nPts: Roll 19Rebs: Golubović 10Asts: Van Rossom, Llompart 3PIR: Llompart 20CAI Zaragoza wins series, 1–2\n\n\n\nPabellón Municipal Fuente San Luis, ValenciaAttendance: 8,200Referees: J.A. Martín Bertrán, J.C García González, Castillo","title":"Quarterfinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Laboral Kutxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saski_Baskonia"},{"link_name":"Herbalife Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lampe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Lampe"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lampe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Lampe"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Heurtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Heurtel"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Lampe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Lampe"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Báez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulis_B%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Fernando Buesa Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Buesa_Arena"},{"link_name":"Vitoria-Gasteiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz"},{"link_name":"Herbalife Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"Laboral Kutxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saski_Baskonia"},{"link_name":"Overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Basketball"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Toolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Toolson"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Báez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulis_B%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Bellas"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Nelson"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Toolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Toolson"},{"link_name":"Nocioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Nocioni"},{"link_name":"Nocioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Nocioni"},{"link_name":"Heurtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Heurtel"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Nocioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Nocioni"},{"link_name":"Centro Insular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Insular_de_Deportes"},{"link_name":"Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"Laboral Kutxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saski_Baskonia"},{"link_name":"Herbalife Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lampe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Lampe"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lampe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Lampe"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Causeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabien_Causeur"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Lampe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Lampe"},{"link_name":"Toolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Toolson"},{"link_name":"Bellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Bellas"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Nelson"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Toolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Toolson"},{"link_name":"Herbalife Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"Fernando Buesa Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Buesa_Arena"},{"link_name":"Vitoria-Gasteiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz"}],"sub_title":"Laboral Kutxa vs. Herbalife Gran Canaria","text":"May 23 20:15\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLaboral Kutxa\n57–56\nHerbalife Gran Canaria\nScoring by quarter: 21-21, 9-10, 12-14, 15-11\nPts: Lampe 15Rebs: Lampe 10Asts: Heurtel 6PIR: Lampe 16\n\nPts: Nelson 16Rebs: Báez 10Asts: three players 3PIR: Nelson 171–0\n\n\n\nFernando Buesa Arena, Vitoria-GasteizAttendance: 11,518Referees: A. Conde, B. Jiménez, Martínez FernándezMay 26 13:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHerbalife Gran Canaria\n83–78 (OT)\nLaboral Kutxa\nScoring by quarter: 19-18, 13-19, 15-14, 20-16, Overtime: 16-11\nPts: Toolson 17Rebs: Báez 8Asts: Bellas, Nelson 4PIR: Toolson 20\n\nPts: Nocioni 13Rebs: Nocioni 12Asts: Heurtel 5PIR: Nocioni 241–1\n\n\n\nCentro Insular, Las Palmas de Gran CanariaAttendance: 4,171Referees: J.A. Martín Bertrán, V. Bultó, C. PerugaMay 28 20:30\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLaboral Kutxa\n66–72\nHerbalife Gran Canaria\nScoring by quarter: 13-13, 20-22, 17-16, 16-21\nPts: Lampe 14Rebs: Lampe 10Asts: Causeur 4PIR: Lampe 14\n\nPts: Toolson 27Rebs: Bellas 9Asts: Nelson 3PIR: Toolson 30Herbalife Gran Canaria wins series, 1–2\n\n\n\nFernando Buesa Arena, Vitoria-GasteizAttendance: 12,182Referees: E. Pérez Pizarro, Redondo, Carlos Cortés","title":"Quarterfinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Uxúe Bilbao Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Basket"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mavrokefalidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loukas_Mavrokefalidis"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Sada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Sada"},{"link_name":"Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Judson_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tomić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Tomi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Tomić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Tomi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Hervelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Hervelle"},{"link_name":"Hervelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Hervelle"},{"link_name":"Zisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Zisis"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Hervelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Hervelle"},{"link_name":"Grimau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Grimau"},{"link_name":"Palau Blaugrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_Blaugrana"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Uxúe Bilbao Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Basket"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Vasileiadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas_Vasileiadis"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Zisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Zisis"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Mumbrú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lex_Mumbr%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"Grimau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Grimau"},{"link_name":"Lorbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazem_Lorbek"},{"link_name":"Mavrokefalidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loukas_Mavrokefalidis"},{"link_name":"Tomić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Tomi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Lorbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazem_Lorbek"},{"link_name":"Bilbao Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Arena"},{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Uxúe Bilbao Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Basket"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lorbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazem_Lorbek"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lorbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazem_Lorbek"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Huertas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelinho_Huertas"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Lorbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazem_Lorbek"},{"link_name":"Zisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Zisis"},{"link_name":"Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamont_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Zisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos_Zisis"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Palau Blaugrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_Blaugrana"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"}],"sub_title":"FC Barcelona Regal vs. Uxúe Bilbao Basket","text":"May 23 20:45\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFC Barcelona Regal\n88–62\nUxúe Bilbao Basket\nScoring by quarter: 27-15, 22-20, 19-11, 20-16\nPts: Mavrokefalidis 16Rebs: Sada, Wallace 6Asts: Tomić 6PIR: Tomić 25\n\nPts: Hervelle 17Rebs: Hervelle 8Asts: Zisis 5PIR: Hervelle, Grimau 171–0\n\n\n\nPalau Blaugrana, BarcelonaAttendance: 4,793Referees: D. Hierrezuelo, F.J. Araña, C. CortésMay 26 12:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUxúe Bilbao Basket\n90–89\nFC Barcelona Regal\nScoring by quarter: 26-15, 22-15, 18-25, 24-34\nPts: Hamilton 19Rebs: Vasileiadis 6Asts: Zisis 3PIR: Mumbrú, Grimau 19\n\nPts: Lorbek 20Rebs: Mavrokefalidis 7Asts: Tomić 4PIR: Lorbek 281–1\n\n\n\nBilbao Arena, BilbaoAttendance: 6,917Referees: E. Pérez Pizarro, A. Conde, F. CalatravaMay 28 20:45\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFC Barcelona Regal\n79–70\nUxúe Bilbao Basket\nScoring by quarter: 22-17, 11-18, 16-15, 30-20\nPts: Lorbek 20Rebs: Lorbek 6Asts: Huertas 20PIR: Lorbek 27\n\nPts: Zisis 17Rebs: Hamilton 11Asts: three players 3PIR: Zisis 18FC Barcelona Regal wins series, 2–1\n\n\n\nPalau Blaugrana, BarcelonaAttendance: 4,888Referees: Daniel Hierrezuelo, Jiménez Trujillo, C Sánchez Monserrat","title":"Quarterfinals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The semifinals are best-of-5 series.","title":"Semifinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"CAI Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_Zaragoza_2002"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mirotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Miroti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mirotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Miroti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Mirotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Miroti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Rudež","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damjan_Rude%C5%BE"},{"link_name":"Golubović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Golubovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Aguilar_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Van Rossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Van_Rossom"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Rudež","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damjan_Rude%C5%BE"},{"link_name":"Palacio de Deportes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Deportes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"CAI Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_Zaragoza_2002"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaycee_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Mirotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Miroti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Begic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Begic"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaycee_Carroll"},{"link_name":"Llompart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Llompart"},{"link_name":"Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roll_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roll_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Llompart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Llompart"},{"link_name":"Palacio de Deportes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Deportes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"CAI Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basket_Zaragoza_2002"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Roll_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Van Rossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Van_Rossom"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Mirotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Miroti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Mirotić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Miroti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"Príncipe Felipe Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe_Felipe_Arena"},{"link_name":"Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaragoza"}],"sub_title":"Real Madrid vs. CAI Zaragoza","text":"May 30 21:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReal Madrid\n84–76\nCAI Zaragoza\nScoring by quarter: 18-16, 24-24, 24-13, 18-23\nPts: Mirotić 18Rebs: Mirotić 11Asts: Rodríguez 5PIR: Mirotić 26\n\nPts: Rudež 16Rebs: Golubović, Aguilar 6Asts: Van Rossom 5PIR: Rudež 171–0\n\n\n\nPalacio de Deportes, MadridAttendance: 7,221Referees: Juan Carlos Arteaga, M.A. Pérez Pérez, Jorge MartínezJune 1 19:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReal Madrid\n93–65\nCAI Zaragoza\nScoring by quarter: 24-13, 25-22, 25-14, 19-16\nPts: Carroll 18Rebs: Mirotić, Begic 6Asts: Rodríguez 8PIR: Carroll 21\n\nPts: Llompart 12Rebs: Roll 5Asts: Roll 2PIR: Llompart 142–0\n\n\n\nPalacio de Deportes, MadridAttendance: 8,233Referees: J.A. Martín Bertrán, Oscar Perea, Fernando CalatravaJune 4 21:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCAI Zaragoza\n63–77\nReal Madrid\nScoring by quarter: 14-15, 23-20, 13-18, 13-24\nPts: Roll 12Rebs: three players 5Asts: Van Rossom 4PIR: three players 9\n\nPts: Mirotić 18Rebs: Fernández 8Asts: Fernández 5PIR: Mirotić 21Real Madrid wins series, 3–0\n\n\n\nPríncipe Felipe Arena, ZaragozaAttendance: 11,000Referees: Daniel Hierrezuelo, J.C. García González, Lluís Guirao","title":"Semifinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Herbalife Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Navarro_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tomić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Tomi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tomić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Tomi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Judson_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Báez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulis_B%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Nelson"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Palau Blaugrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_Blaugrana"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Herbalife Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Navarro_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Judson_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Navarro_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Navarro_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Toolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Toolson"},{"link_name":"Báez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulis_B%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"Bellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Bellas"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Nelson"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Newley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Newley"},{"link_name":"Palau Blaugrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_Blaugrana"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Herbalife Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB_Gran_Canaria"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Báez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulis_B%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Báez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulis_B%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Bellas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Bellas"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Nelson"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Báez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eulis_B%C3%A1ez"},{"link_name":"Oleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Oleson"},{"link_name":"Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Judson_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Huertas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelinho_Huertas"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Oleson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Oleson"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Centro Insular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Insular_de_Deportes"},{"link_name":"Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria"}],"sub_title":"FC Barcelona Regal vs. Herbalife Gran Canaria","text":"May 31 21:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFC Barcelona Regal\n69–63\nHerbalife Gran Canaria\nScoring by quarter: 16-21, 13-9, 26-15, 14-18\nPts: Navarro 14Rebs: Tomić 8Asts: Tomić 4PIR: Wallace 17\n\nPts: Nelson 21Rebs: Nelson, Báez 11Asts: Nelson 3PIR: Nelson 281–0\n\n\n\nPalau Blaugrana, BarcelonaAttendance: 5,198Referees: Antonio Conde, José Ramón García Ortiz, Carlos PerugaJune 2 12:40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFC Barcelona Regal\n77–73\nHerbalife Gran Canaria\nScoring by quarter: 23-20, 17-16, 18-21, 19-16\nPts: Navarro 22Rebs: Wallace 6Asts: Navarro 5PIR: Navarro 21\n\nPts: Toolson 20Rebs: Báez 10Asts: Bellas, Nelson 3PIR: Newley 192–0\n\n\n\nPalau Blaugrana, BarcelonaAttendance: 4,877Referees: Redondo, Jiménez Trujillo, Carlos CortésJune 5 21:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHerbalife Gran Canaria\n62–84\nFC Barcelona Regal\nScoring by quarter: 18-17, 18-22, 12-22, 14-23\nPts: Báez 13Rebs: Báez 11Asts: Bellas, Nelson 3PIR: Báez 16\n\nPts: Oleson 17Rebs: Wallace 17Asts: Huertas 6PIR: Oleson 20FC Barcelona Regal wins series, 3–0\n\n\n\nCentro Insular, Las Palmas de Gran CanariaAttendance: 5,023Referees: Emilio Pérez Pizarro, Vicente Bultó, Carlos Peruga","title":"Semifinals"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The finals are best-of-5 series.","title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Sada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Sada"},{"link_name":"Tomić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Tomi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Sada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Sada"},{"link_name":"Palacio de Deportes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Deportes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Navarro_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tomić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Tomi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lorbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erazem_Lorbek"},{"link_name":"Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Navarro_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Navarro_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Palacio de Deportes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Deportes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Navarro_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Judson_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Sada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Sada"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Judson_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Llull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Llull"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Palau Blaugrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_Blaugrana"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tomić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Tomi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Tomić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Tomi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Huertas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelinho_Huertas"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Tomić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Tomi%C4%87_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Fernández","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Palau Blaugrana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau_Blaugrana"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona_B%C3%A0squet"},{"link_name":"Pts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Fernandez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Rebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Darden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremmell_Darden"},{"link_name":"Asts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assist_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Llull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Llull"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Darden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremmell_Darden"},{"link_name":"Ingles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ingles"},{"link_name":"Sada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Sada"},{"link_name":"PIR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_Index_Rating"},{"link_name":"Ingles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Ingles"},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_Baloncesto"},{"link_name":"Palacio de Deportes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_de_Deportes_de_la_Comunidad_de_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Felipe Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Reyes"}],"sub_title":"Real Madrid vs. FC Barcelona Regal","text":"June 9 12:40\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReal Madrid\n76–72\nFC Barcelona Regal\nScoring by quarter: 21-14, 14-31, 15-13, 26-14\nPts: Rodríguez 21Rebs: Fernández 8Asts: Rodríguez 4PIR: Rodríguez 19\n\nPts: Sada 17Rebs: Tomić 6Asts: four players 2PIR: Sada 161–0\n\n\n\nPalacio de Deportes, MadridAttendance: 10,859Referees: Emilio Pérez Pizarro, Antonio Conde, Carlos PerugaJune 11 21:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReal Madrid\n71–72\nFC Barcelona Regal\nScoring by quarter: 10-11, 26-15, 19-20, 16-26\nPts: Reyes 13Rebs: Fernández 10Asts: Rodríguez 4PIR: Fernández 23\n\nPts: Navarro 19Rebs: Tomić, Lorbek 5Asts: Navarro 5PIR: Navarro 201–1\n\n\n\nPalacio de Deportes, MadridAttendance: 12,348Referees: Daniel Hierrezuelo, J.C. García González, Carlos CortésJune 14 22:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFC Barcelona Regal\n72–84\nReal Madrid\nScoring by quarter: 13-17, 22-24, 15-15, 22-28\nPts: Navarro 20Rebs: Wallace 6Asts: Sada 3PIR: Wallace 13\n\nPts: Reyes 20Rebs: three players 5Asts: Llull 5PIR: Reyes 261–2\n\n\n\nPalau Blaugrana, BarcelonaAttendance: 7,562Referees: Juan Carlos Arteaga, M.A. Pérez Pérez, Jiménez TrujilloJune 16 19:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFC Barcelona Regal\n73–62\nReal Madrid\nScoring by quarter: 23-17, 11-15, 15-13, 24-17\nPts: Tomić 18Rebs: Tomić 11Asts: Huertas 6PIR: Tomić 26\n\nPts: Reyes 10Rebs: Reyes 6Asts: Fernández, Rodríguez 2PIR: Reyes 102–2\n\n\n\nPalau Blaugrana, BarcelonaAttendance: 7,219Referees: Daniel Hierrezuelo, Antonio Conde, J.C. García GonzálezJune 19 22:00\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReal Madrid\n79–71\nFC Barcelona Regal\nScoring by quarter: 20-18, 21-14, 14-16, 24-23\nPts: Fernandez 15Rebs: Darden 7Asts: Llull 5PIR: Darden 16\n\nPts: Ingles 25Rebs: three players 6Asts: Sada 3PIR: Ingles 28Real Madrid wins series 3–2\n\n\n\nPalacio de Deportes, MadridAttendance: 12,832Referees: Juan Carlos Arteaga, Antonio Conde, Jiménez TrujilloACB Finals MVP: Felipe Reyes","title":"Finals"}]
[]
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[]
[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gibbs_(bishop)
John Gibbs (bishop)
["1 Styles","2 References"]
John Gibbs (15 March 1917 – 20 December 2007) was an Anglican bishop. He was the Bishop of Coventry in the Church of England from 1976 until 1985. He was the first Church of England bishop in modern times to have started his ministry in the nonconformist tradition. Born in Heywood, Lancashire in 1917, he left school to begin work before entering Western College, Bristol for training as a Congregational Minister. He was ordained in 1943, the year of his marriage, and served as minister of Sarisbury Green Congregational Church, Hampshire, and Garstang Road Congregational Church, Preston, Lancashire. The turning point in his career came in 1949 when he joined the Student Christian Movement, working in Bristol. This meant he liaised with many churches and, becoming drawn to the Anglican tradition, he re-trained for the ministry at Lincoln Theological College; he was made a deacon on Trinity Sunday 1955 (5 June) at Bristol Cathedral and ordained a priest on 26 February 1956 at his title church — both times by Frederick Cockin, Bishop of Bristol; and took up a curacy at St Luke's Church, Brislington. His, however, was an educational vocation and in 1957 he became head of Divinity at St Matthias Teacher Training College, Bristol, rising to Vice-Principal in 1962. In 1964, Gibbs was appointed head of Keswick Hall College of Education in Norfolk. From 1967 he was a key member of the Durham Commission on the future of Religious Education in Schools. In 1968 he was appointed an honorary canon of Norwich Cathedral and in 1973 he was appointed suffragan Bishop of Bradwell in Essex. He was consecrated a bishop on 19 June 1973 at Westminster Abbey. Three years later he replaced the more flamboyant Cuthbert Bardsley as Bishop of Coventry, eventually serving for nine years. One of his proudest achievements was founding Myton Hamlet Hospice and when he retired to Minchinhampton near Stroud, Gloucestershire he was a leading figure in helping to start the Cotswold Care Hospice. In July 2006, while visiting his daughter near Cambridge he became completely paralysed from mid chest downwards. He found a new home in the Hope Nursing Home in Cambridge where he died on 20 December 2007 aged 90. Styles The Reverend John Gibbs (1943–1968) The Reverend Canon John Gibbs (1968–1973) The Right Reverend John Gibbs (1973–2007) References ^ John Gibbs The Daily Telegraph Obituary, 31 December 2007 Issue no 47,454 ^ National Archives ^ "Trinity Ordinations". Church Times. No. 4819. 17 June 1955. p. 10. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 9 October 2019 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ "Ordinations". Church Times. No. 4855. 2 March 1956. p. 21. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 9 October 2019 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ "Who's Who 1970" London, A & C Black,1971 ISBN 0-7136-1140-5 ^ College Web-Site Archived 2007-09-25 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Crockford's Clerical Directory" (Lambeth Palace, Church House) 1982 ISBN 0-19-200010-1 ^ Influence discussed in article Education and Schooling by Francis,L.J in "The Church of England Today and Tomorrow:an agenda for the future" Hannaford, R(Ed): Leominster, Gracewing, 1998 ISBN 0-85244-300-5 ^ "The Church Teacher" Gibbs,J London, Children's Council Church House, 1970 ISBN 1-873576-14-5 ^ Diocese of Chelmsford, suffragan bishopric of Bradwell, Essex Who's Who (Ibid) ^ "picture caption". Church Times. No. 5758. 22 June 1973. p. 3. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 9 October 2019 – via UK Press Online archives. ^ Bishop to retire (Official Appointments and Notices) The Times Thursday, 24 January 1985; p. 14; Issue 62044; col A ^ "Debrett's People of Today" Ellis, P(Ed): London, Debtrett's 1992 ISBN 1-870520-09-2 Church of England titles Preceded byNeville Welch Bishop of Bradwell 1973–1976 Succeeded byDerek Bond Preceded byCuthbert Bardsley Bishop of Coventry 1976–1985 Succeeded bySimon Barrington-Ward Christianity portal vteBishops of Bradwell Neville Welch John Gibbs Derek Bond (became first area bishop) Area bishops Derek Bond Laurie Green John Wraw John Perumbalath Adam Atkinson vteBishops of Coventryfor earlier Bishops of Coventry, of Coventry and Lichfield, and of Lichfield and Coventry, see Bishop of Lichfield; for the modern suffragans, see Bishop of Coventry (suffragan) Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs Charles Lisle Carr Mervyn Haigh Neville Gorton Cuthbert Bardsley John Gibbs Simon Barrington-Ward Colin Bennetts Christopher Cocksworth
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heywood, Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywood,_Greater_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Western College, Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_College,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Preston, Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Student Christian Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Christian_Movement_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Theological College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Theological_College"},{"link_name":"deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deacon"},{"link_name":"Trinity Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Sunday"},{"link_name":"Bristol Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest"},{"link_name":"Frederick Cockin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Cockin"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"St Luke's Church, Brislington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Church,_Brislington"},{"link_name":"St Matthias Teacher Training College, Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Matthias,_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"honorary canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_canon"},{"link_name":"Norwich Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"suffragan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan_bishop"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Bradwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bradwell"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Cuthbert Bardsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuthbert_Bardsley"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Coventry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Coventry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Myton Hamlet Hospice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myton_Hamlet_Hospice&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Minchinhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minchinhampton"},{"link_name":"Stroud, Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroud,_Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Born in Heywood, Lancashire in 1917, he left school to begin work before entering Western College, Bristol[2] for training as a Congregational Minister. He was ordained in 1943, the year of his marriage, and served as minister of Sarisbury Green Congregational Church, Hampshire, and Garstang Road Congregational Church, Preston, Lancashire.The turning point in his career came in 1949 when he joined the Student Christian Movement, working in Bristol. This meant he liaised with many churches and, becoming drawn to the Anglican tradition, he re-trained for the ministry at Lincoln Theological College; he was made a deacon on Trinity Sunday 1955 (5 June) at Bristol Cathedral[3] and ordained a priest on 26 February 1956 at his title church — both times by Frederick Cockin, Bishop of Bristol;[4] and took up a curacy at St Luke's Church, Brislington. His, however, was an educational vocation and in 1957 he became head of Divinity at St Matthias Teacher Training College, Bristol, rising to Vice-Principal in 1962.[5] In 1964, Gibbs was appointed head of Keswick Hall College of Education[6] in Norfolk.[7] From 1967 he was a key member[8] of the Durham Commission on the future of Religious Education in Schools.[9] In 1968 he was appointed an honorary canon of Norwich Cathedral and in 1973 he was appointed suffragan Bishop of Bradwell in Essex.[10] He was consecrated a bishop on 19 June 1973 at Westminster Abbey.[11] Three years later he replaced the more flamboyant Cuthbert Bardsley as Bishop of Coventry, eventually serving for nine years.[12]One of his proudest achievements was founding Myton Hamlet Hospice and when he retired to Minchinhampton near Stroud, Gloucestershire[13] he was a leading figure in helping to start the Cotswold Care Hospice. In July 2006, while visiting his daughter near Cambridge he became completely paralysed from mid chest downwards. He found a new home in the Hope Nursing Home in Cambridge where he died on 20 December 2007 aged 90.","title":"John Gibbs (bishop)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Reverend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Reverend"},{"link_name":"Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_canon"},{"link_name":"Right Reverend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Reverend"}],"text":"The Reverend John Gibbs (1943–1968)\nThe Reverend Canon John Gibbs (1968–1973)\nThe Right Reverend John Gibbs (1973–2007)","title":"Styles"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Trinity Ordinations\". Church Times. No. 4819. 17 June 1955. p. 10. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 9 October 2019 – via UK Press Online archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1955_06_17_010","url_text":"\"Trinity Ordinations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times","url_text":"Church Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","url_text":"0009-658X"}]},{"reference":"\"Ordinations\". Church Times. No. 4855. 2 March 1956. p. 21. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 9 October 2019 – via UK Press Online archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1956_03_02_021","url_text":"\"Ordinations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times","url_text":"Church Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","url_text":"0009-658X"}]},{"reference":"\"picture caption\". Church Times. No. 5758. 22 June 1973. p. 3. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 9 October 2019 – via UK Press Online archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1973_06_22_003","url_text":"\"picture caption\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times","url_text":"Church Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","url_text":"0009-658X"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071231231100/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/12/31/db3102.xml","external_links_name":"John Gibbs"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=O37857","external_links_name":"National Archives"},{"Link":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1955_06_17_010","external_links_name":"\"Trinity Ordinations\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","external_links_name":"0009-658X"},{"Link":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1956_03_02_021","external_links_name":"\"Ordinations\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","external_links_name":"0009-658X"},{"Link":"http://www.keswickhall.ik.org/","external_links_name":"College Web-Site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070925081837/http://www.keswickhall.ik.org/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1973_06_22_003","external_links_name":"\"picture caption\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","external_links_name":"0009-658X"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolskoye_Airport
Nikolskoye Airport
["1 Airlines and destinations","2 References"]
Coordinates: 55°10′42″N 166°2′54″E / 55.17833°N 166.04833°E / 55.17833; 166.04833Russian airport For other uses, see Nikolsky (disambiguation). This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nikolskoye AirportАэропорт НикольскоеIATA: noneICAO: UHPXSummaryAirport typePublicOperatorPetropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Air EnterpriseLocationNikolskoye, Kamchatka KraiElevation AMSL49 ft / 15 mCoordinates55°10′42″N 166°2′54″E / 55.17833°N 166.04833°E / 55.17833; 166.04833Runways Direction Length Surface ft m 03/21 2,953 900 Concrete Nikolskoye Airport (Russian: Аэропорт Никольское) (ICAO: UHPX) is an airport on Bering Island, Russia located four kilometers southeast of Nikolskoye, Kamchatka Krai. It is the only airfield on the Commander Islands. The airport has no significant military use. Nikolskoye Airport. Bering Island. Airlines and destinations AirlinesDestinations Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Air Enterprise Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky References RussianAirFields.com vteAirports built in the Soviet UnionMilitaryActive Belaya Borisoglebskoye Burevestnik Dzyomgi Engels-2 Kirovsk–Apatity Klyuchi Kondinskoye Levashovo Lipetsk Magdagachi Ozerne Poltava Pugachyov Ryazan Dyagilevo Rzhev Samara Kryazh Saratov West Shatalovo Shaykovka Sol'tsy-2 Tatishchevo Tiksi Tilichiki Tushino Airfield Uka Ukrainka Vorkuta Sovetsky Vozdvizhenka Yaroslavl Levtsovo Yevpatoria Yugorsk Sovetsky Defunct Baherove Bakharevka Berezovka Dolon Dolon Southwest Jonava Lakhta Lenino Pryluky Raadi Saratov South Smirnykh Stryi Tiksi West Uzyn Vetrovoye Zavitinsk CivilianActiveInternational Ashgabat Almaty Astana Belgorod Cherkasy Domodedovo Dushanbe Heydar Aliyev Irkutsk Issyk-Kul Karakol Kazan Kemerovo Kharkiv Kherson Kogalym Kokshetau Kurumoch Lviv Danylo Halytskyi Magnitogorsk Mariupol Navoi Riga Roshchino Sabetta Sheremetyevo Shymkent Simferopol Sochi Strigino Surgut Talagi Tartu Tashkent Tbilisi Turkmenbashi Turkmenabat Ufa Uzhhorod Ventspils Vnukovo Volgograd Voronezh Yemelyanovo Zvartnots Aktobe Aldan Alykel Arkalyk Atbasar Balakovo Baley Barnaul Batagay Batken Baykit Begishevo Belaya Gora Berezniki Beslan Biysk Bogashevo Boguchany Bugulma Bykovo Chara Chaybukha Cheboksary Chelyabinsk Cherepovets Chersky Chistopol Chokurdakh Cholpon-Ata Deputatsky Dikson Dudinka Ekibastuz Elista Erbogachen Gomel Gorno-Altaysk Grozny Grodno Igarka Inta Irkutsk Northwest Razzaqov Ivanovo Yuzhny Izhevsk Izhma Jalal-Abad Kadala Kaluga Kärdla Kaunas Kazachinskoe Kazarman Keperveyem Kerben Khanty-Mansiysk Kharkiv North Khatanga Khmelnytskyi Kyiv Chaika Airfield Kimry Kirensk Kolpashevo Koltsovo Kostroma Kotlas Krasnokamensk Krasnovishersk Kurgan Kyren Kyzyl Kyzyl-Kiya Kyzyl-Syr Lavrentiya Lipetsk Lutsk Magadan-13 Magan Mama Markovo Maykop Menzelinsk Mezen Milkovo Mineralnye Vody Minsk National Airport Mirny Mogilev Moma Murmansk Myachkovo Mys Shmidta Nadym Nalchik Naryn Nazran Neftekamsk Nefteyugansk Neryungri–Chulman Nikolayevsk-on-Amur Nikolsk Nikolskoye Nizhneangarsk Nizhnevartovsk Novy Urengoy Noyabrsk Nyagan Nyurba Oktyabrsky Olyokminsk Omsk Tsentralny Oral Ak Zhol Orenburg Tsentralny Orsk Oryol Yuzhny Osh Oskemen Palana Pavlodar Pechora Penza Petropavl Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky Pevek Plekhanovo Plestsy Pobedilovo Podkamennaya Tunguska Polotsk Polyarny Provideniya Bay Pulkovo Pushkin Raduzhny Rostov-on-Don Rzhevka Sakkyryr Salekhard Salka Saransk Saratov Tsentralny Sarmany Sarov Sary-Arka Semenovskoye Shidrovo Semey Semyazino Severny Severo-Eniseysk Severo-Evensk Seymchan Sharypovo Shimanovsk Shirak Sibay Smolensk South Snezhnogorsk Magadan–Sokol Solovki Sovetsky Spichenkovo Srednekolymsk Staraya Russa Staroselye Stary Oskol Stavropol Shpakovskoye Stepanavan Strezhevoy Sumy Susuman Svetlogorsk Svobodny Syktyvkar Syktyvkar Southwest Taksimo Talas Tambov Donskoye Tamga Tasayevo Teply Klyuch Ternopil Tokmok Toktogul Tolmachevo Tretyakovo Tunoshna Tura Turlatovo Turukhansk Tynda Maksimovka Ukhta Uktus Ulan-Ude Vostochny Ulyanovsk Baratayevka Ulyanovsk Vostochny Uray Usinsk Ust-Ilimsk Ust-Kamchatsk Ust-Kut Ust-Kuyga Ust-Maya Ust-Nera Ust-Pakhachi Ust-Tsilma Uytash Vanavara Varandey Vaskovo Velikiye Luki Veliky Ustyug Verkhnevilyuysk Verkhnyaya Toyma Vilyuysk Vitebsk Vostochny Vologda Vorkuta Vuktyl Yakutsk Yamburg Yeltsovka Yeniseysk Yermolino Yoshkar-Ola Yuzhno-Kurilsk Mendeleyevo Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk Zavodske Zaysan Zheleznogorsk Zhytomyr Zonalnoye Zyryanka Zyryanka WestDefunctInternational Bălți Cahul Dnipro Donetsk Havryshivka Vinnytsia Iultin Luhansk Chernihiv Shestovytsia Goris Kanysh-Kiya Kazan-2 Kerch Khanskaya Kozyrevsk Minsk-1 Novgorod Rubtsovsk Severouralsk Tarnogsky Gorodok Yelabuga North YugarenokJoint useActiveInternational Baikal Manas Odesa Perm Zhukovsky Sevastopol Achinsk Amderma Bagdarin Bratsk Chelyabinsk Shagol Erebuni Ignatyevo Komsomolsk Krasnoyarsk Cheremshanka Kursk Vostochny Kurumkan Naryan-Mar Orlik Orsha Petrozavodsk Pskov Sukhumi Babushara Suntar Taldykorgan Ugolny Vyazma YeyskOther Bezymyanka Gromov Flight Research Institute Nizhyn Pridacha Valek This article about an airport in Russia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikolsky (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolsky_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"Bering Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Island"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Nikolskoye, Kamchatka Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolskoye,_Kamchatka_Krai"},{"link_name":"Commander Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Komandor_island_airport.jpg"}],"text":"Russian airportFor other uses, see Nikolsky (disambiguation).Nikolskoye Airport (Russian: Аэропорт Никольское) (ICAO: UHPX) is an airport on Bering Island, Russia located four kilometers southeast of Nikolskoye, Kamchatka Krai. It is the only airfield on the Commander Islands. The airport has no significant military use.Nikolskoye Airport. Bering Island.","title":"Nikolskoye Airport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Airlines and destinations"}]
[{"image_text":"Nikolskoye Airport. Bering Island.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Komandor_island_airport.jpg/220px-Komandor_island_airport.jpg"}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nikolskoye_Airport&params=55_10_42_N_166_2_54_E_type:airport","external_links_name":"55°10′42″N 166°2′54″E / 55.17833°N 166.04833°E / 55.17833; 166.04833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nikolskoye_Airport&params=55_10_42_N_166_2_54_E_type:airport","external_links_name":"55°10′42″N 166°2′54″E / 55.17833°N 166.04833°E / 55.17833; 166.04833"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070809051044/http://www.russianairfields.com/airfield/Nikolskoye.htm","external_links_name":"RussianAirFields.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolskoye_Airport&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerocactus
Sclerocactus
["1 Description","2 Synonymy","3 Species","4 Cultivation and propagation","5 References","6 External links"]
Genus of cacti Sclerocactus Sclerocactus wrightiae Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Caryophyllales Family: Cactaceae Subfamily: Cactoideae Tribe: Cacteae Genus: SclerocactusBritton & Rose Type species Sclerocactus polyancistrus Species See text Synonyms Ancistrocactus (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose Coloradoa Boissev. ex C.Davidson Echinomastus Britton & Rose Papyrocactus Doweld Roseia Frič Toumeya Britton & Rose, nom. illeg. Utahia Britton & Rose Sclerocactus ("hard cactus", from Greek; refers to the hard, dry fruit) is a genus of cacti. It comprises about 15 species, the exact number depending on the authority. These species are xerophytic. They are sometimes called 'fishhook cactus' or 'little barrels.' Description Sclerocactus range in shape from ovoid to elongate cylindric, have rigid stems with tubercles that are generally coalesced into ribs, and are covered with spines that come out of the areoles. Most species have at least one hooked spine at each areole. Less often, species may not have hooks. These plants are found in higher elevation deserts such as on the Colorado Plateau, or in the Mohave Desert or the Great Basin. They are well suited to extremes due to lack of rainfall, hot summers and below freezing winters. Sclerocactus. parviflorus growing on its side with wood debris nearby The little barrel cactus typically grows in areas where water flows irregularly or depressions where water can accumulate for short periods of time. They are most often found growing along washes and arroyos where their seeds have been subjected to scarification due to water movement, but they oddly also tend to grow along ridges in spots where depressions have formed and can hold water for some period of time. The sometimes hooked or curved spines and the armored web of spines enclosing the cactus body in species of this genus is an adaptation which allows the plant to move to more favorable locations. This plants seeds germinate in areas where water movement occurs or in areas where standing water accumulates for some period of time, and during flash floods, the hooked spines allow the plants to be caught on water borne debris and be uprooted and carried to areas where water tends to accumulate. A large percentage of plants in habitat show signs of water debris damage along the stems which has healed and are found growing on their sides in places where floodwaters have deposited them. The habitat these plants exist in is very arid, and the plants have adapted to exploit water movement to concentrate their biomass in areas where water is likely to be present. Synonymy Sclerocactus was once reduced to synonymy with Pediocactus—but this is not accepted; these genera are not closely related. The following genera have been brought into synonymy with Sclerocactus: Ancistrocactus Britton & Rose Coloradoa Boissev. & C.Davidson Echinomastus Britton & Rose Toumeya Britton & Rose Species As of November 2022 the following species are recognized in the genus Sclerocactus by Plants of the World Online: Section Image Scientific name Distribution Coloradoa Sclerocactus mesae-verdae (Boissev. & C.Davidson) L.D.Benson SW. Colorado to NW. New Mexico. Parviflori Sclerocactus brevispinus K.D.Heil & J.M.Porter NE. Utah Sclerocactus cloverae K.D.Heil & J.M.Porter S. Colorado to N. & Central New Mexico Sclerocactus glaucus (K.Schum.) L.D.Benson Colorado. Sclerocactus parviflorus Clover & Jotter Utah to W. Colorado and N. Arizona. Sclerocactus sileri (L.D.Benson) K.D.Heil & J.M.Porter Arizona (NE. Coconino County) Sclerocactus wetlandicus Hochstätter NE. Utah Sclerocactus whipplei (Engelm. & J.M.Bigelow) Britton & Rose SE. Utah to NE. Arizona Sclerocactus wrightiae L.D.Benson Central Utah. Sclerocactus Sclerocactus blainei S.L.Welsh & K.H.Thorne Nevada to WSW. Utah Sclerocactus nyensis Hochstätter Nevada (N. Mojave Desert) Sclerocactus polyancistrus (Engelm. & J.M.Bigelow) Britton & Rose eastern California and southern Nevada Sclerocactus pubispinus (Engelm.) L.D.Benson E. Nevada to W. Utah Sclerocactus spinosior (Engelm.) D.Woodruff & L.D.Benson Utah incertae sedis Sclerocactus brevihamatus (Engelm.) D.R.Hunt SW. Texas to Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León) Sclerocactus intertextus (Engelm.) N.P.Taylor E. Nevada to W. Utah Sclerocactus johnsonii (Parry ex Engelm.) N.P.Taylor SE. California to SW. Utah and NW. Mexico Sclerocactus mariposensis (Hester) N.P.Taylor SW. Texas to Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León) Sclerocactus papyracanthus (Engelm.) N.P.Taylor E. Central Arizona to W. Texas Sclerocactus scheeri (Salm-Dyck) N.P.Taylor E. Central Arizona to W. Texas Sclerocactus unguispinus (Engelm.) N.P.Taylor NE. Mexico Sclerocactus warnockii (L.D.Benson) N.P.Taylor W. Texas to Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila) Many species of Sclerocactus are protected under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act and all species should be treated as imperiled. Cultivation and propagation This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sclerocactus are easy to cultivate. They are generally a cold-adapted genus. They grow in very arid areas which are subjected to deep cold in spots where water flows irregularly or depressions where water can accumulate for short period of time. They are most often found growing along washes and arroyos where their seeds have been subjected to scarification due to water movement, but they oddly also tend to grow along ridges in spots where depressions have formed and can hold water for some period of time. They undergo most of their growth in spring and benefit from moderate fertilizer in cultivation. They prefer mineral-rich, sandy soils. They are tolerant of overwatering provided they are grown in small pots that drain and dry out quickly. They do best out of doors do well in full sun. They are not particularly attractive plants and their vicious hooked spines are a hazard, making them poor houseplants. Like Pediocactus, Sclerocactus "deflate" in late fall in preparation for winter and freezing; they push water out of the plant flesh, through the roots, and into the soil, dramatically decreasing in size. They require deep cold and dormancy to bloom well. Some species, such as S. parviflorus, produce large, showy flowers and put a short, but impressive floral display in early spring. Sclerocactus seeds are difficult to germinate as they contain inhibitors, and require cold stratification, prolonged soaking, or scarification of the seeds to trigger germination. Seeds of members of this genus can take up to three years to germinate in some cases if not scarified or subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles in the presence of water. The plants are easy to maintain in cultivation but difficult to start from seed. References ^ a b c "Sclerocactus Britton & Rose - Plants of the World Online". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-12-10. ^ a b Heil, Kenneth D. & Porter, J. Mark, Sclerocactus, retrieved 2012-05-04, in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, ed. (1982), Flora of North America (online), eFloras.org External links Southwest Colorado Wildflowers Utah Rare Plant Guide Media related to Sclerocactus at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiersSclerocactus Wikidata: Q134838 Wikispecies: Sclerocactus BioLib: 191845 CoL: 63TC9 EoL: 38081 EPPO: 1SLKG FNA: 129764 FoC: 129764 GBIF: 3084524 GRIN: 10957 iNaturalist: 72348 IPNI: 30000897-2 IRMNG: 1370592 ITIS: 19758 NCBI: 130167 Open Tree of Life: 226776 PLANTS: SCLER10 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000897-2 Tropicos: 40033467 WFO: wfo-4000034711 Authority control databases: National Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"cacti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cactus"},{"link_name":"xerophytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophytic"}],"text":"Sclerocactus (\"hard cactus\", from Greek; refers to the hard, dry fruit) is a genus of cacti. It comprises about 15 species, the exact number depending on the authority. These species are xerophytic. They are sometimes called 'fishhook cactus' or 'little barrels.'","title":"Sclerocactus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tubercles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubercle"},{"link_name":"areoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areole"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-2"},{"link_name":"Colorado Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Mohave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohave_Desert"},{"link_name":"Great Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Basin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sclerocactus_parviflorus_fh_51_AZ_B.jpg"}],"text":"Sclerocactus range in shape from ovoid to elongate cylindric, have rigid stems with tubercles that are generally coalesced into ribs, and are covered with spines that come out of the areoles.[2] Most species have at least one hooked spine at each areole. Less often, species may not have hooks.These plants are found in higher elevation deserts such as on the Colorado Plateau, or in the Mohave Desert or the Great Basin. They are well suited to extremes due to lack of rainfall, hot summers and below freezing winters.Sclerocactus. parviflorus growing on its side with wood debris nearbyThe little barrel cactus typically grows in areas where water flows irregularly or depressions where water can accumulate for short periods of time. They are most often found growing along washes and arroyos where their seeds have been subjected to scarification due to water movement, but they oddly also tend to grow along ridges in spots where depressions have formed and can hold water for some period of time.The sometimes hooked or curved spines and the armored web of spines enclosing the cactus body in species of this genus is an adaptation which allows the plant to move to more favorable locations. This plants seeds germinate in areas where water movement occurs or in areas where standing water accumulates for some period of time, and during flash floods, the hooked spines allow the plants to be caught on water borne debris and be uprooted and carried to areas where water tends to accumulate. A large percentage of plants in habitat show signs of water debris damage along the stems which has healed and are found growing on their sides in places where floodwaters have deposited them. The habitat these plants exist in is very arid, and the plants have adapted to exploit water movement to concentrate their biomass in areas where water is likely to be present.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synonymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"Pediocactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediocactus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FNA-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plants_of_the_World_Online-1"},{"link_name":"Britton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lord_Britton"},{"link_name":"Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nelson_Rose"},{"link_name":"Boissev.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boissev."},{"link_name":"C.Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C.Davidson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Britton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lord_Britton"},{"link_name":"Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nelson_Rose"},{"link_name":"Britton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lord_Britton"},{"link_name":"Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Nelson_Rose"}],"text":"Sclerocactus was once reduced to synonymy with Pediocactus—but this is not accepted; these genera are not closely related.[2]\nThe following genera have been brought into synonymy with Sclerocactus:[1]Ancistrocactus Britton & Rose\nColoradoa Boissev. & C.Davidson\nEchinomastus Britton & Rose\nToumeya Britton & Rose","title":"Synonymy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sclerocactus&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Plants of the World Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plants_of_the_World_Online-1"},{"link_name":"Endangered Species Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"As of November 2022[update] the following species are recognized in the genus Sclerocactus by Plants of the World Online:[1]Many species of Sclerocactus are protected under the provisions of the Endangered Species Act and all species should be treated as imperiled.[citation needed]","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arroyos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_(creek)"},{"link_name":"scarification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarification"},{"link_name":"fertilizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer"},{"link_name":"Pediocactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediocactus"},{"link_name":"dormancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormancy"},{"link_name":"S. parviflorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sclerocactus_parviflorus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"germination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germination"}],"text":"Sclerocactus are easy to cultivate. They are generally a cold-adapted genus. They grow in very arid areas which are subjected to deep cold in spots where water flows irregularly or depressions where water can accumulate for short period of time. They are most often found growing along washes and arroyos where their seeds have been subjected to scarification due to water movement, but they oddly also tend to grow along ridges in spots where depressions have formed and can hold water for some period of time.They undergo most of their growth in spring and benefit from moderate fertilizer in cultivation. They prefer mineral-rich, sandy soils. They are tolerant of overwatering provided they are grown in small pots that drain and dry out quickly. They do best out of doors do well in full sun. They are not particularly attractive plants and their vicious hooked spines are a hazard, making them poor houseplants. Like Pediocactus, Sclerocactus \"deflate\" in late fall in preparation for winter and freezing; they push water out of the plant flesh, through the roots, and into the soil, dramatically decreasing in size. They require deep cold and dormancy to bloom well.Some species, such as S. parviflorus, produce large, showy flowers and put a short, but impressive floral display in early spring.Sclerocactus seeds are difficult to germinate as they contain inhibitors, and require cold stratification, prolonged soaking, or scarification of the seeds to trigger germination. Seeds of members of this genus can take up to three years to germinate in some cases if not scarified or subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles in the presence of water. The plants are easy to maintain in cultivation but difficult to start from seed.","title":"Cultivation and propagation"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Sclerocactus Britton & Rose - Plants of the World Online\". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000897-2","url_text":"\"Sclerocactus Britton & Rose - Plants of the World Online\""}]},{"reference":"Heil, Kenneth D. & Porter, J. Mark, Sclerocactus, retrieved 2012-05-04","urls":[{"url":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=129764","url_text":"Sclerocactus"}]},{"reference":"Flora of North America Editorial Committee, ed. (1982), Flora of North America (online), eFloras.org","urls":[{"url":"http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1","url_text":"Flora of North America (online)"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_(musical)
Marie Antoinette (musical)
["1 Plot synopsis","2 Background","3 Songs","4 References","5 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Marie Antoinette" musical – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) MusicalMarie AntoinetteMusicSylvester LevayLyricsMichael KunzeBookMichael KunzeBasisThe life of Marie Antoinette Queen Marie Antoinette by Endō ShūsakuProductions2006 Tokyo2006 Fukuoka2006 Osaka2007 Tokyo2009 Bremen2012 Tecklenburg2014 Seoul, Korea2016 Budapest, Hungary2018 Tokyo2018 Fukuoka2018 Nagoya2019 Osaka Marie Antoinette is a stage musical with music by Sylvester Levay and book and lyrics by Michael Kunze, the authors of Elisabeth, Mozart! and Rebecca. The Libretto was written in English and then translated into Japanese. The premiere took place on November 1, 2006 in Tokyo, Japan at the Imperial Garden Theater. Tamiya Kuriyama directed the original production. After running in Tokyo, the show was performed in Fukuoka, Osaka before moving back to Tokyo from April 2007 through May 2007. The German premiere took place on January 30, 2009 at the Musical Theater Bremen with Kuriyama directing once again. Plot synopsis Marie Antoinette tells the story of two parallel lives; that of the infamous Queen of France and that of Margrid Arnaud, a poor woman. Both are the same age, and both are pretty, but that's where the similarities end. While Margrid is roaming the streets of Paris in rags, Marie Antoinette dances and flirts at the Palais-Royal. The French Revolution changes all that. Margrid Arnaud rises and Marie Antoinette falls, and when the two women eventually meet two worlds collide and the drama unfolds. The musical uses the events of the French Revolution as a spectacular backdrop to the fate of the unhappy Queen. Margrid Arnaud personifies the nemesis of the monarchy, eventually leading to the extinction of Marie Antoinette and her world. Background In an interview on his website, Kunze said that producers had offered to stage the show in German and English-speaking countries, but said that he wanted to have the Kuriyama production all over the world. His previous musicals were adapted for the country they were played in. Kunze believes that the production MA is the best interpretation of one of his Libretti so far. He praised the director and the cast. Since then a revised Version premiered in Seoul, South Korea. Songs These songs are included in the production and are on the cast recording, which was released in March 2006. Act I Prologue (The Great Cagliostro) All we feel is Hunger Why she, why not I? Look at her Why don't they eat the Cake? Blinded by a thousand Candles Turn, Turn A perfect Queen I'm sorry Gold out of Nothing at all The Voice in my Heart You've got to give them what they want If Doctor Guillotin's Machine Parce Qu'elle est Autrichinne The Voice in my Heart (Reprise) God cares for All All I do Lovers´ bickering I am the Best Seven weird Ingredients Some Day to remember Act II The Bells of Justice France on Parade Turn, turn (Reprise) Woman of Paris! Money's talking The only thing I ever did right Something's wrong The Paris cut Reign of Terror The Flight to Varennes Why can't I just be a Smith Turn, turn (Reprise III) Onward, Brothers! Thank God, we're all mad All I do (Reprise) Taking the Boy Off with her Head! Her Time is up Blood must flow for Liberty! Freedom! The cast recording also features three additional tracks: Blinded By A Thousand Candles The Voice in My Heart Money's Talking References ^ Storyarchitekt - Marie Antoinette Retrieved on 2009 July 22 ^ "'마리 앙투아네트'·'태양왕'... 2014년 佛 뮤지컬 쏟아진다" (in Korean). Joy News 24. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2023 – via Naver. ^ "Marie Antoinette Reborn". Blogspot. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2023. External links The Author's (Michael Kunze's) Website (in German) vteMusicals by Kunze and Levay Elisabeth (1992) Mozart! (1999) Rebecca (2006) Marie Antoinette (2006) Lady Bess (2014)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sylvester Levay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_Levay"},{"link_name":"Michael Kunze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kunze_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Mozart!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart!"},{"link_name":"Rebecca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_(musical)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Imperial Garden Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Garden_Theater"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"MusicalMarie Antoinette is a stage musical with music by Sylvester Levay and book and lyrics by Michael Kunze, the authors of Elisabeth, Mozart! and Rebecca. The Libretto was written in English[citation needed] and then translated into Japanese. The premiere took place on November 1, 2006 in Tokyo, Japan at the Imperial Garden Theater. Tamiya Kuriyama directed the original production. After running in Tokyo, the show was performed in Fukuoka, Osaka before moving back to Tokyo from April 2007 through May 2007.The German premiere took place on January 30, 2009 at the Musical Theater Bremen with Kuriyama directing once again.[1]","title":"Marie Antoinette (musical)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"Palais-Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais-Royal"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"}],"text":"Marie Antoinette tells the story of two parallel lives; that of the infamous Queen of France and that of Margrid Arnaud, a poor woman. Both are the same age, and both are pretty, but that's where the similarities end. While Margrid is roaming the streets of Paris in rags, Marie Antoinette dances and flirts at the Palais-Royal. The French Revolution changes all that. Margrid Arnaud rises and Marie Antoinette falls, and when the two women eventually meet two worlds collide and the drama unfolds.\nThe musical uses the events of the French Revolution as a spectacular backdrop to the fate of the unhappy Queen. Margrid Arnaud personifies the nemesis of the monarchy, eventually leading to the extinction of Marie Antoinette and her world.","title":"Plot synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In an interview on his website, Kunze said that producers had offered to stage the show in German and English-speaking countries, but said that he wanted to have the Kuriyama production all over the world. His previous musicals were adapted for the country they were played in.\nKunze believes that the production MA is the best interpretation of one of his Libretti so far. He praised the director and the cast.Since then a revised Version premiered in Seoul, South Korea.[2][3]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"These songs are included in the production and are on the cast recording, which was released in March 2006.Act I\nPrologue (The Great Cagliostro)\nAll we feel is Hunger\nWhy she, why not I?\nLook at her\nWhy don't they eat the Cake?\nBlinded by a thousand Candles\nTurn, Turn\nA perfect Queen\nI'm sorry\nGold out of Nothing at all\nThe Voice in my Heart\nYou've got to give them what they want\nIf\nDoctor Guillotin's Machine\nParce Qu'elle est Autrichinne\nThe Voice in my Heart (Reprise)\nGod cares for All\nAll I do\nLovers´ bickering\nI am the Best\nSeven weird Ingredients\nSome Day to remember\n\n\nAct II\nThe Bells of Justice\nFrance on Parade\nTurn, turn (Reprise)\nWoman of Paris!\nMoney's talking\nThe only thing I ever did right\nSomething's wrong\nThe Paris cut\nReign of Terror\nThe Flight to Varennes\nWhy can't I just be a Smith\nTurn, turn (Reprise III)\nOnward, Brothers!\nThank God, we're all mad\nAll I do (Reprise)\nTaking the Boy\nOff with her Head!\nHer Time is up\nBlood must flow for Liberty!\nFreedom!The cast recording also features three additional tracks:Blinded By A Thousand Candles\nThe Voice in My Heart\nMoney's Talking","title":"Songs"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"'마리 앙투아네트'·'태양왕'... 2014년 佛 뮤지컬 쏟아진다\" ['Marie Antoinette', 'The Sun King'... French musicals pouring in in 2014] (in Korean). Joy News 24. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=111&aid=0000356727","url_text":"\"'마리 앙투아네트'·'태양왕'... 2014년 佛 뮤지컬 쏟아진다\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marie Antoinette Reborn\". Blogspot. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://michaelkunze.blogspot.com/2014/09/marie-antoinette-reborn.html","url_text":"\"Marie Antoinette Reborn\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Surrey
University of Surrey
["1 History","1.1 Foundation and early period","1.2 University status","2 Buildings and sites","2.1 Main sites","2.2 Sports facilities","3 Organisation","3.1 Structure","3.2 Governance","3.3 Educational links","4 Academic profile","4.1 Research","4.2 Admissions","4.3 Reputation and rankings","5 Notable academics and alumni","5.1 Notable alumni","5.2 Notable academics","6 Student life","6.1 Students' Union","6.2 Media","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°14′35″N 0°35′22″W / 51.24306°N 0.58944°W / 51.24306; -0.58944Public university in Guildford, England University of SurreyCoat of arms of the University of SurreyFormer nameBattersea Polytechnic Institute (1891–1956) Battersea College of Technology (1956–1966)TypePublic research universityEstablished1966; 58 years ago (1966) (gained university status)Endowment£5.8 million (2023)Budget£314.0 million (2022/23)ChancellorThe Duke of KentVice-ChancellorGaoqing Max LuAcademic staff1,635 (2021/22)Administrative staff1,575 (2021/22)Students15,575 (2021/22)Undergraduates11,450 (2021/22)Postgraduates4,125 (2021/22)LocationGuildford, Surrey, EnglandCampusCampus, multiple sitesColours   Blue and goldNicknameTeam SurreyAffiliationsACUAMBACESAEREUASETsquaredUGPNUniversities UKWebsitesurrey.ac.uk The University of Surrey is a public research university in Guildford, Surrey, England. The university received its royal charter in 1966, along with a number of other institutions following recommendations in the Robbins Report. The institution was previously known as Battersea College of Technology and was located in Battersea Park, London. Its roots however, go back to Battersea Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1891 to provide further and higher education in London, including its poorer inhabitants. The university is a member of the Association of MBAs and is one of four universities in the University Global Partnership Network. It is also part of the SETsquared partnership along with the University of Bath, the University of Bristol, the University of Southampton, and the University of Exeter. The university's main campus is on Stag Hill, close to the centre of Guildford and adjacent to Guildford Cathedral. Surrey Sports Park is situated at the nearby Manor Park, the university's secondary campus. Among British universities, the University of Surrey had the 41st highest average UCAS Tariff for new entrants in 2020. A major centre for satellite and mobile communications research, the university is in partnership with King's College London and the Dresden University of Technology to develop 5G technology worldwide. It also holds a number of formal links with institutions worldwide, including the Surrey International Institute, launched in partnership with the Dongbei University of Finance and Economics. The university owns the Surrey Research Park, providing facilities for over 110 companies engaged in research. Surrey has been awarded three Queen's Anniversary Prizes for its research, with the 2021 Research Excellence Framework seeing the university rise 12 places to 33rd in the UK for overall research quality and 41% of the university's research outputs classified as "world leading". It was named The Sunday Times University of the Year in 2016, was nominated again for the same accolade in 2023, and was The Sunday Times University of the Year for Graduate Employment in 2022. The chancellor of the university is Prince Edward, Duke of Kent. Current and emeritus academics at the university include ten Fellows of the Royal Society, twenty-one Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering, one Fellow of the British Academy and six Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences. Surrey has educated many notable alumni, including Olympic gold medallists, several senior politicians, as well as a number of notable persons in various fields including the arts, sports and academia. Graduates typically abbreviate the University of Surrey to Sur when using post-nominal letters after their degree. History Foundation and early period The university's original Battersea campus, including its Great Hall The University of Surrey was preceded by the Battersea Polytechnic Institute which was founded in 1891 and admitted its first students in 1894. Its aim was to provide greater access to further and higher education for Londoners, including some of the city's "poorer inhabitants". In 1901, evening classes provided instruction in subjects such as Mechanical Engineering and Building, Electrical Engineering, Chemical and other trades, Physics and Natural Science, Maths, Languages, Commercial subjects, Music and special classes for women including Domestic Economy subjects. Day classes consisted of Art, Science, Women's Subjects and Gymnastics, and classes were also offered in preparation for university and professional examinations. The institute focused on science and technology subjects, and from about 1920 taught University of London students, awarding University of London external degrees. In 1956, the institute was among the first to receive the designation "College of Advanced Technology" and was renamed Battersea College of Technology. By the beginning of the sixties, the college had virtually outgrown its building in Battersea and had decided to move to Guildford. In addition to this, the Robbins Report of 1963 proposed that the Colleges of Advanced Technology, including Battersea, should expand and become degree-awarding universities. In 1965, the university-designate acquired a greenfield site in Guildford from Guildford Cathedral, Guildford Borough Council and the Onslow Village Trust. University status Stag Hill campus On 9 September 1966 the University of Surrey was established by royal charter. In 1967, on the day before the installation ceremony of the first Chancellor of the university, the Aberfan disaster occurred. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham who was appointed the first Chancellor, was also the chairman of the National Coal Board, and as such was expected to visit the site of the disaster. Controversially, in a decision parodied by Private Eye, Robens continued with the ceremony in Guildford to become Chancellor. During this transition period, visitors to the Battersea campus on 25 October 1968 saw Led Zeppelin perform their very first gig, advertised as being at the university's Victorian Great Hall, on Battersea Park Road. By 1970 the move from Battersea to Guildford was complete. The university's Battersea Court consists of halls of residence which were named in honour of the university's Battersea origins. Between 1982 and 2008, the university became the trustee of the building of the Guildford Institute, using parts of the building for its adult education programme and providing a university presence in the heart of Guildford. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (formerly Associated Examining Board) moved from Aldershot to its own headquarters building on the Stag Hill campus in 1985. The university marked its Silver Jubilee in 1991, an event celebrated by the publishing of Surrey – The Rise of a Modern University by Roy Douglas and by a Service of Thanksgiving in Guildford Cathedral attended by HM The Queen in March 1992. In 1998, due to the ongoing development in the relationship between the university and the nearby Roehampton Institute, it was decided to form an academic federation. In November 1999, the Privy Council approved the necessary changes to the university's Charter and Statutes and the Roehampton Institute became the University of Surrey Roehampton at the beginning of 2000. Between 2000 and 2004, the university and Roehampton worked together as the Federal University of Surrey. In June 2004, the Privy Council granted Roehampton an independent university title, and it became Roehampton University from 1 August 2004, ending the partnership between the institutions. The university celebrated its 35th anniversary in May 2002 with a major event in Guildford Cathedral. It was also marked by the unveiling of The Surrey Scholar sculpture (by Allan Sly FBS) to mark the Golden Jubilee of Her Majesty The Queen and as a gift to the people of Guildford. The Surrey Scholar is at the bottom of Guildford High Street. Understanding the Real World, a visual history of the university, by Christopher Pick, was published to coincide with this anniversary. In 2007, the university saw a major increase in overall applications by 39% compared with the previous year. This was followed by a further increase in applications of 12% in 2008. In October 2008, the university lost out to Royal Holloway in a bid to merge with London medical institute St George's, University of London. From September 2009, the Guildford School of Acting became a subsidiary of the university and relocated from Guildford town centre to the university campus. In March 2019 the university announced it would have to make £15m worth of cuts owing to the effects of Brexit and anticipated cuts in tuition fees, and was offering redundancy to all staff. Following the announcement, The Stag, published an article titled 'Paygate: The Problem with Surrey's Vice-Chancellor', in which it compared Vice-Chancellor Max Lu's "performance-related bonuses" to the university's actual performance. Soon after, in May 2019, staff and students held a no confidence vote against the university management, with coverage largely focused on Lu's leadership. Of all the unionised staff who voted, 96% gave a vote of no confidence in "the Vice-Chancellor and Executive Board". The all-staff vote was approved by all three trade unions represented at the university, in a meeting held with the largest member attendance seen. Concerns raised by staff specifically include "Lu's language which suggests staff are a cost rather than an asset", according to the University and College Union, while the Students' Union was specifically concerned about the closure of many arts courses at the university despite a "healthy" number of applications for them. Students who wanted a "no" vote hoped this result would make the university management "engage with staff and students and discuss changes". Buildings and sites See also: Stag Hill, University of Surrey Surrey Sports Park, opened in 2010 to replace the former university sport facilities. The School of Management Building with the statue of Alan Turing in the middle distance. Student accommodation has been developed at Manor Park. Guildford Cathedral overlooks Stag Hill campus. Main sites The university began moving in 1968 to a new 30 ha (74-acre) site on Stag Hill in Guildford, adjacent to Guildford Cathedral. Students continued to alternate between the original Battersea campus and the new Guildford campus until 1970. A further 90 ha (222 acres) allocated to the university remained undeveloped until 2005. The BBC's local radio station for Surrey and North-East Hampshire, BBC Surrey, has its studios on the campus. In addition the university has a student-run medium wave radio station, Stag Radio. In September 2009, the Guildford School of Acting moved into a new purpose-built facility on the main Stag Hill campus as part of a strategic merger between the two organisations. The old Sports Centre was converted into the Ivy Arts Centre, a performing arts facility housing a 200-seat theatre and studio and workshop space. In October 2015, the £45m School of Veterinary Medicine was opened by the Queen accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh. The new Manor Park campus, designed as a car-free village, is 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) from the Stag Hill campus and on the other side of the A3 trunk road. It combines residences for students and staff, buildings for research and teaching, and sporting facilities. Sports facilities In April 2010, a £36 million sports centre named the Surrey Sports Park opened to replace the former UniSport facilities on the Stag Hill Campus. Surrey Sports Park is situated close to the main University campus, on its Manor Park site. It houses a 50-metre swimming pool, three multi-sports halls, six squash courts, a modern gym, three artificial floodlit pitches, outdoor tennis courts, a climbing centre and a coffee shop, bar and restaurant. The 1,000 seat indoor arena is home to Surrey Scorchers basketball team (formerly Guildford Heat, Surrey Heat and Surrey United), who have been using the venue since 2010 following a move from their previous home at Guildford Spectrum. Surrey Scorchers are one of the leading teams and former winners of the British Basketball League, the country's top division. It also plays host to Surrey Storm netball (formerly Brunel Hurricanes), who also made the move to the Sports Park from Guildford Spectrum in 2010. Surrey Storm are two-time Netball Superleague champions, securing their last title with a 55–53 win over Manchester Thunder at London's Copper Box Arena in the 2016 Grand Final. It played host to all but four matches of the 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup (the semi-finals, third place play off and final were held at the Twickenham Stoop). It is also the official training facility for Harlequins rugby club, playing host to their Men's and Women's first teams plus Academy fixtures, and was used as a training base for the 2015 Rugby World Cup, hosting a number of teams including South Africa, Scotland and Italy. 2012 saw Surrey Sports Park host a number of Olympic and Paralympic teams in preparation for the London 2012 Olympic Games, including delegations from across the globe for swimming, table tennis, basketball and triathlon camps. In 2013, Surrey Sports Park hosted the annual Danone Nations Cup junior football tournament, with fixtures being played on the outdoor pitches through to the finals at Wembley Stadium. In 2017, Surrey Sports Park hosted the Women's Lacrosse World Cup, with over 25 nations competing for the world title in Guildford. All matches took place at the venue, including the finals, with a temporary outdoor stadium erected for the 10-day event. Organisation Structure The academic activities of the university are divided into the following three faculties: Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences School of Economics School of Hospitality and Tourism Management School of Law School of Literature and Languages Department of Music and Media Department of Politics Department of Sociology Surrey Business School Guildford School of Acting Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences Department of Chemistry Department of Chemical and Process Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of Computer Science Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of Mathematics Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences Department of Physics Centre for Environment and Sustainability Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences School of Biosciences and Medicine School of Health Sciences School of Psychology School of Veterinary Medicine Governance The Duke of Kent Building houses much of the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Prince Edward, Duke of Kent was installed as Chancellor, a ceremonial non-residential post, in 1977. The university is led at the executive level by the President and Vice-Chancellor, as of 2016 Max Lu. The key bodies in the university governance structure are the council, Senate and executive board. The council is the governing body of the university, responsible for the overall planning and management of the university and to ensure processes are in place to monitor financial and operational controls, and the university's performance against its strategy. The council is composed of no fewer than eleven external members, up to seven ex-officio members and up to three members elected by Senate. The Senate is the statutory body responsible for governing the university's academic matters, including teaching and research, and the regulation and direction of the education and conduct of students. The composition of the Senate is drawn from the academic staff of the university, together with a number of ex-officio, elected and co-opted members. The Chair of the Senate is the President and Vice-Chancellor of the university. The executive board is the senior advisory body that assists the President and Vice-Chancellor in discharging his executive authority to manage the operations and affairs of the university. It is responsible for advising on all matters relating to the university's strategy and for making recommendations to Council for approval. The above Bodies are supported by a series of Committees that oversee the activities of distinctive administrative and academic areas of the university. On 3 December 2015 it was announced that Max Lu would become the university's fifth President and Vice-Chancellor, taking up his appointment in April 2016. He succeeded Sir Christopher Snowden who moved to take up the Vice-Chancellorship at the University of Southampton in September 2015. Sir Christopher joined Surrey on 1 July 2005. His predecessors are Patrick J. Dowling (1994–2005), Anthony Kelly (1975–1994) and Peter Leggett, the last Principal of Battersea College of Technology and the university's first Vice-Chancellor. Educational links Since its foundation, the university has fostered links with other educational bodies in the local community and region. The university currently validates undergraduate courses at Farnborough College of Technology and postgraduate research programmes at St Mary's University, Twickenham for students entering prior to August 2014. In 2007, the university and Dongbei University of Finance and Economics in Dalian, China, launched the Surrey International Institute, DUFE. The SII at DUFE offers Surrey degrees and dual-degree programmes in China. A placement year link with North Carolina State University was initiated in 2009, where each institution places students from the other with companies located nearby, in the South East of England and the Carolinas, respectively. The university holds a number of formal links with institutions from around the world to share teaching and research and facilitate staff and student exchanges. University of São Paulo, Brazil Seoul National University, South Korea University of Central Florida, USA  Pakistan University of Punjab North Carolina State University, USA The DUFE—Surrey International Institute (东北财经大学萨里国际学院) is an academic partnership with the Dongbei University of Finance and Economics in Dalian, China University of Hong Kong Nanyang Technological University National Autonomous University of Mexico Head Associate; Diego Luiz. Modul University Vienna, Austria Academic profile Research The Austin Pearce Building The university conducts extensive research on small satellites, with its Surrey Space Centre and spin-off commercial company, Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. In the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise, the University of Surrey received a 5* rating in the categories of "Sociology", "Other Studies and Professions Allied to Medicine", and "Electrical and Electronic Engineering" and a 5* rating in the categories of "Psychology", "Physics", "Applied Mathematics", "Statistics and Operational Research", "European Studies" and "Russian, Slavonic and East European Languages". The 5G Innovation Centre (5GIC) at the University of Surrey opened in September 2015, for the purpose of research for the development of the first worldwide 5G network. It has gained over £40m support from international telecommunications companies including Aeroflex, MYCOM OSI, BBC, BT Group, EE, Fujitsu Laboratories of Europe, Huawei, Ofcom, Rohde & Schwarz, Samsung, Telefonica and Vodafone – and a further £11.6m from the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE). In addition, the Surrey Research Park is a 28 ha (69-acre) low density development which is owned and developed by the university, providing large landscaped areas with water features and facilities for over 110 companies engaged in a broad spectrum of research, development and design activities. The university generates the third highest endowment income out of all UK universities "reflecting its commercially-orientated heritage." Admissions UCAS Admission Statistics 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Applications 29,230 27,260 29,125 29,805 32,600 Accepted 4,140 3,370 3,300 3,170 4,000 Applications/Accepted Ratio 7.1 8.1 8.8 9.4 8.2 Offer Rate (%) 65.3 61.9 64.5 63.8 66.5 Average Entry Tariff — — 143 143 138 ^ a b c Main scheme applications, International and UK ^ UK domiciled applicants only HESA Student Body Composition Domicile and Ethnicity Total British White 48% 48  British Ethnic Minorities 27% 27  International EU 6% 6  International Non-EU 19% 19  Undergraduate Widening Participation Indicators Female 55% 55  Private School 10% 10  Low Participation Areas 8% 8  New students entering the university in 2015 had the 14th highest UCAS Points in the UK at 438 points (the equivalent of AAB at A Level and BB at AS Level). According to the 2017 Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, approximately 8% of Surrey's undergraduates come from independent schools. For the 2016–17 academic year, the university has a higher proportion of female than male students with a male to female ratio of 45:55 in the population. The undergraduate student body is composed of 73% from the UK, 11% from the EU and 16% from outside of the EU. More students graduate from Surrey with a First Class Honours degree (44.4%) than with a 2:1 degree (40.9%), placing it second amongst mainstream British universities by the proportion of First Class degrees awarded. Reputation and rankings RankingsNational rankingsComplete (2025)12=Guardian (2024)21=Times / Sunday Times (2024)21Global rankingsARWU (2023)301–400QS (2025)285=THE (2024)251–300 University of Surrey's national league table performance over the past ten years The university has consistently been in the top 60 of the three main ranking compilations of universities in the United Kingdom, placing it 39th in The Times and Sunday Times, 34th in The Good University Guide and the Complete University Guide, and 54th in The Guardian University Guide for 2021. International rankings have seen a steady improvement over the past five years. Subjects ranked in the top 20 include Hospitality & Leisure Management and Petroleum engineering. The university was ranked seventh in the Times Higher Education Student Experience Survey 2018. In 2019, Surrey was ranked 161-170th in the QS World Employability Rankings, and first in the UK and 12th in the world for research partnerships with employers . In 1991 the university was granted the Queen's Award for Export Achievement, and in 1996 was awarded a Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher & Further Education in recognition of the university's outstanding achievement in satellite engineering and communications, teaching and research by the Centre for Satellite Engineering Research and associated companies. In 1998, Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd was awarded the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement, presented in person by the Queen on her second visit to the university, accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh and the Duke of Kent, chancellor of the university. The university was awarded a 2002 Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher & Further Education for its research and development on optoelectronic devices and ion beam applications. In July 2007, the university was awarded Fairtrade University status by the Fairtrade Foundation. The university won a 2011 Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher & Further Education for its research into the fields of safe water and sanitation. In 2013, the Electronic Engineering Department of the university won the 2013 Elektra Award University Department of the Year, and judged to be the most innovative and successful in Europe. The university won The Sunday Times University of the Year award 2016. The university won a 2017 Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher & Further Education for "Leading research and teaching in food and nutrition informing public policy on diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and other dietary related issues". Notable academics and alumni Notable alumni Main article: List of University of Surrey alumni Theoretical physicist Jim Al-Khalili (BSc; PhD) Former President of Mauritius Ameenah Gurib (BSc) Former Labour Member of Parliament Liz McInnes (MSc) Crossbench peer Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley (PhD, 1982) Psychologist Linda Papadopoulos (MSc) Wolf Prize in Agriculture laureate John Pickett (BSc, 1967; PhD, 1971) Former Conservative Member of the European Parliament Kay Swinburne (MBA) Governor of the Central Bank of Barbados Marion Vernese Williams (PhD) Indonesian Cabinet Minister Arief Yahya Conservative peer George Young, Baron Young of Cookham (MPhil) Notable academics Main article: List of University of Surrey academics Academics to work at the university include Alf Adams, pioneer of the strained quantum-well laser; Jim Al-Khalili, the nuclear physicist, author and broadcaster; Aleks Krotoski, the technology journalist and broadcaster; Sir Martin Sweeting, founder of Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd; Nigel Gilbert, the sociologist pioneer in the use of agent-based models in the social sciences; Joao Santos Silva, who has made fundamental contributions to the gravity model of trade, and Martyn Barrett, who led the development of the Council of Europe's Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture and is a lead expert for the Council of Europe's Education Policy Advisers Network. The current Director of the university's Advanced Technology Institute, Ravi Silva, is known for his work in Nanotechnology. In 2003, he was awarded the Albert Einstein Silver Medal and the Javed Husain Prize by UNESCO for contributions to electronic devices. The 2011 Clifford Paterson Lecture was given by Silva because of his outstanding contributions to basic science and engineering in the field of carbon nanoscience and nanotechnology. The lecture is given annually on any aspect of engineering. The General Electric Company Limited endowed the lecture in 1975 in honour of Clifford Paterson who undertook the creation of the GEC Research Laboratories in 1919. Other notable academics who have delivered the lecture include Frank Kelly and Richard Friend, both from the University of Cambridge. Surrey's Centre for Environment and Sustainability (established by Roland Clift in 1992 as the Centre for Environmental Strategy) gained attention with the publication of Prosperity Without Growth in 2009 by University of Surrey academic Tim Jackson, Professor of Sustainable Development and Director of the ESRC Research Group on Lifestyles, Values and Environment. In October 2018 the University of Surrey reported that writer and filmmaker Iain Sinclair had been appointed Distinguished Writer in Residence with their School of Literature and Languages. On 20 May 2009, Andreas Mogensen, a researcher at the Surrey Space Centre, was announced as a new member of the European Astronaut Corps, part of the European Space Agency, thereby becoming the first Danish astronaut. In February 2011, terrorism and Northern Ireland expert Marie Breen Smyth, joined the politics department, as chair in International Relations. In March 2005, she had given evidence to the House of Commons Northern Ireland Affairs Committee Inquiry into dealing with Northern Ireland's past. Another notable academic was the late translation studies scholar Peter Newmark. Student life Students' Union The University of Surrey Students' Union is the sole representative body of Surrey students. They represent students on academic and welfare issues, as well as administering sports clubs and societies. The Union was incorporated as a non-profit charity in July 2011, so any takings from the Union's four commercial outlets are invested in supporting the membership side of the business. Four zones exist within the organisation representing Support, Voice, Community and Activity, with a sabbatical officer managing each one, as well as a president who is a member of the University Council. The Students' Union also organise events on a weekly basis which are held at their venues including Rubix and The Basement for students to take part in. In 2017 the university was specifically identified in the report by the Free Speech University Rankings as having "unfamiliar" restrictions on free speech because of a collection of its union byelaws regarding university mascot Steve the Stag: the mascot is not allowed to be depicted by students to be drinking, smoking or, as the report and subsequent articles directly quote, "involved in lewd acts". Subsequent editions of the Students' Union Byelaws contained a further explanatory note for this. Media StagTV is the television station run by students at the University of Surrey. It is primarily run from offices on the main Stag Hill campus and it also creates content for the Students' Union, through which it is a constituted group, but has editorial independence. Other student media on campus include Stag Radio and The Stag. 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Official website University of Surrey Students' Union – official website Guildford School of Acting – official website Our History University of Surrey vteUniversity of SurreyPeople The Duke of Kent (Chancellor) Max Lu (Vice Chancellor) List of notable academics List of notable alumni History Federal University of Surrey University of Surrey Roehampton Stag Hill Associated institutions Dongbei University of Finance and Economics DUFE—Surrey International Institute Guildford School of Acting Lewis Elton Gallery St Mary's University College, Twickenham Commercial links Surrey Research Park Surrey Satellite Technology Student life Stag Radio The Stag Category Commons Links to related articles vteUniversities in the United KingdomEnglandEast of England Anglia Ruskin Bedfordshire Cambridge Cranfield East Anglia Essex Hertfordshire Norwich University of the Arts Suffolk LondonUniversity of London Birkbeck City Courtauld Goldsmiths Institute of Cancer Research King's London Business School LSE LSHTM Queen Mary Royal Academy of Music Royal Central School of Speech and Drama Royal Holloway Royal Veterinary College School of Advanced Study St George's SOAS UCL Other Brunel East London Greenwich Imperial Kingston London Met London South Bank Middlesex Northeastern University – London Ravensbourne Regent's Richmond, The American International University in London Royal College of Art Royal College of Music Roehampton St Mary's University of the Arts London Westminster West London Midlands Aston Birmingham Birmingham City Bishop Grosseteste Coventry De Montfort Derby Harper Adams Keele Leicester Lincoln Loughborough Newman Northampton Nottingham Nottingham Trent Staffordshire University College Birmingham Warwick Wolverhampton Worcester North Bolton Bradford Central Lancashire Chester Cumbria Durham Edge Hill Huddersfield Hull Lancaster Leeds Leeds Arts Leeds Beckett Leeds Trinity Liverpool Liverpool Hope Liverpool John Moores LSTM Manchester Manchester Metropolitan Newcastle Northumbria Salford Sheffield Sheffield Hallam Sunderland Teesside York York St. John South Arts University Bournemouth Bath Bath Spa Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Buckingham Buckinghamshire New Canterbury Christ Church Chichester Creative Arts Exeter Falmouth Hartpury Gloucestershire Kent Oxford Oxford Brookes Plymouth Plymouth Marjon Arts University Plymouth Portsmouth Reading Royal Agricultural Solent Southampton Surrey Sussex UWE Bristol Winchester Northern Ireland Queen's Ulster Scotland Aberdeen Abertay Dundee Edinburgh Edinburgh Napier Glasgow Glasgow Caledonian Heriot-Watt Highlands and Islands Queen Margaret Robert Gordon Royal Conservatoire of Scotland St Andrews Stirling Strathclyde West of Scotland Wales Aberystwyth Bangor Cardiff Cardiff Metropolitan South Wales Swansea Wales Trinity Saint David Wrexham Overseas territories Bermuda College Cayman Islands Law School Gibraltar International College of the Cayman Islands Saint James School of Medicine St. Matthew's University University College of the Cayman Islands University of Science, Arts and Technology University of the West Indies Open Campus Crown dependencies University of the Channel Islands in Guernsey Non-geographic Arden BPP Law London International Programmes Open Related 2010 United Kingdom student protests List by date of foundation (Ancient; Third-oldest in England; Redbrick; Plate glass; Post-1992) List by endowment List by enrolment Colleges within universities Degree abbreviations HEFCW Office for Students (HEFCE) Rankings Scottish Funding Council Student loans and grants in the United Kingdom Student Radio Association Student television in the United Kingdom Student unionism in the United Kingdom Tuition fees in the United Kingdom Undergraduate degree classification UCAS University and College Union Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom) Category List vteUniversities and colleges in South East EnglandUniversities BPP Brighton Buckingham Buckinghamshire New Canterbury Chichester Creative Arts Kent Law Open Oxford Oxford Brookes Portsmouth Reading Solent Southampton Surrey Sussex Winchester Further education colleges Abingdon & Witney Andover Ashford Aylesbury Banbury & Bicester Basingstoke Berkshire Bracknell & Wokingham Brockenhurst Brooklands Canterbury Crawley College Chichester East Kent Eastleigh East Surrey East Sussex College (Lewes, Newhaven, Eastbourne and Hastings) Fareham Farnborough Guildford Hadlow Havant and South Downs Haywards Heath College Henley Highbury Isle of Wight Brighton MET College MidKent Milton Keynes Newbury Northbrook College North East Surrey North Kent Oxford (City) Plumpton Reading Ruskin Southampton Sparsholt Totton West Kent Windsor Forest Sixth form colleges Alton Barton Peveril Bexhill Brighton (BHASVIC) Esher Farnborough Farnham Godalming Itchen Peter Symonds Portsmouth Queen Mary's Reigate Richard Collyer St Vincent Strode's Taunton's Varndean Woking Worthing vteEducational establishments in GuildfordSecondary Christ's College George Abbot Guildford County King's College St Peter's Independent Guildford High Royal Grammar School Tormead Higher and Further Education Academy of Contemporary Music University of Law Guildford College (incorporating Merrist Wood College) Guildford School of Acting University of Surrey vteBorough of GuildfordTowns, villages, most notableneighbourhoodsand hamlets Albury Artington Ash Ash Vale Burntcommon Burpham Chilworth Compton East Clandon East Horsley Effingham Fairlands Farley Green Gomshall Guildford Holmbury St Mary Jacobs Well Merrow Normandy Ockham Peaslake Pirbright Puttenham Ripley St Martha Seale Send Shackleford Shalford Shere Stoughton Tongham Wanborough West Clandon West Horsley Wisley Wood Street Village Worplesdon Parks and public woodlands Albury Park Clandon Park Hatchlands Park On the Greensand Ridge The Hurtmoor Winterfold Forest Ockham Park Puttenham & Crooksbury Commons Seale Chalk Pit Silent Pool On the North Downs Newlands Corner St Martha's Hill wooded slopes of the Hog's Back Stoke Park Sutton Place Wanborough Grange RHS Garden, Wisley Places of worship Old St Peter and St Paul's Church, Albury St Augustine's Abbey, Chilworth Guildford Cathedral Holy Trinity Church, Guildford St Martha's Church St Nicolas' Church, Guildford St Mary's Church, Guildford Watts Cemetery Chapel Education Academy of Contemporary Music Ash Manor School Christ's College, Guildford George Abbot School Guildford College Guildford County School Guildford High School Guildford School of Acting Howard of Effingham School King's College, Guildford Knowl Hill School Merrist Wood College Ripley Court School Royal Grammar School St Peter's School Tormead School University of Law University of Surrey Transport Ash railway station Ash Vale railway station Chilworth railway station Clandon railway station Effingham Junction railway station Gomshall railway station Guildford bus station Guildford railway station Horsley railway station London Road (Guildford) railway station Shalford railway station Tongham railway station Wanborough railway station Worplesdon railway station Buildings and structures Abbot's Hospital Chilworth Manor Clandon Park House Electric Theatre G Live Guildford Castle Guildford Guildhall Guildford House Guildford Museum Guildford Spectrum Hogs Back Brewery Pirbright Institute Royal Surrey County Hospital Sports Ground, Woodbridge Road, Guildford The Undercroft Watts Gallery Wisley Airfield Yvonne Arnaud Theatre Sport Charlotteville Cycling Club Guildford City F.C. Guildford Crows Aussie Rules FC Guildford Flames Merrow F.C. Surrey Storm Surrey Scorchers Tongham F.C. People List of people from Guildford vteUniversity Global Partnership Network North Carolina State University University of Surrey University of Wollongong University of São Paulo 51°14′35″N 0°35′22″W / 51.24306°N 0.58944°W / 51.24306; -0.58944 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2 Australia Geographic MusicBrainz place Academics CiNii Other MusicBrainz label IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"public research university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_research_university"},{"link_name":"Guildford, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Charter"},{"link_name":"number of other institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_glass_university"},{"link_name":"Robbins Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins_Report"},{"link_name":"Battersea Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea_Park"},{"link_name":"further","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stroamu-6"},{"link_name":"Association of MBAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_MBAs"},{"link_name":"University Global Partnership Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Global_Partnership_Network"},{"link_name":"SETsquared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SETsquared"},{"link_name":"University of Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bath"},{"link_name":"University of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"University of Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southampton"},{"link_name":"University of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Stag Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stag_Hill,_University_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"Guildford Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Surrey Sports Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sports_facilities"},{"link_name":"British universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UCAS Tariff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCAS_Tariff"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CUG_Entry-7"},{"link_name":"mobile communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_communications"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"Dresden University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_video_UOS_research_centre-8"},{"link_name":"formal links with institutions worldwide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Educational_links"},{"link_name":"Surrey International Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUFE%E2%80%94Surrey_International_Institute"},{"link_name":"Dongbei University of Finance and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongbei_University_of_Finance_and_Economics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indysurrey-9"},{"link_name":"Surrey Research Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Research_Park"},{"link_name":"Queen's Anniversary Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Anniversary_Prize"},{"link_name":"2021 Research Excellence Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times University of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_University_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(education)"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward, Duke of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"academics at the university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Surrey_academics"},{"link_name":"Fellows of the Royal Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"Academy of Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Learned_Societies_in_the_Social_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Surrey_fellows-10"},{"link_name":"many notable alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_University_of_Surrey_alumni"},{"link_name":"post-nominal letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-nominal_letters"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OxCalendar-11"}],"text":"Public university in Guildford, EnglandThe University of Surrey is a public research university in Guildford, Surrey, England. The university received its royal charter in 1966, along with a number of other institutions following recommendations in the Robbins Report. The institution was previously known as Battersea College of Technology and was located in Battersea Park, London. Its roots however, go back to Battersea Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1891 to provide further and higher education in London, including its poorer inhabitants.[6]The university is a member of the Association of MBAs and is one of four universities in the University Global Partnership Network. It is also part of the SETsquared partnership along with the University of Bath, the University of Bristol, the University of Southampton, and the University of Exeter. The university's main campus is on Stag Hill, close to the centre of Guildford and adjacent to Guildford Cathedral. Surrey Sports Park is situated at the nearby Manor Park, the university's secondary campus. Among British universities, the University of Surrey had the 41st highest average UCAS Tariff for new entrants in 2020.[7]A major centre for satellite and mobile communications research, the university is in partnership with King's College London and the Dresden University of Technology to develop 5G technology worldwide.[8] It also holds a number of formal links with institutions worldwide, including the Surrey International Institute, launched in partnership with the Dongbei University of Finance and Economics.[9] The university owns the Surrey Research Park, providing facilities for over 110 companies engaged in research. Surrey has been awarded three Queen's Anniversary Prizes for its research, with the 2021 Research Excellence Framework seeing the university rise 12 places to 33rd in the UK for overall research quality and 41% of the university's research outputs classified as \"world leading\". It was named The Sunday Times University of the Year in 2016, was nominated again for the same accolade in 2023, and was The Sunday Times University of the Year for Graduate Employment in 2022.The chancellor of the university is Prince Edward, Duke of Kent. Current and emeritus academics at the university include ten Fellows of the Royal Society, twenty-one Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering, one Fellow of the British Academy and six Fellows of the Academy of Social Sciences.[10] Surrey has educated many notable alumni, including Olympic gold medallists, several senior politicians, as well as a number of notable persons in various fields including the arts, sports and academia. Graduates typically abbreviate the University of Surrey to Sur when using post-nominal letters after their degree.[11]","title":"University of Surrey"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_of_Surrey_at_Battersea.jpg"},{"link_name":"Battersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pick1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Robbins Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbins_Report"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pick1-12"},{"link_name":"Guildford Borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_(borough)"},{"link_name":"Onslow Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onslow_Village"}],"sub_title":"Foundation and early period","text":"The university's original Battersea campus, including its Great HallThe University of Surrey was preceded by the Battersea Polytechnic Institute which was founded in 1891 and admitted its first students in 1894. Its aim was to provide greater access to further and higher education for Londoners, including some of the city's \"poorer inhabitants\". In 1901, evening classes provided instruction in subjects such as Mechanical Engineering and Building, Electrical Engineering, Chemical and other trades, Physics and Natural Science, Maths, Languages, Commercial subjects, Music and special classes for women including Domestic Economy subjects. Day classes consisted of Art, Science, Women's Subjects and Gymnastics, and classes were also offered in preparation for university and professional examinations. The institute focused on science and technology subjects, and from about 1920 taught University of London students,[12] awarding University of London external degrees.[13]In 1956, the institute was among the first to receive the designation \"College of Advanced Technology\" and was renamed Battersea College of Technology. By the beginning of the sixties, the college had virtually outgrown its building in Battersea and had decided to move to Guildford. In addition to this, the Robbins Report of 1963 proposed that the Colleges of Advanced Technology, including Battersea, should expand and become degree-awarding universities.[12] In 1965, the university-designate acquired a greenfield site in Guildford from Guildford Cathedral, Guildford Borough Council and the Onslow Village Trust.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senate_House,_AA_Building,_University_of_Surrey,_Cathedral.jpg"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pick1-12"},{"link_name":"Aberfan disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberfan_disaster"},{"link_name":"Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Robens,_Baron_Robens_of_Woldingham"},{"link_name":"National Coal Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coal_Board"},{"link_name":"Private Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Eye"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pick1-12"},{"link_name":"halls of residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halls_of_residence"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Assessment and Qualifications Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assessment_and_Qualifications_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Aldershot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldershot"},{"link_name":"Silver Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Jubilee"},{"link_name":"Roy Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Douglas_(academic)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stroamu-6"},{"link_name":"The Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Federal University of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_University_of_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Roehampton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roehampton_University"},{"link_name":"Golden Jubilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Jubilee"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pick1-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Royal Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Holloway"},{"link_name":"St George's, University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Guildford School of Acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_School_of_Acting"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The Stag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stag_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Max Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Lu"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"no confidence vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_confidence_vote"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-getsurrey-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucu-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"University and College Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_and_College_Union"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ucu-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-getsurrey-24"}],"sub_title":"University status","text":"Stag Hill campusOn 9 September 1966 the University of Surrey was established by royal charter.[12] In 1967, on the day before the installation ceremony of the first Chancellor of the university, the Aberfan disaster occurred. Alfred Robens, Baron Robens of Woldingham who was appointed the first Chancellor, was also the chairman of the National Coal Board, and as such was expected to visit the site of the disaster. Controversially, in a decision parodied by Private Eye,[14] Robens continued with the ceremony in Guildford to become Chancellor.[15] During this transition period, visitors to the Battersea campus on 25 October 1968 saw Led Zeppelin perform their very first gig, advertised as being at the university's Victorian Great Hall, on Battersea Park Road.[16] By 1970 the move from Battersea to Guildford was complete.[12]The university's Battersea Court consists of halls of residence which were named in honour of the university's Battersea origins.[17]Between 1982 and 2008, the university became the trustee of the building of the Guildford Institute, using parts of the building for its adult education programme and providing a university presence in the heart of Guildford. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (formerly Associated Examining Board) moved from Aldershot to its own headquarters building on the Stag Hill campus in 1985. The university marked its Silver Jubilee in 1991, an event celebrated by the publishing of Surrey – The Rise of a Modern University by Roy Douglas[6] and by a Service of Thanksgiving in Guildford Cathedral attended by HM The Queen in March 1992.In 1998, due to the ongoing development in the relationship between the university and the nearby Roehampton Institute, it was decided to form an academic federation. In November 1999, the Privy Council approved the necessary changes to the university's Charter and Statutes and the Roehampton Institute became the University of Surrey Roehampton at the beginning of 2000. Between 2000 and 2004, the university and Roehampton worked together as the Federal University of Surrey.[18] In June 2004, the Privy Council granted Roehampton an independent university title, and it became Roehampton University from 1 August 2004, ending the partnership between the institutions.The university celebrated its 35th anniversary in May 2002 with a major event in Guildford Cathedral. It was also marked by the unveiling of The Surrey Scholar sculpture (by Allan Sly FBS) to mark the Golden Jubilee of Her Majesty The Queen and as a gift to the people of Guildford. The Surrey Scholar is at the bottom of Guildford High Street. Understanding the Real World, a visual history of the university, by Christopher Pick, was published to coincide with this anniversary.[12] In 2007, the university saw a major increase in overall applications by 39% compared with the previous year.[19] This was followed by a further increase in applications of 12% in 2008.[20] In October 2008, the university lost out to Royal Holloway in a bid to merge with London medical institute St George's, University of London.[21] From September 2009, the Guildford School of Acting became a subsidiary of the university and relocated from Guildford town centre to the university campus.In March 2019 the university announced it would have to make £15m worth of cuts owing to the effects of Brexit and anticipated cuts in tuition fees, and was offering redundancy to all staff.[22] Following the announcement, The Stag, published an article titled 'Paygate: The Problem with Surrey's Vice-Chancellor', in which it compared Vice-Chancellor Max Lu's \"performance-related bonuses\" to the university's actual performance.[23] Soon after, in May 2019, staff and students held a no confidence vote against the university management, with coverage largely focused on Lu's leadership.[24] Of all the unionised staff who voted, 96% gave a vote of no confidence in \"the Vice-Chancellor and Executive Board\".[25] The all-staff vote was approved by all three trade unions represented at the university, in a meeting held with the largest member attendance seen.[26] Concerns raised by staff specifically include \"Lu's language which suggests staff are a cost rather than an asset\", according to the University and College Union, while the Students' Union was specifically concerned about the closure of many arts courses at the university despite a \"healthy\" number of applications for them.[25] Students who wanted a \"no\" vote hoped this result would make the university management \"engage with staff and students and discuss changes\".[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stag Hill, University of Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stag_Hill,_University_of_Surrey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surrey_Sports_Park.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UniSSoM.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alan Turing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UniSManorPark.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Universit%C3%A4t_Surrey.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guildford Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_Cathedral"}],"text":"See also: Stag Hill, University of SurreySurrey Sports Park, opened in 2010 to replace the former university sport facilities.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe School of Management Building with the statue of Alan Turing in the middle distance.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStudent accommodation has been developed at Manor Park.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGuildford Cathedral overlooks Stag Hill campus.","title":"Buildings and sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battersea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"BBC Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Stag Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stag_Radio"},{"link_name":"Guildford School of Acting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_School_of_Acting"},{"link_name":"A3 trunk road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A3_road"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Main sites","text":"The university began moving in 1968 to a new 30 ha (74-acre) site on Stag Hill in Guildford, adjacent to Guildford Cathedral. Students continued to alternate between the original Battersea campus and the new Guildford campus until 1970.[27] A further 90 ha (222 acres) allocated to the university remained undeveloped until 2005. The BBC's local radio station for Surrey and North-East Hampshire, BBC Surrey, has its studios on the campus.[28] In addition the university has a student-run medium wave radio station, Stag Radio. In September 2009, the Guildford School of Acting moved into a new purpose-built facility on the main Stag Hill campus as part of a strategic merger between the two organisations. The old Sports Centre was converted into the Ivy Arts Centre, a performing arts facility housing a 200-seat theatre and studio and workshop space. In October 2015, the £45m School of Veterinary Medicine was opened by the Queen accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh. The new Manor Park campus, designed as a car-free village, is 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) from the Stag Hill campus and on the other side of the A3 trunk road.[29] It combines residences for students and staff, buildings for research and teaching, and sporting facilities.","title":"Buildings and sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sports centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_centre"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Surrey Scorchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Scorchers"},{"link_name":"Guildford Spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_Spectrum"},{"link_name":"British Basketball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Basketball_League"},{"link_name":"Surrey Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Storm"},{"link_name":"Manchester Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Copper Box Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_Box_Arena"},{"link_name":"2016 Grand Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Netball_Superleague_Grand_Final"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"2010 Women's Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Women%27s_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Twickenham Stoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stoop"},{"link_name":"Harlequins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_F.C."},{"link_name":"2015 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"London 2012 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Danone Nations Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danone_Nations_Cup"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Women's Lacrosse World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Lacrosse_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Sports facilities","text":"In April 2010, a £36 million sports centre named the Surrey Sports Park opened to replace the former UniSport facilities on the Stag Hill Campus.[30] Surrey Sports Park is situated close to the main University campus, on its Manor Park site. It houses a 50-metre swimming pool, three multi-sports halls, six squash courts, a modern gym, three artificial floodlit pitches, outdoor tennis courts, a climbing centre and a coffee shop, bar and restaurant.[31]The 1,000 seat indoor arena is home to Surrey Scorchers basketball team (formerly Guildford Heat, Surrey Heat and Surrey United), who have been using the venue since 2010 following a move from their previous home at Guildford Spectrum. Surrey Scorchers are one of the leading teams and former winners of the British Basketball League, the country's top division. It also plays host to Surrey Storm netball (formerly Brunel Hurricanes), who also made the move to the Sports Park from Guildford Spectrum in 2010. Surrey Storm are two-time Netball Superleague champions, securing their last title with a 55–53 win over Manchester Thunder at London's Copper Box Arena in the 2016 Grand Final.[32] It played host to all but four matches of the 2010 Women's Rugby World Cup (the semi-finals, third place play off and final were held at the Twickenham Stoop). It is also the official training facility for Harlequins rugby club, playing host to their Men's and Women's first teams plus Academy fixtures, and was used as a training base for the 2015 Rugby World Cup,[33] hosting a number of teams including South Africa, Scotland and Italy.2012 saw Surrey Sports Park host a number of Olympic and Paralympic teams in preparation for the London 2012 Olympic Games, including delegations from across the globe for swimming, table tennis, basketball and triathlon camps.[34] In 2013, Surrey Sports Park hosted the annual Danone Nations Cup junior football tournament, with fixtures being played on the outdoor pitches through to the finals at Wembley Stadium. In 2017, Surrey Sports Park hosted the Women's Lacrosse World Cup, with over 25 nations competing for the world title in Guildford. All matches took place at the venue, including the finals, with a temporary outdoor stadium erected for the 10-day event.[35]","title":"Buildings and sites"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"faculties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_(division)"}],"sub_title":"Structure","text":"The academic activities of the university are divided into the following three faculties:Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences\nSchool of Economics\nSchool of Hospitality and Tourism Management\nSchool of Law\nSchool of Literature and Languages\nDepartment of Music and Media\nDepartment of Politics\nDepartment of Sociology\nSurrey Business School\nGuildford School of Acting\n\n\nFaculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences\nDepartment of Chemistry\nDepartment of Chemical and Process Engineering\nDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering\nDepartment of Computer Science\nDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering\nDepartment of Mathematics\nDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Sciences\nDepartment of Physics\nCentre for Environment and Sustainability\n\n\nFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences\nSchool of Biosciences and Medicine\nSchool of Health Sciences\nSchool of Psychology\nSchool of Veterinary Medicine","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surrey-dk-building.jpg"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward, Duke of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(education)"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Surrey&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Max Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Lu"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Surrey_website-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Surrey_website-38"},{"link_name":"Max Lu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Lu"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Christopher Snowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Snowden"},{"link_name":"University of Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southampton"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Patrick J. Dowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Dowling"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Peter Leggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Leggett"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Governance","text":"The Duke of Kent Building houses much of the Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesPrince Edward, Duke of Kent was installed as Chancellor, a ceremonial non-residential post, in 1977. The university is led at the executive level by the President and Vice-Chancellor, as of 2016[update] Max Lu. The key bodies in the university governance structure are the council, Senate and executive board.[36] The council is the governing body of the university, responsible for the overall planning and management of the university and to ensure processes are in place to monitor financial and operational controls, and the university's performance against its strategy. The council is composed of no fewer than eleven external members, up to seven ex-officio members and up to three members elected by Senate.[37]The Senate is the statutory body responsible for governing the university's academic matters, including teaching and research, and the regulation and direction of the education and conduct of students. The composition of the Senate is drawn from the academic staff of the university, together with a number of ex-officio, elected and co-opted members. The Chair of the Senate is the President and Vice-Chancellor of the university.[38] The executive board is the senior advisory body that assists the President and Vice-Chancellor in discharging his executive authority to manage the operations and affairs of the university. It is responsible for advising on all matters relating to the university's strategy and for making recommendations to Council for approval.[39] The above Bodies are supported by a series of Committees that oversee the activities of distinctive administrative and academic areas of the university.[38]On 3 December 2015 it was announced that Max Lu would become the university's fifth President and Vice-Chancellor, taking up his appointment in April 2016.[40] He succeeded Sir Christopher Snowden who moved to take up the Vice-Chancellorship at the University of Southampton in September 2015.[41] Sir Christopher joined Surrey on 1 July 2005. His predecessors are Patrick J. Dowling (1994–2005), Anthony Kelly (1975–1994)[42] and Peter Leggett, the last Principal of Battersea College of Technology[43] and the university's first Vice-Chancellor.[44]","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farnborough College of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnborough_College_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"St Mary's University, Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University,_Twickenham"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Dongbei University of Finance and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongbei_University_of_Finance_and_Economics"},{"link_name":"Dalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indysurrey-9"},{"link_name":"North Carolina State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"University of São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Seoul National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_National_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Central Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"University of Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Punjab"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"North Carolina State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"DUFE—Surrey International Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUFE%E2%80%94Surrey_International_Institute"},{"link_name":"Dongbei University of Finance and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongbei_University_of_Finance_and_Economics"},{"link_name":"Dalian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"University of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Nanyang Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Modul University Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modul_University_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Educational links","text":"Since its foundation, the university has fostered links with other educational bodies in the local community and region. The university currently validates undergraduate courses at Farnborough College of Technology and postgraduate research programmes at St Mary's University, Twickenham[45] for students entering prior to August 2014.In 2007, the university and Dongbei University of Finance and Economics in Dalian, China, launched the Surrey International Institute, DUFE.[46] The SII at DUFE offers Surrey degrees and dual-degree programmes in China.[9] A placement year link with North Carolina State University was initiated in 2009, where each institution places students from the other with companies located nearby, in the South East of England and the Carolinas, respectively.[47]The university holds a number of formal links with institutions from around the world to share teaching and research and facilitate staff and student exchanges.[48]University of São Paulo, Brazil\n Seoul National University, South Korea\n University of Central Florida, USA\n Pakistan University of Punjab\n North Carolina State University, USA\n The DUFE—Surrey International Institute (东北财经大学萨里国际学院) is an academic partnership with the Dongbei University of Finance and Economics in Dalian, China\n University of Hong Kong\n Nanyang Technological University\n National Autonomous University of Mexico Head Associate; Diego Luiz.\n Modul University Vienna, Austria[49]","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Academic profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UniSAustinPearce.jpg"},{"link_name":"Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Satellite_Technology_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Research Assessment Exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Assessment_Exercise"},{"link_name":"Sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"Electronic Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raesurrey-50"},{"link_name":"Aeroflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflex"},{"link_name":"MYCOM OSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Systems_Integrators"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"BT Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Group"},{"link_name":"EE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EE_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"Fujitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujitsu"},{"link_name":"Huawei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huawei"},{"link_name":"Ofcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom"},{"link_name":"Rohde & Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohde_%26_Schwarz"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"Telefonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefonica"},{"link_name":"Vodafone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodafone"},{"link_name":"Higher Education Funding Council for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England"},{"link_name":"Surrey Research Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Research_Park"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Research","text":"The Austin Pearce BuildingThe university conducts extensive research on small satellites, with its Surrey Space Centre and spin-off commercial company, Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. In the 2001 Research Assessment Exercise, the University of Surrey received a 5* rating in the categories of \"Sociology\", \"Other Studies and Professions Allied to Medicine\", and \"Electrical and Electronic Engineering\"\nand a 5* rating in the categories of \"Psychology\", \"Physics\", \"Applied Mathematics\", \"Statistics and Operational Research\", \"European Studies\" and \"Russian, Slavonic and East European Languages\".[50]The 5G Innovation Centre (5GIC) at the University of Surrey opened in September 2015, for the purpose of research for the development of the first worldwide 5G network. It has gained over £40m support from international telecommunications companies including Aeroflex, MYCOM OSI, BBC, BT Group, EE, Fujitsu Laboratories of Europe, Huawei, Ofcom, Rohde & Schwarz, Samsung, Telefonica and Vodafone – and a further £11.6m from the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE).In addition, the Surrey Research Park is a 28 ha (69-acre) low density development which is owned and developed by the university, providing large landscaped areas with water features and facilities for over 110 companies engaged in a broad spectrum of research, development and design activities. The university generates the third highest endowment income out of all UK universities \"reflecting its commercially-orientated heritage.\"[51]","title":"Academic profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"sub_title":"Admissions","text":"New students entering the university in 2015 had the 14th highest UCAS Points in the UK at 438 points (the equivalent of AAB at A Level and BB at AS Level).[58] According to the 2017 Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, approximately 8% of Surrey's undergraduates come from independent schools.[59]For the 2016–17 academic year, the university has a higher proportion of female than male students with a male to female ratio of 45:55 in the population. The undergraduate student body is composed of 73% from the UK, 11% from the EU and 16% from outside of the EU.[60] More students graduate from Surrey with a First Class Honours degree (44.4%) than with a 2:1 degree (40.9%), placing it second amongst mainstream British universities by the proportion of First Class degrees awarded.[61]","title":"Academic profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surrey_10_Years.png"},{"link_name":"national league table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"ranking compilations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"universities in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surrey.ac.uk-72"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-University_of_Surrey_Rankings_and_League_Tables-73"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-surrey.ac.uk-72"},{"link_name":"QS World Employability Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings#QS_Graduate_Employability_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Queen's Award for Export Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Award_for_Export_Achievement"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pick1-12"},{"link_name":"Queen's Anniversary Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Anniversary_Prize"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qprize-76"},{"link_name":"Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Satellite_Technology_Ltd"},{"link_name":"Queen's Award for Technological Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Award_for_Technological_Achievement"},{"link_name":"Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Duke of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Queen's Anniversary Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Anniversary_Prize"},{"link_name":"optoelectronic devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectronic_devices"},{"link_name":"ion beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_beam"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qprize-76"},{"link_name":"Fairtrade University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairtrade_University"},{"link_name":"Fairtrade Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairtrade_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Queen's Anniversary Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Anniversary_Prize"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Electronic Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Elektra Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_Weekly#Elektra_Awards"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher & Further Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Anniversary_Prize_for_Higher_%26_Further_Education"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"}],"sub_title":"Reputation and rankings","text":"University of Surrey's national league table performance over the past ten yearsThe university has consistently been in the top 60 of the three main ranking compilations of universities in the United Kingdom, placing it 39th in The Times and Sunday Times, 34th in The Good University Guide and the Complete University Guide, and 54th in The Guardian University Guide for 2021.[68] International rankings have seen a steady improvement over the past five years. Subjects ranked in the top 20 include Hospitality & Leisure Management and Petroleum engineering.[69] The university was ranked seventh in the Times Higher Education Student Experience Survey 2018.[68] In 2019, Surrey was ranked 161-170th in the QS World Employability Rankings, and first in the UK and 12th in the world for research partnerships with employers .[70][71]In 1991 the university was granted the Queen's Award for Export Achievement,[12] and in 1996 was awarded a Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher & Further Education in recognition of the university's outstanding achievement in satellite engineering and communications, teaching and research by the Centre for Satellite Engineering Research and associated companies.[72] In 1998, Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd was awarded the Queen's Award for Technological Achievement, presented in person by the Queen on her second visit to the university, accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh and the Duke of Kent, chancellor of the university.[73]The university was awarded a 2002 Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher & Further Education for its research and development on optoelectronic devices and ion beam applications.[72] In July 2007, the university was awarded Fairtrade University status by the Fairtrade Foundation.[74] The university won a 2011 Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher & Further Education for its research into the fields of safe water and sanitation.[75] In 2013, the Electronic Engineering Department of the university won the 2013 Elektra Award University Department of the Year,[76] and judged to be the most innovative and successful in Europe.[77] The university won The Sunday Times University of the Year award 2016.[78] The university won a 2017 Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher & Further Education for \"Leading research and teaching in food and nutrition informing public policy on diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and other dietary related issues\".[79]","title":"Academic profile"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable academics and alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prof_Jim_Al-Khalili_-_EdSciFest_2014_(10).JPG"},{"link_name":"Jim Al-Khalili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Al-Khalili"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AmeenahGurib1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ameenah Gurib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameenah_Gurib"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liz_McInnes_MP.jpg"},{"link_name":"Liz McInnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_McInnes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Lord_O%27Neill_of_Gatley_crop_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_O%27Neill,_Baron_O%27Neill_of_Gatley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linda_Papadopoulos.jpg"},{"link_name":"Linda Papadopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Papadopoulos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_A_Pickett.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Pickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Pickett"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Swinburne,_Kay-2652.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kay Swinburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Swinburne"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marion_Williams_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Marion Vernese Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Vernese_Williams"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arief_Yahya_CEO_Telkom.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arief Yahya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arief_Yahya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Young_Minister.jpg"},{"link_name":"George Young, Baron Young of Cookham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Young"}],"sub_title":"Notable alumni","text":"Theoretical physicist Jim Al-Khalili (BSc; PhD)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer President of Mauritius Ameenah Gurib (BSc)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer Labour Member of Parliament Liz McInnes (MSc)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCrossbench peer Jim O'Neill, Baron O'Neill of Gatley (PhD, 1982)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPsychologist Linda Papadopoulos (MSc)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWolf Prize in Agriculture laureate John Pickett (BSc, 1967; PhD, 1971)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFormer Conservative Member of the European Parliament Kay Swinburne (MBA)[80]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGovernor of the Central Bank of Barbados Marion Vernese Williams (PhD)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIndonesian Cabinet Minister Arief Yahya\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConservative peer George Young, Baron Young of Cookham (MPhil)","title":"Notable academics and alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alf Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Adams"},{"link_name":"strained quantum-well laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strained_quantum-well_laser"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent-85"},{"link_name":"Jim Al-Khalili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Al-Khalili"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Aleks Krotoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleks_Krotoski"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Satellite_Technology_Ltd"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Independent-85"},{"link_name":"Nigel Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"agent-based models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_model"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"gravity model of trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_model_of_trade"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Martyn Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn_Barrett"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reference_Framework_of_Competences_for_Democratic_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Advanced Technology Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Technology_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ravi Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi_Silva"},{"link_name":"Nanotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology"},{"link_name":"Albert Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Clifford Paterson Lecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Paterson_Lecture"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Frank Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Kelly_(professor)"},{"link_name":"Richard Friend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Friend"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Roland Clift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Clift"},{"link_name":"Prosperity Without Growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosperity_Without_Growth"},{"link_name":"Tim Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Jackson_(economist)"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Surrey_Website-94"},{"link_name":"Iain Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Andreas Mogensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen"},{"link_name":"Surrey Space Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey_Space_Centre"},{"link_name":"European Astronaut Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Astronaut_Corps"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Marie Breen Smyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Breen_Smyth"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Peter Newmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Newmark"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"sub_title":"Notable academics","text":"Academics to work at the university include Alf Adams, pioneer of the strained quantum-well laser;[81] Jim Al-Khalili, the nuclear physicist, author and broadcaster;[82] Aleks Krotoski, the technology journalist and broadcaster;[83] Sir Martin Sweeting, founder of Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd;[81] Nigel Gilbert, the sociologist pioneer in the use of agent-based models in the social sciences;[84] Joao Santos Silva, who has made fundamental contributions to the gravity model of trade,[85] and Martyn Barrett, who led the development of the Council of Europe's Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture[86] and is a lead expert for the Council of Europe's Education Policy Advisers Network.[87]The current Director of the university's Advanced Technology Institute, Ravi Silva, is known for his work in Nanotechnology. In 2003, he was awarded the Albert Einstein Silver Medal and the Javed Husain Prize by UNESCO for contributions to electronic devices. The 2011 Clifford Paterson Lecture was given by Silva because of his outstanding contributions to basic science and engineering in the field of carbon nanoscience and nanotechnology. The lecture is given annually on any aspect of engineering.[88] The General Electric Company Limited endowed the lecture in 1975 in honour of Clifford Paterson who undertook the creation of the GEC Research Laboratories in 1919.[89] Other notable academics who have delivered the lecture include Frank Kelly and Richard Friend, both from the University of Cambridge.Surrey's Centre for Environment and Sustainability (established by Roland Clift in 1992 as the Centre for Environmental Strategy) gained attention with the publication of Prosperity Without Growth in 2009 by University of Surrey academic Tim Jackson, Professor of Sustainable Development and Director of the ESRC Research Group on Lifestyles, Values and Environment.[90] In October 2018 the University of Surrey reported that writer and filmmaker Iain Sinclair had been appointed Distinguished Writer in Residence with their School of Literature and Languages.[91]On 20 May 2009, Andreas Mogensen, a researcher at the Surrey Space Centre, was announced as a new member of the European Astronaut Corps, part of the European Space Agency, thereby becoming the first Danish astronaut.[92] In February 2011, terrorism and Northern Ireland expert Marie Breen Smyth, joined the politics department, as chair in International Relations.[93] In March 2005, she had given evidence to the House of Commons Northern Ireland Affairs Committee Inquiry into dealing with Northern Ireland's past.[94] Another notable academic was the late translation studies scholar Peter Newmark.[95]","title":"Notable academics and alumni"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"Students' Union","text":"The University of Surrey Students' Union is the sole representative body of Surrey students. They represent students on academic and welfare issues, as well as administering sports clubs and societies. The Union was incorporated as a non-profit charity in July 2011, so any takings from the Union's four commercial outlets are invested in supporting the membership side of the business. Four zones exist within the organisation representing Support, Voice, Community and Activity, with a sabbatical officer managing each one, as well as a president who is a member of the University Council. The Students' Union also organise events on a weekly basis which are held at their venues including Rubix and The Basement for students to take part in.[96]In 2017 the university was specifically identified in the report by the Free Speech University Rankings as having \"unfamiliar\" restrictions on free speech because of a collection of its union byelaws regarding university mascot Steve the Stag: the mascot is not allowed to be depicted by students to be drinking, smoking or, as the report and subsequent articles directly quote, \"involved in lewd acts\".[97]\nSubsequent editions of the Students' Union Byelaws contained a further explanatory note for this.[98]","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stag Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stag_Radio"},{"link_name":"The Stag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stag_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Media","text":"StagTV is the television station run by students at the University of Surrey. It is primarily run from offices on the main Stag Hill campus and it also creates content for the Students' Union, through which it is a constituted group, but has editorial independence. Other student media on campus include Stag Radio and The Stag.[99]","title":"Student life"}]
[{"image_text":"The university's original Battersea campus, including its Great Hall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/University_of_Surrey_at_Battersea.jpg/220px-University_of_Surrey_at_Battersea.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stag Hill campus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Senate_House%2C_AA_Building%2C_University_of_Surrey%2C_Cathedral.jpg/220px-Senate_House%2C_AA_Building%2C_University_of_Surrey%2C_Cathedral.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Duke of Kent Building houses much of the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Surrey-dk-building.jpg/220px-Surrey-dk-building.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Austin Pearce Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/UniSAustinPearce.jpg/220px-UniSAustinPearce.jpg"},{"image_text":"University of Surrey's national league table performance over the past ten years","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Surrey_10_Years.png/260px-Surrey_10_Years.png"}]
[{"title":"Armorial of UK universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorial_of_UK_universities"},{"title":"College of advanced technology (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_advanced_technology_(United_Kingdom)"},{"title":"Lewis Elton Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Elton_Gallery"},{"title":"List of public art in Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Surrey#University_of_Surrey"},{"title":"List of universities in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_UK"}]
[{"reference":"\"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2023\" (PDF). University of Surrey. Retrieved 15 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.surrey.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2023-12/annual-report-and-financial-statements-2022-23.pdf","url_text":"\"Financial Statements for the Year to 31 July 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"University of Surrey Calendar\". University of Surrey. Archived from the original on 31 July 2008. Retrieved 12 June 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080731192517/http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/calendar/wdw/officers.jsp","url_text":"\"University of Surrey Calendar\""},{"url":"http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/calendar/wdw/officers.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Vice-Chancellor joins Surrey | University of Surrey - Guildford\". Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.surrey.ac.uk/mediacentre/press/2016/new-vice-chancellor-joins-surrey","url_text":"\"New Vice-Chancellor joins Surrey | University of Surrey - Guildford\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160429001848/http://www.surrey.ac.uk/mediacentre/press/2016/new-vice-chancellor-joins-surrey","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Who's working in HE?\". hesa.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/staff/working-in-he","url_text":"\"Who's working in HE?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Where do HE students study? | HESA\". hesa.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/students/where-study#provider","url_text":"\"Where do HE students study? | HESA\""}]},{"reference":"Douglas, Roy (1991). Surrey: the Rise of a Modern University. Guildford: Surrey University Press Ltd. ISBN 1-85237-067-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85237-067-X","url_text":"1-85237-067-X"}]},{"reference":"\"University League Tables entry standards 2024\". The Complete University Guide.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings?tabletype=full-table&sortby=entry-standards","url_text":"\"University League Tables entry standards 2024\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Spencer (13 October 2012). \"BBC Click Programme – Kenya\". BBC News Channel. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2012. Some of the world biggest telecoms firms have joined forces with the UK government to fund a new 5G research center. The facility, to be based at the University of Surrey, will offer testing facilities to operators keen to develop a mobile standard that uses less energy and less radio spectrum, while delivering faster speeds than current 4G technology that's been launched in around 100 countries, including several British cities. They say the new tech could be ready within a decade.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nhbzw","url_text":"\"BBC Click Programme – Kenya\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_(TV_channel)","url_text":"BBC News Channel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190410171457/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01nhbzw","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hodges, Lucy (26 June 2008). \"Surrey University's new China institute will help to put it on the international map\". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 6 September 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/surrey-universitys-new-china-institute-will-help-to-put-it-on-the-international-map-853997.html","url_text":"\"Surrey University's new China institute will help to put it on the international map\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080906210646/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/surrey-universitys-new-china-institute-will-help-to-put-it-on-the-international-map-853997.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"University of Surrey fellows\". University of Surrey. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/calendar/wdw/fellows.jsp","url_text":"\"University of Surrey fellows\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716180825/http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/calendar/wdw/fellows.jsp","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Calendar Style Guide 2015 (PDF). University of Oxford. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ox.ac.uk/media/global/wwwoxacuk/localsites/gazette/documents/universitycalendar/Calendar_Style_Guide_2015.pdf","url_text":"Calendar Style Guide 2015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford","url_text":"University of Oxford"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180820010016/https://www.ox.ac.uk/media/global/wwwoxacuk/localsites/gazette/documents/universitycalendar/Calendar_Style_Guide_2015.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pick, Christopher (2002). Understanding the Real World. University of Surrey Press. ISBN 1-85237-246-X. Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/portal/page?_pageid=764,128643&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL","url_text":"Understanding the Real World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85237-246-X","url_text":"1-85237-246-X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080609220923/http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/portal/page?_pageid=764,128643&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"University of London graduates list\". University of London. Archived from the original on 14 September 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100914105055/http://www.shl.lon.ac.uk/specialcollections/archives/studentrecords.shtml","url_text":"\"University of London graduates list\""},{"url":"http://www.senatehouselibrary.ac.uk/our-collections/historic-collections/archives-manuscripts/university-of-london-student-records-1836-1931/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Robens found in attic\". Private Eye. 28 April 1967. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers/cover-140","url_text":"\"Robens found in attic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Eye","url_text":"Private Eye"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170310211249/http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers/cover-140","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Geoffrey (28 June 1999). \"Lord Robens of Woldingham\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/jun/29/guardianobituaries3","url_text":"\"Lord Robens of Woldingham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170312082045/https://www.theguardian.com/news/1999/jun/29/guardianobituaries3","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Townshend, Georgina (11 October 2016). \"Five world-beating achievements as University of Surrey celebrates 50th anniversary\". Surrey Live. Reach plc. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2020. On the evening of 25 October 1968 a band, who were set to make an indelible mark on the world's musical landscape, performed at the University of Surrey's Great Hall in Battersea.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/five-world-beating-achievements-university-12005925","url_text":"\"Five world-beating achievements as University of Surrey celebrates 50th anniversary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reach_plc","url_text":"Reach plc"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200329190144/https://www.getsurrey.co.uk/news/surrey-news/five-world-beating-achievements-university-12005925","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Time & Tide, Volume 52, Issues 7-12. Time and Tide. 1971. p. 41. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2020. Here, Battersea Court....University of Surrey...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qUvhAAAAMAAJ&q=battersea+court+university+of+surrey","url_text":"Time & Tide, Volume 52, Issues 7-12"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211110100736/https://books.google.com/books?id=qUvhAAAAMAAJ&q=battersea+court+university+of+surrey","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Digby Stuart College history\". Roehampton University. Archived from the original on 17 February 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.roehampton.ac.uk/digby/history/index.html","url_text":"\"Digby Stuart College history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roehampton_University","url_text":"Roehampton University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080217021247/http://roehampton.ac.uk/digby/history/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC News: Are top-up fees changing courses?\". BBC News. 14 February 2007. Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal
Parsifal
["1 Composition","2 Performance history","2.1 Premiere","2.2 Ban outside Bayreuth","2.3 Applause","2.4 Post-war performances","3 Roles","4 Synopsis","4.1 Act 1","4.2 Act 2","4.3 Act 3","5 Reactions","6 Interpretation and influence","6.1 Schopenhauer","6.2 Nietzsche","6.3 Racism debate","7 Music","7.1 Leitmotifs","7.2 Chromaticism","7.3 Notable excerpts","7.4 Instrumentation","7.5 Recordings","7.6 Filmed versions","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","10.1 Sources","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
Music drama by Richard Wagner For other uses, see Parsifal (disambiguation). ParsifalMusic drama by Richard WagnerAmalie Materna, Emil Scaria and Hermann Winkelmann in the first production of the Bühnenweihfestspiel at the Bayreuth FestivalLibrettistRichard WagnerLanguageGermanBased onParzivalby Wolfram von EschenbachPremiere26 July 1882 (1882-07-26)Bayreuth Festspielhaus Parsifal (WWV 111) is a music drama in three acts by the German composer Richard Wagner and his last composition. Wagner's own libretto for the work is freely based on the 13th-century Middle High German chivalric romance Parzival of the Minnesänger Wolfram von Eschenbach and the Old French chivalric romance Perceval ou le Conte du Graal by the 12th-century trouvère Chrétien de Troyes, recounting different accounts of the story of the Arthurian knight Parzival (Percival) and his spiritual quest for the Holy Grail. Wagner conceived the work in April 1857, but did not finish it until 25 years later. In composing it he took advantage of the particular acoustics of his newly built Bayreuth Festspielhaus. Parsifal was first produced at the second Bayreuth Festival in 1882. The Bayreuth Festival maintained a monopoly on Parsifal productions until 1903, when the opera was performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. Wagner described Parsifal not as an opera, but as Ein Bühnenweihfestspiel (a sacred festival stage play). At Bayreuth a tradition has arisen that audiences do not applaud at the end of the first act. The autograph manuscript of the work is preserved in the Richard Wagner Foundation. Composition Drawing for a libretto cover page (undated) Wagner read von Eschenbach's poem Parzival while taking the waters at Marienbad in 1845. After encountering Arthur Schopenhauer's writings in 1854, Wagner became interested in Indian philosophies, especially Buddhism. Out of this interest came Die Sieger (The Victors, 1856), a sketch Wagner wrote for an opera based on a story from the life of Buddha. The themes of self-renunciation, rebirth, compassion, and even exclusive social groups (castes in Die Sieger, the knights of the Grail in Parsifal) which were later explored in Parsifal were first introduced in Die Sieger. According to his autobiography Mein Leben, Wagner conceived Parsifal on Good Friday morning, April 1857, in the Asyl (German: "Asylum"), the small cottage on Otto Wesendonck's estate in the Zürich suburb of Enge, which Wesendonck – a wealthy silk merchant and generous patron of the arts – had placed at Wagner's disposal, through the good offices of his wife Mathilde Wesendonck. The composer and his wife Minna had moved into the cottage on 28 April: ... on Good Friday I awoke to find the sun shining brightly for the first time in this house: the little garden was radiant with green, the birds sang, and at last I could sit on the roof and enjoy the long-yearned-for peace with its message of promise. Full of this sentiment, I suddenly remembered that the day was Good Friday, and I called to mind the significance this omen had already once assumed for me when I was reading Wolfram's Parzival. Since the sojourn in Marienbad , where I had conceived Die Meistersinger and Lohengrin, I had never occupied myself again with that poem; now its noble possibilities struck me with overwhelming force, and out of my thoughts about Good Friday I rapidly conceived a whole drama, of which I made a rough sketch with a few dashes of the pen, dividing the whole into three acts. However, as his second wife Cosima Wagner later reported on 22 April 1879, this account had been colored by a certain amount of poetic licence: R today recalled the impression which inspired his "Good Friday Music"; he laughs, saying he had thought to himself, "In fact it is all as far-fetched as my love affairs, for it was not a Good Friday at all – just a pleasant mood in Nature which made me think, 'This is how a Good Friday ought to be' ". The work may indeed have been conceived at Wesendonck's cottage in the last week of April 1857, but Good Friday that year fell on 10 April, when the Wagners were still living at Zeltweg 13 in Zürich. If the prose sketch which Wagner mentions in Mein Leben was accurately dated (and most of Wagner's surviving papers are dated), it could settle the issue once and for all, but unfortunately it has not survived. Wagner did not resume work on Parsifal for eight years, during which time he completed Tristan und Isolde and began Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. Then, between 27 and 30 August 1865, he took up Parsifal again and made a prose draft of the work; this contains a fairly brief outline of the plot and a considerable amount of detailed commentary on the characters and themes of the drama. But once again the work was dropped and set aside for another eleven and a half years. During this time most of Wagner's creative energy was devoted to the Ring cycle, which was finally completed in 1874 and given its first full performance at Bayreuth in August 1876. Only when this gargantuan task had been accomplished did Wagner find the time to concentrate on Parsifal. By 23 February 1877 he had completed a second and more extensive prose draft of the work, and by 19 April of the same year he had transformed this into a verse libretto (or "poem", as Wagner liked to call his libretti). In September 1877 he began the music by making two complete drafts of the score from beginning to end. The first of these (known in German as the Gesamtentwurf and in English as either the preliminary draft or the first complete draft) was made in pencil on three staves, one for the voices and two for the instruments. The second complete draft (Orchesterskizze, orchestral draft, short score or particell) was made in ink and on at least three, but sometimes as many as five, staves. This draft was much more detailed than the first and contained a considerable degree of instrumental elaboration. The second draft was begun on 25 September 1877, just a few days after the first; at this point in his career Wagner liked to work on both drafts simultaneously, switching back and forth between the two so as not to allow too much time to elapse between his initial setting of the text and the final elaboration of the music. The Gesamtentwurf of act 3 was completed on 16 April 1879 and the Orchesterskizze on the 26th of the same month. The full score (Partiturerstschrift) was the final stage in the compositional process. It was made in ink and consisted of a fair copy of the entire opera, with all the voices and instruments properly notated according to standard practice. Wagner composed Parsifal one act at a time, completing the Gesamtentwurf and Orchesterskizze of each act before beginning the Gesamtentwurf of the next act; but because the Orchesterskizze already embodied all the compositional details of the full score, the actual drafting of the Partiturerstschrift was regarded by Wagner as little more than a routine task which could be done whenever he found the time. The prelude of act 1 was scored in August 1878. The rest of the opera was scored between August 1879 and 13 January 1882. Poster for the premiere production of Parsifal, 1882 Performance history Premiere On 12 November 1880, Wagner conducted a private performance of the prelude for his patron Ludwig II of Bavaria at the Court Theatre in Munich. The premiere of the entire work was given in the Bayreuth Festspielhaus on 26 July 1882 conducted by the Jewish-German conductor Hermann Levi. Stage designs were by Max Brückner and Paul von Joukowsky, who took their lead from Wagner himself. The Grail hall was based on the interior of Siena Cathedral which Wagner had visited in 1880, while Klingsor's magic garden was modelled on those at the Palazzo Rufolo in Ravello. In July and August 1882 sixteen performances of the work were given in Bayreuth conducted by Levi and Franz Fischer. The production boasted an orchestra of 107, a chorus of 135 and 23 soloists (with the main parts being double cast). At the last of these performances, Wagner took the baton from Levi and conducted the final scene of act 3 from the orchestral interlude to the end. At the first performances of Parsifal, problems with the moving scenery (the Wandeldekoration) during the transition from scene 1 to scene 2 in act 1 meant that Wagner's existing orchestral interlude finished before Parsifal and Gurnemanz arrived at the hall of the Grail. Engelbert Humperdinck, who was assisting the production, provided a few extra bars of music to cover this gap. In subsequent years this problem was solved and Humperdinck's additions were not used. Ban outside Bayreuth This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Parsifal" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Scene design for the controversial 1903 production at the Metropolitan Opera: Gurnemanz leads Parsifal to Monsalvat (act 1) For the first twenty years of its existence, the only staged performances of Parsifal took place in the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, the venue for which Wagner conceived the work (except eight private performances for Ludwig II at Munich in 1884 and 1885). Wagner had two reasons for wanting to keep Parsifal exclusively for the Bayreuth stage. First, he wanted to prevent it from degenerating into 'mere amusement' for an opera-going public. Only at Bayreuth could his last work be presented in the way envisaged by him—a tradition maintained by his wife, Cosima, long after his death. Second, he thought that the opera would provide an income for his family after his death if Bayreuth had the monopoly on its performance. The Bayreuth authorities allowed unstaged performances to take place in various countries after Wagner's death (London in 1884, New York City in 1886, and Amsterdam in 1894) but they maintained an embargo on stage performances outside Bayreuth. On 24 December 1903, after receiving a court ruling that performances in the United States could not be prevented by Bayreuth, the New York Metropolitan Opera staged the complete opera, using many Bayreuth-trained singers. Cosima barred anyone involved in the New York production from working at Bayreuth in future performances. Unauthorized stage performances were also undertaken in Amsterdam in 1905, 1906 and 1908. There was a performance in Buenos Aires, in the Teatro Coliseo, on June 20, 1913, under Gino Marinuzzi. Bayreuth lifted its monopoly on Parsifal on 1 January 1914 in the Teatro Comunale di Bologna in Bologna with Giuseppe Borgatti. Some opera houses began their performances at midnight between 31 December 1913 and 1 January. The first authorized performance was staged at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona: it began at 10:30pm Barcelona time, which was an hour behind Bayreuth. Such was the demand for Parsifal that it was presented in more than 50 European opera houses between 1 January and 1 August 1914. Applause At Bayreuth performances audiences do not applaud at the end of the first act. This tradition is the result of a misunderstanding arising from Wagner's desire at the premiere to maintain the serious mood of the opera. After much applause following the first and second acts, Wagner spoke to the audience and said that the cast would take no curtain calls until the end of the performance. This confused the audience, who remained silent at the end of the opera until Wagner addressed them again, saying that he did not mean that they could not applaud. After the performance Wagner complained, "Now I don't know. Did the audience like it or not?" At subsequent performances some believed that Wagner had wanted no applause until the very end, and there was silence after the first two acts. Eventually it became a Bayreuth tradition that no applause would be heard after the first act, but this was certainly not Wagner's idea. In fact, during the first Bayreuth performances, Wagner himself cried "Bravo!" as the flowermaidens made their exit in the second act, only to be hissed by other members of the audience. At some theatres other than Bayreuth, applause and curtain calls are normal practice after every act. Program notes until 2013 at the Metropolitan Opera in New York asked the audience not to applaud after act 1. Post-war performances Parsifal is one of the Wagner operas regularly presented at the Bayreuth Festival to this day. Among the more significant post-war productions was that directed in 1951 by Wieland Wagner, the composer's grandson. At the first Bayreuth Festival after World War II he presented a radical move away from literal representation of the hall of the Grail or the flowermaiden's bower. Instead, lighting effects and the bare minimum of scenery were used to complement Wagner's music. This production was heavily influenced by the ideas of the Swiss stage designer Adolphe Appia. The reaction to this production was extreme: Ernest Newman, Richard Wagner's biographer described it as "not only the best Parsifal I have ever seen and heard, but one of the three or four most moving spiritual experiences of my life". Others were appalled that Wagner's stage directions were being flouted. The conductor of the 1951 production, Hans Knappertsbusch, on being asked how he could conduct such a disgraceful travesty, declared that right up until the dress rehearsal he imagined that the stage decorations were still to come. Knappertsbusch was particularly upset by the omission of the dove that appears over Parsifal's head at the end of the opera, which he claimed inspired him to give better performances. To placate his conductor Wieland arranged to reinstate the dove, which descended on a string. What Knappertsbusch did not realise was that Wieland had made the length of the string long enough for the conductor to see the dove, but not for the audience. Wieland continued to modify and refine his Bayreuth production of Parsifal until his death in 1966. Martha Mödl created a "complex, tortured Kundry in Wieland Wagner's revolutionary production of Parsifal during the festival's first postwar season", and would remain the company's exclusive Kundry for the remainder of the decade. Roles Emil Scaria as Gurnemanz, 1883 Hermann Winkelmann as Parsifal with flowermaidens, 1882 Roles, voice types, premiere casts 1882 and 1903 (Metropolitan Opera) Role Voice type Premiere cast, 26 July 1882Conductor: Hermann Levi Met premiere cast, 24 December 1903Conductor: Alfred Hertz Parsifal, a youth tenor Hermann Winkelmann Alois Burgstaller Kundry, a messenger of the Grail sopranoor mezzo-soprano Amalie Materna Milka Ternina Gurnemanz, an elderly knight of the Grail bass Emil Scaria Robert Blass Amfortas, King of the Kingdom of the Grail baritone Theodor Reichmann Anton van Rooy Klingsor, an evil magician bass-baritone Karl Hill Otto Goritz Titurel, a retired king of the Kingdom of the Grail, father to Amfortas bass August Kindermann Marcel Journet Two Grail knights tenor, bass Anton FuchsEugen Stumpf Julius BayerAdolph Mühlmann Four squires soprano,alto,two tenors Hermine GalfyMathilde KeilMax MikoreyAdolf von Hübbenet Katherine MoranPaula BraendleAlbert ReissWilly Harden Six flowermaidens three sopranos, three contraltosor six sopranos Pauline HorsonJohanna MetaCarrie PringleJohanna AndréHermine GalfyLuise Belce Isabelle BoutonErnesta DelsartaMiss FörnsenElsa HarrisLillian HeidelbachMarcia Van Dresser Voice from Above, Eine Stimme contralto Sophie Dompierre Louise Homer Knights of the Grail, squires, flowermaidens Synopsis Act 1 Prelude to act 1 Musical introduction to the work with a duration of c. 12–16 minutes. Scene 1 Gurnemanz and the squires, act 1, scene 1, in the 1903 performance of the work in New York In a forest near the seat of the Grail and its knights, Gurnemanz, an elder knight of the Grail, wakes his young squires and leads them in morning prayer ("He! Ho! Waldhüter ihr"). Their king, Amfortas, has been stabbed by the Holy Spear, once bequeathed to him into his guardianship, and the wound will not heal. Kundry arrives in a frenzy, with soothing balsam from Arabia. The squires eye Kundry with mistrust and question her. They believe Kundry to be an evil pagan witch. Gurnemanz restrains them and defends her. He relates history of Amfortas and the spear; it was stolen from him by the failed knight Klingsor. Gurnemanz singing "Titurel, der fromme Held", excerpt from a 1942 recording Gurnemanz's squires ask how it is that he knew Klingsor. Gurnemanz tells them that Klingsor was once a respected knight, but, unable to cleanse himself of sin, castrated himself in an effort to attain purity, but instead became an evil monstrosity. Parsifal enters, carrying a swan which he has killed. Shocked, Gurnemanz speaks sternly to the lad, saying that this land is a holy place, not to be defiled by murder. Remorsefully the young man breaks his bow in agitation and casts it aside. Kundry tells him that she has seen that his mother has died. Parsifal, who cannot remember much of his past, is crestfallen. Gurnemanz wonders if Parsifal might be the predicted "pure fool"; he invites Parsifal to witness the Ceremony of the Uncovering of the Grail, which renews the knights' immortality. Orchestral interlude – Verwandlungsmusik (Transformation music) Scene 2 Paul von Joukowsky: Design for the hall of the Grail (second scenes of acts 1 and 3), 1882 The voice of the retired king Titurel resounds from a vaulted crypt in the background, demanding that his son Amfortas uncover the Grail and serve his kingly office ("Mein Sohn Amfortas, bist du am Amt?"). Only through the immortality-conferring power of the sacred chalice and the Saviour's blood contained therein may Titurel himself, now aged and very feeble, live on. Amfortas is overcome with shame and suffering ("Wehvolles Erbe, dem ich verfallen"). He, the chosen guardian of the holiest of relics, has succumbed to sin and lost the Holy Spear, suffering an ever-bleeding wound in the process; uncovering the Grail causes him great pain. The young man appears to suffer with him, clutching convulsively at his heart. The knights and Titurel urge Amfortas to reveal the Grail ("Enthüllet den Gral!"), and he finally does. The dark hall is illuminated by its radiant light and the round table of the knights is miraculously filled with wine and bread. Slowly all the knights and squires disappear, leaving Gurnemanz and the youth alone. Gurnemanz asks the youth if he has understood what he has seen. As the boy is unable to answer the question, Gurnemanz dismisses him as just an ordinary fool after all and angrily exiles him from the realm with a warning to let the swans in the Grail Kingdom live in peace. Act 2 Prelude to act 2 – Klingsors Zauberschloss (Klingsor's Magic Castle) Musical introduction of c. 2–3 minutes. Scene 1 Parsifal and Kundry, two paintings by Rogelio de Egusquiza, 1910 and 1906 Klingsor's castle and enchanted garden. Waking her from her sleep, Klingsor conjures up Kundry, now transformed into an incredibly alluring woman. He calls her by many names: First Sorceress (Urteufelin), Hell's Rose (Höllenrose), Herodias, Gundryggia and, lastly, Kundry. She mocks his self-castrated condition but cannot resist his power. He resolves to send her to seduce Parsifal and ruin him as she ruined Amfortas before. Scene 2 Scene from Parsifal from the Victrola book of the opera, 1917 The youth walks into a wondrous garden, surrounded by beautiful and seductive flowermaidens. They call to him and entwine themselves about him while chiding him for wounding their lovers ("Komm, komm, holder Knabe!"), yet the boy in his childlike innocent naïveté doesn't comprehend their temptations and shows only little interest in them. The flowermaidens soon fight and bicker among themselves to win his devotion, to the point that he is about to flee, but a different voice suddenly calls out "Parsifal!". The youth finally recalls this name is what his mother called him when she appeared in his dreams. The flowermaidens back away from him and call him a fool as they leave him and Kundry alone. Parsifal wonders if the whole Garden is but a dream and asks how it is that Kundry knows his name. Kundry tells him she learned it from his mother ("Ich sah das Kind an seiner Mutter Brust"), who had loved him and tried to shield him from his father's fate, the mother he had abandoned and who had finally died of grief. She reveals many parts of Parsifal's history to him and he is stricken with remorse, blaming himself for his mother's death. Kundry tells him that this realization is a first sign of understanding and that, with a kiss, she can help him understand the love that had once united his parents, wanting thus to awake in Parsifal the first pangs of desire. However, as she kisses Parsifal, the youth suddenly recoils in pain and cries out Amfortas' name: having just felt for the first time material desire with Kundry's kiss, Parsifal finds himself in the same position in which Amfortas had been seduced and he feels the wounded king's pain and suffering of evil and sin burning in his own soul. Only now does Parsifal understand Amfortas' passion during the Grail Ceremony ("Amfortas! Die Wunde! Die Wunde!"). Furious that her ploy has failed, Kundry tells Parsifal that if he can feel compassion for Amfortas, then he should also be able to feel it for her. In a distant past, she saw the Redeemer and mockingly laughed at His pains in malice. As a punishment for this sin she has been cursed and bound by Klingsor and has fallen under his yoke. The curse condemns her to never be able to die and find peace and redemption. She cannot weep, only jeer diabolically. Longing for deliverance, she has been waiting for ages for a man to free her from her curse and yearns to once more meet the Saviour's forgiving gaze, but her search for her redeemer in the end only ever turns into a desire to find her salvation in earthly desire with those who fall for her charms. All her penitent endeavours eventually transform into a renewed life of sin and a continued unredeemed existence in bondage to Klingsor. When Parsifal still resists her, Kundry curses him through the power of her own accursed being to wander without ever finding the Kingdom of the Grail again, and finally calls on her master Klingsor to help her. Klingsor appears on the castle rampart and hurls the Holy Spear at Parsifal to destroy him. He seizes the spear in his hand and makes with it the sign of the Cross, banishing Klingsor's dark sorcery. The whole castle with Klingsor himself suddenly sinks as if by terrible earthquake and the enchanted garden withers. As Parsifal leaves, he tells Kundry that she knows where she can find him. Act 3 Prelude to act 3 – Parsifals Irrfahrt (Parsifal's Wandering) Musical introduction of c. 4–6 minutes. Scene 1 The scene takes place many years later. Gurnemanz is now aged and bent, living alone as a hermit. It is Good Friday. He hears moaning near his hut and finds Kundry lying unconscious in the brush, similarly as he had many years before ("Sie! Wieder da!"). He revives her using water from the Holy Spring, but she will only speak the word "serve" ("Dienen"). Looking into the forest, Gurnemanz sees a figure approaching, armed and in full armour. The stranger removes his helmet and Gurnemanz recognizes the lad who shot the swan; to his amazement the knight also bears the Holy Spear. Amalie Materna as Kundry with Ernest van Dyck as Parsifal in act 3, scene 1, Bayreuth 1889 Kundry washes Parsifal's feet and Gurnemanz anoints him with water from the Holy Spring, recognizing him as the pure fool, now enlightened by compassion and freed from guilt through purifying suffering, and proclaims him the foretold new king of the knights of the Grail. Parsifal looks about and comments on the beauty of the meadow. Gurnemanz explains that today is Good Friday, when all the world is purified and renewed. A dark orchestral interlude leads into the solemn gathering of the knights. Orchestral interlude – Verwandlungsmusik (Transformation music) – Titurels Totenfeier (Titurel's Funeral March) Scene 2 End of act 3 in the original 1882 production (according to a painting by Theodor Pixis), original design by Paul von Joukowsky Within the Castle of the Grail, Titurel's funeral is to take place. Mourning processions of knights bring the deceased Titurel in a coffin and the Grail in its shrine, as well as Amfortas on his litter, to the Grail hall ("Geleiten wir im bergenden Schrein"). The knights desperately urge Amfortas to keep his promise and at least once more, for the very last time uncover the Grail again, but Amfortas, in a frenzy, says he will never again show the Grail, as doing so would just prolong his unbearable torment. Instead, he commands the knights to kill him and end with his suffering also the shame he has brought on the brotherhood. At this moment, Parsifal appears and declares only one weapon can help here: only the same spear that inflicted the wound can now close it ("Nur eine Waffe taugt"). He touches Amfortas' side with the Holy Spear and both heals the wound and absolves him from sin. The spear, now reunited with the Holy Grail, starts to bleed with the same divine blood that is contained within the sacred chalice. Extolling the virtue of compassion and blessing Amfortas' suffering for making a pure fool knowing, Parsifal replaces Amfortas in his kingly office and orders to unveil the Grail, which is never to be hidden again. As the Grail glows ever brighter with light and a white dove descends from the top of the dome and hovers over Parsifal's head, a chorus mysticus of all the knights praises the miracle of salvation ("Höchsten Heiles Wunder!") and proclaims the redemption of the Redeemer ("Erlösung dem Erlöser!"). Kundry, also at the very last released from her curse and redeemed, slowly sinks lifeless to the ground with her gaze resting on Parsifal, who raises the Grail in blessing over the worshipping knighthood. Reactions Since Parsifal could initially only be seen at the Bayreuth Festival, the first presentation in 1882 was attended by many notable figures. Reaction was varied. Some thought that Parsifal marked a weakening of Wagner's abilities, many others saw the work as a crowning achievement. The famous critic and Wagner's theoretical opponent Eduard Hanslick gave his opinion that "The Third act may be counted the most unified and the most atmospheric. It is not the richest musically," going on to note "And Wagner's creative powers? For a man of his age and his method they are astounding ... It would be foolishness to declare that Wagner's fantasy, and specifically his musical invention, has retained the freshness and facility of yore. One cannot help but discern sterility and prosaicism, together with increasing longwindedness." On the other hand, the conductor Felix Weingartner found that: "The flowermaidens' costumes showed extraordinary lack of taste, but the singing was incomparable... When the curtain had been rung down on the final scene and we were walking down the hill, I seemed to hear the words of Goethe 'and you can say you were present'. The Parsifal performances of 1882 were artistic events of supreme interest and it is my pride and joy that I participated in them." Many contemporary composers shared Weingartner's opinion. Hugo Wolf was a student at the time of the 1882 Festival, yet still managed to find money for tickets to see Parsifal twice. He emerged overwhelmed: "Colossal – Wagner's most inspired, sublimest creation." He reiterated this view in a postcard from Bayreuth in 1883: "Parsifal is without doubt by far the most beautiful and sublime work in the whole field of Art." Gustav Mahler was also present in 1883 and he wrote to a friend; "I can hardly describe my present state to you. When I came out of the Festspielhaus, completely spellbound, I understood that the greatest and most painful revelation had just been made to me, and that I would carry it unspoiled for the rest of my life." Max Reger simply noted that "When I first heard Parsifal at Bayreuth I was fifteen. I cried for two weeks and then became a musician." Alban Berg described Parsifal in 1909 as "magnificent, overwhelming", and Jean Sibelius, visiting the Festival in 1894, said: "Nothing in the world has made so overwhelming an impression on me. All my innermost heart-strings throbbed... I cannot begin to tell you how Parsifal has transported me. Everything I do seems so cold and feeble by its side. That is really something." Claude Debussy thought the characters and plot ludicrous, but nevertheless in 1903 wrote that musically it was: "Incomparable and bewildering, splendid and strong. Parsifal is one of the loveliest monuments of sound ever raised to the serene glory of music." He was later to write to Ernest Chausson that he had deleted a scene he had just written for his own opera Pelléas et Melisande because he had discovered in the music for it "the ghost of old Klingsor, alias R. Wagner". However, some notable guests of the Festival took a more acerbic view of the experience. Mark Twain visited Bayreuth in 1891: "I was not able to detect in the vocal parts of Parsifal anything that might with confidence be called rhythm or tune or melody... Singing! It does seem the wrong name to apply to it... In Parsifal there is a hermit named Gurnemanz who stands on the stage in one spot and practices by the hour, while first one and then another of the cast endures what he can of it and then retires to die." Performance standards may have contributed to such reactions; George Bernard Shaw, a committed Wagnerite, commented in 1894 that: "The opening performance of Parsifal this season was, from the purely musical point of view, as far as the principal singers were concerned, simply an abomination. The bass howled, the tenor bawled, the baritone sang flat and the soprano, when she condescended to sing at all and did not merely shout her words, screamed..." During a break from composing The Rite of Spring, Igor Stravinsky also traveled to the Bayreuth Festival at the invitation of Sergei Diaghilev to see the work. Stravinsky was repulsed by the "quasi-religious atmosphere" of the festival. Stravinsky's repulsion is speculated to be due to his agnosticism, of which he recanted later in life. Interpretation and influence Scene design for act 3 by Arnaldo dell'Ira, using classical and classicist motives: "Nur eine Waffe taugt" (c. 1930) Wagner's last work, Parsifal has been both influential and controversial. The use of Christian symbols in Parsifal (the Grail, the spear, references to the Redeemer) together with its restriction to Bayreuth for almost 30 years sometimes led to performances being regarded almost as a religious rite. However, Wagner never actually refers to Jesus Christ by name in the opera, only to "The Redeemer". In his essay "Religion and Art", Wagner described the use of Christian imagery thus: When religion becomes artificial, art has a duty to rescue it. Art can show that the symbols which religions would have us believe literally true are actually figurative. Art can idealize those symbols, and so reveal the profound truths they contain. The critic Eduard Hanslick objected to the religious air surrounding Parsifal even at the premiere: "The question of whether Parsifal should really be withheld from all theatres and limited to... Bayreuth was naturally on all tongues... I must state here that the church scenes in Parsifal did not make the offensive impression on me that others and I had been led to expect from reading the libretto. They are religious situations – but for all their earnest dignity they are not in the style of the church, but completely in the style of the opera. Parsifal is an opera, call it a 'stage festival' or 'consecrational stage festival' if you will." Schopenhauer Wagner had been greatly impressed with his reading of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer in 1854, and this deeply affected his thoughts and practice on music and art. Most writers (e.g. Bryan Magee) see Parsifal as Wagner's last great espousal of Schopenhauerian philosophy. Parsifal can heal Amfortas and redeem Kundry because he shows compassion, which Schopenhauer saw as the highest manifestation of human morality. Moreover, Parsifal displays compassion in the face of sexual temptation (act 2, scene 2); Schopenhauerian philosophy suggests that the only escape from the ever-present temptations of human life is through negation of the Will, and overcoming sexual temptation is in particular a strong form of negation of the Will. Schopenhauer also claims that compassion should be extended to non-human sentient beings as well, supporting this claim by the lives of Christian saints and mystics and the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. This worldview finds in Parsifal its expression in the holy status of animals within the Kingdom of the Grail, in the schocked response to Parsifal's "murder" of the swan (act 1, scene 1), which awakens in the youth the first unaware throb of compassion, or in Gurnemanz's "sermon" about the Good Friday Spell affecting nature and humanity's relation towards nature (act 3, scene 1). Wagner himself in his older age became an advocate of vegetarianism and an opponent of vivisection, participating in an anti-vivisectionist petition to the Reichstag in 1879; he also professed what might be called early environmentalist sentiments. As the exact opposite of compassion and therefore as the ultimate moral evil Schopenhauer sees the act of Schadenfreude, the enjoying of the suffering of another living being; it is precisely this sin of which Kundry is guilty when she maliciously laughs in mocking pride at the sufferings of the Redeemer and as a result of which she falls under Klingsor's curse (recounted in act 2, scene 2), broken only at the moment when she is again capable to weep and thus express compassion during the Good Friday Spell (act 3, scene 1). When viewed in this light, Parsifal, with its emphasis on Mitleid ("compassion") is a natural follow-on to Tristan und Isolde, where Schopenhauer's influence is perhaps more obvious, with its focus on Sehnen ("yearning"). Indeed, Wagner originally considered including Parsifal as a character in act 3 of Tristan, but later rejected the idea. Nietzsche Friedrich Nietzsche, who was originally a champion of Wagner and Schopenhauer, chose later to use Parsifal as the ground for his breach with Wagner. Nietzsche took the work as an exemplar of the self-denying, life-denying, and otherworldly Christian slave morality motivated by the "will to nothingness," as opposed to the self-affirming and earthly master morality of pre-Christian ruling classes and the strong motivated by the "will to power." An extended critique of Parsifal opens the third essay ("What Is the Meaning of Ascetic Ideals?") of On the Genealogy of Morality. In Nietzsche contra Wagner he wrote: Parsifal is a work of perfidy, of vindictiveness, of a secret attempt to poison the presuppositions of life – a bad work. The preaching of chastity remains an incitement to anti-nature: I despise everyone who does not experience Parsifal as an attempted assassination of basic ethics. Despite this attack on the subject matter, he also admitted that the music was sublime: "Moreover, apart from all irrelevant questions (as to what the use of this music can or ought to be) and on purely aesthetic grounds; has Wagner ever done anything better?" (Letter to Peter Gast, 1887). Racism debate Further information: Wagner controversies Some writers see in the opera a promotion of racism or antisemitism. One line of argument suggests that Parsifal was written in support of the ideas of the French diplomat and racial theorist Count Arthur de Gobineau, expressed most extensively in his Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races. Parsifal is proposed as the "pure-blooded" (i.e. Aryan) hero who overcomes Klingsor, who is perceived as a Jewish stereotype, particularly since he opposes the quasi-Christian knights of the Grail. Such claims remain heavily debated, since there is nothing explicit in the libretto to support them. Wagner never mentions such ideas in his many writings, and Cosima Wagner's diaries, which relate in great detail Wagner's thoughts over the last 14 years of his life (including the period covering the composition and first performance of Parsifal) never mention any such intention. Having met Gobineau for the first time very briefly in 1876, it was nonetheless only in 1880 that Wagner read Gobineau's essay. However, the libretto for Parsifal had already been completed by 1877, and the original drafts of the story even date back to 1857. Besides the question of chronology, an eventual meeting in person between Wagner and Gobineau was also accompanied by mutual disagreements and quarrels; e.g. on 3 June 1881 Wagner is reported to have "exploded in favour of Christian theories in contrast to racial ones". Despite this, Gobineau is sometimes cited as an inspiration for Parsifal. The related question of whether the opera contains a specifically antisemitic message is also debated. Some of Wagner's contemporaries and commentators (e.g. Hans von Wolzogen and Ernest Newman) who analysed Parsifal at length, make no mention of any antisemitic interpretations. However the critics Paul Lindau and Max Nordbeck, present at the world premiere, noted in their reviews how the work accorded with Wagner's anti-Jewish sentiments. Similar interpretive conflict continues even today; some of the more recent commentators continue to highlight the perceived antisemitic or anti-Judaic nature of the opera, and find correspondences with antisemitic passages found in Wagner's writings and articles of the period, while others deny such claims, seeing for example the opposition between the realm of the Grail and Klingsor's domain as portraying a conflict between the sphere embodying the world-view of Wagner's Schopenhauerian Christianity and a pagan sphere more generally. German stamp showing Parsifal with the Grail, November 1933 The conductor of the premiere was Hermann Levi, the court conductor at the Munich Opera. Since King Ludwig was sponsoring the production, much of the orchestra was drawn from the ranks of the Munich Opera, including the conductor. Wagner objected to Parsifal being conducted by a Jew (Levi's father was in fact a rabbi). Wagner first suggested that Levi should convert to Christianity, which Levi declined to do. Wagner then wrote to King Ludwig that he had decided to accept Levi despite the fact that (he alleged) he had received complaints that "of all pieces, this most Christian of works" should be conducted by a Jew. When the King expressed his satisfaction at this, replying that "human beings are basically all brothers", Wagner wrote to the king angrily: "If I have friendly and sympathetic dealings with many of these people, it is only because I consider the Jewish race as the born enemy of pure humanity and all that is noble about it (sic)". Seventy-one years later, the Jewish bass-baritone George London performed in the role of Amfortas at Neu Bayreuth, causing some controversy. It has been claimed that Parsifal was denounced as being "ideologically unacceptable" in Nazi Germany and that the Nazis placed a de facto ban on Parsifal because of what many scholars see as the presence of themes such as compassion, Schopenhauerian negation of the will, renunciation of desires, asceticism and even non-violence and anti-militarism in the work's libretto. Some of the Nazi officials and leaders may have had certain doubts about the work. In his 1930 book The Myth of the Twentieth Century the Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg expressed the view that "Parsifal represents a church-influenced enfeeblement in favour of the value of renunciation". According to Joseph Goebbels' diaries, Adolf Hitler too had apparently some reservations about Parsifal, particularly about what he called its "Christian mystical style". Despite this, there were in fact 26 performances at the Bayreuth Festival between 1934 and 1939 and 23 performances at the Deutsche Oper Berlin between 1939 and 1942. However, Parsifal was not performed at Bayreuth during World War II, a significant omission in view of the fact that the work, with the exception of one year, had been an annual fixture of the Festival since 1882. Music Margaret Matzenauer as Kundry. She made her unexpected debut in the role in 1912 at the New York Met. Leitmotifs A leitmotif is a recurring musical theme within a particular piece of music, associated with a particular character, object, event or emotion. Wagner is the composer most often associated with leitmotifs, and Parsifal makes liberal use of them. Wagner did not specifically identify or name leitmotifs in the score of Parsifal (any more than he did in any other of his scores), although his wife Cosima mentions statements he made about some of them in her diary. However, Wagner's followers (notably Hans von Wolzogen whose guide to Parsifal was published in 1882) named, wrote about and made references to these motifs, and they were highlighted in piano arrangements of the score. Wagner's own reaction to such naming of motifs in the score was one of disgust: "In the end people believe that such nonsense happens by my suggestion." The opening prelude introduces two important leitmotifs, generally referred to as the Communion theme and the theme of the Grail. These two, and Parsifal's own motif, are repeated during the course of the opera. Other characters, especially Klingsor, Amfortas, and "The Voice", which sings the so-called Tormotif ("Fool's motive"), have their own particular leitmotifs. Wagner uses the Dresden amen to represent the Grail, this motif being a sequence of notes he would have known since his childhood in Dresden. Chromaticism Many music theorists have used Parsifal to explore difficulties in analyzing the chromaticism of late 19th century music. Theorists such as David Lewin and Richard Cohn have explored the importance of certain pitches and harmonic progressions both in structuring and symbolizing the work. The unusual harmonic progressions in the leitmotifs which structure the piece, as well as the heavy chromaticism of act 2, make it a difficult work to parse musically. Notable excerpts As is common in mature Wagner operas, Parsifal was composed such that each act was a continuous flow of music; hence there are no free-standing arias in the work. However, a number of orchestral excerpts from the opera were arranged by Wagner himself, and remain in the concert repertory. The prelude to act 1 is frequently performed either alone or in conjunction with an arrangement of the "Good Friday" music which accompanies the second half of act 3, scene 1. Kundry's long solo in act 2 ("Ich sah das Kind") is occasionally performed in concert, as is Amfortas' lament from act 1 ("Wehvolles Erbe"). Instrumentation The score for Parsifal calls for three flutes, three oboes, one English horn, three clarinets in B-flat and A, one bass clarinet in B-flat and A, three bassoons, one contrabassoon; four horns in F, three trumpets in F, three trombones, one tuba, 6 onstage trumpets in F, 6 onstage trombones; a percussion section that includes four timpani (requiring two players), tenor drums, 4 onstage church bells, one onstage thunder machine; two harps and strings. Parsifal is one of only two works by Wagner in which he used the contrabassoon. (The other is the Symphony in C.) The bells that draw the knights to the Grail ceremony at Monsalvat in acts 1 and 3 have often proved problematic to stage. For the earlier performances of Parsifal in Bayreuth, Wagner had the Parsifal bell, a piano frame with four strings, constructed as a substitute for church bells. For the first performances, the bells were combined with tam-tam and gongs. However, the bell was used with the tuba, four tam-tams tuned to the pitch of the four chime notes and another tam-tam on which a roll is executed by using a drumstick. In modern-day performances, the Parsifal bell has been replaced with tubular bells or synthesizers to produce the desired notes. The thunder machine is used in the moment of the destruction of Klingsor's castle. Recordings Main article: Parsifal discography Parsifal was expressly composed for the stage at Bayreuth and many of the most famous recordings of the opera come from live performances on that stage. In the pre-LP era, Karl Muck conducted excerpts from the opera at Bayreuth. These are still considered some of the best performances of the opera on disc. They also contain the only sound evidence of the bells constructed for the work's premiere, which were melted down for scrap during World War II. Hans Knappertsbusch was the conductor most closely associated with Parsifal at Bayreuth in the post-war years, and the performances under his baton in 1951 marked the re-opening of the Bayreuth Festival after World War II. These historic performances were recorded and are available on the Teldec label in mono sound. Knappertsbusch recorded the opera again for Philips in 1962 in stereo, and this release is often considered to be the classic Parsifal recording. There are also many "unofficial" live recordings from Bayreuth, capturing virtually every Parsifal cast ever conducted by Knappertsbusch. Pierre Boulez (1971) and James Levine (1985) have also made recordings of the opera at Bayreuth that were released on Deutsche Grammophon and Philips. The Boulez recording is one of the fastest on record, and the Levine one of the slowest. Amongst other recordings, those conducted by Georg Solti, James Levine (with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra), Herbert von Karajan, and Daniel Barenboim (the latter two both conducting the Berlin Philharmonic) have been widely praised. The Karajan recording was voted "Record of the Year" in the 1981 Gramophone Awards. Also highly regarded is a recording of Parsifal under the baton of Rafael Kubelík originally made for Deutsche Grammophon, now reissued on Arts & Archives. On the 14 December 2013 broadcast of BBC Radio 3's CD Review – Building a Library, music critic David Nice surveyed recordings of Parsifal and recommended the recording by the Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks, Rafael Kubelik (conductor), as the best available choice. Filmed versions In addition to a number of staged performances available on DVD, Parsifal was adapted for the screen by Daniel Mangrané in 1951 and Hans-Jürgen Syberberg in 1982. There is also a 1998 documentary directed by Tony Palmer titled: Parsifal – The Search for the Grail. It was recorded in various European theaters, including the Mariinsky Theatre, the Ravello Festival in Siena, and the Bayreuth Festival. It contains extracts from Palmer's stage production of Parsifal starring Plácido Domingo, Violeta Urmana, Matti Salminen, Nikolai Putilin , and Anna Netrebko. In also includes interviews with Domingo, Wolfgang Wagner, writers Robert Gutman and Karen Armstrong. The film exists in two versions: (1) a complete version running 116 minutes and officially approved by Domingo, and (2) an 88-minute version, with cuts of passages regarded by the German distributor as being too "political", "uncomfortable", and "irrelevant". See also Opera portal Gesamtkunstwerk Notes ^ Wagner's spelling of Parsifal instead of the Parzival he had used up to 1877 was informed by one of the theories about the name Percival, according to which it is of Persian origin, Parsi (or Parseh) Fal meaning "pure (or poor) fool". References ^ Joseph Görres, "Einleitung", p. vi, in: Lohengrin, ein altteutsches Gedicht, nach der Abschrift des Vaticanischen Manuscriptes by Ferdinand Gloeckle. Mohr und Zimmer, Heidelberg 1813. ^ Richard Wagner, Das braune Buch. Tagebuchaufzeichnungen 1865 bis 1882, ed. Joachim Bergfeld, Atlantis Verlag, Zürich and Freiburg im Breisgau 1975, p. 52 ^ Danielle Buschinger, Renate Ullrich, Das Mittelalter Richard Wagners, Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-8260-3078-9, p. 140. ^ Unger, Max (1932-08-01). "The Persian Origins of 'Parsifal' and 'Tristan'". The Musical Times. 73 (1074): 703–705. doi:10.2307/917595. ISSN 0027-4666. JSTOR 917595. The correct spelling of Parzival is Parsi-wal. ... the word means Persian flower. Unger draws on the abstract of a book by Friedrich von Suhtscheck  which was never published. ^ "Parsifal Synopsis". Seattle Opera House. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014. (Section What is a Stage-Consecrating Festival-Play, Anyway?) ^ Gregor-Dellin (1983), p. 141. ^ On the Will in Nature, "Sinology," Footnote listing books on Buddhism s:On the Will in Nature#SINOLOGY ^ Millington (1992), p. 147. ^ Everett, Derrick. "Prose Sketch for Die Sieger". Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ Gregor-Dellin (1983), p. 270. ^ Wagner, Richard. Mein Leben vol II. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ Wagner, Cosima (1980) Cosima Wagner's Diaries tr. Skelton, Geoffrey. Collins. ISBN 0-00-216189-3 ^ Millington (1992), pp. 135–136. ^ Beckett (1981), p. 13. ^ Beckett (1981), p. 22. ^ Millington (1992), pp. 147 f.. ^ a b Gregor-Dellin (1983), pp. 477 ff. ^ Millington (1992), p. 307. ^ Gregor-Dellin (1983), p. 485. ^ Beckett (1981), pp. 90 f.. ^ Carnegy (2006), pp. 107–118. ^ Spencer (2000), p. 270. ^ Heinz-Hermann Meyer. "Wandeldekoration", Lexikon der Filmbegriffe, ISSN 1610-420X Kiel, Germany, 2012, citing the dissertation by Pascal Lecocq. ^ Pascal Lecocq (1987). "La Wandeldekoration". Revue d'Histoire du Théâtre (in French) (156): 359–383. ISSN 0035-2373. ^ Spencer (2000), pp. 268 ff.. ^ Beckett (1981), pp. 93–95. ^ Beckett (1981), p. 94. ^ a b Gregor-Dellin (1983), p. 506 ^ "Pondering the Mysteries of Parsifal" by Fred Plotkin, WQXR, 2 March 2013. ^ Spotts (1994), p. 212. ^ Carnegy (2006), pp. 288–290. ^ Kluge, Andreas (1992). "Parsifal 1951". Wagner: Parsifal (Media notes). Teldec. 9031-76047-2. ^ Erik Eriksson. "Martha Mödl". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 February 2016. ^ Shengold (2012). ^ Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). "Parsifal, 26 July 1882". L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia (in Italian). ^ Parsifal, 24 December 1903, Met performance details ^ Hartford (1980), pp. 126 f.. ^ Hartford (1980), p. 131. ^ Hartford (1980), pp. 176 f.. ^ Hartford (1980), p. 178. ^ Hartford (1980), p. 180. ^ Hartford (1980), p. 193. ^ Beckett (1981), p. 108. ^ Cited in Fauser (2008), p. 225 ^ Hartford (1980), p. 151. ^ Hartford (1980), p. 167. ^ Igor Stravinsky, by Michael Oliver, Phaidon Press, 1995, pp. 57–58 ^ Wagner, Richard. "Religion and Art". The Wagner Library. Retrieved October 8, 2007. ^ Hartford (1980), pp. 127 f.. ^ a b Magee (2002), pp. 371–380 ^ Berger (2017), pp. 341–342. ^ Magee (2002), pp. 1–2. ^ Kienzle (2005), pp. 92–93, 98. ^ Dokumente zur Entstehung und ersten Aufführung des Bühnenweihfestspiels Parsifal by Richard Wagner, Martin Geck, Egon Voss. Reviewed by Richard Evidon in Notes, 2nd series, vol. 28, no. 4 (June 1972), pp. 685 ff. ^ Beckett (1981), pp. 113–120. ^ Nietzsche, Friedrich. Nietzsche contra Wagner. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 18 February 2010. ^ Wikisource:Selected Letters of Friedrich Nietzsche#Nietzsche To Peter Gast – January, 1887 ^ Gutman (1990), p. . ^ Weiner (1997), p. . ^ Borchmeyer, Dieter (2003). Drama and the World of Richard Wagner, Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11497-8 ^ Everett, Derrick. "Parsifal and race". Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ Gutman (1990), p. 406. ^ a b Bell (2013), p. 131–132. ^ a b Hofmann (2003), p. 287–288. ^ Borchmeyer (2003), p. 257–259. ^ Adorno, Theodor (1952). In Search of Wagner. Verso, ISBN 1-84467-500-9, pbk. ^ Deathridge, John (2007). "Strange love; or, How we learned to stop worrying and love Wagner's Parsifal". In Julie Brown (ed.). Western Music and Race. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–83. ISBN 978-0-521-83887-0. ^ Deathridge (2008), pp. 166–169. ^ Hans von Wolzogen, Thematic Guide Through the Music of Parsifal: with a preface upon the legendary material of the Wagnerian drama, Schirmer, 1904. ^ Ernest Newman, A Study of Wagner, Dobell, 1899. p. 352–365. ^ Rose (1992), pp. 168 f.. ^ E.g. Zelinsky (1982), passim, Rose (1992), pp. 135, 158–169 and Weiner (1997), passim. ^ Borchmeyer (2003), pp. 245–246, 249, 255, 367–368. ^ Magee (2002), pp. 279–280, 371–380. ^ Borchmeyer (2003), pp. 245–246, 249, 255. ^ Newman (1976), IV 635. ^ Bell (2013), p. 207. ^ Of Gods and Demons by Nora London, volume 9 of the "Great Voices" series, published by Baskerville Publishers, p. 37. ^ Spotts (1994), p. 166. ^ Everett, Derrick. "The 1939 Ban on Parsifal". Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ a b Spotts (1994), p. 192 ^ Berger (2017), pp. 339–345. ^ Hofmann (2003), pp. 267–291. ^ Magee (2002), pp. 264–285. ^ Beckett (1981), pp. 133–138. ^ Kinderman (2013), p. 211. ^ Bell (2013), pp. 269–270. ^ Borchmeyer (2003), pp. 238–260. ^ Aberbach (2003), pp. 321–324. ^ Kienzle (2005), pp. 91–95, 128–130. ^ Bell (2013), pp. 230–231. ^ a b Kinderman (2005), pp. 174–175. ^ Kinderman (2013), p. 26. ^ Kinderman (2005), p. 174. ^ Magee (2002), p. 366. ^ a b Deathridge (2008), pp. 173–174. ^ Bell (2013), p. 230. ^ Bayreuth Festival: Aufführungen sortiert nach Inszenierungen, retrieved 2 April 2017 ^ Berger (2017), p. 357. ^ Everett, Derrick. "Introduction to the Music of Parsifal". Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ Thorau (2009), pp. 136–139. ^ Cosima Wagner's Diaries, tr. Geoffrey Skelton. Collins, 1980. Entries for 11 August, 5 December 1877. ^ Wagner, Richard. "Parsifal". New York: Schirmer. Retrieved February 18, 2010. ^ Cosima Wagner's diary, 1 August 1881. ^ David Lewin, "Amfortas' Prayer to Titurel and the Role of D in Parsifal: The Tonal Spaces of the Drama and the Enharmonic Cb/B," in Studies in Music with Text (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 183–200. ^ Cohn (1996). ^ Holloway, Robin (1982) Opera on Record, Harper and Row ISBN 0-06-090910-2 ^ Blyth, Alan (1992), Opera on CD Kyle Cathie Ltd, ISBN 1-85626-056-9 ^ Nice, David. "Wagner 200 Building a Library: Parsifal". CD Review. BBC Radio 3. Retrieved 26 December 2013. ^ "Parsifal – The Search for the Grail". Presto Classical Limited. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2012. Sources Aberbach, Aland David (2003). The Ideas of Richard Wagner. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-2524-X. Beckett, Lucy (1981). Richard Wagner: Parsifal. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29662-5. Berger, Karol (2017). Beyond Reason: Wagner contra Nietzsche. Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520966130. Bell, Richard (2013). Wagner's Parsifal: An Appreciation in the Light of His Theological Journey. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books. ISBN 978-1-62032-885-9. Borchmeyer, Dieter (2003). Drama and the World of Richard Wagner. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11497-8. Carnegy, Patrick (2006). Wagner and the Art of the Theatre. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10695-5. Cohn, Richard (1996). "Maximally smooth cycles, hexatonic systems, and the analysis of Late-Romantic triadic progressions". Music Analysis. 15 (1): 9–40. doi:10.2307/854168. JSTOR 854168. Deathridge, John (2008). Wagner: Beyond Good and Evil. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25453-4. Fauser, Annegret (2008). "Wagnerism". In Thomas S. Grey (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Wagner. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 221–234. ISBN 978-0-521-64439-6. Gregor-Dellin, Martin (1983). Richard Wagner: His Life, His Work, His Century. William Collins. ISBN 0-00-216669-0. Gutman, Robert (1990) . Richard Wagner: The Man, His Mind and His Music. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-677615-4. Hartford, Robert (1980). Bayreuth: The Early Years. Victor Gollancz. ISBN 0-575-02865-3. Hofmann, Peter (2003). Richard Wagners Politische Theologie: Kunst zwischen Revolution und Religion. Paderborn, Germany: Ferdinand Schöning. ISBN 3-506-73929-8. Kienzle, Ulrike. "Parsifal and Religion: A Christian Music Drama?". In Kinderman & Syer (2005), pp. 81-130. Kinderman, William; Syer, Katherine R., eds. (2005). A Companion to Wagner's Parsifal. Camden House Companion Volumes. New York: Camden House. ISBN 978-157113-457-8. Kinderman, William (2013). Wagner's Parsifal. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536692-1. Kinderman, William. "The Genesis of the Music". In Kinderman & Syer (2005), pp. 133-175. Magee, Bryan (2002). The Tristan Chord. New York: Owl Books. ISBN 0-8050-7189-X. (UK title: Wagner and Philosophy, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-029519-4) Millington, Barry, ed. (1992). The Wagner Compendium: a Guide to Wagner's Life and Music. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-02-871359-1. Newman, Ernest (1976). The Life of Richard Wagner. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29149-6. Rose, Paul Lawrence (1992). Wagner: Race and Revolution. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06745-3. Shengold, David (2012). "Martha Mödl: 'Portrait of a Legend'". Opera News. 77 (5). Spencer, Stewart (2000). Wagner Remembered. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19653-5. Spotts, Frederic (1994). Bayreuth: a History of the Wagner Festival. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05777-6. Thorau, Christian (2009). "Guides for Wagnerites: leitmotifs and Wagnerian listening". In Thomas S. Grey (ed.). Wagner and His World. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 133–150. ISBN 978-0-691-14366-8. Weiner, Marc A. (1997). Richard Wagner and the Anti-Semitic Imagination. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9792-0. Zelinsky, Hartmut (1982). "Rettung ins Ungenaue: zu M. Gregor-Dellins Wagner-Biographie". In Heinz-Klaus Metzger; Rainer Riehn (eds.). Richard Wagner: Parsifal. Musik-Konzepte. Vol. 25. Munich: Text & Kritik. pp. 74–115. Further reading Burbidge, Peter; Sutton, Richard, eds. (1979). The Wagner Companion. Faber and Faber Ltd., London. ISBN 0-571-11450-4. Konrad, Ulrich (2020). "Through compassion, knowing: the pure fool". In Ulrich Konrad (ed.). Richard Wagner: Parsifal. Autograph Score. Facsimile. Commentary. Documenta musicologica. Vol. II, 55. Kassel: Bärenreiter. pp. I–X. ISBN 978-3-7618-2418-4. Magee, Bryan (1997). The Philosophy of Schopenhauer. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-823722-7. Melitz, Leo (2001). The Opera Goer's Complete Guide. London: Best Books. ISBN 0-7222-6262-0. Nietzsche, Friedrich (1989). On the Genealogy of Morals. Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-72462-1. Schopenhauer, Arthur (1966). The World as Will and Representation. New York: Dover. ISBN 0-486-21762-0. Syer, Katherine R. (2005). "Parsifal on Stage". In William Kinderman; Katherine R. Syer (eds.). A Companion to Wagner's Parsifal. Camden House Companion Volumes. New York: Camden House. pp. 277–338. ISBN 978-157113-457-8. Vernon, David (2021). Disturbing the Universe: Wagner's Musikdrama. Edinburgh: Candle Row Press. ISBN 978-1527299245. External links Parsifal. Wagner's autograph in the Richard Wagner Foundation Wikimedia Commons has media related to Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Parsifal (opera). Parsifal: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project Complete vocal score of Parsifal Complete German and English libretti and Wagner's own stage descriptions, excerpts of the score, rwagner.net English libretto Parsifal on TV: Met and Festspielhaus by Alunno Marco, mediamusic-journal.com, 26 March 2013 Monsalvat, Derrick Everett's extensive website on all aspects of Parsifal Essay by Rolf May, a theosophical view of Parsifal, from Sunrise, 1992/1993 Programme notes for Parsifal Archived 2020-07-16 at the Wayback Machine by Luke Berryman Wagner Operas. A comprehensive website featuring photographs of productions, recordings, librettos, and sound files. Summary of Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival Parsifal on Stage: a PDF by Katherine R. Syer Richard Wagner – Parsifal Archived 2019-08-13 at the Wayback Machine, gallery of historic postcards with visual motives from Richard Wagner's operas Reviews of Parsifal on record, by Geoffrey Riggs List of all Parsifal conductors at Bayreuth Parsifal Suite, constructed by Andrew Gourlay, published by Schott Music vteRichard Wagner's ParsifalCharacters Parsifal Gurnemanz Films Parsifal (1904) The Evil Forest (1951) Parsifal (1982) Sources Parzival Perceval, the Story of the Grail Related Parsifal bell Parsifal discography Dresden amen Die Sieger vteRichard Wagner List of works for the stage List of compositions Complete operasEarly works Die Feen Das Liebesverbot Rienzi Romantic operas Der fliegende Holländer Tannhäuser Lohengrin Music dramasDer Ring des Nibelungen Das Rheingold Die Walküre Siegfried Götterdämmerung Tristan und Isolde Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg Parsifal Non-operatic music Symphony in C major (1832) Polonia Overture (1836) Das Liebesmahl der Apostel (1843) Faust Overture (1844, rev. 1855) Wesendonck Lieder (1858) Siegfried Idyll (1870) Kaisermarsch Writings "Art and Revolution" "The Artwork of the Future" "Autobiographic Sketch" "A Communication to My Friends" "Das Judenthum in der Musik (Jewishness in Music)" Leubald Mein Leben "Music of the Future" Opera and Drama Other operaOpera excerpts "Bridal Chorus" "Ride of the Valkyries" "Liebestod" Unfinished operas Die Laune des Verliebten (1830) Die Hochzeit (1832) Männerlist größer als Frauenlist (1838) Wieland der Schmied (1850; text only) Die Sieger (1858; text only) Inventions Holztrompete Wagner tuba Bayreuth Festival Bayreuther Blätter Bayreuth canon Bayreuth Circle Bayreuth Festival Bayreuth Festival Orchestra Bayreuth Festspielhaus Jahrhundertring Richard Wagner Foundation Wagner family Isolde Beidler Eva Chamberlain Houston Stewart Chamberlain Ludwig Geyer Cosima Wagner Katharina Wagner Minna Wagner Nike Wagner Siegfried Wagner Wieland Wagner Winifred Wagner Wolfgang Wagner Eva Wagner-Pasquier Cultural depictions Wagner Dream (opera) Wagner (1983 film) Wagner's Dream (2012 film) Wahnfried (1986 film) Film adaptations Parsifal (1904 film) Parsifal (1982 film) Named for Wagner Richard Wagner Monument Richard Wagner Memorial Wagner (crater) Wagner Ice Piedmont 3992 Wagner Related The Case of Wagner Gesamtkunstwerk International Association of Wagner Societies Leitmotif List of films using the music of Richard Wagner Musikdrama Nietzsche contra Wagner Parsifal bells The Perfect Wagnerite Rhinemaidens Der Ring in Minden Tristan chord Controversies Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis Museo Wagner Richard Wagner Museum, Lucerne Wahnfried Category Audio WikiProject vteWorks by Wolfram von EschenbachRomances Parzival Titurel Willehalm Related Feirefiz Kyot Lohengrin Parsifal Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Sweden Other MusicBrainz work IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parsifal (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"WWV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis"},{"link_name":"music drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_drama"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Middle High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_High_German"},{"link_name":"chivalric romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_romance"},{"link_name":"Parzival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parzival"},{"link_name":"Minnesänger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnes%C3%A4nger"},{"link_name":"Wolfram von Eschenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach"},{"link_name":"Old French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French"},{"link_name":"chivalric romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivalric_romance"},{"link_name":"Perceval ou le Conte du Graal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceval_ou_le_Conte_du_Graal"},{"link_name":"trouvère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Chrétien de Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes"},{"link_name":"Arthurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthurian"},{"link_name":"Percival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival"},{"link_name":"Holy Grail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grail"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festspielhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Foundation"}],"text":"For other uses, see Parsifal (disambiguation).Parsifal[a] (WWV 111) is a music drama in three acts by the German composer Richard Wagner and his last composition. Wagner's own libretto for the work is freely based on the 13th-century Middle High German chivalric romance Parzival of the Minnesänger Wolfram von Eschenbach and the Old French chivalric romance Perceval ou le Conte du Graal by the 12th-century trouvère Chrétien de Troyes, recounting different accounts of the story of the Arthurian knight Parzival (Percival) and his spiritual quest for the Holy Grail.Wagner conceived the work in April 1857, but did not finish it until 25 years later. In composing it he took advantage of the particular acoustics of his newly built Bayreuth Festspielhaus. Parsifal was first produced at the second Bayreuth Festival in 1882. The Bayreuth Festival maintained a monopoly on Parsifal productions until 1903, when the opera was performed at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.Wagner described Parsifal not as an opera, but as Ein Bühnenweihfestspiel (a sacred festival stage play).[5] At Bayreuth a tradition has arisen that audiences do not applaud at the end of the first act. The autograph manuscript of the work is preserved in the Richard Wagner Foundation.","title":"Parsifal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto,_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Parsifal_(s.d.)_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012446.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marienbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_L%C3%A1zn%C4%9B"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983141-7"},{"link_name":"Arthur Schopenhauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Die Sieger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Sieger"},{"link_name":"Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buddha"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington1992147-9"},{"link_name":"castes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Good Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Mathilde Wesendonck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathilde_Wesendonck"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983270-11"},{"link_name":"Minna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minna_Planer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Good Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"},{"link_name":"Cosima Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosima_Wagner"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington1992135%E2%80%93136-14"},{"link_name":"Tristan und Isolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde"},{"link_name":"Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett198113-15"},{"link_name":"Ring cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"libretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett198122-16"},{"link_name":"staves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staff_(music)"},{"link_name":"short score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_score"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington1992147_f.-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregor-Dellin_477ff.-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington1992307-19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parsifal-affisch.jpg"}],"text":"Drawing for a libretto cover page (undated)Wagner read von Eschenbach's poem Parzival while taking the waters at Marienbad in 1845.[6] After encountering Arthur Schopenhauer's writings in 1854,[7] Wagner became interested in Indian philosophies, especially Buddhism. Out of this interest came Die Sieger (The Victors, 1856), a sketch Wagner wrote for an opera based on a story from the life of Buddha.[8] The themes of self-renunciation, rebirth, compassion, and even exclusive social groups (castes in Die Sieger, the knights of the Grail in Parsifal) which were later explored in Parsifal were first introduced in Die Sieger.[9]According to his autobiography Mein Leben, Wagner conceived Parsifal on Good Friday morning, April 1857, in the Asyl (German: \"Asylum\"), the small cottage on Otto Wesendonck's estate in the Zürich suburb of Enge, which Wesendonck – a wealthy silk merchant and generous patron of the arts – had placed at Wagner's disposal, through the good offices of his wife Mathilde Wesendonck.[10] The composer and his wife Minna had moved into the cottage on 28 April:[11]... on Good Friday I awoke to find the sun shining brightly for the first time in this house: the little garden was radiant with green, the birds sang, and at last I could sit on the roof and enjoy the long-yearned-for peace with its message of promise. Full of this sentiment, I suddenly remembered that the day was Good Friday, and I called to mind the significance this omen had already once assumed for me when I was reading Wolfram's Parzival. Since the sojourn in Marienbad [in the summer of 1845], where I had conceived Die Meistersinger and Lohengrin, I had never occupied myself again with that poem; now its noble possibilities struck me with overwhelming force, and out of my thoughts about Good Friday I rapidly conceived a whole drama, of which I made a rough sketch with a few dashes of the pen, dividing the whole into three acts.However, as his second wife Cosima Wagner later reported on 22 April 1879, this account had been colored by a certain amount of poetic licence:[12]R[ichard] today recalled the impression which inspired his \"Good Friday Music\"; he laughs, saying he had thought to himself, \"In fact it is all as far-fetched as my love affairs, for it was not a Good Friday at all – just a pleasant mood in Nature which made me think, 'This is how a Good Friday ought to be' \".The work may indeed have been conceived at Wesendonck's cottage in the last week of April 1857, but Good Friday that year fell on 10 April, when the Wagners were still living at Zeltweg 13 in Zürich.[13] If the prose sketch which Wagner mentions in Mein Leben was accurately dated (and most of Wagner's surviving papers are dated), it could settle the issue once and for all, but unfortunately it has not survived.Wagner did not resume work on Parsifal for eight years, during which time he completed Tristan und Isolde and began Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg. Then, between 27 and 30 August 1865, he took up Parsifal again and made a prose draft of the work; this contains a fairly brief outline of the plot and a considerable amount of detailed commentary on the characters and themes of the drama.[14] But once again the work was dropped and set aside for another eleven and a half years. During this time most of Wagner's creative energy was devoted to the Ring cycle, which was finally completed in 1874 and given its first full performance at Bayreuth in August 1876. Only when this gargantuan task had been accomplished did Wagner find the time to concentrate on Parsifal. By 23 February 1877 he had completed a second and more extensive prose draft of the work, and by 19 April of the same year he had transformed this into a verse libretto (or \"poem\", as Wagner liked to call his libretti).[15]In September 1877 he began the music by making two complete drafts of the score from beginning to end. The first of these (known in German as the Gesamtentwurf and in English as either the preliminary draft or the first complete draft) was made in pencil on three staves, one for the voices and two for the instruments. The second complete draft (Orchesterskizze, orchestral draft, short score or particell) was made in ink and on at least three, but sometimes as many as five, staves. This draft was much more detailed than the first and contained a considerable degree of instrumental elaboration.[16]The second draft was begun on 25 September 1877, just a few days after the first; at this point in his career Wagner liked to work on both drafts simultaneously, switching back and forth between the two so as not to allow too much time to elapse between his initial setting of the text and the final elaboration of the music. The Gesamtentwurf of act 3 was completed on 16 April 1879 and the Orchesterskizze on the 26th of the same month.[17]The full score (Partiturerstschrift) was the final stage in the compositional process. It was made in ink and consisted of a fair copy of the entire opera, with all the voices and instruments properly notated according to standard practice. Wagner composed Parsifal one act at a time, completing the Gesamtentwurf and Orchesterskizze of each act before beginning the Gesamtentwurf of the next act; but because the Orchesterskizze already embodied all the compositional details of the full score, the actual drafting of the Partiturerstschrift was regarded by Wagner as little more than a routine task which could be done whenever he found the time. The prelude of act 1 was scored in August 1878. The rest of the opera was scored between August 1879 and 13 January 1882.[18]Poster for the premiere production of Parsifal, 1882","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ludwig II of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983485-20"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festspielhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus"},{"link_name":"Hermann Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Levi"},{"link_name":"Max Brückner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Br%C3%BCckner_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Paul von Joukowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Joukowsky"},{"link_name":"Siena Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Ravello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravello"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett198190_f.-21"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth"},{"link_name":"Franz Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Fischer_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarnegy2006107%E2%80%93118-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer2000270-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Engelbert Humperdinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_Humperdinck_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer2000268_ff.-26"}],"sub_title":"Premiere","text":"On 12 November 1880, Wagner conducted a private performance of the prelude for his patron Ludwig II of Bavaria at the Court Theatre in Munich.[19] The premiere of the entire work was given in the Bayreuth Festspielhaus on 26 July 1882 conducted by the Jewish-German conductor Hermann Levi. Stage designs were by Max Brückner and Paul von Joukowsky, who took their lead from Wagner himself. The Grail hall was based on the interior of Siena Cathedral which Wagner had visited in 1880, while Klingsor's magic garden was modelled on those at the Palazzo Rufolo in Ravello.[20] In July and August 1882 sixteen performances of the work were given in Bayreuth conducted by Levi and Franz Fischer. The production boasted an orchestra of 107, a chorus of 135 and 23 soloists (with the main parts being double cast).[21] At the last of these performances, Wagner took the baton from Levi and conducted the final scene of act 3 from the orchestral interlude to the end.[22]At the first performances of Parsifal, problems with the moving scenery (the Wandeldekoration[23][24]) during the transition from scene 1 to scene 2 in act 1 meant that Wagner's existing orchestral interlude finished before Parsifal and Gurnemanz arrived at the hall of the Grail. Engelbert Humperdinck, who was assisting the production, provided a few extra bars of music to cover this gap.[25] In subsequent years this problem was solved and Humperdinck's additions were not used.","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wagner_-_Parsifal,_act_I_-_Gurnemanz_conducting_Parsifal_to_Monsalvat_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festspielhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Gino Marinuzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Marinuzzi"},{"link_name":"Teatro Comunale di Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_Comunale_di_Bologna"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Borgatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Borgatti"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett198193%E2%80%9395-27"},{"link_name":"Gran Teatre del Liceu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Teatre_del_Liceu"},{"link_name":"an hour behind Bayreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett198194-28"}],"sub_title":"Ban outside Bayreuth","text":"Scene design for the controversial 1903 production at the Metropolitan Opera: Gurnemanz leads Parsifal to Monsalvat (act 1)For the first twenty years of its existence, the only staged performances of Parsifal took place in the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, the venue for which Wagner conceived the work (except eight private performances for Ludwig II at Munich in 1884 and 1885). Wagner had two reasons for wanting to keep Parsifal exclusively for the Bayreuth stage. First, he wanted to prevent it from degenerating into 'mere amusement' for an opera-going public. Only at Bayreuth could his last work be presented in the way envisaged by him—a tradition maintained by his wife, Cosima, long after his death. Second, he thought that the opera would provide an income for his family after his death if Bayreuth had the monopoly on its performance.The Bayreuth authorities allowed unstaged performances to take place in various countries after Wagner's death (London in 1884, New York City in 1886, and Amsterdam in 1894) but they maintained an embargo on stage performances outside Bayreuth. On 24 December 1903, after receiving a court ruling that performances in the United States could not be prevented by Bayreuth, the New York Metropolitan Opera staged the complete opera, using many Bayreuth-trained singers. Cosima barred anyone involved in the New York production from working at Bayreuth in future performances. Unauthorized stage performances were also undertaken in Amsterdam in 1905, 1906 and 1908. There was a performance in Buenos Aires, in the Teatro Coliseo, on June 20, 1913, under Gino Marinuzzi.Bayreuth lifted its monopoly on Parsifal on 1 January 1914 in the Teatro Comunale di Bologna in Bologna with Giuseppe Borgatti. Some opera houses began their performances at midnight between 31 December 1913 and 1 January.[26] The first authorized performance was staged at the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona: it began at 10:30pm Barcelona time, which was an hour behind Bayreuth. Such was the demand for Parsifal that it was presented in more than 50 European opera houses between 1 January and 1 August 1914.[27]","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"curtain calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtain_call"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Applause","text":"At Bayreuth performances audiences do not applaud at the end of the first act. This tradition is the result of a misunderstanding arising from Wagner's desire at the premiere to maintain the serious mood of the opera. After much applause following the first and second acts, Wagner spoke to the audience and said that the cast would take no curtain calls until the end of the performance. This confused the audience, who remained silent at the end of the opera until Wagner addressed them again, saying that he did not mean that they could not applaud. After the performance Wagner complained, \"Now I don't know. Did the audience like it or not?\"[28] At subsequent performances some believed that Wagner had wanted no applause until the very end, and there was silence after the first two acts. Eventually it became a Bayreuth tradition that no applause would be heard after the first act, but this was certainly not Wagner's idea. In fact, during the first Bayreuth performances, Wagner himself cried \"Bravo!\" as the flowermaidens made their exit in the second act, only to be hissed by other members of the audience.[28] At some theatres other than Bayreuth, applause and curtain calls are normal practice after every act. Program notes until 2013 at the Metropolitan Opera in New York asked the audience not to applaud after act 1.[29]","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival"},{"link_name":"Wieland Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieland_Wagner"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Appia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Appia"},{"link_name":"Ernest Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Newman"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts1994212-31"},{"link_name":"Hans Knappertsbusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Knappertsbusch"},{"link_name":"dress rehearsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress_rehearsal"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarnegy2006288%E2%80%93290-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Martha Mödl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_M%C3%B6dl"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShengold2012-35"}],"sub_title":"Post-war performances","text":"Parsifal is one of the Wagner operas regularly presented at the Bayreuth Festival to this day. Among the more significant post-war productions was that directed in 1951 by Wieland Wagner, the composer's grandson. At the first Bayreuth Festival after World War II he presented a radical move away from literal representation of the hall of the Grail or the flowermaiden's bower. Instead, lighting effects and the bare minimum of scenery were used to complement Wagner's music. This production was heavily influenced by the ideas of the Swiss stage designer Adolphe Appia. The reaction to this production was extreme: Ernest Newman, Richard Wagner's biographer described it as \"not only the best Parsifal I have ever seen and heard, but one of the three or four most moving spiritual experiences of my life\".[30] Others were appalled that Wagner's stage directions were being flouted. The conductor of the 1951 production, Hans Knappertsbusch, on being asked how he could conduct such a disgraceful travesty, declared that right up until the dress rehearsal he imagined that the stage decorations were still to come.[31] Knappertsbusch was particularly upset by the omission of the dove that appears over Parsifal's head at the end of the opera, which he claimed inspired him to give better performances. To placate his conductor Wieland arranged to reinstate the dove, which descended on a string. What Knappertsbusch did not realise was that Wieland had made the length of the string long enough for the conductor to see the dove, but not for the audience.[32] Wieland continued to modify and refine his Bayreuth production of Parsifal until his death in 1966. Martha Mödl created a \"complex, tortured Kundry in Wieland Wagner's revolutionary production of Parsifal during the festival's first postwar season\", and would remain the company's exclusive Kundry for the remainder of the decade.[33][34]","title":"Performance history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emil_Scaria_als_Gurnemanz_1883.jpg"},{"link_name":"Emil Scaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Scaria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann_Winkelmann_1882.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hermann Winkelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Winkelmann"}],"text":"Emil Scaria as Gurnemanz, 1883Hermann Winkelmann as Parsifal with flowermaidens, 1882","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wagner_-_Parsifal,_act_I_-_Gurnemanz_and_the_novices_-_Pach_Bros.,_N.Y._-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gurnemanz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornemant"},{"link_name":"Holy Spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Lance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_von_Joukowsky_-_B%C3%BChnenbild_Parsifal_-_Gralstempel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paul von Joukowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Joukowsky"}],"sub_title":"Act 1","text":"Prelude to act 1Musical introduction to the work with a duration of c. 12–16 minutes.Scene 1Gurnemanz and the squires, act 1, scene 1, in the 1903 performance of the work in New YorkIn a forest near the seat of the Grail and its knights, Gurnemanz, an elder knight of the Grail, wakes his young squires and leads them in morning prayer (\"He! Ho! Waldhüter ihr\"). Their king, Amfortas, has been stabbed by the Holy Spear, once bequeathed to him into his guardianship, and the wound will not heal.Kundry arrives in a frenzy, with soothing balsam from Arabia. The squires eye Kundry with mistrust and question her. They believe Kundry to be an evil pagan witch. Gurnemanz restrains them and defends her. He relates history of Amfortas and the spear; it was stolen from him by the failed knight Klingsor.Gurnemanz singing \"Titurel, der fromme Held\", excerpt from a 1942 recordingGurnemanz's squires ask how it is that he knew Klingsor. Gurnemanz tells them that Klingsor was once a respected knight, but, unable to cleanse himself of sin, castrated himself in an effort to attain purity, but instead became an evil monstrosity.Parsifal enters, carrying a swan which he has killed. Shocked, Gurnemanz speaks sternly to the lad, saying that this land is a holy place, not to be defiled by murder. Remorsefully the young man breaks his bow in agitation and casts it aside. Kundry tells him that she has seen that his mother has died. Parsifal, who cannot remember much of his past, is crestfallen.Gurnemanz wonders if Parsifal might be the predicted \"pure fool\"; he invites Parsifal to witness the Ceremony of the Uncovering of the Grail, which renews the knights' immortality.Orchestral interlude – Verwandlungsmusik (Transformation music)Scene 2Paul von Joukowsky: Design for the hall of the Grail (second scenes of acts 1 and 3), 1882The voice of the retired king Titurel resounds from a vaulted crypt in the background, demanding that his son Amfortas uncover the Grail and serve his kingly office (\"Mein Sohn Amfortas, bist du am Amt?\"). Only through the immortality-conferring power of the sacred chalice and the Saviour's blood contained therein may Titurel himself, now aged and very feeble, live on. Amfortas is overcome with shame and suffering (\"Wehvolles Erbe, dem ich verfallen\"). He, the chosen guardian of the holiest of relics, has succumbed to sin and lost the Holy Spear, suffering an ever-bleeding wound in the process; uncovering the Grail causes him great pain. The young man appears to suffer with him, clutching convulsively at his heart. The knights and Titurel urge Amfortas to reveal the Grail (\"Enthüllet den Gral!\"), and he finally does. The dark hall is illuminated by its radiant light and the round table of the knights is miraculously filled with wine and bread. Slowly all the knights and squires disappear, leaving Gurnemanz and the youth alone. Gurnemanz asks the youth if he has understood what he has seen. As the boy is unable to answer the question, Gurnemanz dismisses him as just an ordinary fool after all and angrily exiles him from the realm with a warning to let the swans in the Grail Kingdom live in peace.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Egusquiza-Parsifal2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rogelio de Egusquiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogelio_de_Egusquiza"},{"link_name":"Herodias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodias"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scene_from_Parsifal_from_the_Victola_book_of_the_opera_(1917).jpg"}],"sub_title":"Act 2","text":"Prelude to act 2 – Klingsors Zauberschloss (Klingsor's Magic Castle)Musical introduction of c. 2–3 minutes.Scene 1Parsifal and Kundry, two paintings by Rogelio de Egusquiza, 1910 and 1906Klingsor's castle and enchanted garden. Waking her from her sleep, Klingsor conjures up Kundry, now transformed into an incredibly alluring woman. He calls her by many names: First Sorceress (Urteufelin), Hell's Rose (Höllenrose), Herodias, Gundryggia and, lastly, Kundry. She mocks his self-castrated condition but cannot resist his power. He resolves to send her to seduce Parsifal and ruin him as she ruined Amfortas before.Scene 2Scene from Parsifal from the Victrola book of the opera, 1917The youth walks into a wondrous garden, surrounded by beautiful and seductive flowermaidens. They call to him and entwine themselves about him while chiding him for wounding their lovers (\"Komm, komm, holder Knabe!\"), yet the boy in his childlike innocent naïveté doesn't comprehend their temptations and shows only little interest in them. The flowermaidens soon fight and bicker among themselves to win his devotion, to the point that he is about to flee, but a different voice suddenly calls out \"Parsifal!\". The youth finally recalls this name is what his mother called him when she appeared in his dreams. The flowermaidens back away from him and call him a fool as they leave him and Kundry alone.Parsifal wonders if the whole Garden is but a dream and asks how it is that Kundry knows his name. Kundry tells him she learned it from his mother (\"Ich sah das Kind an seiner Mutter Brust\"), who had loved him and tried to shield him from his father's fate, the mother he had abandoned and who had finally died of grief. She reveals many parts of Parsifal's history to him and he is stricken with remorse, blaming himself for his mother's death. Kundry tells him that this realization is a first sign of understanding and that, with a kiss, she can help him understand the love that had once united his parents, wanting thus to awake in Parsifal the first pangs of desire. However, as she kisses Parsifal, the youth suddenly recoils in pain and cries out Amfortas' name: having just felt for the first time material desire with Kundry's kiss, Parsifal finds himself in the same position in which Amfortas had been seduced and he feels the wounded king's pain and suffering of evil and sin burning in his own soul. Only now does Parsifal understand Amfortas' passion during the Grail Ceremony (\"Amfortas! Die Wunde! Die Wunde!\").Furious that her ploy has failed, Kundry tells Parsifal that if he can feel compassion for Amfortas, then he should also be able to feel it for her. In a distant past, she saw the Redeemer and mockingly laughed at His pains in malice. As a punishment for this sin she has been cursed and bound by Klingsor and has fallen under his yoke. The curse condemns her to never be able to die and find peace and redemption. She cannot weep, only jeer diabolically. Longing for deliverance, she has been waiting for ages for a man to free her from her curse and yearns to once more meet the Saviour's forgiving gaze, but her search for her redeemer in the end only ever turns into a desire to find her salvation in earthly desire with those who fall for her charms. All her penitent endeavours eventually transform into a renewed life of sin and a continued unredeemed existence in bondage to Klingsor. When Parsifal still resists her, Kundry curses him through the power of her own accursed being to wander without ever finding the Kingdom of the Grail again, and finally calls on her master Klingsor to help her.Klingsor appears on the castle rampart and hurls the Holy Spear at Parsifal to destroy him. He seizes the spear in his hand and makes with it the sign of the Cross, banishing Klingsor's dark sorcery. The whole castle with Klingsor himself suddenly sinks as if by terrible earthquake and the enchanted garden withers. As Parsifal leaves, he tells Kundry that she knows where she can find him.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Van_Dyck_Materna.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amalie Materna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalie_Materna"},{"link_name":"Ernest van Dyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_van_Dyck"},{"link_name":"Good Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parsifal_1882_Act3_Joukowsky_NGO4p119.jpg"},{"link_name":"Theodor Pixis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Pixis"},{"link_name":"Paul von Joukowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Joukowsky"}],"sub_title":"Act 3","text":"Prelude to act 3 – Parsifals Irrfahrt (Parsifal's Wandering)Musical introduction of c. 4–6 minutes.Scene 1The scene takes place many years later. Gurnemanz is now aged and bent, living alone as a hermit. It is Good Friday. He hears moaning near his hut and finds Kundry lying unconscious in the brush, similarly as he had many years before (\"Sie! Wieder da!\"). He revives her using water from the Holy Spring, but she will only speak the word \"serve\" (\"Dienen\"). Looking into the forest, Gurnemanz sees a figure approaching, armed and in full armour. The stranger removes his helmet and Gurnemanz recognizes the lad who shot the swan; to his amazement the knight also bears the Holy Spear.Amalie Materna as Kundry with Ernest van Dyck as Parsifal in act 3, scene 1, Bayreuth 1889Kundry washes Parsifal's feet and Gurnemanz anoints him with water from the Holy Spring, recognizing him as the pure fool, now enlightened by compassion and freed from guilt through purifying suffering, and proclaims him the foretold new king of the knights of the Grail.Parsifal looks about and comments on the beauty of the meadow. Gurnemanz explains that today is Good Friday, when all the world is purified and renewed.A dark orchestral interlude leads into the solemn gathering of the knights.Orchestral interlude – Verwandlungsmusik (Transformation music) – Titurels Totenfeier (Titurel's Funeral March)Scene 2End of act 3 in the original 1882 production (according to a painting by Theodor Pixis), original design by Paul von JoukowskyWithin the Castle of the Grail, Titurel's funeral is to take place. Mourning processions of knights bring the deceased Titurel in a coffin and the Grail in its shrine, as well as Amfortas on his litter, to the Grail hall (\"Geleiten wir im bergenden Schrein\"). The knights desperately urge Amfortas to keep his promise and at least once more, for the very last time uncover the Grail again, but Amfortas, in a frenzy, says he will never again show the Grail, as doing so would just prolong his unbearable torment. Instead, he commands the knights to kill him and end with his suffering also the shame he has brought on the brotherhood. At this moment, Parsifal appears and declares only one weapon can help here: only the same spear that inflicted the wound can now close it (\"Nur eine Waffe taugt\"). He touches Amfortas' side with the Holy Spear and both heals the wound and absolves him from sin. The spear, now reunited with the Holy Grail, starts to bleed with the same divine blood that is contained within the sacred chalice. Extolling the virtue of compassion and blessing Amfortas' suffering for making a pure fool knowing, Parsifal replaces Amfortas in his kingly office and orders to unveil the Grail, which is never to be hidden again. As the Grail glows ever brighter with light and a white dove descends from the top of the dome and hovers over Parsifal's head, a chorus mysticus of all the knights praises the miracle of salvation (\"Höchsten Heiles Wunder!\") and proclaims the redemption of the Redeemer (\"Erlösung dem Erlöser!\"). Kundry, also at the very last released from her curse and redeemed, slowly sinks lifeless to the ground with her gaze resting on Parsifal, who raises the Grail in blessing over the worshipping knighthood.","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival"},{"link_name":"Eduard Hanslick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartford1980126_f.-38"},{"link_name":"Felix Weingartner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Weingartner"},{"link_name":"Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartford1980131-39"},{"link_name":"Hugo Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Wolf"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartford1980176_f.-40"},{"link_name":"Gustav Mahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartford1980178-41"},{"link_name":"Max Reger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Reger"},{"link_name":"Alban Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_Berg"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartford1980180-42"},{"link_name":"Jean Sibelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sibelius"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartford1980193-43"},{"link_name":"Claude Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett1981108-44"},{"link_name":"Ernest Chausson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Chausson"},{"link_name":"Pelléas et Melisande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartford1980151-46"},{"link_name":"George Bernard Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartford1980167-47"},{"link_name":"The Rite of Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Sergei Diaghilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Since Parsifal could initially only be seen at the Bayreuth Festival, the first presentation in 1882 was attended by many notable figures. Reaction was varied. Some thought that Parsifal marked a weakening of Wagner's abilities, many others saw the work as a crowning achievement. The famous critic and Wagner's theoretical opponent Eduard Hanslick gave his opinion that \"The Third act may be counted the most unified and the most atmospheric. It is not the richest musically,\" going on to note \"And Wagner's creative powers? For a man of his age and his method they are astounding ... [but] It would be foolishness to declare that Wagner's fantasy, and specifically his musical invention, has retained the freshness and facility of yore. One cannot help but discern sterility and prosaicism, together with increasing longwindedness.\"[37]On the other hand, the conductor Felix Weingartner found that: \"The flowermaidens' costumes showed extraordinary lack of taste, but the singing was incomparable... When the curtain had been rung down on the final scene and we were walking down the hill, I seemed to hear the words of Goethe 'and you can say you were present'. The Parsifal performances of 1882 were artistic events of supreme interest and it is my pride and joy that I participated in them.\"[38] Many contemporary composers shared Weingartner's opinion. Hugo Wolf was a student at the time of the 1882 Festival, yet still managed to find money for tickets to see Parsifal twice. He emerged overwhelmed: \"Colossal – Wagner's most inspired, sublimest creation.\" He reiterated this view in a postcard from Bayreuth in 1883: \"Parsifal is without doubt by far the most beautiful and sublime work in the whole field of Art.\"[39] Gustav Mahler was also present in 1883 and he wrote to a friend; \"I can hardly describe my present state to you. When I came out of the Festspielhaus, completely spellbound, I understood that the greatest and most painful revelation had just been made to me, and that I would carry it unspoiled for the rest of my life.\"[40] Max Reger simply noted that \"When I first heard Parsifal at Bayreuth I was fifteen. I cried for two weeks and then became a musician.\" Alban Berg described Parsifal in 1909 as \"magnificent, overwhelming\",[41] and Jean Sibelius, visiting the Festival in 1894, said: \"Nothing in the world has made so overwhelming an impression on me. All my innermost heart-strings throbbed... I cannot begin to tell you how Parsifal has transported me. Everything I do seems so cold and feeble by its side. That is really something.\"[42] Claude Debussy thought the characters and plot ludicrous, but nevertheless in 1903 wrote that musically it was: \"Incomparable and bewildering, splendid and strong. Parsifal is one of the loveliest monuments of sound ever raised to the serene glory of music.\"[43] He was later to write to Ernest Chausson that he had deleted a scene he had just written for his own opera Pelléas et Melisande because he had discovered in the music for it \"the ghost of old Klingsor, alias R. Wagner\".[44]However, some notable guests of the Festival took a more acerbic view of the experience. Mark Twain visited Bayreuth in 1891: \"I was not able to detect in the vocal parts of Parsifal anything that might with confidence be called rhythm or tune or melody... Singing! It does seem the wrong name to apply to it... In Parsifal there is a hermit named Gurnemanz who stands on the stage in one spot and practices by the hour, while first one and then another of the cast endures what he can of it and then retires to die.\"[45] Performance standards may have contributed to such reactions; George Bernard Shaw, a committed Wagnerite, commented in 1894 that: \"The opening performance of Parsifal this season was, from the purely musical point of view, as far as the principal singers were concerned, simply an abomination. The bass howled, the tenor bawled, the baritone sang flat and the soprano, when she condescended to sing at all and did not merely shout her words, screamed...\"[46]During a break from composing The Rite of Spring, Igor Stravinsky also traveled to the Bayreuth Festival at the invitation of Sergei Diaghilev to see the work. Stravinsky was repulsed by the \"quasi-religious atmosphere\" of the festival. Stravinsky's repulsion is speculated to be due to his agnosticism, of which he recanted later in life.[47]","title":"Reactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Wagner,_Parsifal,_Nur_eine_Waffe_taugt_(Arnaldo_Dell%27Ira_1903-1943).jpg"},{"link_name":"Arnaldo dell'Ira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaldo_dell%27Ira"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_antiquity"},{"link_name":"classicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classicism"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Eduard Hanslick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartford1980127_f.-50"}],"text":"Scene design for act 3 by Arnaldo dell'Ira, using classical and classicist motives: \"Nur eine Waffe taugt\" (c. 1930)Wagner's last work, Parsifal has been both influential and controversial. The use of Christian symbols in Parsifal (the Grail, the spear, references to the Redeemer) together with its restriction to Bayreuth for almost 30 years sometimes led to performances being regarded almost as a religious rite. However, Wagner never actually refers to Jesus Christ by name in the opera, only to \"The Redeemer\". In his essay \"Religion and Art\", Wagner described the use of Christian imagery thus:[48]When religion becomes artificial, art has a duty to rescue it. Art can show that the symbols which religions would have us believe literally true are actually figurative. Art can idealize those symbols, and so reveal the profound truths they contain.The critic Eduard Hanslick objected to the religious air surrounding Parsifal even at the premiere: \"The question of whether Parsifal should really be withheld from all theatres and limited to... Bayreuth was naturally on all tongues... I must state here that the church scenes in Parsifal did not make the offensive impression on me that others and I had been led to expect from reading the libretto. They are religious situations – but for all their earnest dignity they are not in the style of the church, but completely in the style of the opera. Parsifal is an opera, call it a 'stage festival' or 'consecrational stage festival' if you will.\"[49]","title":"Interpretation and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Schopenhauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer"},{"link_name":"Bryan Magee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Magee"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magee-51"},{"link_name":"Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2017341%E2%80%93342-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee20021%E2%80%932-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienzle200592%E2%80%9393,_98-54"},{"link_name":"Tristan und Isolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"sub_title":"Schopenhauer","text":"Wagner had been greatly impressed with his reading of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer in 1854, and this deeply affected his thoughts and practice on music and art. Most writers (e.g. Bryan Magee) see Parsifal as Wagner's last great espousal of Schopenhauerian philosophy.[50] Parsifal can heal Amfortas and redeem Kundry because he shows compassion, which Schopenhauer saw as the highest manifestation of human morality. Moreover, Parsifal displays compassion in the face of sexual temptation (act 2, scene 2); Schopenhauerian philosophy suggests that the only escape from the ever-present temptations of human life is through negation of the Will, and overcoming sexual temptation is in particular a strong form of negation of the Will. Schopenhauer also claims that compassion should be extended to non-human sentient beings as well, supporting this claim by the lives of Christian saints and mystics and the Indian religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. This worldview finds in Parsifal its expression in the holy status of animals within the Kingdom of the Grail, in the schocked response to Parsifal's \"murder\" of the swan (act 1, scene 1), which awakens in the youth the first unaware throb of compassion, or in Gurnemanz's \"sermon\" about the Good Friday Spell affecting nature and humanity's relation towards nature (act 3, scene 1). Wagner himself in his older age became an advocate of vegetarianism and an opponent of vivisection, participating in an anti-vivisectionist petition to the Reichstag in 1879; he also professed what might be called early environmentalist sentiments.[51][52][53] As the exact opposite of compassion and therefore as the ultimate moral evil Schopenhauer sees the act of Schadenfreude, the enjoying of the suffering of another living being; it is precisely this sin of which Kundry is guilty when she maliciously laughs in mocking pride at the sufferings of the Redeemer and as a result of which she falls under Klingsor's curse (recounted in act 2, scene 2), broken only at the moment when she is again capable to weep and thus express compassion during the Good Friday Spell (act 3, scene 1). When viewed in this light, Parsifal, with its emphasis on Mitleid (\"compassion\") is a natural follow-on to Tristan und Isolde, where Schopenhauer's influence is perhaps more obvious, with its focus on Sehnen (\"yearning\"). Indeed, Wagner originally considered including Parsifal as a character in act 3 of Tristan, but later rejected the idea.[54]","title":"Interpretation and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"slave morality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett1981113%E2%80%93120-56"},{"link_name":"On the Genealogy of Morality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality"},{"link_name":"Nietzsche contra Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nietzsche_contra_Wagner"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Peter Gast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_K%C3%B6selitz"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Nietzsche","text":"Friedrich Nietzsche, who was originally a champion of Wagner and Schopenhauer, chose later to use Parsifal as the ground for his breach with Wagner. Nietzsche took the work as an exemplar of the self-denying, life-denying, and otherworldly Christian slave morality motivated by the \"will to nothingness,\" as opposed to the self-affirming and earthly master morality of pre-Christian ruling classes and the strong motivated by the \"will to power.\"[55] An extended critique of Parsifal opens the third essay (\"What Is the Meaning of Ascetic Ideals?\") of On the Genealogy of Morality. In Nietzsche contra Wagner he wrote:[56]Parsifal is a work of perfidy, of vindictiveness, of a secret attempt to poison the presuppositions of life – a bad work. The preaching of chastity remains an incitement to anti-nature: I despise everyone who does not experience Parsifal as an attempted assassination of basic ethics.Despite this attack on the subject matter, he also admitted that the music was sublime: \"Moreover, apart from all irrelevant questions (as to what the use of this music can or ought to be) and on purely aesthetic grounds; has Wagner ever done anything better?\" (Letter to Peter Gast, 1887).[57]","title":"Interpretation and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wagner controversies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_controversies"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2020]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (July_2020)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner1997[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2020]]%3Csup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22%3E[%3Ci%3E[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|%3Cspan_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (July_2020)%22%3Epage needed%3C/span%3E]]%3C/i%3E]%3C/sup%3E-60"},{"link_name":"Arthur de Gobineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau"},{"link_name":"Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay_on_the_Inequality_of_the_Human_Races"},{"link_name":"Aryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_Race"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregor-Dellin_477ff.-18"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magee-51"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990406-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2013131%E2%80%93132-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann2003287%E2%80%93288-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchmeyer2003257%E2%80%93259-66"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2013131%E2%80%93132-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann2003287%E2%80%93288-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008166%E2%80%93169-69"},{"link_name":"Hans von Wolzogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Wolzogen"},{"link_name":"Ernest Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Newman"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Paul Lindau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lindau"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose1992168_f.-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchmeyer2003245%E2%80%93246,_249,_255,_367%E2%80%93368-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee2002279%E2%80%93280,_371%E2%80%93380-75"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchmeyer2003245%E2%80%93246,_249,_255-76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DR_1933_507_Nothilfe_Wagner_Parsifal.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hermann Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Levi"},{"link_name":"Munich Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"King Ludwig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"rabbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbi"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV_635-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2013207-78"},{"link_name":"George London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_London_(bass-baritone)"},{"link_name":"Neu Bayreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival#New_festival"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts1994166-80"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spotts,_1994,_page_192-82"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2017339%E2%80%93345-83"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHofmann2003267%E2%80%93291-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee2002264%E2%80%93285-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett1981133%E2%80%93138-86"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderman2013211-87"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2013269%E2%80%93270-88"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchmeyer2003238%E2%80%93260-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAberbach2003321%E2%80%93324-90"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienzle200591%E2%80%9395,_128%E2%80%93130-91"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2013230%E2%80%93231-92"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderman2005174%E2%80%93175-93"},{"link_name":"The Myth of the Twentieth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century"},{"link_name":"Alfred Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderman201326-94"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderman2005174-95"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goebbels_Diaries"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee2002366-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008173%E2%80%93174-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2013230-98"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Oper Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008173%E2%80%93174-97"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spotts,_1994,_page_192-82"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2017357-100"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinderman2005174%E2%80%93175-93"}],"sub_title":"Racism debate","text":"Further information: Wagner controversiesSome writers see in the opera a promotion of racism or antisemitism.[58][59] One line of argument suggests that Parsifal was written in support of the ideas of the French diplomat and racial theorist Count Arthur de Gobineau, expressed most extensively in his Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races. Parsifal is proposed as the \"pure-blooded\" (i.e. Aryan) hero who overcomes Klingsor, who is perceived as a Jewish stereotype, particularly since he opposes the quasi-Christian knights of the Grail. Such claims remain heavily debated, since there is nothing explicit in the libretto to support them.[17][60][page needed][61] Wagner never mentions such ideas in his many writings, and Cosima Wagner's diaries, which relate in great detail Wagner's thoughts over the last 14 years of his life (including the period covering the composition and first performance of Parsifal) never mention any such intention.[50] Having met Gobineau for the first time very briefly in 1876, it was nonetheless only in 1880 that Wagner read Gobineau's essay.[62] However, the libretto for Parsifal had already been completed by 1877, and the original drafts of the story even date back to 1857. Besides the question of chronology, an eventual meeting in person between Wagner and Gobineau was also accompanied by mutual disagreements and quarrels;[63][64][65] e.g. on 3 June 1881 Wagner is reported to have \"exploded in favour of Christian theories in contrast to racial ones\".[63][64] Despite this, Gobineau is sometimes cited as an inspiration for Parsifal.[66][67]The related question of whether the opera contains a specifically antisemitic message is also debated.[68] Some of Wagner's contemporaries and commentators (e.g. Hans von Wolzogen and Ernest Newman) who analysed Parsifal at length, make no mention of any antisemitic interpretations.[69][page needed][70] However the critics Paul Lindau and Max Nordbeck, present at the world premiere, noted in their reviews how the work accorded with Wagner's anti-Jewish sentiments.[71] Similar interpretive conflict continues even today; some of the more recent commentators continue to highlight the perceived antisemitic or anti-Judaic nature of the opera,[72] and find correspondences with antisemitic passages found in Wagner's writings and articles of the period, while others deny such claims,[73][74] seeing for example the opposition between the realm of the Grail and Klingsor's domain as portraying a conflict between the sphere embodying the world-view of Wagner's Schopenhauerian Christianity and a pagan sphere more generally.[75]German stamp showing Parsifal with the Grail, November 1933The conductor of the premiere was Hermann Levi, the court conductor at the Munich Opera. Since King Ludwig was sponsoring the production, much of the orchestra was drawn from the ranks of the Munich Opera, including the conductor. Wagner objected to Parsifal being conducted by a Jew (Levi's father was in fact a rabbi). Wagner first suggested that Levi should convert to Christianity, which Levi declined to do.[76] Wagner then wrote to King Ludwig that he had decided to accept Levi despite the fact that (he alleged) he had received complaints that \"of all pieces, this most Christian of works\" should be conducted by a Jew. When the King expressed his satisfaction at this, replying that \"human beings are basically all brothers\", Wagner wrote to the king angrily: \"If I have friendly and sympathetic dealings with many of these people, it is only because I consider the Jewish race as the born enemy of pure humanity and all that is noble about it (sic)\".[77] Seventy-one years later, the Jewish bass-baritone George London performed in the role of Amfortas at Neu Bayreuth, causing some controversy.[78]It has been claimed that Parsifal was denounced as being \"ideologically unacceptable\" in Nazi Germany[79] and that the Nazis placed a de facto ban on Parsifal[80][81] because of what many scholars see as the presence of themes such as compassion, Schopenhauerian negation of the will, renunciation of desires, asceticism and even non-violence and anti-militarism in the work's libretto.[82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90] Some of the Nazi officials and leaders may have had certain doubts about the work.[91][92] In his 1930 book The Myth of the Twentieth Century the Nazi ideologue Alfred Rosenberg expressed the view that \"Parsifal represents a church-influenced enfeeblement in favour of the value of renunciation\".[93][94] According to Joseph Goebbels' diaries, Adolf Hitler too had apparently some reservations about Parsifal,[95] particularly about what he called its \"Christian mystical style\".[96][97] Despite this, there were in fact 26 performances at the Bayreuth Festival between 1934 and 1939[98] and 23 performances at the Deutsche Oper Berlin between 1939 and 1942.[96] However, Parsifal was not performed at Bayreuth during World War II,[81] a significant omission in view of the fact that the work, with the exception of one year, had been an annual fixture of the Festival since 1882.[99][92]","title":"Interpretation and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wagner_-_Parsifal_-_Margaret_Matzenauer_as_Kundry_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg"},{"link_name":"Margaret Matzenauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Matzenauer"}],"text":"Margaret Matzenauer as Kundry. She made her unexpected debut in the role in 1912 at the New York Met.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leitmotif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitmotif"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorau2009136%E2%80%93139-102"},{"link_name":"Hans von Wolzogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_von_Wolzogen"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Dresden amen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_amen"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"}],"sub_title":"Leitmotifs","text":"A leitmotif is a recurring musical theme within a particular piece of music, associated with a particular character, object, event or emotion. Wagner is the composer most often associated with leitmotifs, and Parsifal makes liberal use of them.[100] Wagner did not specifically identify or name leitmotifs in the score of Parsifal (any more than he did in any other of his scores), although his wife Cosima mentions statements he made about some of them in her diary.[101] However, Wagner's followers (notably Hans von Wolzogen whose guide to Parsifal was published in 1882) named, wrote about and made references to these motifs, and they were highlighted in piano arrangements of the score.[102][103] Wagner's own reaction to such naming of motifs in the score was one of disgust: \"In the end people believe that such nonsense happens by my suggestion.\"[104]The opening prelude introduces two important leitmotifs, generally referred to as the Communion theme and the theme of the Grail. These two, and Parsifal's own motif, are repeated during the course of the opera. Other characters, especially Klingsor, Amfortas, and \"The Voice\", which sings the so-called Tormotif (\"Fool's motive\"), have their own particular leitmotifs. Wagner uses the Dresden amen to represent the Grail, this motif being a sequence of notes he would have known since his childhood in Dresden.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"analyzing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_analysis"},{"link_name":"chromaticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromaticism"},{"link_name":"David Lewin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lewin"},{"link_name":"Richard Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cohn"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohn1996-107"}],"sub_title":"Chromaticism","text":"Many music theorists have used Parsifal to explore difficulties in analyzing the chromaticism of late 19th century music. Theorists such as David Lewin and Richard Cohn have explored the importance of certain pitches and harmonic progressions both in structuring and symbolizing the work.[105][106] The unusual harmonic progressions in the leitmotifs which structure the piece, as well as the heavy chromaticism of act 2, make it a difficult work to parse musically.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aria"}],"sub_title":"Notable excerpts","text":"As is common in mature Wagner operas, Parsifal was composed such that each act was a continuous flow of music; hence there are no free-standing arias in the work. However, a number of orchestral excerpts from the opera were arranged by Wagner himself, and remain in the concert repertory. The prelude to act 1 is frequently performed either alone or in conjunction with an arrangement of the \"Good Friday\" music which accompanies the second half of act 3, scene 1. Kundry's long solo in act 2 (\"Ich sah das Kind\") is occasionally performed in concert, as is Amfortas' lament from act 1 (\"Wehvolles Erbe\").","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute"},{"link_name":"oboes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oboe"},{"link_name":"English horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor_anglais"},{"link_name":"clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"bass clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_clarinet"},{"link_name":"bassoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassoon"},{"link_name":"contrabassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrabassoon"},{"link_name":"horns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_horn"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"trombones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"tuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba"},{"link_name":"timpani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani"},{"link_name":"tenor drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_drum"},{"link_name":"church bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_bell"},{"link_name":"thunder machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_machine_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"harps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harp"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_section"},{"link_name":"contrabassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrabassoon"},{"link_name":"Parsifal bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal_bell"},{"link_name":"tam-tam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong"},{"link_name":"tubular bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_bells"},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"}],"sub_title":"Instrumentation","text":"The score for Parsifal calls for three flutes, three oboes, one English horn, three clarinets in B-flat and A, one bass clarinet in B-flat and A, three bassoons, one contrabassoon; four horns in F, three trumpets in F, three trombones, one tuba, 6 onstage trumpets in F, 6 onstage trombones; a percussion section that includes four timpani (requiring two players), tenor drums, 4 onstage church bells, one onstage thunder machine; two harps and strings. Parsifal is one of only two works by Wagner in which he used the contrabassoon. (The other is the Symphony in C.)The bells that draw the knights to the Grail ceremony at Monsalvat in acts 1 and 3 have often proved problematic to stage. For the earlier performances of Parsifal in Bayreuth, Wagner had the Parsifal bell, a piano frame with four strings, constructed as a substitute for church bells. For the first performances, the bells were combined with tam-tam and gongs. However, the bell was used with the tuba, four tam-tams tuned to the pitch of the four chime notes and another tam-tam on which a roll is executed by using a drumstick. In modern-day performances, the Parsifal bell has been replaced with tubular bells or synthesizers to produce the desired notes. The thunder machine is used in the moment of the destruction of Klingsor's castle.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bayreuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus"},{"link_name":"LP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LP_record"},{"link_name":"Karl Muck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Muck"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Hans Knappertsbusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Knappertsbusch"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Georg Solti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Solti"},{"link_name":"James Levine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Levine"},{"link_name":"Herbert von Karajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_von_Karajan"},{"link_name":"Daniel Barenboim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim"},{"link_name":"Berlin Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"Gramophone Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_Award"},{"link_name":"Rafael Kubelík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Kubel%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 3's CD Review – Building a Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3#CD_Review"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"Recordings","text":"Parsifal was expressly composed for the stage at Bayreuth and many of the most famous recordings of the opera come from live performances on that stage. In the pre-LP era, Karl Muck conducted excerpts from the opera at Bayreuth. These are still considered some of the best performances of the opera on disc. They also contain the only sound evidence of the bells constructed for the work's premiere, which were melted down for scrap during World War II.Hans Knappertsbusch was the conductor most closely associated with Parsifal at Bayreuth in the post-war years, and the performances under his baton in 1951 marked the re-opening of the Bayreuth Festival after World War II. These historic performances were recorded and are available on the Teldec label in mono sound. Knappertsbusch recorded the opera again for Philips in 1962 in stereo, and this release is often considered to be the classic Parsifal recording.[107][page needed] There are also many \"unofficial\" live recordings from Bayreuth, capturing virtually every Parsifal cast ever conducted by Knappertsbusch. Pierre Boulez (1971) and James Levine (1985) have also made recordings of the opera at Bayreuth that were released on Deutsche Grammophon and Philips. The Boulez recording is one of the fastest on record, and the Levine one of the slowest.Amongst other recordings, those conducted by Georg Solti, James Levine (with the Metropolitan Opera Orchestra), Herbert von Karajan, and Daniel Barenboim (the latter two both conducting the Berlin Philharmonic) have been widely praised.[108][page needed] The Karajan recording was voted \"Record of the Year\" in the 1981 Gramophone Awards. Also highly regarded is a recording of Parsifal under the baton of Rafael Kubelík originally made for Deutsche Grammophon, now reissued on Arts & Archives.On the 14 December 2013 broadcast of BBC Radio 3's CD Review – Building a Library, music critic David Nice surveyed recordings of Parsifal and recommended the recording by the Symphonieorchester des Bayerischen Rundfunks, Rafael Kubelik (conductor), as the best available choice.[109]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"staged performances available on DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal_videography"},{"link_name":"Daniel Mangrané","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mangran%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"in 1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_Forest"},{"link_name":"Hans-Jürgen Syberberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Syberberg"},{"link_name":"in 1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Tony Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Palmer_(director)"},{"link_name":"Mariinsky Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Ravello Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravello_Festival"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival"},{"link_name":"Plácido Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Violeta Urmana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Urmana"},{"link_name":"Matti Salminen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matti_Salminen"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Putilin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Putilin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"Anna Netrebko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Netrebko"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Karen Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"sub_title":"Filmed versions","text":"In addition to a number of staged performances available on DVD, Parsifal was adapted for the screen by Daniel Mangrané in 1951 and Hans-Jürgen Syberberg in 1982. There is also a 1998 documentary directed by Tony Palmer titled: Parsifal – The Search for the Grail. It was recorded in various European theaters, including the Mariinsky Theatre, the Ravello Festival in Siena, and the Bayreuth Festival. It contains extracts from Palmer's stage production of Parsifal starring Plácido Domingo, Violeta Urmana, Matti Salminen, Nikolai Putilin [ru], and Anna Netrebko. In also includes interviews with Domingo, Wolfgang Wagner, writers Robert Gutman and Karen Armstrong. The film exists in two versions: (1) a complete version running 116 minutes and officially approved by Domingo, and (2) an 88-minute version, with cuts of passages regarded by the German distributor as being too \"political\", \"uncomfortable\", and \"irrelevant\".[110]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"^ Wagner's spelling of Parsifal instead of the Parzival he had used up to 1877 was informed by one of the theories about the name Percival, according to which it is of Persian origin, Parsi (or Parseh) Fal meaning \"pure (or poor) fool\".[1][2][3][4]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-571-11450-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-11450-4"},{"link_name":"Konrad, Ulrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Konrad"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7618-2418-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7618-2418-4"},{"link_name":"Magee, Bryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Magee"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-823722-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-823722-7"},{"link_name":"Melitz, Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Melitz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7222-6262-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7222-6262-0"},{"link_name":"Nietzsche, Friedrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"On the Genealogy of Morals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-679-72462-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72462-1"},{"link_name":"Schopenhauer, Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer"},{"link_name":"The World as Will and Representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/worldaswillrep00scho"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-486-21762-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21762-0"},{"link_name":"William Kinderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kinderman"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-157113-457-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-157113-457-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1527299245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1527299245"}],"text":"Burbidge, Peter; Sutton, Richard, eds. (1979). The Wagner Companion. Faber and Faber Ltd., London. ISBN 0-571-11450-4.\nKonrad, Ulrich (2020). \"Through compassion, knowing: the pure fool\". In Ulrich Konrad (ed.). Richard Wagner: Parsifal. Autograph Score. Facsimile. Commentary. Documenta musicologica. Vol. II, 55. Kassel: Bärenreiter. pp. I–X. ISBN 978-3-7618-2418-4.\nMagee, Bryan (1997). The Philosophy of Schopenhauer. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-823722-7.\nMelitz, Leo [in German] (2001). The Opera Goer's Complete Guide. London: Best Books. ISBN 0-7222-6262-0.\nNietzsche, Friedrich (1989). On the Genealogy of Morals. Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-72462-1.\nSchopenhauer, Arthur (1966). The World as Will and Representation. New York: Dover. ISBN 0-486-21762-0.\nSyer, Katherine R. (2005). \"Parsifal on Stage\". In William Kinderman; Katherine R. Syer (eds.). A Companion to Wagner's Parsifal. Camden House Companion Volumes. New York: Camden House. pp. 277–338. ISBN 978-157113-457-8.\nVernon, David (2021). Disturbing the Universe: Wagner's Musikdrama. Edinburgh: Candle Row Press. ISBN 978-1527299245.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Drawing for a libretto cover page (undated)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Parsifal_%28s.d.%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012446.jpg/220px-Disegno_per_copertina_di_libretto%2C_disegno_di_Peter_Hoffer_per_Parsifal_%28s.d.%29_-_Archivio_Storico_Ricordi_ICON012446.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poster for the premiere production of Parsifal, 1882","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Parsifal-affisch.jpg/220px-Parsifal-affisch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scene design for the controversial 1903 production at the Metropolitan Opera: Gurnemanz leads Parsifal to Monsalvat (act 1)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wagner_-_Parsifal%2C_act_I_-_Gurnemanz_conducting_Parsifal_to_Monsalvat_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg/260px-Wagner_-_Parsifal%2C_act_I_-_Gurnemanz_conducting_Parsifal_to_Monsalvat_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg"},{"image_text":"Emil Scaria as Gurnemanz, 1883","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Emil_Scaria_als_Gurnemanz_1883.jpg/220px-Emil_Scaria_als_Gurnemanz_1883.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hermann Winkelmann as Parsifal with flowermaidens, 1882","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Hermann_Winkelmann_1882.jpg/220px-Hermann_Winkelmann_1882.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gurnemanz and the squires, act 1, scene 1, in the 1903 performance of the work in New York","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wagner_-_Parsifal%2C_act_I_-_Gurnemanz_and_the_novices_-_Pach_Bros.%2C_N.Y._-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg/260px-Wagner_-_Parsifal%2C_act_I_-_Gurnemanz_and_the_novices_-_Pach_Bros.%2C_N.Y._-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gurnemanz singing \"Titurel, der fromme Held\", excerpt from a 1942 recording"},{"image_text":"Paul von Joukowsky: Design for the hall of the Grail (second scenes of acts 1 and 3), 1882","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Paul_von_Joukowsky_-_B%C3%BChnenbild_Parsifal_-_Gralstempel.jpg/260px-Paul_von_Joukowsky_-_B%C3%BChnenbild_Parsifal_-_Gralstempel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Parsifal and Kundry, two paintings by Rogelio de Egusquiza, 1910 and 1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Egusquiza-Parsifal2.jpg/260px-Egusquiza-Parsifal2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scene from Parsifal from the Victrola book of the opera, 1917","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Scene_from_Parsifal_from_the_Victola_book_of_the_opera_%281917%29.jpg/220px-Scene_from_Parsifal_from_the_Victola_book_of_the_opera_%281917%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Amalie Materna as Kundry with Ernest van Dyck as Parsifal in act 3, scene 1, Bayreuth 1889","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Van_Dyck_Materna.jpg/260px-Van_Dyck_Materna.jpg"},{"image_text":"End of act 3 in the original 1882 production (according to a painting by Theodor Pixis), original design by Paul von Joukowsky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Parsifal_1882_Act3_Joukowsky_NGO4p119.jpg/260px-Parsifal_1882_Act3_Joukowsky_NGO4p119.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scene design for act 3 by Arnaldo dell'Ira, using classical and classicist motives: \"Nur eine Waffe taugt\" (c. 1930)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Richard_Wagner%2C_Parsifal%2C_Nur_eine_Waffe_taugt_%28Arnaldo_Dell%27Ira_1903-1943%29.jpg/260px-Richard_Wagner%2C_Parsifal%2C_Nur_eine_Waffe_taugt_%28Arnaldo_Dell%27Ira_1903-1943%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"German stamp showing Parsifal with the Grail, November 1933","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/DR_1933_507_Nothilfe_Wagner_Parsifal.jpg/220px-DR_1933_507_Nothilfe_Wagner_Parsifal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Margaret Matzenauer as Kundry. She made her unexpected debut in the role in 1912 at the New York Met.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wagner_-_Parsifal_-_Margaret_Matzenauer_as_Kundry_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg/220px-Wagner_-_Parsifal_-_Margaret_Matzenauer_as_Kundry_-_The_Victrola_book_of_the_opera.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Unger, Max (1932-08-01). \"The Persian Origins of 'Parsifal' and 'Tristan'\". The Musical Times. 73 (1074): 703–705. doi:10.2307/917595. ISSN 0027-4666. JSTOR 917595. The correct spelling of Parzival is Parsi-wal. ... the word means Persian flower.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Unger_(musicologist)","url_text":"Unger, Max"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Times","url_text":"The Musical Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F917595","url_text":"10.2307/917595"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4666","url_text":"0027-4666"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/917595","url_text":"917595"}]},{"reference":"\"Parsifal Synopsis\". Seattle Opera House. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140625171235/http://www.seattleopera.org/discover/archive/2003-2004/parsifal/synopsis.aspx","url_text":"\"Parsifal Synopsis\""},{"url":"http://seattleopera.org/discover/archive/2003-2004/parsifal/synopsis.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Everett, Derrick. \"Prose Sketch for Die Sieger\". Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monsalvat.no/sieger.htm","url_text":"\"Prose Sketch for Die Sieger\""}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Richard. Mein Leben vol II. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5144","url_text":"Mein Leben vol II"}]},{"reference":"Pascal Lecocq (1987). \"La Wandeldekoration\". Revue d'Histoire du Théâtre (in French) (156): 359–383. ISSN 0035-2373.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Lecocq","url_text":"Pascal Lecocq"},{"url":"https://sht.asso.fr/revue/revue-histoire-theatre-numero-156","url_text":"\"La Wandeldekoration\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-2373","url_text":"0035-2373"}]},{"reference":"Kluge, Andreas (1992). \"Parsifal 1951\". Wagner: Parsifal (Media notes). Teldec. 9031-76047-2.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Erik Eriksson. \"Martha Mödl\". AllMusic. Retrieved 24 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/martha-m%C3%B6dl-mn0001662359","url_text":"\"Martha Mödl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Richard. \"Religion and Art\". The Wagner Library. Retrieved October 8, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://users.belgacom.net/wagnerlibrary/prose/wlpr0126.htm","url_text":"\"Religion and Art\""}]},{"reference":"Nietzsche, Friedrich. Nietzsche contra Wagner. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 18 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/25012","url_text":"Nietzsche contra Wagner"}]},{"reference":"Everett, Derrick. \"Parsifal and race\". Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monsalvat.no/racism.htm","url_text":"\"Parsifal and race\""}]},{"reference":"Deathridge, John (2007). \"Strange love; or, How we learned to stop worrying and love Wagner's Parsifal\". In Julie Brown (ed.). Western Music and Race. Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–83. ISBN 978-0-521-83887-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deathridge","url_text":"Deathridge, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83887-0","url_text":"978-0-521-83887-0"}]},{"reference":"Everett, Derrick. \"The 1939 Ban on Parsifal\". Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.monsalvat.no/banned.htm","url_text":"\"The 1939 Ban on Parsifal\""}]},{"reference":"Everett, Derrick. \"Introduction to the Music of Parsifal\". Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111004172501/http://www.monsalvat.no/music.htm","url_text":"\"Introduction to the Music of Parsifal\""},{"url":"https://www.monsalvat.no/music.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Richard. \"Parsifal\". New York: Schirmer. Retrieved February 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/bhq8950/large/index.html","url_text":"\"Parsifal\""}]},{"reference":"Nice, David. \"Wagner 200 Building a Library: Parsifal\". CD Review. BBC Radio 3. Retrieved 26 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03ln1xd","url_text":"\"Wagner 200 Building a Library: Parsifal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parsifal – The Search for the Grail\". Presto Classical Limited. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160802204255/http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/r/Tony%2BPalmer%2BFilms/TPDVD167","url_text":"\"Parsifal – The Search for the Grail\""},{"url":"http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/r/Tony%2BPalmer%2BFilms/TPDVD167","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aberbach, Aland David (2003). The Ideas of Richard Wagner. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-2524-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7618-2524-X","url_text":"0-7618-2524-X"}]},{"reference":"Beckett, Lucy (1981). Richard Wagner: Parsifal. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29662-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29662-5","url_text":"0-521-29662-5"}]},{"reference":"Berger, Karol (2017). Beyond Reason: Wagner contra Nietzsche. Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520966130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520966130","url_text":"9780520966130"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Richard (2013). Wagner's Parsifal: An Appreciation in the Light of His Theological Journey. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books. ISBN 978-1-62032-885-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-885-9","url_text":"978-1-62032-885-9"}]},{"reference":"Borchmeyer, Dieter (2003). Drama and the World of Richard Wagner. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11497-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11497-8","url_text":"0-691-11497-8"}]},{"reference":"Carnegy, Patrick (2006). Wagner and the Art of the Theatre. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10695-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wagnerartoftheat0000carn","url_text":"Wagner and the Art of the Theatre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10695-5","url_text":"0-300-10695-5"}]},{"reference":"Cohn, Richard (1996). \"Maximally smooth cycles, hexatonic systems, and the analysis of Late-Romantic triadic progressions\". Music Analysis. 15 (1): 9–40. doi:10.2307/854168. JSTOR 854168.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cohn","url_text":"Cohn, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Analysis","url_text":"Music Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F854168","url_text":"10.2307/854168"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/854168","url_text":"854168"}]},{"reference":"Deathridge, John (2008). Wagner: Beyond Good and Evil. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25453-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Deathridge","url_text":"Deathridge, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25453-4","url_text":"978-0-520-25453-4"}]},{"reference":"Fauser, Annegret (2008). \"Wagnerism\". In Thomas S. Grey (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Wagner. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 221–234. ISBN 978-0-521-64439-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music","url_text":"Cambridge Companions to Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64439-6","url_text":"978-0-521-64439-6"}]},{"reference":"Gregor-Dellin, Martin (1983). Richard Wagner: His Life, His Work, His Century. William Collins. ISBN 0-00-216669-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Gregor-Dellin","url_text":"Gregor-Dellin, Martin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-216669-0","url_text":"0-00-216669-0"}]},{"reference":"Gutman, Robert (1990) [1968]. Richard Wagner: The Man, His Mind and His Music. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-677615-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-677615-4","url_text":"0-15-677615-4"}]},{"reference":"Hartford, Robert (1980). Bayreuth: The Early Years. Victor Gollancz. ISBN 0-575-02865-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-575-02865-3","url_text":"0-575-02865-3"}]},{"reference":"Hofmann, Peter (2003). Richard Wagners Politische Theologie: Kunst zwischen Revolution und Religion. Paderborn, Germany: Ferdinand Schöning. ISBN 3-506-73929-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-506-73929-8","url_text":"3-506-73929-8"}]},{"reference":"Kinderman, William; Syer, Katherine R., eds. (2005). A Companion to Wagner's Parsifal. Camden House Companion Volumes. New York: Camden House. ISBN 978-157113-457-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kinderman","url_text":"Kinderman, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-157113-457-8","url_text":"978-157113-457-8"}]},{"reference":"Kinderman, William (2013). Wagner's Parsifal. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-536692-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536692-1","url_text":"978-0-19-536692-1"}]},{"reference":"Magee, Bryan (2002). The Tristan Chord. New York: Owl Books. 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ISBN 0-679-72462-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche","url_text":"Nietzsche, Friedrich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality","url_text":"On the Genealogy of Morals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-72462-1","url_text":"0-679-72462-1"}]},{"reference":"Schopenhauer, Arthur (1966). The World as Will and Representation. New York: Dover. ISBN 0-486-21762-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer","url_text":"Schopenhauer, Arthur"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/worldaswillrep00scho","url_text":"The World as Will and Representation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-21762-0","url_text":"0-486-21762-0"}]},{"reference":"Syer, Katherine R. (2005). \"Parsifal on Stage\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muthanna_Province
Muthanna Governorate
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Provincial government","4 References"]
Coordinates: 30°12′N 45°21′E / 30.200°N 45.350°E / 30.200; 45.350Governorate of Iraq Governorate in Samawah, IraqMuthanna Governorate محافظة المثنىAl Muthanna ProvinceGovernorate FlagSealCoordinates: 30°12′N 45°21′E / 30.200°N 45.350°E / 30.200; 45.350CountryIraqCapitalSamawahNamed forAl-Muthanna ibn HarithaGovernment • GovernorAhmed Manfi Judeh Area • Total51,740 km2 (19,980 sq mi)Population (2024) • Total835,797HDI (2021)0.644mediumWebsitehttp://muthana.gov.iq/ Muthanna Governorate (Arabic: المثنى Al Muthannā) or Al Muthanna Province, is a province in Iraq, named after the 7th-century Arab general al-Muthanna ibn Haritha. It is in the south of the country, bordering Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Its capital is the city of Samawah it has the highest poverty rate in iraq with a rate of 52%. History Before 1976 it was part of the Diwaniya Province, which included present-day Najaf Governorate and al-Qādisiyyah Governorate. Samawah is very close to the ancient Sumerian-Babylonian city of Uruk (Aramaic: Erech), which is possibly the source of the name Iraq. After the decline of Babylon following the Seleucid founding of Seleucia, Uruk became the largest city in southern Babylonia, and its name (Erech) came to replace Babili (Babylonia), as the city long outlived the former capital, surviving into the 7th century AD. In February 1991 it was the location of one of the largest tank battles in history during the Persian Gulf War, the Battle of Norfolk. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1977 215,600—    1987 315,815+3.89%1997 436,825+3.30%2009 683,126+3.80%2018 814,371+1.97%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: Citypopulation Provincial government Governor: Ahmed Manfi Judeh Deputy Governor: Sami Al-Hassani Chairman of Al-Muthanna Provincial Council: Abdul Latif Al-Hassani References ^ Citypopulation.de ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13. ^ "Poverty rate in Nineveh province nearly doubled". Kirkuknow. Retrieved 2024-01-22. ^ "These were the 6 most massive tank battles in US history". 16 April 2021. ^ "Population of Governorates". www.citypopulation.de. vteGovernorates of Iraq Anbar Babil Baghdad Basra Dhi Qar Diyala Dohuk Erbil Karbala Kirkuk Maysan Muthanna Najaf Nineveh Qadisiyyah Saladin Sulaymaniyah Wasit This Iraq geographical location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 2018-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Poverty rate in Nineveh province nearly doubled\". Kirkuknow. Retrieved 2024-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/61545","url_text":"\"Poverty rate in Nineveh province nearly doubled\""}]},{"reference":"\"These were the 6 most massive tank battles in US history\". 16 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wearethemighty.com/articles/6-massive-tank-battles-from-us-history","url_text":"\"These were the 6 most massive tank battles in US history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population of Governorates\". www.citypopulation.de.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citypopulation.de/en/iraq/cities/","url_text":"\"Population of Governorates\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muthanna_Governorate&params=30_12_N_45_21_E_type:adm1st_region:IQ","external_links_name":"30°12′N 45°21′E / 30.200°N 45.350°E / 30.200; 45.350"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muthanna_Governorate&params=30_12_N_45_21_E_type:adm1st_region:IQ","external_links_name":"30°12′N 45°21′E / 30.200°N 45.350°E / 30.200; 45.350"},{"Link":"http://muthana.gov.iq/","external_links_name":"http://muthana.gov.iq/"},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/Iraq.html#Stadt_alpha","external_links_name":"Citypopulation.de"},{"Link":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","external_links_name":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\""},{"Link":"https://kirkuknow.com/en/news/61545","external_links_name":"\"Poverty rate in Nineveh province nearly doubled\""},{"Link":"https://www.wearethemighty.com/articles/6-massive-tank-battles-from-us-history","external_links_name":"\"These were the 6 most massive tank battles in US history\""},{"Link":"http://www.citypopulation.de/en/iraq/cities/","external_links_name":"\"Population of Governorates\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muthanna_Governorate&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_Wisconsin
List of United States attorneys for Wisconsin
["1 Wisconsin Territory","2 District of Wisconsin","3 Eastern and Western District","4 References"]
The office of United States Attorney for the Wisconsin Territory came into being when the Wisconsin Territory was created from the remnants of the Michigan Territory. When Wisconsin became the 30th state in 1848, the United States Attorney for the District of Wisconsin was established. In 1870, the state was split into two jurisdictions, the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Wisconsin and the United States Attorney for the Western District of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Territory U.S. Attorney Years Notes President(s) William W. Chapman 1836 – 1838 Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren Moses M. Strong 1838 – 1841 Thomas W. Sutherland 1841 – 1845 John Tyler William Pitt Lynde 1845 – 1848 Elected to U.S. House James K. Polk District of Wisconsin U.S. Attorney Years Notes President(s) Thomas W. Sutherland 1848 James K. Polk A. Hyatt Smith 1848 – 1849 George W. Lakin 1850 – 1853 Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore John R. Sharpstein 1853 – 1857 Later Justice of the Supreme Court of California Franklin Pierce Don A. J. Upham 1857 – 1861 James Buchanan John B. D. Cogswell 1861 – 1866 Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Eastern and Western District U.S. Attorney, Western Dist. Years Notes President(s) U.S. Attorney, Eastern Dist. Years Notes Charles M. Webb 1870 – 1878 Ulysses S. Grant Levi Hubbell 1870 – 1875 Gerry Whiting Hazelton 1876 – 1885 Rutherford B. Hayes H. M. Lewis 1878 – 1886 James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur Grover Cleveland Arthur K. Delaney 1885 – 1887 Allen R. Bushnell 1886 – 1890 William A. Walker 1887 – 1890 Benjamin Harrison Samuel A. Harper 1890 – 1894 Elihu Colman 1890 – 1893 Grover Cleveland John H. M. Wigman 1893 – 1897 Harry E. Briggs 1894 – 1898 William McKinley Milton E. Phillips 1897 – 1901 David F. Jones 1898 – 1901 William G. Wheeler 1901 – 1909 Theodore Roosevelt H. K. Butterfield 1901 – 1910 George H. Gordon 1909 – 1913 William Howard Taft E. A. Henning 1910 – 1911 Guy D. Goff 1911 – 1915 Later U.S. Senator John A. Aylward 1913 – 1916 Woodrow Wilson H. A. Sawyer 1915 – 1923 Arthur Mulberger 1916 William F. Wolfe 1916 – 1917 Albert C. Wolfe 1917 – 1921 William H. Dougherty 1921 – 1927 Warren G. Harding Edward W. Miller 1923 Calvin Coolidge William O. Meilahm 1923 Roy L. Morse 1923 – 1927 Stanley M. Ryan 1927 – 1935 Grandfather of Paul Ryan Levi H. Bancroft 1927 – 1932 Herbert Hoover Edward J. Gehl 1932 – 1933 Franklin D. Roosevelt Bert Husting 1933 – 1944 John J. Boyle 1935 – 1944 Died in office Charles H. Cashin 1944 – 1951 Timothy T. Cronin 1944 – 1955 Harry S. Truman Thomas E. Fairchild 1951 – 1952 Later Chief Judge of the U.S. 7th Circuit Frank Nikolay 1952 – 1953 George E. Rapp 1953 – 1962 Dwight D. Eisenhower Edward G. Minor 1955 – 1961 John F. Kennedy James B. Brennan 1961 – 1969 Nathan Heffernan 1962 – 1965 Later Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court Lyndon B. Johnson Michael J. Wyngaard 1965 – 1969 Edmond A. Nix 1969 Richard Nixon David J. Cannon 1969 – 1973 John O. Olson 1969 – 1974 David B. Bukey 1973 – 1974 Steven C. Underwood 1974 David C. Mebane 1974 – 1977 Gerald Ford William J. Mulligan 1974 – 1978 Frank M. Tuerkheimer 1977 – 1981 Jimmy Carter Joan F. Kessler 1978 – 1981 First female U.S. Attorney for Wisconsin John R. Byrnes 1981 – 1987 Ronald Reagan Joseph Peter Stadtmueller 1981 – 1987 Patrick J. Fiedler 1987 – 1991 Resigned to become secretary of the Wisconsin Department of Corrections Patricia J. Gorence 1987 – 1988 John E. Fryatt 1988 – 1993 George H. W. Bush Kevin C. Potter 1991 – 1993 Peg Lautenschlager 1993 – 2001 Bill Clinton Thomas Paul Schneider 1993 – 2001 J. B. Van Hollen 2001 – 2006 George W. Bush Steven M. Biskupic 2001 – 2009 Erik C. Peterson 2006 – 2010 Barack Obama James Santelle 2009 – 2015 John W. Vaudreuil 2010 – 2017 Gregory Haanstad 2015 – 2017 Scott Blader 2017 – 2021 Donald Trump Matthew Krueger 2017 – 2021 Timothy M. O'Shea 2021 – present Acting Joe Biden Richard G. Frohling 2021 – 2022 Acting Gregory Haanstad 2022-present References ^ Executive Office for United States Attorneys (1989). Bicentennial Celebration of United States Attorneys, 1789–1989 (PDF) (Report). Washington, District of Columbia: United States Department of Justice.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of United States attorneys for Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wisconsin Territory"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"District of Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Eastern and Western District"}]
[]
null
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[{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/d9/pages/attachments/2018/02/23/bicentennial_celebration.pdf","external_links_name":"Bicentennial Celebration of United States Attorneys, 1789–1989"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Robinson_(saxophonist)
Stan Robinson
["1 Selected discography","2 References"]
English jazz musician (1936–2017) For the Australian rugby league player, see Stan Robinson (rugby league). For other people with similar names, see Stanley Robinson (disambiguation). Stan RobinsonBackground informationBorn(1936-04-13)13 April 1936Salford, Lancashire, EnglandDied9 April 2017(2017-04-09) (aged 80)GenresJazzOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)Saxophone, fluteMusical artist Stan Robinson (13 April 1936 – 9 April 2017) was an English jazz tenor saxophonist and flautist. Robinson started playing professionally at Manchester's Club 43 before travelling to London and appearing at Ronnie Scott's Club in the early 1960s, often in a quartet featuring the young drummer Peter "Ginger" Baker. In an article in Jazz News magazine in September 1960, Tubby Hayes was cited as saying that he believed Robinson to be among the most promising new British tenor saxophonists to have emerged during the late 1950s. Robinson would work with Hayes in several different line-ups and was present on the final public appearance of Hayes's big band at Ronnie Scott's club in February 1973. During 1960-61, Robinson was a member of the third incarnation of the Jazzmakers, co-led by drummer Allan Ganley and trombonist Keith Christie which also included pianist Colin Purbrook and bassist Arthur Watts. This group recorded an as yet unissued album at IBC Studios in London in December 1960, which had it been released would have marked Robinson's debut recording. During the 1960s he played with various prominent UK jazz groups including the Phil Seamen Quintet, The Downbeat Big Band, Tubby Hayes’ Big Band, the Johnny Burch Octet, Long John Baldry, Sandy Brown's band (also featuring Al Fairweather, Malcolm Cecil and Brian Lemon), Humphrey Lyttelton (in both a big band and small group setting), The Kenny Clarke-Francy Boland Big Band and the BBC Radio Orchestra. Together with fellow tenors Dick Morrissey and Al Gay, baritone sax Paul Carroll, and trumpets Ian Carr, Kenny Wheeler and Greg Bowen, he formed part of (Eric Burdon and) The Animals's Big Band that made its one-and-only public appearance at the 5th Annual British Jazz & Blues Festival in Richmond (1965). In the early 1970s, he was a member of the Don Rendell Quintet, with drummer Trevor Tomkins and multi-instrumentalist Peter Shade, appearing on Rendell's albums Change Is (1969) and Space Walk (1972). He remained associated with Rendell intermittently until the 2000s. During 1970-1973 Robinson was a member of trumpeter Maynard Ferguson's big band, then based in the United Kingdom and comprising British musicians. Robinson can be heard on the albums MF Horn 2 and Alive and Well in London, an album on which he and Alan Skidmore share the (uncredited) saxophone solos. During the late 2000s, former Ferguson manager and sideman Ernie Garside authorised the release of two volumes of previously unissued Ferguson recordings dating from the 1970s, on which Robinson is also prominently featured, although sadly his contributions are often misattributed to other players. Widely recognised for his full-toned delivery, agile technique and harmonic detail, Robinson's style during the 1960s and 1970s reflected the influence of several leading American jazzmen, including Sonny Rollins and Joe Henderson, whose work he closely echoes on the album Space Walk. He also made effective use of the flute, clarinet, alto and soprano saxes. Robinson was also regarded as an authority on saxophone mouthpieces, in particular in adapting and altering their internal dimensions to suit a particular player's style and requirements. The US stars he toured with include King Curtis, Aretha Franklin, Dizzy Gillespie, Andy Williams and Tony Bennett. In 1987, he toured the United States with Rolling Stones drummer Charlie Watts’ Orchestra, in a saxophone section also including fellow tenorists Alan Skidmore, Danny Moss, Bobby Wellins, Don Weller and Evan Parker. Robinson has also led his own quartets, sometimes including long-term colleague, pianist Brian Dee. During the 2000s he continued to co-lead a trio with ex-Nucleus keyboardist Geoff Castle, often working with veteran vocalist Frank Holder. Selected discography The Allan Ganley-Keith Christie Jazzmakers (Unissued) – 1960 Change Is – Don Rendell/Ian Carr Quintet (Columbia/Lansdowne reissued by Vocalion) – 1969 Greek Variations – Neil Ardley (Columbia/Lansdowne reissued by Universal) – 1969 Space Walk – Don Rendell Quintet (Columbia/Lansdowne reissued by ReDial) – 1972 Maynard Ferguson – Alive and Well In London (CBS reissued by BGO) – 1971 Maynard Ferguson – MF Horn 2 (CBS reissued by BGO) – 1972 Maynard Ferguson – The Lost Tapes: Volume One (Sleepy Night Records) – 2007 Maynard Ferguson – The Lost Tapes: Volume Two (Sleepy Night Records) – 2008 Ourselves Jazz in the Dungeon – 1999 References ^ a b Carr, Ian; Digby Fairweather, Brian Priestley The Rough Guide to Jazz, p. 659. Rough Guides, 2004. Google Books. Retrieved 29 November 2014. ^ Spillett, Simon. "British jazz saxophonists 1950-1970: An overview." Archived 2005-09-01 at the Wayback Machine JazzScript. Retrieved 29 November 2014 (offline). ^ Zentgraf, Nico. 1987. The Complete Works Website. Retrieved 29 November 2014. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
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For other people with similar names, see Stanley Robinson (disambiguation).Musical artistStan Robinson (13 April 1936 – 9 April 2017) was an English jazz tenor saxophonist and flautist.[1]Robinson started playing professionally at Manchester's Club 43 before travelling to London and appearing at Ronnie Scott's Club in the early 1960s, often in a quartet featuring the young drummer Peter \"Ginger\" Baker. In an article in Jazz News magazine in September 1960, Tubby Hayes was cited as saying that he believed Robinson to be among the most promising new British tenor saxophonists to have emerged during the late 1950s. Robinson would work with Hayes in several different line-ups and was present on the final public appearance of Hayes's big band at Ronnie Scott's club in February 1973.During 1960-61, Robinson was a member of the third incarnation of the Jazzmakers, co-led by drummer Allan Ganley and trombonist Keith Christie which also included pianist Colin Purbrook and bassist Arthur Watts. This group recorded an as yet unissued album at IBC Studios in London in December 1960, which had it been released would have marked Robinson's debut recording.During the 1960s he played with various prominent UK jazz groups including the Phil Seamen Quintet, The Downbeat Big Band, Tubby Hayes’ Big Band, the Johnny Burch Octet, Long John Baldry, Sandy Brown's band (also featuring Al Fairweather, Malcolm Cecil and Brian Lemon), Humphrey Lyttelton (in both a big band and small group setting), The Kenny Clarke-Francy Boland Big Band and the BBC Radio Orchestra.Together with fellow tenors Dick Morrissey and Al Gay, baritone sax Paul Carroll, and trumpets Ian Carr, Kenny Wheeler and Greg Bowen, he formed part of (Eric Burdon and) The Animals's Big Band[2] that made its one-and-only public appearance at the 5th Annual British Jazz & Blues Festival in Richmond (1965).In the early 1970s, he was a member of the Don Rendell Quintet, with drummer Trevor Tomkins and multi-instrumentalist Peter Shade, appearing on Rendell's albums Change Is (1969) and Space Walk (1972). He remained associated with Rendell intermittently until the 2000s.\nDuring 1970-1973 Robinson was a member of trumpeter Maynard Ferguson's big band, then based in the United Kingdom and comprising British musicians. Robinson can be heard on the albums MF Horn 2 and Alive and Well in London, an album on which he and Alan Skidmore share the (uncredited) saxophone solos.\nDuring the late 2000s, former Ferguson manager and sideman Ernie Garside authorised the release of two volumes of previously unissued Ferguson recordings dating from the 1970s, on which Robinson is also prominently featured, although sadly his contributions are often misattributed to other players.Widely recognised for his full-toned delivery, agile technique and harmonic detail, Robinson's style during the 1960s and 1970s reflected the influence of several leading American jazzmen, including Sonny Rollins and Joe Henderson, whose work he closely echoes on the album Space Walk. He also made effective use of the flute, clarinet, alto and soprano saxes. Robinson was also regarded as an authority on saxophone mouthpieces, in particular in adapting and altering their internal dimensions to suit a particular player's style and requirements.The US stars he toured with include King Curtis, Aretha Franklin, Dizzy Gillespie, Andy Williams and Tony Bennett. In 1987, he toured the United States with Rolling Stones drummer Charlie Watts’ Orchestra, in a saxophone section also including fellow tenorists Alan Skidmore, Danny Moss, Bobby Wellins, Don Weller and Evan Parker.[3] Robinson has also led his own quartets, sometimes including long-term colleague, pianist Brian Dee.During the 2000s he continued to co-lead a trio with ex-Nucleus keyboardist Geoff Castle, often working with veteran vocalist Frank Holder.","title":"Stan Robinson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Rendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Rendell"},{"link_name":"Ian Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Carr"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carr-1"}],"text":"The Allan Ganley-Keith Christie Jazzmakers (Unissued) – 1960\nChange Is – Don Rendell/Ian Carr Quintet (Columbia/Lansdowne reissued by Vocalion) – 1969\nGreek Variations – Neil Ardley (Columbia/Lansdowne reissued by Universal) – 1969\nSpace Walk – Don Rendell Quintet (Columbia/Lansdowne reissued by ReDial) – 1972[1]\nMaynard Ferguson – Alive and Well In London (CBS reissued by BGO) – 1971\nMaynard Ferguson – MF Horn 2 (CBS reissued by BGO) – 1972\nMaynard Ferguson – The Lost Tapes: Volume One (Sleepy Night Records) – 2007\nMaynard Ferguson – The Lost Tapes: Volume Two (Sleepy Night Records) – 2008\nOurselves\nJazz in the Dungeon – 1999","title":"Selected discography"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan_(1965_film)
Nishan (1965 film)
["1 Cast","2 Plot","3 Soundtrack","4 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nishan" 1965 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1965 Indian filmNishanDirected byAspi IraniProduced byHomi WadiaStarringSanjeev KumarPrem ChopraShammiMukriSamsonNazimaHelenMusic byUsha KhannaRelease date 1965 (1965) CountryIndiaLanguageHindi Nishan is a 1965 Indian Hindi-language film directed by Aspi Irani. The film stars Sanjeev Kumar (in his first lead role), Nazima, Prem Chopra, Helen, Mukri, Sulochana and Shammi. The film's music is by Usha Khanna. The lyricist was Javed Anwar. Cast This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2019) Sanjeev Kumar Prem Chopra Shammi Mukri Samson Nazima Helen Hiralal Plot The kingdom of Ajitgarh has just begun rejoicing at the birth of their Prince Kiran, when the king, Maharaja Hamir Singh, receives some disquieting news. His queen has produced a twin brother to Kiran. Hamir Singh, following in the footsteps of the King of France, takes a deep look into the future and comes up with a brothers-fighting-for-the-throne scenario. To avoid such a future, he hands over the younger twin – Badal – to his trusted courtier Sangram Singh (Sheikh Mukhtar). He gives Sangram Singh the estate of Devpur and asks him to live there, far from Prince Kiran. What happens next is rest of the story. Soundtrack "Aap Ki Adaon Pe" - Asha Bhosle "Aye Jaan-E-Wafa" - Usha Khanna "Bolo Ji Bolo" - Mukesh & Suman Kalyanpur "Hai Tabassum Tera" - Mohammed Rafi "Hai Tabassum Tera v2" - Asha Bhosle "Humqadam" - Manna Dey, Usha Khanna, Mahendra Kapoor "Saqiya Thodi Thodi" - Asha Bhosle External links Nishan at IMDb This article about a Hindi film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County_School_District
Limestone County School District
["1 History","2 Student discipline and faculty policies","3 Schools","4 References","5 External links"]
School district in Alabama This article about school may require cleanup. Please review editing advice and help improve this article. (October 2021)Limestone County SchoolsAddress300 South Jefferson Street Athens, Alabama, 35611United StatesDistrict informationGradesPK-12SuperintendentRandy ShearouseSchools13NCES District ID102100Students and staffStudents8,884Teachers476Staff542Student–teacher ratio18.64Other informationWebsitewww.lcsk12.org Limestone County School District is a school district in Limestone County, Alabama, United States. It has its headquarters in Athens. Communities in the district include Ardmore, Elkmont, Lester, and Mooresville. Some parcels of Huntsville are in the Limestone district. History This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013) In 2011 the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) informed Barry Carroll, the superintendent, that a parent complained that Bibles had been distributed within the past three months on multiple occasions at one of the district's elementary schools. Carroll said that the allegations were "inaccurate or false." Student discipline and faculty policies The district has a zero tolerance policy towards fighting. The minimum punishment for a student is suspension from school. As of 2005 the school district limits teacher usage of the internet. This occurred after the district discovered employees visiting non-educational websites and paying personal bills online. Meg McCaffrey of the School Library Journal said that the policy makes the job of a school librarian more difficult. Susan Kluger, a librarian at Cedar Hill Elementary School, said that the policy made it more difficult to teach students about internet websites that are safe to visit. Schools High schools Ardmore High School Clements High School East Limestone High School Elkmont High School Tanner High School West Limestone High School Elementary schools Blue Springs Elementary School Cedar Hill Elementary School Creekside Elementary School Elkmont Elementary School Johnson Elementary School Owens Elementary School Piney Chapel Elementary School Sugar Creek Elementary School Tanner Elementary School Other Limestone County Career Technical Center References ^ "Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Limestone County". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved August 18, 2017. ^ "Contact". Limestone County School District. Retrieved April 3, 2013. "300 South Jefferson Street Athens, AL 35611" ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Limestone County, AL" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 25 (PDF p. 26/30). Retrieved August 1, 2022. - Text list ^ Miller, Joshua Rhett. "Claims That Bibles Were Distributed to Alabama Elementary Students Are Inaccurate, School Superintendent Says." Fox News. March 24, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2013. ^ Reid, Tim. "Ardmore Students disciplined for fighting and punching a teacher". WAAY-TV. March 18, 2013. Updated Wednesday April 3, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2013. "Fighting in school is a serious offense. The Limestone County school district has a zero tolerance policy. The minimum punishment is suspension." ^ a b McCaffrey, Meg. "AL Schools Curb Teacher Internet Use". School Library Journal. February 1, 2005. Retrieved April 3, 2013. External links United States portalSchools portal Official website "Limestone County, school district to split resource officer cost". WAAY-TV. Monday April 1, 2013. vteHuntsville, AlabamaCommunities Normal Education Huntsville City Schools Grissom HS Huntsville HS Jemison HS Lee HS Limestone County School District Madison County School District Morgan County School District St. John Paul II Catholic HS Alabama A&M University template University of Alabama in Huntsville template J.F. Drake State Community and Technical College Oakwood University Closed S. R. Butler HS J. O. Johnson HS Transportation Huntsville International Airport Landmarks First National Bank U.S. Space & Rocket Center This list is incomplete.Marshall Space Flight Center is in an unincorporated area near Huntsville.The vast majority of the city is in the Huntsville School District with small portions in the other three.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district"},{"link_name":"Limestone County, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ardmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardmore,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Elkmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkmont,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Mooresville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooresville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Huntsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Limestone County School District is a school district in Limestone County, Alabama, United States. It has its headquarters in Athens.[2]Communities in the district include Ardmore, Elkmont, Lester, and Mooresville. Some parcels of Huntsville are in the Limestone district.[3]","title":"Limestone County School District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil Liberties Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 2011 the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) informed Barry Carroll, the superintendent, that a parent complained that Bibles had been distributed within the past three months on multiple occasions at one of the district's elementary schools. Carroll said that the allegations were \"inaccurate or false.\"[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zero tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_tolerance"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"School Library Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Library_Journal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCaffrey-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCaffrey-6"}],"text":"The district has a zero tolerance policy towards fighting. The minimum punishment for a student is suspension from school.[5]As of 2005 the school district limits teacher usage of the internet. This occurred after the district discovered employees visiting non-educational websites and paying personal bills online. Meg McCaffrey of the School Library Journal said that the policy makes the job of a school librarian more difficult.[6] Susan Kluger, a librarian at Cedar Hill Elementary School, said that the policy made it more difficult to teach students about internet websites that are safe to visit.[6]","title":"Student discipline and faculty policies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ardmore High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ardmore_High_School_(Alabama)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Limestone High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Limestone_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elkmont High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elkmont_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tanner High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanner_High_School"}],"text":"High schoolsArdmore High School\nClements High School\nEast Limestone High School\nElkmont High School\nTanner High School\nWest Limestone High SchoolElementary schoolsBlue Springs Elementary School\nCedar Hill Elementary School\nCreekside Elementary School\nElkmont Elementary School\nJohnson Elementary School\nOwens Elementary School\nPiney Chapel Elementary School\nSugar Creek Elementary School\nTanner Elementary SchoolOtherLimestone County Career Technical Center","title":"Schools"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Mountain_Wildlife_Management_Area
Short Mountain Wildlife Management Area
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°11′33″N 78°40′11″W / 39.19250°N 78.66972°W / 39.19250; -78.66972State Wildlife Management Area in Hampshire County, West Virginia Short Mountain Wildlife Management AreaIUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)Location of Short Mountain Wildlife Management Area in West VirginiaLocationHampshire, West Virginia, United StatesCoordinates39°11′33″N 78°40′11″W / 39.19250°N 78.66972°W / 39.19250; -78.66972Area8,005 acres (32.40 km2)Elevation2,049 ft (625 m)WebsiteWVDNR District 2 Wildlife Management Areas Short Mountain Wildlife Management Area is located on 8,005 acres (32.40 km2) eight miles (13 km) south of Augusta off Augusta-Ford Hill Road (County Route 7) in Hampshire County, West Virginia. Short Mountain WMA is owned by the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. Short Mountain WMA lies between the two mountain ridges of Short Mountain (2,864 feet ) that form a long horseshoe-shaped basin with Meadow Run flowing through its center. Almost all of the WMA is covered in mixed oak and Virginia pine. Hunting is available for wild turkey, deer, squirrel, and ruffed grouse. Short Mountain WMA's southern boundary, located west of Rio, is formed in part by one-half mile (0.80 km) of the North River, which is periodically stocked with trout between February and May by the WVDNR. Six primitive camping areas are distributed around the area. A nominal camping fee is charged by the WVDNR. Short Mountain WMA is also popular with bird watchers for its wetland species and late spring breeders. See also Animal conservation Fishing Hunting List of West Virginia wildlife management areas References ^ "Short Mountain Wildlife Management Area". Protected Planet. IUCN. Retrieved 30 April 2018. ^ a b "West Virginia DNR - District 2 Wildlife Management Areas". West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 2016-07-09. Retrieved 2008-10-22. ^ "Short Mountain Wildlife Management Area". Elevation Query. U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2008-10-22. External links West Virginia DNR District 2 Wildlife Management Areas West Virginia Hunting Regulations West Virginia Fishing Regulations WVDNR map of Short Mountain Wildlife Management Area vteProtected areas of West VirginiaFederalNational Parks New River Gorge National Historical Parks Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Harpers Ferry National Forests George Washington and Jefferson Monongahela National Recreation Areas Gauley River (NPS) Spruce Knob–Seneca Rocks (USFS) National Wildlife Refuges Canaan Valley Ohio River Islands National Trails System Appalachian National Scenic Trail National Preserves New River Gorge Wilderness Areas Big Draft Wilderness Cranberry Wilderness Dolly Sods Wilderness Laurel Fork North Wilderness Laurel Fork South Wilderness Mountain Lake Wilderness Otter Creek Wilderness Roaring Plains Wilderness Spice Run Wilderness National Rivers Bluestone NSR StateState parks Audra Babcock Beartown Beech Fork Berkeley Springs Blackwater Falls Blennerhassett Island Bluestone Cacapon Resort Camp Creek Canaan Valley Resort Carnifex Ferry Battlefield Cass Scenic Railroad Cathedral Cedar Creek Chief Logan Droop Mountain Battlefield Fairfax Stone Greenbrier River Trail Hawks Nest Holly River Little Beaver Lost River Moncove Lake North Bend Rail Trail North Bend Pinnacle Rock Pipestem Resort Prickett's Fort Stonewall Jackson Lake Tomlinson Run Tu-Endie-Wei Twin Falls Resort Tygart Lake Valley Falls Watoga Watters Smith Memorial Former state parks Booker T. Washington Grandview Grave Creek Mound James Rumsey Monument Mingo Oak Mont Chateau Morgan Morgan Monument State forests Cabwaylingo Calvin Price Camp Creek Coopers Rock Greenbrier Kanawha Kumbrabow Seneca Wildlifemanagementareas Allegheny Amherst-Plymouth Anawalt Lake Bear Rocks Lake Becky Creek Beech Fork Lake Berwind Lake Beury Mountain Big Ditch Big Ugly Bluestone Burches Run Burnsville Lake Castleman Run Lake Cecil H. Underwood Center Branch Cheat Canyon Chief Cornstalk Conaway Run Lake Cross Creek Dents Run Dunkard Fork East Lynn Lake Edwards Run Elk Creek Elk River Fairfox Pond-Rehe Fort Mill Ridge Fox Forest Frozen Camp Green Bottom Handley Hilbert Hillcrest Horse Creek Hughes River Huttonsville State Farm The Jug Lantz Farm and Nature Preserve Laurel Lake Lewis Wetzel Little Indian Creek McClintic Meadow River Mill Creek Moncove Lake Morris Creek Nathaniel Mountain Panther Pedlar Pleasant Creek Plum Orchard Lake Pruntytown State Farm R.D. Bailey Lake Ritchie Mines Sand Hill Shannondale Springs Short Mountain Slatyfork Sleepy Creek Smoke Camp Snake Hill South Branch Stonecoal Lake Stonewall Jackson Lake Stumptown Summersville Lake Tate Lohr Teter Creek Lake Thorn Creek Tug Fork Turkey Run Upper Deckers Creek Upper Mud River Valley Bend Wetlands Wallback Widmeyer Woodrum Lake Other WVDNR sites West Virginia State Wildlife Center LocalMunicipal parks Cameron City Pool Camp Mad Anthony Wayne Fries Park James Rumsey Monument Magic Island Marland Heights Park Memorial Park Oglebay Park Ritter Park Staunton Park Wheeling Park Non-governmentalNatureConservancypreserves Bear Rocks Brush Creek Cranesville Swamp Greenland Gap Hungry Beech Ice Mountain Mount Porte Crayon Murphy Panther Knob Pike Knob Slaty Mountain Upper Shavers Fork Yankauer West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection West Virginia Division of Forestry West Virginia Division of Natural Resources
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[]
[{"title":"Animal conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_conservation"},{"title":"Fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"title":"Hunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting"},{"title":"List of West Virginia wildlife management areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_West_Virginia_wildlife_management_areas"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_roundhouse
Railway roundhouse
["1 Overview","2 Purpose","3 History by country","3.1 Australia","3.2 Canada","3.3 France","3.4 Germany","3.5 Hungary","3.6 Indonesia","3.7 Italy","3.8 New Zealand","3.9 Norway","3.10 North Korea","3.11 Japan","3.12 Poland","3.13 Portugal","3.14 Serbia","3.15 Switzerland","3.16 Taiwan (ROC)","3.17 United Kingdom","3.18 United States","4 Operational roundhouses","4.1 North America","4.2 Asia","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
Building with a circular or semicircular shape used by railways This article is about the railroad shop structure. For other uses, see Roundhouse (disambiguation). the John Street Roundhouse, now part of Roundhouse Park in Toronto, Canada, viewed from the CN Tower in September 2012. A railway roundhouse is a building with a circular or semicircular shape used by railways for servicing and storing locomotives. Traditionally, though not always the case today, these buildings surrounded or were adjacent to a turntable. Overview Roundhouse in Berlin-Pankow Roundhouse in Uster, Switzerland Changhua roundhouse at Changhua, Taiwan, built in 1922 and still in use today Early steam locomotives normally traveled forwards only. Although reverse operations capabilities were soon built into locomotive mechanisms, the controls were normally optimized for forward travel, and the locomotives often could not operate as well in reverse. Some passenger cars, such as observation cars, were also designed as late as the 1960s for operations in a particular direction. Turntables allowed locomotives or other rolling stock to be turned around for the return journey, and roundhouses, designed to radiate around the turntables, were built to service and store these locomotives. Most modern diesel and electric locomotives can run equally well in either direction, and many are push-pull trains with control cabs at each end. In addition, railroads often use multiple locomotives to pull trains, and even with locomotives that have distinct front and rear ends, the engines at opposing ends of a locomotive "consist" (a group of locomotives coupled together and controlled as a single unit) can be aligned so they face opposite directions. With such a setup, trains needing to reverse direction can use a technique known as a "run around," in which the engines are uncoupled from the train, pull around it on an adjacent track or siding, and reattach at the other end. The engineer changes operating ends from the original locomotive to the one on the opposite end of the locomotive consist. Railroad terminals also use features such as balloon loops and wyes (Commonwealth: triangle) to reverse the orientation of railroad equipment. Because of the advent of these practices, modern roundhouses are frequently not round and are simply large buildings used for servicing locomotives. Like much other railroad terminology, however, the structure has retained its traditional name. The alternative term engine-house encompasses both semi-circular and rectangular structures and broadly describes all buildings intended for storage and servicing of locomotives. Shops or workshops are buildings containing hoists and heavy machinery capable of major repairs beyond routine servicing. Some roundhouses include shop facilities internally or in adjoining buildings. Since the great dieselisation era of the 1940s and 1950s, many roundhouses have been demolished or put to other uses, but a few still stand and remain in use on the railroads. Early roundhouses were too small for later locomotives. The buildings' peculiar shapes can make it challenging to adapt them to new uses, but they can also be visually pleasing. Purpose Roundhouses were originally constructed to service steam locomotives. In North America, regular daily serving began with a hostler moving an engine to an ash pit to remove the detritus of burned wood or coal. The locomotive's tender would be refilled with fuel, water, and sand, and the engine would be placed above an inspection pit so that workers could inspect it for any maintenance needs, like wear on its brake shoes and wheels. The engine's many moving parts would also be thoroughly lubricated, although this meant that engines typically required frequent cleanings to remove old lubricating fluid along with dirt and anything else that stuck. At larger 24-hour North American roundhouses, steam locomotives would often be turned around and made ready for service within a few hours of arrival. However, locomotives with major issues or in need of semi-regular maintenance required additional time. Larger roundhouses were adequately staffed with boilermakers, blacksmiths, and pipefitters so that this work could be accomplished on-site; only the most extensive work, such as major unexpected repairs or scheduled major maintenance, required the transport of locomotives to specialized backshops. History by country The location of the first roundhouse is thought to be Birmingham. England, built in 1837. Some turntables that were built in earlier days rapidly became unsuitable for the longer locomotives introduced. For example, the Roundhouse in London was built in 1846 to turn around steam locomotives on the line to Birmingham, but newer locomotives were too long within ten years—the building has been preserved and used for other purposes over the years. Australia Valley Heights roundhouse, 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Sydney, New South Wales, is the oldest surviving roundhouse in Australia, and has been preserved as a railway museum. Canada The London Roundhouse Project London, Ontario, Canada, is an extensive renovation of the Michigan Central Railroad steam locomotive repair shop which was built in 1887. It is to become the new home of Ellipsis Digital and Engine SevenFour, a pair of emerging technology companies. The Canadian National Railways roundhouse at the Turcot Yard in Montreal, built in 1906, was the largest ever built in Canada. Its demolition in 1962 to make way for the Turcot Interchange illustrated a profound change in transportation habits across North America. The Steam Whistle Brewing brewery in Toronto, Ontario is located in the building known as the John Street Roundhouse, a former Canadian Pacific Railway steam locomotive repair facility. The Canadian Pacific 374 steam engine is on display at the former CPR Drake Street Roundhouse in Vancouver, now the Roundhouse Community Centre. VIA Architecture was the architecture firm responsible for designing the station. The Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Roundhouse in Victoria, British Columbia France Several roundhouses exist in France; two exist at Chambéry, built between 1906 and 1910.} Another two exist at Avignon, and three exist at Lyon with other roundhouses being at Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Dijon, Bayonne, Colmar, Paris, Marseille, Clermont-Ferrand, Mulhouse, Nevers, Toulon, Valence, and Saint Etienne. Germany Several roundhouses survive in Germany, The roundhouse at Augsburg is home to a museum. Hungary The former Budapest North Depot in Budapest is home to a railway museum since 2000. Indonesia At its height, there were four railway roundhouses in Indonesia. Three of them still survive in the present day: the roundhouse near Lempuyangan station in Yogyakarta, the one in Tebing Tinggi station in North Sumatera, and a former roundhouse inside Jatibarang sugar mill in Central Java which is now used as a mini railway museum. Italy 2 roundhouses exist at Turin and are still in use by the FS. New Zealand There were 3 roundhouses in New Zealand. Elmer Lane in Greymouth was one of the largest and most famous roundhouses in New Zealand and had up to 17 total berths. The last remains were demolished in the 1990's. None of the original roundhouses survive however Mainline Steam as part of their Mercer project will build a roundhouse at Mercer. Norway Norway has had many roundhouses, and many still survive. Examples include Voss, Ål, Kongsberg on the Bergen line. Hamar, Otta and Oppdal on the Dovre line, Lodalen - Oslo (covered) and Egersund on the Sørland line. North Korea A roundhouse is known to exist at Manpo-Jian. Japan The roundhouse at Kyoto Railway Museum, Kyoto, Japan Roundhouses were a significant feature of Japanese railways. Many smaller roundhouses are still in use today as fully operational buildings on a few private and third-sector railways. One Japanese roundhouse that remains intact is at the Kyoto Railway Museum. The museum comprises a number of structures classified by the Japanese Government as 'Important Cultural Properties'. One of these structures is the museum roundhouse, as it is the oldest reinforced-concrete car shed extant in Japan. Poland Operational roundhouse in Wolsztyn, Poland The museum roundhouse in Wolsztyn, in western Poland, continues to supply steam locomotives for regular national rail services (as of 2011). Portugal The Roundhouse at Entroncamento is home to the Portuguese National Railway Museum. Serbia Red Cross depot in Niš steam locomotives in the Belgrade Main railway station electric locomotives in the Belgrade Main station ruins of the Belgrade Main station Switzerland The Uster roundhouse in Uster. Taiwan (ROC) Changhua Roundhouse in Changhua City built in 1922 is the only surviving roundhouse in Taiwan and is still in use as of 2022. United Kingdom North Midland Railway roundhouse at Derby, England, built in 1839, as it was in 2006 Leeds Railway Roundhouse 13 Feb 2022 Probably the first railway roundhouse, designed by Robert Stephenson, was built in 1837 in Birmingham, at Curzon Street station. Its central turntable, inspection pits, and an exterior wall were uncovered in March 2020 during work to build HS2. Another was built in 1839 at Derby, England by the North Midland Railway. A guidebook of the time says: The engine-house is a polygon of sixteen sides, and 190 feet (58 m) in diameter, lighted from a dome-shaped roof, of the height of 50 feet (15.2 m). It contains 16 lines of rails, radiating from a single turn-table in the centre: the engines, on their arrival, are taken in there, placed upon the turn-table, and wheeled into any stall that may be vacant. Each of the 16 stalls will hold two, or perhaps more, engines. This roundhouse narrowly escaped demolition when the works closed down, and was classified as a listed building. It was restored in 2010, being converted into a brand new site for Derby College, with a new addition called the 'Stephenson Building' including the other survival of demolition – the original Midland Counties Railway workshop. The new site was opened in September 2009. Tours can be arranged through Derby Tourist Information Centre. In Leeds, Thomas Grainger designed the roundhouse near Armley Gyratory that was opened in 1847, with accommodation for 20 trains from the Leeds & Thirsk Railway. It was operational until 1904. The Fenton, Murray and Jackson building in Leeds (1831–1843), a private workshop, may previously have been laid out in a radial pattern like a roundhouse. The Roundhouse, Chalk Farm, London was built in 1847, but was too small for its function within 20 years (it is now an arts center and concert venue). Barrow Hill Engine Shed, which is home to a number of preserved locomotives is still in use. United States Roundhouse in Atlanta, Georgia, 1866. Interior layout exposed by extensive American Civil War damage. Terminal Railroad Roundhouse construction in Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1903 Central of Georgia Roundhouse, circa 1876. It is estimated that there were about 3,000 roundhouse sites in the United States, although at least three times that number of structures were built between 1840 and 1950, since many were torn down and rebuilt as locomotives became increasingly larger. Although the United Kingdom was home to the earliest roundhouse (1837), the US was not far behind, with several being built around 1840 for the earliest railroads. It is likely that the first in the US was built by the Baltimore and Ohio at Mt. Clare (Baltimore), although this cannot be confirmed because early records have been lost. Early roundhouses, especially those built in cold climates, were fully enclosed with the turntable under cover as well as the stalls. Once locomotives became too large to fit in these structures, they were torn down and replaced with "donut" shaped structures that surrounded an open turntable. Although some roundhouses used by Class 1 railroads were built as a full-circle with as many as 52 stalls, the vast majority were only part of a circle with 12 or fewer stalls. Nearly every locomotive terminal in the country was anchored by a roundhouse, especially if a railroad owned more than a few locomotives. The largest concentration of roundhouses was in Chicago, with over 75 in and around the metropolitan region during the early 1900s. Other cities where multiple railroads terminated or were major division points also had over 20 roundhouses, such as Boston, Cleveland, St. Louis, Sioux City, Indianapolis, and Cincinnati. The largest "as-built" roundhouse ever constructed is believed to have been the Boston and Maine's East Somerville roundhouse outside of Boston (today the site of the Boston Engine Terminal). It was built with stalls 112 feet (34.1 m) long, 90 feet (27 m) of open space between the roundhouse and the turntable, and a 110-foot (33.5 m) turntable, giving it a diameter of 525 feet (160 m). However, several roundhouses were enlarged over time that eventually became larger than the one in Boston. For example, the Union Pacific roundhouse in Cheyenne, Wyoming was lengthened in 1930 to accommodate the new 4-8-8-4 "Big Boy" articulated locomotives being delivered. After the expansion it was 560 feet (170 m) in diameter and constituted a near full-circle. A portion of this roundhouse still stands and is used by Union Pacific to store heritage rolling stock. The vast majority of roundhouses were torn down beginning in the 1950s as railroads converted motive power from steam to electric-diesel, which needed far less maintenance. Some were converted to service diesel engines, while others were used as storage or sold to other parties. Several dozen roundhouses stand today in active use by modern railroads and museums, although the majority of those still standing have been abandoned. An average of two per year are demolished or otherwise destroyed. The only roundhouse still in use as a locomotive servicing facility by the same railroad that constructed it is the Long Island engine house in Queens, New York. The largest surviving roundhouse by interior square footage is owned and operated by the North Carolina Transportation Museum in Spencer, North Carolina. It was built by the Southern Railway in 1924 and contains 37 stalls. The B&O Railroad Museum complex in Baltimore, Maryland contains the restored railcar maintenance roundhouse of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Built in 1884, it is said to be the world's largest 22-sided building. The roundhouse in Aurora, Illinois, constructed in 1856, was purchased and restored by NFL football player Walter Payton. After Payton's death, the roundhouse was occupied by a micro-brewery and renamed Two Brothers Roundhouse, with a plaque mounted in Payton's honor. It is believed that this roundhouse is the oldest of its kind still standing in the United States. Operational roundhouses North America The vast majority of roundhouses built in the US and Canada no longer exist, lie in ruins, or have been repurposed; however, a small number of them still exist and continue to operate in their intended capacity as locomotive storing and servicing facilities. Of the roughly 3,000 roundhouses that once existed in North America, fewer than 200 roundhouses are extant in the US as of 2010; in Canada, none exist east of Montreal. Below is a list of locations with operational roundhouses that are also open to the public. Location City Track gauge Number of intactstalls in use Year built Notes Age of Steam Roundhouse Sugarcreek, Ohio, US 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 18 2011 Open May–October on Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays for guided tours only. Colorado Railroad Museum Golden, Colorado, US 3 ft (914 mm) 5 2000 Como Roundhouse, Railroad Depot and Hotel Complex Como, Colorado, US 3 ft (914 mm) 2 1881 Connecticut Eastern Railroad Museum Willimantic, Connecticut, US 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 6 2000 Replica Durango & Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad Durango, Colorado, US 3 ft (914 mm) 7 1990 Replica; utilizes parts from original structure built in 1881 on same site, which burned down in 1989 East Broad Top Railroad and Coal Company Rockhill Furnace, Pennsylvania, US 3 ft (914 mm) 8 1882 Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Roundhouse Victoria, British Columbia, Canada 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) ? 1913 Heritage Park Historical Village Calgary, Alberta, Canada 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 6 1981 Replica North Carolina Transportation Museum Spencer, North Carolina, US 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 6 1924 Railtown 1897 State Historic Park Jamestown, California, US 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 6 1910 Steamtown National Historic Site Scranton, Pennsylvania, US 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 13 1902 Union Pacific Roundhouse Cheyenne, Wyoming, US 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 7 1931 Used to store and maintain the Union Pacific Heritage Fleet; only open during authorized tours Weiser Railroad (Greenfield Village) Dearborn, Michigan, US 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) 6 2000 Replica; utilizes parts from original structure built in 1884 in Marshall, Michigan Asia Location Address Track gauge Number of intact stalls in use Year built Notes Changhua railway station Changhua City, Changhua County, Taiwan 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) 12 1922 The Changhua Roundhouse is open to the public Tues to Fri 13:00 – 16:00, Sat & Sun 10:00 – 16:00. Still used for maintenance by the Taiwan Railways Administration. See also Trains portal Bahnbetriebswerk, a German motive power depot Bahnbetriebswerk (steam locomotives) List of railway roundhouses Motive power depot Railway turntable References ^ a b Hankey 2010, p. 30. ^ Hankey 2010, p. 26. ^ The Elements of Railroad Engineering, 5th Edition, 1937, William G. Raymond. Published by John Wiley and Sons, New York ^ Steam Works, 1994, Derek Huntriss. Published by Ian Allan ISBN 0-7110-2269-0 ^ Hankey 2010, pp. 30–32. ^ Rose, Steve (29 May 2006). "Steve Rose reports on the restoration of the Roundhouse". The Guardian. ^ roundhouse.ca ^ Roundhouse Community Centre ^ "History of Yaletown". Roundhouse Community Arts & Recreation Centre. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019. ^ RRI 2022, LPP. "Los Bunder Lempuyangan yang Unik dan Bersejarah". rri.co.id. Retrieved 2022-09-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Java". www.internationalsteam.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-09-25. ^ Widyanto, Bagus (2012-03-17), Roundhouse at Tebing Tinggi., retrieved 2022-09-25 ^ "North Sumatra". www.internationalsteam.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-09-25. ^ "Jatibarang sugar mill". www.david-longman.com. Retrieved 2022-09-25. ^ Official website of the museum Archived 2009-09-01 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on August 29, 2009. (in Japanese) ^ a b "Stephenson-designed turntable found at HS2 site". BBC News. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020. ^ The North Midland Railway Guide, 1842, Nottingham: R. Allen. Republished (1973) by Turntable Enterprises, Leeds ^ Whishaw, Francis (1840). The Railways of Great Britain and Ireland practically described and illustrated (2nd ed.). London: John Weale (1840 publisher – Simpkin, Marshall & Co.). ^ a b Plaques, Open. "Railway Roundhouse, Leeds and Thomas Grainger blue plaque". openplaques.org. Retrieved 2022-02-13. ^ * Starr, Timothy (2022). Stables of the Iron Horse: A Definitive History of the American Roundhouse. Privately printed. ^ Starr (2022) ^ Starr (2022) ^ Starr (2022) ^ Starr (2022) ^ PRNewswire press release, September 15, 2004. ^ Starr (2022) ^ "Annual Report 2000" (PDF). The Henry Ford. Retrieved August 4, 2016. ^ Hankey 2010, p. 25. ^ "Roundhouse Tours". Age of Steam Roundhouse. Retrieved September 8, 2020. ^ "Riding the Rails – Connecticut Eastern Railroad Museum – Train Aficionado". www.trainaficionado.com. Retrieved 2018-10-19. ^ Heritage Park Historical Village – Railway Roundhouse ^ "Union Pacific Roundhouse Turntable and Machine Shop". Bibliography Hankey, John P. (March 2010). "The American Roundhouse". Trains. 70 (3). Kalmbach Publishing: 24–33. ISSN 0041-0934. Starr, Timothy (2022). Stables of the Iron Horse: A Definitive History of the American Roundhouse. Privately printed. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roundhouses. Barrow Hill, Derbyshire, England: includes a list of other worldwide roundhouses Archived 2004-11-12 at the Wayback Machine vteRail infrastructureTracks (history) Axe ties Ballast Baulk road Breather switch Cant Clip and scotch Date nail Fastening system Fishplate Ladder track Minimum radius Profile Tie/Sleeper Transition curve Trackwork Balloon loop Classification yard Headshunt Pocket track Junction Gauntlet track Guide bar Passing loop Track gauge dual gauge Rail track tramway track Rail yard Railway electrification overhead lines third rail ground-level power supply Railway turntable Transfer table (traverser) Roll way Siding refuge siding Switch Track geometry Water crane Water trough Wye Signallingand safety Anti-trespass panels Block post Buffer stop Catch points Defect detector Derailer Guard rail Interlocking Level crossing Loading gauge Platform screen doors Railway signal Signalling control Structure gauge Signal bridge Tell-tale Train stop Wayside horn Structures Coaling tower Motive power depot/Railway workshop Platform Roundhouse Shed for trains for goods Station building clock ghost list Water stop Types Industrial Military Private station list Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roundhouse (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhouse_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roundhouse_Park_Toronto.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Street Roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Street_Roundhouse"},{"link_name":"Roundhouse Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhouse_Park"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"CN Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CN_Tower"},{"link_name":"railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport"},{"link_name":"locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHankey201030-1"},{"link_name":"turntable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_turntable"}],"text":"This article is about the railroad shop structure. For other uses, see Roundhouse (disambiguation).the John Street Roundhouse, now part of Roundhouse Park in Toronto, Canada, viewed from the CN Tower in September 2012.A railway roundhouse is a building with a circular or semicircular shape used by railways for servicing and storing locomotives.[1] Traditionally, though not always the case today, these buildings surrounded or were adjacent to a turntable.","title":"Railway roundhouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pankow_Lokschuppen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Pankow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pankow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uster_roundhouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chunghua_fan-shaped_garage.jpg"},{"link_name":"Changhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changhua"},{"link_name":"Changhua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changhua_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"passenger cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_car_(rail)"},{"link_name":"observation cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_car"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHankey201026-2"},{"link_name":"diesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_locomotive"},{"link_name":"electric locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_locomotive"},{"link_name":"push-pull trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-pull_train"},{"link_name":"coupled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_coupling"},{"link_name":"balloon loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balloon_loop"},{"link_name":"wyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_(rail)"},{"link_name":"triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wye_(rail)"},{"link_name":"engine-house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine-house"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"dieselisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieselisation"}],"text":"Roundhouse in Berlin-PankowRoundhouse in Uster, SwitzerlandChanghua roundhouse at Changhua, Taiwan, built in 1922 and still in use todayEarly steam locomotives normally traveled forwards only. Although reverse operations capabilities were soon built into locomotive mechanisms, the controls were normally optimized for forward travel, and the locomotives often could not operate as well in reverse. Some passenger cars, such as observation cars, were also designed as late as the 1960s for operations in a particular direction.[citation needed] Turntables allowed locomotives or other rolling stock to be turned around for the return journey, and roundhouses, designed to radiate around the turntables, were built to service and store these locomotives.[2]Most modern diesel and electric locomotives can run equally well in either direction, and many are push-pull trains with control cabs at each end. In addition, railroads often use multiple locomotives to pull trains, and even with locomotives that have distinct front and rear ends, the engines at opposing ends of a locomotive \"consist\" (a group of locomotives coupled together and controlled as a single unit) can be aligned so they face opposite directions. With such a setup, trains needing to reverse direction can use a technique known as a \"run around,\" in which the engines are uncoupled from the train, pull around it on an adjacent track or siding, and reattach at the other end. The engineer changes operating ends from the original locomotive to the one on the opposite end of the locomotive consist.Railroad terminals also use features such as balloon loops and wyes (Commonwealth: triangle) to reverse the orientation of railroad equipment. Because of the advent of these practices, modern roundhouses are frequently not round and are simply large buildings used for servicing locomotives. Like much other railroad terminology, however, the structure has retained its traditional name. The alternative term engine-house encompasses both semi-circular and rectangular structures and broadly describes all buildings intended for storage and servicing of locomotives.[3] Shops or workshops are buildings containing hoists and heavy machinery capable of major repairs beyond routine servicing.[4] Some roundhouses include shop facilities internally or in adjoining buildings.Since the great dieselisation era of the 1940s and 1950s, many roundhouses have been demolished or put to other uses, but a few still stand and remain in use on the railroads. Early roundhouses were too small for later locomotives. The buildings' peculiar shapes can make it challenging to adapt them to new uses, but they can also be visually pleasing.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hostler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostler_(rail)"},{"link_name":"tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tender_(rail)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHankey201030-1"},{"link_name":"boilermakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilermaker"},{"link_name":"blacksmiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith"},{"link_name":"pipefitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipefitter"},{"link_name":"backshops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backshop"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHankey201030%E2%80%9332-5"}],"text":"Roundhouses were originally constructed to service steam locomotives. In North America, regular daily serving began with a hostler moving an engine to an ash pit to remove the detritus of burned wood or coal. The locomotive's tender would be refilled with fuel, water, and sand, and the engine would be placed above an inspection pit so that workers could inspect it for any maintenance needs, like wear on its brake shoes and wheels. The engine's many moving parts would also be thoroughly lubricated, although this meant that engines typically required frequent cleanings to remove old lubricating fluid along with dirt and anything else that stuck.[1]At larger 24-hour North American roundhouses, steam locomotives would often be turned around and made ready for service within a few hours of arrival. However, locomotives with major issues or in need of semi-regular maintenance required additional time. Larger roundhouses were adequately staffed with boilermakers, blacksmiths, and pipefitters so that this work could be accomplished on-site; only the most extensive work, such as major unexpected repairs or scheduled major maintenance, required the transport of locomotives to specialized backshops.[5]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"the Roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhouse_(venue)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The location of the first roundhouse is thought to be Birmingham. England, built in 1837. Some turntables that were built in earlier days rapidly became unsuitable for the longer locomotives introduced. For example, the Roundhouse in London was built in 1846 to turn around steam locomotives on the line to Birmingham, but newer locomotives were too long within ten years—the building has been preserved and used for other purposes over the years.[6]","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valley Heights roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Heights_Locomotive_Depot_Heritage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Valley Heights roundhouse, 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of Sydney, New South Wales, is the oldest surviving roundhouse in Australia, and has been preserved as a railway museum.","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Roundhouse Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Roundhouse_Project&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Michigan Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Ellipsis Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellipsis_Digital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Engine SevenFour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engine_SevenFour&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway"},{"link_name":"Turcot Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turcot_Yard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Turcot Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcot_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Steam Whistle Brewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_Whistle_Brewing"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"John Street Roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhouse_Park"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Canadian Pacific 374","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_374"},{"link_name":"Drake Street Roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drake_Street_Roundhouse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Roundhouse Community Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roundhouse_Community_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"VIA Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VIA_Architecture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquimalt_and_Nanaimo_Railway_Roundhouse"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"The London Roundhouse Project London, Ontario, Canada, is an extensive renovation of the Michigan Central Railroad steam locomotive repair shop which was built in 1887. It is to become the new home of Ellipsis Digital and Engine SevenFour, a pair of emerging technology companies.The Canadian National Railways roundhouse at the Turcot Yard in Montreal, built in 1906, was the largest ever built in Canada. Its demolition in 1962 to make way for the Turcot Interchange illustrated a profound change in transportation habits across North America.The Steam Whistle Brewing brewery in Toronto, Ontario is located in the building known as the John Street Roundhouse, a former Canadian Pacific Railway steam locomotive repair facility.The Canadian Pacific 374 steam engine is on display at the former CPR Drake Street Roundhouse in Vancouver,[7] now the Roundhouse Community Centre.[8][9] VIA Architecture was the architecture firm responsible for designing the station.The Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Roundhouse in Victoria, British Columbia","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Chambéry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry"},{"link_name":"Avignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avignon"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"Dijon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon"},{"link_name":"Bayonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne"},{"link_name":"Colmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmar"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Clermont-Ferrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand"},{"link_name":"Mulhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulhouse"},{"link_name":"Nevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevers"},{"link_name":"Toulon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulon"},{"link_name":"Valence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence,_Dr%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"Saint Etienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"Several roundhouses exist in France; two exist at Chambéry, built between 1906 and 1910.} Another two exist at Avignon, and three exist at Lyon with other roundhouses being at Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Dijon, Bayonne, Colmar, Paris, Marseille, Clermont-Ferrand, Mulhouse, Nevers, Toulon, Valence, and Saint Etienne.","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Augsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augsburg"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"Several roundhouses survive in Germany, The roundhouse at Augsburg is home to a museum.","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budapest North Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budapest_North_Depot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"}],"sub_title":"Hungary","text":"The former Budapest North Depot in Budapest is home to a railway museum since 2000.","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Lempuyangan station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lempuyangan_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Yogyakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogyakarta"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Tebing Tinggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tebing_Tinggi"},{"link_name":"North Sumatera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sumatra"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jatibarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatibarang,_Brebes"},{"link_name":"Central Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Java"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Indonesia","text":"At its height, there were four railway roundhouses in Indonesia. Three of them still survive in the present day: the roundhouse near Lempuyangan station in Yogyakarta,[10][11] the one in Tebing Tinggi station in North Sumatera,[12][13] and a former roundhouse inside Jatibarang sugar mill in Central Java which is now used as a mini railway museum.[14]","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"2 roundhouses exist at Turin and are still in use by the FS.","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Greymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greymouth"},{"link_name":"Mainline Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainline_Steam_Heritage_Trust"},{"link_name":"Mercer project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mercer_project&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mercer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercer,_New_Zealand"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"There were 3 roundhouses in New Zealand. Elmer Lane in Greymouth was one of the largest and most famous roundhouses in New Zealand and had up to 17 total berths. The last remains were demolished in the 1990's. None of the original roundhouses survive however Mainline Steam as part of their Mercer project will build a roundhouse at Mercer.","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Norway","text":"Norway has had many roundhouses, and many still survive. Examples include Voss, Ål, Kongsberg on the Bergen line. Hamar, Otta and Oppdal on the Dovre line, Lodalen - Oslo (covered) and Egersund on the Sørland line.","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manpo"}],"sub_title":"North Korea","text":"A roundhouse is known to exist at Manpo-Jian.","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kyoto_railway_museum_Steam_Locomotive_depot.JPG"},{"link_name":"Japanese railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"third-sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%E2%80%93private_partnership"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Railway Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Railway_Museum"},{"link_name":"Important Cultural Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Cultural_Property_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"The roundhouse at Kyoto Railway Museum, Kyoto, JapanRoundhouses were a significant feature of Japanese railways. Many smaller roundhouses are still in use today as fully operational buildings on a few private and third-sector railways.One Japanese roundhouse that remains intact is at the Kyoto Railway Museum. The museum comprises a number of structures classified by the Japanese Government as 'Important Cultural Properties'. One of these structures is the museum roundhouse, as it is the oldest reinforced-concrete car shed extant in Japan.[15]","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PL_PT47_Wolsztyn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wolsztyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolsztyn"},{"link_name":"Wolsztyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolsztyn"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"}],"sub_title":"Poland","text":"Operational roundhouse in Wolsztyn, PolandThe museum roundhouse in Wolsztyn, in western Poland, continues to supply steam locomotives for regular national rail services (as of 2011).","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entroncamento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entroncamento"},{"link_name":"Portuguese National Railway Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_National_Railway_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Portugal","text":"The Roundhouse at Entroncamento is home to the Portuguese National Railway Museum.","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lo%C5%BEionica_Crveni_krst_Ni%C5%A1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lozionica_Beograd.jpg"},{"link_name":"Belgrade Main railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade_Main_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Okretnica_lokomotiva_kod_stare_lozionice.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Serbia","text":"Red Cross depot in Niš\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tsteam locomotives in the Belgrade Main railway station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\telectric locomotives in the Belgrade Main station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\truins of the Belgrade Main station","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uster"}],"sub_title":"Switzerland","text":"The Uster roundhouse in Uster.","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Changhua Roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changhua_Roundhouse"},{"link_name":"Changhua City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changhua"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"sub_title":"Taiwan (ROC)","text":"Changhua Roundhouse in Changhua City built in 1922 is the only surviving roundhouse in Taiwan and is still in use as of 2022.","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Derby_roundhouse.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_Works"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leeds_Railway_Roundhouse_13_Feb_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Curzon Street station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Curzon_Street_railway_station_(1838-1966)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-51820160-16"},{"link_name":"HS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HS2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-51820160-16"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"North Midland Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Midland_Railway"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Midland_Railway_Guide-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"listed building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Derby College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_College"},{"link_name":"Midland Counties Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Counties_Railway"},{"link_name":"Derby Tourist Information Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derby_Tourist_Information_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Thomas Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Grainger"},{"link_name":"Armley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armley"},{"link_name":"Gyratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout"},{"link_name":"Leeds & Thirsk Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Northern_Railway"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-19"},{"link_name":"Fenton, Murray and Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenton,_Murray_and_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"The Roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhouse_(venue)"},{"link_name":"Chalk Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk_Farm"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Barrow Hill Engine Shed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Hill_Engine_Shed"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"North Midland Railway roundhouse at Derby, England, built in 1839, as it was in 2006\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeeds Railway Roundhouse 13 Feb 2022Probably the first railway roundhouse, designed by Robert Stephenson, was built in 1837 in Birmingham, at Curzon Street station.[16] Its central turntable, inspection pits, and an exterior wall were uncovered in March 2020 during work to build HS2.[16]Another was built in 1839 at Derby, England by the North Midland Railway. A guidebook of the time says:[17]The engine-house is a polygon of sixteen sides, and 190 feet (58 m) in diameter, lighted from a dome-shaped roof, of the height of 50 feet (15.2 m). It contains 16 lines of rails, radiating from a single turn-table in the centre: the engines, on their arrival, are taken in there, placed upon the turn-table, and wheeled into any stall that may be vacant. Each of the 16 stalls will hold two, or perhaps more, engines. [18]This roundhouse narrowly escaped demolition when the works closed down, and was classified as a listed building. It was restored in 2010, being converted into a brand new site for Derby College, with a new addition called the 'Stephenson Building' including the other survival of demolition – the original Midland Counties Railway workshop. The new site was opened in September 2009. Tours can be arranged through Derby Tourist Information Centre.In Leeds, Thomas Grainger designed the roundhouse near Armley Gyratory that was opened in 1847, with accommodation for 20 trains from the Leeds & Thirsk Railway.[19] It was operational until 1904.[19]The Fenton, Murray and Jackson building in Leeds (1831–1843), a private workshop, may previously have been laid out in a radial pattern like a roundhouse.The Roundhouse, Chalk Farm, London was built in 1847, but was too small for its function within 20 years (it is now an arts center and concert venue).Barrow Hill Engine Shed, which is home to a number of preserved locomotives is still in use.","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlanta_roundhouse_ruin3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toledo_Terminal_Railroad_Roundhouse_construction_-_DPLA_-_116198217562d2ee17ccb1dc26ed3ed4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toledo, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Railroad-_Central_of_Georgia_roundhouse,_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_280750596ca697b54d5a9b14e46ae097.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Sioux City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Boston Engine Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_Commuter_Rail_Maintenance_Facility"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Cheyenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheyenne,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming"},{"link_name":"\"Big Boy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Big_Boy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Transportation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Transportation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railway_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"B&O Railroad Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%26O_Railroad_Museum"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Baltimore and Ohio Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Aurora, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Walter Payton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Payton"},{"link_name":"a micro-brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Brothers_Brewing"},{"link_name":"Two Brothers Roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Brothers_Roundhouse"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Roundhouse in Atlanta, Georgia, 1866. Interior layout exposed by extensive American Civil War damage.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTerminal Railroad Roundhouse construction in Toledo, Ohio, approximately 1903\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCentral of Georgia Roundhouse, circa 1876.It is estimated that there were about 3,000 roundhouse sites in the United States, although at least three times that number of structures were built between 1840 and 1950, since many were torn down and rebuilt as locomotives became increasingly larger. Although the United Kingdom was home to the earliest roundhouse (1837), the US was not far behind, with several being built around 1840 for the earliest railroads. It is likely that the first in the US was built by the Baltimore and Ohio at Mt. Clare (Baltimore), although this cannot be confirmed because early records have been lost. Early roundhouses, especially those built in cold climates, were fully enclosed with the turntable under cover as well as the stalls. Once locomotives became too large to fit in these structures, they were torn down and replaced with \"donut\" shaped structures that surrounded an open turntable. Although some roundhouses used by Class 1 railroads were built as a full-circle with as many as 52 stalls, the vast majority were only part of a circle with 12 or fewer stalls.[20]Nearly every locomotive terminal in the country was anchored by a roundhouse, especially if a railroad owned more than a few locomotives. The largest concentration of roundhouses was in Chicago, with over 75 in and around the metropolitan region during the early 1900s. Other cities where multiple railroads terminated or were major division points also had over 20 roundhouses, such as Boston, Cleveland, St. Louis, Sioux City, Indianapolis, and Cincinnati.[21]The largest \"as-built\" roundhouse ever constructed is believed to have been the Boston and Maine's East Somerville roundhouse outside of Boston (today the site of the Boston Engine Terminal). It was built with stalls 112 feet (34.1 m) long, 90 feet (27 m) of open space between the roundhouse and the turntable, and a 110-foot (33.5 m) turntable, giving it a diameter of 525 feet (160 m). However, several roundhouses were enlarged over time that eventually became larger than the one in Boston. For example, the Union Pacific roundhouse in Cheyenne, Wyoming was lengthened in 1930 to accommodate the new 4-8-8-4 \"Big Boy\" articulated locomotives being delivered. After the expansion it was 560 feet (170 m) in diameter and constituted a near full-circle.[22] A portion of this roundhouse still stands and is used by Union Pacific to store heritage rolling stock.The vast majority of roundhouses were torn down beginning in the 1950s as railroads converted motive power from steam to electric-diesel, which needed far less maintenance. Some were converted to service diesel engines, while others were used as storage or sold to other parties. Several dozen roundhouses stand today in active use by modern railroads and museums, although the majority of those still standing have been abandoned. An average of two per year are demolished or otherwise destroyed.[23]The only roundhouse still in use as a locomotive servicing facility by the same railroad that constructed it is the Long Island engine house in Queens, New York. The largest surviving roundhouse by interior square footage is owned and operated by the North Carolina Transportation Museum in Spencer, North Carolina. It was built by the Southern Railway in 1924 and contains 37 stalls.[24]The B&O Railroad Museum complex in Baltimore, Maryland contains the restored railcar maintenance roundhouse of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Built in 1884, it is said to be the world's largest 22-sided building.[25]The roundhouse in Aurora, Illinois, constructed in 1856, was purchased and restored by NFL football player Walter Payton. After Payton's death, the roundhouse was occupied by a micro-brewery and renamed Two Brothers Roundhouse, with a plaque mounted in Payton's honor. It is believed that this roundhouse is the oldest of its kind still standing in the United States.[26]","title":"History by country"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational roundhouses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Railway_roundhouse&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHankey201025-28"}],"sub_title":"North America","text":"The vast majority of roundhouses built in the US and Canada no longer exist, lie in ruins, or have been repurposed; however, a small number of them still exist and continue to operate in their intended capacity as locomotive storing and servicing facilities.[27] Of the roughly 3,000 roundhouses that once existed in North America, fewer than 200 roundhouses are extant in the US as of 2010[update]; in Canada, none exist east of Montreal.[28] Below is a list of locations with operational roundhouses that are also open to the public.","title":"Operational roundhouses"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Asia","title":"Operational roundhouses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The American Roundhouse\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.trains.com/trn/magazine/issues/march-2010/"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0041-0934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0934"},{"link_name":"Stables of the Iron Horse: A Definitive History of the American Roundhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timothystarr-americanrailroad2.godaddysites.com"}],"text":"Hankey, John P. (March 2010). \"The American Roundhouse\". Trains. 70 (3). Kalmbach Publishing: 24–33. ISSN 0041-0934.\nStarr, Timothy (2022). Stables of the Iron Horse: A Definitive History of the American Roundhouse. Privately printed.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"the John Street Roundhouse, now part of Roundhouse Park in Toronto, Canada, viewed from the CN Tower in September 2012.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Roundhouse_Park_Toronto.jpg/300px-Roundhouse_Park_Toronto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roundhouse in Berlin-Pankow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pankow_Lokschuppen.jpg/220px-Pankow_Lokschuppen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roundhouse in Uster, Switzerland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Uster_roundhouse.jpg/220px-Uster_roundhouse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Changhua roundhouse at Changhua, Taiwan, built in 1922 and still in use today","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Chunghua_fan-shaped_garage.jpg/220px-Chunghua_fan-shaped_garage.jpg"},{"image_text":"The roundhouse at Kyoto Railway Museum, Kyoto, Japan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Kyoto_railway_museum_Steam_Locomotive_depot.JPG/220px-Kyoto_railway_museum_Steam_Locomotive_depot.JPG"},{"image_text":"Operational roundhouse in Wolsztyn, Poland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/PL_PT47_Wolsztyn.jpg/220px-PL_PT47_Wolsztyn.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_train.svg"},{"title":"Trains portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Trains"},{"title":"Bahnbetriebswerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahnbetriebswerk"},{"title":"Bahnbetriebswerk (steam locomotives)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahnbetriebswerk_(steam_locomotives)"},{"title":"List of railway roundhouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_roundhouses"},{"title":"Motive power depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motive_power_depot"},{"title":"Railway turntable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_turntable"}]
[{"reference":"Rose, Steve (29 May 2006). \"Steve Rose reports on the restoration of the Roundhouse\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/may/29/architecture","url_text":"\"Steve Rose reports on the restoration of the Roundhouse\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Yaletown\". Roundhouse Community Arts & Recreation Centre. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://roundhouse.ca/about-us/history-yaletown/","url_text":"\"History of Yaletown\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190115123148/http://roundhouse.ca/about-us/history-yaletown/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"RRI 2022, LPP. \"Los Bunder Lempuyangan yang Unik dan Bersejarah\". rri.co.id. Retrieved 2022-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://rri.co.id/yogyakarta/feature/1178535/los-bunder-lempuyangan-yang-unik-dan-bersejarah","url_text":"\"Los Bunder Lempuyangan yang Unik dan Bersejarah\""}]},{"reference":"\"Java\". www.internationalsteam.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/incredibleindonesia/javaplains02.htm","url_text":"\"Java\""}]},{"reference":"Widyanto, Bagus (2012-03-17), Roundhouse at Tebing Tinggi., retrieved 2022-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/26470784@N03/7010077083/","url_text":"Roundhouse at Tebing Tinggi."}]},{"reference":"\"North Sumatra\". www.internationalsteam.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.internationalsteam.co.uk/incredibleindonesia/northsum22.htm","url_text":"\"North Sumatra\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jatibarang sugar mill\". www.david-longman.com. Retrieved 2022-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.david-longman.com/Java_Tegal_2.html","url_text":"\"Jatibarang sugar mill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stephenson-designed turntable found at HS2 site\". BBC News. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 10 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-51820160","url_text":"\"Stephenson-designed turntable found at HS2 site\""}]},{"reference":"Plaques, Open. \"Railway Roundhouse, Leeds and Thomas Grainger blue plaque\". openplaques.org. Retrieved 2022-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://openplaques.org/plaques/11847","url_text":"\"Railway Roundhouse, Leeds and Thomas Grainger blue plaque\""}]},{"reference":"Starr, Timothy (2022). Stables of the Iron Horse: A Definitive History of the American Roundhouse. Privately printed.","urls":[{"url":"https://timothystarr-americanrailroad2.godaddysites.com/","url_text":"Stables of the Iron Horse: A Definitive History of the American Roundhouse"}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report 2000\" (PDF). The Henry Ford. Retrieved August 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehenryford.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2000-annual-reporte28b4984d30d6b61be8bff000073bae4.pdf?sfvrsn=0","url_text":"\"Annual Report 2000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Roundhouse Tours\". Age of Steam Roundhouse. Retrieved September 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ageofsteamroundhouse.org/","url_text":"\"Roundhouse Tours\""}]},{"reference":"\"Riding the Rails – Connecticut Eastern Railroad Museum – Train Aficionado\". www.trainaficionado.com. Retrieved 2018-10-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trainaficionado.com/cteastrrmuseum/","url_text":"\"Riding the Rails – Connecticut Eastern Railroad Museum – Train Aficionado\""}]},{"reference":"\"Union Pacific Roundhouse Turntable and Machine Shop\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cheyenne.org/listing/union-pacific-roundhouse-turntable-and-machine-shop/937/","url_text":"\"Union Pacific Roundhouse Turntable and Machine Shop\""}]},{"reference":"Hankey, John P. (March 2010). \"The American Roundhouse\". Trains. 70 (3). Kalmbach Publishing: 24–33. ISSN 0041-0934.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trains.com/trn/magazine/issues/march-2010/","url_text":"\"The American Roundhouse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-0934","url_text":"0041-0934"}]},{"reference":"Starr, Timothy (2022). Stables of the Iron Horse: A Definitive History of the American Roundhouse. Privately printed.","urls":[{"url":"https://timothystarr-americanrailroad2.godaddysites.com/","url_text":"Stables of the Iron Horse: A Definitive History of the American Roundhouse"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Allen_Duval
Charles Allen Duval
["1 Life","2 Death","3 Works","4 Portraits","5 Pastels","6 Politicians","7 History Paintings","8 Photography","9 Writing","10 Sources","11 Bibliography","12 References","13 External links"]
English painter Charles Allen DuvalSelf PortraitBorn19 March 1810Beaumaris, Anglesey, WalesDied14 June 1872 (1872-06-15) (aged 62)Bollin Fee, Cheshire, EnglandNationalityBritishOccupation(s)Portrait painterPhotographerLiterary criticIllustratorWriterKnown forManchester Academy of Fine ArtsManchester City Art GalleryArt Treasures Exhibition, Manchester 1857 Charles Allen Duval, often spelled duVal or Du Val, (19 March 1810 – 14 June 1872), was a well-known Victorian portrait painter, photographer, literary critic, illustrator and writer. He played a large role within the city of Manchester's thriving art scene, including the Manchester Academy of Fine Arts, the Manchester City Art Gallery and the Art Treasures Exhibition, Manchester 1857: a scene which was underpinned by Manchester's industrial entrepreneurs and politicians who all flocked to his studio to have their portraits painted. Life Duval was born in Beaumaris, Anglesey, Wales, on 19 March 1810. His parents were Edward Octavius Caesar Wall duVal and Sarah Eskildson After some time at sea he started his artistic career in Liverpool. He married Elizabeth Renney in both Liverpool 1833 and Manchester 1834. They had nine children, two of whom; Edward and Gerald, became artists. Gerald's daughter Bessie Du Val also painted and illustrated books. His eldest son, Charles became a photographer and partner in his father's business, Messrs. C. A. Duval & Co., Exchange Street, Manchester. The firm was established in the 1860s and remained in business for forty years. Duval's second daughter, Florence, married Dr Charles Thurstan Holland, who would become famous for his research on Radiology. Duval had studios in Liverpool, Manchester and London. In 1831 he sent his work to Liverpool Academy of Arts from the following address: 51 Lime Street, Liverpool and in 1832; 26 Russell Street, Liverpool. He also opened a studio on the Isle of Man where he spent his summers. In 1833 Duval left Liverpool and moved to Manchester where his address was 74 York Street Manchester though he was still listed in the Liverpool Directory in 1841 at the same address as a Sara Duval. In 1842 – 24 Carlton Terrace, Greenheys, Manchester became the family home. He was employed by Messrs. Agnew & Zanetti, Art Dealer (later known as Thomas Agnew & Sons.) In Manchester he founded the Art Academy, a society for holding annual exhibitions with the idea of establishing a permanent public gallery, and was its president for many years. Eventually his idea took permanent form in the rooms of the Royal Manchester Institution. He was one of the first members to be elected to the Manchester Academy of Fine Arts in 1859 and was also one of the first members of the Brasenose Club along with Charles Halle and Edwin Waugh. His colleague Alfred Darbyshire described Duval entering the Brasenose Club in the following way: "That distinguished looking man just entered the room, with the Scotch plaid around him, and in the act of removing his black sombrero, is C A Duval, the artist and fashionable portrait painter of the period.". Duval was also a member of the Portico Library, the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, the Manchester Athenaeum and for a time he was President of the Manchester Chess Club. The first circular announcing the formation of the Manchester Etching Club contained the signatures of Sir Charles Halle, Alfred Waterhouse, Sir Henry Roscoe, Samuel Pope, Charles J J Hitchman, Edwin Waugh, H F Blair, Sir John Holker, Duval the painter and H M Acton. He exhibited two pictures in the prestigious Art Treasures Exhibition, Manchester 1857 (429) 'Forgotten Vows' and (436) 'Recalled to Memory' and a portrait (643) of John L Kennedy in the Royal Jubilee Exhibition, Manchester 1887. Duval exhibited for thirty-six years at the Royal Academy, London (1836–1872). Death He was painting a family portrait in Alderley Edge when he was suddenly taken ill and he died at Bollin Fee, Nr. Wilmslow Cheshire on 14 June 1872. The Dictionary of National Biography states "His portraits are good likenesses, and have considerable artistic merit particularly his chalk studies of children... All his work was marked by great taste and beauty." Works The Ruined Gamester One of his first works was The Ruined Gamester which was purchased and engraved by a Manchester print seller named Dewhurst. It became so popular that a cartoon in Punch caricaturing Sir Robert Peel was drawn from it, and an etching from the picture and accompanying verses both by the artist appeared in the North of England Magazine, June 1842. The following etchings by Duval appeared in 'The North of England Magazine' vol 1, 1842: Dr Dalton, from the Chantrey Statue, p. 14 The Resident Pupil's Supper, p. 35 The Genius of Mesmerism Rescuing a 'Slave of the Ring,' p. 72 The Real and the Ideal, p. 72 Hulme Hall, p. 96 The Ruined Gamester, p. 297 Some of his other well-known sitters were Charles Halle, Joseph Whitworth, Samuel Bough and the inventor Joseph Burch whose portrait is now in the Science Museum. Duval painted an oil portrait of the inventor Joseph Burch (1825–1898) measuring 84 x 68.5 cm. It was commissioned by the Patent Museum and is now in the Science Museum store at Blythe House. Some of his inventions can also be seen at the Museum: Model of a drugget-printing machine, with accessories, patentee Joseph Burch, England 1843. (Inventory number 1860-10) (a) Machine for burning textile printing block moulds, 1845–1855; (b) Mould (unfinished); (c) Three cast printing blocks; (d) Collection of burning punches. (Inventory number 1979-378.) For a comprehensive list of Duval's works see: the 'Arnold Hyde Dictionary' of local artists compiled in the 1930 at Manchester Art Gallery. Portraits Rowland Egerton-Warburton The rich and famous wanted their portraits painted by him and some of these can be seen on the website of the National Portrait Gallery, London. Numerous members of the landed gentry commissioned Duval, for example: Rowland Eyles Egerton-Warburton who built the present Arley Hall in Cheshire. Duval painted both Rowland's and his mother's portraits and they can be seen hanging in the elegant Drawing Room at Arley Hall. Pastels His pastel portraits of both adults and children were in great demand. One of his well-known pastel portraits is of the three oldest daughters of the Manchester novelist Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell. The author's husband, William Gaskell was a Unitarian Minister in the city and first chairman of the Portico Library and would have been personally acquainted with Duval. Politicians John Bright Thomas Milner Gibson John Bright, Daniel O'Connell, Richard Cobden, and Charles Pelham Villiers were some of his political commissions. Daniel Lee, one of Duval's first patrons commissioned him to paint a life size painting of O'Connell, who allowed him one two and a half-hour sitting. Records show Cobden paid Duval £10.10.0. for his full-length portrait in 1853. All these portraits were worked in oil. Occasionally he worked in watercolour, for example Thomas Milner Gibson in the National Portrait Gallery. He executed a series of water colour vignette portraits of the leading members of the Anti-Corn Law League, which were engraved and published, and reproduced on pocket handkerchiefs. History Paintings Duval painted numerous history paintings for example: The Methodist Centenary contained one hundred portraits of leading Wesleyans who had assembled in Manchester to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the Institution of Methodism. Luther Burning the Pope's Bull also contained many figures. It measured 3m x 1.8m and was exhibited at Westminster Hall and afterwards in principal towns throughout the country. A three-quarter length oil portrait of Thomas Michaelson, in the dress uniform of a cavalry officer, can be seen on the website of the Dock Museum Collection. His family owned Michaelson House and Barrow Island, Barrow-in-Furness. His widow, Jane Michaelson sold Barrow Island to the Furness Railway in 1863. The Barrow Shipyard now Vickers Armstrong was sited on the island. The museum are planning to conserve this painting. In 1855 he exhibited Columbus in chains at the Royal Academy. Photography In the 1860s Duval opened his own photography and portrait gallery at the premises of Messrs. Thomas Agnew & Sons, 14 Exchange Street, Manchester. He produced a full page advertisement for the firm, which included the following paragraph: "Messrs C A Duval & Co trust that the special training and knowledge of the artist, combined with the skill of the photographer, will ensure results more satisfactory to the public than those hitherto realised by photographing alone." He then produced a list of all his techniques: Mr Duval's Miniature Portraits Oil And Water-Colour Vignetted Portraits Copies Of Pictures And Drawings Reduced Or Enlarged From The Original Album Groups And Portraits Instantaneous Portraits Of Children Crayon And Pastel Portraits Life Size Portraits In Oil He ended his advertisement by stating: "Messrs C A Duval & Co will not exhibit a portrait without special permission." Duval also produced right up to the minute Carte-de-visite portraits made popular by Queen Victoria. When Prince Albert died in 1861 over 70,000 portraits were sold within a week. Some of Duval's carte-de-visite portraits, for example: Joseph Whitworth, William Fairbairn, Charles Halle, James Whitehead, Richard Ansdell, Richard Cobden, Edward Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby and Prince Lee can be seen on the website of the National Portrait Gallery, London. By using Andre-Adolphe-Eugene Disderi's techniques Duval enabled the not so wealthy to afford their own portraits. Many of his photographs, paintings and drawings were registered by C A Duval and Company at the Copyright Office and Stationer's Company between 1863-1864 and photographs of these works are in the collection of The National Archives (United Kingdom). Writing In 1863 Duval published five pamphlets on the American Civil War. He also wrote satirical articles for periodicals which he illustrated with his own sketches. Sources Allen Vivien, Du Val Tonight! The Story of a Showman, Worcester: Square One Publications, p.p. 3,4. Art Treasures Examiner: A Record of the Art-Treasures Exhibition at Manchester, 1857. Dewsbury Sheila, Archivist, Manchester Academy of Fine Arts and author of The Story So Far: The Manchester Academy of Fine Arts from 1859–2003, MAFA, 2003. Graves A., A Century of Loan Exhibitions 1813–1912, 5 vols (1913–15.) Nicholson Albert, Duval Charles Allen (1808–1872) Oxford Dictionary of Natural Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 Quentin Bajac, The Invention of Photography: The First Fifty Years, 'New Horizons' series. London: Thames & Hudson, 2002. The Ruined Gamester, The North of England Magazine, Book 11, Chap 11, p. 297, 2002. Bibliography Susan W Thomson, Manchester's Victorian Art Scene And Its Unrecognised Artists, Chapter 2, Charles Allen Duval 1808–1872 Portrait Painter And Photographer,Manchester Art Press, 2007, p.p. 13–29. ISBN 978-0-9554619-0-3 References ^ Once thought to be 1808 until a relative confirmed it to be 1810. See Peggy McClard Antiques web site ^ Census of England and Wales: 1841 ^ Both marriages are shown in parish records ^ Dictionary of Local Artists compiled in the 1930s, Manchester Art Gallery ^ All addresses have been taken from – Edward Morris and Emma Roberts The Liverpool Academy and Other Exhibitions of Contemporary Art in Liverpool 1774–1857, Liverpool University Press and National Museums & Galleries on Merseyside ^ Nicky Clark, Duval's great-great-granddaughter ^ A Darbyshire, A Chronicle of the Brasenose Club, Manchester, a book based upon the memoirs of The Lion, The Jackal (Manchester Guardian Printing), 1892, p.16. ^ Manchester Academy of Fine Arts cuttings book – Manchester Art Gallery ^ Death Certificate ^ Arnold Hyde Dictionary ^ Nicky Clark, Duval's great-great-granddaughter ^ Rory Cook, Science Museum, London. ^ Central Library Manchester, M87/1/2/1-84 ^ Dock Museum Collection, Barrow-in-Furness ^ A full description of this painting can be seen under The Royal Academy Exhibitors p.398 ^ Susan Thomson, MVAS External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles Allen Duval. National Portrait Gallery Charles Allen Du Val – His life and works Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF Artists Photographers' Identities RKD Artists ULAN People Trove
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Manchester City Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Art Treasures Exhibition, Manchester 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Treasures_Exhibition,_Manchester_1857"}],"text":"Charles Allen Duval, often spelled duVal or Du Val, (19 March 1810 – 14 June 1872), was a well-known Victorian portrait painter, photographer, literary critic, illustrator and writer. He played a large role within the city of Manchester's thriving art scene, including the Manchester Academy of Fine Arts, the Manchester City Art Gallery and the Art Treasures Exhibition, Manchester 1857: a scene which was underpinned by Manchester's industrial entrepreneurs and politicians who all flocked to his studio to have their portraits painted.","title":"Charles Allen Duval"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaumaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumaris"},{"link_name":"Anglesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesey"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Charles Thurstan Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Thurstan_Holland"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Greenheys, Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenheys,_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Thomas Agnew & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Agnew_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"Royal Manchester Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Manchester_Institution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Manchester Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Academy_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Brasenose Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brasenose_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Halle"},{"link_name":"Edwin Waugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Waugh"},{"link_name":"Alfred Darbyshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Darbyshire"},{"link_name":"Scotch plaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_plaid"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Portico Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico_Library"},{"link_name":"Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"Alfred Waterhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Waterhouse"},{"link_name":"Henry Roscoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe"},{"link_name":"John Holker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Holker"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Art Treasures Exhibition, Manchester 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Treasures_Exhibition,_Manchester_1857"},{"link_name":"Royal Jubilee Exhibition, Manchester 1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Jubilee_Exhibition,_Manchester_1887"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"}],"text":"Duval was born in Beaumaris, Anglesey, Wales, on 19 March 1810.[1] His parents were Edward Octavius Caesar Wall duVal and Sarah Eskildson[2] After some time at sea he started his artistic career in Liverpool. He married Elizabeth Renney in both Liverpool 1833 and Manchester 1834.[3] They had nine children, two of whom; Edward and Gerald, became artists. Gerald's daughter Bessie Du Val also painted and illustrated books. His eldest son, Charles became a photographer and partner in his father's business, Messrs. C. A. Duval & Co., Exchange Street, Manchester. The firm was established in the 1860s and remained in business for forty years.[4] Duval's second daughter, Florence, married Dr Charles Thurstan Holland, who would become famous for his research on Radiology.Duval had studios in Liverpool, Manchester and London. In 1831 he sent his work to Liverpool Academy of Arts from the following address: 51 Lime Street, Liverpool[5] and in 1832; 26 Russell Street, Liverpool. He also opened a studio on the Isle of Man where he spent his summers.In 1833 Duval left Liverpool and moved to Manchester where his address was 74 York Street Manchester though he was still listed in the Liverpool Directory in 1841 at the same address as a Sara Duval. In 1842 – 24 Carlton Terrace, Greenheys, Manchester became the family home. He was employed by Messrs. Agnew & Zanetti, Art Dealer (later known as Thomas Agnew & Sons.)In Manchester he founded the Art Academy, a society for holding annual exhibitions with the idea of establishing a permanent public gallery, and was its president for many years. Eventually his idea took permanent form in the rooms of the Royal Manchester Institution.[6]He was one of the first members to be elected to the Manchester Academy of Fine Arts in 1859 and was also one of the first members of the Brasenose Club along with Charles Halle and Edwin Waugh.His colleague Alfred Darbyshire described Duval entering the Brasenose Club in the following way: \"That distinguished looking man just entered the room, with the Scotch plaid around him, and in the act of removing his black sombrero, is C A Duval, the artist and fashionable portrait painter of the period.\".[7] Duval was also a member of the Portico Library, the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, the Manchester Athenaeum and for a time he was President of the Manchester Chess Club.The first circular announcing the formation of the Manchester Etching Club contained the signatures of Sir Charles Halle, Alfred Waterhouse, Sir Henry Roscoe, Samuel Pope, Charles J J Hitchman, Edwin Waugh, H F Blair, Sir John Holker, Duval the painter and H M Acton.[8]He exhibited two pictures in the prestigious Art Treasures Exhibition, Manchester 1857 (429) 'Forgotten Vows' and (436) 'Recalled to Memory' and a portrait (643) of John L Kennedy in the Royal Jubilee Exhibition, Manchester 1887.Duval exhibited for thirty-six years at the Royal Academy, London (1836–1872).","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alderley Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderley_Edge"},{"link_name":"Wilmslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmslow"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"}],"text":"He was painting a family portrait in Alderley Edge when he was suddenly taken ill and he died at Bollin Fee, Nr. Wilmslow Cheshire on 14 June 1872.[9]The Dictionary of National Biography states \"His portraits are good likenesses, and have considerable artistic merit particularly his chalk studies of children... All his work was marked by great taste and beauty.\"","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Ruined_Gamester.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Peel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel"},{"link_name":"Hulme Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulme_Hall,_Hulme"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Joseph Whitworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth"},{"link_name":"Samuel Bough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Bough"},{"link_name":"Joseph Burch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Burch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Science Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Blythe House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythe_House"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Ruined GamesterOne of his first works was The Ruined Gamester which was purchased and engraved by a Manchester print seller named Dewhurst. It became so popular that a cartoon in Punch caricaturing Sir Robert Peel was drawn from it, and an etching from the picture and accompanying verses both by the artist appeared in the North of England Magazine, June 1842.The following etchings by Duval appeared in 'The North of England Magazine' vol 1, 1842:Dr Dalton, from the Chantrey Statue, p. 14\nThe Resident Pupil's Supper, p. 35\nThe Genius of Mesmerism Rescuing a 'Slave of the Ring,' p. 72\nThe Real and the Ideal, p. 72\nHulme Hall, p. 96\nThe Ruined Gamester, p. 297[10]Some of his other well-known sitters were Charles Halle, Joseph Whitworth, Samuel Bough and the inventor Joseph Burch whose portrait is now in the Science Museum.[11]Duval painted an oil portrait of the inventor Joseph Burch (1825–1898) measuring 84 x 68.5 cm. It was commissioned by the Patent Museum and is now in the Science Museum store at Blythe House. Some of his inventions can also be seen at the Museum:Model of a drugget-printing machine, with accessories, patentee Joseph Burch, England 1843. (Inventory number 1860-10)\n(a) Machine for burning textile printing block moulds, 1845–1855; (b) Mould (unfinished); (c) Three cast printing blocks; (d) Collection of burning punches. (Inventory number 1979-378.)[12]For a comprehensive list of Duval's works see: the 'Arnold Hyde Dictionary' of local artists compiled in the 1930 at Manchester Art Gallery.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rowland_Egerton-Warburton.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"Rowland Eyles Egerton-Warburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowland_Eyles_Egerton-Warburton"},{"link_name":"Arley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arley_Hall"}],"text":"Rowland Egerton-WarburtonThe rich and famous wanted their portraits painted by him and some of these can be seen on the website of the National Portrait Gallery, London. Numerous members of the landed gentry commissioned Duval, for example: Rowland Eyles Egerton-Warburton who built the present Arley Hall in Cheshire. Duval painted both Rowland's and his mother's portraits and they can be seen hanging in the elegant Drawing Room at Arley Hall.","title":"Portraits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Cleghorn_Gaskell"},{"link_name":"William Gaskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gaskell"},{"link_name":"Unitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"Portico Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Portico_Library"}],"text":"His pastel portraits of both adults and children were in great demand. One of his well-known pastel portraits is of the three oldest daughters of the Manchester novelist Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell. The author's husband, William Gaskell was a Unitarian Minister in the city and first chairman of the Portico Library and would have been personally acquainted with Duval.","title":"Pastels"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_John_Bright.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Milner_Gibson.JPG"},{"link_name":"John Bright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bright"},{"link_name":"Daniel O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell"},{"link_name":"Richard Cobden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden"},{"link_name":"Charles Pelham Villiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pelham_Villiers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Thomas Milner Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Milner_Gibson"},{"link_name":"National Portrait Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London"},{"link_name":"Anti-Corn Law League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Corn_Law_League"}],"text":"John BrightThomas Milner GibsonJohn Bright, Daniel O'Connell, Richard Cobden, and Charles Pelham Villiers were some of his political commissions. Daniel Lee, one of Duval's first patrons commissioned him to paint a life size painting of O'Connell, who allowed him one two and a half-hour sitting. Records show Cobden paid Duval £10.10.0. for his full-length portrait in 1853.[13] All these portraits were worked in oil. Occasionally he worked in watercolour, for example Thomas Milner Gibson in the National Portrait Gallery.He executed a series of water colour vignette portraits of the leading members of the Anti-Corn Law League, which were engraved and published, and reproduced on pocket handkerchiefs.","title":"Politicians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wesleyans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan"},{"link_name":"Methodism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"Westminster Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Hall"},{"link_name":"Barrow Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_Island,_Barrow-in-Furness"},{"link_name":"Furness Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furness_Railway"},{"link_name":"Vickers Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vickers_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Duval painted numerous history paintings for example: The Methodist Centenary contained one hundred portraits of leading Wesleyans who had assembled in Manchester to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the Institution of Methodism. Luther Burning the Pope's Bull also contained many figures. It measured 3m x 1.8m and was exhibited at Westminster Hall and afterwards in principal towns throughout the country.A three-quarter length oil portrait of Thomas Michaelson, in the dress uniform of a cavalry officer, can be seen on the website of the Dock Museum Collection.His family owned Michaelson House and Barrow Island, Barrow-in-Furness. His widow, Jane Michaelson sold Barrow Island to the Furness Railway in 1863. The Barrow Shipyard now Vickers Armstrong was sited on the island.[14]The museum are planning to conserve this painting.In 1855 he exhibited Columbus in chains at the Royal Academy.[15]","title":"History Paintings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Carte-de-visite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte-de-visite"},{"link_name":"Joseph Whitworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Whitworth"},{"link_name":"William Fairbairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fairbairn"},{"link_name":"Charles Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Halle"},{"link_name":"James Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Whitehead,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Richard Ansdell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Ansdell"},{"link_name":"Richard Cobden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cobden"},{"link_name":"Edward Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"Prince Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Lee"},{"link_name":"Andre-Adolphe-Eugene Disderi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre-Adolphe-Eugene_Disderi"},{"link_name":"The National Archives (United Kingdom)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"In the 1860s Duval opened his own photography and portrait gallery at the premises of Messrs. Thomas Agnew & Sons, 14 Exchange Street, Manchester. He produced a full page advertisement for the firm, which included the following paragraph: \"Messrs C A Duval & Co trust that the special training and knowledge of the artist, combined with the skill of the photographer, will ensure results more satisfactory to the public than those hitherto realised by photographing alone.\" He then produced a list of all his techniques:Mr Duval's Miniature Portraits\nOil And Water-Colour Vignetted Portraits\nCopies Of Pictures And Drawings Reduced Or Enlarged From The Original\nAlbum Groups And Portraits\nInstantaneous Portraits Of Children\nCrayon And Pastel Portraits\nLife Size Portraits In OilHe ended his advertisement by stating: \"Messrs C A Duval & Co will not exhibit a portrait without special permission.\"[16]Duval also produced right up to the minute Carte-de-visite portraits made popular by Queen Victoria. When Prince Albert died in 1861 over 70,000 portraits were sold within a week. Some of Duval's carte-de-visite portraits, for example: Joseph Whitworth, William Fairbairn, Charles Halle, James Whitehead, Richard Ansdell, Richard Cobden, Edward Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby and Prince Lee can be seen on the website of the National Portrait Gallery, London. By using Andre-Adolphe-Eugene Disderi's techniques Duval enabled the not so wealthy to afford their own portraits.Many of his photographs, paintings and drawings were registered by C A Duval and Company at the Copyright Office and Stationer's Company between 1863-1864 and photographs of these works are in the collection of The National Archives (United Kingdom).","title":"Photography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 1863 Duval published five pamphlets on the American Civil War.\nHe also wrote satirical articles for periodicals which he illustrated with his own sketches.","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quentin Bajac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Bajac"},{"link_name":"New Horizons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard"}],"text":"Allen Vivien, Du Val Tonight! The Story of a Showman, Worcester: Square One Publications, p.p. 3,4.\nArt Treasures Examiner: A Record of the Art-Treasures Exhibition at Manchester, 1857.\nDewsbury Sheila, Archivist, Manchester Academy of Fine Arts and author of The Story So Far: The Manchester Academy of Fine Arts from 1859–2003, MAFA, 2003.\nGraves A., A Century of Loan Exhibitions 1813–1912, 5 vols (1913–15.)\nNicholson Albert, Duval Charles Allen (1808–1872) Oxford Dictionary of Natural Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004\nQuentin Bajac, The Invention of Photography: The First Fifty Years, 'New Horizons' series. London: Thames & Hudson, 2002.\nThe Ruined Gamester, The North of England Magazine, Book 11, Chap 11, p. 297, 2002.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9554619-0-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9554619-0-3"}],"text":"Susan W Thomson, Manchester's Victorian Art Scene And Its Unrecognised Artists, Chapter 2, Charles Allen Duval 1808–1872 Portrait Painter And Photographer,Manchester Art Press, 2007, p.p. 13–29. ISBN 978-0-9554619-0-3","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"The Ruined Gamester","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/The_Ruined_Gamester.jpeg/120px-The_Ruined_Gamester.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Rowland Egerton-Warburton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rowland_Egerton-Warburton.jpg/120px-Rowland_Egerton-Warburton.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Bright","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/66/The_John_Bright.jpeg/120px-The_John_Bright.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Thomas Milner Gibson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Thomas_Milner_Gibson.JPG/120px-Thomas_Milner_Gibson.JPG"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp06922/charles-allen-duval","external_links_name":"National Portrait Gallery"},{"Link":"http://www.charlesduval.org/","external_links_name":"Charles Allen Du Val – His life and works"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000426604515","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/95802481","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/313106","external_links_name":"Photographers' Identities"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/25121","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500019731","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/809763","external_links_name":"Trove"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Design_Award
Chrysler Design Award
["1 List of Awardees","1.1 2002","1.2 2001","1.3 2000","1.4 1999","1.5 1998","1.6 1997","1.7 1996","1.8 1995","1.9 1994","1.10 1993","2 References"]
The Chrysler Design Awards celebrate the achievements of individuals in innovative works of architecture and design which significantly influenced modern American culture. Chrysler's awards started in 1993 to recognize six designers based in the United States with a trophy and $10,000 cash prize. After 10 years in 2003 Chrysler corporation decided to end its Chrysler Design Awards program. List of Awardees 2002 Red Burns Mildred (Mickey) Friedman Steve Jobs Phyllis Lambert Murray Moss Daniel Patrick Moynihan 2001 Kathryn Gustafson Susan Kare Thom Mayne Daniel Rozin Stefan Sagmeister Studio Works 2000 Will Bruder James Corner David M. Kelley Ted Muehling Gary Panter Paula Scher 1999 Pablo Ferro Peter Girardi John Maeda Karim Rashid Jesse Reiser/Nanako Umemoto Gael Towey 1998 Erik Adigard/Patricia McShane April Greiman Steven Holl Mars Pathfinder Team Bruce Mau Tod Williams/Billie Tsien 1997 Diller Scofidio + Renfro Elizabeth Diller/Ricardo Scofidio Edward Fella Chuck Hoberman Lisa Krohn Burt Rutan Allan Wexler 1996 Matthew Carter Niels Diffrient Craig Hodgetts/Hsin-Ming Fung Tibor Kalman Matt Scogin/Merrill Elam Richard Saul Wurman 1995 Frank O. Gehry Robert M. Greenberg Ralf Hotchkiss ReVerb (Somi Kim, Whitney Lowe, Lisa Nugent, Susan Parr, Lorraine Wild) James Wines Philip Zimmermann 1994 Muriel Cooper Zuzana Licko/Rudy VanderLans Katherine McCoy/Michael McCoy Achva Benzinberg John H. Todd/Nancy Jack Todd Lebbeus Woods Carl Green 1993 Apple Industrial Design Group Cross Colours John Hejduk Ellen Lupton/J. Abbott Miller Paul MacCready Gaetano Pesce References ^ Tom Parrett (editor) Decade of Desgn 2002-1993: Chrysler Design Awards Publisher: The Magazine Works, 264 pages, First Edition, Jan 1, 2002 ASIN B001X6D2B4 ^ Chrysler Design Awards ^ Bradford McKee Chrysler Design Awards Dropped After 10 Years June 5, 2003 The New York Times
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Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_M._Kelley"},{"link_name":"Paula Scher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Scher"}],"sub_title":"2000","text":"Will Bruder\nJames Corner\nDavid M. Kelley\nTed Muehling\nGary Panter\nPaula Scher","title":"List of Awardees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pablo Ferro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Ferro"},{"link_name":"John Maeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maeda"},{"link_name":"Karim Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Rashid"},{"link_name":"Jesse Reiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Reiser&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"1999","text":"Pablo Ferro\nPeter Girardi\nJohn Maeda\nKarim Rashid\nJesse Reiser/Nanako Umemoto\nGael Towey","title":"List of Awardees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erik Adigard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Adigard"},{"link_name":"April Greiman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Greiman"},{"link_name":"Steven Holl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Holl"},{"link_name":"Bruce Mau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Mau"},{"link_name":"Tod Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod_Williams_Billie_Tsien_Architects"},{"link_name":"Billie Tsien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod_Williams_Billie_Tsien_Architects"}],"sub_title":"1998","text":"Erik Adigard/Patricia McShane\nApril Greiman\nSteven Holl\nMars Pathfinder Team\nBruce Mau\nTod Williams/Billie Tsien","title":"List of Awardees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diller Scofidio + Renfro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diller_Scofidio_%2B_Renfro"},{"link_name":"Edward Fella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Fella"},{"link_name":"Chuck Hoberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Hoberman"},{"link_name":"Burt Rutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Rutan"},{"link_name":"Allan Wexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Wexler"}],"sub_title":"1997","text":"Diller Scofidio + Renfro Elizabeth Diller/Ricardo Scofidio\nEdward Fella\nChuck Hoberman\nLisa Krohn\nBurt Rutan\nAllan Wexler","title":"List of Awardees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Carter"},{"link_name":"Niels Diffrient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Diffrient"},{"link_name":"Tibor Kalman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_Kalman"},{"link_name":"Merrill Elam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_Elam"},{"link_name":"Richard Saul Wurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Saul_Wurman"}],"sub_title":"1996","text":"Matthew Carter\nNiels Diffrient\nCraig Hodgetts/Hsin-Ming Fung\nTibor Kalman\nMatt Scogin/Merrill Elam\nRichard Saul Wurman","title":"List of Awardees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank O. Gehry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_O._Gehry"},{"link_name":"Ralf Hotchkiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Hotchkiss"},{"link_name":"James Wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wines"},{"link_name":"Philip Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Zimmermann"}],"sub_title":"1995","text":"Frank O. Gehry\nRobert M. Greenberg\nRalf Hotchkiss\nReVerb (Somi Kim, Whitney Lowe, Lisa Nugent, Susan Parr, Lorraine Wild)\nJames Wines\nPhilip Zimmermann","title":"List of Awardees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muriel Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muriel_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Zuzana Licko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzana_Licko"},{"link_name":"Rudy VanderLans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_VanderLans"},{"link_name":"Katherine McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_McCoy"},{"link_name":"Michael McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McCoy"},{"link_name":"Achva Benzinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achva_Benzinberg_Stein"},{"link_name":"John H. Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_H._Todd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lebbeus Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebbeus_Woods"}],"sub_title":"1994","text":"Muriel Cooper\nZuzana Licko/Rudy VanderLans\nKatherine McCoy/Michael McCoy\nAchva Benzinberg\nJohn H. Todd/Nancy Jack Todd\nLebbeus Woods\nCarl Green","title":"List of Awardees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apple Industrial Design Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Industrial_Design_Group"},{"link_name":"Cross Colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_Colours"},{"link_name":"John Hejduk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hejduk"},{"link_name":"Ellen Lupton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Lupton"},{"link_name":"J. Abbott Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Abbott_Miller"},{"link_name":"Paul MacCready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_MacCready"},{"link_name":"Gaetano Pesce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Pesce"}],"sub_title":"1993","text":"Apple Industrial Design Group\nCross Colours\nJohn Hejduk\nEllen Lupton/J. Abbott Miller\nPaul MacCready\nGaetano Pesce","title":"List of Awardees"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/Decade-Desgn-2002-1993-Chrysler-Design/dp/B001X6D2B4","external_links_name":"Decade of Desgn 2002-1993: Chrysler Design Awards"},{"Link":"https://www.themagazineworks.com/chrysler.html","external_links_name":"The Magazine Works"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001X6D2B4","external_links_name":"B001X6D2B4"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120419061247/http://www.chrysler.com/design/design_influences/design_awards/","external_links_name":"Chrysler Design Awards"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/05/garden/chrysler-design-awards-dropped-after-10-years.html","external_links_name":"Chrysler Design Awards Dropped After 10 Years"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Brownson_(New_York_politician)
John W. Brownson (New York politician)
["1 Life","2 Sources","3 External links"]
American politician For the Wisconsin politician, see John W. Brownson (Wisconsin politician). John White Brownson (March 12, 1807 – September 5, 1860), was an American politician from New York. Life He was born on March 12, 1807, in Sunderland, Bennington County, Vermont, the son of Dr. John White Brownson (1774–1824) and Laura (Chipman) Brownson (1782–1864), daughter of Chief Justice of Vermont Nathaniel Chipman (1752–1843). In 1814, the family removed from Vermont to Gainesville, then in Genesee County, New York, where Dr. Brownson practiced medicine. On February 27, 1832, John W. Brownson married Frances L. Cole (1813–1901), and they had several children, among them Wisconsin State Representative John W. Brownson (1842–1924). He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1840, 1841 (both Genesee Co.), and 1842 (Wyoming Co.). He was Supervisor of the Town of Gainesville in 1844 and 1845. He was a member of the New York State Senate (30th D.) in 1848 and 1849. In 1852, he moved to Sharon, Walworth County, Wisconsin, where he died on September 5, 1860. He was buried at the Oakwood Cemetery there. Sources Hough, Franklin B. The New-York Civil List. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858, pp. 136, 139, 223f, 227 and 262. Short bio from History of Wyoming County by F. W. Beers (1880), transcribed at Gen Forum External links Biography portal John W. Brownson at Find a Grave New York State Senate Preceded bynew district New York State Senate 30th District 1848–1849 Succeeded byCharles D. Robinson
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John W. Brownson (Wisconsin politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Brownson_(Wisconsin_politician)"}],"text":"For the Wisconsin politician, see John W. Brownson (Wisconsin politician).John White Brownson (March 12, 1807 – September 5, 1860), was an American politician from New York.","title":"John W. Brownson (New York politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Bennington County, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennington_County,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Chipman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Chipman"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Genesee County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesee_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"John W. Brownson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Brownson_(Wisconsin_politician)"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"1841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"1842","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Wyoming Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"1849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Walworth County, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walworth_County,_Wisconsin"}],"text":"He was born on March 12, 1807, in Sunderland, Bennington County, Vermont, the son of Dr. John White Brownson (1774–1824) and Laura (Chipman) Brownson (1782–1864), daughter of Chief Justice of Vermont Nathaniel Chipman (1752–1843). In 1814, the family removed from Vermont to Gainesville, then in Genesee County, New York, where Dr. Brownson practiced medicine.On February 27, 1832, John W. Brownson married Frances L. Cole (1813–1901), and they had several children, among them Wisconsin State Representative John W. Brownson (1842–1924).He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1840, 1841 (both Genesee Co.), and 1842 (Wyoming Co.). He was Supervisor of the Town of Gainesville in 1844 and 1845.He was a member of the New York State Senate (30th D.) in 1848 and 1849.In 1852, he moved to Sharon, Walworth County, Wisconsin, where he died on September 5, 1860. He was buried at the Oakwood Cemetery there.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New-York Civil List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=E3sFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA136"},{"link_name":"Short bio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//genforum.genealogy.com/brownson/messages/73.html"}],"text":"Hough, Franklin B. The New-York Civil List. Albany: Weed, Parsons and Co., 1858, pp. 136, 139, 223f, 227 and 262.\nShort bio from History of Wyoming County by F. W. Beers (1880), transcribed at Gen Forum","title":"Sources"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=E3sFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA136","external_links_name":"The New-York Civil List"},{"Link":"http://genforum.genealogy.com/brownson/messages/73.html","external_links_name":"Short bio"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/126492450","external_links_name":"John W. Brownson"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahraplakan
Shahraplakan
["1 Biography","2 References","3 Sources"]
Shahraplakan (Old Armenian: Շահրապղական, romanized: Šahrapłakan), rendered Sarablangas (Σαραβλαγγᾶς) in Greek sources, was a Sassanid Persian general (spahbed) who participated in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 and the Third Perso-Turkic War. Biography Shahraplakan first appears in 624, when the Persian shah Khosrow II (r. 590–628) entrusted him with the command of the so-called "New Army", composed of the regiments of Khosroēgetai and Perozitai according to Theophanes the Confessor. With this army, Shahraplakan was to counter the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641), who had invaded Persarmenia and was wintering in Caucasian Albania. Shahraplakan's army was successful in recovering many towns and driving the Byzantines back to the Siwnik area, and sought to capture key passes so as to prevent Heraclius from descending south into northwestern Persia (Adurbadagan). Heraclius, however, managed to avoid encirclement through a series of maneuvers. Shahraplakan followed him but did not engage him, hoping first to join with the army led by another Persian general, Shahrbaraz. Although Heraclius launched several sorties against Shahraplakan to prevent this, the two Persian armies eventually joined. Encouraged by reports from Byzantine deserters, the two Persian generals decided not to await the arrival of a third army under their rival Shahin, but to attack Heraclius. In the battle that followed, the Sassanid Persians were defeated. One source records that Shahraplakan was killed in that battle ("struck by a sword in his back"), but he re-appears later. In 627, he was sent with a force of about 1,000 elite men to the relief of Tiflis, then being besieged by the Byzantines and their "Khazar" (in reality probably Gökturk) allies. Their arrival reinforced the garrison and gave heart to the defenders, but the city eventually fell (probably in late 628). As the siege dragged on, however, in mid-September 627 Heraclius left the Turks to continue the siege, while he with his army and a large Turkic contingent turned south towards Persia. Shahraplakan, with his much smaller force, could do nothing to prevent the Byzantine emperor's advance. References ^ a b c Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 1141. ^ Greatrex & Lieu 2002, pp. 202–203. ^ Kaegi 2003, pp. 128–129. ^ Kaegi 2003, pp. 129–130. ^ Greatrex & Lieu 2002, p. 203. ^ Greatrex & Lieu 2002, pp. 203–204, 308. ^ Greatrex & Lieu 2002, pp. 211–212; Kaegi 2003, p. 144. ^ Kaegi 2003, p. 158. Sources Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD). New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-14687-9. Kaegi, Walter Emil (2003). Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81459-6. Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Vol. III: A.D. 527–641. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20160-5. vteMarzbans of Persian Armenia (428–646) Veh Mihr Shapur Vasak Siwni Adhur Hormizd Adhur Gushnasp Sahak II Bagratuni Shapur Mihran Vahan Mamikonian Zarmihr Hazarwuxt Shapur of Ray Vahan Mamikonian Vard Mamikonian Unknown Mjej I Gnuni Gushnasp Bahram Tan-Shapur Varazdat Chihor-Vishnasp Vardan III Mamikonian Golon Mihran Vardan III Mamikonian Tamkhosrow Varaz Vzur Pahlav Frahat Hrartin Mushegh II Mamikonian Vindatakan Nakhvefaghan Merakbout Yazden Boutmah Smbat IV Bagratuni Shahrayeanpet Parshenazdat Namdar-Gushnasp Shahraplakan Rhahzadh Byzantine rule Varaztirots II Bagratuni Mjej II Gnuni David Saharuni Direct Sasanian rule Theodore Rshtuni Varaztirots II Bagratuni
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Shahraplakan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khosrow II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khosrow_II"},{"link_name":"Theophanes the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_emperor"},{"link_name":"Heraclius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius"},{"link_name":"Persarmenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persarmenia"},{"link_name":"Caucasian Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_Albania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLRE1141-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Byzantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks"},{"link_name":"Siwnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siwnik"},{"link_name":"Adurbadagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adurbadagan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Shahrbaraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrbaraz"},{"link_name":"Shahin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahin_Vahmanzadegan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLRE1141-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tiflis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiflis"},{"link_name":"Gökturk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kturk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLRE1141-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Byzantine emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_emperor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Shahraplakan first appears in 624, when the Persian shah Khosrow II (r. 590–628) entrusted him with the command of the so-called \"New Army\", composed of the regiments of Khosroēgetai and Perozitai according to Theophanes the Confessor. With this army, Shahraplakan was to counter the Byzantine emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641), who had invaded Persarmenia and was wintering in Caucasian Albania.[1][2] Shahraplakan's army was successful in recovering many towns and driving the Byzantines back to the Siwnik area, and sought to capture key passes so as to prevent Heraclius from descending south into northwestern Persia (Adurbadagan).[3] Heraclius, however, managed to avoid encirclement through a series of maneuvers. Shahraplakan followed him but did not engage him, hoping first to join with the army led by another Persian general, Shahrbaraz. Although Heraclius launched several sorties against Shahraplakan to prevent this, the two Persian armies eventually joined. Encouraged by reports from Byzantine deserters, the two Persian generals decided not to await the arrival of a third army under their rival Shahin, but to attack Heraclius. In the battle that followed, the Sassanid Persians were defeated.[1][4][5]One source records that Shahraplakan was killed in that battle (\"struck by a sword in his back\"), but he re-appears later.[6] In 627, he was sent with a force of about 1,000 elite men to the relief of Tiflis, then being besieged by the Byzantines and their \"Khazar\" (in reality probably Gökturk) allies. Their arrival reinforced the garrison and gave heart to the defenders, but the city eventually fell (probably in late 628).[1][7] As the siege dragged on, however, in mid-September 627 Heraclius left the Turks to continue the siege, while he with his army and a large Turkic contingent turned south towards Persia. Shahraplakan, with his much smaller force, could do nothing to prevent the Byzantine emperor's advance.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zc8iAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-14687-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14687-9"},{"link_name":"Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=tlNlFZ_7UhoC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-81459-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81459-6"},{"link_name":"The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ElkwedRWCXkC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-20160-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20160-5"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Marzbans_of_Persian_Armenia"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Marzbans_of_Persian_Armenia"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marzbans_of_Persian_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Marzbans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzban"},{"link_name":"Persian Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Veh Mihr Shapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veh_Mihr_Shapur"},{"link_name":"Vasak Siwni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasak_Siwni"},{"link_name":"Adhur Hormizd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adhur_Hormizd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adhur Gushnasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhur_Gushnasp"},{"link_name":"Sahak II Bagratuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahak_II_Bagratuni"},{"link_name":"Shapur Mihran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_Mihran"},{"link_name":"Vahan Mamikonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahan_Mamikonian"},{"link_name":"Zarmihr Hazarwuxt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarmihr_Hazarwuxt"},{"link_name":"Shapur of Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_of_Ray"},{"link_name":"Vahan Mamikonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahan_Mamikonian"},{"link_name":"Vard Mamikonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vard_Mamikonian"},{"link_name":"Mjej I Gnuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjej_I_Gnuni"},{"link_name":"Gushnasp Bahram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gushnasp_Bahram&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tan-Shapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan-Shapur"},{"link_name":"Varazdat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varazdat_(marzban)"},{"link_name":"Chihor-Vishnasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihor-Vishnasp"},{"link_name":"Vardan III Mamikonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vardan_III_Mamikonian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Golon Mihran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golon_Mihran"},{"link_name":"Vardan III Mamikonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vardan_III_Mamikonian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tamkhosrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamkhosrow"},{"link_name":"Varaz Vzur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaz_Vzur"},{"link_name":"Pahlav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pahlav_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frahat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frahat"},{"link_name":"Hrartin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hrartin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mushegh II Mamikonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushegh_II_Mamikonian"},{"link_name":"Vindatakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vindatakan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nakhvefaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nakhvefaghan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Merakbout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merakbout&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yazden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yazden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boutmah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boutmah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Smbat IV Bagratuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smbat_IV_Bagratuni"},{"link_name":"Shahrayeanpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahrayeanpet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parshenazdat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parshenazdat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Namdar-Gushnasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namdar-Gushnasp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shahraplakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Rhahzadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhahzadh"},{"link_name":"Byzantine rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Varaztirots II Bagratuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaztirots_II_Bagratuni"},{"link_name":"Mjej II Gnuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjej_II_Gnuni"},{"link_name":"David Saharuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Saharuni"},{"link_name":"Theodore Rshtuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Rshtuni"},{"link_name":"Varaztirots II Bagratuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varaztirots_II_Bagratuni"}],"text":"Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD). New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-14687-9.\nKaegi, Walter Emil (2003). Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81459-6.\nMartindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1992). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire. Vol. III: A.D. 527–641. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20160-5.vteMarzbans of Persian Armenia (428–646)\nVeh Mihr Shapur\nVasak Siwni\nAdhur Hormizd\nAdhur Gushnasp\nSahak II Bagratuni\nShapur Mihran\nVahan Mamikonian\nZarmihr Hazarwuxt\nShapur of Ray\nVahan Mamikonian\nVard Mamikonian\nUnknown\nMjej I Gnuni\nGushnasp Bahram\nTan-Shapur\nVarazdat\nChihor-Vishnasp\nVardan III Mamikonian\nGolon Mihran\nVardan III Mamikonian\nTamkhosrow\nVaraz Vzur\nPahlav\nFrahat\nHrartin\nMushegh II Mamikonian\nVindatakan\nNakhvefaghan\nMerakbout\nYazden\nBoutmah\nSmbat IV Bagratuni\nShahrayeanpet\nParshenazdat\nNamdar-Gushnasp\nShahraplakan\nRhahzadh\nByzantine rule\nVaraztirots II Bagratuni\nMjej II Gnuni\nDavid Saharuni\nDirect Sasanian rule\nTheodore Rshtuni\nVaraztirots II Bagratuni","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_James_Routh
Brandon Routh
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Early career","2.2 Superman","2.3 Subsequent projects","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","4.1 Film","4.2 Television","4.3 Video games","4.4 Music videos","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]
American actor (born 1979) Brandon RouthRouth at GalaxyCon Columbus in 2022BornBrandon James Routh (1979-10-09) October 9, 1979 (age 44)Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.Alma materUniversity of Iowa (attended)OccupationActorYears active1999–presentSpouse Courtney Ford ​(m. 2007)​Children1Signature Brandon James Routh (/ˈraʊθ/; born October 9, 1979) is an American actor. He portrayed Superman in the 2006 film Superman Returns, which garnered him international fame. In 2011, he played the title character of the film Dylan Dog: Dead of Night. He also had a recurring role in the NBC series Chuck, as Daniel Shaw. Routh also has supporting roles in the film Zack and Miri Make a Porno (2008), playing Todd Ingram in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010) and the animated series Scott Pilgrim Takes Off (2023). In 2014, he was cast in a recurring role as Ray Palmer / The Atom on the TV series Arrow. He later played that role on two other series in the Arrowverse shared universe: The Flash (a guest role) and Legends of Tomorrow (a starring role). Routh also reprised his role as Superman in the 2019 Arrowverse crossover event "Crisis on Infinite Earths". His role on Legends of Tomorrow ended in 2020, and Routh made his final appearance as the character in The Flash in 2022. Early life Routh, the third of four children, was born in Des Moines, Iowa, to Catherine LaVaughn (née Lear), a teacher, and Ronald Ray Routh, a carpenter. He was raised in nearby Norwalk. Routh was raised in a Methodist family, and has English, Scottish, German, Irish, Welsh and Dutch ancestry. Routh grew up in Norwalk, approximately 100 miles (160 km) south of Woolstock, the birthplace of George Reeves, the first actor to play Superman on television. During his childhood, Routh thought a full-time acting career was unrealistic, citing his small-town background. In his spare time, he played the trumpet and the piano. Routh attended Norwalk High School, where he played sports, and participated in music and theatre. He attended this school at the same time as Jason Momoa, who would also later become an actor in film adaptations of DC Comics. He has described himself as a "momma's boy" and not "the most popular kid" during his school years. Routh has also noted that during his younger years, he was fond of the Superman films and comic books. Routh attended the University of Iowa for a year, aspiring to be a writer. During this time, he modeled and acted in order to earn his tuition expenses. Routh has said he was often told that he bore a physical resemblance to Christopher Reeve, who had previously portrayed Superman in a film series. His former manager signed him on because of the resemblance, telling him that he thought Routh would be cast as Superman if there were another film in the series. Career Early career In 1999, Routh left the university and moved to Manhattan and then Los Angeles, where he pursued a full-time acting career, first appearing as an extra in Christina Aguilera's 1999 music video for "What a Girl Wants". He was cast in his first acting role that same year, in an episode of the short-lived ABC television series Odd Man Out. In 2000, he had a four-episode role on season 3 of MTV's nighttime soap opera Undressed. Routh subsequently appeared on the WB's Gilmore Girls (in a February 2001 episode, "Concert Interruptus", playing a Bangles concert attendee), and earned steady work on the soap opera One Life to Live, playing Seth Anderson from May 23, 2001, until April 17, 2002. Superman Prior to Routh's casting as Superman in the film Superman Returns, Warner Bros. had spent over a decade developing a plan to relaunch the franchise, entitled Superman Flyby, with possible stars including actors such as Nicolas Cage, Josh Hartnett, Brendan Fraser, Tom Welling (who previously played a younger version of Clark Kent in the 2001–2011 TV series Smallville), Paul Walker, Henry Cavill (who eventually became Superman in the 2013 film Man of Steel), James Marsden (who would go on to play Lois Lane's fiancée in the film), Ashton Kutcher, Keanu Reeves, Will Smith, Johnny Depp and James Caviezel, and planned directors including Tim Burton, Wolfgang Petersen, McG, Brett Ratner, and Shekhar Kapur. When director Bryan Singer came aboard the project, however, he insisted an unknown actor be cast in the part, in the tradition of the casting of the best-known film Superman, Christopher Reeve. Routh, then 24, had previously auditioned for director McG and was spotted by Singer after he viewed Routh's videotaped audition. Singer, who has since stated that Routh was the embodiment of "our collective memory of Superman," was impressed by Routh's resemblance to the comic book icon and found the actor's humble Midwestern roots perfect for the role, as well as his "combination of vulnerability and confidence", which Singer said reminded him of Christopher Reeve. Singer decided to cast Routh after the two met on August 13, 2004, but did not tell Routh until two months later, when Routh's casting was announced in October 2004, making him an "instant celebrity". Before filming began, Routh bulked up for the role, gaining 22 pounds to reach a high of 218 pounds. Filming for Superman Returns began in Sydney in February 2005. The film was released in the U.S. on June 28, 2006, and earned decent reviews from most critics, but was a box office disappointment, grossing only $200 million in the US compared to its estimated budget of $270 million. Routh was signed on to appear in two potential sequels, but due to mediocre box office results those never materialized. Reviews of Routh's performance were generally positive, with Newsweek noting he "effortlessly lays claim to the iconic role." On the other hand, film critic Roger Ebert felt that "Routh lacks charisma as Superman, and I suppose as Clark Kent, he isn't supposed to have any." At the 2006 Spike TV Awards, Routh won the award of "Best Superhero" as Superman in Superman Returns, beating out among others, Hugh Jackman as Wolverine. In August 2008, Warner Bros. officially announced they intended to reboot the Superman franchise. Routh was still set to reprise the role, according to DC Comics president Paul Levitz. In 2009, however, Routh's contract to play Superman in another film expired, but he said at the time that he would like to return if given the chance. However, British actor Henry Cavill was cast to play Superman in the reboot of the series, Man of Steel. Subsequent projects Routh in 2011 After the release of Superman Returns, Routh signed on to play CIA agent John Clark in Without Remorse, under the direction of John Singleton with a screenplay by Stuart Beattie. Routh would be the third actor to portray the character, after Willem Dafoe and Liev Schreiber. The film was intended for a late-2007/early-2008 release. However, Paramount Pictures put the film into turnaround. Routh's future participation on the project is unknown. Routh appeared in the independent drama Fling (formerly titled Lie to Me) (2008), co-starring his wife Courtney Ford, and the ensemble film Life is Hot in Cracktown (2009). Routh was signed to star in The Informers (2009), an ensemble film based on Bret Easton Ellis' novel, with Kim Basinger, Amber Heard, and Billy Bob Thornton, but his scenes ended up scrapped with the decision to excise the "vampire" subplot from the film entirely. At Comic Con 2008, it was revealed Routh was to have a cameo in the Kevin Smith comedy Zack and Miri Make a Porno – he instead appeared as a minor character, Bobby Long – and would serve as a judge on Platinum Studios 2008 Comic Book Challenge. In addition, he has a cameo where he plays himself in the Bollywood film Kambakkht Ishq (2009). In January 2009, Routh was officially cast to play Todd Ingram in the action comedy Scott Pilgrim vs. the World which was directed by Edgar Wright, based on the Scott Pilgrim series by Canadian artist Bryan Lee O'Malley. His character is an arrogant, narcissistic bass player who derives psychic powers from his vegan lifestyle, and is the third of the seven Evil Exes the title character must fight. Routh plays Daniel Shaw in season 3 of spy series Chuck, in a recurring, supporting role. He again played this character in the show's fifth season. He portrayed supernatural detective Dylan Dog in the 2011 film Dylan Dog – Dead of Night. The film is based on the Italian comic series created by Tiziano Sclavi. The film was a box office flop. On February 22, 2012, it was announced that Routh had been cast in David Kohan and Max Mutchnick's (the creators of Will & Grace), new CBS half-hour, multicamera comedy pilot, Partners. He played Michael Urie's character's steady partner, alongside David Krumholtz and his Table for Three co-star Sophia Bush. The series was cancelled after only six episodes had aired. In 2013, Routh appeared in the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts. Routh has since appeared in one episode of The Millers and multiple episodes of Chosen and Enlisted in 2014. That same year, he starred in the Hallmark Channel's Christmas-themed romantic comedy The Nine Lives of Christmas, which drew good reviews and high ratings. On July 7, 2014, it was reported that Routh would once again play a superhero for DC Comics as Ray Palmer / The Atom on The CW's Arrow. He was a recurring character throughout season three, which premiered October 8, 2014. In January 2015, Arrow's co-creator and executive producer Greg Berlanti stated that they were in the midst of "very early" preliminary talks for an additional spin-off series centered on Ray Palmer/The Atom. In February 2015, it was announced that a spin-off was in development that would co-star Routh as The Atom, along with Arthur Darvill, Wentworth Miller, Victor Garber, and Caity Lotz. The show, Legends of Tomorrow, premiered in January 2016. Routh reprised his role as Clark Kent / Superman in the 2019–2020 Arrowverse crossover "Crisis on Infinite Earths", affected by events adapted from the Kingdom Come storyline. His suit was based on the one worn by the storyline's version of the character. The following month, it was announced that Routh would depart Legends of Tomorrow as a series regular during the fifth season. His final episode as a series regular was "Romeo v. Juliet: Dawn of Justness". Following this, Routh made three returns to the franchise. First, he returned to Legends for its 100th episode, and to The Flash for the first part of its season eight-opening event "Armageddon". He would then return in the season's eighteenth episode, "The Man in the Yellow Tie". In 2021, Routh appeared in The Nine Kittens of Christmas, a sequel to The Nine Lives of Christmas. In 2023, Routh appeared in an episode of Quantum Leap portraying a naval commander: Alexander Augustine. In November 2023, Routh reprised his role as Todd Ingram in the Netflix animated series Scott Pilgrim Takes Off. Personal life Courtney Ford and Brandon Routh in February 2006 On August 23, 2006, Brandon became engaged to his girlfriend of three years, actress Courtney Ford; the couple married on November 24, 2007, at the El Capitan Ranch in Santa Barbara. In 2012, the couple had a son, Leo James. Routh's sister, Sara, has a musical track entitled "You're Never Gone" on Sound of Superman, the companion soundtrack of the Superman Returns. Routh is a fan and player of the video game World of Warcraft. During the 2008 Presidential Election, Routh spoke at an Iowa rally in support of Democratic candidate Barack Obama. Routh is a distant relative of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2006 Karla Tim Peters Denial Man  Short film Superman Returns Clark Kent / Superman Look, Up in the Sky! The Amazing Story of Superman Himself Documentary 2008 Fling James Also co-producer Zack and Miri Make a Porno Bobby Long 2009 Life Is Hot in Cracktown Sizemore Stuntmen Kirby Popoff Table for Three Scott Teller Kambakkht Ishq Himself Cameo Miss Nobody Milo Beeber The Informers Bruce Deleted scenes 2010 Unthinkable Agent Jackson Scott Pilgrim vs. the World Todd Ingram 2011 Dylan Dog: Dead of Night Dylan Dog Cost of Living Silus Short film Number Nine John 2012 Crooked Arrows Joe Logan 2014 Missing William James Anderson 2015 400 Days Captain Theo Cooper 2016 Lost in the Pacific Mike 2020 Anastasia: Once Upon a Time Tsar Nicholas II 2024 Ick Hank Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 1999 Odd Man Out Connor Williams Episode: "You've Got Female" 2000 Undressed Wade 4 episodes Gilmore Girls Party Guy at Concert Episode: "Concert Interruptus" 2001–2002 One Life to Live Seth Anderson Recurring role 2003 Cold Case Young Henry Phillips Episode: "A Time to Hate" 2004 Will & Grace Sebastian Episode: "A Gay/December Romance" Oliver Beene Brian Episode: "Dibs" 2005 Awesometown Officer Dino Wong Television short 2006 The Batman John Marlowe / Everywhere Man (voice) Episode: "The Everywhere Man" 2008 Fear Itself Bobby Episode: "Community" 2010–2011 Chuck Daniel Shaw 12 episodes 2012–2013 Partners Wyatt Plank 13 episodes 2013–2014 Chosen Max Gregory 6 episodes 2013 Newsreaders Miles Van Cleef Episode: "Hedge Fun" 2014 The Exes Steve 2 episodes Enlisted Brandon Stone 2 episodes The Millers Officer Dixon Episode: "Carol's Surprise" The Nine Lives of Christmas Zachary Stone Television film 2014–2016, 2020 Arrow Ray Palmer / The Atom 21 episodes 2015–2016, 2019, 2021–2022 The Flash 5 episodes Clark Kent / Superman (Earth-96) Episode: "Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part Three" 2016–2021 Legends of Tomorrow Ray Palmer / The Atom Main role (Seasons 1–5), Special guest (season 7) Clark Kent / Superman (Earth-96) Episode: "Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part Five" 2016 Vixen Ray Palmer / The Atom Web series; voice role; 3 episodes Lady Dynamite Jack Tripper Episode: "Jack and Diane" 2017 Vixen: The Movie Ray Palmer / The Atom Voice role 2019 Black-ish Banner Copeland Episode: "Is It Desert or Dessert?" Are You Afraid of the Dark? Theo Coscarelli Episode: "Part Two: Opening Night" Supergirl Ray Palmer / The Atom Episode: "Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part One" Batwoman Episode: "Crisis on Infinite Earths: Part Two" Ray Palmer / The Atom / Clark Kent / Superman (Earth-96) 2020 Home Movie: The Princess Bride Westley Episode: "Chapter Six: The Fire Swamp" 2021 The Rookie Officer Doug Stanton Recurring role (Season 3) The Nine Kittens of Christmas Zachary Stone Television film Slugfest Joe Simon Roku Channel documentary series With Love Leo Recurring role 2023 Quantum Leap XO Alexander Augustine Episode: "S.O.S." Scott Pilgrim Takes Off Todd Ingram Voice role Magic: The Gathering Gideon Jura Voice role; in production Video games Year Title Role 2006 Superman Returns Clark Kent / Superman 2013 Call of Duty: Ghosts David "Hesh" Walker 2018 Lego DC Super-Villains Billy Batson / Shazam, Ray Palmer / The Atom 2019 Magic: The Gathering Arena Ral Zarek Music videos Year Artist Title 1999 Christina Aguilera "What a Girl Wants" 2006 The Lonely Island "Part 1: The Avon Lady" 2018 Sugarland "Babe" Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominated work Result 2006 Golden Schmoes Awards Breakthrough Performance of the Year Superman Returns Nominated Scream Awards Best Superhero Won Breakout Performance Nominated ShoWest Awards Male Star of Tomorrow Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Breakout Movie Star – Male Nominated Choice Movie Chemistry (Shared w/ Kate Bosworth) Nominated Choice Movie Rumble Nominated Saturn Awards Rising Star Won 2007 Saturn Awards Best Actor Won Empire Awards Best Male Newcomer Won 2010 IGN Awards Best Villain Chuck Won Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Best Ensemble Scott Pilgrim vs. the World Nominated 2011 Scream Awards Best Villain Nominated 2019 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Actor: Action Legends of Tomorrow Nominated References ^ "UPI Almanac for Sunday, Oct. 9, 2020". United Press International. October 9, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2021. ...actor Brandon Routh in 1979... ^ a b c d e f g h i "TimesLeader.com". Routh flies high in debut as Superman. Archived from the original on June 23, 2006. Retrieved June 19, 2006. ^ "Our Routh Family". 1983. ^ "The Religious Affiliation of Comic Book Character Clark Kent/Kal-El Superman". Adherents.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006. Retrieved June 19, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "If the tights fit: Newcomer Brandon Routh takes to the sky in 'Superman Returns'". MetroWest Daily News. Retrieved June 25, 2006. ^ Adams, Thelma (June 8, 2012). "Former Man of Steel, 'Crooked Arrows' star Brandon Routh talks Superman curse, lacrosse and gay marriage | The Reel Breakdown – Yahoo! Movies Canada". Ca.movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved October 17, 2012. ^ a b c "The man behind the cape". DesMoinesRegister.com. Retrieved June 25, 2006. ^ a b Lawrence, Will (June 30, 2006). "From zero to superhero". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ "Superman passes cape; boots still hard to fill". The Beacon Journal. July 6, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2006. ^ a b c "Word of Routh". News.com.au. Archived from the original on July 7, 2006. Retrieved June 19, 2006. ^ "Interview : Superman Returns cast & crew". MovieHole. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved July 3, 2006. ^ "Superman Returns". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved October 11, 2008. ^ "Superman charms critics". Sydney Morning Herald (Australia). Sydney. Retrieved October 17, 2012. ^ "Superman Returns (PG-13)". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2006. ^ Clint Morris (July 2, 2009). "Routh talks Superman sequel". moviehole.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012. ^ "Billy Bob and Kim Basinger Joining The Informers". Not An Exit. August 30, 2007. Archived from the original on January 7, 2009. Retrieved October 10, 2008. ^ Aftab, Kaleem (March 10, 2008). "Exclusive: Undead Removed From Informers". IGN UK. Retrieved March 30, 2008. ^ "The Official Dead of Night Production Blog". Deadofnightmovie.wordpress.com. Retrieved October 17, 2012. ^ "New Dead of Night Images Show Off Dylan Dog's Desk". dreadcentral.com. February 24, 2010. Retrieved October 17, 2012. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 23, 2012). "Brandon Routh, Lucy Davis & Elizabeth Regen Join CBS' Comedy Pilot 'Partners'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved October 17, 2012. ^ Ausiello, Michael (July 7, 2014). "Arrow Targets Brandon Routh to Play Major DC Comics Superhero in Season 3". TVLine. Retrieved July 7, 2014. ^ "CW Eyeing 'Atom' As Next DC Series – TCA". Deadline Hollywood. January 11, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2015. ^ "Exclusive: Arrow Executive Producer Marc Guggenheim Talks Brandon Routh Atom Spin-off Show!". Nerdist. January 11, 2015. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (February 26, 2015). "Arrow/Flash Superhero Team-Up Spinoff In Works At CW; Brandon Routh, Victor Garber, Wentworth Miller, Caity Lotz Star". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 27, 2015. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 19, 2019). "Tyler Hoechlin & Brandon Routh To Suit Up As Superman For Arrowverse Crossover On the CW". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2019. ^ Beedle, Time (September 27, 2019). "First Look: Brandon Routh Suits Up as an Older Superman". ^ Holub, Christian (July 20, 2019). "Brandon Routh is going to play the Kingdom Come Superman in Arrowverse crossover". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2019. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (August 22, 2019). "'DC's Legends Of Tomorrow': Brandon Routh & Courtney Ford To Depart the CW Drama As Series Regulars". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019. ^ Burlingame, Russ (February 28, 2020). "Legends of Tomorrow Says Goodbye to Brandon Routh in "Romeo v. Juliet: Dawn of Justness" Synopsis". ComicBook. Retrieved May 10, 2022. ^ Agard, Chancellor (October 13, 2021). "'Legends of Tomorrow' brings back 7 heroes in 100th episode photos". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 13, 2021. ^ Damore, Meagan (August 25, 2021). "Team Flash's Season 8 Roster Is Basically the Arrowverse's Justice League". CBR. Retrieved October 13, 2021. ^ Anderson, Jenna (June 16, 2022). "The Flash Has a Surprising Legends of Tomorrow Cameo in "The Man in the Yellow Tie"". ComicBook. Retrieved June 17, 2022. ^ "About Brandon". brandonrouth.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2007. Retrieved January 6, 2007. ^ "Superman Returns Star Brandon Routh Gets Married". People. Retrieved November 25, 2007. ^ "Brandon Routh and Courtney Ford Welcome Son Leo James". People. March 14, 2012. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved February 24, 2020. ^ "Superman Plays World of Warcraft? Yep". FiringSquad. Retrieved July 10, 2006. ^ "Superman swoops in to defend Obama". CNN. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved March 14, 2012. ^ "Family relationship of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Brandon Routh via Henry Head". ^ Agard, Chancellor (November 19, 2019). "New 'Crisis on Infinite Earths' photos reveal Kevin Conroy as Bruce Wayne". Entertainment Weekly. ^ "'Scott Pilgrim' Netflix Anime Series Reunites Film's Cast, from Michael Cera to Chris Evans". March 30, 2023. ^ Maas, Jennifer (August 24, 2021). "Netflix's 'Magic: The Gathering' Series to Launch in 2022, Brandon Routh to Voice Gideon (Photo)". The Wrap. Retrieved August 21, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brandon Routh. Wikiquote has quotations related to Brandon Routh. Brandon Routh at IMDb Biography as a Comic Book Challenge judge vteBrandon RouthFranchises Superman Returns Arrowverse Arrow The Flash Legends of Tomorrow Characters Dylan Dog Daniel Shaw Superman (Kal-El) / Clark Kent Ray Palmer / The Atom Todd Ingram Related Fling (2008; producer) Dylan Dog: Dead of Night (2011) Call of Duty: Ghosts (2013) Awards for Brandon Routh vteEmpire Award for Best Newcomer Bryan Singer (1996) Ewen Bremner (1997) Gary Oldman (1998) Vinnie Jones (1999) Carrie-Anne Moss/Damien O'Donnell (2000) Jamie Bell (2001) Orlando Bloom (2002) Rosamund Pike (2003) Martine McCutcheon (2004) Freddie Highmore (2005) Kelly Reilly (2006) Brandon Routh/Eva Green (2007) Sam Riley (2008) Gemma Arterton (2009) Aaron Johnson (2010) Chloë Grace Moretz (2011) vteSaturn Award for Best Actor James Caan / Don Johnson (1974/75) David Bowie (1976) George Burns (1977) Warren Beatty (1978) George Hamilton (1979) Mark Hamill (1980) Harrison Ford (1981) William Shatner (1982) Mark Hamill (1983) Jeff Bridges (1984) Michael J. Fox (1985) Jeff Goldblum (1986) Jack Nicholson (1987) Tom Hanks (1988) Jeff Daniels (1989/90) Anthony Hopkins (1991) Gary Oldman (1992) Robert Downey Jr. (1993) Martin Landau (1994) George Clooney (1995) Eddie Murphy (1996) Pierce Brosnan (1997) James Woods (1998) Tim Allen (1999) Hugh Jackman (2000) Tom Cruise (2001) Robin Williams (2002) Elijah Wood (2003) Tobey Maguire (2004) Christian Bale (2005) Brandon Routh (2006) Will Smith (2007) Robert Downey Jr. (2008) Sam Worthington (2009) Jeff Bridges (2010) Michael Shannon (2011) Matthew McConaughey (2012) Robert Downey Jr. (2013) Chris Pratt (2014) Harrison Ford (2015) Ryan Reynolds (2016) Mark Hamill (2017) Robert Downey Jr. (2018/19) John David Washington (2019/20) Tom Cruise (2021/22) Harrison Ford (2022/23) vteSuperman film series Directors Richard Donner Richard Lester Jeannot Szwarc Sidney J. Furie Bryan Singer Andy Muschietti Actors Christopher Reeve Helen Slater Brandon Routh Films Superman (1978) II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut III (1983) Supergirl (1984) IV: The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Novels Superman: Last Son of Krypton (1978) Miracle Monday (1981) Superman Returns (2006) Video games Superman (1987) Superman (1988) Superman Returns (2006) Other media Superboy (1988–1992) Crisis on Infinite Earths (2019–2020) Superman '78 (2021–2022) The Flash (2023) Characters Superman (Kal-El) / Clark Kent Lex Luthor Lois Lane Eve Teschmacher Zod Music John Williams' Superman Theme "(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman" Superman III Superman Returns Sound of Superman See also Superman (1980 film) Superman (1987 film) Look, Up in the Sky: The Amazing Story of Superman Category Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands People Deutsche Synchronkartei
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈraʊθ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_(1978_film_series_character)#Superman_Returns"},{"link_name":"Superman Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_Returns"},{"link_name":"title character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Dog"},{"link_name":"Dylan Dog: Dead of Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Dog:_Dead_of_Night"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Zack and Miri Make a Porno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_and_Miri_Make_a_Porno"},{"link_name":"Todd Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Ingram"},{"link_name":"Scott Pilgrim vs. the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pilgrim_vs._the_World"},{"link_name":"Scott Pilgrim Takes Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pilgrim_Takes_Off"},{"link_name":"Ray Palmer / The Atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Palmer_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Arrowverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowverse"},{"link_name":"shared universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_universe"},{"link_name":"The Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Legends of Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Crisis on Infinite Earths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths_(Arrowverse)"}],"text":"Brandon James Routh (/ˈraʊθ/; born October 9, 1979)[1] is an American actor. He portrayed Superman in the 2006 film Superman Returns, which garnered him international fame. In 2011, he played the title character of the film Dylan Dog: Dead of Night. He also had a recurring role in the NBC series Chuck, as Daniel Shaw. Routh also has supporting roles in the film Zack and Miri Make a Porno (2008), playing Todd Ingram in the film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World (2010) and the animated series Scott Pilgrim Takes Off (2023).In 2014, he was cast in a recurring role as Ray Palmer / The Atom on the TV series Arrow. He later played that role on two other series in the Arrowverse shared universe: The Flash (a guest role) and Legends of Tomorrow (a starring role). Routh also reprised his role as Superman in the 2019 Arrowverse crossover event \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\". His role on Legends of Tomorrow ended in 2020, and Routh made his final appearance as the character in The Flash in 2022.","title":"Brandon Routh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Norwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Methodist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adherents-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metrowest-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Woolstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolstock,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"George Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"Norwalk High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwalk_High_School_(Iowa)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desmoines-7"},{"link_name":"Jason Momoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Momoa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beacon-9"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"Christopher Reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-8"}],"text":"Routh, the third of four children, was born in Des Moines, Iowa, to Catherine LaVaughn (née Lear), a teacher, and Ronald Ray Routh, a carpenter. He was raised in nearby Norwalk.[2][3] Routh was raised in a Methodist family,[4] and has English, Scottish, German, Irish, Welsh and Dutch ancestry.[5][6]Routh grew up in Norwalk, approximately 100 miles (160 km) south of Woolstock, the birthplace of George Reeves, the first actor to play Superman on television.[2] During his childhood, Routh thought a full-time acting career was unrealistic, citing his small-town background.[2] In his spare time, he played the trumpet and the piano.[2]Routh attended Norwalk High School,[7] where he played sports, and participated in music and theatre. He attended this school at the same time as Jason Momoa, who would also later become an actor in film adaptations of DC Comics. He has described himself as a \"momma's boy\" and not \"the most popular kid\" during his school years.[8] Routh has also noted that during his younger years, he was fond of the Superman films and comic books.[9]Routh attended the University of Iowa for a year, aspiring to be a writer.[2] During this time, he modeled and acted in order to earn his tuition expenses.[2]Routh has said he was often told that he bore a physical resemblance to Christopher Reeve, who had previously portrayed Superman in a film series.[2] His former manager signed him on because of the resemblance, telling him that he thought Routh would be cast as Superman if there were another film in the series.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"What a Girl Wants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_a_Girl_Wants_(Christina_Aguilera_song)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desmoines-7"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Odd Man Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Man_Out_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Undressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undressed_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"WB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WB_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"Gilmore Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmore_Girls"},{"link_name":"Bangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bangles"},{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Seth Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Anderson_(One_Life_to_Live)"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"In 1999, Routh left the university and moved to Manhattan and then Los Angeles, where he pursued a full-time acting career, first appearing as an extra in Christina Aguilera's 1999 music video for \"What a Girl Wants\".[7] He was cast in his first acting role that same year, in an episode of the short-lived ABC television series Odd Man Out. In 2000, he had a four-episode role on season 3 of MTV's nighttime soap opera Undressed. Routh subsequently appeared on the WB's Gilmore Girls (in a February 2001 episode, \"Concert Interruptus\", playing a Bangles concert attendee), and earned steady work on the soap opera One Life to Live, playing Seth Anderson from May 23, 2001, until April 17, 2002.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman"},{"link_name":"Superman Returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman_Returns"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_franchise"},{"link_name":"Nicolas Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage"},{"link_name":"Josh Hartnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Hartnett"},{"link_name":"Brendan Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Tom Welling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Welling"},{"link_name":"Smallville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallville"},{"link_name":"Paul Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Walker"},{"link_name":"Henry Cavill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavill"},{"link_name":"Man of Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_Steel_(film)"},{"link_name":"James Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Marsden"},{"link_name":"Ashton Kutcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Kutcher"},{"link_name":"Keanu Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keanu_Reeves"},{"link_name":"Will Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Smith"},{"link_name":"Johnny Depp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp"},{"link_name":"James Caviezel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Caviezel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-casting-10"},{"link_name":"Tim Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burton"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Petersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Petersen"},{"link_name":"McG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McG"},{"link_name":"Brett Ratner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Ratner"},{"link_name":"Shekhar Kapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur"},{"link_name":"Bryan Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Singer"},{"link_name":"Christopher Reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-casting-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moviehole-11"},{"link_name":"Midwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-desmoines-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-casting-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-2"},{"link_name":"box office disappointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office_bomb"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reviews-13"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Clark Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Kent"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ebert-14"},{"link_name":"Spike TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_TV"},{"link_name":"Hugh Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Jackman"},{"link_name":"Wolverine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverine_(character)"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Paul Levitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Levitz"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Henry Cavill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cavill"},{"link_name":"Man of Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_Steel_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Superman","text":"Prior to Routh's casting as Superman in the film Superman Returns, Warner Bros. had spent over a decade developing a plan to relaunch the franchise, entitled Superman Flyby, with possible stars including actors such as Nicolas Cage, Josh Hartnett, Brendan Fraser, Tom Welling (who previously played a younger version of Clark Kent in the 2001–2011 TV series Smallville), Paul Walker, Henry Cavill (who eventually became Superman in the 2013 film Man of Steel), James Marsden (who would go on to play Lois Lane's fiancée in the film), Ashton Kutcher, Keanu Reeves, Will Smith, Johnny Depp and James Caviezel,[10] and planned directors including Tim Burton, Wolfgang Petersen, McG, Brett Ratner, and Shekhar Kapur. When director Bryan Singer came aboard the project, however, he insisted an unknown actor be cast in the part, in the tradition of the casting of the best-known film Superman, Christopher Reeve.Routh, then 24, had previously auditioned for director McG[2] and was spotted by Singer after he viewed Routh's videotaped audition.[10] Singer, who has since stated that Routh was the embodiment of \"our collective memory of Superman,\"[11] was impressed by Routh's resemblance to the comic book icon and found the actor's humble Midwestern roots perfect for the role, as well as his \"combination of vulnerability and confidence\", which Singer said reminded him of Christopher Reeve.[7] Singer decided to cast Routh after the two met on August 13, 2004, but did not tell Routh until two months later, when Routh's casting was announced in October 2004,[10] making him an \"instant celebrity\".[2]Before filming began, Routh bulked up for the role, gaining 22 pounds to reach a high of 218 pounds. Filming for Superman Returns began in Sydney in February 2005. The film was released in the U.S. on June 28, 2006, and earned decent reviews from most critics, but was a box office disappointment, grossing only $200 million in the US compared to its estimated budget of $270 million.[12] Routh was signed on to appear in two potential sequels, but due to mediocre box office results those never materialized.Reviews of Routh's performance were generally positive, with Newsweek noting he \"effortlessly lays claim to the iconic role.\"[13] On the other hand, film critic Roger Ebert felt that \"Routh lacks charisma as Superman, and I suppose as Clark Kent, he isn't supposed to have any.\"[14]At the 2006 Spike TV Awards, Routh won the award of \"Best Superhero\" as Superman in Superman Returns, beating out among others, Hugh Jackman as Wolverine.In August 2008, Warner Bros. officially announced they intended to reboot the Superman franchise. Routh was still set to reprise the role, according to DC Comics president Paul Levitz. In 2009, however, Routh's contract to play Superman in another film expired, but he said at the time that he would like to return if given the chance.[15] However, British actor Henry Cavill was cast to play Superman in the reboot of the series, Man of Steel.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brandon_Routh_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clark_(Tom_Clancy_character)"},{"link_name":"Without Remorse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Without_Remorse"},{"link_name":"John Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singleton"},{"link_name":"Stuart Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Beattie"},{"link_name":"Willem Dafoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Dafoe"},{"link_name":"Liev Schreiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liev_Schreiber"},{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"turnaround","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnaround_(filmmaking)"},{"link_name":"Fling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fling_(film)"},{"link_name":"Courtney Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Ford"},{"link_name":"Life is Hot in Cracktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_is_Hot_in_Cracktown"},{"link_name":"The Informers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Informers_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_cast"},{"link_name":"Bret Easton Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bret_Easton_Ellis"},{"link_name":"novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Informers"},{"link_name":"Kim Basinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Basinger"},{"link_name":"Amber Heard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Heard"},{"link_name":"Billy Bob Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-web-17"},{"link_name":"Kevin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Smith"},{"link_name":"Zack and Miri Make a Porno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zack_and_Miri_Make_a_Porno"},{"link_name":"Platinum Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_Studios"},{"link_name":"Comic Book Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_Book_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Kambakkht Ishq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kambakkht_Ishq"},{"link_name":"Todd Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Ingram"},{"link_name":"Scott Pilgrim vs. the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pilgrim_vs._the_World"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wright"},{"link_name":"Scott Pilgrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pilgrim"},{"link_name":"Bryan Lee O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Lee_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"psychic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychic"},{"link_name":"vegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegan"},{"link_name":"Daniel Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Dylan Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Dog"},{"link_name":"Dylan Dog – Dead of Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Dog:_Dead_of_Night"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tiziano Sclavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiziano_Sclavi"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"David Kohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kohan"},{"link_name":"Max Mutchnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Mutchnick"},{"link_name":"Will & Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%26_Grace"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Partners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partners_(2012_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Michael Urie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Urie"},{"link_name":"David Krumholtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Krumholtz"},{"link_name":"Table for Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_for_Three"},{"link_name":"Sophia Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Bush"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Ghosts"},{"link_name":"The Millers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Millers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Chosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Enlisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlisted_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hallmark Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallmark_Channel"},{"link_name":"The Nine Lives of Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nine_Lives_of_Christmas"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"Ray Palmer / The Atom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Palmer_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"season three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_season_3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arrow1-21"},{"link_name":"Greg Berlanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Berlanti"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Arthur Darvill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Darvill"},{"link_name":"Wentworth Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Miller"},{"link_name":"Victor Garber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Garber"},{"link_name":"Caity Lotz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caity_Lotz"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadline6-24"},{"link_name":"Legends of Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Crisis on Infinite Earths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_on_Infinite_Earths_(Arrowverse)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Kingdom Come","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Come_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dcc-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"fifth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_Tomorrow_season_5"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Quantum Leap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Leap_(2022_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Todd Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Ingram"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Scott Pilgrim Takes Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pilgrim_Takes_Off"}],"sub_title":"Subsequent projects","text":"Routh in 2011After the release of Superman Returns, Routh signed on to play CIA agent John Clark in Without Remorse, under the direction of John Singleton with a screenplay by Stuart Beattie. Routh would be the third actor to portray the character, after Willem Dafoe and Liev Schreiber. The film was intended for a late-2007/early-2008 release. However, Paramount Pictures put the film into turnaround. Routh's future participation on the project is unknown.Routh appeared in the independent drama Fling (formerly titled Lie to Me) (2008), co-starring his wife Courtney Ford, and the ensemble film Life is Hot in Cracktown (2009).Routh was signed to star in The Informers (2009), an ensemble film based on Bret Easton Ellis' novel, with Kim Basinger, Amber Heard, and Billy Bob Thornton,[16] but his scenes ended up scrapped with the decision to excise the \"vampire\" subplot from the film entirely.[17]At Comic Con 2008, it was revealed Routh was to have a cameo in the Kevin Smith comedy Zack and Miri Make a Porno – he instead appeared as a minor character, Bobby Long – and would serve as a judge on Platinum Studios 2008 Comic Book Challenge. In addition, he has a cameo where he plays himself in the Bollywood film Kambakkht Ishq (2009).In January 2009, Routh was officially cast to play Todd Ingram in the action comedy Scott Pilgrim vs. the World which was directed by Edgar Wright, based on the Scott Pilgrim series by Canadian artist Bryan Lee O'Malley. His character is an arrogant, narcissistic bass player who derives psychic powers from his vegan lifestyle, and is the third of the seven Evil Exes the title character must fight.Routh plays Daniel Shaw in season 3 of spy series Chuck, in a recurring, supporting role. He again played this character in the show's fifth season.He portrayed supernatural detective Dylan Dog in the 2011 film Dylan Dog – Dead of Night.[18] The film is based on the Italian comic series created by Tiziano Sclavi.[19] The film was a box office flop.On February 22, 2012, it was announced that Routh had been cast in David Kohan and Max Mutchnick's (the creators of Will & Grace), new CBS half-hour, multicamera comedy pilot, Partners. He played Michael Urie's character's steady partner, alongside David Krumholtz and his Table for Three co-star Sophia Bush.[20] The series was cancelled after only six episodes had aired.In 2013, Routh appeared in the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts. Routh has since appeared in one episode of The Millers and multiple episodes of Chosen and Enlisted in 2014. That same year, he starred in the Hallmark Channel's Christmas-themed romantic comedy The Nine Lives of Christmas, which drew good reviews and high ratings.On July 7, 2014, it was reported that Routh would once again play a superhero for DC Comics as Ray Palmer / The Atom on The CW's Arrow. He was a recurring character throughout season three, which premiered October 8, 2014.[21]In January 2015, Arrow's co-creator and executive producer Greg Berlanti stated that they were in the midst of \"very early\" preliminary talks for an additional spin-off series centered on Ray Palmer/The Atom.[22][23]In February 2015, it was announced that a spin-off was in development that would co-star Routh as The Atom, along with Arthur Darvill, Wentworth Miller, Victor Garber, and Caity Lotz.[24] The show, Legends of Tomorrow, premiered in January 2016.Routh reprised his role as Clark Kent / Superman in the 2019–2020 Arrowverse crossover \"Crisis on Infinite Earths\",[25] affected by events adapted from the Kingdom Come storyline.[26] His suit was based on the one worn by the storyline's version of the character.[27] The following month, it was announced that Routh would depart Legends of Tomorrow as a series regular during the fifth season.[28] His final episode as a series regular was \"Romeo v. Juliet: Dawn of Justness\".[29]Following this, Routh made three returns to the franchise. First, he returned to Legends for its 100th episode,[30] and to The Flash for the first part of its season eight-opening event \"Armageddon\".[31] He would then return in the season's eighteenth episode, \"The Man in the Yellow Tie\".[32]In 2021, Routh appeared in The Nine Kittens of Christmas, a sequel to The Nine Lives of Christmas. In 2023, Routh appeared in an episode of Quantum Leap portraying a naval commander: Alexander Augustine.In November 2023, Routh reprised his role as Todd Ingram in the Netflix animated series Scott Pilgrim Takes Off.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brandon_Routh_(98597198).jpg"},{"link_name":"Courtney Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Ford"},{"link_name":"Courtney Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Ford"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Santa Barbara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Sound of Superman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_of_Superman"},{"link_name":"World of Warcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Warcraft"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warcraft-36"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Courtney Ford and Brandon Routh in February 2006On August 23, 2006, Brandon became engaged to his girlfriend of three years, actress Courtney Ford;[33] the couple married on November 24, 2007, at the El Capitan Ranch in Santa Barbara.[34] In 2012, the couple had a son, Leo James.[35]Routh's sister, Sara, has a musical track entitled \"You're Never Gone\" on Sound of Superman, the companion soundtrack of the Superman Returns. Routh is a fan and player of the video game World of Warcraft.[36] During the 2008 Presidential Election, Routh spoke at an Iowa rally in support of Democratic candidate Barack Obama.[37]Routh is a distant relative of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[38]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[{"image_text":"Routh in 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Brandon_Routh_1.jpg/220px-Brandon_Routh_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Courtney Ford and Brandon Routh in February 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Brandon_Routh_%2898597198%29.jpg/220px-Brandon_Routh_%2898597198%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"UPI Almanac for Sunday, Oct. 9, 2020\". United Press International. October 9, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2021. ...actor Brandon Routh in 1979...","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/10/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Friday-Oct-9-2020/1011601996040/","url_text":"\"UPI Almanac for Sunday, Oct. 9, 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"}]},{"reference":"\"TimesLeader.com\". Routh flies high in debut as Superman. Archived from the original on June 23, 2006. Retrieved June 19, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060623073117/http://www.timesleader.com/mld/timesleader/entertainment/14854912.htm","url_text":"\"TimesLeader.com\""},{"url":"http://timesleader.com/mld/timesleader/entertainment/14854912.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Routh Family\". 1983.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lbNOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ronald+Ray+Routh%22","url_text":"\"Our Routh Family\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Religious Affiliation of Comic Book Character Clark Kent/Kal-El Superman\". Adherents.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2006. Retrieved June 19, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060207020723/http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html#Routh","url_text":"\"The Religious Affiliation of Comic Book Character Clark Kent/Kal-El Superman\""}]},{"reference":"\"If the tights fit: Newcomer Brandon Routh takes to the sky in 'Superman Returns'\". MetroWest Daily News. Retrieved June 25, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metrowestdailynews.com/movies/view.bg?articleid=133773&format=&page=2","url_text":"\"If the tights fit: Newcomer Brandon Routh takes to the sky in 'Superman Returns'\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Thelma (June 8, 2012). \"Former Man of Steel, 'Crooked Arrows' star Brandon Routh talks Superman curse, lacrosse and gay marriage | The Reel Breakdown – Yahoo! Movies Canada\". Ca.movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved October 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://ca.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/the-reel-breakdown/former-man-steel-crooked-arrows-star-brandon-routh-204313345.html","url_text":"\"Former Man of Steel, 'Crooked Arrows' star Brandon Routh talks Superman curse, lacrosse and gay marriage | The Reel Breakdown – Yahoo! Movies Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"The man behind the cape\". DesMoinesRegister.com. Retrieved June 25, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://forums.superherohype.com/threads/tom-welling-clark-kent-superman-the-man-behind-the-cape.372485/page-9","url_text":"\"The man behind the cape\""}]},{"reference":"Lawrence, Will (June 30, 2006). \"From zero to superhero\". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160707105438/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3653470/From-zero-to-superhero.html","url_text":"\"From zero to superhero\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/3653470/From-zero-to-superhero.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Superman passes cape; boots still hard to fill\". The Beacon Journal. July 6, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://spinalcordinjuryzone.com/news/2817/superman-passes-cape-boots-still-hard-to-fill","url_text":"\"Superman passes cape; boots still hard to fill\""}]},{"reference":"\"Word of Routh\". News.com.au. Archived from the original on July 7, 2006. Retrieved June 19, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060707213819/http://entertainment.news.com.au/story/0%2C10221%2C19529253-7485%2C00.html","url_text":"\"Word of Routh\""},{"url":"http://entertainment.news.com.au/story/0,10221,19529253-7485,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview : Superman Returns cast & crew\". MovieHole. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved July 3, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071012095520/http://www.moviehole.net/news/20060703_interview_superman_returns_cas.html","url_text":"\"Interview : Superman Returns cast & crew\""},{"url":"http://www.moviehole.net/news/20060703_interview_superman_returns_cas.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Superman Returns\". boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved October 11, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=superman06.htm","url_text":"\"Superman Returns\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superman charms critics\". Sydney Morning Herald (Australia). Sydney. Retrieved October 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2006/06/20/1150701525705.html","url_text":"\"Superman charms critics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superman Returns (PG-13)\". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on March 20, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130320042238/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20060626%2FREVIEWS%2F60606009","url_text":"\"Superman Returns (PG-13)\""},{"url":"http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060626/REVIEWS/60606009","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Clint Morris (July 2, 2009). \"Routh talks Superman sequel\". moviehole.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012. 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Retrieved May 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150113202347/http://www.nerdist.com/2015/01/exclusive-arrow-executive-producer-marc-guggenheim-talks-brandon-routh-atom-spin-off-show/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Arrow Executive Producer Marc Guggenheim Talks Brandon Routh Atom Spin-off Show!\""},{"url":"https://archive.nerdist.com/exclusive-arrow-executive-producer-marc-guggenheim-talks-brandon-routh-atom-spin-off-show/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (February 26, 2015). \"Arrow/Flash Superhero Team-Up Spinoff In Works At CW; Brandon Routh, Victor Garber, Wentworth Miller, Caity Lotz Star\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved February 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2015/02/arrow-flash-spin-off-cw-new-superhero-series-1201382466/","url_text":"\"Arrow/Flash Superhero Team-Up Spinoff In Works At CW; Brandon Routh, Victor Garber, Wentworth Miller, Caity Lotz Star\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Andreeva, Nellie (July 19, 2019). \"Tyler Hoechlin & Brandon Routh To Suit Up As Superman For Arrowverse Crossover On the CW\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on July 19, 2019. 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Juliet: Dawn of Justness\" Synopsis\""}]},{"reference":"Agard, Chancellor (October 13, 2021). \"'Legends of Tomorrow' brings back 7 heroes in 100th episode photos\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/tv/legends-of-tomorrow-100th-episode-first-look-photos/","url_text":"\"'Legends of Tomorrow' brings back 7 heroes in 100th episode photos\""}]},{"reference":"Damore, Meagan (August 25, 2021). \"Team Flash's Season 8 Roster Is Basically the Arrowverse's Justice League\". CBR. Retrieved October 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/flash-armageddon-guest-stars/","url_text":"\"Team Flash's Season 8 Roster Is Basically the Arrowverse's Justice League\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jenna (June 16, 2022). \"The Flash Has a Surprising Legends of Tomorrow Cameo in \"The Man in the Yellow Tie\"\". ComicBook. 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Entertainment Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/tv/2019/11/19/batwoman-crisis-on-infinite-earths-photos/","url_text":"\"New 'Crisis on Infinite Earths' photos reveal Kevin Conroy as Bruce Wayne\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Scott Pilgrim' Netflix Anime Series Reunites Film's Cast, from Michael Cera to Chris Evans\". March 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/scott-pilgrim-netflix-anime-series-cast-michael-cera-chris-evans-1235568433/","url_text":"\"'Scott Pilgrim' Netflix Anime Series Reunites Film's Cast, from Michael Cera to Chris Evans\""}]},{"reference":"Maas, Jennifer (August 24, 2021). \"Netflix's 'Magic: The Gathering' Series to Launch in 2022, Brandon Routh to Voice Gideon (Photo)\". The Wrap. Retrieved August 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thewrap.com/magic-the-gathering-netflix-series-premiere-date-2022-brandon-routh-gideon-first-look/","url_text":"\"Netflix's 'Magic: The Gathering' Series to Launch in 2022, Brandon Routh to Voice Gideon (Photo)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Weidemeyer
John William Weidemeyer
["1 Biography","2 Writings","3 Notes","4 References"]
American entomologist John William Weidemeyer (b. in Fredericksburg, Virginia, 26 April 1819; d. in Amityville, New York, 18 January 1896) was a writer and entomologist. Biography In Germany, his father had been an officer in the bodyguards of Jérôme Bonaparte, king of Westphalia. When John was still young, the family moved to New York City. Among his first teachers was Alexander T. Stewart, and he completed his education at the Columbia College grammar school. For several years he taught at various seminaries in Ohio, but subsequently settled in New York City, where he entered on a business career. He made collections of lepidoptera, including a western North American species that was named in his honor, Limenitis weidemeyerii (Weidemeyer's Admiral). His large collection was purchased by the museum in Ratisbon, Germany. In connection with the study of entomology, he published Catalogue of North-American Butterflies (Philadelphia, 1864). Writings He contributed to the Christian Inquirer and the Atlantic Monthly, and prepared political articles for various journals. In 1841 he wrote a play entitled The Vagabonds, which was produced at the Franklin Theatre in New York City and the Arch Street Theatre in Philadelphia, and at one point he was preparing Cæsar and Cleopatra, an acting drama. Weidemeyer also published Real and Ideal: a Collection of Metrical Compositions by John W. Montclair (Philadelphia, 1865); Themes and Translations (New York, 1867); American Fish, and how to catch Them (1885); and From Alpha to Omega (1889). Notes This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) References Wikisource has original works by or about:John William Weidemeyer Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Weidemeyer, John William" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other SNAC
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzpe_Yeriho
Mitzpe Yeriho
["1 Geography","2 History","3 Demographics","4 Environment","5 Economy","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 31°48′58″N 35°23′39″E / 31.81611°N 35.39417°E / 31.81611; 35.39417Israeli settlement in the West Bank Place in Judea and Samaria AreaMitzpe Yeriho מִצְפֵּה יְרִחוֹ‎Etymology: Jericho lookoutMitzpe YerihoCoordinates: 31°48′58″N 35°23′39″E / 31.81611°N 35.39417°E / 31.81611; 35.39417DistrictJudea and Samaria AreaCouncilMateh BinyaminRegionWest BankAffiliationAmanaFoundedOctober 1977Population (2022)2,657WebsiteOfficial website Mitzpe Yeriho, also spelled Mitzpeh Yericho (Hebrew: מִצְפֵּה יְרִיחוֹ, lit. Jericho Lookout), is a religious Israeli settlement in the West Bank, located next to the Palestinian city of Jericho, from where it gets its name. Located 20 km east of Jerusalem and 10 km east of Ma'ale Adumim along Highway 1 in the Judean desert, it is organised as a community settlement and falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Binyamin Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 2,657. The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this. Geography The village lies on one of the last cliffs marking the edge of the Judean highlands, and overlooks the Jordan Rift Valley, the Dead Sea, and the Palestinian city of Jericho, whence its name is derived. The climate is dry, with temperatures a few degrees warmer than Jerusalem temperatures all year round. History Original founding group in nearby Mishor Adumim, October 1977 Founded in October 1977 during the Jewish holiday of Sukkot, it was supposed to be located on government lands adjacent to Jericho. Due to the objection of then Defense Minister Ezer Weizman, they were moved to Mishor Adumim. Agriculture Minister Ariel Sharon suggested a few days later that they relocate to a barren hilltop overlooking Jericho, its current location. According to ARIJ, in 1978 Israel confiscated 968 dunams of land from the Palestinian site of Nabi Musa in order to construct Mitzpe Yeriho. The same year, the settlement was the site of a Palestinian terrorist attack in which an intercity bus was bombed, killing four and wounding 37 people. The original residents were a mixed group of both religiously observant and non-observant Jews. They later split up into two groups, and the non-observant members established a new settlement, Vered Yericho, located in the Jordan Valley below Mitzpe Yeriho and closer to Jericho. Still, Mitzpe Yeriho is a community of various traditions and observance levels. While the main synagogue follows Ashkenazi traditions, there are also two Sephardi synagogues, a Chabad synagogue, a Yemenite synagogue, a Carlebach minyan and several other small functioning minyanim. In 1982, the community appointed then 27-year-old Yehuda Kroizer as community rabbi. Rabbi Kroizer gives regular classes, both in the town as well as in the Yeshivat HaRaayon HaYehudi, the former yeshiva of Rabbi Meir Kahane. The yeshiva Netivot Yoseph, a leading Religious Zionist yeshiva headed by Rabbi Shabtai Sabbato, was founded in 1990, and moved the following year to Mitzpe Yeriho. The yeshiva is well known for its emphasis on breadth of Talmudic studies (bekiyut). It frequently honors students who have completed studying the entire Talmud; in 2011, there was a special celebration of 100 graduates who completed Shas. In 2018, the yeshiva opened a Beth Din, a rabbinical court for questions of financial laws. Graduates of the yeshiva who have passed the rabbinate's dayanut exams will serve as judges. In May 1997, the Israeli Defense Forces dismantled two illegally placed mobile homes in Mitzpe Yeriho. Mitzpe Yeriho in the Judean Desert (Mar. 2008) Demographics In 2009, the population of Mitzpe Yeriho grew at an annual rate of 5.6%. As of 2010, over 450 families reside in Mitzpe Yeriho. Environment In 1999, Mitzpe Yeriho was found to be a "radon-prone" area. Such an area is defined as one in which the radon concentration is more than 10 times the national average in more than one percent of the homes in the area. Aerial view of Mitzpe Yeriho, 2014 Economy The community is home to several businesses including an electronics facility, and also serves tourism in the nearby Wadi Qelt nature reserve and its Byzantine-era Saint George Monastery and Hasmonean-era Kypros fortress. It also hosts the Nof Harden wedding hall. References ^ "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024. ^ "The Geneva Convention". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011. ^ Lash Balint, Judy (21 January 2012). "The lost Jewish presence in Jericho". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 15 November 2015. ^ An Nabi Musa Locality Profile, ARIJ, p. 7 ^ "מצפה יריחו -צופה על מנעולה של ארץ ישראל - Rabbi Yehuda Kroizer". ^ "Netivot Yosef - Mitzpe Yericho - Yeshiva Tichonit | Nefesh B'Nefesh". Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016. ^ Ezra, Hizki (8 November 2011). "100 Finish Shas". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 15 November 2015. ^ "A new court was inaugurated in Mitzpeh Yericho (Hebrew)". Kipa.co.il. 10 June 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018. ^ Herb Keinon (9 May 1997). "Yitzhar - Netanyahu's lose-lose gambit". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 10 September 2012. ^ Michael Green (3 April 2009). "Crossing over?". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 10 September 2012. ^ Liat Collins (25 March 1999). "National study determines radon-prone areas". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 10 September 2012. ^ St George's Monastery, Israel PlanetWare.com ^ "Home". nofhayarden.com. External links Community website Binyamin Regional Council information page for Mitzpe Yericho Yeshivat Netivot Yoseph website Nefesh B' Nefesh Community Profiles - Mitzpe Yericho American Friends of Mitzpe Yeriho vteMateh Binyamin Regional CouncilMoshavim Matityahu Mevo Horon Community settlements Almon (Israeli settlement) Alon Amihai Ateret Beit Horon Dolev Eli Ganei Modi'in Geva Binyamin (Adam) Givat Harel Giv'on HaHadasha Halamish (Neveh Tzuf) Hashmonaim Kerem Reim Kfar Adumim Kfar HaOranim (Menora/Giv'at Ehud) Kokhav HaShahar Kokhav Ya'akov Ma'ale Levona Ma'ale Mikhmas Mitzpe Yeriho Na'ale Nahliel Neria (Talmon Bet) Nili Nofei Prat Ofra Psagot Rimonim Shilo Shvut Rachel Talmon Tel Zion Industrial zones Sha'ar Binyamin Industrial Zone Outposts Adei Ad Ahiya Amona (dismantled) Esh Kodesh Giv'at Asaf Harasha Keida Ma'ale Shlomo Migron Mitzpe Dani Mitzpe Hagit Mitzpe Kramim Neveh Erez Oz Zion Yishuv HaDa'at Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho"},{"link_name":"Israeli settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Ma'ale Adumim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ale_Adumim"},{"link_name":"Highway 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_1_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Judean desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judean_desert"},{"link_name":"community settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_settlement_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Mateh Binyamin Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateh_Binyamin_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"illegal under international law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_GC4-2"}],"text":"Israeli settlement in the West BankPlace in Judea and Samaria AreaMitzpe Yeriho, also spelled Mitzpeh Yericho (Hebrew: מִצְפֵּה יְרִיחוֹ, lit. Jericho Lookout), is a religious Israeli settlement in the West Bank, located next to the Palestinian city of Jericho, from where it gets its name. Located 20 km east of Jerusalem and 10 km east of Ma'ale Adumim along Highway 1 in the Judean desert, it is organised as a community settlement and falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Binyamin Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 2,657.The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.[2]","title":"Mitzpe Yeriho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judean highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judean_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Jordan Rift Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem temperatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem#Climate"}],"text":"The village lies on one of the last cliffs marking the edge of the Judean highlands, and overlooks the Jordan Rift Valley, the Dead Sea, and the Palestinian city of Jericho, whence its name is derived. The climate is dry, with temperatures a few degrees warmer than Jerusalem temperatures all year round.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mishor Adumim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishor_Adumim"},{"link_name":"Sukkot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkot"},{"link_name":"Defense Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Minister_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Ezer Weizman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezer_Weizman"},{"link_name":"Mishor Adumim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishor_Adumim"},{"link_name":"Ariel Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ARIJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Research_Institute%E2%80%93Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"dunams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunam"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinians"},{"link_name":"Nabi Musa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabi_Musa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARIJ7-4"},{"link_name":"a Palestinian terrorist attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzpe_Yeriho_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"religiously observant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"non-observant Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_secularism"},{"link_name":"Vered Yericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vered_Yericho"},{"link_name":"Jericho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jericho"},{"link_name":"Carlebach minyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlebach_minyan"},{"link_name":"Yehuda Kroizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehuda_Kroizer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Meir Kahane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Kahane"},{"link_name":"Religious Zionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Zionism"},{"link_name":"yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Beth Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_Din"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Israeli Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mitzpe_Yericho,_2008.jpg"}],"text":"Original founding group in nearby Mishor Adumim, October 1977Founded in October 1977 during the Jewish holiday of Sukkot, it was supposed to be located on government lands adjacent to Jericho. Due to the objection of then Defense Minister Ezer Weizman, they were moved to Mishor Adumim. Agriculture Minister Ariel Sharon suggested a few days later that they relocate to a barren hilltop overlooking Jericho, its current location.[3]According to ARIJ, in 1978 Israel confiscated 968 dunams of land from the Palestinian site of Nabi Musa in order to construct Mitzpe Yeriho.[4] The same year, the settlement was the site of a Palestinian terrorist attack in which an intercity bus was bombed, killing four and wounding 37 people.The original residents were a mixed group of both religiously observant and non-observant Jews. They later split up into two groups, and the non-observant members established a new settlement, Vered Yericho, located in the Jordan Valley below Mitzpe Yeriho and closer to Jericho. Still, Mitzpe Yeriho is a community of various traditions and observance levels. While the main synagogue follows Ashkenazi traditions, there are also two Sephardi synagogues, a Chabad synagogue, a Yemenite synagogue, a Carlebach minyan and several other small functioning minyanim.In 1982, the community appointed then 27-year-old Yehuda Kroizer as community rabbi.[5] Rabbi Kroizer gives regular classes, both in the town as well as in the Yeshivat HaRaayon HaYehudi, the former yeshiva of Rabbi Meir Kahane.The yeshiva Netivot Yoseph, a leading Religious Zionist yeshiva[6] headed by Rabbi Shabtai Sabbato, was founded in 1990, and moved the following year to Mitzpe Yeriho. The yeshiva is well known for its emphasis on breadth of Talmudic studies (bekiyut). It frequently honors students who have completed studying the entire Talmud; in 2011, there was a special celebration of 100 graduates who completed Shas.[7] In 2018, the yeshiva opened a Beth Din, a rabbinical court for questions of financial laws. Graduates of the yeshiva who have passed the rabbinate's dayanut exams will serve as judges.[8]In May 1997, the Israeli Defense Forces dismantled two illegally placed mobile homes in Mitzpe Yeriho.[9]Mitzpe Yeriho in the Judean Desert (Mar. 2008)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2009, the population of Mitzpe Yeriho grew at an annual rate of 5.6%.[10] As of 2010, over 450 families reside in Mitzpe Yeriho.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95_2.JPG"}],"text":"In 1999, Mitzpe Yeriho was found to be a \"radon-prone\" area. Such an area is defined as one in which the radon concentration is more than 10 times the national average in more than one percent of the homes in the area.[11]Aerial view of Mitzpe Yeriho, 2014","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wadi Qelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Qelt"},{"link_name":"Saint George Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_St._George_of_Choziba"},{"link_name":"Hasmonean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean"},{"link_name":"Kypros fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kypros_fortress&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The community is home to several businesses including an electronics facility, and also serves tourism in the nearby Wadi Qelt nature reserve and its Byzantine-era Saint George Monastery and Hasmonean-era Kypros fortress.[12] It also hosts the Nof Harden wedding hall.[13]","title":"Economy"}]
[{"image_text":"Original founding group in nearby Mishor Adumim, October 1977","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg/220px-%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mitzpe Yeriho in the Judean Desert (Mar. 2008)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mitzpe_Yericho%2C_2008.jpg/220px-Mitzpe_Yericho%2C_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of Mitzpe Yeriho, 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95_2.JPG/220px-%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95_2.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Regional Statistics\". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv","url_text":"\"Regional Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Geneva Convention\". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1682640.stm","url_text":"\"The Geneva Convention\""}]},{"reference":"Lash Balint, Judy (21 January 2012). \"The lost Jewish presence in Jericho\". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 15 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpost.com/Features/In-Thespotlight/The-lost-Jewish-presence-in-Jericho","url_text":"\"The lost Jewish presence in Jericho\""}]},{"reference":"\"מצפה יריחו -צופה על מנעולה של ארץ ישראל - Rabbi Yehuda Kroizer\".","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/mitzpeyericho/rabbi-kroizer","url_text":"\"מצפה יריחו -צופה על מנעולה של ארץ ישראל - Rabbi Yehuda Kroizer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Netivot Yosef - Mitzpe Yericho - Yeshiva Tichonit | Nefesh B'Nefesh\". Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414155834/http://www.nbn.org.il/aliyahpedia/education-ulpan/school-profiles/netivot-yosef-mitzpe-yericho-yeshiva-tichonit/","url_text":"\"Netivot Yosef - Mitzpe Yericho - Yeshiva Tichonit | Nefesh B'Nefesh\""},{"url":"http://www.nbn.org.il/aliyahpedia/education-ulpan/school-profiles/netivot-yosef-mitzpe-yericho-yeshiva-tichonit/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ezra, Hizki (8 November 2011). \"100 Finish Shas\". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 15 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/228416","url_text":"\"100 Finish Shas\""}]},{"reference":"\"A new court was inaugurated in Mitzpeh Yericho (Hebrew)\". Kipa.co.il. 10 June 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kipa.co.il/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%94/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9-%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%9A-%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%94-%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95/","url_text":"\"A new court was inaugurated in Mitzpeh Yericho (Hebrew)\""}]},{"reference":"Herb Keinon (9 May 1997). \"Yitzhar - Netanyahu's lose-lose gambit\". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 10 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=AWNB&p_text_direct-0=document_id=%28%20110CA148C0FEE9D0%20%29&p_docid=110CA148C0FEE9D0&p_theme=aggdocs&p_queryname=110CA148C0FEE9D0&f_openurl=yes&p_nbid=Q53V52WIMTM0NzMxODI1My4zNTgwMDA6MToxMzoxOTIuMTYwLjIxNi4w&&p_multi=JERB","url_text":"\"Yitzhar - Netanyahu's lose-lose gambit\""}]},{"reference":"Michael Green (3 April 2009). \"Crossing over?\". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 10 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:JERB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=127C22CAB51BE6C8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D663DC0A81A15EA","url_text":"\"Crossing over?\""}]},{"reference":"Liat Collins (25 March 1999). \"National study determines radon-prone areas\". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 10 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=AWNB&p_text_direct-0=document_id=%28%20110C9CB003458E10%20%29&p_docid=110C9CB003458E10&p_theme=aggdocs&p_queryname=110C9CB003458E10&f_openurl=yes&p_nbid=R4EM4DYDMTM0NzMxOTE4Ny41NDA4MzY6MToxMzoxOTIuMTYwLjIxNi4w&&p_multi=JERB","url_text":"\"National study determines radon-prone areas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". nofhayarden.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nofhayarden.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mitzpe_Yeriho&params=31_48_58_N_35_23_39_E_type:city(2657)","external_links_name":"31°48′58″N 35°23′39″E / 31.81611°N 35.39417°E / 31.81611; 35.39417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mitzpe_Yeriho&params=31_48_58_N_35_23_39_E_type:city(2657)","external_links_name":"31°48′58″N 35°23′39″E / 31.81611°N 35.39417°E / 31.81611; 35.39417"},{"Link":"http://mitzpe.yericho.googlepages.com/home","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv","external_links_name":"\"Regional Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1682640.stm","external_links_name":"\"The Geneva Convention\""},{"Link":"http://www.jpost.com/Features/In-Thespotlight/The-lost-Jewish-presence-in-Jericho","external_links_name":"\"The lost Jewish presence in Jericho\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171113113352/http://vprofile.arij.org/jericho/pdfs/vprofile/An_Nabi_Musa_FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"An Nabi Musa Locality Profile"},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/mitzpeyericho/rabbi-kroizer","external_links_name":"\"מצפה יריחו -צופה על מנעולה של ארץ ישראל - Rabbi Yehuda Kroizer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414155834/http://www.nbn.org.il/aliyahpedia/education-ulpan/school-profiles/netivot-yosef-mitzpe-yericho-yeshiva-tichonit/","external_links_name":"\"Netivot Yosef - Mitzpe Yericho - Yeshiva Tichonit | Nefesh B'Nefesh\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbn.org.il/aliyahpedia/education-ulpan/school-profiles/netivot-yosef-mitzpe-yericho-yeshiva-tichonit/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/228416","external_links_name":"\"100 Finish Shas\""},{"Link":"https://www.kipa.co.il/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%94/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9-%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%9A-%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%94-%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95/","external_links_name":"\"A new court was inaugurated in Mitzpeh Yericho (Hebrew)\""},{"Link":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=AWNB&p_text_direct-0=document_id=%28%20110CA148C0FEE9D0%20%29&p_docid=110CA148C0FEE9D0&p_theme=aggdocs&p_queryname=110CA148C0FEE9D0&f_openurl=yes&p_nbid=Q53V52WIMTM0NzMxODI1My4zNTgwMDA6MToxMzoxOTIuMTYwLjIxNi4w&&p_multi=JERB","external_links_name":"\"Yitzhar - Netanyahu's lose-lose gambit\""},{"Link":"http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:JERB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=127C22CAB51BE6C8&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0D663DC0A81A15EA","external_links_name":"\"Crossing over?\""},{"Link":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_action=doc&p_topdoc=1&p_docnum=1&p_sort=YMD_date:D&p_product=AWNB&p_text_direct-0=document_id=%28%20110C9CB003458E10%20%29&p_docid=110C9CB003458E10&p_theme=aggdocs&p_queryname=110C9CB003458E10&f_openurl=yes&p_nbid=R4EM4DYDMTM0NzMxOTE4Ny41NDA4MzY6MToxMzoxOTIuMTYwLjIxNi4w&&p_multi=JERB","external_links_name":"\"National study determines radon-prone areas\""},{"Link":"http://www.planetware.com/israel/st-georges-monastery-isr-wb-wqsg.htm","external_links_name":"St George's Monastery, Israel"},{"Link":"http://www.nofhayarden.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://mitzpe.yericho.googlepages.com/home","external_links_name":"Community website"},{"Link":"http://www.gobinyamin.org.il/?CategoryID=1173&ArticleID=4830&Page=1#.VwErLGgldGM","external_links_name":"Binyamin Regional Council information page for Mitzpe Yericho"},{"Link":"http://www.kiryatmoshe.co.il/","external_links_name":"Yeshivat Netivot Yoseph website"},{"Link":"http://www.nbn.org.il/aliyahpedia/community-housing-aliyahpedia/community-profiles/mitzpeh-yericho/","external_links_name":"Nefesh B' Nefesh Community Profiles - Mitzpe Yericho"},{"Link":"http://american-friends-of-mitzpe-yeriho.org/","external_links_name":"American Friends of Mitzpe Yeriho"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/308265910","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007467975605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529013705171","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice_(1916_film)
The Merchant of Venice (1916 film)
["1 Production","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1916 film by Walter West The Merchant of VeniceDirected byWalter WestWritten byWilliam Shakespeare (play)Produced byWalter WestStarringMatheson LangHutin BrittonTerence O'BrienProductioncompanyBroadwestRelease date 1916 (1916) Running time86 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglish The Merchant of Venice is a 1916 British silent drama film directed by Walter West and starring Matheson Lang, Hutin Britton, Ernest Caselli. It is an adaptation of William Shakespeare's play The Merchant of Venice. Production The film was made by Broadwest. The company hired the complete stage cast of the play and filmed at Walthamstow Studios using largely natural light. The film marked the screen debut of Matheson Lang who went on to become one of the leading British actors of the 1920s. It was not a success. Cast Matheson Lang as Shylock Hutin Britton as Portia Ernest Caselli as Lorenzo Kathleen Hazel Jones as Jessica George Morgan as Lancelot Terence O'Brien as Tubal George Skillan as Antonio Joseph Tozer as Bassanio Marguerite Westlake as Nerissa References ^ Bamford, Kenton. Distorted Images: British National Identity and Film in the 1920s. I.B. Tauris, 1999. p. 55. ^ Low, Rachael (2005). The History of British Film (Volume 3): The History of the British Film 1914 - 1918. Routledge. p. 295. doi:10.4324/9781315005713. ISBN 0415679885 – via Google Books. External links The Merchant of Venice at IMDb vteThe films of Walter West The Woman Who Did (1915) A London Flat Mystery (1915) The Merchant of Venice (1916) The Hard Way (1916) The Answer (1916) Burnt Wings (1916) The Ware Case (1917) The House Opposite (1917) Sisters in Arms (1918) A Fortune at Stake (1918) Not Negotiable (1918) Missing the Tide (1918) Under Suspicion (1919) The Gentleman Rider (1919) Snow in the Desert (1919) A Great Coup (1919) A Daughter of Eve (1919) The Case of Lady Camber (1920) Kissing Cup's Race (1920) Her Son (1920) Vi of Smith's Alley (1921) The Loudwater Mystery (1921) The Imperfect Lover (1921) A Sportsman's Wife (1921) When Greek Meets Greek (1922) Was She Justified? (1922) The Scarlet Lady (1922) Son of Kissing Cup (1922) What Price Loving Cup? (1923) The Lady Owner (1922) In the Blood (1923) Hornet's Nest (1923) Beautiful Kitty (1923) The Stirrup Cup Sensation (1924) The Great Turf Mystery (1924) Trainer and Temptress (1925) A Daughter of Love (1925) Sweeney Todd (1928) Maria Marten (1928) Warned Off (1930) Hundred to One (1933) Bed and Breakfast (1938) vteWilliam Shakespeare's The Merchant of VeniceCharacters Shylock Antonio Bassanio Portia Jessica Sources Gesta Romanorum Il Pecorone The Jew of Malta On screen 1914 1916 1923 Shylock (1940) 1953 1961 1969 1980 (TV) 2004 Music Incidental music: Shylock (1889) Opera: Le marchand de Venise (1935); The Merchant of Venice (1982) Musical: Shylock (1987) Adaptations Serenade to Music (1938) The Merchant (1976) Shylock (1996) Yasser (2001) The Maori Merchant of Venice (2002) Related "All that glitters is not gold" "Between you and I" "The quality of mercy" This article related to a British film of the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOSA-Future_Health_Professionals
HOSA (organization)
["1 History","2 Chartered associations","3 Mission statement","4 Uniform","5 International Leadership Conferences (ILCs)","6 Competitive events","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]
Healthcare student organization HOSAFormation1976; 48 years ago (1976)TypeCareer and technical student organizationHeadquarters548 Silicon Drive, Suite 101Southlake, Texas 76092 United StatesMembership 200,000Executive DirectorJim KoeningerWebsitehttp://www.hosa.org/ HOSA – Future Health Professionals, formerly known as Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA), is an international career and technical student organization endorsed by the U.S. Department of Education and the Health Science Technology Education Division of ACTE. HOSA is composed of middle school, secondary, and post-secondary/collegiate students, along with professionals, alumni, and honorary members. It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization that prepares students to enter healthcare and similar fields, with membership in the United States, U.S. Territories, Canada, China, South Korea, and Mexico. History HOSA youth meeting with Senator Mazie Hirono in 2013. HOSA was founded in 1976 out of a task force from the American Vocational Association in order to determine whether a new student organization accommodating healthcare students was necessary. From November 4–7, 1975, the State Department of Education and Division of Vocational Education in New Jersey with 18 representatives from Alabama, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Texas voted to form the American Health Occupations Education Student Organization. On November 10–13, 1976, in a constitutional convention in Arlington, Texas AHOESO adopted bylaws, which also changed the organization's name to Health Occupations Students of America; elected national leaders; selected colors and a motto; made plans to design an emblem; and set the first National Leadership Conference for the spring of 1978 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. In 2004, the organization dropped the acronym from its name, and began publishing all documents under the brand "HOSA – Future Health Professionals." Chartered associations As of 2020, HOSA has grown to more than 50 chartered associations in several countries, including the United States and its territories, Canada, China, South Korea, and Mexico. HOSA's chartered associations are: Alabama HOSA Alaska HOSA American Samoa HOSA Arizona HOSA Arkansas HOSA California HOSA Canada HOSA China HOSA Colorado HOSA Connecticut HOSA Delaware HOSA District of Columbia HOSA Florida HOSA Georgia HOSA Hawaii HOSA Idaho HOSA Illinois HOSA Indiana HOSA Iowa HOSA Kansas HOSA Kentucky HOSA Korea HOSA Louisiana HOSA Maine HOSA Maryland HOSA Massachusetts HOSA Mexico HOSA Michigan HOSA Minnesota HOSA Mississippi HOSA Missouri HOSA Montana HOSA Nebraska HOSA Nevada HOSA New Hampshire HOSA New Jersey HOSA New Mexico HOSA New York HOSA North Carolina HOSA North Dakota HOSA Ohio HOSA Oklahoma HOSA Oregon HOSA Pennsylvania HOSA Puerto Rico HOSA Rhode Island HOSA South Carolina HOSA South Dakota HOSA Tennessee HOSA Texas HOSA Utah HOSA Vermont HOSA Virginia HOSA Washington HOSA West Virginia HOSA Wisconsin HOSA Mission statement The mission of HOSA is to empower HOSA-Future Health Professionals to become leaders in the global health community through education, collaboration, and experience. Uniform The official HOSA uniform consists of a navy-blue suit with maroon accent in the form of a tie for men or a scarf for women. The HOSA emblem is affixed to the suit jacket. International Leadership Conferences (ILCs) 2003 ILC in Atlanta Members meet annually at an International Leadership Conference held in late June in cities across the United States. Selected major cities for hosting the conference rotate every few years. Over 7,500 students participate in general sessions, competitive events, and leadership experiences, all while networking with health sciences students representing nearly all 50 states and countries including Canada, China, and Mexico. Previous and scheduled upcoming ILCs Year Dates Convention center City 2002 June 26–29 Anaheim Hilton and Marriott Anaheim, California 2003 June 18–21 Atlanta Marriott, Hyatt, and Hilton Atlanta, Georgia 2004 June 23-26 Marriott World Center Orlando, Florida 2005 June 22-25 Gaylord Opryland Hotel Nashville, Tennessee 2006 June 21-24 Anaheim Hilton and Marriott Anaheim, California 2007 June 20-23 Marriott World Center Orlando, Florida 2008 June 18-21 Adam’s Mark Hotel Dallas, Texas 2009 June 24-27 Gaylord Opryland Hotel Nashville, Tennessee 2010 June 23-26 Disney's Coronado Springs Resort Orlando, Florida 2011 June 22-25 Hilton Anaheim Anaheim, California 2012 June 20-23 Disney's Coronado Springs Resort Orlando, Florida 2013 June 26-30 Gaylord Opryland Hotel Nashville, Tennessee 2014 June 25-28 Disney's Coronado Springs Resort Orlando, Florida 2015 June 24-27 Hilton Anaheim Anaheim, California 2016 June 22-25 Gaylord Opryland Hotel Nashville, Tennessee 2017 June 21-24 Disney's Coronado Springs Resort Orlando, Florida 2018 June 27-30 Dallas Convention Center Dallas, Texas 2019 June 19-22 Disney's Coronado Springs Resort Orlando, Florida 2020 June 24-27 Virtual ILC Virtual Conference 2021 June 23-26 Virtual ILC Virtual Conference 2022 June 22-25 Gaylord Hotel and Convention Center Nashville, Tennessee 2023 June 21-24 Dallas Convention Center Dallas, Texas 2024 June 26-29 George R. Brown Convention Center, Houston, Texas 2025 June 18-21 Gaylord Hotel and Convention Center Nashville, Tennessee 2026 June 24-27 Indianapolis Convention Center Indianapolis, Indiana 2026 June 23-26 Baltimore Convention Center Baltimore, Maryland 2028 June 28-July 1 George R. Brown Convention Center Houston, Texas Competitive events HOSA offers 82 competitive events, ranging from skill-based to leadership and team-based. The event groups are as follows: Health science, health professions, leadership, and recognition events. Members compete at the regional, state, and international levels. Those who place in the top three positions at the state level are given the opportunity to compete at the international level. References ^ a b c Student Membership Handbook, p. 6 ^ a b Davis, Kevin. "What is HOSA?". Health Occupations Students of America. Retrieved 2009-10-03. ^ Davis, Kevin. "HOSA Headquarters". Health Occupations Students of America. Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2009-10-31. ^ Lauver, Lori S., et al. "Kids Into Health Careers: A Rural Initiative." The Journal of Rural Health 27.1 (2011): 114–121. ^ HOSA Handbook Section A ^ Student Membership Handbook, p. 13 ^ Student Membership Handbook, p. 10 Bibliography "Student Membership Handbook" (PDF). Health Occupations Students of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-10. External links HOSA — national website
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It is headquartered in Southlake, Texas, and is the largest student organization that prepares students to enter healthcare and similar fields, with membership in the United States, U.S. Territories, Canada, China, South Korea, and Mexico.","title":"HOSA (organization)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mazie_Hirono_with_HOSA_%E2%80%93_Future_Health_Professionals.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mazie Hirono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazie_Hirono"},{"link_name":"State Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StudentMembershipHandbookP6-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"HOSA youth meeting with Senator Mazie Hirono in 2013.HOSA was founded in 1976 out of a task force from the American Vocational Association in order to determine whether a new student organization accommodating healthcare students was necessary.From November 4–7, 1975, the State Department of Education and Division of Vocational Education in New Jersey with 18 representatives from Alabama, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma and Texas voted to form the American Health Occupations Education Student Organization.On November 10–13, 1976, in a constitutional convention in Arlington, Texas AHOESO adopted bylaws, which also changed the organization's name to Health Occupations Students of America; elected national leaders; selected colors and a motto; made plans to design an emblem; and set the first National Leadership Conference for the spring of 1978 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.[1]In 2004, the organization dropped the acronym from its name, and began publishing all documents under the brand \"HOSA – Future Health Professionals.\"[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HOSA_(organization)&action=edit"}],"text":"As of 2020[update], HOSA has grown to more than 50 chartered associations in several countries, including the United States and its territories, Canada, China, South Korea, and Mexico. HOSA's chartered associations are:Alabama HOSA\nAlaska HOSA\nAmerican Samoa HOSA\nArizona HOSA\nArkansas HOSA\nCalifornia HOSA\nCanada HOSA\nChina HOSA\nColorado HOSA\nConnecticut HOSA\nDelaware HOSA\nDistrict of Columbia HOSA\nFlorida HOSA\nGeorgia HOSA\nHawaii HOSA\nIdaho HOSA\nIllinois HOSA\nIndiana HOSA\nIowa HOSA\nKansas HOSA\nKentucky HOSA\nKorea HOSA\nLouisiana HOSA\nMaine HOSA\nMaryland HOSA\nMassachusetts HOSA\nMexico HOSA\nMichigan HOSA\nMinnesota HOSA\nMississippi HOSA\nMissouri HOSA\nMontana HOSA\nNebraska HOSA\nNevada HOSA\nNew Hampshire HOSA\nNew Jersey HOSA\nNew Mexico HOSA\nNew York HOSA\nNorth Carolina HOSA\nNorth Dakota HOSA\nOhio HOSA\nOklahoma HOSA\nOregon HOSA\nPennsylvania HOSA\nPuerto Rico HOSA\nRhode Island HOSA\nSouth Carolina HOSA\nSouth Dakota HOSA\nTennessee HOSA\nTexas HOSA\nUtah HOSA\nVermont HOSA\nVirginia HOSA\nWashington HOSA\nWest Virginia HOSA\nWisconsin HOSA","title":"Chartered associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StudentMembershipHandbookP6-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhatIsHOSA-2"}],"text":"The mission of HOSA is to empower HOSA-Future Health Professionals to become leaders in the global health community through education, collaboration, and experience.[1][2]","title":"Mission statement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HOSA_Handbook_Section_A-5"}],"text":"The official HOSA uniform consists of a navy-blue suit with maroon accent in the form of a tie for men or a scarf for women. The HOSA emblem is affixed to the suit jacket.[5]","title":"Uniform"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joel_Arvizo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"2003 ILC in AtlantaMembers meet annually at an International Leadership Conference held in late June in cities across the United States. Selected major cities for hosting the conference rotate every few years. Over 7,500 students participate in general sessions, competitive events, and leadership experiences, all while networking with health sciences students representing nearly all 50 states and countries including Canada, China, and Mexico.[6]","title":"International Leadership Conferences (ILCs)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"}],"text":"HOSA offers 82 competitive events, ranging from skill-based to leadership and team-based. The event groups are as follows: Health science, health professions, leadership, and recognition events. Members compete at the regional, state, and international levels. Those who place in the top three positions at the state level are given the opportunity to compete at the international level.[7]","title":"Competitive events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Student Membership Handbook\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100710023458/http://www.hosa.org/natorg/StudentHandbookB.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.hosa.org/natorg/StudentHandbookB.pdf"}],"text":"\"Student Membership Handbook\" (PDF). Health Occupations Students of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-10.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludus_gladiatorius
Gladiator
["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Development","1.3 Peak","1.4 Decline","2 Organisation","3 The gladiators","3.1 Women","3.2 Emperors","4 The games","4.1 Preparations","4.2 The ludi and munus","4.3 Armatures","4.4 Combat","4.5 Victory and defeat","4.6 Death and disposal","4.7 Remembrance and epitaphs","4.8 Life expectancy","5 Schools and training","5.1 Diet and medical care","6 Legal and social status","7 Amphitheatres","7.1 Factions and rivals","8 Role in Roman life","8.1 Role in the military","8.2 Religion, ethics and sentiment","8.3 In Roman art and culture","9 Modern reconstructions","10 See also","11 References","11.1 Citations","11.2 Sources","12 External links"]
Roman combatant for entertainment For other uses, see Gladiator (disambiguation). Part of the Zliten mosaic from Libya (Leptis Magna), about 2nd century AD. It shows (left to right) a thraex fighting a murmillo, a hoplomachus standing with another murmillo (who is signaling his defeat to the referee), and one of a matched pair. A gladiator (Latin: gladiator, "swordsman", from gladius, "sword") was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals. Some gladiators were volunteers who risked their lives and their legal and social standing by appearing in the arena. Most were despised as slaves, schooled under harsh conditions, socially marginalized, and segregated even in death. Irrespective of their origin, gladiators offered spectators an example of Rome's martial ethics and, in fighting or dying well, they could inspire admiration and popular acclaim. They were celebrated in high and low art, and their value as entertainers was commemorated in precious and commonplace objects throughout the Roman world. The origin of gladiatorial combat is open to debate. There is evidence of it in funeral rites during the Punic Wars of the 3rd century BC, and thereafter it rapidly became an essential feature of politics and social life in the Roman world. Its popularity led to its use in ever more lavish and costly games. The gladiator games lasted for nearly a thousand years, reaching their peak between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD. Christians disapproved of the games because they involved idolatrous pagan rituals, and the popularity of gladatorial contests declined in the fifth century, leading to their disappearance. History Origins Relief of gladiators from Amphitheatre of Mérida, Spain Early literary sources seldom agree on the origins of gladiators and the gladiator games. In the late 1st century BC, Nicolaus of Damascus believed they were Etruscan. A generation later, Livy wrote that they were first held in 310 BC by the Campanians in celebration of their victory over the Samnites. Long after the games had ceased, the 7th century AD writer Isidore of Seville derived Latin lanista (manager of gladiators) from the Etruscan word for "executioner", and the title of "Charon" (an official who accompanied the dead from the Roman gladiatorial arena) from Charun, psychopomp of the Etruscan underworld. This was accepted and repeated in most early modern, standard histories of the games. For some modern scholars, reappraisal of pictorial evidence supports a Campanian origin, or at least a borrowing, for the games and gladiators. Campania hosted the earliest known gladiator schools (ludi). Tomb frescoes from the Campanian city of Paestum (4th century BC) show paired fighters, with helmets, spears and shields, in a propitiatory funeral blood-rite that anticipates early Roman gladiator games. Compared to these images, supporting evidence from Etruscan tomb-paintings is tentative and late. The Paestum frescoes may represent the continuation of a much older tradition, acquired or inherited from Greek colonists of the 8th century BC. Livy places the first Roman gladiator games (264 BC) in the early stage of Rome's First Punic War, against Carthage, when Decimus Junius Brutus Scaeva had three gladiator pairs fight to the death in Rome's "cattle market" forum (Forum Boarium) to honor his dead father, Brutus Pera. Livy describes this as a "munus" (plural: munera), a gift, in this case a commemorative duty owed the manes (spirit, or shade) of a dead ancestor by his descendants. The development of the gladiator munus and its gladiator types was most strongly influenced by Samnium's support for Hannibal and the subsequent punitive expeditions against the Samnites by Rome and its Campanian allies; the earliest, most frequently mentioned and probably most popular type was the Samnite. The war in Samnium, immediately afterwards, was attended with equal danger and an equally glorious conclusion. The enemy, besides their other warlike preparation, had made their battle-line to glitter with new and splendid arms. There were two corps: the shields of the one were inlaid with gold, of the other with silver ... The Romans had already heard of these splendid accoutrements, but their generals had taught them that a soldier should be rough to look on, not adorned with gold and silver but putting his trust in iron and in courage ... The Dictator, as decreed by the senate, celebrated a triumph, in which by far the finest show was afforded by the captured armour. So the Romans made use of the splendid armour of their enemies to do honour to their gods; while the Campanians, in consequence of their pride and in hatred of the Samnites, equipped after this fashion the gladiators who furnished them entertainment at their feasts, and bestowed on them the name Samnites. Livy's account skirts the funereal, sacrificial function of early Roman gladiator combats and reflects the later theatrical ethos of the Roman gladiator show: splendidly, exotically armed and armoured barbarians, treacherous and degenerate, are dominated by Roman iron and native courage. His plain Romans virtuously dedicate the magnificent spoils of war to the gods. Their Campanian allies stage a dinner entertainment using gladiators who may not be Samnites, but play the Samnite role. Other groups and tribes would join the cast list as Roman territories expanded. Most gladiators were armed and armoured in the manner of the enemies of Rome. The gladiator munus became a morally instructive form of historic enactment in which the only honourable option for the gladiator was to fight well, or else die well. Development In 216 BC, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, late consul and augur, was honoured by his sons with three days of gladiatora munera in the Forum Romanum, using twenty-two pairs of gladiators. Ten years later, Scipio Africanus gave a commemorative munus in Iberia for his father and uncle, casualties in the Punic Wars. High status non-Romans, and possibly Romans too, volunteered as his gladiators. The context of the Punic Wars and Rome's near-disastrous defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) link these early games to munificence, the celebration of military victory and the religious expiation of military disaster; these munera appear to serve a morale-raising agenda in an era of military threat and expansion. The next recorded munus, held for the funeral of Publius Licinius in 183 BC, was more extravagant. It involved three days of funeral games, 120 gladiators, and public distribution of meat (visceratio data)—a practice that reflected the gladiatorial fights at Campanian banquets described by Livy and later deplored by Silius Italicus. The enthusiastic adoption of gladiatoria munera by Rome's Iberian allies shows how easily, and how early, the culture of the gladiator munus permeated places far from Rome itself. By 174 BC, "small" Roman munera (private or public), provided by an editor of relatively low importance, may have been so commonplace and unremarkable they were not considered worth recording: Many gladiatorial games were given in that year, some unimportant, one noteworthy beyond the rest—that of Titus Flamininus which he gave to commemorate the death of his father, which lasted four days, and was accompanied by a public distribution of meats, a banquet, and scenic performances. The climax of the show which was big for the time was that in three days seventy four gladiators fought. In 105 BC, the ruling consuls offered Rome its first taste of state-sponsored "barbarian combat" demonstrated by gladiators from Capua, as part of a training program for the military. It proved immensely popular. Thereafter, the gladiator contests formerly restricted to private munera were often included in the state games (ludi) that accompanied the major religious festivals. Where traditional ludi had been dedicated to a deity, such as Jupiter, the munera could be dedicated to an aristocratic sponsor's divine or heroic ancestor. Peak A retiarius stabs at a secutor with his trident in this mosaic from the villa at Nennig, Germany, c. 2nd–3rd century AD. Roman glassware decorated with a gladiator, dated 52–125 AD and found at Begram, Afghanistan, a royal city of the Kushan Empire where, according to Warwick Ball, it was likely on its way to Han dynasty China via the Silk Road along with other glass items. Gladiatorial games offered their sponsors extravagantly expensive but effective opportunities for self-promotion, and gave their clients and potential voters exciting entertainment at little or no cost to themselves. Gladiators became big business for trainers and owners, for politicians on the make and those who had reached the top and wished to stay there. A politically ambitious privatus (private citizen) might postpone his deceased father's munus to the election season, when a generous show might drum up votes; those in power and those seeking it needed the support of the plebeians and their tribunes, whose votes might be won with the mere promise of an exceptionally good show. Sulla, during his term as praetor, showed his usual acumen in breaking his own sumptuary laws to give the most lavish munus yet seen in Rome, for the funeral of his wife, Metella. In the closing years of the politically and socially unstable Late Republic, any aristocratic owner of gladiators had political muscle at his disposal. In 65 BC, newly elected curule aedile Julius Caesar held games that he justified as munus to his father, who had been dead for 20 years. Despite an already enormous personal debt, he used 320 gladiator pairs in silvered armour. He had more available in Capua but the senate, mindful of the recent Spartacus revolt and fearful of Caesar's burgeoning private armies and rising popularity, imposed a limit of 320 pairs as the maximum number of gladiators any citizen could keep in Rome. Caesar's showmanship was unprecedented in scale and expense; he had staged a munus as memorial rather than funeral rite, eroding any practical or meaningful distinction between munus and ludi. Gladiatorial games, usually linked with beast shows, spread throughout the republic and beyond. Anti-corruption laws of 65 and 63 BC attempted but failed to curb the political usefulness of the games to their sponsors. Following Caesar's assassination and the Roman Civil War, Augustus assumed imperial authority over the games, including munera, and formalised their provision as a civic and religious duty. His revision of sumptuary law capped private and public expenditure on munera, claiming to save the Roman elite from the bankruptcies they would otherwise suffer, and restricting gladiator munera to the festivals of Saturnalia and Quinquatria. Henceforth, an imperial praetor's official munus was allowed a maximum of 120 gladiators at a ceiling cost of 25,000 denarii; an imperial ludi might cost no less than 180,000 denarii. Throughout the empire, the greatest and most celebrated games would now be identified with the state-sponsored imperial cult, which furthered public recognition, respect and approval for the emperor's divine numen, his laws, and his agents. Between 108 and 109 AD, Trajan celebrated his Dacian victories using a reported 10,000 gladiators and 11,000 animals over 123 days. The cost of gladiators and munera continued to spiral out of control. Legislation of 177 AD by Marcus Aurelius did little to stop it, and was completely ignored by his son, Commodus. Decline The decline of the gladiatorial munus was a far from straightforward process. The crisis of the 3rd century imposed increasing military demands on the imperial purse, from which the Roman Empire never quite recovered, and lesser magistrates found their provision of various obligatory munera an increasingly unrewarding tax on the doubtful privileges of office. Still, emperors continued to subsidize the games as a matter of undiminished public interest. In the early 3rd century AD, the Christian writer Tertullian condemned the attendance of Christians: the combats, he said, were murder, their witnessing spiritually and morally harmful and the gladiator an instrument of pagan human sacrifice. Carolyn Osiek comments: The reason, we would suppose, would be primarily the bloodthirsty violence, but his is different: the extent of religious ritual and meaning in them, which constitutes idolatry. Although Tertullian states that these events are forbidden to believers, the fact that he writes a whole treatise to convince Christians that they should not attend (De Spectaculis) shows that apparently not everyone agreed to stay away from them. In the next century, Augustine of Hippo deplored the youthful fascination of his friend (and later fellow-convert and bishop) Alypius of Thagaste, with the munera spectacle as inimical to a Christian life and salvation. Amphitheatres continued to host the spectacular administration of Imperial justice: in 315 Constantine the Great condemned child-snatchers ad bestias in the arena. Ten years later, he forbade criminals being forced to fight to the death as gladiators: Bloody spectacles do not please us in civil ease and domestic quiet. For that reason we forbid those people to be gladiators who by reason of some criminal act were accustomed to deserve this condition and sentence. You shall rather sentence them to serve in the mines so that they may acknowledge the penalties of their crimes with blood. A 5th-century mosaic in the Great Palace of Constantinople depicts two venatores fighting a tiger This has been interpreted as a ban on gladiatorial combat. Yet, in the last year of his life, Constantine wrote a letter to the citizens of Hispellum, granting its people the right to celebrate his rule with gladiatorial games. In 365, Valentinian I (r. 364–375) threatened to fine a judge who sentenced Christians to the arena and in 384 attempted, like most of his predecessors, to limit the expenses of gladiatora munera. In 393, Theodosius I (r. 379–395) adopted Nicene Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire and banned pagan festivals. The ludi continued, very gradually shorn of their stubbornly pagan elements. Honorius (r. 395–423) legally ended gladiator games in 399, and again in 404, at least in the Western Roman Empire. According to Theodoret, the ban was in consequence of Saint Telemachus' martyrdom by spectators at a gladiator munus. Valentinian III (r. 425–455) repeated the ban in 438, perhaps effectively, though venationes continued beyond 536. By this time, interest in gladiator contests had waned throughout the Roman world. In the Byzantine Empire, theatrical shows and chariot races continued to attract the crowds, and drew a generous imperial subsidy. Organisation The earliest munera took place at or near the tomb of the deceased and these were organised by their munerator (who made the offering). Later games were held by an editor, either identical with the munerator or an official employed by him. As time passed, these titles and meanings may have merged. In the republican era, private citizens could own and train gladiators, or lease them from a lanista (owner of a gladiator training school). From the principate onwards, private citizens could hold munera and own gladiators only with imperial permission, and the role of editor was increasingly tied to state officialdom. Legislation by Claudius required that quaestors, the lowest rank of Roman magistrate, personally subsidise two-thirds of the costs of games for their small-town communities—in effect, both an advertisement of their personal generosity and a part-purchase of their office. Bigger games were put on by senior magistrates, who could better afford them. The largest and most lavish of all were paid for by the emperor himself. The gladiators Main article: List of Roman gladiator types A Cestus boxer and a rooster in a Roman mosaic at the National Archaeological Museum, Naples, 1st century AD The earliest types of gladiator were named after Rome's enemies of that time: the Samnite, Thracian and Gaul. The Samnite, heavily armed, elegantly helmed and probably the most popular type, was renamed secutor and the Gaul renamed murmillo, once these former enemies had been conquered then absorbed into Rome's Empire. In the mid-republican munus, each type seems to have fought against a similar or identical type. In the later Republic and early Empire, various "fantasy" types were introduced, and were set against dissimilar but complementary types. For example, the bareheaded, nimble retiarius ("net-man"), armoured only at the left arm and shoulder, pitted his net, trident and dagger against the more heavily armoured, helmeted Secutor. Most depictions of gladiators show the most common and popular types. Passing literary references to others has allowed their tentative reconstruction. Other novelties introduced around this time included gladiators who fought from chariots or carts, or from horseback. At an unknown date, cestus fighters were introduced to Roman arenas, probably from Greece, armed with potentially lethal boxing gloves. The trade in gladiators was empire-wide, and subjected to official supervision. Rome's military success produced a supply of soldier-prisoners who were redistributed for use in State mines or amphitheatres and for sale on the open market. For example, in the aftermath of the Jewish Revolt, the gladiator schools received an influx of Jews—those rejected for training would have been sent straight to the arenas as noxii (lit. "hurtful ones"). The best—the most robust—were sent to Rome. In Rome's military ethos, enemy soldiers who had surrendered or allowed their own capture and enslavement had been granted an unmerited gift of life. Their training as gladiators would give them opportunity to redeem their honour in the munus. Pollice Verso ("With a Turned Thumb"), an 1872 painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme Two other sources of gladiators, found increasingly during the Principate and the relatively low military activity of the Pax Romana, were slaves condemned to the arena (damnati), to gladiator schools or games (ad ludum gladiatorium) as punishment for crimes, and the paid volunteers (auctorati) who by the late Republic may have comprised approximately half—and possibly the most capable half—of all gladiators. The use of volunteers had a precedent in the Iberian munus of Scipio Africanus; but none of those had been paid. For the poor, and for non-citizens, enrollment in a gladiator school offered a trade, regular food, housing of sorts and a fighting chance of fame and fortune. Mark Antony chose a troupe of gladiators to be his personal bodyguard. Gladiators customarily kept their prize money and any gifts they received, and these could be substantial. Tiberius offered several retired gladiators 100,000 sesterces each to return to the arena. Nero gave the gladiator Spiculus property and residence "equal to those of men who had celebrated triumphs." Women Main article: Gladiatrix From the 60s AD female gladiators appear as rare and "exotic markers of exceptionally lavish spectacle". In 66 AD, Nero had Ethiopian women, men and children fight at a munus to impress the King Tiridates I of Armenia. Romans seem to have found the idea of a female gladiator novel and entertaining, or downright absurd; Juvenal titillates his readers with a woman named "Mevia", hunting boars in the arena "with spear in hand and breasts exposed", and Petronius mocks the pretensions of a rich, low-class citizen, whose munus includes a woman fighting from a cart or chariot. A munus of 89 AD, during Domitian's reign, featured a battle between female gladiators, described as "Amazons". In Halicarnassus, a 2nd-century AD relief depicts two female combatants named "Amazon" and "Achillia"; their match ended in a draw. In the same century, an epigraph praises one of Ostia's local elite as the first to "arm women" in the history of its games. Female gladiators probably submitted to the same regulations and training as their male counterparts. Roman morality required that all gladiators be of the lowest social classes, and emperors who failed to respect this distinction earned the scorn of posterity. Cassius Dio takes pains to point out that when the much admired emperor Titus used female gladiators, they were of acceptably low class. Some regarded female gladiators of any type or class as a symptom of corrupted Roman appetites, morals and womanhood. Before he became emperor, Septimius Severus may have attended the Antiochene Olympic Games, which had been revived by the emperor Commodus and included traditional Greek female athletics. Septimius' attempt to give Rome a similarly dignified display of female athletics was met by the crowd with ribald chants and cat-calls. Probably as a result, he banned the use of female gladiators in 200 AD. Emperors Caligula, Titus, Hadrian, Lucius Verus, Caracalla, Geta and Didius Julianus were all said to have performed in the arena, either in public or private, but risks to themselves were minimal. Claudius, characterised by his historians as morbidly cruel and boorish, fought a whale trapped in the harbor in front of a group of spectators. Commentators invariably disapproved of such performances. Commodus was a fanatical participant at the ludi, and compelled Rome's elite to attend his performances as gladiator, bestiarius or venator. Most of his performances as a gladiator were bloodless affairs, fought with wooden swords; he invariably won. He was said to have restyled Nero's colossal statue in his own image as "Hercules Reborn", dedicated to himself as "Champion of secutores; only left-handed fighter to conquer twelve times one thousand men." He was said to have killed 100 lions in one day, almost certainly from an elevated platform surrounding the arena perimeter, which allowed him to safely demonstrate his marksmanship. On another occasion, he decapitated a running ostrich with a specially designed dart, carried the bloodied head and his sword over to the Senatorial seats and gesticulated as though they were next. As reward for these services, he drew a gigantic stipend from the public purse. The games Preparations A duel, using whip, cudgel and shields, mosaic from a Roman villa at Nennig, Germany Gladiator games were advertised well beforehand, on billboards that gave the reason for the game, its editor, venue, date and the number of paired gladiators (ordinarii) to be used. Other highlighted features could include details of venationes, executions, music and any luxuries to be provided for the spectators, such as an awning against the sun, water sprinklers, food, drink, sweets and occasionally "door prizes". For enthusiasts and gamblers, a more detailed program (libellus) was distributed on the day of the munus, showing the names, types and match records of gladiator pairs, and their order of appearance. Left-handed gladiators were advertised as a rarity; they were trained to fight right-handers, which gave them an advantage over most opponents and produced an interestingly unorthodox combination. The night before the munus, the gladiators were given a banquet and opportunity to order their personal and private affairs; Futrell notes its similarity to a ritualistic or sacramental "last meal". These were probably both family and public events which included even the noxii, sentenced to die in the arena the following day; and the damnati, who would have at least a slender chance of survival. The event may also have been used to drum up more publicity for the imminent game. The ludi and munus Official munera of the early Imperial era seem to have followed a standard form (munus legitimum). A procession (pompa) entered the arena, led by lictors who bore the fasces that signified the magistrate-editor's power over life and death. They were followed by a small band of trumpeters (tubicines) playing a fanfare. Images of the gods were carried in to "witness" the proceedings, followed by a scribe to record the outcome, and a man carrying the palm branch used to honour victors. The magistrate editor entered among a retinue who carried the arms and armour to be used; the gladiators presumably came in last. Musicians with trumpet (tuba), water organ (hydraulis), and horns (cornua), from the Nennig gladiator mosaic The entertainments often began with venationes (beast hunts) and bestiarii (beast fighters). Next came the ludi meridiani, which were of variable content but usually involved executions of noxii, some of whom were condemned to be subjects of fatal re-enactments, based on Greek or Roman myths. Gladiators may have been involved in these as executioners, though most of the crowd, and the gladiators themselves, preferred the "dignity" of an even contest. There were also comedy fights; some may have been lethal. A crude Pompeian graffito suggests a burlesque of musicians, dressed as animals named Ursus tibicen (flute-playing bear) and Pullus cornicen (horn-blowing chicken), perhaps as accompaniment to clowning by paegniarii during a "mock" contest of the ludi meridiani. Armatures The gladiators may have held informal warm-up matches, using blunted or dummy weapons—some munera, however, may have used blunted weapons throughout. The editor, his representative or an honoured guest would check the weapons (probatio armorum) for the scheduled matches. These were the highlight of the day, and were as inventive, varied and novel as the editor could afford. Armatures could be very costly—some were flamboyantly decorated with exotic feathers, jewels and precious metals. Increasingly the munus was the editor's gift to spectators who had come to expect the best as their due. Murmillo gladiator helmet with relief depicting scenes from the Trojan War; from Herculaneum Helmet found in the gladiator barracks in Pompeii Iron gladiator helmet from Herculaneum Gladiator helmet found in Pompeii, with scenes from Greek Mythology Helmet from 1st–3rd century Ornate gladiator shin guards from Pompeii Shin guard depicting the goddess Athena Shin guard depicting Venus Euploia (Venus of the "fair voyage") on a ship shaped like a dolphin Heart-shaped spear head found in the gladiator barracks in Pompeii Combat Lightly armed and armoured fighters, such as the retiarius, would tire less rapidly than their heavily armed opponents; most bouts would have lasted 10 to 15 minutes, or 20 minutes at most. In late Republican munera, between 10 and 13 matches could have been fought on one day; this assumes one match at a time in the course of an afternoon. Spectators preferred to watch highly skilled, well matched ordinarii with complementary fighting styles; these were the most costly to train and to hire. A general melee of several, lower-skilled gladiators was far less costly, but also less popular. Even among the ordinarii, match winners might have to fight a new, well-rested opponent, either a tertiarius ("third choice gladiator") by prearrangement; or a "substitute" gladiator (suppositicius) who fought at the whim of the editor as an unadvertised, unexpected "extra". This yielded two combats for the cost of three gladiators, rather than four; such contests were prolonged, and in some cases, more bloody. Most were probably of poor quality, but the emperor Caracalla chose to test a notably skilled and successful fighter named Bato against first one supposicitius, whom he beat, and then another, who killed him. At the opposite level of the profession, a gladiator reluctant to confront his opponent might be whipped, or goaded with hot irons, until he engaged through sheer desperation. Mosaic at the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid showing a retiarius named Kalendio (shown surrendering in the upper section) fighting a secutor named Astyanax. The Ø sign by Kalendio's name implies he was killed after surrendering. Combats between experienced, well trained gladiators demonstrated a considerable degree of stagecraft. Among the cognoscenti, bravado and skill in combat were esteemed over mere hacking and bloodshed; some gladiators made their careers and reputation from bloodless victories. Suetonius describes an exceptional munus by Nero, in which no-one was killed, "not even noxii (enemies of the state)." Trained gladiators were expected to observe professional rules of combat. Most matches employed a senior referee (summa rudis) and an assistant, shown in mosaics with long staffs (rudes) to caution or separate opponents at some crucial point in the match. Referees were usually retired gladiators whose decisions, judgement and discretion were, for the most part, respected; they could stop bouts entirely, or pause them to allow the combatants rest, refreshment and a rub-down. Ludi and munera were accompanied by music, played as interludes, or building to a "frenzied crescendo" during combats, perhaps to heighten the suspense during a gladiator's appeal; blows may have been accompanied by trumpet-blasts. The Zliten mosaic in Libya (circa 80–100 AD) shows musicians playing an accompaniment to provincial games (with gladiators, bestiarii, or venatores and prisoners attacked by beasts). Their instruments are a long straight trumpet (tubicen), a large curved horn (Cornu) and a water organ (hydraulis). Similar representations (musicians, gladiators and bestiari) are found on a tomb relief in Pompeii. Victory and defeat See also: Pollice verso A match was won by the gladiator who overcame his opponent, or killed him outright. Victors received the palm branch and an award from the editor. An outstanding fighter might receive a laurel crown and money from an appreciative crowd but for anyone originally condemned ad ludum the greatest reward was manumission (emancipation), symbolised by the gift of a wooden training sword or staff (rudis) from the editor. Martial describes a match between Priscus and Verus, who fought so evenly and bravely for so long that when both acknowledged defeat at the same instant, Titus awarded victory and a rudis to each. Flamma was awarded the rudis four times, but chose to remain a gladiator. His gravestone in Sicily includes his record: "Flamma, secutor, lived 30 years, fought 34 times, won 21 times, fought to a draw 9 times, defeated 4 times, a Syrian by nationality. Delicatus made this for his deserving comrade-in-arms." A gladiator could acknowledge defeat by raising a finger (ad digitum), in appeal to the referee to stop the combat and refer to the editor, whose decision would usually rest on the crowd's response. In the earliest munera, death was considered a righteous penalty for defeat; later, those who fought well might be granted remission at the whim of the crowd or the editor. During the Imperial era, matches advertised as sine missione (usually understood to mean "without reprieve" for the defeated) suggest that missio (the sparing of a defeated gladiator's life) had become common practice. The contract between editor and his lanista could include compensation for unexpected deaths; this could be "some fifty times higher than the lease price" of the gladiator. Under Augustus' rule, the demand for gladiators began to exceed supply, and matches sine missione were officially banned; an economical, pragmatic development that happened to match popular notions of "natural justice". When Caligula and Claudius refused to spare defeated but popular fighters, their own popularity suffered. In general, gladiators who fought well were likely to survive. At a Pompeian match between chariot-fighters, Publius Ostorius, with previous 51 wins to his credit, was granted missio after losing to Scylax, with 26 victories. By common custom, the spectators decided whether or not a losing gladiator should be spared, and chose the winner in the rare event of a standing tie. Even more rarely, perhaps uniquely, one stalemate ended in the killing of one gladiator by the editor himself. In any event, the final decision of death or life belonged to the editor, who signalled his choice with a gesture described by Roman sources as pollice verso meaning "with a turned thumb"; a description too imprecise for reconstruction of the gesture or its symbolism. Whether victorious or defeated, a gladiator was bound by oath to accept or implement his editor's decision, "the victor being nothing but the instrument of his will." Not all editors chose to go with the crowd, and not all those condemned to death for putting on a poor show chose to submit: Once a band of five retiarii in tunics, matched against the same number of secutores, yielded without a struggle; but when their death was ordered, one of them caught up his trident and slew all the victors. Caligula bewailed this in a public proclamation as a most cruel murder. Death and disposal A gladiator who was refused missio was despatched by his opponent. To die well, a gladiator should never ask for mercy, nor cry out. A "good death" redeemed the gladiator from the dishonourable weakness and passivity of defeat, and provided a noble example to those who watched: For death, when it stands near us, gives even to inexperienced men the courage not to seek to avoid the inevitable. So the gladiator, no matter how faint-hearted he has been throughout the fight, offers his throat to his opponent and directs the wavering blade to the vital spot. (Seneca. Epistles, 30.8) Some mosaics show defeated gladiators kneeling in preparation for the moment of death. Seneca's "vital spot" seems to have meant the neck. Gladiator remains from Ephesus confirm this. A flask depicting the final phase of the fight between a murmillo (winning) and a thraex The body of a gladiator who had died well was placed on a couch of Libitina and removed with dignity to the arena morgue, where the corpse was stripped of armour, and probably had its throat cut as confirmation of death. The Christian author Tertullian, commenting on ludi meridiani in Roman Carthage during the peak era of the games, describes a more humiliating method of removal. One arena official, dressed as the "brother of Jove", Dis Pater (god of the underworld) strikes the corpse with a mallet. Another, dressed as Mercury, tests for life-signs with a heated "wand"; once confirmed as dead, the body is dragged from the arena. Whether these victims were gladiators or noxii is unknown. Modern pathological examination confirms the probably fatal use of a mallet on some, but not all the gladiator skulls found in a gladiators' cemetery. Kyle (1998) proposes that gladiators who disgraced themselves might have been subjected to the same indignities as noxii, denied the relative mercies of a quick death and dragged from the arena as carrion. Whether the corpse of such a gladiator could be redeemed from further ignominy by friends or familia is not known. The bodies of noxii, and possibly some damnati, were thrown into rivers or dumped unburied; Denial of funeral rites and memorial condemned the shade (manes) of the deceased to restless wandering upon the earth as a dreadful larva or lemur. Ordinary citizens, slaves and freedmen were usually buried beyond the town or city limits, to avoid the ritual and physical pollution of the living; professional gladiators had their own, separate cemeteries. The taint of infamia was perpetual. Part of the Gladiator Mosaic, displayed at the Galleria Borghese. It dates from approximately 320 AD. The Ø symbol is the theta nigrum ("black theta") or theta infelix ("unlucky theta"), a symbol of death in Greek and Latin epigraphy. Remembrance and epitaphs Gladiators could subscribe to a union (collegia), which ensured their proper burial, and sometimes a pension or compensation for wives and children. Otherwise, the gladiator's familia, which included his lanista, comrades and blood-kin, might fund his funeral and memorial costs, and use the memorial to assert their moral reputation as responsible, respectful colleagues or family members. Some monuments record the gladiator's career in some detail, including the number of appearances, victories—sometimes represented by an engraved crown or wreath—defeats, career duration, and age at death. Some include the gladiator's type, in words or direct representation: for example, the memorial of a retiarius at Verona included the engraving of a trident and sword. A wealthy editor might commission artwork to celebrate a particularly successful or memorable show, and include named portraits of winners and losers in action; the Borghese Gladiator Mosaic is a notable example. According to Cassius Dio, the emperor Caracalla gave the gladiator Bato a magnificent memorial and State funeral; more typical are the simple gladiator tombs of the Eastern Roman Empire, whose brief inscriptions include the following: "The familia set this up in memory of Saturnilos." "For Nikepharos, son of Synetos, Lakedaimonian, and for Narcissus the secutor. Titus Flavius Satyrus set up this monument in his memory from his own money." "For Hermes. Paitraeites with his cell-mates set this up in memory". Very little evidence survives of the religious beliefs of gladiators as a class, or their expectations of an afterlife. Modern scholarship offers little support for the once-prevalent notion that gladiators, venatores and bestiarii were personally or professionally dedicated to the cult of the Graeco-Roman goddess Nemesis. Rather, she seems to have represented a kind of "Imperial Fortuna" who dispensed Imperial retribution on the one hand, and Imperially subsidised gifts on the other—including the munera. One gladiator's tomb dedication clearly states that her decisions are not to be trusted. Many gladiator epitaphs claim Nemesis, fate, deception or treachery as the instrument of their death, never the superior skills of the flesh-and-blood adversary who defeated and killed them. Having no personal responsibility for his own defeat and death, the losing gladiator remains the better man, worth avenging. "I, Victor, left-handed, lie here, but my homeland was in Thessalonica. Doom killed me, not the liar Pinnas. No longer let him boast. I had a fellow gladiator, Polyneikes, who killed Pinnas and avenged me. Claudius Thallus set up this memorial from what I left behind as a legacy." Life expectancy A gladiator might expect to fight in two or three munera annually, and an unknown number would have died in their first match. Few gladiators survived more than 10 contests, though one survived an extraordinary 150 bouts; and another died at 90 years of age, presumably long after retirement. A natural death following retirement is also likely for three individuals who died at 38, 45, and 48 years respectively. George Ville, using evidence from 1st century gladiator headstones, calculated an average age at death of 27, and mortality "among all who entered the arena" at 19/100. Marcus Junkelmann disputes Ville's calculation for average age at death; the majority would have received no headstone, and would have died early in their careers, at 18–25 years of age. Between the early and later Imperial periods the risk of death for defeated gladiators rose from 1/5 to 1/4, perhaps because missio was granted less often. Hopkins and Beard tentatively estimate a total of 400 arenas throughout the Roman Empire at its greatest extent, with a combined total of 8,000 deaths per annum from executions, combats and accidents. Schools and training See also: History of physical training and fitness The earliest named gladiator school (singular: ludus; plural: ludi) is that of Aurelius Scaurus at Capua. He was lanista of the gladiators employed by the state circa 105 BC to instruct the legions and simultaneously entertain the public. Few other lanistae are known by name: they headed their familia gladiatoria, and had lawful power over life and death of every family member, including servi poenae, auctorati and ancillaries. Socially, they were infames, on a footing with pimps and butchers and despised as price gougers. No such stigma was attached to a gladiator owner (munerarius or editor) of good family, high status and independent means; Cicero congratulated his friend Atticus on buying a splendid troop—if he rented them out, he might recover their entire cost after two performances. The Spartacus revolt had originated in a gladiator school privately owned by Lentulus Batiatus, and had been suppressed only after a protracted series of costly, sometimes disastrous campaigns by regular Roman troops. In the late Republican era, a fear of similar uprisings, the usefulness of gladiator schools in creating private armies, and the exploitation of munera for political gain led to increased restrictions on gladiator school ownership, siting and organisation. By Domitian's time, many had been more or less absorbed by the State, including those at Pergamum, Alexandria, Praeneste and Capua. The city of Rome itself had four; the Ludus Magnus (the largest and most important, housing up to about 2,000 gladiators), Ludus Dacicus, Ludus Gallicus, and the Ludus Matutinus, which trained bestiarii. In the Imperial era, volunteers required a magistrate's permission to join a school as auctorati. If this was granted, the school's physician assessed their suitability. Their contract (auctoramentum) stipulated how often they were to perform, their fighting style and earnings. A condemned bankrupt or debtor accepted as novice (novicius) could negotiate with his lanista or editor for the partial or complete payment of his debt. Faced with runaway re-enlistment fees for skilled auctorati, Marcus Aurelius set their upper limit at 12,000 sesterces. All prospective gladiators, whether volunteer or condemned, were bound to service by a sacred oath (sacramentum). Novices (novicii) trained under teachers of particular fighting styles, probably retired gladiators. They could ascend through a hierarchy of grades (singular: palus) in which primus palus was the highest. Lethal weapons were prohibited in the schools—weighted, blunt wooden versions were probably used. Fighting styles were probably learned through constant rehearsal as choreographed "numbers". An elegant, economical style was preferred. Training included preparation for a stoical, unflinching death. Successful training required intense commitment. Those condemned ad ludum were probably branded or marked with a tattoo (stigma, plural stigmata) on the face, legs and/or hands. These stigmata may have been text—slaves were sometimes thus marked on the forehead until Constantine banned the use of facial stigmata in 325 AD. Soldiers were routinely marked on the hand. Gladiators were typically accommodated in cells, arranged in barrack formation around a central practice arena. Juvenal describes the segregation of gladiators according to type and status, suggestive of rigid hierarchies within the schools: "even the lowest scum of the arena observe this rule; even in prison they're separate". Retiarii were kept away from damnati, and "fag targeteers" from "armoured heavies". As most ordinarii at games were from the same school, this kept potential opponents separate and safe from each other until the lawful munus. Discipline could be extreme, even lethal. Remains of a Pompeian ludus site attest to developments in supply, demand and discipline; in its earliest phase, the building could accommodate 15–20 gladiators. Its replacement could have housed about 100 and included a very small cell, probably for lesser punishments and so low that standing was impossible. Diet and medical care Gladiators after the fight, José Moreno Carbonero (1882) Despite the harsh discipline, gladiators represented a substantial investment for their lanista and were otherwise well fed and cared for. Their daily, high-energy, vegetarian diet consisted of barley, boiled beans, oatmeal, ash and dried fruit. Gladiators were sometimes called hordearii (eaters of barley). Romans considered barley inferior to wheat—a punishment for legionaries replaced their wheat ration with it—but it was thought to strengthen the body. Regular massage and high quality medical care helped mitigate an otherwise very severe training regimen. Part of Galen's medical training was at a gladiator school in Pergamum where he saw (and would later criticise) the training, diet, and long-term health prospects of the gladiators. Legal and social status "He vows to endure to be burned, to be bound, to be beaten, and to be killed by the sword." The gladiator's oath as cited by Petronius (Satyricon, 117). Modern customs and institutions offer few useful parallels to the legal and social context of the gladiatoria munera. In Roman law, anyone condemned to the arena or the gladiator schools (damnati ad ludum) was a servus poenae (slave of the penalty), and was considered to be under sentence of death unless manumitted. A rescript of Hadrian reminded magistrates that "those sentenced to the sword" (execution) should be despatched immediately "or at least within the year", and those sentenced to the ludi should not be discharged before five years, or three years if granted manumission. Only slaves found guilty of specific offences could be sentenced to the arena; however, citizens found guilty of particular offenses could be stripped of citizenship, formally enslaved, then sentenced; and slaves, once freed, could be legally reverted to slavery for certain offences. Arena punishment could be given for banditry, theft and arson, and for treasons such as rebellion, census evasion to avoid paying due taxes and refusal to swear lawful oaths. Offenders seen as particularly obnoxious to the state (noxii) received the most humiliating punishments. By the 1st century BC, noxii were being condemned to the beasts (damnati ad bestias) in the arena, with almost no chance of survival, or were made to kill each other. From the early Imperial era, some were forced to participate in humiliating and novel forms of mythological or historical enactment, culminating in their execution. Those judged less harshly might be condemned ad ludum venatorium or ad gladiatorium—combat with animals or gladiators—and armed as thought appropriate. These damnati at least might put on a good show and retrieve some respect and, very rarely, survive to fight another day. Some may even have become "proper" gladiators. Mérida amphitheatre, Spain; mural of beast hunt, showing a venator (or bestiarius) and lioness Among the most admired and skilled auctorati were those who, having been granted manumission, volunteered to fight in the arena. Some of these highly trained and experienced specialists may have had no other practical choice open to them. Their legal status—slave or free—is uncertain. Under Roman law, a freed gladiator could not "offer such services after manumission, because they cannot be performed without endangering life." All contracted volunteers, including those of equestrian and senatorial class, were legally enslaved by their auctoratio because it involved their potentially lethal submission to a master. All arenarii (those who appeared in the arena) were "infames by reputation", a form of social dishonour which excluded them from most of the advantages and rights of citizenship. Payment for such appearances compounded their infamia. The legal and social status of even the most popular and wealthy auctorati was thus marginal at best. They could not vote, plead in court nor leave a will; and unless they were manumitted, their lives and property belonged to their masters. Nevertheless, there is evidence of informal if not entirely lawful practices to the contrary. Some "unfree" gladiators bequeathed money and personal property to wives and children, possibly via a sympathetic owner or familia; some had their own slaves and gave them their freedom. One gladiator was even granted "citizenship" to several Greek cities of the Eastern Roman world. Caesar's munus of 46 BC included at least one equestrian, son of a Praetor, and two volunteers of possible senatorial rank. Augustus, who enjoyed watching the games, forbade the participation of senators, equestrians and their descendants as fighters or arenarii, but in 11 AD he bent his own rules and allowed equestrians to volunteer because "the prohibition was no use". Under Tiberius, the Larinum decree (19 AD) reiterated Augustus' original prohibitions. Thereafter, Caligula flouted them and Claudius strengthened them. Nero and Commodus ignored them. Even after the adoption of Christianity as Rome's official religion, legislation forbade the involvement of Rome's upper social classes in the games, though not the games themselves. Throughout Rome's history, some volunteers were prepared to risk loss of status or reputation by appearing in the arena, whether for payment, glory or, as in one recorded case, to revenge an affront to their personal honour. In one extraordinary episode, an aristocratic descendant of the Gracchi, already infamous for his marriage, as a bride, to a male horn player, appeared in what may have been a non-lethal or farcical match. His motives are unknown, but his voluntary and "shameless" arena appearance combined the "womanly attire" of a lowly retiarius tunicatus, adorned with golden ribbons, with the apex headdress that marked him out as a priest of Mars. In Juvenal's account, he seems to have relished the scandalous self-display, applause and the disgrace he inflicted on his more sturdy opponent by repeatedly skipping away from the confrontation. Amphitheatres Main article: List of Roman amphitheatres The Amphitheatre of Pompeii, built around 70 BC and buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius 79 AD, once hosted spectacles with gladiators. As munera grew larger and more popular, open spaces such as the Forum Romanum were adapted (as the Forum Boarium had been) as venues in Rome and elsewhere, with temporary, elevated seating for the patron and high status spectators; they were popular but not truly public events: A show of gladiators was to be exhibited before the people in the market-place, and most of the magistrates erected scaffolds round about, with an intention of letting them for advantage. Caius commanded them to take down their scaffolds, that the poor people might see the sport without paying anything. But nobody obeying these orders of his, he gathered together a body of labourers, who worked for him, and overthrew all the scaffolds the very night before the contest was to take place. So that by the next morning the market-place was cleared, and the common people had an opportunity of seeing the pastime. In this, the populace thought he had acted the part of a man; but he much disobliged the tribunes his colleagues, who regarded it as a piece of violent and presumptuous interference. Towards the end of the Republic, Cicero (Murena, 72–73) still describes gladiator shows as ticketed—their political usefulness was served by inviting the rural tribunes of the plebs, not the people of Rome en masse–but in Imperial times, poor citizens in receipt of the corn dole were allocated at least some free seating, possibly by lottery. Others had to pay. Ticket scalpers (Locarii) sometimes sold or let out seats at inflated prices. Martial wrote that "Hermes means riches for the ticket scalpers". The Colosseum in Rome, Italy The earliest known Roman amphitheatre was built at Pompeii by Sullan colonists, around 70 BC. The first in the city of Rome was the extraordinary wooden amphitheatre of Gaius Scribonius Curio (built in 53 BC). The first part-stone amphitheatre in Rome was inaugurated in 29–30 BC, in time for the triple triumph of Octavian (later Augustus). Shortly after it burned down in 64 AD, Vespasian began its replacement, later known as the Amphitheatrum Flavium (Colosseum), which seated 50,000 spectators and would remain the largest in the Empire. It was inaugurated by Titus in 80 AD as the personal gift of the Emperor to the people of Rome, paid for by the imperial share of booty after the Jewish Revolt. Arles Amphitheatre, inside view Amphitheatres were usually oval in plan. Their seating tiers surrounded the arena below, where the community's judgments were meted out, in full public view. From across the stands, crowd and editor could assess each other's character and temperament. For the crowd, amphitheatres afforded unique opportunities for free expression and free speech (theatralis licentia). Petitions could be submitted to the editor (as magistrate) in full view of the community. Factiones and claques could vent their spleen on each other, and occasionally on Emperors. The emperor Titus's dignified yet confident ease in his management of an amphitheatre crowd and its factions were taken as a measure of his enormous popularity and the rightness of his imperium. The amphitheatre munus thus served the Roman community as living theatre and a court in miniature, in which judgement could be served not only on those in the arena below, but on their judges. Amphitheatres also provided a means of social control. Their seating was "disorderly and indiscriminate" until Augustus prescribed its arrangement in his Social Reforms. To persuade the Senate, he expressed his distress on behalf of a senator who could not find seating at a crowded games in Puteoli: In consequence of this the senate decreed that, whenever any public show was given anywhere, the first row of seats should be reserved for senators; and at Rome he would not allow the envoys of the free and allied nations to sit in the orchestra, since he was informed that even freedmen were sometimes appointed. He separated the soldiery from the people. He assigned special seats to the married men of the commons, to boys under age their own section and the adjoining one to their preceptors; and he decreed that no one wearing a dark cloak should sit in the middle of the house. He would not allow women to view even the gladiators except from the upper seats, though it had been the custom for men and women to sit together at such shows. Only the Vestal virgins were assigned a place to themselves, opposite the praetor's tribunal. These arrangements do not seem to have been strongly enforced. Factions and rivals The Amphitheatre at Pompeii, depicting the riot between the Nucerians and the Pompeians Popular factions supported favourite gladiators and gladiator types. Under Augustan legislation, the Samnite type was renamed Secutor ("chaser", or "pursuer"). The secutor was equipped with a long, heavy "large" shield called a scutum; Secutores, their supporters and any heavyweight secutor-based types such as the Murmillo were secutarii. Lighter types, such as the Thraex, were equipped with a smaller, lighter shield called a parma, from which they and their supporters were named parmularii ("small shields"). Titus and Trajan preferred the parmularii and Domitian the secutarii; Marcus Aurelius took neither side. Nero seems to have enjoyed the brawls between rowdy, enthusiastic and sometimes violent factions, but called in the troops if they went too far. There were also local rivalries. At Pompeii's amphitheatre, during Nero's reign, the trading of insults between Pompeians and Nucerian spectators during public ludi led to stone throwing and riot. Many were killed or wounded. Nero banned gladiator munera (though not the games) at Pompeii for ten years as punishment. The story is told in Pompeian graffiti and high quality wall painting, with much boasting of Pompeii's "victory" over Nuceria. Role in Roman life It is not known how many gladiatoria munera were given throughout the Roman period. Many, if not most, involved venationes, and in the later empire some may have been only that. In 165 BC, at least one munus was held during April's Megalesia. In the early imperial era, munera in Pompeii and neighbouring towns were dispersed from March through November. They included a provincial magnate's five-day munus of thirty pairs, plus beast hunts. A single late primary source, the Calendar of Furius Dionysius Philocalus for 354, shows how seldom gladiators featured among a multitude of official festivals. Of the 176 days reserved for spectacles of various kinds, 102 were for theatrical shows, 64 for chariot races and just 10 in December for gladiator games and venationes. A century before this, the emperor Alexander Severus (r. 222–235) may have intended a more even redistribution of munera throughout the year; but this would have broken with what had become the traditional positioning of the major gladiator games, at the year's ending. As Wiedemann points out, December was also the month for the Saturnalia, Saturn's festival, in which death was linked to renewal, and the lowest were honoured as the highest. Role in the military According to Livy: "A man who knows how to conquer in war is a man who knows how to arrange a banquet and put on a show." Rome was essentially a landowning military aristocracy. From the early days of the Republic, ten years of military service were a citizen's duty and a prerequisite for election to public office. Devotio (willingness to sacrifice one's life to the greater good) was central to the Roman military ideal, and was the core of the Roman military oath. It applied from highest to lowest alike in the chain of command. As a soldier committed his life (voluntarily, at least in theory) to the greater cause of Rome's victory, he was not expected to survive defeat. The Punic Wars of the late 3rd century BC—in particular the near-catastrophic defeat of Roman arms at Cannae—had long-lasting effects on the Republic, its citizen armies, and the development of the gladiatorial munera. In the aftermath of Cannae, Scipio Africanus crucified Roman deserters and had non-Roman deserters thrown to the beasts. The Senate refused to ransom Hannibal's Roman captives: instead, they consulted the Sibylline books, then made drastic preparations: In obedience to the Books of Destiny, some strange and unusual sacrifices were made, human sacrifices amongst them. A Gaulish man and a Gaulish woman and a Greek man and a Greek woman were buried alive under the Forum Boarium ... They were lowered into a stone vault, which had on a previous occasion also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings. When the gods were believed to be duly propitiated ... Armour, weapons, and other things of the kind were ordered to be in readiness, and the ancient spoils gathered from the enemy were taken down from the temples and colonnades. The dearth of freemen necessitated a new kind of enlistment; 8,000 sturdy youths from amongst the slaves were armed at the public cost, after they had each been asked whether they were willing to serve or no. These soldiers were preferred, as there would be an opportunity of ransoming them when taken prisoners at a lower price. Late 3rd century gladiator mosaic from a private residence in Kourion, Cyprus. All the participants are named. The central figure (Darios) is positioned as a referee but wears a citizen's high-status toga or tunic with broad stripes The account notes, uncomfortably, the bloodless human sacrifices performed to help turn the tide of the war in Rome's favour. While the Senate mustered their willing slaves, Hannibal offered his dishonoured Roman captives a chance for honourable death, in what Livy describes as something very like the Roman munus. The munus thus represented an essentially military, self-sacrificial ideal, taken to extreme fulfillment in the gladiator's oath. By the devotio of a voluntary oath, a slave might achieve the quality of a Roman (Romanitas), become the embodiment of true virtus (manliness, or manly virtue), and paradoxically, be granted missio while remaining a slave. The gladiator as a specialist fighter, and the ethos and organization of the gladiator schools, would inform the development of the Roman military as the most effective force of its time. Following defeat at the Battle of Arausio in 105 BC: ...weapons training was given to soldiers by P. Rutilius, consul with C. Mallis. For he, following the example of no previous general, with teachers summoned from the gladiatorial training school of C. Aurelus Scaurus, implanted in the legions a more sophisticated method of avoiding and dealing a blow and mixed bravery with skill and skill back again with virtue so that skill became stronger by bravery's passion and passion became more wary with the knowledge of this art. The military were great aficionados of the games, and supervised the schools. Many schools and amphitheatres were sited at or near military barracks, and some provincial army units owned gladiator troupes. As the Republic wore on, the term of military service increased from ten to the sixteen years formalised by Augustus in the Principate. It would rise to twenty, and later, to twenty-five years. Roman military discipline was ferocious; severe enough to provoke mutiny, despite the consequences. A career as a volunteer gladiator may have seemed an attractive option for some. In AD 69, the Year of the Four Emperors, Otho's troops at Bedriacum included 2000 gladiators. Opposite him on the field, Vitellius's army was swollen by levies of slaves, plebs and gladiators. In 167 AD, troop depletions by plague and desertion may have prompted Marcus Aurelius to draft gladiators at his own expense. During the Civil Wars that led to the Principate, Octavian (later Augustus) acquired the personal gladiator troop of his erstwhile opponent, Mark Antony. They had served their late master with exemplary loyalty but thereafter, they disappear from the record. Religion, ethics and sentiment Roman writing as a whole demonstrates a deep ambivalence towards the gladiatoria munera. Even the most complex and sophisticated munera of the Imperial era evoked the ancient, ancestral dii manes of the underworld and were framed by the protective, lawful rites of sacrificium. Their popularity made their co-option by the state inevitable; Cicero acknowledged their sponsorship as a political imperative. Despite the popular adulation of gladiators, they were set apart, despised; and despite Cicero's contempt for the mob, he shared their admiration: "Even when have been felled, let alone when they are standing and fighting, they never disgrace themselves. And suppose a gladiator has been brought to the ground, when do you ever see one twist his neck away after he has been ordered to extend it for the death blow?" His own death would later emulate this example. Yet, Cicero could also refer to his popularist opponent Clodius, publicly and scathingly, as a bustuarius—literally, a "funeral-man", implying that Clodius has shown the moral temperament of the lowest sort of gladiator. "Gladiator" could be (and was) used as an insult throughout the Roman period, and "Samnite" doubled the insult, despite the popularity of the Samnite type. Silius Italicus wrote, as the games approached their peak, that the degenerate Campanians had devised the very worst of precedents, which now threatened the moral fabric of Rome: "It was their custom to enliven their banquets with bloodshed and to combine with their feasting the horrid sight of armed men fighting; often the combatants fell dead above the very cups of the revelers, and the tables were stained with streams of blood. Thus demoralised was Capua." Death could be rightly meted out as punishment, or met with equanimity in peace or war, as a gift of fate; but when inflicted as entertainment, with no underlying moral or religious purpose, it could only pollute and demean those who witnessed it. The munus itself could be interpreted as pious necessity, but its increasing luxury corroded Roman virtue, and created an un-Roman appetite for profligacy and self-indulgence. Caesar's 46 BC ludi were mere entertainment for political gain, a waste of lives and of money that would have been better doled out to his legionary veterans. Yet for Seneca, and for Marcus Aurelius—both professed Stoics—the degradation of gladiators in the munus highlighted their Stoic virtues: their unconditional obedience to their master and to fate, and equanimity in the face of death. Having "neither hope nor illusions", the gladiator could transcend his own debased nature, and disempower death itself by meeting it face to face. Courage, dignity, altruism and loyalty were morally redemptive; Lucian idealised this principle in his story of Sisinnes, who voluntarily fought as a gladiator, earned 10,000 drachmas and used it to buy freedom for his friend, Toxaris. Seneca had a lower opinion of the mob's un-Stoical appetite for ludi meridiani: "Man ...now slaughtered for jest and sport; and those whom it used to be unholy to train for the purpose of inflicting and enduring wounds are thrust forth exposed and defenceless." These accounts seek a higher moral meaning from the munus, but Ovid's very detailed (though satirical) instructions for seduction in the amphitheatre suggest that the spectacles could generate a potent and dangerously sexual atmosphere. Augustan seating prescriptions placed women—excepting the Vestals, who were legally inviolate—as far as possible from the action of the arena floor; or tried to. There remained the thrilling possibility of clandestine sexual transgression by high-caste spectators and their heroes of the arena. Such assignations were a source for gossip and satire but some became unforgivably public: What was the youthful charm that so fired Eppia? What hooked her? What did she see in him to make her put up with being called "the gladiator's moll"? Her poppet, her Sergius, was no chicken, with a dud arm that prompted hope of early retirement. Besides his face looked a proper mess, helmet-scarred, a great wart on his nose, an unpleasant discharge always trickling from one eye. But he was a gladiator. That word makes the whole breed seem handsome, and made her prefer him to her children and country, her sister, her husband. Steel is what they fall in love with. Eppia—a senator's wife–and her Sergius eloped to Egypt, where he deserted her. Most gladiators would have aimed lower. Two wall graffiti in Pompeii describe Celadus the Thraex as "the sigh of the girls" and "the glory of the girls"—which may or may not have been Celadus' own wishful thinking. In the later Imperial era, Servius Maurus Honoratus uses the same disparaging term as Cicero—bustuarius—for gladiators. Tertullian used it somewhat differently—all victims of the arena were sacrificial in his eyes—and expressed the paradox of the arenarii as a class, from a Christian viewpoint: On the one and the same account they glorify them and they degrade and diminish them; yes, further, they openly condemn them to disgrace and civil degradation; they keep them religiously excluded from council chamber, rostrum, senate, knighthood, and every other kind of office and a good many distinctions. The perversity of it! They love whom they lower; they despise whom they approve; the art they glorify, the artist they disgrace. In Roman art and culture In this new Play, I attempted to follow the old custom of mine, of making a fresh trial; I brought it on again. In the first Act I pleased; when in the meantime a rumor spread that gladiators were about to be exhibited; the populace flock together, make a tumult, clamor aloud, and fight for their places: meantime, I was unable to maintain my place. Graffito of a gladiatorial scene from Pompeii, Naples Images of gladiators were found throughout the Republic and Empire, among all classes. Walls in the 2nd century BC "Agora of the Italians" at Delos were decorated with paintings of gladiators. Mosaics dating from the 2nd through 4th centuries AD have been invaluable in the reconstruction of combat and its rules, gladiator types and the development of the munus. Throughout the Roman world, ceramics, lamps, gems and jewellery, mosaics, reliefs, wall paintings and statuary offer evidence, sometimes the best evidence, of the clothing, props, equipment, names, events, prevalence and rules of gladiatorial combat. Earlier periods provide only occasional, perhaps exceptional examples. The Gladiator Mosaic in the Galleria Borghese displays several gladiator types, and the Bignor Roman Villa mosaic from Provincial Britain shows Cupids as gladiators. Souvenir ceramics were produced depicting named gladiators in combat; similar images of higher quality, were available on more expensive articles in high quality ceramic, glass or silver. Some of the best preserved gladiator graffiti are from Pompeii and Herculaneum, in public areas including Pompeii's Forum and amphitheater, and in the private residences of the upper, middle and lower classes. They clearly show how gladiator munera pervaded Pompeiian culture; they provide information pertaining to particular gladiators, and sometimes include their names, status as slaves or freeborn volunteers, and their match records. Pliny the Elder gives vivid examples of the popularity of gladiator portraiture in Antium and an artistic treat laid on by an adoptive aristocrat for the solidly plebeian citizens of the Roman Aventine: When a freedman of Nero was giving a gladiatorial show at Antium, the public porticoes were covered with paintings, so we are told, containing life-like portraits of all the gladiators and assistants. This portraiture of gladiators has been the highest interest in art for many centuries now, but it was Gaius Terentius who began the practice of having pictures made of gladiatorial shows and exhibited in public; in honour of his grandfather who had adopted him he provided thirty pairs of Gladiators in the Forum for three consecutive days, and exhibited a picture of the matches in the Grove of Diana. Modern reconstructions Further information: Roman-era historical reenactment, Combat reenactment, and Historical European martial arts § Antiquity Some Roman reenactors attempt to recreate Roman gladiator troupes. Some of these groups are part of larger Roman reenactment groups, and others are wholly independent, though they might participate in larger demonstrations of Roman reenacting or historical reenacting in general. These groups usually focus on portraying mock gladiatorial combat in as accurate a manner as possible. Gladiator show fight in Trier in 2005. Nimes, 2005. Carnuntum, Austria, 2007. Video of a show fight at the Roman Villa Borg, Germany, in 2011 (Retiarius vs. Secutor, Thraex vs. Murmillo). See also Spectacles in ancient Rome References Citations ^ Welch 2007, p. 17; Kyle 1998, p. 82. ^ Welch 2007, pp. 16–17. Nicolaus cites Posidonius's support for a Celtic origin and Hermippus' for a Mantinean (therefore Greek) origin. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 4–7. Futrell is citing Livy, 9.40.17. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 14–15. ^ Welch 2007, p. 11. ^ Welch 2007, p. 18; Futrell 2006, pp. 3–5. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 4; Potter & Mattingly 1999, p. 226. ^ Potter & Mattingly 1999, p. 226. Paestum was colonized by Rome in 273 BC. ^ Welch 2007, pp. 15, 18. ^ Welch 2007, pp. 18–19. Livy's account (summary 16) places beast-hunts and gladiatorial munera within this single munus. ^ A single, later source describes the gladiator type involved as Thracian. See Welch 2007, p. 19. Welch is citing Ausanius: Seneca simply says they were "war captives". ^ Wiedemann 1992, p. 33; Kyle 1998, p. 2; Kyle 2007, p. 273. Evidence of "Samnite" as an insult in earlier writings fades as Samnium is absorbed into the republic. ^ Livy 9.40. Quoted in Futrell 2006, pp. 4–5. ^ Kyle 1998, p. 67 (Note #84). Livy's published works are often embellished with illustrative rhetorical detail. ^ The velutes and later, the provocatores were exceptions, but as "historicised" rather than contemporary Roman types. ^ Kyle 1998, pp. 80–81. ^ Welch 2007, p. 21. Welch is citing Livy, 23.30.15. The Aemilii Lepidii were one of the most important families in Rome at the time, and probably owned a gladiator school (ludus). ^ a b Futrell 2006, pp. 8–9. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 30. ^ Livy, 39.46.2. ^ Silius Italicus quoted in Futrell 2006, pp. 4–5. ^ Welch 2007, p. 21. ^ Livy, Annal for the Year 174 BC (cited in Welch 2007, p. 21). ^ a b Wiedemann 1992, pp. 6–7. Wiedemann is citing Valerius Maximus, 2.3.2. ^ The games were always referred to in the plural, as ludi. Gladiator schools were also known as ludi when plural; a single school was ludus ^ a b Lintott 2004, p. 183. ^ Ball 2016, pp. 153–154 ^ Mouritsen 2001, p. 97; Coleman 1990, p. 50. ^ Kyle 2007, p. 287; Mouritsen 2001, pp. 32, 109–111. Approximately 12% of Rome's adult male population could actually vote; but these were the wealthiest and most influential among ordinary citizens, well worth cultivation by any politician. ^ Kyle 2007, p. 285. ^ Kyle 2007, p. 287; such as Caesar's Capua-based gladiators, brought to Rome as a private army to impress and overawe. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 24. Gladiator gangs were used by Caesar and others to overawe and "persuade". ^ Mouritsen 2001, p. 61. Gladiators could be enrolled to serve noble households; some household slaves may have been raised and trained for this. ^ Mouritsen 2001, p. 97. For more details see Plutarch's Julius Caesar, 5.9. ^ Kyle 2007, pp. 285–287. See also Pliny's Historia Naturalis, 33.16.53. ^ Kyle 2007, pp. 280, 287 ^ Wiedemann 1992, pp. 8–10. ^ Welch 2007, p. 21. Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Greece was keen to upstage his Roman allies, but gladiators were becoming increasingly expensive, and to save costs, all of his were local volunteers. ^ Kyle 2007, p. 280. Kyle is citing Cicero's Lex Tullia Ambitu. ^ Richlin 1992, Shelby Brown, "Death as Decoration: Scenes of the Arena on Roman Domestic Mosaics", p. 184. ^ Wiedemann 1992, p. 45. Wiedemann is citing Cassius Dio, 54.2.3–4. ^ Prices in denarii cited in "Venationes," Encyclopaedia Romana. ^ Auguet 1994, p. 30. Each of Augustus's games involved an average of 625 gladiator pairs. ^ Richlin 1992, Shelby Brown, "Death as Decoration: Scenes of the Arena on Roman Domestic Mosaics", p. 181. Brown is citing Dio Cassius, 68.15. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 48. ^ Mattern 2002, pp. 130–131. ^ Auguet 1994, pp. 30, 32. ^ Tertullian. De Spectaculis, 22. ^ Osiek 2006, p. 287. ^ Saint Augustine, Confessions, 6.8. ^ Rescript of Constantine quoted by David Potter, "Constantine and the Gladiators", The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 2 (December 2010), p. 597 ^ David Potter, "Constantine and the Gladiators", The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 2 (December 2010), p. 602 ^ See Tertullian's Apologetics, 49.4 for Tertullian's condemnation of officials who sought their own "glory" by sponsoring the martyrdom of Christians. ^ Kyle 1998, p. 78. Compared to "pagan" noxii, Christian deaths in the arena would have been few. ^ Codex Theodosianus, 9.40.8 and 15.9.1; Symmachus. Relatio, 8.3. ^ Codex Theodosianus, 2.8.19 and 2.8.22. ^ Telemachus had personally stepped in to prevent the munus. See Theoderet's Historia Ecclesiastica, 5.26. ^ Codex Justinianus, 3.12.9. ^ a b Kyle 1998, p. 80. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 43. ^ Wiedemann 1992, pp. 440–446. ^ Kyle 2007, p. 313 ^ Green, Thomas, Martial Arts of the World: R–Z, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, pp 45, 149, ISBN 978-1576071502 ^ Josephus. The Jewish War, 6.418, 7.37–40; Kyle 1998, p. 93. noxii were the most obnoxious of criminal categories in Roman law. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 120–125. ^ Ludus meant both a game and a school – see entries 1 to 2.C, at Lewis and Short (Perseus Project). ^ Futrell 2006, p. 124. See also Cassius Dio's accusation of entrapment by informers to provide "arena slaves" under Claudius; Futrell 2006, p. 103. "the best gladiators", Futrell citing Petronius's Satyricon, 45. ^ a b Futrell 2006, p. 129. Futrell is citing Cassius Dio. ^ Suetonius. Lives, "Tiberius", 7 Archived 10 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ^ Suetonius. Lives, "Nero", 30 Archived 10 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b Futrell 2006, pp. 153–156. ^ Wiedemann 1992, p. 112; Jacobelli 2003, p. 17, citing Cassius Dio, 62.3.1. ^ Jacobelli 2003, p. 17, citing Juvenal's Saturae, 1.22–1.23. ^ Jacobelli 2003, p. 18, citing Petronius's Satyricon, 45.7. ^ Jacobelli 2003, p. 18, citing Dio Cassius 67.8.4, Suetonius's Domitianus 4.2, and Statius's Silvae 1.8.51–1.8.56: see also Brunet (2014) p. 480. ^ a b Jacobelli 2003, p. 18; Potter 2010, p. 408. ^ Potter 2010, p. 408. ^ Potter 2010, p. 407. ^ Jacobelli 2003, p. 18, citing Dio Cassius 75.16. ^ Potter 2010, p. 407, citing Dio Cassius 75.16.1. ^ Barton 1993, p. 66. ^ Fox 2006, p. 576. Fox is citing Pliny. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 158. ^ Cassius Dio. Commodus, 73 (Epitome) ^ Gibbon & Womersley 2000, p. 118. ^ Cassius Dio. Commodus, 73 (Epitome). Commodus was assassinated and posthumously declared a public enemy but was later deified. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 85, 101, 110. Based on fragmentary Pompeian remains and citing of Pliny's Historia Naturalis, 19.23–25. ^ a b Coleman, Kathleen (17 February 2011). "Gladiators: Heroes of the Roman Amphitheatre". BBC. Retrieved 21 April 2017. ^ Plutarch. Moral Essays, 1099B (fully cited in Futrell 2006, pp. 86–87): "Even among the gladiators, I see those who...find greater pleasure in freeing their slaves, and commending their wives to their friends, than in satisfying their appetites." ^ a b Potter & Mattingly 1999, p. 313. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 86. Gladiatorial banquet on mosaic, El Djem. ^ Welch 2007, p. 23; Futrell 2006, p. 84. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 85. See pompa circensis for the similar procession before games were held in the circus. ^ Sometimes beasts were simply exhibited, and left unharmed; see Futrell 2006, p. 88. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 91. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 94–95. Futrell is citing Seneca's On Providence, 3.4. ^ Wisdom & McBride 2001, p. 18. Author's drawing. ^ Carter 2004, pp. 43, 46–49. In the Eastern provinces of the later Empire the state archiereis combined the roles of editor, Imperial cult priest and lanista, giving gladiatoria munera in which the use of sharp weapons seems an exceptional honour. ^ Marcus Aurelius encouraged the use of blunted weapons: see Cassius Dio's Roman History, 71.29.4. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 99–100; Wiedemann 1992, p. 14. ^ Potter & Mattingly 1999, p. 313 ^ Kyle 2007, pp. 313–314 ^ Dunkle, Roger, Gladiators: Violence and Spectacle in Ancient Rome, Routledge, 2013, pp. 69–71; Dunkle is discussing the use of a suppositicius (a substitute used only at need, probably to prolong a particular scheduled fight) and a tertiarius, citing Petronius for the latter as offering a poor quality bout. ^ a b Dunkle, Roger, Gladiators: Violence and Spectacle in Ancient Rome, Routledge, 2013, pp. 70–71 ^ a b Fagan, Garrett (2011). The Lure of the Arena: Social Psychology and the Crowd at the Roman Games. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–218, 273, 277. ISBN 978-0521196161. Fagan speculates that Nero was perversely defying the crowd's expectations, or perhaps trying to please a different kind of crowd. ^ Though not always: the gladiator Diodorus blames "murderous Fate and the cunning treachery of the summa rudis" for his death, not his own error in not finishing off his opponent when he had the chance: see Robert, Gladiateurs, no. 79 = SgO 11/02/01 ^ Futrell 2006, p. 101; based on mosaics and a Pompeian tomb relief. ^ The gravestones of several musicians and gladiators mention such modulations; see Fagan, pp. 225–226, and footnotes. ^ Wiedemann 1992, pp. 15–16. ^ Wiedemann 1992, p. 15. Wiedemann is citing Kraus and von Matt's Pompei and Herculaneum, New York, 1975, Fig. 53. ^ Martial. Liber de Spectaculis, 29. ^ Kyle 2007, p. 112. Kyle is citing Robert. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 101 ^ Futrell 2006, p. 141. ^ M. J. Carter, "Gladiatorial Combat: The Rules of Engagement", The Classical Journal, Vol. 102, No. 2 (Dec. – Jan. 2006/2007), p. 101. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 144–145. Futrell is citing Suetonius's Lives, "Augustus", 45, "Caligula", 30, "Claudius", 34. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 85. This is evidenced on a roughly inscribed libellus. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 101. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 102 (The evidence is on a stylised mosaic from Symmachus; the spectators praise the editor for "doing the right thing"). ^ a b Barton, Carlin A. (1989). "The Scandal of the Arena". Representations (27): 27, 28, note 33. doi:10.2307/2928482. JSTOR 2928482. (subscription required) ^ Suetonius. Lives, "Caligula", 30.3. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 140. Futrell is citing Cicero's Tuscullan Disputations, 2.17. ^ Wiedemann 1992, pp. 38–39. ^ Edwards 2007, pp. 66–67. ^ Curry 2008. Marks on the bones of several gladiators suggest a sword thrust into the base of the throat and down towards the heart. ^ By Tertullian's time, Mercury was identified with Greek Hermes psychopompos, who led souls into the underworld. Tertullian describes these events as examples of hollow impiety, in which Rome's false deities are acceptably impersonated by low and murderous persons for the purposes of human sacrifice and evil entertainment. See Kyle 1998, pp. 155–168. ^ Grossschmidt & Kanz 2006, pp. 207–216. ^ Kyle 1998, pp. 40, 155–168. Dis Pater and Jupiter Latiaris rituals in Tertullian's Ad Nationes, 1.10.47: Tertullian describes the offering of a fallen gladiator's blood to Jupiter Latiaris by an officiating priest—a travesty of the offering of the blood of martyrs—but places this within a munus (or a festival) dedicated to Jupiter Latiaris; no such practice is otherwise recorded, and Tertullian may have mistaken or reinterpreted what he saw. ^ Kyle 1998, p. 14 (including note #74). Kyle contextualises Juvenal's panem et circenses—bread and games as a sop to the politically apathetic plebs (Satires, 4.10)—within an account of the death and damnatio of Sejanus, whose body was torn to pieces by the crowd and left unburied. ^ Suetonius. Lives, "Tiberius", 75. Suetonius has the populace wish the same fate on Tiberius's body, a form of damnatio: to be thrown in the Tiber, or left unburied, or "dragged with the hook". ^ Kyle 1998, pp. 128–159. ^ Its name was coined in the modern era, by Theodore Mommsen: in the Roman military, it marked the death of a soldier. See Mednikarova, Iveta (2001). "The Use of Θ in Latin Funerary Inscriptions". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 136: 267–276. JSTOR 20190914. ^ a b Hope, Valerie (January 2000). "Fighting for identity: The funerary commemoration of Italian gladiators". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. 44 (S73): 93–113. doi:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2000.tb01940.x. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 133, 149–153. The single name form on a gladiator memorial usually indicates a slave, two a freedman or discharged auctoratus and, very rare among gladiators, three ("tria nomina") a freedman or a full Roman citizen. See also vroma.org Archived 12 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine on Roman names. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 149. Futrell is citing Robert, #12, #24, and #109. ^ Nemesis, her devotees and her place in the Roman world are fully discussed, with examples, in Hornum, Michael B., Nemesis, the Roman state and the games, Brill, 1993. ^ Garrett G. Fagan, Gladiators, combatants at games, Oxford Classical Dictionary online, Jul 2015 doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2845: "This refusal to concede honest defeat in the face of superior skill again speaks to professional pride and a certain braggadocio that is still operative today in combat sports." (accessed 2 April 2017) ^ Futrell 2006, p. 149. Futrell is citing Robert, #34. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 145 ^ Futrell 2006, p. 144 ^ a b Futrell 2006, p. 144. Futrell is citing George Ville. ^ Junkelmann 2000, p. 145. ^ Hopkins & Beard 2005, pp. 92–94. ^ Kyle 2007, p. 238. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 85, 149; Auguet 1994, p. 31. ^ Ulpian. Edict, Book 6; Futrell 2006, pp. 137–138. Futrell is citing Digest, 3.1.1.6. ^ Cicero. Letters, 10. ^ Kyle 2007, pp. 285–287, 312. This had probably began under Augustus. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 103. Futrell is citing Petronius's Satyricon, 45.133. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 133. See also Tiberius's inducement to re-enlist. ^ a b Petronius. Satyricon, 117: "He vows to endure to be burned, to be bound, to be beaten, and to be killed by the sword." ^ Futrell 2006, p. 138. ^ palus: named after the training poles, 6 Roman feet high, erected in the training arena. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 137. Futrell is citing Quintilian's Oratorical Institute, 5.13.54; Futrell 2006, p. 140. Futrell is citing Cicero's Tuscullan Disputations, 2.17; Futrell 2006, p. 139. Futrell is citing Epictetus's Discourse, 3.15. ^ Jones 1987, pp. 139–155. Facial stigmata represented extreme social degradation. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 142. Futrell is citing Juvenal's Satire, 6 , in the translation of Peter Green. ^ Welch 2007, p. 17. The burning alive of a soldier who refused to become an auctoratus at a Spanish school in 43 BC is exceptional only because he was a citizen, technically exempt from such compulsion and penalty. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 148–149. ^ Longo, Umile Giuseppe; Spiezia, Filippo; Maffulli, Nicola; Denaro, Vincenzo (1 December 2008). "The Best Athletes in Ancient Rome were Vegetarian!". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 7 (4): 565. ISSN 1303-2968. PMC 3761927. PMID 24137094. ^ Kanz, Fabian; Risser, Daniele U.; Grossschmidt, Karl; Moghaddam, Negahnaz; Lösch, Sandra (15 October 2014). "Stable Isotope and Trace Element Studies on Gladiators and Contemporary Romans from Ephesus (Turkey, 2nd and 3rd Ct. AD) – Implications for Differences in Diet". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e110489. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k0489L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110489. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4198250. PMID 25333366. ^ Follain, John (15 December 2002). "The dying game: How did the gladiators really live?". Times Online. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2009. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 141–142; Carter 2004, pp. 41–68. ^ Borkowski & du Plessis 2005, p. 80 ^ Borkowski & du Plessis 2005. Manumission was seldom absolute. Terms of release were negotiated between master and slave; Digests 28.3.6.5–6 and 48.19.8.11–12. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 123. Futrell is citing Ulpian's 8th book of Proconsular Functions, CMRL, 11.7. ^ Richlin 1992, Shelby Brown, "Death as Decoration: Scenes of the Arena on Roman Domestic Mosaics", p. 185. ^ Borkowski & du Plessis 2005, Preface, p. 81. ^ Coleman 1990, p. 46. ^ Wiedemann 1992, pp. 40–46. ^ Apuleius. Metamorphoses, 4.13; Coleman 1990, p. 71; Richlin 1992, Shelby Brown, "Death as Decoration: Scenes of the Arena on Roman Domestic Mosaics", p. 185. ^ Kyle 1998, p. 94. Survival and "promotion" would have been extremely rare for damnati—and unheard of for noxii—notwithstanding Aulus Gellius's moral tale of Androcles. ^ Richlin 1992, Shelby Brown, "Death as Decoration: Scenes of the Arena on Roman Domestic Mosaics", p. 186. ^ D.38.1.38 pr in Borkowski & du Plessis 2005, p. 95. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 157. ^ Smith, William. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray, 1875, "Roman Law – Infamia". ^ Futrell 2006, p. 131. Futrell is citing Tertullian's De Spectaculis, 22. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 86–87. Futrell is citing Plutarch's Moral Essays, 1099B. ^ Carter 2004, pp. 52–56. ^ Barton 1993, p. 25. Barton is citing Cassius Dio, 43.23.4–5; Suetonius, in Caesar 39.1, adds the two Senators. ^ Barton 1993, p. 25. Barton is citing Cassius Dio, 56.25.7. ^ David Potter (trans.), "The Senatus Consultum from Larinium Archived 15 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine". Bronze tablet found at Larino, Italy, and published in 1978. ^ Under Caligula, participation by men and women of senatorial rank may have been encouraged, and sometimes enforced; Cassius Dio, 59.10, 13–14 and Tacitus, Caligula, 15.32. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 153. Futrell is citing Cassius Dio, 62.17.3; see Cassius Dio, 59.10.13–14 and Tacitus's Caligula, 15.32 for Caligula's extraordinary behaviour as editor; Valentinian/Theodosius, 15.9.1; Symmachus, Relatio, 8.3. ^ Kyle 1998, pp. 115–116 (Note #102) ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 153, 156 ^ Barton 1993, p. 26. Barton is citing Juvenal, 8.199ff. ^ Cerutti, Steven M.; Richardson, L. (1989). "The Retiarius Tunicatus of Suetonius, Juvenal, and Petronius". The American Journal of Philology. 110 (4): 589. doi:10.2307/295282. JSTOR 295282. ^ Plutarch. Caius Gracchus, 12.3–4. ^ Some Roman writers interpret the earliest attempts to provide permanent venues as populist political graft, rightly blocked by the Senate as morally objectionable; too-frequent, excessively "luxurious" munera would corrode traditional Roman values. The provision of permanent seating was thought a particularly objectionable luxury. See Appian, The Civil Wars, 128; Livy, Perochiae, 48. ^ Mouritsen 2001, p. 82. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 136. Futrell is citing Martial's Epigrams, 5.24. ^ Welch 2007, p. 197. Welch is citing CIL, X.852. ^ Potter & Mattingly 1999, p. 226. Potter and Mattingly are citing Pliny the Elder, 36.117. ^ Potter & Mattingly 1999, p. 226 (see also Pliny's Natural History, 36.113–115). The amphitheatre was commissioned by T. Statilius Taurus. According to Pliny, its three storeys were marble-clad, housed 3,000 bronze statues and seated 80,000 spectators. It was probably wooden-framed in part. ^ Mattern 2002, pp. 151–152. ^ Richlin 1992, Shelby Brown, "Death As Decoration: Scenes of the Arena on Roman Domestic Mosaics", pp. 184–185. Even emperors who disliked munera were thus obliged to attend them. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 37–42, 105. ^ a b c Kyle 1998, p. 3. ^ Suetonius. Lives, "Augustus", 44. ^ a b Futrell 2006, p. 105 ^ Examples are in Martial's Epigrams 14, 213 and Suetonius's Caligula. ^ Also scutarii, scutularii, or secutoriani. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 96, 104–105. ^ Kyle 1998, p. 111. ^ Futrell 2006, pp. 107–108. See also Tacitus's Annals, 14.17. ^ Alison E. Cooley and MGL Cooley, Pompeii, A Sourcebook, Routledge, 2004, p. 218. ^ Wiedemann 1992, pp. 11–12. ^ Livy, 45.32–33. ^ Kyle 1998, p. 81. It was notably fulfilled and celebrated in the battlefield devotio of two consular Decii; firstly by the father and later by his son. ^ Edwards 2007, pp. 19–45; Livy, 22.51.5–8, has wounded Romans at Cannae stretch out their necks for the death blow by comrades: cf Cicero's death in Seneca's Suasoriae, 6.17. ^ Welch 2007, p. 17. ^ Livy, 22.55–57. ^ Barton 1993, p. 15; Kyle 2007, p. 274. ^ Wiedemann 1992, p. 45. ^ Mattern 2002, pp. 126–128. Mattern is citing Tacitus's Annals, 1.17. ^ Mattern 2002, p. 87. Mattern is citing Cassius Dio, 72, 73.2.3. ^ Mattern 2002, p. 87. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 16. Futrell is citing Cicero's Letters to Friends, 2.3. ^ Cicero's admiration: Tusculan Disputations, 2.41. ^ Barton 1993, p. 39. Barton is citing Seneca's Suasoriae, 6.17 for Cicero's death. ^ Kyle 2007, p. 273. For bustuarius, with reference to Clodius's alleged impious disturbance at the funeral of Marius, see Cicero's In Pisonem (Against Piso). See Bagnani 1956, p. 26, for the bustuarius as a lower class of gladiator than one employed in the public munus. Cicero's unflattering references to Marcus Antonius as gladiator are in his 2nd Philippic. ^ Silius Italicus, 11.51 (cited in Welch 2007, p. 3). ^ Richlin 1992, Shelby Brown, "Death As Decoration: Scenes of the Arena on Roman Domestic Mosaics", p. 185. Tacitus, in Annals 15.44, describes the public repugnance towards Nero's punishment of Christians, which seemed based on his appetite for cruelty, rather than a desire for the public good. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 4. Roman commentators associated munera with Capua's proverbial luxury and excess. ^ Cassius Dio, 43.24. ^ Barton 1993, p. 16; Futrell 2006, p. 154. Futrell is citing Lucian's Toxaris, 58–59. ^ Kyle 1998, p. 85. This should be considered scandalous and noteworthy, rather than common. ^ Juvenal. Satires, 6.102ff. ^ Futrell 2006, p. 146. Futrell is citing ''CIL IV, 4342 and CIL IV, 4345. ^ Servius. Commentary on the "Aeneid" of Vergil, 10.519. ^ Tertullian. De Spectaculis, 22; Kyle 1998, p. 80. Bustuarius is found in Tertullian's De Spectaculis, 11. ^ Terence. Hecyra, Prologue II. ^ Richlin 1992, Shelby Brown, "Death As Decoration: Scenes of the Arena on Roman Domestic Mosaics", p. 181. ^ Welch 2007, p. 2. ^ "Ancient Graffiti Project". ancientgraffiti.org. Retrieved 7 April 2022. ^ Keegan, Peter (2005). "Writing and drawing on the walls of Pompeii: how the study of graffiti relates to the HSC ancient history core syllabus for 2006". Ancient History: Resources for Teachers. 35 (1): 37–64. ISSN 1032-3686. ^ Christesen, Paul; Kyle, Donald G. (2014). A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1444339529. ^ Pliny. Natural History, 30.32 (cited in Welch 2007, p. 21). Sources Auguet, Roland (1994). Cruelty and Civilization: The Roman Games. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415104521. Bagnani, Gilbert (January 1956). 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Coleman, K. M. (1990). "Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments". The Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 44–73. doi:10.2307/300280. JSTOR 300280. S2CID 163071557. Curry, Andrew (November–December 2008). "The Gladiator Diet". Archaeology. 61 (6). Retrieved 21 March 2009. Edwards, Catherine (2007). Death in Ancient Rome. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300112085. Everitt, Anthony (2001). Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician. New York: Random House. ISBN 0375507469. Fagan, Garrett G., The Lure of the Arena: Social Psychology and the Crowd at the Roman Games, Cambridge University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0521196161 Fox, Robin Lane (2006). The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0465024963. Futrell, Alison (2006). A Sourcebook on the Roman Games. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405115688. Gibbon, Edward; Womersley, David (2000). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0140437649. Grant, Michael (2000). Gladiators. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140299343. Grossschmidt, K.; Kanz, Fabian (July 2006). "Head Injuries of Roman Gladiators". Forensic Science International. 160 (2–3). Vienna: Center of Anatomy and Cell-biology, Medical University of Vienna and Austrian Archaeological Institute: 207–216. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.010. PMID 16289900. Hopkins, Keith; Beard, Mary (2005). The Colosseum. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674018958. Jacobelli, Luciana (2003). Gladiators at Pompeii. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. ISBN 0892367318. Jones, C. P. (1987). ""Stigma": Tattooing and Branding in Graeco-Roman Antiquity". Journal of Roman Studies. 77: 139–155. doi:10.2307/300578. JSTOR 300578. S2CID 162719864. Junkelmann, Marcus (2000). Das Spiel mit dem Tod: So Kämpften Roms Gladiatoren. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern. ISBN 3805325630. Köhne, Eckart; Ewigleben, Cornelia; Jackson, Ralph (2000). Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0520227980. Kyle, Donald G. (1998). Spectacles of Death in Ancient Rome. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415096782. Kyle, Donald G. (2007). Sport and Spectacle in the Ancient World. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0631229704. Lintott, Andrew (2004). The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0199261083. Mattern, Susan P. (2002). Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520236831. Millar, Fergus (1998). The Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472108921. Mouritsen, Henrik (2001). Plebs and Politics in the Late Roman Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521791006. Osiek, Carolyn (2006). "The Self-Defining Praxis of the Developing Ecclesia". In Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (eds.). Origins to Constantine. The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–292. ISBN 978-1107423619. Potter, David Stone (2010). A Companion to the Roman Empire. West Sussex, UK: Blackwell Publishing Limited (John Wiley and Sons). ISBN 978-1405199186. Potter, David Stone; Mattingly, D. J. (1999). Life, Death, and Entertainment in the Roman Empire. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472109243. Richlin, Amy (1992). "Death As Decoration: Scenes of the Arena on Roman Domestic Mosaics (Shelby Brown)". Pornography and Representation in Greece and Rome. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 180–211. ISBN 0195067231. Welch, Katherine E. (2007). The Roman Amphitheatre: From Its Origins to the Colosseum. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521809443. Wiedemann, Thomas (1992). Emperors and Gladiators. London: Routledge. ISBN 0415121647. Wisdom, Stephen; McBride, Angus (2001). Gladiators: 100 BC – AD 200. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1841762997. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman gladiators. "Gladiator". World History Encyclopedia. "Britannia Gladiators". Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2011. "Gladiators". Archaeology. Archaeological Institute of America. 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2011. Authority control databases: National Germany Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gladiator (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gladiators_from_the_Zliten_mosaic_3.JPG"},{"link_name":"Zliten mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zliten_mosaic"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"thraex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraex"},{"link_name":"murmillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmillo"},{"link_name":"hoplomachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoplomachus"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"gladius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladius"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Punic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars"},{"link_name":"games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludi"}],"text":"Roman combatant for entertainmentFor other uses, see Gladiator (disambiguation).Part of the Zliten mosaic from Libya (Leptis Magna), about 2nd century AD. It shows (left to right) a thraex fighting a murmillo, a hoplomachus standing with another murmillo (who is signaling his defeat to the referee), and one of a matched pair.A gladiator (Latin: gladiator, \"swordsman\", from gladius, \"sword\") was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals. Some gladiators were volunteers who risked their lives and their legal and social standing by appearing in the arena. Most were despised as slaves, schooled under harsh conditions, socially marginalized, and segregated even in death.Irrespective of their origin, gladiators offered spectators an example of Rome's martial ethics and, in fighting or dying well, they could inspire admiration and popular acclaim. They were celebrated in high and low art, and their value as entertainers was commemorated in precious and commonplace objects throughout the Roman world.The origin of gladiatorial combat is open to debate. There is evidence of it in funeral rites during the Punic Wars of the 3rd century BC, and thereafter it rapidly became an essential feature of politics and social life in the Roman world. Its popularity led to its use in ever more lavish and costly games.The gladiator games lasted for nearly a thousand years, reaching their peak between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD. Christians disapproved of the games because they involved idolatrous pagan rituals, and the popularity of gladatorial contests declined in the fifth century, leading to their disappearance.","title":"Gladiator"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fronton_marmol_anfiteatro_romano_de_Merida.JPG"},{"link_name":"Amphitheatre of Mérida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_M%C3%A9rida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"Campanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanians"},{"link_name":"Samnites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Isidore of Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville"},{"link_name":"lanista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lanista#Latin"},{"link_name":"Charon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Charun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charun"},{"link_name":"psychopomp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopomp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Campania"},{"link_name":"ludi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludus_(ancient_Rome)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"frescoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"Paestum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paestum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"First Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Decimus Junius Brutus Scaeva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Scaeva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forum Boarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Boarium"},{"link_name":"munera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munera_(ancient_Rome)"},{"link_name":"manes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"gladiator types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_gladiator_types"},{"link_name":"Hannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal"},{"link_name":"Samnite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnite_(gladiator_type)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"barbarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarians"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"Relief of gladiators from Amphitheatre of Mérida, SpainEarly literary sources seldom agree on the origins of gladiators and the gladiator games.[1] In the late 1st century BC, Nicolaus of Damascus believed they were Etruscan.[2] A generation later, Livy wrote that they were first held in 310 BC by the Campanians in celebration of their victory over the Samnites.[3] Long after the games had ceased, the 7th century AD writer Isidore of Seville derived Latin lanista (manager of gladiators) from the Etruscan word for \"executioner\", and the title of \"Charon\" (an official who accompanied the dead from the Roman gladiatorial arena) from Charun, psychopomp of the Etruscan underworld.[4] This was accepted and repeated in most early modern, standard histories of the games.[5]For some modern scholars, reappraisal of pictorial evidence supports a Campanian origin, or at least a borrowing, for the games and gladiators.[6] Campania hosted the earliest known gladiator schools (ludi).[7] Tomb frescoes from the Campanian city of Paestum (4th century BC) show paired fighters, with helmets, spears and shields, in a propitiatory funeral blood-rite that anticipates early Roman gladiator games.[8] Compared to these images, supporting evidence from Etruscan tomb-paintings is tentative and late. The Paestum frescoes may represent the continuation of a much older tradition, acquired or inherited from Greek colonists of the 8th century BC.[9]Livy places the first Roman gladiator games (264 BC) in the early stage of Rome's First Punic War, against Carthage, when Decimus Junius Brutus Scaeva had three gladiator pairs fight to the death in Rome's \"cattle market\" forum (Forum Boarium) to honor his dead father, Brutus Pera. Livy describes this as a \"munus\" (plural: munera), a gift, in this case a commemorative duty owed the manes (spirit, or shade) of a dead ancestor by his descendants.[10][11] The development of the gladiator munus and its gladiator types was most strongly influenced by Samnium's support for Hannibal and the subsequent punitive expeditions against the Samnites by Rome and its Campanian allies; the earliest, most frequently mentioned and probably most popular type was the Samnite.[12]The war in Samnium, immediately afterwards, was attended with equal danger and an equally glorious conclusion. The enemy, besides their other warlike preparation, had made their battle-line to glitter with new and splendid arms. There were two corps: the shields of the one were inlaid with gold, of the other with silver ... The Romans had already heard of these splendid accoutrements, but their generals had taught them that a soldier should be rough to look on, not adorned with gold and silver but putting his trust in iron and in courage ... The Dictator, as decreed by the senate, celebrated a triumph, in which by far the finest show was afforded by the captured armour. So the Romans made use of the splendid armour of their enemies to do honour to their gods; while the Campanians, in consequence of their pride and in hatred of the Samnites, equipped after this fashion the gladiators who furnished them entertainment at their feasts, and bestowed on them the name Samnites.[13]Livy's account skirts the funereal, sacrificial function of early Roman gladiator combats and reflects the later theatrical ethos of the Roman gladiator show: splendidly, exotically armed and armoured barbarians, treacherous and degenerate, are dominated by Roman iron and native courage.[14] His plain Romans virtuously dedicate the magnificent spoils of war to the gods. Their Campanian allies stage a dinner entertainment using gladiators who may not be Samnites, but play the Samnite role. Other groups and tribes would join the cast list as Roman territories expanded. Most gladiators were armed and armoured in the manner of the enemies of Rome.[15] The gladiator munus became a morally instructive form of historic enactment in which the only honourable option for the gladiator was to fight well, or else die well.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Aemilius Lepidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_232_BC)"},{"link_name":"consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"augur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur"},{"link_name":"Forum Romanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Romanum"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Scipio Africanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_Africanus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell,_8-9-18"},{"link_name":"Punic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cannae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Publius Licinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Licinius_Crassus_Dives_(consul_205_BC)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/editor#Latin"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Titus Flamininus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"barbarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarian"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"},{"link_name":"ludi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludi"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Jupiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lintott_2004_183-26"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"In 216 BC, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, late consul and augur, was honoured by his sons with three days of gladiatora munera in the Forum Romanum, using twenty-two pairs of gladiators.[17] Ten years later, Scipio Africanus gave a commemorative munus in Iberia for his father and uncle, casualties in the Punic Wars. High status non-Romans, and possibly Romans too, volunteered as his gladiators.[18] The context of the Punic Wars and Rome's near-disastrous defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) link these early games to munificence, the celebration of military victory and the religious expiation of military disaster; these munera appear to serve a morale-raising agenda in an era of military threat and expansion.[19] The next recorded munus, held for the funeral of Publius Licinius in 183 BC, was more extravagant. It involved three days of funeral games, 120 gladiators, and public distribution of meat (visceratio data)[20]—a practice that reflected the gladiatorial fights at Campanian banquets described by Livy and later deplored by Silius Italicus.[21]The enthusiastic adoption of gladiatoria munera by Rome's Iberian allies shows how easily, and how early, the culture of the gladiator munus permeated places far from Rome itself. By 174 BC, \"small\" Roman munera (private or public), provided by an editor of relatively low importance, may have been so commonplace and unremarkable they were not considered worth recording:[22]Many gladiatorial games were given in that year, some unimportant, one noteworthy beyond the rest—that of Titus Flamininus which he gave to commemorate the death of his father, which lasted four days, and was accompanied by a public distribution of meats, a banquet, and scenic performances. The climax of the show which was big for the time was that in three days seventy four gladiators fought.[23]In 105 BC, the ruling consuls offered Rome its first taste of state-sponsored \"barbarian combat\" demonstrated by gladiators from Capua, as part of a training program for the military. It proved immensely popular.[24] Thereafter, the gladiator contests formerly restricted to private munera were often included in the state games (ludi)[25] that accompanied the major religious festivals. Where traditional ludi had been dedicated to a deity, such as Jupiter, the munera could be dedicated to an aristocratic sponsor's divine or heroic ancestor.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nennig_Roman_Villa_and_Mosaics_-_51134391753.jpg"},{"link_name":"retiarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retiarius"},{"link_name":"secutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secutor"},{"link_name":"trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident"},{"link_name":"Nennig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nennig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gladiateur_Begram_Guimet_18117.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman glassware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_glass"},{"link_name":"Begram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begram"},{"link_name":"Kushan Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Warwick Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Ball"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations"},{"link_name":"Silk Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"privatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatus"},{"link_name":"plebeians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian"},{"link_name":"tribunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Sulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla"},{"link_name":"praetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"sumptuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumptuary"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"curule aedile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curule_aedile"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Spartacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Roman Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Saturnalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia"},{"link_name":"Quinquatria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinquatria"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"praetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetor"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"imperial cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)"},{"link_name":"numen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numen"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lintott_2004_183-26"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Marcus Aurelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius"},{"link_name":"Commodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodus"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Peak","text":"A retiarius stabs at a secutor with his trident in this mosaic from the villa at Nennig, Germany, c. 2nd–3rd century AD.Roman glassware decorated with a gladiator, dated 52–125 AD and found at Begram, Afghanistan, a royal city of the Kushan Empire where, according to Warwick Ball, it was likely on its way to Han dynasty China via the Silk Road along with other glass items.[27]Gladiatorial games offered their sponsors extravagantly expensive but effective opportunities for self-promotion, and gave their clients and potential voters exciting entertainment at little or no cost to themselves.[28] Gladiators became big business for trainers and owners, for politicians on the make and those who had reached the top and wished to stay there. A politically ambitious privatus (private citizen) might postpone his deceased father's munus to the election season, when a generous show might drum up votes; those in power and those seeking it needed the support of the plebeians and their tribunes, whose votes might be won with the mere promise of an exceptionally good show.[29] Sulla, during his term as praetor, showed his usual acumen in breaking his own sumptuary laws to give the most lavish munus yet seen in Rome, for the funeral of his wife, Metella.[30]In the closing years of the politically and socially unstable Late Republic, any aristocratic owner of gladiators had political muscle at his disposal.[31][32][33] In 65 BC, newly elected curule aedile Julius Caesar held games that he justified as munus to his father, who had been dead for 20 years. Despite an already enormous personal debt, he used 320 gladiator pairs in silvered armour.[34] He had more available in Capua but the senate, mindful of the recent Spartacus revolt and fearful of Caesar's burgeoning private armies and rising popularity, imposed a limit of 320 pairs as the maximum number of gladiators any citizen could keep in Rome.[35] Caesar's showmanship was unprecedented in scale and expense;[36] he had staged a munus as memorial rather than funeral rite, eroding any practical or meaningful distinction between munus and ludi.[37]Gladiatorial games, usually linked with beast shows, spread throughout the republic and beyond.[38] Anti-corruption laws of 65 and 63 BC attempted but failed to curb the political usefulness of the games to their sponsors.[39] Following Caesar's assassination and the Roman Civil War, Augustus assumed imperial authority over the games, including munera, and formalised their provision as a civic and religious duty.[40] His revision of sumptuary law capped private and public expenditure on munera, claiming to save the Roman elite from the bankruptcies they would otherwise suffer, and restricting gladiator munera to the festivals of Saturnalia and Quinquatria.[41] Henceforth, an imperial praetor's official munus was allowed a maximum of 120 gladiators at a ceiling cost of 25,000 denarii; an imperial ludi might cost no less than 180,000 denarii.[42] Throughout the empire, the greatest and most celebrated games would now be identified with the state-sponsored imperial cult, which furthered public recognition, respect and approval for the emperor's divine numen, his laws, and his agents.[43][26] Between 108 and 109 AD, Trajan celebrated his Dacian victories using a reported 10,000 gladiators and 11,000 animals over 123 days.[44] The cost of gladiators and munera continued to spiral out of control. Legislation of 177 AD by Marcus Aurelius did little to stop it, and was completely ignored by his son, Commodus.[45]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"crisis of the 3rd century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_of_the_3rd_century"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Tertullian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian"},{"link_name":"pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsiek2006287-49"},{"link_name":"Augustine of Hippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Alypius of Thagaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alypius_of_Thagaste"},{"link_name":"salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation#Christianity"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Constantine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"ad bestias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_bestias"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaic_museum_Istanbul_2007_011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Palace of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Valentinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Theodosius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I"},{"link_name":"Nicene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"state religion of the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Honorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)"},{"link_name":"Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Theodoret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoret"},{"link_name":"Saint Telemachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Telemachus"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Valentinian III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_III"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine"},{"link_name":"theatrical shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"chariot races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_race"}],"sub_title":"Decline","text":"The decline of the gladiatorial munus was a far from straightforward process.[46] The crisis of the 3rd century imposed increasing military demands on the imperial purse, from which the Roman Empire never quite recovered, and lesser magistrates found their provision of various obligatory munera an increasingly unrewarding tax on the doubtful privileges of office. Still, emperors continued to subsidize the games as a matter of undiminished public interest.[47] In the early 3rd century AD, the Christian writer Tertullian condemned the attendance of Christians: the combats, he said, were murder, their witnessing spiritually and morally harmful and the gladiator an instrument of pagan human sacrifice.[48] Carolyn Osiek comments:The reason, we would suppose, would be primarily the bloodthirsty violence, but his is different: the extent of religious ritual and meaning in them, which constitutes idolatry. Although Tertullian states that these events are forbidden to believers, the fact that he writes a whole treatise to convince Christians that they should not attend (De Spectaculis) shows that apparently not everyone agreed to stay away from them.[49]In the next century, Augustine of Hippo deplored the youthful fascination of his friend (and later fellow-convert and bishop) Alypius of Thagaste, with the munera spectacle as inimical to a Christian life and salvation.[50] Amphitheatres continued to host the spectacular administration of Imperial justice: in 315 Constantine the Great condemned child-snatchers ad bestias in the arena. Ten years later, he forbade criminals being forced to fight to the death as gladiators:Bloody spectacles do not please us in civil ease and domestic quiet. For that reason we forbid those people to be gladiators who by reason of some criminal act were accustomed to deserve this condition and sentence. You shall rather sentence them to serve in the mines so that they may acknowledge the penalties of their crimes with blood.[51]A 5th-century mosaic in the Great Palace of Constantinople depicts two venatores fighting a tigerThis has been interpreted as a ban on gladiatorial combat. Yet, in the last year of his life, Constantine wrote a letter to the citizens of Hispellum, granting its people the right to celebrate his rule with gladiatorial games.[52]In 365, Valentinian I (r. 364–375) threatened to fine a judge who sentenced Christians to the arena and in 384 attempted, like most of his predecessors, to limit the expenses of gladiatora munera.[53][54][55]In 393, Theodosius I (r. 379–395) adopted Nicene Christianity as the state religion of the Roman Empire and banned pagan festivals.[56] The ludi continued, very gradually shorn of their stubbornly pagan elements. Honorius (r. 395–423) legally ended gladiator games in 399, and again in 404, at least in the Western Roman Empire. According to Theodoret, the ban was in consequence of Saint Telemachus' martyrdom by spectators at a gladiator munus.[57] Valentinian III (r. 425–455) repeated the ban in 438, perhaps effectively, though venationes continued beyond 536.[58] By this time, interest in gladiator contests had waned throughout the Roman world. In the Byzantine Empire, theatrical shows and chariot races continued to attract the crowds, and drew a generous imperial subsidy.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"munera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munera_(ancient_Rome)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kyle_1998_80-59"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"quaestors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaestor"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell,_43-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"The earliest munera took place at or near the tomb of the deceased and these were organised by their munerator (who made the offering). Later games were held by an editor, either identical with the munerator or an official employed by him. As time passed, these titles and meanings may have merged.[59] In the republican era, private citizens could own and train gladiators, or lease them from a lanista (owner of a gladiator training school). From the principate onwards, private citizens could hold munera and own gladiators only with imperial permission, and the role of editor was increasingly tied to state officialdom. Legislation by Claudius required that quaestors, the lowest rank of Roman magistrate, personally subsidise two-thirds of the costs of games for their small-town communities—in effect, both an advertisement of their personal generosity and a part-purchase of their office. Bigger games were put on by senior magistrates, who could better afford them. The largest and most lavish of all were paid for by the emperor himself.[60][61]","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naples_Museum_18_(14972772469).jpg"},{"link_name":"Cestus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestus"},{"link_name":"Roman mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mosaic"},{"link_name":"National Archaeological Museum, Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Naples"},{"link_name":"Samnite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnite_(gladiator_type)"},{"link_name":"Thracian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraex"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_gladiator_types#Gallus"},{"link_name":"secutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secutor"},{"link_name":"murmillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmillo"},{"link_name":"retiarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retiarius"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"chariots or carts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essedarius"},{"link_name":"cestus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cestus"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Jewish Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War"},{"link_name":"\"hurtful ones\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/noxius#Latin"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pollice Verso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollice_Verso_(G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Léon Gérôme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me"},{"link_name":"Pax Romana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Romana"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"auctorati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auctoro#Latin"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Scipio Africanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipio_Africanus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell,_8-9-18"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell,_129:_citing_Dio-68"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Nero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"text":"A Cestus boxer and a rooster in a Roman mosaic at the National Archaeological Museum, Naples, 1st century ADThe earliest types of gladiator were named after Rome's enemies of that time: the Samnite, Thracian and Gaul. The Samnite, heavily armed, elegantly helmed and probably the most popular type, was renamed secutor and the Gaul renamed murmillo, once these former enemies had been conquered then absorbed into Rome's Empire. In the mid-republican munus, each type seems to have fought against a similar or identical type. In the later Republic and early Empire, various \"fantasy\" types were introduced, and were set against dissimilar but complementary types. For example, the bareheaded, nimble retiarius (\"net-man\"), armoured only at the left arm and shoulder, pitted his net, trident and dagger against the more heavily armoured, helmeted Secutor.[62] Most depictions of gladiators show the most common and popular types. Passing literary references to others has allowed their tentative reconstruction. Other novelties introduced around this time included gladiators who fought from chariots or carts, or from horseback. At an unknown date, cestus fighters were introduced to Roman arenas, probably from Greece, armed with potentially lethal boxing gloves.[63]The trade in gladiators was empire-wide, and subjected to official supervision. Rome's military success produced a supply of soldier-prisoners who were redistributed for use in State mines or amphitheatres and for sale on the open market. For example, in the aftermath of the Jewish Revolt, the gladiator schools received an influx of Jews—those rejected for training would have been sent straight to the arenas as noxii (lit. \"hurtful ones\").[64] The best—the most robust—were sent to Rome. In Rome's military ethos, enemy soldiers who had surrendered or allowed their own capture and enslavement had been granted an unmerited gift of life. Their training as gladiators would give them opportunity to redeem their honour in the munus.[65]Pollice Verso (\"With a Turned Thumb\"), an 1872 painting by Jean-Léon GérômeTwo other sources of gladiators, found increasingly during the Principate and the relatively low military activity of the Pax Romana, were slaves condemned to the arena (damnati), to gladiator schools or games (ad ludum gladiatorium)[66] as punishment for crimes, and the paid volunteers (auctorati) who by the late Republic may have comprised approximately half—and possibly the most capable half—of all gladiators.[67] The use of volunteers had a precedent in the Iberian munus of Scipio Africanus; but none of those had been paid.[18]For the poor, and for non-citizens, enrollment in a gladiator school offered a trade, regular food, housing of sorts and a fighting chance of fame and fortune. Mark Antony chose a troupe of gladiators to be his personal bodyguard.[68] Gladiators customarily kept their prize money and any gifts they received, and these could be substantial. Tiberius offered several retired gladiators 100,000 sesterces each to return to the arena.[69] Nero gave the gladiator Spiculus property and residence \"equal to those of men who had celebrated triumphs.\"[70]","title":"The gladiators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"female gladiators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_gladiator"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell_2006_153%E2%80%93156-71"},{"link_name":"Nero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero"},{"link_name":"Tiridates I of Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiridates_I_of_Armenia"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Petronius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronius"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Domitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobelli_2003_18-76"},{"link_name":"Ostia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostia_Antica"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacobelli_2003_18-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Cassius Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_Dio"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell_2006_153%E2%80%93156-71"},{"link_name":"Septimius Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus"},{"link_name":"Antiochene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"Commodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodus"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Women","text":"From the 60s AD female gladiators appear as rare and \"exotic markers of exceptionally lavish spectacle\".[71] In 66 AD, Nero had Ethiopian women, men and children fight at a munus to impress the King Tiridates I of Armenia.[72] Romans seem to have found the idea of a female gladiator novel and entertaining, or downright absurd; Juvenal titillates his readers with a woman named \"Mevia\", hunting boars in the arena \"with spear in hand and breasts exposed\",[73] and Petronius mocks the pretensions of a rich, low-class citizen, whose munus includes a woman fighting from a cart or chariot.[74] A munus of 89 AD, during Domitian's reign, featured a battle between female gladiators, described as \"Amazons\".[75] In Halicarnassus, a 2nd-century AD relief depicts two female combatants named \"Amazon\" and \"Achillia\"; their match ended in a draw.[76] In the same century, an epigraph praises one of Ostia's local elite as the first to \"arm women\" in the history of its games.[76] Female gladiators probably submitted to the same regulations and training as their male counterparts.[77] Roman morality required that all gladiators be of the lowest social classes, and emperors who failed to respect this distinction earned the scorn of posterity. Cassius Dio takes pains to point out that when the much admired emperor Titus used female gladiators, they were of acceptably low class.[71]Some regarded female gladiators of any type or class as a symptom of corrupted Roman appetites, morals and womanhood. Before he became emperor, Septimius Severus may have attended the Antiochene Olympic Games, which had been revived by the emperor Commodus and included traditional Greek female athletics. Septimius' attempt to give Rome a similarly dignified display of female athletics was met by the crowd with ribald chants and cat-calls.[78] Probably as a result, he banned the use of female gladiators in 200 AD.[79][80]","title":"The gladiators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"Lucius Verus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Verus"},{"link_name":"Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla"},{"link_name":"Geta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta"},{"link_name":"Didius Julianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didius_Julianus"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Commodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodus"},{"link_name":"bestiarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiarii"},{"link_name":"venator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venatio"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Emperors","text":"Caligula, Titus, Hadrian, Lucius Verus, Caracalla, Geta and Didius Julianus were all said to have performed in the arena, either in public or private, but risks to themselves were minimal.[81] Claudius, characterised by his historians as morbidly cruel and boorish, fought a whale trapped in the harbor in front of a group of spectators.[82] Commentators invariably disapproved of such performances.[83]Commodus was a fanatical participant at the ludi, and compelled Rome's elite to attend his performances as gladiator, bestiarius or venator. Most of his performances as a gladiator were bloodless affairs, fought with wooden swords; he invariably won. He was said to have restyled Nero's colossal statue in his own image as \"Hercules Reborn\", dedicated to himself as \"Champion of secutores; only left-handed fighter to conquer twelve times one thousand men.\"[84] He was said to have killed 100 lions in one day, almost certainly from an elevated platform surrounding the arena perimeter, which allowed him to safely demonstrate his marksmanship. On another occasion, he decapitated a running ostrich with a specially designed dart, carried the bloodied head and his sword over to the Senatorial seats and gesticulated as though they were next.[85] As reward for these services, he drew a gigantic stipend from the public purse.[86]","title":"The gladiators"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"The games"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nennig_Roman_Villa_and_Mosaics_-_51134951379.jpg"},{"link_name":"mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_mosaic"},{"link_name":"Roman villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_villa"},{"link_name":"Nennig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nennig"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Potter_and_Mattingly,_313-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Preparations","text":"A duel, using whip, cudgel and shields, mosaic from a Roman villa at Nennig, GermanyGladiator games were advertised well beforehand, on billboards that gave the reason for the game, its editor, venue, date and the number of paired gladiators (ordinarii) to be used. Other highlighted features could include details of venationes, executions, music and any luxuries to be provided for the spectators, such as an awning against the sun, water sprinklers, food, drink, sweets and occasionally \"door prizes\". For enthusiasts and gamblers, a more detailed program (libellus) was distributed on the day of the munus, showing the names, types and match records of gladiator pairs, and their order of appearance.[87] Left-handed gladiators were advertised as a rarity; they were trained to fight right-handers, which gave them an advantage over most opponents and produced an interestingly unorthodox combination.[88]The night before the munus, the gladiators were given a banquet and opportunity to order their personal and private affairs; Futrell notes its similarity to a ritualistic or sacramental \"last meal\".[89] These were probably both family and public events which included even the noxii, sentenced to die in the arena the following day; and the damnati, who would have at least a slender chance of survival. The event may also have been used to drum up more publicity for the imminent game.[90][91]","title":"The games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"lictors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lictors"},{"link_name":"fasces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaique_Zliten.jpg"},{"link_name":"water organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_organ"},{"link_name":"(cornua)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornu_(horn)"},{"link_name":"Nennig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nennig"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"paegniarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_gladiator_types"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"sub_title":"The ludi and munus","text":"Official munera of the early Imperial era seem to have followed a standard form (munus legitimum).[92] A procession (pompa) entered the arena, led by lictors who bore the fasces that signified the magistrate-editor's power over life and death. They were followed by a small band of trumpeters (tubicines) playing a fanfare. Images of the gods were carried in to \"witness\" the proceedings, followed by a scribe to record the outcome, and a man carrying the palm branch used to honour victors. The magistrate editor entered among a retinue who carried the arms and armour to be used; the gladiators presumably came in last.[93]Musicians with trumpet (tuba), water organ (hydraulis), and horns (cornua), from the Nennig gladiator mosaicThe entertainments often began with venationes (beast hunts) and bestiarii (beast fighters).[94] Next came the ludi meridiani, which were of variable content but usually involved executions of noxii, some of whom were condemned to be subjects of fatal re-enactments, based on Greek or Roman myths.[95] Gladiators may have been involved in these as executioners, though most of the crowd, and the gladiators themselves, preferred the \"dignity\" of an even contest.[96] There were also comedy fights; some may have been lethal. A crude Pompeian graffito suggests a burlesque of musicians, dressed as animals named Ursus tibicen (flute-playing bear) and Pullus cornicen (horn-blowing chicken), perhaps as accompaniment to clowning by paegniarii during a \"mock\" contest of the ludi meridiani.[97]","title":"The games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_myrmillones_gladiator_helmet_with_relief_depicting_scenes_from_the_Trojan_War_from_Herculaneum_1st_century_CE_Bronze_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Murmillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmillo"},{"link_name":"Herculaneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_gladiator_helmet_found_in_the_gladiator_barracks_in_Pompeii_1st_century_CE.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_gladiator_helmet_from_Herculaneum_Iron_1st_century_CE.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gladiator_helmet_found_in_Pompeii_and_richly_decorated_with_scenes_of_Greek_mythology,_Gladiators_%E2%80%93_Death_and_Triumph_at_the_Colosseum_exhibition,_Museum_und_Park_Kalkriese_(9618142634).jpg"},{"link_name":"Greek Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Mythology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antica_roma,_elmo_con_cresta,_I-III_secolo_ca.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ornate_pair_of_gladiator_shin_guards_depicting_a_procession_of_Bacchus_from_the_gladiator_barracks_in_Pompeii_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gladiator_shin_guard_depicting_the_goddess_Athena_from_the_gladiator_barracks_in_Pompeii_1st_century_CE.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gladiator_shin_guard_depicting_Venus_Euploia_protectress_of_seafarers_sitting_on_a_ship_shaped_like_a_dolphin_from_Pompeii_1st_century_CE.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venus Euploia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(mythology)#Epithets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heart-shaped_spear_head_found_in_the_gladiator_barracks_in_Pompeii_1st_century_CE.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Armatures","text":"The gladiators may have held informal warm-up matches, using blunted or dummy weapons—some munera, however, may have used blunted weapons throughout.[98] The editor, his representative or an honoured guest would check the weapons (probatio armorum) for the scheduled matches.[99] These were the highlight of the day, and were as inventive, varied and novel as the editor could afford. Armatures could be very costly—some were flamboyantly decorated with exotic feathers, jewels and precious metals. Increasingly the munus was the editor's gift to spectators who had come to expect the best as their due.[100]Murmillo gladiator helmet with relief depicting scenes from the Trojan War; from Herculaneum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHelmet found in the gladiator barracks in Pompeii\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIron gladiator helmet from Herculaneum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGladiator helmet found in Pompeii, with scenes from Greek Mythology\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHelmet from 1st–3rd century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOrnate gladiator shin guards from Pompeii\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShin guard depicting the goddess Athena\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShin guard depicting Venus Euploia (Venus of the \"fair voyage\") on a ship shaped like a dolphin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeart-shaped spear head found in the gladiator barracks in Pompeii","title":"The games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"retiarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retiarius"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Potter_and_Mattingly,_313-90"},{"link_name":"melee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melee"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunkle_2013_p70-71-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fagan-105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astyanax_vs_Kalendio_mosaic.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Archaeological Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"retiarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retiarius"},{"link_name":"secutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secutor"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fagan-105"},{"link_name":"referee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referee"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coleman-88"},{"link_name":"Zliten mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zliten_mosaic"},{"link_name":"tubicen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lituus"},{"link_name":"Cornu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornu_(horn)"},{"link_name":"water organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_organ"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"sub_title":"Combat","text":"Lightly armed and armoured fighters, such as the retiarius, would tire less rapidly than their heavily armed opponents; most bouts would have lasted 10 to 15 minutes, or 20 minutes at most.[101] In late Republican munera, between 10 and 13 matches could have been fought on one day; this assumes one match at a time in the course of an afternoon.[90]Spectators preferred to watch highly skilled, well matched ordinarii with complementary fighting styles; these were the most costly to train and to hire. A general melee of several, lower-skilled gladiators was far less costly, but also less popular. Even among the ordinarii, match winners might have to fight a new, well-rested opponent, either a tertiarius (\"third choice gladiator\") by prearrangement; or a \"substitute\" gladiator (suppositicius) who fought at the whim of the editor as an unadvertised, unexpected \"extra\".[102] This yielded two combats for the cost of three gladiators, rather than four; such contests were prolonged, and in some cases, more bloody. Most were probably of poor quality,[103] but the emperor Caracalla chose to test a notably skilled and successful fighter named Bato against first one supposicitius, whom he beat, and then another, who killed him.[104] At the opposite level of the profession, a gladiator reluctant to confront his opponent might be whipped, or goaded with hot irons, until he engaged through sheer desperation.[105]Mosaic at the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid showing a retiarius named Kalendio (shown surrendering in the upper section) fighting a secutor named Astyanax. The Ø sign by Kalendio's name implies he was killed after surrendering.Combats between experienced, well trained gladiators demonstrated a considerable degree of stagecraft. Among the cognoscenti, bravado and skill in combat were esteemed over mere hacking and bloodshed; some gladiators made their careers and reputation from bloodless victories. Suetonius describes an exceptional munus by Nero, in which no-one was killed, \"not even noxii (enemies of the state).\"[105]Trained gladiators were expected to observe professional rules of combat. Most matches employed a senior referee (summa rudis) and an assistant, shown in mosaics with long staffs (rudes) to caution or separate opponents at some crucial point in the match. Referees were usually retired gladiators whose decisions, judgement and discretion were, for the most part, respected;[106] they could stop bouts entirely, or pause them to allow the combatants rest, refreshment and a rub-down.[107]Ludi and munera were accompanied by music, played as interludes, or building to a \"frenzied crescendo\" during combats, perhaps to heighten the suspense during a gladiator's appeal; blows may have been accompanied by trumpet-blasts.[108][88] The Zliten mosaic in Libya (circa 80–100 AD) shows musicians playing an accompaniment to provincial games (with gladiators, bestiarii, or venatores and prisoners attacked by beasts). Their instruments are a long straight trumpet (tubicen), a large curved horn (Cornu) and a water organ (hydraulis).[109] Similar representations (musicians, gladiators and bestiari) are found on a tomb relief in Pompeii.[110]","title":"The games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pollice verso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollice_verso"},{"link_name":"Priscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscus_(gladiator)"},{"link_name":"Verus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verus_(gladiator)"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"secutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secutor"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barton_2728-120"},{"link_name":"pollice verso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollice_verso"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barton_2728-120"},{"link_name":"retiarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retiarius"},{"link_name":"secutores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secutores"},{"link_name":"Caligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"Victory and defeat","text":"See also: Pollice versoA match was won by the gladiator who overcame his opponent, or killed him outright. Victors received the palm branch and an award from the editor. An outstanding fighter might receive a laurel crown and money from an appreciative crowd but for anyone originally condemned ad ludum the greatest reward was manumission (emancipation), symbolised by the gift of a wooden training sword or staff (rudis) from the editor. Martial describes a match between Priscus and Verus, who fought so evenly and bravely for so long that when both acknowledged defeat at the same instant, Titus awarded victory and a rudis to each.[111] Flamma was awarded the rudis four times, but chose to remain a gladiator. His gravestone in Sicily includes his record: \"Flamma, secutor, lived 30 years, fought 34 times, won 21 times, fought to a draw 9 times, defeated 4 times, a Syrian by nationality. Delicatus made this for his deserving comrade-in-arms.\"[112]A gladiator could acknowledge defeat by raising a finger (ad digitum), in appeal to the referee to stop the combat and refer to the editor, whose decision would usually rest on the crowd's response.[113] In the earliest munera, death was considered a righteous penalty for defeat; later, those who fought well might be granted remission at the whim of the crowd or the editor. During the Imperial era, matches advertised as sine missione (usually understood to mean \"without reprieve\" for the defeated) suggest that missio (the sparing of a defeated gladiator's life) had become common practice. The contract between editor and his lanista could include compensation for unexpected deaths;[114] this could be \"some fifty times higher than the lease price\" of the gladiator.[115]Under Augustus' rule, the demand for gladiators began to exceed supply, and matches sine missione were officially banned; an economical, pragmatic development that happened to match popular notions of \"natural justice\". When Caligula and Claudius refused to spare defeated but popular fighters, their own popularity suffered. In general, gladiators who fought well were likely to survive.[116] At a Pompeian match between chariot-fighters, Publius Ostorius, with previous 51 wins to his credit, was granted missio after losing to Scylax, with 26 victories.[117] By common custom, the spectators decided whether or not a losing gladiator should be spared, and chose the winner in the rare event of a standing tie.[118] Even more rarely, perhaps uniquely, one stalemate ended in the killing of one gladiator by the editor himself.[119][120] In any event, the final decision of death or life belonged to the editor, who signalled his choice with a gesture described by Roman sources as pollice verso meaning \"with a turned thumb\"; a description too imprecise for reconstruction of the gesture or its symbolism. Whether victorious or defeated, a gladiator was bound by oath to accept or implement his editor's decision, \"the victor being nothing but the instrument of his [editor's] will.\"[120] Not all editors chose to go with the crowd, and not all those condemned to death for putting on a poor show chose to submit:Once a band of five retiarii in tunics, matched against the same number of secutores, yielded without a struggle; but when their death was ordered, one of them caught up his trident and slew all the victors. Caligula bewailed this in a public proclamation as a most cruel murder.[121]","title":"The games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GladiatorFeldflasche.jpg"},{"link_name":"murmillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmillo"},{"link_name":"thraex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraex"},{"link_name":"Libitina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libitina"},{"link_name":"Tertullian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian"},{"link_name":"Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthage"},{"link_name":"Dis Pater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dis_Pater"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"larva or lemur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemures"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borghese_villa_gladiator_mosaic.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gladiator Mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Galleria Borghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_Borghese"},{"link_name":"theta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theta"},{"link_name":"symbol of death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_death"},{"link_name":"epigraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphy"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"}],"sub_title":"Death and disposal","text":"A gladiator who was refused missio was despatched by his opponent. To die well, a gladiator should never ask for mercy, nor cry out.[122] A \"good death\" redeemed the gladiator from the dishonourable weakness and passivity of defeat, and provided a noble example to those who watched:[123]For death, when it stands near us, gives even to inexperienced men the courage not to seek to avoid the inevitable. So the gladiator, no matter how faint-hearted he has been throughout the fight, offers his throat to his opponent and directs the wavering blade to the vital spot. (Seneca. Epistles, 30.8)Some mosaics show defeated gladiators kneeling in preparation for the moment of death. Seneca's \"vital spot\" seems to have meant the neck.[124] Gladiator remains from Ephesus confirm this.[125]A flask depicting the final phase of the fight between a murmillo (winning) and a thraexThe body of a gladiator who had died well was placed on a couch of Libitina and removed with dignity to the arena morgue, where the corpse was stripped of armour, and probably had its throat cut as confirmation of death. The Christian author Tertullian, commenting on ludi meridiani in Roman Carthage during the peak era of the games, describes a more humiliating method of removal. One arena official, dressed as the \"brother of Jove\", Dis Pater (god of the underworld) strikes the corpse with a mallet. Another, dressed as Mercury, tests for life-signs with a heated \"wand\"; once confirmed as dead, the body is dragged from the arena.[126]Whether these victims were gladiators or noxii is unknown. Modern pathological examination confirms the probably fatal use of a mallet on some, but not all the gladiator skulls found in a gladiators' cemetery.[127] Kyle (1998) proposes that gladiators who disgraced themselves might have been subjected to the same indignities as noxii, denied the relative mercies of a quick death and dragged from the arena as carrion. Whether the corpse of such a gladiator could be redeemed from further ignominy by friends or familia is not known.[128]The bodies of noxii, and possibly some damnati, were thrown into rivers or dumped unburied;[129] Denial of funeral rites and memorial condemned the shade (manes) of the deceased to restless wandering upon the earth as a dreadful larva or lemur.[130] Ordinary citizens, slaves and freedmen were usually buried beyond the town or city limits, to avoid the ritual and physical pollution of the living; professional gladiators had their own, separate cemeteries. The taint of infamia was perpetual.[131]Part of the Gladiator Mosaic, displayed at the Galleria Borghese. It dates from approximately 320 AD. The Ø symbol is the theta nigrum (\"black theta\") or theta infelix (\"unlucky theta\"), a symbol of death in Greek and Latin epigraphy.[132]","title":"The games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIGHTING_FOR_IDENTITY_2000-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Gladiator Mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Caracalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dunkle_2013_p70-71-104"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Nemesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemesis_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Fortuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"}],"sub_title":"Remembrance and epitaphs","text":"Gladiators could subscribe to a union (collegia), which ensured their proper burial, and sometimes a pension or compensation for wives and children. Otherwise, the gladiator's familia, which included his lanista, comrades and blood-kin, might fund his funeral and memorial costs, and use the memorial to assert their moral reputation as responsible, respectful colleagues or family members. Some monuments record the gladiator's career in some detail, including the number of appearances, victories—sometimes represented by an engraved crown or wreath—defeats, career duration, and age at death. Some include the gladiator's type, in words or direct representation: for example, the memorial of a retiarius at Verona included the engraving of a trident and sword.[133][134] A wealthy editor might commission artwork to celebrate a particularly successful or memorable show, and include named portraits of winners and losers in action; the Borghese Gladiator Mosaic is a notable example. According to Cassius Dio, the emperor Caracalla gave the gladiator Bato a magnificent memorial and State funeral;[104] more typical are the simple gladiator tombs of the Eastern Roman Empire, whose brief inscriptions include the following:\"The familia set this up in memory of Saturnilos.\"\n\"For Nikepharos, son of Synetos, Lakedaimonian, and for Narcissus the secutor. Titus Flavius Satyrus set up this monument in his memory from his own money.\"\n\"For Hermes. Paitraeites with his cell-mates set this up in memory\".[135]Very little evidence survives of the religious beliefs of gladiators as a class, or their expectations of an afterlife. Modern scholarship offers little support for the once-prevalent notion that gladiators, venatores and bestiarii were personally or professionally dedicated to the cult of the Graeco-Roman goddess Nemesis. Rather, she seems to have represented a kind of \"Imperial Fortuna\" who dispensed Imperial retribution on the one hand, and Imperially subsidised gifts on the other—including the munera. One gladiator's tomb dedication clearly states that her decisions are not to be trusted.[136] Many gladiator epitaphs claim Nemesis, fate, deception or treachery as the instrument of their death, never the superior skills of the flesh-and-blood adversary who defeated and killed them. Having no personal responsibility for his own defeat and death, the losing gladiator remains the better man, worth avenging.[137]\"I, Victor, left-handed, lie here, but my homeland was in Thessalonica. Doom killed me, not the liar Pinnas. No longer let him boast. I had a fellow gladiator, Polyneikes, who killed Pinnas and avenged me. Claudius Thallus set up this memorial from what I left behind as a legacy.\"[138]","title":"The games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FIGHTING_FOR_IDENTITY_2000-133"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell_2006_144-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell_2006_144-141"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"}],"sub_title":"Life expectancy","text":"A gladiator might expect to fight in two or three munera annually, and an unknown number would have died in their first match. Few gladiators survived more than 10 contests, though one survived an extraordinary 150 bouts;[139] and another died at 90 years of age, presumably long after retirement.[140] A natural death following retirement is also likely for three individuals who died at 38, 45, and 48 years respectively.[133] George Ville, using evidence from 1st century gladiator headstones, calculated an average age at death of 27, and mortality \"among all who entered the arena\" at 19/100.[141] Marcus Junkelmann disputes Ville's calculation for average age at death; the majority would have received no headstone, and would have died early in their careers, at 18–25 years of age.[142] Between the early and later Imperial periods the risk of death for defeated gladiators rose from 1/5 to 1/4, perhaps because missio was granted less often.[141] Hopkins and Beard tentatively estimate a total of 400 arenas throughout the Roman Empire at its greatest extent, with a combined total of 8,000 deaths per annum from executions, combats and accidents.[143]","title":"The games"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of physical training and fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Spartacus revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Servile_War"},{"link_name":"Lentulus Batiatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentulus_Batiatus"},{"link_name":"Domitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"},{"link_name":"Pergamum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamum"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Praeneste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeneste"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Ludus Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludus_Magnus"},{"link_name":"Ludus Dacicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludus_Dacicus"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kyle_1998_80-59"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"sesterces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesterces"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"sacramentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#sacramentum"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"branded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_branding"},{"link_name":"tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tattooing"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Juvenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenal"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"}],"text":"See also: History of physical training and fitnessThe earliest named gladiator school (singular: ludus; plural: ludi) is that of Aurelius Scaurus at Capua. He was lanista of the gladiators employed by the state circa 105 BC to instruct the legions and simultaneously entertain the public.[144] Few other lanistae are known by name: they headed their familia gladiatoria, and had lawful power over life and death of every family member, including servi poenae, auctorati and ancillaries. Socially, they were infames, on a footing with pimps and butchers and despised as price gougers.[145] No such stigma was attached to a gladiator owner (munerarius or editor) of good family, high status and independent means;[146] Cicero congratulated his friend Atticus on buying a splendid troop—if he rented them out, he might recover their entire cost after two performances.[147]The Spartacus revolt had originated in a gladiator school privately owned by Lentulus Batiatus, and had been suppressed only after a protracted series of costly, sometimes disastrous campaigns by regular Roman troops. In the late Republican era, a fear of similar uprisings, the usefulness of gladiator schools in creating private armies, and the exploitation of munera for political gain led to increased restrictions on gladiator school ownership, siting and organisation. By Domitian's time, many had been more or less absorbed by the State, including those at Pergamum, Alexandria, Praeneste and Capua.[148] The city of Rome itself had four; the Ludus Magnus (the largest and most important, housing up to about 2,000 gladiators), Ludus Dacicus, Ludus Gallicus, and the Ludus Matutinus, which trained bestiarii.[59]In the Imperial era, volunteers required a magistrate's permission to join a school as auctorati.[149] If this was granted, the school's physician assessed their suitability. Their contract (auctoramentum) stipulated how often they were to perform, their fighting style and earnings. A condemned bankrupt or debtor accepted as novice (novicius) could negotiate with his lanista or editor for the partial or complete payment of his debt. Faced with runaway re-enlistment fees for skilled auctorati, Marcus Aurelius set their upper limit at 12,000 sesterces.[150]All prospective gladiators, whether volunteer or condemned, were bound to service by a sacred oath (sacramentum).[151] Novices (novicii) trained under teachers of particular fighting styles, probably retired gladiators.[152] They could ascend through a hierarchy of grades (singular: palus) in which primus palus was the highest.[153] Lethal weapons were prohibited in the schools—weighted, blunt wooden versions were probably used. Fighting styles were probably learned through constant rehearsal as choreographed \"numbers\". An elegant, economical style was preferred. Training included preparation for a stoical, unflinching death. Successful training required intense commitment.[154]Those condemned ad ludum were probably branded or marked with a tattoo (stigma, plural stigmata) on the face, legs and/or hands. These stigmata may have been text—slaves were sometimes thus marked on the forehead until Constantine banned the use of facial stigmata in 325 AD. Soldiers were routinely marked on the hand.[155]Gladiators were typically accommodated in cells, arranged in barrack formation around a central practice arena. Juvenal describes the segregation of gladiators according to type and status, suggestive of rigid hierarchies within the schools: \"even the lowest scum of the arena observe this rule; even in prison they're separate\". Retiarii were kept away from damnati, and \"fag targeteers\" from \"armoured heavies\". As most ordinarii at games were from the same school, this kept potential opponents separate and safe from each other until the lawful munus.[156] Discipline could be extreme, even lethal.[157] Remains of a Pompeian ludus site attest to developments in supply, demand and discipline; in its earliest phase, the building could accommodate 15–20 gladiators. Its replacement could have housed about 100 and included a very small cell, probably for lesser punishments and so low that standing was impossible.[158]","title":"Schools and training"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gladiadores_despu%C3%A9s_del_combate,_por_Jos%C3%A9_Moreno_Carbonero.jpg"},{"link_name":"José Moreno Carbonero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Moreno_Carbonero"},{"link_name":"vegetarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beans"},{"link_name":"oatmeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oatmeal"},{"link_name":"dried fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_fruit"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"},{"link_name":"legionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionaries"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Galen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"sub_title":"Diet and medical care","text":"Gladiators after the fight, José Moreno Carbonero (1882)Despite the harsh discipline, gladiators represented a substantial investment for their lanista and were otherwise well fed and cared for. Their daily, high-energy, vegetarian diet consisted of barley, boiled beans, oatmeal, ash and dried fruit.[159][160] Gladiators were sometimes called hordearii (eaters of barley). Romans considered barley inferior to wheat—a punishment for legionaries replaced their wheat ration with it—but it was thought to strengthen the body.[161] Regular massage and high quality medical care helped mitigate an otherwise very severe training regimen. Part of Galen's medical training was at a gladiator school in Pergamum where he saw (and would later criticise) the training, diet, and long-term health prospects of the gladiators.[162]","title":"Schools and training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"rescript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rescript"},{"link_name":"manumission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumission"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"damnati ad bestias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnati_ad_bestias"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painting_from_the_Amphitheatre._Hunter_with_lioness_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mérida amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"venator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venatio"},{"link_name":"bestiarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiarii"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"infames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infamia"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Tiberius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Caligula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula"},{"link_name":"Claudius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Nero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nero"},{"link_name":"Commodus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodus"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Gracchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracchi"},{"link_name":"retiarius tunicatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retiarius"},{"link_name":"apex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex_(headdress)"},{"link_name":"priest of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salii"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"}],"text":"\"He vows to endure to be burned, to be bound, to be beaten, and to be killed by the sword.\" The gladiator's oath as cited by Petronius (Satyricon, 117).Modern customs and institutions offer few useful parallels to the legal and social context of the gladiatoria munera.[163] In Roman law, anyone condemned to the arena or the gladiator schools (damnati ad ludum) was a servus poenae (slave of the penalty), and was considered to be under sentence of death unless manumitted.[164] A rescript of Hadrian reminded magistrates that \"those sentenced to the sword\" (execution) should be despatched immediately \"or at least within the year\", and those sentenced to the ludi should not be discharged before five years, or three years if granted manumission.[165] Only slaves found guilty of specific offences could be sentenced to the arena; however, citizens found guilty of particular offenses could be stripped of citizenship, formally enslaved, then sentenced; and slaves, once freed, could be legally reverted to slavery for certain offences.[166] Arena punishment could be given for banditry, theft and arson, and for treasons such as rebellion, census evasion to avoid paying due taxes and refusal to swear lawful oaths.[167]Offenders seen as particularly obnoxious to the state (noxii) received the most humiliating punishments.[168] By the 1st century BC, noxii were being condemned to the beasts (damnati ad bestias) in the arena, with almost no chance of survival, or were made to kill each other.[169] From the early Imperial era, some were forced to participate in humiliating and novel forms of mythological or historical enactment, culminating in their execution.[170] Those judged less harshly might be condemned ad ludum venatorium or ad gladiatorium—combat with animals or gladiators—and armed as thought appropriate. These damnati at least might put on a good show and retrieve some respect and, very rarely, survive to fight another day. Some may even have become \"proper\" gladiators.[171]Mérida amphitheatre, Spain; mural of beast hunt, showing a venator (or bestiarius) and lionessAmong the most admired and skilled auctorati were those who, having been granted manumission, volunteered to fight in the arena.[172] Some of these highly trained and experienced specialists may have had no other practical choice open to them. Their legal status—slave or free—is uncertain. Under Roman law, a freed gladiator could not \"offer such services [as those of a gladiator] after manumission, because they cannot be performed without endangering [his] life.\"[173] All contracted volunteers, including those of equestrian and senatorial class, were legally enslaved by their auctoratio because it involved their potentially lethal submission to a master.[174] All arenarii (those who appeared in the arena) were \"infames by reputation\", a form of social dishonour which excluded them from most of the advantages and rights of citizenship. Payment for such appearances compounded their infamia.[175] The legal and social status of even the most popular and wealthy auctorati was thus marginal at best. They could not vote, plead in court nor leave a will; and unless they were manumitted, their lives and property belonged to their masters.[176] Nevertheless, there is evidence of informal if not entirely lawful practices to the contrary. Some \"unfree\" gladiators bequeathed money and personal property to wives and children, possibly via a sympathetic owner or familia; some had their own slaves and gave them their freedom.[177] One gladiator was even granted \"citizenship\" to several Greek cities of the Eastern Roman world.[178]Caesar's munus of 46 BC included at least one equestrian, son of a Praetor, and two volunteers of possible senatorial rank.[179] Augustus, who enjoyed watching the games, forbade the participation of senators, equestrians and their descendants as fighters or arenarii, but in 11 AD he bent his own rules and allowed equestrians to volunteer because \"the prohibition was no use\".[180] Under Tiberius, the Larinum decree[181] (19 AD) reiterated Augustus' original prohibitions. Thereafter, Caligula flouted them and Claudius strengthened them.[182] Nero and Commodus ignored them. Even after the adoption of Christianity as Rome's official religion, legislation forbade the involvement of Rome's upper social classes in the games, though not the games themselves.[183] Throughout Rome's history, some volunteers were prepared to risk loss of status or reputation by appearing in the arena, whether for payment, glory or, as in one recorded case, to revenge an affront to their personal honour.[184][185] In one extraordinary episode, an aristocratic descendant of the Gracchi, already infamous for his marriage, as a bride, to a male horn player, appeared in what may have been a non-lethal or farcical match. His motives are unknown, but his voluntary and \"shameless\" arena appearance combined the \"womanly attire\" of a lowly retiarius tunicatus, adorned with golden ribbons, with the apex headdress that marked him out as a priest of Mars. In Juvenal's account, he seems to have relished the scandalous self-display, applause and the disgrace he inflicted on his more sturdy opponent by repeatedly skipping away from the confrontation.[186][187]","title":"Legal and social status"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amphitheatre_1_Pompeii.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amphitheatre of Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Pompeii"},{"link_name":"the eruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79"},{"link_name":"Mount Vesuvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius"},{"link_name":"Forum Romanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Romanum"},{"link_name":"Caius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"corn dole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_supply_to_the_city_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Ticket scalpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_resale"},{"link_name":"Martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colosseum_in_Rome,_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Colosseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Pompeii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Sullan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Gaius Scribonius Curio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Scribonius_Curio_(praetor_49_BC)"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Vespasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespasian"},{"link_name":"Colosseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colosseum"},{"link_name":"inaugurated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaugural_games_of_the_Flavian_Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"Titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus"},{"link_name":"Jewish Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arlesarena.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arles Amphitheatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arles_Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-198"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Puteoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozzuoli"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell_205-200"}],"text":"The Amphitheatre of Pompeii, built around 70 BC and buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius 79 AD, once hosted spectacles with gladiators.As munera grew larger and more popular, open spaces such as the Forum Romanum were adapted (as the Forum Boarium had been) as venues in Rome and elsewhere, with temporary, elevated seating for the patron and high status spectators; they were popular but not truly public events:A show of gladiators was to be exhibited before the people in the market-place, and most of the magistrates erected scaffolds round about, with an intention of letting them for advantage. Caius commanded them to take down their scaffolds, that the poor people might see the sport without paying anything. But nobody obeying these orders of his, he gathered together a body of labourers, who worked for him, and overthrew all the scaffolds the very night before the contest was to take place. So that by the next morning the market-place was cleared, and the common people had an opportunity of seeing the pastime. In this, the populace thought he had acted the part of a man; but he much disobliged the tribunes his colleagues, who regarded it as a piece of violent and presumptuous interference.[188][189]Towards the end of the Republic, Cicero (Murena, 72–73) still describes gladiator shows as ticketed—their political usefulness was served by inviting the rural tribunes of the plebs, not the people of Rome en masse–but in Imperial times, poor citizens in receipt of the corn dole were allocated at least some free seating, possibly by lottery.[190] Others had to pay. Ticket scalpers (Locarii) sometimes sold or let out seats at inflated prices. Martial wrote that \"Hermes [a gladiator who always drew the crowds] means riches for the ticket scalpers\".[191]The Colosseum in Rome, ItalyThe earliest known Roman amphitheatre was built at Pompeii by Sullan colonists, around 70 BC.[192] The first in the city of Rome was the extraordinary wooden amphitheatre of Gaius Scribonius Curio (built in 53 BC).[193] The first part-stone amphitheatre in Rome was inaugurated in 29–30 BC, in time for the triple triumph of Octavian (later Augustus).[194] Shortly after it burned down in 64 AD, Vespasian began its replacement, later known as the Amphitheatrum Flavium (Colosseum), which seated 50,000 spectators and would remain the largest in the Empire. It was inaugurated by Titus in 80 AD as the personal gift of the Emperor to the people of Rome, paid for by the imperial share of booty after the Jewish Revolt.[195]Arles Amphitheatre, inside viewAmphitheatres were usually oval in plan. Their seating tiers surrounded the arena below, where the community's judgments were meted out, in full public view. From across the stands, crowd and editor could assess each other's character and temperament. For the crowd, amphitheatres afforded unique opportunities for free expression and free speech (theatralis licentia). Petitions could be submitted to the editor (as magistrate) in full view of the community. Factiones and claques could vent their spleen on each other, and occasionally on Emperors. The emperor Titus's dignified yet confident ease in his management of an amphitheatre crowd and its factions were taken as a measure of his enormous popularity and the rightness of his imperium. The amphitheatre munus thus served the Roman community as living theatre and a court in miniature, in which judgement could be served not only on those in the arena below, but on their judges.[196][197][198] Amphitheatres also provided a means of social control. Their seating was \"disorderly and indiscriminate\" until Augustus prescribed its arrangement in his Social Reforms. To persuade the Senate, he expressed his distress on behalf of a senator who could not find seating at a crowded games in Puteoli:In consequence of this the senate decreed that, whenever any public show was given anywhere, the first row of seats should be reserved for senators; and at Rome he would not allow the envoys of the free and allied nations to sit in the orchestra, since he was informed that even freedmen were sometimes appointed. He separated the soldiery from the people. He assigned special seats to the married men of the commons, to boys under age their own section and the adjoining one to their preceptors; and he decreed that no one wearing a dark cloak should sit in the middle of the house. He would not allow women to view even the gladiators except from the upper seats, though it had been the custom for men and women to sit together at such shows. Only the Vestal virgins were assigned a place to themselves, opposite the praetor's tribunal.[199]These arrangements do not seem to have been strongly enforced.[200]","title":"Amphitheatres"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Battle_at_the_Amphitheatre_-_MAN.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nucerians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocera_Inferiore"},{"link_name":"Pompeians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Secutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secutor"},{"link_name":"scutum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutum_(shield)"},{"link_name":"Murmillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murmillo"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"Thraex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thraex"},{"link_name":"parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma_(shield)"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell,_96,_104,_105-203"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Pompeians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompeii"},{"link_name":"Nucerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuceria"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"}],"sub_title":"Factions and rivals","text":"The Amphitheatre at Pompeii, depicting the riot between the Nucerians and the PompeiansPopular factions supported favourite gladiators and gladiator types.[201] Under Augustan legislation, the Samnite type was renamed Secutor (\"chaser\", or \"pursuer\"). The secutor was equipped with a long, heavy \"large\" shield called a scutum; Secutores, their supporters and any heavyweight secutor-based types such as the Murmillo were secutarii.[202] Lighter types, such as the Thraex, were equipped with a smaller, lighter shield called a parma, from which they and their supporters were named parmularii (\"small shields\"). Titus and Trajan preferred the parmularii and Domitian the secutarii; Marcus Aurelius took neither side. Nero seems to have enjoyed the brawls between rowdy, enthusiastic and sometimes violent factions, but called in the troops if they went too far.[203][204]There were also local rivalries. At Pompeii's amphitheatre, during Nero's reign, the trading of insults between Pompeians and Nucerian spectators during public ludi led to stone throwing and riot. Many were killed or wounded. Nero banned gladiator munera (though not the games) at Pompeii for ten years as punishment. The story is told in Pompeian graffiti and high quality wall painting, with much boasting of Pompeii's \"victory\" over Nuceria.[205]","title":"Amphitheatres"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Megalesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalesia"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"chariot races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot_race"},{"link_name":"Alexander Severus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Severus"},{"link_name":"Saturn's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"}],"text":"It is not known how many gladiatoria munera were given throughout the Roman period. Many, if not most, involved venationes, and in the later empire some may have been only that. In 165 BC, at least one munus was held during April's Megalesia. In the early imperial era, munera in Pompeii and neighbouring towns were dispersed from March through November. They included a provincial magnate's five-day munus of thirty pairs, plus beast hunts.[206] A single late primary source, the Calendar of Furius Dionysius Philocalus for 354, shows how seldom gladiators featured among a multitude of official festivals. Of the 176 days reserved for spectacles of various kinds, 102 were for theatrical shows, 64 for chariot races and just 10 in December for gladiator games and venationes. A century before this, the emperor Alexander Severus (r. 222–235) may have intended a more even redistribution of munera throughout the year; but this would have broken with what had become the traditional positioning of the major gladiator games, at the year's ending. As Wiedemann points out, December was also the month for the Saturnalia, Saturn's festival, in which death was linked to renewal, and the lowest were honoured as the highest.[207]","title":"Role in Roman life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"Devotio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devotio"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"Sibylline books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibylline_books"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kourion10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kourion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kourion"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"toga or tunic with broad stripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toga#Varieties"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-198"},{"link_name":"Romanitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanitas"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-151"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arausio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arausio"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"},{"link_name":"provincial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Year of the Four Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors"},{"link_name":"Otho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otho"},{"link_name":"Bedriacum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedriacum"},{"link_name":"Vitellius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitellius"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell,_129:_citing_Dio-68"}],"sub_title":"Role in the military","text":"According to Livy: \"A man who knows how to conquer in war is a man who knows how to arrange a banquet and put on a show.\"[208]Rome was essentially a landowning military aristocracy. From the early days of the Republic, ten years of military service were a citizen's duty and a prerequisite for election to public office. Devotio (willingness to sacrifice one's life to the greater good) was central to the Roman military ideal, and was the core of the Roman military oath. It applied from highest to lowest alike in the chain of command.[209] As a soldier committed his life (voluntarily, at least in theory) to the greater cause of Rome's victory, he was not expected to survive defeat.[210]The Punic Wars of the late 3rd century BC—in particular the near-catastrophic defeat of Roman arms at Cannae—had long-lasting effects on the Republic, its citizen armies, and the development of the gladiatorial munera. In the aftermath of Cannae, Scipio Africanus crucified Roman deserters and had non-Roman deserters thrown to the beasts.[211] The Senate refused to ransom Hannibal's Roman captives: instead, they consulted the Sibylline books, then made drastic preparations:In obedience to the Books of Destiny, some strange and unusual sacrifices were made, human sacrifices amongst them. A Gaulish man and a Gaulish woman and a Greek man and a Greek woman were buried alive under the Forum Boarium ... They were lowered into a stone vault, which had on a previous occasion also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings. When the gods were believed to be duly propitiated ... Armour, weapons, and other things of the kind were ordered to be in readiness, and the ancient spoils gathered from the enemy were taken down from the temples and colonnades. The dearth of freemen necessitated a new kind of enlistment; 8,000 sturdy youths from amongst the slaves were armed at the public cost, after they had each been asked whether they were willing to serve or no. These soldiers were preferred, as there would be an opportunity of ransoming them when taken prisoners at a lower price.[212]Late 3rd century gladiator mosaic from a private residence in Kourion, Cyprus. All the participants are named. The central figure (Darios) is positioned as a referee but wears a citizen's high-status toga or tunic with broad stripesThe account notes, uncomfortably, the bloodless human sacrifices performed to help turn the tide of the war in Rome's favour. While the Senate mustered their willing slaves, Hannibal offered his dishonoured Roman captives a chance for honourable death, in what Livy describes as something very like the Roman munus. The munus thus represented an essentially military, self-sacrificial ideal, taken to extreme fulfillment in the gladiator's oath.[198] By the devotio of a voluntary oath, a slave might achieve the quality of a Roman (Romanitas), become the embodiment of true virtus (manliness, or manly virtue), and paradoxically, be granted missio while remaining a slave.[151] The gladiator as a specialist fighter, and the ethos and organization of the gladiator schools, would inform the development of the Roman military as the most effective force of its time.[213] Following defeat at the Battle of Arausio in 105 BC:...weapons training was given to soldiers by P. Rutilius, consul with C. Mallis. For he, following the example of no previous general, with teachers summoned from the gladiatorial training school of C. Aurelus Scaurus, implanted in the legions a more sophisticated method of avoiding and dealing a blow and mixed bravery with skill and skill back again with virtue so that skill became stronger by bravery's passion and passion became more wary with the knowledge of this art.[24]The military were great aficionados of the games, and supervised the schools. Many schools and amphitheatres were sited at or near military barracks, and some provincial army units owned gladiator troupes.[214] As the Republic wore on, the term of military service increased from ten to the sixteen years formalised by Augustus in the Principate. It would rise to twenty, and later, to twenty-five years. Roman military discipline was ferocious; severe enough to provoke mutiny, despite the consequences. A career as a volunteer gladiator may have seemed an attractive option for some.[215]In AD 69, the Year of the Four Emperors, Otho's troops at Bedriacum included 2000 gladiators. Opposite him on the field, Vitellius's army was swollen by levies of slaves, plebs and gladiators.[216] In 167 AD, troop depletions by plague and desertion may have prompted Marcus Aurelius to draft gladiators at his own expense.[217] During the Civil Wars that led to the Principate, Octavian (later Augustus) acquired the personal gladiator troop of his erstwhile opponent, Mark Antony. They had served their late master with exemplary loyalty but thereafter, they disappear from the record.[68]","title":"Role in Roman life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Clodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher"},{"link_name":"bustuarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustuarius"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Silius Italicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silius_Italicus"},{"link_name":"Campanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania#Ancient_tribes,_Etruscan_&_Greek_Colonies,_and_Samnite_Wars"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Stoics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoics"},{"link_name":"Lucian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-198"},{"link_name":"Ovid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futrell_205-200"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"}],"sub_title":"Religion, ethics and sentiment","text":"Roman writing as a whole demonstrates a deep ambivalence towards the gladiatoria munera. Even the most complex and sophisticated munera of the Imperial era evoked the ancient, ancestral dii manes of the underworld and were framed by the protective, lawful rites of sacrificium. Their popularity made their co-option by the state inevitable; Cicero acknowledged their sponsorship as a political imperative.[218] Despite the popular adulation of gladiators, they were set apart, despised; and despite Cicero's contempt for the mob, he shared their admiration: \"Even when [gladiators] have been felled, let alone when they are standing and fighting, they never disgrace themselves. And suppose a gladiator has been brought to the ground, when do you ever see one twist his neck away after he has been ordered to extend it for the death blow?\" His own death would later emulate this example.[219][220] Yet, Cicero could also refer to his popularist opponent Clodius, publicly and scathingly, as a bustuarius—literally, a \"funeral-man\", implying that Clodius has shown the moral temperament of the lowest sort of gladiator. \"Gladiator\" could be (and was) used as an insult throughout the Roman period, and \"Samnite\" doubled the insult, despite the popularity of the Samnite type.[221]Silius Italicus wrote, as the games approached their peak, that the degenerate Campanians had devised the very worst of precedents, which now threatened the moral fabric of Rome: \"It was their custom to enliven their banquets with bloodshed and to combine with their feasting the horrid sight of armed men [(Samnites)] fighting; often the combatants fell dead above the very cups of the revelers, and the tables were stained with streams of blood. Thus demoralised was Capua.\"[222] Death could be rightly meted out as punishment, or met with equanimity in peace or war, as a gift of fate; but when inflicted as entertainment, with no underlying moral or religious purpose, it could only pollute and demean those who witnessed it.[223]The munus itself could be interpreted as pious necessity, but its increasing luxury corroded Roman virtue, and created an un-Roman appetite for profligacy and self-indulgence.[224] Caesar's 46 BC ludi were mere entertainment for political gain, a waste of lives and of money that would have been better doled out to his legionary veterans.[225] Yet for Seneca, and for Marcus Aurelius—both professed Stoics—the degradation of gladiators in the munus highlighted their Stoic virtues: their unconditional obedience to their master and to fate, and equanimity in the face of death. Having \"neither hope nor illusions\", the gladiator could transcend his own debased nature, and disempower death itself by meeting it face to face. Courage, dignity, altruism and loyalty were morally redemptive; Lucian idealised this principle in his story of Sisinnes, who voluntarily fought as a gladiator, earned 10,000 drachmas and used it to buy freedom for his friend, Toxaris.[226] Seneca had a lower opinion of the mob's un-Stoical appetite for ludi meridiani: \"Man [is]...now slaughtered for jest and sport; and those whom it used to be unholy to train for the purpose of inflicting and enduring wounds are thrust forth exposed and defenceless.\"[198]These accounts seek a higher moral meaning from the munus, but Ovid's very detailed (though satirical) instructions for seduction in the amphitheatre suggest that the spectacles could generate a potent and dangerously sexual atmosphere.[200] Augustan seating prescriptions placed women—excepting the Vestals, who were legally inviolate—as far as possible from the action of the arena floor; or tried to. There remained the thrilling possibility of clandestine sexual transgression by high-caste spectators and their heroes of the arena. Such assignations were a source for gossip and satire but some became unforgivably public:[227]What was the youthful charm that so fired Eppia? What hooked her? What did she see in him to make her put up with being called \"the gladiator's moll\"? Her poppet, her Sergius, was no chicken, with a dud arm that prompted hope of early retirement. Besides his face looked a proper mess, helmet-scarred, a great wart on his nose, an unpleasant discharge always trickling from one eye. But he was a gladiator. That word makes the whole breed seem handsome, and made her prefer him to her children and country, her sister, her husband. Steel is what they fall in love with.[228]Eppia—a senator's wife–and her Sergius eloped to Egypt, where he deserted her. Most gladiators would have aimed lower. Two wall graffiti in Pompeii describe Celadus the Thraex as \"the sigh of the girls\" and \"the glory of the girls\"—which may or may not have been Celadus' own wishful thinking.[229]In the later Imperial era, Servius Maurus Honoratus uses the same disparaging term as Cicero—bustuarius—for gladiators.[230] Tertullian used it somewhat differently—all victims of the arena were sacrificial in his eyes—and expressed the paradox of the arenarii as a class, from a Christian viewpoint:On the one and the same account they glorify them and they degrade and diminish them; yes, further, they openly condemn them to disgrace and civil degradation; they keep them religiously excluded from council chamber, rostrum, senate, knighthood, and every other kind of office and a good many distinctions. The perversity of it! They love whom they lower; they despise whom they approve; the art they glorify, the artist they disgrace.[231]","title":"Role in Roman life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Graffito_of_a_gladiatorial_scene_from_Pompeii,_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_(15269619095).jpg"},{"link_name":"Delos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delos"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown,_181-233"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Gladiator Mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator_Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Galleria Borghese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleria_Borghese"},{"link_name":"Bignor Roman Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bignor_Roman_Villa"},{"link_name":"Provincial Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Cupids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupid"},{"link_name":"Herculaneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculaneum"},{"link_name":"amphitheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitheatre_of_Pompeii"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Antium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antium"},{"link_name":"Aventine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Hill"},{"link_name":"freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedman"},{"link_name":"Antium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antium"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"}],"sub_title":"In Roman art and culture","text":"In this new Play, I attempted to follow the old custom of mine, of making a fresh trial; I brought it on again. In the first Act I pleased; when in the meantime a rumor spread that gladiators were about to be exhibited; the populace flock together, make a tumult, clamor aloud, and fight for their places: meantime, I was unable to maintain my place.[232]Graffito of a gladiatorial scene from Pompeii, NaplesImages of gladiators were found throughout the Republic and Empire, among all classes. Walls in the 2nd century BC \"Agora of the Italians\" at Delos were decorated with paintings of gladiators. Mosaics dating from the 2nd through 4th centuries AD have been invaluable in the reconstruction of combat and its rules, gladiator types and the development of the munus. Throughout the Roman world, ceramics, lamps, gems and jewellery, mosaics, reliefs, wall paintings and statuary offer evidence, sometimes the best evidence, of the clothing, props, equipment, names, events, prevalence and rules of gladiatorial combat. Earlier periods provide only occasional, perhaps exceptional examples.[233][234] The Gladiator Mosaic in the Galleria Borghese displays several gladiator types, and the Bignor Roman Villa mosaic from Provincial Britain shows Cupids as gladiators. Souvenir ceramics were produced depicting named gladiators in combat; similar images of higher quality, were available on more expensive articles in high quality ceramic, glass or silver.Some of the best preserved gladiator graffiti are from Pompeii and Herculaneum, in public areas including Pompeii's Forum and amphitheater, and in the private residences of the upper, middle and lower classes.[235][236] They clearly show how gladiator munera pervaded Pompeiian culture; they provide information pertaining to particular gladiators, and sometimes include their names, status as slaves or freeborn volunteers, and their match records.[237]Pliny the Elder gives vivid examples of the popularity of gladiator portraiture in Antium and an artistic treat laid on by an adoptive aristocrat for the solidly plebeian citizens of the Roman Aventine:When a freedman of Nero was giving a gladiatorial show at Antium, the public porticoes were covered with paintings, so we are told, containing life-like portraits of all the gladiators and assistants. This portraiture of gladiators has been the highest interest in art for many centuries now, but it was Gaius Terentius who began the practice of having pictures made of gladiatorial shows and exhibited in public; in honour of his grandfather who had adopted him he provided thirty pairs of Gladiators in the Forum for three consecutive days, and exhibited a picture of the matches in the Grove of Diana.[238]","title":"Role in Roman life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman-era historical reenactment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman-era_historical_reenactment"},{"link_name":"Combat reenactment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_reenactment"},{"link_name":"Historical European martial arts § Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts#Antiquity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brot_und_Spiele_Gladiators1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5791_Arenes_NIM_6062_C_Recoura.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Provacatores_show_fight_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carnuntum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnuntum"},{"link_name":"Roman Villa Borg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Villa_Borg"}],"text":"Further information: Roman-era historical reenactment, Combat reenactment, and Historical European martial arts § AntiquitySome Roman reenactors attempt to recreate Roman gladiator troupes. Some of these groups are part of larger Roman reenactment groups, and others are wholly independent, though they might participate in larger demonstrations of Roman reenacting or historical reenacting in general. These groups usually focus on portraying mock gladiatorial combat in as accurate a manner as possible.Gladiator show fight in Trier in 2005.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNimes, 2005.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCarnuntum, Austria, 2007.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVideo of a show fight at the Roman Villa Borg, Germany, in 2011 (Retiarius vs. Secutor, Thraex vs. Murmillo).","title":"Modern reconstructions"}]
[{"image_text":"Part of the Zliten mosaic from Libya (Leptis Magna), about 2nd century AD. It shows (left to right) a thraex fighting a murmillo, a hoplomachus standing with another murmillo (who is signaling his defeat to the referee), and one of a matched pair.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Gladiators_from_the_Zliten_mosaic_3.JPG/300px-Gladiators_from_the_Zliten_mosaic_3.JPG"},{"image_text":"Relief of gladiators from Amphitheatre of Mérida, Spain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fronton_marmol_anfiteatro_romano_de_Merida.JPG/220px-Fronton_marmol_anfiteatro_romano_de_Merida.JPG"},{"image_text":"A retiarius stabs at a secutor with his trident in this mosaic from the villa at Nennig, Germany, c. 2nd–3rd century AD.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nennig_Roman_Villa_and_Mosaics_-_51134391753.jpg/220px-Nennig_Roman_Villa_and_Mosaics_-_51134391753.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roman glassware decorated with a gladiator, dated 52–125 AD and found at Begram, Afghanistan, a royal city of the Kushan Empire where, according to Warwick Ball, it was likely on its way to Han dynasty China via the Silk Road along with other glass items.[27]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gladiateur_Begram_Guimet_18117.jpg/170px-Gladiateur_Begram_Guimet_18117.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 5th-century mosaic in the Great Palace of Constantinople depicts two venatores fighting a tiger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mosaic_museum_Istanbul_2007_011.jpg/220px-Mosaic_museum_Istanbul_2007_011.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Cestus boxer and a rooster in a Roman mosaic at the National Archaeological Museum, Naples, 1st century AD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Naples_Museum_18_%2814972772469%29.jpg/220px-Naples_Museum_18_%2814972772469%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pollice Verso (\"With a Turned Thumb\"), an 1872 painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg/300px-Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso.jpg"},{"image_text":"A duel, using whip, cudgel and shields, mosaic from a Roman villa at Nennig, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Nennig_Roman_Villa_and_Mosaics_-_51134951379.jpg/200px-Nennig_Roman_Villa_and_Mosaics_-_51134951379.jpg"},{"image_text":"Musicians with trumpet (tuba), water organ (hydraulis), and horns (cornua), from the Nennig gladiator mosaic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mosaique_Zliten.jpg/250px-Mosaique_Zliten.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mosaic at the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid showing a retiarius named Kalendio (shown surrendering in the upper section) fighting a secutor named Astyanax. The Ø sign by Kalendio's name implies he was killed after surrendering.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Astyanax_vs_Kalendio_mosaic.jpg/220px-Astyanax_vs_Kalendio_mosaic.jpg"},{"image_text":"A flask depicting the final phase of the fight between a murmillo (winning) and a thraex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GladiatorFeldflasche.jpg/220px-GladiatorFeldflasche.jpg"},{"image_text":"Part of the Gladiator Mosaic, displayed at the Galleria Borghese. It dates from approximately 320 AD. The Ø symbol is the theta nigrum (\"black theta\") or theta infelix (\"unlucky theta\"), a symbol of death in Greek and Latin epigraphy.[132]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Borghese_villa_gladiator_mosaic.jpg/550px-Borghese_villa_gladiator_mosaic.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gladiators after the fight, José Moreno Carbonero (1882)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Gladiadores_despu%C3%A9s_del_combate%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Moreno_Carbonero.jpg/330px-Gladiadores_despu%C3%A9s_del_combate%2C_por_Jos%C3%A9_Moreno_Carbonero.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mérida amphitheatre, Spain; mural of beast hunt, showing a venator (or bestiarius) and lioness","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Painting_from_the_Amphitheatre._Hunter_with_lioness_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Painting_from_the_Amphitheatre._Hunter_with_lioness_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Amphitheatre of Pompeii, built around 70 BC and buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius 79 AD, once hosted spectacles with gladiators.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Amphitheatre_1_Pompeii.jpg/220px-Amphitheatre_1_Pompeii.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Colosseum in Rome, Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg/220px-Colosseum_in_Rome%2C_Italy_-_April_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arles Amphitheatre, inside view","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arlesarena.jpg/220px-Arlesarena.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Amphitheatre at Pompeii, depicting the riot between the Nucerians and the Pompeians","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pompeii_-_Battle_at_the_Amphitheatre_-_MAN.jpg/220px-Pompeii_-_Battle_at_the_Amphitheatre_-_MAN.jpg"},{"image_text":"Late 3rd century gladiator mosaic from a private residence in Kourion, Cyprus. All the participants are named. The central figure (Darios) is positioned as a referee but wears a citizen's high-status toga or tunic with broad stripes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Kourion10.jpg/190px-Kourion10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Graffito of a gladiatorial scene from Pompeii, Naples","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Graffito_of_a_gladiatorial_scene_from_Pompeii%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2815269619095%29.jpg/150px-Graffito_of_a_gladiatorial_scene_from_Pompeii%2C_Naples_National_Archaeological_Museum_%2815269619095%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Spectacles in ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome"}]
[{"reference":"Coleman, Kathleen (17 February 2011). \"Gladiators: Heroes of the Roman Amphitheatre\". BBC. Retrieved 21 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/gladiators_01.shtml","url_text":"\"Gladiators: Heroes of the Roman Amphitheatre\""}]},{"reference":"Fagan, Garrett (2011). The Lure of the Arena: Social Psychology and the Crowd at the Roman Games. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–218, 273, 277. ISBN 978-0521196161.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521196161","url_text":"978-0521196161"}]},{"reference":"Barton, Carlin A. (1989). \"The Scandal of the Arena\". Representations (27): 27, 28, note 33. doi:10.2307/2928482. JSTOR 2928482.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2928482","url_text":"10.2307/2928482"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2928482","url_text":"2928482"}]},{"reference":"Mednikarova, Iveta (2001). \"The Use of Θ in Latin Funerary Inscriptions\". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 136: 267–276. JSTOR 20190914.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20190914","url_text":"20190914"}]},{"reference":"Hope, Valerie (January 2000). \"Fighting for identity: The funerary commemoration of Italian gladiators\". Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. 44 (S73): 93–113. doi:10.1111/j.2041-5370.2000.tb01940.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2041-5370.2000.tb01940.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.2041-5370.2000.tb01940.x"}]},{"reference":"Longo, Umile Giuseppe; Spiezia, Filippo; Maffulli, Nicola; Denaro, Vincenzo (1 December 2008). \"The Best Athletes in Ancient Rome were Vegetarian!\". Journal of Sports Science & Medicine. 7 (4): 565. ISSN 1303-2968. PMC 3761927. PMID 24137094.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761927","url_text":"\"The Best Athletes in Ancient Rome were Vegetarian!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1303-2968","url_text":"1303-2968"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761927","url_text":"3761927"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24137094","url_text":"24137094"}]},{"reference":"Kanz, Fabian; Risser, Daniele U.; Grossschmidt, Karl; Moghaddam, Negahnaz; Lösch, Sandra (15 October 2014). \"Stable Isotope and Trace Element Studies on Gladiators and Contemporary Romans from Ephesus (Turkey, 2nd and 3rd Ct. AD) – Implications for Differences in Diet\". PLOS ONE. 9 (10): e110489. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9k0489L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110489. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4198250. PMID 25333366.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4198250","url_text":"\"Stable Isotope and Trace Element Studies on Gladiators and Contemporary Romans from Ephesus (Turkey, 2nd and 3rd Ct. AD) – Implications for Differences in Diet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9k0489L","url_text":"2014PLoSO...9k0489L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0110489","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0110489"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","url_text":"1932-6203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4198250","url_text":"4198250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25333366","url_text":"25333366"}]},{"reference":"Follain, John (15 December 2002). \"The dying game: How did the gladiators really live?\". Times Online. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110429085905/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article1069977.ece","url_text":"\"The dying game: How did the gladiators really live?\""},{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article1069977.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cerutti, Steven M.; Richardson, L. (1989). \"The Retiarius Tunicatus of Suetonius, Juvenal, and Petronius\". The American Journal of Philology. 110 (4): 589. doi:10.2307/295282. JSTOR 295282.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F295282","url_text":"10.2307/295282"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/295282","url_text":"295282"}]},{"reference":"\"Ancient Graffiti Project\". ancientgraffiti.org. Retrieved 7 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://ancientgraffiti.org/Graffiti/results","url_text":"\"Ancient Graffiti Project\""}]},{"reference":"Keegan, Peter (2005). \"Writing and drawing on the walls of Pompeii: how the study of graffiti relates to the HSC ancient history core syllabus for 2006\". Ancient History: Resources for Teachers. 35 (1): 37–64. ISSN 1032-3686.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchers.mq.edu.au/en/publications/writing-and-drawing-on-the-walls-of-pompeii-how-the-study-of-graf","url_text":"\"Writing and drawing on the walls of Pompeii: how the study of graffiti relates to the HSC ancient history core syllabus for 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1032-3686","url_text":"1032-3686"}]},{"reference":"Christesen, Paul; Kyle, Donald G. (2014). A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1444339529.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=laULAQAAQBAJ&dq=gladiator+graffiti+pompeii&pg=PA422","url_text":"A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444339529","url_text":"978-1444339529"}]},{"reference":"Auguet, Roland (1994). Cruelty and Civilization: The Roman Games. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415104521.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ApAiO4TXASIC","url_text":"Cruelty and Civilization: The Roman Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415104521","url_text":"0415104521"}]},{"reference":"Bagnani, Gilbert (January 1956). \"Encolpius Gladiator Obscenus\". Classical Philology. 51 (1): 24–27. doi:10.1086/363980. S2CID 162196829.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F363980","url_text":"10.1086/363980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162196829","url_text":"162196829"}]},{"reference":"Ball, Warwick (2016). Rome in the East: Transformation of an Empire (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-72078-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Ball","url_text":"Ball, Warwick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-72078-6","url_text":"978-0-415-72078-6"}]},{"reference":"Barton, Carlin A. (1993). The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 069105696X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9CS7QgAACAAJ","url_text":"The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/069105696X","url_text":"069105696X"}]},{"reference":"Borkowski, J. Andrew; du Plessis, Paul J. (2005). Textbook on Roman Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199276072.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dG-0QwAACAAJ","url_text":"Textbook on Roman Law"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199276072","url_text":"0199276072"}]},{"reference":"Brunet, Stephen (2014). \"Women with swords: female gladiators in the Roman world\". In Paul Christesen; Donald G. Kyle (eds.). A Companion to Sport and Spectacle in Greek and Roman Antiquity. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 478–491. doi:10.1002/9781118609965. ISBN 978-1444339529.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118609965","url_text":"10.1002/9781118609965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1444339529","url_text":"978-1444339529"}]},{"reference":"Carter, Michael (2004). \"Archiereis and Asiarchs: A Gladiatorial Perspective\" (PDF). Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies. 44: 41–68. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090226133003/http://www.duke.edu/web/classics/grbs/FTexts/44/Carter.pdf","url_text":"\"Archiereis and Asiarchs: A Gladiatorial Perspective\""},{"url":"http://www.duke.edu/web/classics/grbs/FTexts/44/Carter.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Coleman, K. M. (1990). \"Fatal Charades: Roman Executions Staged as Mythological Enactments\". The Journal of Roman Studies. 80: 44–73. doi:10.2307/300280. JSTOR 300280. S2CID 163071557.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F300280","url_text":"10.2307/300280"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/300280","url_text":"300280"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163071557","url_text":"163071557"}]},{"reference":"Curry, Andrew (November–December 2008). \"The Gladiator Diet\". Archaeology. 61 (6). Retrieved 21 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.archaeology.org/0811/abstracts/gladiator.html","url_text":"\"The Gladiator Diet\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Catherine (2007). Death in Ancient Rome. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300112085.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ioq6GmIyLQIC","url_text":"Death in Ancient Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300112085","url_text":"978-0300112085"}]},{"reference":"Everitt, Anthony (2001). Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician. New York: Random House. ISBN 0375507469.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s5gTAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375507469","url_text":"0375507469"}]},{"reference":"Fox, Robin Lane (2006). The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0465024963.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/classicalworldep00lane","url_text":"The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465024963","url_text":"0465024963"}]},{"reference":"Futrell, Alison (2006). A Sourcebook on the Roman Games. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1405115688.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dkE24t_drk0C","url_text":"A Sourcebook on the Roman Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405115688","url_text":"1405115688"}]},{"reference":"Gibbon, Edward; Womersley, David (2000). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0140437649.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ix5ck6kCt0UC","url_text":"The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140437649","url_text":"0140437649"}]},{"reference":"Grant, Michael (2000). Gladiators. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140299343.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F8uePwAACAAJ","url_text":"Gladiators"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140299343","url_text":"0140299343"}]},{"reference":"Grossschmidt, K.; Kanz, Fabian (July 2006). \"Head Injuries of Roman Gladiators\". Forensic Science International. 160 (2–3). Vienna: Center of Anatomy and Cell-biology, Medical University of Vienna and Austrian Archaeological Institute: 207–216. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.010. PMID 16289900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2005.10.010","url_text":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16289900","url_text":"16289900"}]},{"reference":"Hopkins, Keith; Beard, Mary (2005). The Colosseum. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674018958.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/colosseum00hopk","url_text":"The Colosseum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674018958","url_text":"0674018958"}]},{"reference":"Jacobelli, Luciana (2003). Gladiators at Pompeii. Los Angeles: Getty Publications. ISBN 0892367318.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NSC0SHEjMe4C","url_text":"Gladiators at Pompeii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0892367318","url_text":"0892367318"}]},{"reference":"Jones, C. P. (1987). \"\"Stigma\": Tattooing and Branding in Graeco-Roman Antiquity\". Journal of Roman Studies. 77: 139–155. doi:10.2307/300578. JSTOR 300578. S2CID 162719864.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F300578","url_text":"10.2307/300578"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/300578","url_text":"300578"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162719864","url_text":"162719864"}]},{"reference":"Junkelmann, Marcus (2000). Das Spiel mit dem Tod: So Kämpften Roms Gladiatoren. Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern. ISBN 3805325630.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ze2BAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Das Spiel mit dem Tod: So Kämpften Roms Gladiatoren"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3805325630","url_text":"3805325630"}]},{"reference":"Köhne, Eckart; Ewigleben, Cornelia; Jackson, Ralph (2000). Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0520227980.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5pzs975hnpoC","url_text":"Gladiators and Caesars: The Power of Spectacle in Ancient Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520227980","url_text":"0520227980"}]},{"reference":"Kyle, Donald G. (1998). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Phillips_(speaker)
Doug Phillips (speaker)
["1 Personal life","2 Films","3 Criticism","4 Resignation, sexual abuse allegations","5 Books","6 References","7 External links"]
For the former rugby player, see Doug Phillips (rugby). For the politician, see Doug Phillips (politician). American writer, attorney, and minister Doug PhillipsBornDouglas Winston PhillipsOccupation(s)President of Vision Forum, writer, minister, attorney, videographerSpouseBeall PhillipsChildren8 Douglas Winston Phillips (born 1965) is a Christian author, speaker, attorney, and homeschooling advocate who was once president of the now-defunct Vision Forum Ministries until he resigned due to an inappropriate relationship and allegations of sexual abuse. He advocates biblical patriarchy, creationism, homeschooling, the Quiverfull movement, and the family integrated church. He also worked for six years as a lawyer for the Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA). Personal life Phillips was born into a Christian family with Jewish heritage. His father was Constitution Party founder Howard Phillips and his mother was Margaret "Peggy" Phillips (née Blanchard). Phillips is the eldest of six children: his younger siblings being Amanda (b. 1966), Brad (b. 1968), Jennifer (b. 1974), Alexandra (b. 1978), and Samuel Joshua (b. 1986). Phillips and his wife Beall met at college, where Doug Phillips ran a Christian newspaper and Beall ran a ministry to unwed mothers called Alternatives to Abortion. Beall Phillips was herself adopted. Together, Doug and Beall Phillips have eight children: Joshua, Justice, Liberty, Jubilee, Faith Evangeline, Honor, Providence and Virginia. Films Phillips is the founder of the defunct San Antonio Independent Christian Film Festival. Phillips produced a documentary The League of Grateful Sons in 2004 about the soldiers who fought in the Battle of Iwo Jima. In 2009, Phillips led "a team of scientists and investigators, including John D. Morris, president of the Institute for Creation Research" to the Galápagos Islands for the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's life, and produced a documentary entitled The Mysterious Islands. Criticism Phillips' teachings have been criticized as promoting a biblical worldview that is considered by some to be oppressive to women and girls. In 2014, Michael Farris, the chairman and cofounder of the Home School Legal Defense Association, criticized the biblical patriarchy beliefs of his former HSLDA colleague Doug Phillips, and said he regrets not speaking out against him sooner. He said, He was teaching that girls should never go to college. …I started a college where half the student body is female and PHC just elected a woman student as the president of the student body. He was teaching that girls should basically stay in their father's home until marriage. I sent my oldest daughter off to Cedarville University and my second daughter off to Romania as a missionary. I thought my actions would speak louder than his words. I wish I had used words too. Resignation, sexual abuse allegations Phillips resigned as president of Vision Forum on October 30, 2013 after acknowledging a "lengthy… relationship with a woman" which was "inappropriately affectionate and romantic." On November 11, 2013, Vision Forum Ministries' board of directors discontinued operations citing "serious sins" which prompted Phillips' resignation. According to The Christian Post, Vision Forum, Inc., Phillips' for-profit business, "appeared to have a liquidation sale" in December 2013. On April 15, 2014, the Phillips family's ex-nanny filed a lawsuit against Phillips and Vision Forum, alleging that she had suffered years of sexual abuse at the hands of Doug Phillips. Phillips denied the abuse charges, according to Julie Ingersoll, "calling them sensationalist and suggesting that they are motivated by a desire for financial gain." On November 17, 2014, Phillips was excommunicated from Boerne Christian Assembly, the church that he founded. Phillips had left the church in July. Books He has written or edited the following books (published by his own company Vision Forum): The Bible Lessons of John Quincy Adams for His Son (2000) Vision Forum ISBN 1-929241-22-4 The Letters and Lessons of Teddy Roosevelt for His Sons (2001) Vision Forum ISBN 1-929241-32-1 Robert Lewis Dabney: The Prophet Speaks (2003) Vision Forum ISBN 1-929241-41-0 Poems for Patriarchs (2003) Poems for Patriarchs Vision Forum ISBN 1-929241-45-3 The Birkenhead Drill (2004) Vision Forum ISBN 1-929241-46-1 The Little Boy Down the Road: Short Stories & Essays on the Beauty of Family Life (2008) Vision Forum ISBN 1-934554-34-0 References ^ Marcotte, Amanda (2014-04-16). "Woman Sues Christian Right Leader Douglas Phillips for Alleged Sexual, Mental Abuse". Slate. Graham Holdings Company. Retrieved 28 November 2023. ^ a b Ingersoll, Julie (17 April 2014). "Doug Phillips' Biblical Patriarchy Scandal Moves to the Courts". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ Barrick, Audrey (December 13, 2009). "Embrace Christianity as total world and life view, ministry leaders say". Christian Post. Retrieved March 1, 2011. ^ a b Lee, Morgan (April 16, 2014). "Head of the Home School Legal Defense Association Blasts Doug Phillips' Biblical Patriarchy Practices". Christian Post. Retrieved February 1, 2019. ^ "Profile of Howard Phillips". Issues 2000. ^ a b c d "About the President". Vision Forum Ministries. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-01-24. Retrieved 2007-01-23. ^ Campbell, Nancy (2003). Be Fruitfull and Multiply. San Antonio: Vision Forum. ISBN 0-9724173-5-4. ^ Weddle Irons Kendra; Springer Mock Melanie (2015). If Eve Only Knew: Freeing Yourself from Biblical Womanhood and Becoming All God Means for You to Be. Chalice Press. ISBN 978-0-82721670-9. ^ Wendy Griffith (May 19, 2006). Doug Phillips Documentary on Iwo Jima. CBN Newswatch. Retrieved March 3, 2011. ^ Yonke, David (October 31, 2009). "Video disputes Darwin". The Blade. Toledo. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help) ^ Wooding, Gregg (November 18, 2009). "More than 2,500 to Attend Tampa Premiere of 'The Mysterious Islands' – a New Film Shot on the Galapagos Islands Which Challenges Darwin". Christian News Wire (Press release). Retrieved March 1, 2011. ^ Phillips, Doug. "Statement of Resignation". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013. ^ Phillips, Doug. "Clarification on Resignation". Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013. ^ Phillips, Doug. "The Closing of Vision Forum Ministries". Retrieved 25 February 2014. ^ Lee, Morgan, Doug Phillips' Former Church Disappointed with His Disobedient Departure as Elder Who Confessed Affair, Christian post, 11 July 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2016. ^ Horn, Jeff; Fry, David (November 17, 2014). "Update Regarding Doug Phillips". Boerne Christian assembly. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014. ^ Dean, Jamie (July 8, 2014). "Doug Phillips leaves the church he founded". World mag. External links Doug Phillips at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doug Phillips (rugby)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Phillips_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Doug Phillips (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Phillips_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christians"},{"link_name":"Vision Forum Ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_Forum_Ministries"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slate-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffPo-2"},{"link_name":"biblical patriarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy"},{"link_name":"creationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism"},{"link_name":"homeschooling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeschooling"},{"link_name":"Quiverfull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiverfull"},{"link_name":"family integrated church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Integrated_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Home School Legal Defense Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_School_Legal_Defense_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"For the former rugby player, see Doug Phillips (rugby). For the politician, see Doug Phillips (politician).American writer, attorney, and ministerDouglas Winston Phillips (born 1965) is a Christian author, speaker, attorney, and homeschooling advocate who was once president of the now-defunct Vision Forum Ministries until he resigned due to an inappropriate relationship and allegations of sexual abuse.[1][2] He advocates biblical patriarchy, creationism, homeschooling, the Quiverfull movement, and the family integrated church.[3] He also worked for six years as a lawyer for the Home School Legal Defense Association (HSLDA).[4]","title":"Doug Phillips (speaker)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Constitution Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Howard Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vf-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vf-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vf-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-campN-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vf-6"}],"text":"Phillips was born into a Christian family with Jewish heritage.[5] His father was Constitution Party founder Howard Phillips and his mother was Margaret \"Peggy\" Phillips (née Blanchard).[6] Phillips is the eldest of six children: his younger siblings being Amanda (b. 1966), Brad (b. 1968), Jennifer (b. 1974), Alexandra (b. 1978), and Samuel Joshua (b. 1986).Phillips and his wife Beall met at college, where Doug Phillips ran a Christian newspaper and Beall ran a ministry to unwed mothers called Alternatives to Abortion.[6] Beall Phillips was herself adopted.[6] Together, Doug and Beall Phillips have eight children: Joshua, Justice, Liberty, Jubilee, Faith Evangeline, Honor, Providence and Virginia.[7][6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Antonio Independent Christian Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Independent_Christian_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-If_Eve_Only_Knew-8"},{"link_name":"Battle of Iwo Jima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"John D. Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Morris"},{"link_name":"Institute for Creation Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Creation_Research"},{"link_name":"Galápagos Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands"},{"link_name":"Charles Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Phillips is the founder of the defunct San Antonio Independent Christian Film Festival.[8] Phillips produced a documentary The League of Grateful Sons in 2004 about the soldiers who fought in the Battle of Iwo Jima.[9] In 2009, Phillips led \"a team of scientists and investigators, including John D. Morris, president of the Institute for Creation Research\" to the Galápagos Islands for the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's life, and produced a documentary entitled The Mysterious Islands.[10][11]","title":"Films"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Farris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Farris_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"Home School Legal Defense Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_School_Legal_Defense_Association"},{"link_name":"Cedarville University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedarville_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Phillips' teachings have been criticized as promoting a biblical worldview that is considered by some to be oppressive to women and girls. In 2014, Michael Farris, the chairman and cofounder of the Home School Legal Defense Association, criticized the biblical patriarchy beliefs of his former HSLDA colleague Doug Phillips, and said he regrets not speaking out against him sooner. He said,He was teaching that girls should never go to college. …I started a college where half the student body is female and PHC just elected a woman student as the president of the student body. He was teaching that girls should basically stay in their father's home until marriage. I sent my oldest daughter off to Cedarville University and my second daughter off to Romania as a missionary. I thought my actions would speak louder than his words. I wish I had used words too.[4]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statement_of_Resignation-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarification_on_Resignation-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Closing_of_Vision_Forum_Ministries-14"},{"link_name":"The Christian Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christian_Post"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HuffPo-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPDATE_REGARDING_DOUG_PHILLIPS-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Phillips resigned as president of Vision Forum on October 30, 2013 after acknowledging a \"lengthy… relationship with a woman\" which was \"inappropriately affectionate and romantic.\"[12][13] On November 11, 2013, Vision Forum Ministries' board of directors discontinued operations citing \"serious sins\" which prompted Phillips' resignation.[14] According to The Christian Post, Vision Forum, Inc., Phillips' for-profit business, \"appeared to have a liquidation sale\" in December 2013.[15]On April 15, 2014, the Phillips family's ex-nanny filed a lawsuit against Phillips and Vision Forum, alleging that she had suffered years of sexual abuse at the hands of Doug Phillips. Phillips denied the abuse charges, according to Julie Ingersoll, \"calling them sensationalist and suggesting that they are motivated by a desire for financial gain.\"[2]On November 17, 2014, Phillips was excommunicated from Boerne Christian Assembly, the church that he founded.[16] Phillips had left the church in July.[17]","title":"Resignation, sexual abuse allegations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vision Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_Forum"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-929241-22-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929241-22-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-929241-32-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929241-32-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-929241-41-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929241-41-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-929241-45-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929241-45-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-929241-46-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929241-46-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-934554-34-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-934554-34-0"}],"text":"He has written or edited the following books (published by his own company Vision Forum):The Bible Lessons of John Quincy Adams for His Son (2000) Vision Forum ISBN 1-929241-22-4\nThe Letters and Lessons of Teddy Roosevelt for His Sons (2001) Vision Forum ISBN 1-929241-32-1\nRobert Lewis Dabney: The Prophet Speaks (2003) Vision Forum ISBN 1-929241-41-0\nPoems for Patriarchs (2003) Poems for Patriarchs Vision Forum ISBN 1-929241-45-3\nThe Birkenhead Drill (2004) Vision Forum ISBN 1-929241-46-1\nThe Little Boy Down the Road: Short Stories & Essays on the Beauty of Family Life (2008) Vision Forum ISBN 1-934554-34-0","title":"Books"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Marcotte, Amanda (2014-04-16). \"Woman Sues Christian Right Leader Douglas Phillips for Alleged Sexual, Mental Abuse\". Slate. Graham Holdings Company. Retrieved 28 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/04/douglas-phillips-lawsuit-woman-alleges-sexual-mental-abuse-against-the-former-president-of-vision-forum.html","url_text":"\"Woman Sues Christian Right Leader Douglas Phillips for Alleged Sexual, Mental Abuse\""}]},{"reference":"Ingersoll, Julie (17 April 2014). \"Doug Phillips' Biblical Patriarchy Scandal Moves to the Courts\". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Ingersoll","url_text":"Ingersoll, Julie"},{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julie-ingersoll/doug-phillips-biblical-patriarchy_b_5151442.html","url_text":"\"Doug Phillips' Biblical Patriarchy Scandal Moves to the Courts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"Barrick, Audrey (December 13, 2009). \"Embrace Christianity as total world and life view, ministry leaders say\". Christian Post. Retrieved March 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christiantoday.com/article/embrace.christianity.as.total.world.and.life.view.ministry.leaders.say/24874.htm","url_text":"\"Embrace Christianity as total world and life view, ministry leaders say\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Morgan (April 16, 2014). \"Head of the Home School Legal Defense Association Blasts Doug Phillips' Biblical Patriarchy Practices\". Christian Post. Retrieved February 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christianpost.com/news/head-of-hslda-blasts-doug-phillips-biblical-patriarchy-practices.html","url_text":"\"Head of the Home School Legal Defense Association Blasts Doug Phillips' Biblical Patriarchy Practices\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of Howard Phillips\". Issues 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.issues2000.org/Profile_Howard_Phillips.htm","url_text":"\"Profile of Howard Phillips\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the President\". Vision Forum Ministries. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-01-24. Retrieved 2007-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070124105219/http://www.visionforumministries.org/home/about/about_the_president.aspx","url_text":"\"About the President\""},{"url":"http://www.visionforumministries.org/home/about/about_the_president.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Nancy (2003). Be Fruitfull and Multiply. San Antonio: Vision Forum. ISBN 0-9724173-5-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9724173-5-4","url_text":"0-9724173-5-4"}]},{"reference":"Weddle Irons Kendra; Springer Mock Melanie (2015). If Eve Only Knew: Freeing Yourself from Biblical Womanhood and Becoming All God Means for You to Be. Chalice Press. ISBN 978-0-82721670-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82721670-9","url_text":"978-0-82721670-9"}]},{"reference":"Wendy Griffith (May 19, 2006). Doug Phillips Documentary on Iwo Jima. CBN Newswatch. Retrieved March 3, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbn.com/media/player/index.aspx?s=/vod/DouglasPhillips_051906","url_text":"Doug Phillips Documentary on Iwo Jima"}]},{"reference":"Yonke, David (October 31, 2009). \"Video disputes Darwin\". The Blade. Toledo.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wooding, Gregg (November 18, 2009). \"More than 2,500 to Attend Tampa Premiere of 'The Mysterious Islands' – a New Film Shot on the Galapagos Islands Which Challenges Darwin\". Christian News Wire (Press release). Retrieved March 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.christiannewswire.com/news/1642912211.html","url_text":"\"More than 2,500 to Attend Tampa Premiere of 'The Mysterious Islands' – a New Film Shot on the Galapagos Islands Which Challenges Darwin\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Doug. \"Statement of Resignation\". Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103025522/http://www.visionforumministries.org/issues/news_and_reports/statement_of_resignation.aspx","url_text":"\"Statement of Resignation\""},{"url":"http://visionforumministries.org/issues/news_and_reports/statement_of_resignation.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Doug. \"Clarification on Resignation\". Archived from the original on 15 November 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131115130459/http://www.visionforumministries.org/issues/news_and_reports/clarification_on_resignation.aspx","url_text":"\"Clarification on Resignation\""},{"url":"http://www.visionforumministries.org/issues/news_and_reports/clarification_on_resignation.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Doug. \"The Closing of Vision Forum Ministries\". Retrieved 25 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://visionforumministries.org/","url_text":"\"The Closing of Vision Forum Ministries\""}]},{"reference":"Horn, Jeff; Fry, David (November 17, 2014). \"Update Regarding Doug Phillips\". Boerne Christian assembly. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015. Retrieved November 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150218040813/http://www.boernechristianassembly.org/articles/2014/doug_phillips.php","url_text":"\"Update Regarding Doug Phillips\""},{"url":"http://www.boernechristianassembly.org/articles/2014/doug_phillips.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dean, Jamie (July 8, 2014). \"Doug Phillips leaves the church he founded\". World mag.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wng.org/sift/doug-phillips-leaves-the-church-he-founded-1617420087","url_text":"\"Doug Phillips leaves the church he founded\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/04/douglas-phillips-lawsuit-woman-alleges-sexual-mental-abuse-against-the-former-president-of-vision-forum.html","external_links_name":"\"Woman Sues Christian Right Leader Douglas Phillips for Alleged Sexual, Mental Abuse\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julie-ingersoll/doug-phillips-biblical-patriarchy_b_5151442.html","external_links_name":"\"Doug Phillips' Biblical Patriarchy Scandal Moves to the Courts\""},{"Link":"http://www.christiantoday.com/article/embrace.christianity.as.total.world.and.life.view.ministry.leaders.say/24874.htm","external_links_name":"\"Embrace Christianity as total world and life view, ministry leaders say\""},{"Link":"https://www.christianpost.com/news/head-of-hslda-blasts-doug-phillips-biblical-patriarchy-practices.html","external_links_name":"\"Head of the Home School Legal Defense Association Blasts Doug Phillips' Biblical Patriarchy Practices\""},{"Link":"http://www.issues2000.org/Profile_Howard_Phillips.htm","external_links_name":"\"Profile of Howard Phillips\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070124105219/http://www.visionforumministries.org/home/about/about_the_president.aspx","external_links_name":"\"About the President\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionforumministries.org/home/about/about_the_president.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cbn.com/media/player/index.aspx?s=/vod/DouglasPhillips_051906","external_links_name":"Doug Phillips Documentary on Iwo Jima"},{"Link":"http://www.christiannewswire.com/news/1642912211.html","external_links_name":"\"More than 2,500 to Attend Tampa Premiere of 'The Mysterious Islands' – a New Film Shot on the Galapagos Islands Which Challenges Darwin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103025522/http://www.visionforumministries.org/issues/news_and_reports/statement_of_resignation.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Statement of Resignation\""},{"Link":"http://visionforumministries.org/issues/news_and_reports/statement_of_resignation.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131115130459/http://www.visionforumministries.org/issues/news_and_reports/clarification_on_resignation.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Clarification on Resignation\""},{"Link":"http://www.visionforumministries.org/issues/news_and_reports/clarification_on_resignation.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://visionforumministries.org/","external_links_name":"\"The Closing of Vision Forum Ministries\""},{"Link":"http://www.christianpost.com/news/doug-phillips-former-church-disappointed-with-his-disobedient-departure-as-elder-who-confessed-affair-122965/","external_links_name":"Doug Phillips' Former Church Disappointed with His Disobedient Departure as Elder Who Confessed Affair"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150218040813/http://www.boernechristianassembly.org/articles/2014/doug_phillips.php","external_links_name":"\"Update Regarding Doug Phillips\""},{"Link":"http://www.boernechristianassembly.org/articles/2014/doug_phillips.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wng.org/sift/doug-phillips-leaves-the-church-he-founded-1617420087","external_links_name":"\"Doug Phillips leaves the church he founded\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3785677/","external_links_name":"Doug Phillips"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector-class_ship_of_the_line
Hector-class ship of the line
[]
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (January 2021) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,446 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Hector_(1755)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Class overview Succeeded byMagnifique-class ship of the line General characteristics Armament74 Guns The Hector class was a type of 74-gun ship of the line designed for the French Navy in the 1750s. vteFrench Navy ship of the line classes timeline, 1750s–1900s Type 1750s–1760s 1770s–1780s 1790s–1800s 1810s–1820s 1830s–1840s 1850s–1860s 1870s–1880s 1890s–1900s 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 00 05 130 gun three-decker Bretagne 110-120 gun three-decker Sans-Pareil class Océan class Bretagne Valmy Terrible class Commerce de Paris class 90-100 gun two-decker Napoléon class Suffren class Hercule class 80-gun two-decker Saint-Esprit class Deux Frères Bucentaure class Tonnant class 74-gun two-decker Hector class Magnifique class Souverain class Diadème class Citoyen class Marseillois César class Magnanime class Annibal class Scipion class Pégase class Téméraire class Centaure class This article about a specific civilian ship or boat is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrible-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Commerce de Paris class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_de_Paris-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Napoléon class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Suffren class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffren-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Hercule class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercule-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Saint-Esprit class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Esprit-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Deux Frères","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Deux_Fr%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Bucentaure class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucentaure-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Tonnant class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnant-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"74-gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/74-gun"},{"link_name":"Hector class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Magnifique class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnifique-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Souverain class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souverain-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Diadème class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diad%C3%A8me-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Citoyen class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citoyen-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Marseillois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Vengeur_du_Peuple"},{"link_name":"César class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Magnanime class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnanime-class_French_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Annibal class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annibal-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Scipion class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scipion-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Pégase class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9gase-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Téméraire class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9m%C3%A9raire-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"Centaure class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaure-class_ship_of_the_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galiote.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hector-class_ship_of_the_line&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ship-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ship-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ship-stub"}],"text":"The Hector class was a type of 74-gun ship of the line designed for the French Navy in the 1750s.vteFrench Navy ship of the line classes timeline, 1750s–1900s\n\n\n\nType\n\n1750s–1760s\n\n1770s–1780s\n\n1790s–1800s\n\n1810s–1820s\n\n1830s–1840s\n\n1850s–1860s\n\n1870s–1880s\n\n1890s–1900s\n\n\n50\n55\n60\n65\n\n70\n75\n80\n85\n\n90\n95\n00\n05\n\n10\n15\n20\n25\n\n30\n35\n40\n45\n\n50\n55\n60\n65\n\n70\n75\n80\n85\n\n90\n95\n00\n05\n\n\n130 gun three-decker\n\n\n\nBretagne\n\n\n\n\n110-120 gun three-decker\n\n\n\nSans-Pareil class\n\n\n\nOcéan class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBretagne\n\n\n\nValmy\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTerrible class\n\nCommerce de Paris class\n\n\n\n\n90-100 gun two-decker\n\n\n\nNapoléon class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSuffren class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHercule class\n\n\n80-gun two-decker\n\n\n\nSaint-Esprit class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDeux Frères\n\n\n\nBucentaure class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTonnant class\n\n\n\n\n74-gun two-decker\n\nHector class\n\n\n\n\nMagnifique class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSouverain class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDiadème class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCitoyen class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMarseillois\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCésar class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMagnanime class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnnibal class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nScipion class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPégase class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTéméraire class\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCentaure classThis article about a specific civilian ship or boat is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Hector-class ship of the line"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin_Shepard
Fin Shepard
["1 History","1.1 Sharknado","1.2 Sharknado 2: The Second One","1.3 Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!","1.4 Sharknado: The 4th Awakens","1.5 Sharknado 5: Global Swarming","1.6 The Last Sharknado: It's About Time","2 Other appearances","3 References"]
Fictional lead character of the Sharknado film series This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary. Please help improve the article by adding more real-world context. (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Fin Shepard" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fictional character Fin ShepardSharknado characterFin Shepard (left) fighting sharks with his two friendsFirst appearanceSharknado (2013)Last appearanceThe Last Sharknado: It's About Time (2018)Created bySyfyPortrayed byIan ZieringIn-universe informationGenderMaleSpouseApril WexlerChildrenClaudiaMattGil Fin Shepard is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Sharknado film series. He is a former surfer and shark hunter, who is played by Ian Ziering in all the films. He is a positive hero, protecting his family and the rest of the world from the evil sharks and hurricanes that bring sharks from the sea to land. History Sharknado Fin Shepard's life before the events of the first film is unknown. It is only known that Fin was a surfer and rested on the beach of Los Angeles with his friends Baz and Nova. Suddenly, a waterspout arrived from the sea, which brought a thousand sharks to Los Angeles, which in turn began killing people and destroying houses. Fin together with friends go in search of his ex-wife April and his teenage daughter Claudia. During the trip to the family, the group of Fin stops on the way to save people, because they are attacked by sharks due to floods. During the journey, George and Colleen were killed. Having found their family, Alex Matt Fin's son joins them and they flee and hide in a warehouse, where they come up with a plan to stop the tornade, namely, to blow them up. During the operation, Nova and Matt take a helicopter with bombs and blow two tornadoes out of three, but Nova drops out of a helicopter during a battle with a shark and Matt loses the last bomb. Eventually, Fin himself destroys the last tornado with a bomb attached to his car, and all the sharks begin to fall on the ground. One falling shark flies straight to the rest of the group. Fin jumps into the mouth of one of them and using a chainsaw cuts a shark's belly, thereby freeing himself and Nova. Nova and Matt are happy, and Fin is reuniting with April again. Sharknado 2: The Second One After the events of the first film, Fin is possible before the events of the Sharknado 2 in a row, wrote a new book and decided to fly to New York with April to present his book. However, there are new tornadoes, also filled with sharks, and one of them gets a plane Fin and April. Bursting on board, sharks kill pilots and many passengers. However, Fin manages to land the plane, and his wife loses her hand. Suddenly they fell on the City Field, and the two Sharks of the Tornado unite in huge curtains. Fin and his childhood friend Skye are trying to destroy them with bombs, just like last time, April comes from the hospital with a circular saw instead of a hand. (Referring to Ash from Evil Dead) Skye sacrifices herself, allowing Finn and April to destroy Shark Tornado. They explode freon cylinders, destroying all marine predators. Finn manages to ride the great white shark with chains and put it on the antenna. In one of the dead sharks, he finds April's hand with a wedding ring. He takes it and offers his ex-wife to renew their marriage, and she agrees. After that, Fin becomes a hero, April gets pregnant again and flies to Florida / Florida last month. Eight months later, Fin arrives in Washington, where he receives the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his feat in New York, when a new shark tornado collapses in Washington. Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No! The tornado destroys the White House, and sharks kill several guests of honor of the ceremony, guards and the president, so Fin is now in charge of his life. He kills dozens of sharks, and then the tornado suddenly disappears. Fin decides to go to Florida to inform his family about the next whirlwind, but all flights from Washington are canceled, so Fin takes the car to get to Orlando. Along the way, he again gets into a shark tornado and meets Nova with Lucas. Fin, Nova and Lucas are sent on a specially equipped bus to the south, in Orlando. Eventually the trio gets to a military air base located near Charleston. Its commander is General Gottlieb and an old acquaintance of Fin's. He shows Fin his old plane, now used for training flights. The shark tornado attacks the base and Lucas dies, after activating the anti-shark device on the bus Fin and Nova take off, continuing on their way to Orlando. After some time, Fin and Nova fly up to the track “Daytona 500”, where the race is held NASCAR ”, and at the same time a shark tornado covers the track. Fin and Nova dump a spare fuel tank into the center of the tornado and blow it up, weakening the tornado and destroying the sharks in it. One of the sharks is facing a fighter and he loses control. Fin barely puts the plane into the water at Universal Orlando and together, Novaya goes ashore. Soon the family of Fin was again assembled: he finds his wife, daughter and mother-in-law May. Fin with his family and Nova are sent to Cape Canaveral on racing cars. On the way, they visit a restaurant where Fin communicates with his father, Colonel Gilbert Shepherd NASA. For the destruction of shark tornadoes over East Coast that can connect and become incredibly destructive, you need the help of the military. For this, Fin expects to use Space Shuttle. Fin and his father are going to start off on a spacecraft into space, but April is trying to dissuade her husband from this insane antics. As a result, three astronauts are on the shuttle, not two, and the launch is canceled due to a closely approaching tornado. Comes to the aid of Nova, taking off on a fighter. The space shuttle takes off, the astronauts drop a bomb and a full external space shuttle on a tornado, explode them, and Fin and his father go into orbit. Because of the tornado, the colonel suggests using the power of satellites. The colonel takes off to the satellite and uses a pillar of fire from the satellite to destroy the shark tornado. It turns out that there is little fuel in the canoe, and therefore there is no possibility to pick up the colonel from the IDF satellite; and then the shuttle is attacked by sharks in space. April's huge shark swallows whole, but Fin, leaving behind the crumbling ship, rushes to the shark with a jetpack and swallows him whole. Then, using parachutes, Fin makes a soft landing by the entering the atmosphere in the body of a charred shark. He and a shark get out of a shark, and then April gives birth to a son, which they, along with Fin, call in honor of Gilbert's grandfather. Suddenly, in April falls a certain spacecraft. After this, many, including Fin himself, believed that she was dead. However, in fourth film it turns out that she still survived. Sharknado: The 4th Awakens In the five years since the previous film, Fin has moved to a farm in Kansas named "April's Acres," where he lives with his mother Raye and young son Gil. April is believed dead after being crushed by the wreckage of the space shuttle. Tech mogul Aston Reynolds (based on Tesla, Inc. co-founder and SpaceX founder Elon Musk) has developed a new type of high-speed space travel with his company Astro-X (a play on SpaceX), which was used to save Fin's father, Colonel Gilbert Shepard, from the moon. Astro-X has also developed a technology that is capable of using radio waves to diffuse tornadoes, leading to the end of the sharknado phenomenon. Fin travels to Molong with his cousin Gemini to meet up with his son Matt, who has returned from deployment in Iraq. Meanwhile, Reynolds has built and is opening a shark-themed hotel featuring a giant tank of sharks. While Matt and his fiancée, Gabrielle, marry and skydive from a plane, a sandstorm tornado develops that cannot be diffused by Astro-X. The tornado absorbs the water and sharks from Reynolds' hotel, creating the first sharknado in five years. Sharknado 5: Global Swarming Following the events of the previous film, Fin and April travel to London with their young son Gil to attend a NATO meeting regarding the escalating sharknado threat. Meanwhile, Nova and her assistants investigate a temple hidden beneath Stonehenge, and Nova summons Fin to aid her. They discover a shrine dedicated to an ancient shark god and collect an artifact, which has the unforeseen consequence of unleashing a new type of sharknado with a dimensional vortex inside it. The sharknado heads toward London, and Fin rallies the Buckingham Palace guards to defeat it. They manage to survive the sharknado, but Gil is pulled into the storm and vanishes. The Last Sharknado: It's About Time Immediately following the events of the previous film, with Earth completely devastated from the global sharknado swarm, Fin and his now-adult son Gil travel back 66 million years to the Cretaceous in order to prevent the first sharknado and destroy the phenomena once and for all. Shortly after arriving, Gil vanishes; Fin learns from a message recorded by Gil earlier that due to the instability of the energy needed to time travel, any individual person can only travel back in time once, with any subsequent trips resulting in their disappearance. Travelling forward through time, Fin thwarts Sharknados in Camelot, the War of Independence, and the Wild West, as well as making a trip to a shark-controlled future where he is nearly captured by an android duplicate of April who seeks to create a world of just android doubles of them both. Escaping the android, Fin is able to return to the past and uses the android to destroy the first Sharknado before it can fully form, creating a new timeline where Earth has never been decimated by the Sharknados, Fin once again the bartender he was at the beginning surrounded by his extended family. Other appearances Fin Shepard appears as a cameo in the film Lavalantula by the same actor - Ian Ziering. In this film, the other main character, Colton West, asks Fin for help, but Fin has his hands full, so he refuses to help and leaves. Fin also received a cameo in the Archie vs. Sharknado comic. Fin Shepard is a playable character in Sharknado: The Video Game. Fin Shepard appears in a short cameo in the film Ready Player One, where he is among the fighters for the freedom of the OASIS and cuts the "sixes" with his chainsaw. References ^ Squires, John (February 19, 2018). "'Sharknado 6' Will Be a Time Traveling Adventure; Art, Info and Date!". BloodyDisgusting.com. Retrieved February 19, 2018. ^ Holmes, Linda (July 12, 2012). "'Sharknado' Dares To Ask: Is It Going To Rain Giant Man-Eating Sharks?". NPR. Retrieved July 12, 2012. ^ Molly Freeman (October 10, 2014). "'Sharknado 3' to Take on the 'Feast Coast'". Screen Rant. ^ Sharknado 4 confirmed by Syfy as third film premieres (in English) на сайте bbc.com, 23 июля 2015 ^ Филиана Нг. EXCLUSIVE: Spoiler Alert! Tara Reid's Character is Alive in Sharknado 4, But How? (in English) на сайте etonline.com, 22 июня 2016 ^ "Syfy - Lavalantula". Retrieved 2017-12-12. vteSharknadoMain series Sharknado (2013) Sharknado 2: The Second One (2014) Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No! (2015) Sharknado: The 4th Awakens (2016) Sharknado 5: Global Swarming (2017) The Last Sharknado: It's About Time (2018) Spin-offs Lavalantula (2015) 2 Lava 2 Lantula (2016) 2025 Armageddon (2022) Related Sharknado: The Video Game (2014) Z Nation (2014–2018) Characters Fin Shepard Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sharknado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharknado_(film_series)"},{"link_name":"Ian Ziering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Ziering"}],"text":"Fictional characterFin Shepard is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Sharknado film series. He is a former surfer and shark hunter, who is played by Ian Ziering in all the films. He is a positive hero, protecting his family and the rest of the world from the evil sharks and hurricanes that bring sharks from the sea to land.","title":"Fin Shepard"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Sharknado","text":"Fin Shepard's life before the events of the first film is unknown. It is only known that Fin was a surfer and rested on the beach of Los Angeles with his friends Baz and Nova. Suddenly, a waterspout arrived from the sea, which brought a thousand sharks to Los Angeles, which in turn began killing people and destroying houses. Fin together with friends go in search of his ex-wife April and his teenage daughter Claudia. During the trip to the family, the group of Fin stops on the way to save people, because they are attacked by sharks due to floods. During the journey, George and Colleen were killed. Having found their family, Alex Matt Fin's son joins them and they flee and hide in a warehouse, where they come up with a plan to stop the tornade, namely, to blow them up. During the operation, Nova and Matt take a helicopter with bombs and blow two tornadoes out of three, but Nova drops out of a helicopter during a battle with a shark and Matt loses the last bomb. Eventually, Fin himself destroys the last tornado with a bomb attached to his car, and all the sharks begin to fall on the ground. One falling shark flies straight to the rest of the group. Fin jumps into the mouth of one of them and using a chainsaw cuts a shark's belly, thereby freeing himself and Nova. Nova and Matt are happy, and Fin is reuniting with April again.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ash_Williams"},{"link_name":"Evil Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_Dead"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Sharknado 2: The Second One","text":"After the events of the first film, Fin is possible before the events of the Sharknado 2 in a row, wrote a new book and decided to fly to New York with April to present his book. However, there are new tornadoes, also filled with sharks, and one of them gets a plane Fin and April. Bursting on board, sharks kill pilots and many passengers. However, Fin manages to land the plane, and his wife loses her hand. Suddenly they fell on the City Field, and the two Sharks of the Tornado unite in huge curtains. Fin and his childhood friend Skye are trying to destroy them with bombs, just like last time, April comes from the hospital with a circular saw instead of a hand. (Referring to Ash from Evil Dead) Skye sacrifices herself, allowing Finn and April to destroy Shark Tornado. They explode freon cylinders, destroying all marine predators. Finn manages to ride the great white shark with chains and put it on the antenna. In one of the dead sharks, he finds April's hand with a wedding ring. He takes it and offers his ex-wife to renew their marriage, and she agrees. After that, Fin becomes a hero, April gets pregnant again and flies to Florida / Florida last month. Eight months later, Fin arrives in Washington, where he receives the Presidential Medal of Freedom for his feat in New York, when a new shark tornado collapses in Washington.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Space Shuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle"},{"link_name":"fourth film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharknado:_The_4th_Awakens"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Sharknado 3: Oh Hell No!","text":"The tornado destroys the White House, and sharks kill several guests of honor of the ceremony, guards and the president, so Fin is now in charge of his life. He kills dozens of sharks, and then the tornado suddenly disappears. Fin decides to go to Florida to inform his family about the next whirlwind, but all flights from Washington are canceled, so Fin takes the car to get to Orlando. Along the way, he again gets into a shark tornado and meets Nova with Lucas. Fin, Nova and Lucas are sent on a specially equipped bus to the south, in Orlando. Eventually the trio gets to a military air base located near Charleston. Its commander is General Gottlieb and an old acquaintance of Fin's. He shows Fin his old plane, now used for training flights. The shark tornado attacks the base and Lucas dies, after activating the anti-shark device on the bus Fin and Nova take off, continuing on their way to Orlando. After some time, Fin and Nova fly up to the track “Daytona 500”, where the race is held NASCAR ”, and at the same time a shark tornado covers the track. Fin and Nova dump a spare fuel tank into the center of the tornado and blow it up, weakening the tornado and destroying the sharks in it. One of the sharks is facing a fighter and he loses control. Fin barely puts the plane into the water at Universal Orlando and together, Novaya goes ashore. Soon the family of Fin was again assembled: he finds his wife, daughter and mother-in-law May. Fin with his family and Nova are sent to Cape Canaveral on racing cars. On the way, they visit a restaurant where Fin communicates with his father, Colonel Gilbert Shepherd NASA. For the destruction of shark tornadoes over East Coast that can connect and become incredibly destructive, you need the help of the military. For this, Fin expects to use Space Shuttle.Fin and his father are going to start off on a spacecraft into space, but April is trying to dissuade her husband from this insane antics. As a result, three astronauts are on the shuttle, not two, and the launch is canceled due to a closely approaching tornado. Comes to the aid of Nova, taking off on a fighter. The space shuttle takes off, the astronauts drop a bomb and a full external space shuttle on a tornado, explode them, and Fin and his father go into orbit. Because of the tornado, the colonel suggests using the power of satellites. The colonel takes off to the satellite and uses a pillar of fire from the satellite to destroy the shark tornado. It turns out that there is little fuel in the canoe, and therefore there is no possibility to pick up the colonel from the IDF satellite; and then the shuttle is attacked by sharks in space. April's huge shark swallows whole, but Fin, leaving behind the crumbling ship, rushes to the shark with a jetpack and swallows him whole. Then, using parachutes, Fin makes a soft landing by the entering the atmosphere in the body of a charred shark. He and a shark get out of a shark, and then April gives birth to a son, which they, along with Fin, call in honor of Gilbert's grandfather. Suddenly, in April falls a certain spacecraft. After this, many, including Fin himself, believed that she was dead. However, in fourth film it turns out that she still survived.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tesla, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesla,_Inc."},{"link_name":"SpaceX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX"},{"link_name":"Elon Musk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk"}],"sub_title":"Sharknado: The 4th Awakens","text":"In the five years since the previous film, Fin has moved to a farm in Kansas named \"April's Acres,\" where he lives with his mother Raye and young son Gil. April is believed dead after being crushed by the wreckage of the space shuttle. Tech mogul Aston Reynolds (based on Tesla, Inc. co-founder and SpaceX founder Elon Musk) has developed a new type of high-speed space travel with his company Astro-X (a play on SpaceX), which was used to save Fin's father, Colonel Gilbert Shepard, from the moon. Astro-X has also developed a technology that is capable of using radio waves to diffuse tornadoes, leading to the end of the sharknado phenomenon.Fin travels to Molong with his cousin Gemini to meet up with his son Matt, who has returned from deployment in Iraq. Meanwhile, Reynolds has built and is opening a shark-themed hotel featuring a giant tank of sharks. While Matt and his fiancée, Gabrielle, marry and skydive from a plane, a sandstorm tornado develops that cannot be diffused by Astro-X. The tornado absorbs the water and sharks from Reynolds' hotel, creating the first sharknado in five years.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Stonehenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"}],"sub_title":"Sharknado 5: Global Swarming","text":"Following the events of the previous film, Fin and April travel to London with their young son Gil to attend a NATO meeting regarding the escalating sharknado threat. Meanwhile, Nova and her assistants investigate a temple hidden beneath Stonehenge, and Nova summons Fin to aid her. They discover a shrine dedicated to an ancient shark god and collect an artifact, which has the unforeseen consequence of unleashing a new type of sharknado with a dimensional vortex inside it. The sharknado heads toward London, and Fin rallies the Buckingham Palace guards to defeat it. They manage to survive the sharknado, but Gil is pulled into the storm and vanishes.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cretaceous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous"}],"sub_title":"The Last Sharknado: It's About Time","text":"Immediately following the events of the previous film, with Earth completely devastated from the global sharknado swarm, Fin and his now-adult son Gil travel back 66 million years to the Cretaceous in order to prevent the first sharknado and destroy the phenomena once and for all. Shortly after arriving, Gil vanishes; Fin learns from a message recorded by Gil earlier that due to the instability of the energy needed to time travel, any individual person can only travel back in time once, with any subsequent trips resulting in their disappearance. Travelling forward through time, Fin thwarts Sharknados in Camelot, the War of Independence, and the Wild West, as well as making a trip to a shark-controlled future where he is nearly captured by an android duplicate of April who seeks to create a world of just android doubles of them both. Escaping the android, Fin is able to return to the past and uses the android to destroy the first Sharknado before it can fully form, creating a new timeline where Earth has never been decimated by the Sharknados, Fin once again the bartender he was at the beginning surrounded by his extended family.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lavalantula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavalantula"},{"link_name":"Ian Ziering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Ziering"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Archie vs. Sharknado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archie_vs._Sharknado&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sharknado: The Video Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharknado:_The_Video_Game"},{"link_name":"Ready Player One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_Player_One_(film)"}],"text":"Fin Shepard appears as a cameo in the film Lavalantula by the same actor - Ian Ziering. In this film, the other main character, Colton West, asks Fin for help, but Fin has his hands full, so he refuses to help and leaves.[6]\nFin also received a cameo in the Archie vs. Sharknado comic.\nFin Shepard is a playable character in Sharknado: The Video Game.\nFin Shepard appears in a short cameo in the film Ready Player One, where he is among the fighters for the freedom of the OASIS and cuts the \"sixes\" with his chainsaw.","title":"Other appearances"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Squires, John (February 19, 2018). \"'Sharknado 6' Will Be a Time Traveling Adventure; Art, Info and Date!\". BloodyDisgusting.com. Retrieved February 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://bloody-disgusting.com/tv/3484336/sharknado-6-will-time-traveling-adventure-art-info-date/","url_text":"\"'Sharknado 6' Will Be a Time Traveling Adventure; Art, Info and Date!\""}]},{"reference":"Holmes, Linda (July 12, 2012). \"'Sharknado' Dares To Ask: Is It Going To Rain Giant Man-Eating Sharks?\". NPR. Retrieved July 12, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2013/07/12/201438989/sharknado-dares-to-ask-is-it-going-to-rain-giant-man-eating-sharks","url_text":"\"'Sharknado' Dares To Ask: Is It Going To Rain Giant Man-Eating Sharks?\""}]},{"reference":"Molly Freeman (October 10, 2014). \"'Sharknado 3' to Take on the 'Feast Coast'\". Screen Rant.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/sharknado-3-setting-details/","url_text":"\"'Sharknado 3' to Take on the 'Feast Coast'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Syfy - Lavalantula\". Retrieved 2017-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syfy.com/lavalantula","url_text":"\"Syfy - Lavalantula\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fin_Shepard&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve the article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fin+Shepard%22","external_links_name":"\"Fin Shepard\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fin+Shepard%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fin+Shepard%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fin+Shepard%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fin+Shepard%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fin+Shepard%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://bloody-disgusting.com/tv/3484336/sharknado-6-will-time-traveling-adventure-art-info-date/","external_links_name":"\"'Sharknado 6' Will Be a Time Traveling Adventure; Art, Info and Date!\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/blogs/monkeysee/2013/07/12/201438989/sharknado-dares-to-ask-is-it-going-to-rain-giant-man-eating-sharks","external_links_name":"\"'Sharknado' Dares To Ask: Is It Going To Rain Giant Man-Eating Sharks?\""},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/sharknado-3-setting-details/","external_links_name":"\"'Sharknado 3' to Take on the 'Feast Coast'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-33635945","external_links_name":"Sharknado 4 confirmed by Syfy as third film premieres"},{"Link":"http://www.etonline.com/tv/191612_tara_reid_character_is_alive_sharknado_4_but_how","external_links_name":"EXCLUSIVE: Spoiler Alert! Tara Reid's Character is Alive in Sharknado 4, But How?"},{"Link":"http://www.syfy.com/lavalantula","external_links_name":"\"Syfy - Lavalantula\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Salter
Rebecca Salter
["1 Education","2 Work","2.1 Royal Academy of Arts","3 Selected exhibitions","4 Selected bibliography","5 External links","6 References"]
English artist Rebecca Salter PRA (born 1955) is a British abstract artist who lives and works in London. Previously elected Keeper in 2017, she was elected as the first female President of the Royal Academy of Arts in London on 10 December 2019. Formerly a ceramicist, she is best known as painter and printmaker. Salter specialises in woodblock printing, combining Western and Eastern traditions. She has written two books on Japanese wood blocks: Japanese Woodblock (2001) and Japanese Popular Prints: From Votive Slips to Playing Cards (2006). Education Rebecca Salter trained at Bristol Polytechnic, graduating in 1977. According to Gillian Forrestor, George Rainer, Salter's teacher at Bristol, motivated his students to not be confined to their desired mediums, but to use the opportunity of university to experiment. Salter enjoyed the freedom to engage with mixed medias and practices, which has become an integral part of her ongoing practice. In 1979, Salter received a Leverhulme Scholarship enabling her to become a research student at Kyoto City University of Arts in Japan until 1981. She studied traditional Japanese woodblock printing with professor Kurosaki Akira. Salter was Associate Lecturer on the MA Printmaking Course at Camberwell College of Arts before 2016. Work Salter lived and worked in Japan from 1979 to 1985. This move changed the nature of her work significantly, having an impact not only on her palette but on her artistic practice also. She began working more with two-dimensional works, creating pieces that complicate the relationship between painting, drawing, printmaking and sculpture. Her earliest, Untitled B119 (1981), is a suite of woodblock prints on paper, stained with persimmon juice, to give the impression of age, reminiscent of Japanese wab. She also studied calligraphy in the evenings, which she learnt was more than merely drawing lines but about dynamic movement. Arriving back in London, in 1985, Salter took up painting on canvas. Though she was no longer a ceramicist, she continued to view her practice as "making an object" rather than a surface. Her time in Japan continued to prevail through this new medium. Calligraphic traditions can be seen through the lines in Untitled RR21 (2009), which Sadako Okhi suggests is reminiscent of a lily pond by Monet, where the lilies have been replaced by killifish. She won the Pollock-Krasner Foundation award in 1995 and the Cheltenham Open Drawing award in 1997. In 2009, Salter worked on the refurbishment of St George's Hospital in Tooting, south London, in collaboration with architects Gibberd. The refurbishment demonstrated her engagement with the Japanese concepts of space and her belief in the therapeutic value of art. Salter said: "For my inspiration as to how to transform the new main entrance into a special place, I turned to aspects of Japanese art and architecture which have influenced me since studying there earlier in my career. The most important spatial concept I wanted to introduce was an intuitive way of navigating using light and texture. I hope that anyone arriving at the perimeter of the site will no longer need to study a map for directions." Salter has twice (2003, 2011) been artist in residence at the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation, Connecticut, where she envisaged her work would be a tribute to Josef Albers' practice. Salter exhibits regularly in London, and internationally. In 2011, she had her first major museum retrospective, Into the light of things, at the Yale Center for British Art, Connecticut. It was more than a conventional retrospective of a single artist's work; it was a sustained investigation of the centrality of drawing to art making and of the notion of a dialogue between Eastern and Western aesthetics, artistic practice, and architecture. Royal Academy of Arts In 2014, Salter was elected as a Royal Academician by the Royal Academy of Arts in London and in 2017, she was elected as Keeper of the Royal Academy; with the responsibility of guiding the RA Schools. In 2019, Salter was elected as President of the Royal Academy on 10 December, the first female President in the Royal Academy's then 251 year history. She continued to hold the position of Keeper until an election was held to appoint a new Keeper of the RA Schools in 2020. Selected exhibitions Multiple Thoughts: Artists Make Prints, The Keeper's House, Royal Academy of Arts, London, UK, 2018 One Year Anniversary Show, Galerie Pugliese Levi, Berlin, Germany, 2018 Memories Arrested in Space, The Italian Cultural Institute of London and ARTUNER.com, 2018 The Realm of Objects and Ideas , ARTUNER.com, 2018 In Praise of Shadows , Cassina Projects, NYC and ARTUNER.com, 2017 Into the Light of Things , Yale Center for British Art, Connecticut, USA, 2011 Pale Remembered , Beardsmore Gallery, London, UK, 2009 The Unguiet Gaze , Howard Scott Gallery, New York, USA, 2007 Bliss of Solitude , Beardsmore Gallery, London, UK, 2006 LINE, Fosterart, London, UK, 2004 Selected bibliography 2001 Japanese Woodblock Printing, A & C Black. 2006 Japanese Popular Prints: From Votive Slips to Playing Cards, University of Hawaii Press. External links New York Times, 'Eastern Subtlety, Western Minimalism', April 8, 2011 ARTUNER, 'Video Interview with Rebecca Salter' ARTUNER, 'An Interview with Rebecca Salter' The Arts Desk, We Made It: Rebecca Salter RA, May 16, 2011 References ^ a b "Rebecca Salter PRA: The first female President of the Royal Academy of Arts | Blog | Royal Academy of Arts". ^ a b "Rebecca Salter Becomes Twenty-Seventh President of The Royal Academy". Artlyst. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019. ^ Rebecca Salter RA, Royal Academy of Arts ^ a b Japanese Woodblock (2001) ^ a b Japanese Popular Prints: From Votive Slips to Playing Cards (2006) ^ Forrester, Gillian (2011). "From without to within : Rebecca Salter's Erlebniskunst". In Gillian, Forrester (ed.). Rebecca Salter : into the light of things. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Center for British Art : In association with Yale University Press. ^ "Rebecca Salter". Royal Academy of Arts. Retrieved 17 May 2023. ^ a b "into the light of things: Rebecca Salter, works 1981–2010". Yale Center for British Art. ^ Sadako, Ohki (2011). Forrester, Gillian (ed.). Rebecca Salter and Japan: moments layered in time, space, color, and line. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale Center for British Art : In association with Yale University Press. ^ Rebecca, Salter. "Calligraphy of Light at St George's Hospital, Tooting, London - Refurbishment of main entrance. 2009". Rebecca Salter. ^ "Cathie Pilkington Elected Keeper of the Royal Academy in London". Artlyst. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019. Cultural offices Preceded byChristopher Le Brun President of the Royal Academy of Arts 2019–present Incumbent Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Netherlands Artists RKD Artists ULAN Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artlyst-2"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painter"},{"link_name":"printmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaker"},{"link_name":"woodblock printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodblock-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popular-5"}],"text":"Rebecca Salter PRA (born 1955) is a British abstract artist who lives and works in London. Previously elected Keeper in 2017, she was elected as the first female President of the Royal Academy of Arts in London on 10 December 2019.[1][2] Formerly a ceramicist, she is best known as painter and printmaker. Salter specialises in woodblock printing, combining Western and Eastern traditions.[3] She has written two books on Japanese wood blocks: Japanese Woodblock (2001)[4] and Japanese Popular Prints: From Votive Slips to Playing Cards (2006).[5]","title":"Rebecca Salter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bristol Polytechnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Polytechnic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Leverhulme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverhulme_Trust"},{"link_name":"Kyoto City University of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_City_University_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Camberwell College of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camberwell_College_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-"}],"text":"Rebecca Salter trained at Bristol Polytechnic, graduating in 1977. According to Gillian Forrestor, George Rainer, Salter's teacher at Bristol, motivated his students to not be confined to their desired mediums, but to use the opportunity of university to experiment.[6] Salter enjoyed the freedom to engage with mixed medias and practices, which has become an integral part of her ongoing practice.In 1979, Salter received a Leverhulme Scholarship enabling her to become a research student at Kyoto City University of Arts in Japan until 1981. She studied traditional Japanese woodblock printing with professor Kurosaki Akira. Salter was Associate Lecturer on the MA Printmaking Course at Camberwell College of Arts before 2016.[7]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"persimmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persimmon"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"calligraphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale-8"},{"link_name":"Monet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monet"},{"link_name":"killifish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killifish"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pollock-Krasner Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollock-Krasner_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Cheltenham Open Drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerwood_Drawing_Prize"},{"link_name":"St George's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Tooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooting"},{"link_name":"Gibberd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Gibberd"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Josef Albers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Albers"},{"link_name":"Yale Center for British Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Center_for_British_Art"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale-8"}],"text":"Salter lived and worked in Japan from 1979 to 1985. This move changed the nature of her work significantly, having an impact not only on her palette but on her artistic practice also. She began working more with two-dimensional works, creating pieces that complicate the relationship between painting, drawing, printmaking and sculpture. Her earliest, Untitled B119 (1981), is a suite of woodblock prints on paper, stained with persimmon juice, to give the impression of age, reminiscent of Japanese wab[clarification needed]. She also studied calligraphy in the evenings, which she learnt was more than merely drawing lines but about dynamic movement.Arriving back in London, in 1985, Salter took up painting on canvas. Though she was no longer a ceramicist, she continued to view her practice as \"making an object\" rather than a surface.[8] Her time in Japan continued to prevail through this new medium. Calligraphic traditions can be seen through the lines in Untitled RR21 (2009), which Sadako Okhi suggests is reminiscent of a lily pond by Monet, where the lilies have been replaced by killifish.[9] She won the Pollock-Krasner Foundation award in 1995 and the Cheltenham Open Drawing award in 1997.In 2009, Salter worked on the refurbishment of St George's Hospital in Tooting, south London, in collaboration with architects Gibberd. The refurbishment demonstrated her engagement with the Japanese concepts of space and her belief in the therapeutic value of art. Salter said:\"For my inspiration as to how to transform the new main entrance into a special place, I turned to aspects of Japanese art and architecture which have influenced me since studying there earlier in my career. The most important spatial concept I wanted to introduce was an intuitive way of navigating using light and texture. I hope that anyone arriving at the perimeter of the site will no longer need to study a map for directions.\"[10]Salter has twice (2003, 2011) been artist in residence at the Josef and Anni Albers Foundation, Connecticut, where she envisaged her work would be a tribute to Josef Albers' practice.Salter exhibits regularly in London, and internationally. In 2011, she had her first major museum retrospective, Into the light of things, at the Yale Center for British Art, Connecticut. It was more than a conventional retrospective of a single artist's work; it was a sustained investigation of the centrality of drawing to art making and of the notion of a dialogue between Eastern and Western aesthetics, artistic practice, and architecture.[8]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PRA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Artlyst-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtForum-11"}],"sub_title":"Royal Academy of Arts","text":"In 2014, Salter was elected as a Royal Academician by the Royal Academy of Arts in London and in 2017, she was elected as Keeper of the Royal Academy; with the responsibility of guiding the RA Schools.In 2019, Salter was elected as President of the Royal Academy on 10 December, the first female President in the Royal Academy's then 251 year history.[1] She continued to hold the position of Keeper until an election was held to appoint a new Keeper of the RA Schools in 2020.[2][11]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Multiple Thoughts: Artists Make Prints, The Keeper's House, Royal Academy of Arts, London, UK, 2018 \n One Year Anniversary Show, Galerie Pugliese Levi, Berlin, Germany, 2018 \n Memories Arrested in Space, The Italian Cultural Institute of London and ARTUNER.com, 2018 \n The Realm of Objects and Ideas , ARTUNER.com, 2018 \n In Praise of Shadows , Cassina Projects, NYC and ARTUNER.com, 2017 \n Into the Light of Things , Yale Center for British Art, Connecticut, USA, 2011 \n Pale Remembered , Beardsmore Gallery, London, UK, 2009 \n The Unguiet Gaze , Howard Scott Gallery, New York, USA, 2007 \n Bliss of Solitude , Beardsmore Gallery, London, UK, 2006 \nLINE, Fosterart, London, UK, 2004","title":"Selected exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woodblock-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Popular-5"}],"text":"2001 Japanese Woodblock Printing, A & C Black.[4]\n2006 Japanese Popular Prints: From Votive Slips to Playing Cards, University of Hawaii Press.[5]","title":"Selected bibliography"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Krohn
Jesse Krohn
["1 Personal and early life","2 Racing career","3 Racing record","3.1 Career summary","3.2 European Le Mans Series results","3.3 IMSA SportsCar Championship results","3.4 Complete 24 Hours of Daytona results","3.5 Asian Le Mans Series results","3.6 Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results","3.7 Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results","4 References","5 External links"]
Finnish racing driver Jesse KrohnNationality FinnishBorn (1990-09-03) 3 September 1990 (age 33)Nurmijärvi (Finland)Related toPertti Kurki-Suonio (Father)Jenni Krohn (Sister)Oskari Kurki-Suonio (Brother)Italian Formula Three careerDebut season2010Current teamRP MotorsportRacing licence FIA GoldCar number21Previous series2006200720072008200820082009Formula Ford FinlandFormula Ford UKFinnish Formula ThreeFormula Renault FinlandFormula Renault NEZFormula Renault EstoniaFormula Renault UKChampionship titles200820082008Formula Renault FinlandFormula Renault NEZFormula Renault Estonia Jesse Kurki-Suonio (born 3 September 1990), more commonly known as Jesse Krohn, is a Finnish professional racing driver, and BMW Motorsport works driver. He is notable for winning the Finnish, Northern European Zone (NEZ) and Estonian Formula Renault championships. Krohn comes from a motorsport central family, with his father, Pertti, competing in the 1987 Finnish Formula Ford championship alongside 1998 and 1999 Formula One world champion Mika Häkkinen whilst his sister, Jenni, and brother, Oskari also compete in motorsport professionally in Finland. Personal and early life Jesse Krohn was born in Nurmijärvi, located in the southern Uusimaa region of Finland, during September 1990. His father, Pertti Kurki-Suonio was a racing driver, who competed in the Finnish Formula Ford championship alongside future Formula One drivers Mika Häkkinen and Mika Salo. However, despite finishing behind Salo and Häkkinen in the championship, Pertti's career never went beyond Scandinavia, excluding a one-off appearance at Brands Hatch for the Formula Ford festival. His elder sister, Jenni, and younger brother, Oskari, are also both racing drivers both currently racing in their native Finland. Racing career Krohn began his career in karts when he was six, he spent nine years karting before moving up into car racing in 2005 as a test driver for saloon cars. In 2006, he competed in a number of Formula Ford events in his home country, finishing in eighth, and also competing in the Ford Ford Festival at Brands Hatch, finishing 10th, and also in the British Formula Ford Winter Series, finishing as runner up to Brit David Mayes. The Finn entered the full UK championship the following year as well as the Finnish Formula Three championship, "I was in a '97 Dallara with a H-pattern gearbox" Krohn recalls, "my shoulders were over the cockpit". In the UK championship, Krohn finished the year in 17th with 82 points whilst he had a better time in Finnish Formula Three with six wins and finishing second overall in the championship. He also re-entered the Formula Ford festival as well, performing better than the previous year finishing eighth. 2008 was Krohn's best year yet, with three championship wins in the Finnish, Northern European Zone (NEZ) and Estonian Formula Renault championships, recording ten wins in total. He also competed in the British, Italian and Northern European championships as well, but experiencing little success by comparison. With a number of successes the previous year, Krohn entered the UK Formula Renault championship for the whole season where he has so far tallied 117 points, including a win at Thruxton. Krohn gained some notoriety during the year as well after climbing up from twenty–fifth to seventh in the wet conditions at Donington Park but soon dropped out of the point after his suspension failed and so had to complete the final three laps on three wheels, "exactly what Jan Magnussen would have done" commented Mark Burdett Motorsport engineer Andy Miller, who ran the Danish driver during his 1994 British Formula 3 campaign. Krohn competing in an ESET Cup Series / FIA CEZ endurance race at the 2023 Grand Prix of Slovakia, where he finished first in the D4-GT3 class. 2014 saw Krohn admitted into the BMW Motorsport Junior Programme in which he trained in for three years, with established works drivers like Dirk Adorf and Jörg Müller. He won the 2017–18 Asian Le Mans Series GT Drivers title with Jun San Chen in the FIST-Team AAI BMW M6 GT3, and was promoted to BMW works driver in 2018. Racing record Career summary Season Series Team Races Wins Poles F/Laps Podiums Points Position 2015 European Le Mans Series - LMGTE BMW Sports Trophy Marc VDS 5 1 0 0 2 79 2nd 2016 IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTD Turner Motorsport 2 0 0 0 0 52 30th 2017 IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTD Turner Motorsport 7 1 0 0 2 160 21st 2017-18 Asian Le Mans Series - GT FIST-Team AAI 4 3 0 0 4 95 1st 2018 IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTLM BMW M Team RLL 11 0 0 0 2 278 8th 2019 IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTLM BMW M Team RLL 11 0 2 0 2 279 7th 2018-19 FIA World Endurance Championship - LMGTE Pro BMW Team MTEK 1 0 0 0 0 12 23rd 2020 IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTLM BMW M Team RLL 11 1 0 0 6 319 2nd 2021 IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTLM BMW M Team RLL 4 0 1 0 4 1336 6th 2022 IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTD Pro BMW M Team RLL 2 0 0 0 1 609 15th 2024 IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTP BMW M Team RLL 5 0 0 0 0 1318* 8th* 24 Hours of Le Mans - Hypercar BMW M Team WRT Reserve driver European Le Mans Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Make Engine Class 1 2 3 4 5 Rank Points 2015 BMW Sports Trophy Marc VDS BMW Z4 GTE BMW 4.4 L V8 LMGTE SIL4 IMO4 RBR4 LEC2 EST1 2nd 79 Source: IMSA SportsCar Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Make Engine Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rank Points Ref 2016 Turner Motorsport GTD BMW M6 GT3 BMW 4.4 L V8 DAY5 SEB7 LGA BEL WGL MOS LIM ELK VIR AUS PET 30th 52 2017 Turner Motorsport GTD BMW M6 GT3 BMW 4.4 L V8 DAY8 SEB20 LBH AUS DET WGL MOS LIM14 ELK1 VIR2 LGA5 ATL15 21st 160 2018 BMW Team RLL GTLM BMW M8 GTE BMW S63 4.0 L Twin-turbo V8 DAY7 SEB7 LBH5 MDO7 WGL8 MOS8 LIM8 ELK8 VIR3 LGA4 ATL3 8th 278 2019 BMW Team RLL GTLM BMW M8 GTE BMW S63 4.0 L Twin-turbo V8 DAY9 SEB4 LBH8 MDO6 WGL5 MOS2 LIM8 ELK8 VIR8 LGA2 ATL9 7th 279 2020 BMW Team RLL GTLM BMW M8 GTE BMW S63 4.0 L Twin-turbo V8 DAY1 DAY6 SEB5 ELK3 VIR6 ATL3 MDO4 CLT2 PET3 LGA4 SEB3 2nd 319 2021 BMW Team RLL GTLM BMW M8 GTE BMW S63 4.0 L Turbo V8 DAY3 SEB3 DET WGL2 WGL LIM ELK LGA LBH VIR PET3 6th 1336 2022 BMW M Team RLL GTD Pro BMW M4 GT3 BMW S58B30T0 3.0 L Twin Turbo I6 DAY7 SEB LBH LGA WGL MOS LIM ELK VIR PET2 15th 609 2024 BMW M Team RLL GTP BMW M Hybrid V8 BMW P66/3 4.0 L Turbo V8 DAY8 SEB6 LBH6 LGA9 DET7 WGL ELK IMS PET 8th* 1318* Source: * Season still in progress. Complete 24 Hours of Daytona results Year Team Co-Drivers Car Class Laps Pos. ClassPos. 2016 Turner Motorsport Michael Marsal Markus Palttala Maxime Martin BMW M6 GT3 GTD 701 19th 5th 2017 Turner Motorsport Justin Marks Jens Klingmann Maxime Martin BMW M6 GT3 GTD 628 25th 8th 2018 BMW Team RLL Nick Catsburg John Edwards Augusto Farfus BMW M8 GTE GTLM 773 18th 7th 2019 BMW Team RLL John Edwards Chaz Mostert Alex Zanardi BMW M8 GTE GTLM 553 31st 9th 2020 BMW Team RLL John Edwards Chaz Mostert Augusto Farfus BMW M8 GTE GTLM 786 13th 1st 2021 BMW Team RLL John Edwards Augusto Farfus Marco Wittmann BMW M8 GTE GTLM 769 13th 3rd 2022 BMW Team RLL John Edwards Augusto Farfus Connor De Phillippi BMW M4 GT3 GTD Pro 698 30th 7th 2024 BMW Team RLL Philipp Eng Augusto Farfus Dries Vanthoor BMW M Hybrid V8 GTP 776 8th 8th Source: Asian Le Mans Series results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Team Make Engine Class 1 2 3 4 Rank Points 2017-18 FIST-Team AAI BMW M6 GT3 BMW 4.4 L V8 GT ZHU1 FUJ2 BUR1 SEP1 1st 95 Source: Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Year Entrant Class Chassis Engine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rank Points 2018–19 BMW Team MTEK LMGTE Pro BMW M8 GTE BMW S63 4.0 L Turbo V8 SPA LMS SIL FUJ SHA SEB SPA LMS6 23rd 12 Sources: Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results Year Team Co-Drivers Car Class Laps Pos. ClassPos. 2019 BMW Team MTEK António Félix da Costa Augusto Farfus BMW M8 GTE GTEPro 335 30th 10th Sources: References ^ a b "Introducing: Jesse Krohn". Autosport. Vol. 196, no. 11. June 2009. p. 59. ^ a b c d e f "Jesse Krohn Results". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Jesse Krohn – 2016 Weathertech SportsCar Championship Results". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Jesse Krohn – 2017 Weathertech SportsCar Championship Results". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Jesse Krohn – 2018 Weathertech SportsCar Championship Results". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Jesse Krohn – 2019 Weathertech SportsCar Championship Results". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Jesse Krohn – 2020 Weathertech SportsCar Championship Results". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Jesse Krohn – 2021 Weathertech SportsCar Championship Results". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Jesse Krohn – 2022 Weathertech SportsCar Championship Results". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Jesse Krohn – 2024 Weathertech SportsCar Championship Results". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Jesse Krohn". FIA World Endurance Championship. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Jesse Krohn". Automobile Club de l'Ouest. Retrieved 19 April 2024. External links Official website Jesse Krohn career summary at DriverDB.com Sporting positions Preceded byRyan BriscoeRichard Westbrook Michelin Endurance CupGTLM Champion 2020 With: John Edwards Succeeded byNick TandyTommy Milner vte BMW M Factory DriversWorks Drivers Bill Auberlen (1996—) Augusto Farfus (2007—) Bruno Spengler (2012—) Marco Wittmann (2012—) Maxime Martin (2013—17, 2023—) Jens Klingmann (2014—) Jesse Krohn (2014—) Philipp Eng (2016—) Connor De Phillippi (2018—) Jake Dennis (2018—) Sheldon van der Linde (2019—) Nick Yelloly (2019—) Dan Harper (2020—) Max Hesse (2020—) Neil Verhagen (2020—) Erik Johansson (2020—) Robby Foley (2021—) Madison Snow (2022—) Robin Frijns (2023—) René Rast (2023—) Valentino Rossi (2023—) Dries Vanthoor (2023—) Charles Weerts (2023—) Raffaele Marciello (2024—)
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His father, Pertti Kurki-Suonio was a racing driver, who competed in the Finnish Formula Ford championship alongside future Formula One drivers Mika Häkkinen and Mika Salo. However, despite finishing behind Salo and Häkkinen in the championship, Pertti's career never went beyond Scandinavia, excluding a one-off appearance at Brands Hatch for the Formula Ford festival.His elder sister, Jenni, and younger brother, Oskari, are also both racing drivers both currently racing in their native Finland.","title":"Personal and early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"karts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart"},{"link_name":"Formula Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Ford"},{"link_name":"Brands Hatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brands_Hatch"},{"link_name":"Brit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Formula Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Three"},{"link_name":"Dallara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autosport_Interview_June_2009-1"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Formula Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_Renault"},{"link_name":"Thruxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thruxton_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Donington Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donington_Park"},{"link_name":"Jan Magnussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Magnussen"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"British Formula 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Formula_3_Championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Autosport_Interview_June_2009-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jesse_Krohn_during_endurance_race_at_the_2023_Grand_Prix_of_Slovakia.jpg"},{"link_name":"BMW Motorsport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Motorsport"},{"link_name":"Dirk Adorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Adorf"},{"link_name":"Jörg Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Asian Le Mans Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Asian_Le_Mans_Series"}],"text":"Krohn began his career in karts when he was six, he spent nine years karting before moving up into car racing in 2005 as a test driver for saloon cars. In 2006, he competed in a number of Formula Ford events in his home country, finishing in eighth, and also competing in the Ford Ford Festival at Brands Hatch, finishing 10th, and also in the British Formula Ford Winter Series, finishing as runner up to Brit David Mayes. The Finn entered the full UK championship the following year as well as the Finnish Formula Three championship, \"I was in a '97 Dallara with a H-pattern gearbox\" Krohn recalls, \"my shoulders were over the cockpit\".[1] In the UK championship, Krohn finished the year in 17th with 82 points whilst he had a better time in Finnish Formula Three with six wins and finishing second overall in the championship. He also re-entered the Formula Ford festival as well, performing better than the previous year finishing eighth.2008 was Krohn's best year yet, with three championship wins in the Finnish, Northern European Zone (NEZ) and Estonian Formula Renault championships, recording ten wins in total. He also competed in the British, Italian and Northern European championships as well, but experiencing little success by comparison. With a number of successes the previous year, Krohn entered the UK Formula Renault championship for the whole season where he has so far tallied 117 points, including a win at Thruxton.Krohn gained some notoriety during the year as well after climbing up from twenty–fifth to seventh in the wet conditions at Donington Park but soon dropped out of the point after his suspension failed and so had to complete the final three laps on three wheels, \"exactly what Jan Magnussen would have done\" commented Mark Burdett Motorsport engineer Andy Miller, who ran the Danish driver during his 1994 British Formula 3 campaign.[1]Krohn competing in an ESET Cup Series / FIA CEZ endurance race at the 2023 Grand Prix of Slovakia, where he finished first in the D4-GT3 class.2014 saw Krohn admitted into the BMW Motorsport Junior Programme in which he trained in for three years, with established works drivers like Dirk Adorf and Jörg Müller. He won the 2017–18 Asian Le Mans Series GT Drivers title with Jun San Chen in the FIST-Team AAI BMW M6 GT3, and was promoted to BMW works driver in 2018.","title":"Racing career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Career summary","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"European Le Mans Series results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"IMSA SportsCar Championship results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)* Season still in progress.","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Complete 24 Hours of Daytona results","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Asian Le Mans Series results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Motorsport_driver_results_legend"}],"sub_title":"Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results","text":"(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)","title":"Racing record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Complete 24 Hours of Le Mans results","title":"Racing record"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe_in_My_Garden
Safe in My Garden
["1 The Mamas and the Papas","2 Other recordings","3 Charts","4 References","5 External links"]
1968 single by The Mamas and the Papas"Safe in My Garden"Single by The Mamas and the Papasfrom the album The Papas & The Mamas B-side"Too Late"ReleasedMay 1968Recorded1968GenreFolk rockLength3:10LabelDunhillSongwriter(s)John PhillipsProducer(s)Lou AdlerThe Mamas and the Papas singles chronology "Dancing Bear" (1967) "Safe in My Garden" (1968) "Dream a Little Dream of Me" (1968) "Safe in My Garden" is a song written by John Phillips and recorded by The Mamas and the Papas. The single was briefly in the Top 100 pop chart in the United States. AllMusic.com calls the song "One of the group's finest latter-day records." The Mamas and the Papas After Cass Elliot left the group temporarily in 1967, she returned in 1968 to complete their fourth album, The Papas & The Mamas. While the 1967 single Twelve Thirty appears on the album and was intended to be the first single for the fourth album, nearly a year had passed between its release and the completion of the remainder of the album, with two additional singles issued in order to keep the group in the minds of the American record buying public, "Glad to Be Unhappy" (a non-album single) and "Dancing Bear" culled from the group's second album. As a result, "Safe in My Garden" serves as something of a lead-off single for the album. The song marks a departure for the group, as their signature folk-rock sound gives way to world-weary lyrics. Songwriter John Phillips, in the two years prior, had seen the group achieve great highs (six singles in the American Top 5 charts, a Grammy award, and enormous wealth and popularity) and extraordinary lows (Michelle Phillips' affairs with bandmate Denny Doherty and The Byrds' Gene Clark, Cass's departure, John's burgeoning drug addiction and added responsibility of becoming a father for the third time), and now outside the group, 1968 was a myriad protests, police brutality, and a world-weariness about the 1960s, in particular the Sunset Strip Riots. Despite the actual lyrics, the music is classic "Laurel Canyon" folk music, and has been described as "this bucolic, happy song." Well known for their singers' harmonies, this is an especially beautiful example of how the Mamas and Papas blended their voices by "layering vocal lines over and under each other that almost breaks your heart." Billboard described the single as a "smooth, easy beat rhythm number with another exceptional vocal workout." Cash Box said it was a "pretty ballad" with "polished performance" and "adept arrangements." Despite reaching the Top Pop 100, as a "lead single" at the time, it was considered a failure for the band, leading to widespread rumors they were breaking up. However, since then, it has been included in virtually every one of their later compilation LPs and CDs, including Greatest Hits (1998), The Singles+, and All the Leaves Are Brown (both 2001). In 2014, the Knoxville News called the song number three out of the "Ten essential songs that everyone should hear." Despite its hours of production and craftsmanship at John and Michelle Phillips' new home recording studio, the single was the first to miss the Top 40 of Billboard's Top 100 entirely, peaking at #53. The album from which the single was drawn, while still a hit, was considered a disappointment at the time: while all 3 prior albums and their Greatest Hits LP all became Top 5 smash hits, this album's highest chart position was #15. Other recordings The song was also recorded in Swedish, as "En dag i juni", with lyrics by Britt Lindeborg. The Family Four recorded the song as a B-side for the single Kör långsamt (Cab Driver), released in November 1968. and on the 1969 album Kör långsamt. With these lyrics, the song was recorded by Thorleifs, releasing it as a single in 1973 and on the 1974 album with the same name The Swedish-language lyrics have an environmental-political message, tackling mankind 's ways of dealing with planet Earth. Charts Chart (1968) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 53 References ^ a b c Greenwald, Matthew. "Safe In My Garden: Song Review". All Music. Retrieved June 30, 2015. ^ Byrd, Stephanie (March 1, 2012). "Grammy Museum digs into LA history and music". Daily Trojan. Retrieved June 30, 2015. ^ a b Bledsoe, Wayne (August 30, 2014). "Ten essential songs that everyone should hear". Knoxville News. Retrieved June 30, 2015. ^ "Spotlight Singles" (PDF). Billboard. May 25, 1968. p. 65. Retrieved 2021-02-22. ^ "CashBox Record Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. May 25, 1968. p. 20. Retrieved 2022-01-12. ^ "Kör långsamt". Svensk mediedatabas. 1968. Retrieved 15 May 2011. ^ "Kör långsamt" (in Swedish). Svensk meidedatabas. Retrieved 15 May 2011. ^ "En dag i juni" (in Swedish). Svensk mediedatabas. 1973. Retrieved 15 May 2011. ^ "En dag i juni" (in Swedish). Svensk mediedatabas. 1974. Retrieved 15 May 2011. ^ "I afton dans med Thorleifs" (in Swedish). Industrifacket. 21 November 2005. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 15 May 2011. ^ "1968". Billboard. 1968. Retrieved 15 May 2011. External links Lyrics and guitar chords vteThe Mamas & the Papas Denny Doherty Cass Elliot John Phillips Michelle Phillips Lisa Brescia Jill Gibson Laurie Beebe Lewis Deb Lyons Spanky McFarlane Barry McGuire Scott McKenzie Mackenzie Phillips Studio albums If You Can Believe Your Eyes and Ears (1966) The Mamas & the Papas (1966) Deliver (1967) The Papas & the Mamas (1968) People Like Us (1971) Compilations Greatest Hits (1998) All the Leaves Are Brown (2001) Singles "Go Where You Wanna Go" (1965) "California Dreamin'" (1965) "Monday, Monday" (1966) "I Saw Her Again" (1966) "Words of Love" (1966) "Dancing in the Street" (1966) "Look Through My Window" (1966) "Dedicated to the One I Love" (1967) "Creeque Alley" (1967) "My Girl" (1967) "Glad to Be Unhappy" (1967) "Twelve Thirty" (1967) "Safe in My Garden" (1968) "Dream a Little Dream of Me" (1968) "Do You Wanna Dance" (1968) Related Discography Chynna Phillips Bijou Phillips Wilson Phillips The Beach Boys Geneviève Waïte The Journeymen The Big 3 The Mugwumps Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
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AllMusic.com calls the song \"One of the group's finest latter-day records.\"[1]","title":"Safe in My Garden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cass Elliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cass_Elliot"},{"link_name":"The Papas & The Mamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Papas_%26_The_Mamas"},{"link_name":"Twelve Thirty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Thirty_(Young_Girls_Are_Coming_to_the_Canyon)"},{"link_name":"Glad to Be Unhappy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glad_to_Be_Unhappy"},{"link_name":"Michelle Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Denny Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denny_Doherty"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"Gene Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Clark"},{"link_name":"Sunset Strip Riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Strip_curfew_riots"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"Laurel Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Canyon"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knoxnews-3"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-4"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"arrangements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement_(music)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatest_Hits_(The_Mamas_%26_the_Papas_album)"},{"link_name":"All the Leaves Are Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Leaves_Are_Brown"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"Knoxville News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knoxville_News&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-knoxnews-3"}],"text":"After Cass Elliot left the group temporarily in 1967, she returned in 1968 to complete their fourth album, The Papas & The Mamas. While the 1967 single Twelve Thirty appears on the album and was intended to be the first single for the fourth album, nearly a year had passed between its release and the completion of the remainder of the album, with two additional singles issued in order to keep the group in the minds of the American record buying public, \"Glad to Be Unhappy\" (a non-album single) and \"Dancing Bear\" culled from the group's second album. As a result, \"Safe in My Garden\" serves as something of a lead-off single for the album.The song marks a departure for the group, as their signature folk-rock sound gives way to world-weary lyrics. Songwriter John Phillips, in the two years prior, had seen the group achieve great highs (six singles in the American Top 5 charts, a Grammy award, and enormous wealth and popularity) and extraordinary lows (Michelle Phillips' affairs with bandmate Denny Doherty and The Byrds' Gene Clark, Cass's departure, John's burgeoning drug addiction and added responsibility of becoming a father for the third time), and now outside the group, 1968 was a myriad protests, police brutality, and a world-weariness about the 1960s, in particular the Sunset Strip Riots.[1] Despite the actual lyrics, the music is classic \"Laurel Canyon\" folk music, and has been described as \"this bucolic, happy song.\"[2]Well known for their singers' harmonies, this is an especially beautiful example of how the Mamas and Papas blended their voices by \"layering vocal lines over and under each other that almost breaks your heart.\"[3] Billboard described the single as a \"smooth, easy beat rhythm number with another exceptional vocal workout.\"[4] Cash Box said it was a \"pretty ballad\" with \"polished performance\" and \"adept arrangements.\"[5] Despite reaching the Top Pop 100, as a \"lead single\" at the time, it was considered a failure for the band, leading to widespread rumors they were breaking up.[citation needed] However, since then, it has been included in virtually every one of their later compilation LPs and CDs, including Greatest Hits (1998), The Singles+, and All the Leaves Are Brown (both 2001).[1] In 2014, the Knoxville News called the song number three out of the \"Ten essential songs that everyone should hear.\"[3]Despite its hours of production and craftsmanship at John and Michelle Phillips' new home recording studio, the single was the first to miss the Top 40 of Billboard's Top 100 entirely, peaking at #53. The album from which the single was drawn, while still a hit, was considered a disappointment at the time: while all 3 prior albums and their Greatest Hits LP all became Top 5 smash hits, this album's highest chart position was #15.","title":"The Mamas and the Papas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Britt Lindeborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britt_Lindeborg"},{"link_name":"Family Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Four"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Kör långsamt (Cab Driver)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cab_Driver"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kör långsamt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6r_l%C3%A5ngsamt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Thorleifs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorleifs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"album with the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_dag_i_juni_(album)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The song was also recorded in Swedish, as \"En dag i juni\", with lyrics by Britt Lindeborg. The Family Four recorded the song as a B-side for the single Kör långsamt (Cab Driver), released in November 1968.[6] and on the 1969 album Kör långsamt.[7] With these lyrics, the song was recorded by Thorleifs, releasing it as a single in 1973[8] and on the 1974 album with the same name[9] The Swedish-language lyrics have an environmental-political message, tackling mankind 's ways of dealing with planet Earth.[10]","title":"Other recordings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mosque_(Balkh)
Green Mosque, Balkh
["1 History","2 Architecture","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References"]
Mosque in Balkh, Afghanistan Green MosqueDari: مَسجد سَبز, romanized: Masjid SabzReligionAffiliationIslamLeadershipParsa'i familyStatusActive, but ruined. Still used for prayers.LocationLocationBalkh, AfghanistanArchitectureTypeMosque, madrasah and mausoleumStyleTimuridGroundbreaking1419Completed1421SpecificationsDome(s)1Minaret(s)2 (ruined)MaterialsTurquoise kashi tiles, ceramic tiles, bricks and stone The Green Mosque (Pashto: شنه جومات ; Dari: مَسجد سَبز, romanized: Masjid Sabz), or the Mosque of Khawaja Abu Nasr Parsa (Pashto; د خواجه ابو نصر پارسا جومات) is a mosque in the city of Balkh, northern Afghanistan. It contains the Shrine of Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa. The mosque's name is derived from the kashi tiles on the walls of the mosque, which are coloured turquoise, known locally as Turkish Green. History The original building was constructed by the Timurid general Mir Mazid Arghun over the grave of Khawaja Abu Nasr Parsa, a local religious teacher and mystic of the Naqshbandi order. Later on, Arghun's father and brother were buried there. Arghun also constructed a madrasah next to the mosque. The mosque, shrine and madrasah complex was then put under the management of the descendants of Abu Nasr Parsa. The Shaybanid governor of Balkh, Abdul-Mo'min bin Abdullah Khan, later renovated the building in the late 16th century, inscribing his name on one of the walls as well. The mosque suffered severe damage during the Soviet-Afghan War, and it fell into massive disrepair. In 2022, an explosion inside the mosque caused the destruction of some parts of the mosque as well. Architecture The main building displays a typical Timurid architectural style. The mosque has a very large dome and two minarets. Eight openings allow light to enter the dome, but some of them have cracked, revealing the inner structure of the dome. The dome has a base of muqarnas and the bottom part is covered with floral designs and ceramic tiles. The bi-level porches flanking the portal are topped with two minarets. There are stairs in each corner of the porch which allow access to the top level, letting one go to the minarets and the roof. The minarets are damaged and only the base and stumps of them remain. A small wooden door leads from the northeastern iwan into the dome chamber, crowned by a tall umbrella vault. There are sixteen windows placed at the rim of the vault, which assist in illuminating the interior. The dome chamber has a small mihrab niche on the southwest wall as well. There is a crypt located directly below the dome chamber. A tomb was found in the crypt, and it is suggested that the tomb belongs to Abu Nasr Parsa. A column was added later to support the crown of the crypt vault. Outside the mosque, there is a stone platform with tombstones of other saints. This was a later addition and unlikely to have been part of the original structure. Gallery One of the main entrances to the complex Closeup of the entrance to the building A closeup shot of the exterior of the building See also Balkh References ^ a b "Green Mosque, Balkh, Afghanistan". Muslim Mosques. 13 December 2014. Retrieved 2018-05-15. ^ McChesney, R. D. (2002). "Architecture and Narrative: The Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa Shrine. Part 2: Representing the Complex in Word and Image, 1696-1998". Muqarnas. 19: 78–108. doi:10.2307/1523316. ISSN 0732-2992. ^ https://af.shafaqna.com/FA/065111 ^ "Khoja Abu Nasr Parsa Mosque & Shrine | IRCICA". www.islamicarchitecturalheritage.com. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Archnet > Site > Mazar-i Khwajah Abu Nasr Parsa". www.archnet.org. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Archnet > Site > Mazar-i Khwajah Abu Nasr Parsa". www.archnet.org. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Khoja Abu Nasr Parsa Mosque & Shrine | IRCICA". www.islamicarchitecturalheritage.com. 2020-06-24. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ McChesney, R. D. (2002). "Architecture and Narrative: The Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa Shrine. Part 2: Representing the Complex in Word and Image, 1696-1998". Muqarnas. 19: 78–108. doi:10.2307/1523316. ISSN 0732-2992. ^ McChesney, R. D. (2002). "Architecture and Narrative: The Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa Shrine. Part 2: Representing the Complex in Word and Image, 1696-1998". Muqarnas. 19: 78–108. doi:10.2307/1523316. ISSN 0732-2992. ^ "Archnet > Site > Mazar-i Khwajah Abu Nasr Parsa". www.archnet.org. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Archnet > Site > Mazar-i Khwajah Abu Nasr Parsa". www.archnet.org. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Archnet > Site > Mazar-i Khwajah Abu Nasr Parsa". www.archnet.org. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Archnet > Site > Mazar-i Khwajah Abu Nasr Parsa". www.archnet.org. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Archnet > Site > Mazar-i Khwajah Abu Nasr Parsa". www.archnet.org. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Archnet > Site > Mazar-i Khwajah Abu Nasr Parsa". www.archnet.org. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Archnet > Site > Mazar-i Khwajah Abu Nasr Parsa". www.archnet.org. Retrieved 2023-11-13. ^ "Archnet > Site > Mazar-i Khwajah Abu Nasr Parsa". www.archnet.org. Retrieved 2023-11-13. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Green Mosque, Balkh. vteBalkh ProvinceCapital: BalkhDistricts Balkh Charbolak Charkint Chimtal Dawlatabad Dihdadi Kaldar Khulm Kishindih Marmul Mazar-e Sharif Nahri Shahi Sholgara Shortepa Zari Landforms Balkh River Khulm River Koh e Alburz Kumargah Landmarks and culture Balkh University Noble Shrine Camp Marmal Green Mosque Mazar-e Sharif International Airport Mazar Hotel Qala-i-Jangi Simorgh Alborz F.C. Zadian Minaret vteMosques in Afghanistan Abdul Rahman Mosque Blue Mosque Great Mosque of Herat Green Mosque of Balkh Haji Piyada (Noh Gonbad) Id Gah Mosque Khost Mosque Khwaja 'Abd Allah Ansari shrine Lashkargah Mosque Mosque of the Cloak of the Prophet Mohammed Mosque of the Hair of the Prophet Omar Al-Farooq Mosque Pul-e Khishti Mosque Shah-Do Shamshira Mosque Sakhi Shrine Afghanistan portal Category Islam in Afghanistan Mosques by country
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto"},{"link_name":"Dari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_language"},{"link_name":"Pashto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Balkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MM1-1"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Shrine of Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrine_of_Khwaja_Abu_Nasr_Parsa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"kashi tiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashi_tile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"turquoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Green Mosque (Pashto: شنه جومات ; Dari: مَسجد سَبز, romanized: Masjid Sabz), or the Mosque of Khawaja Abu Nasr Parsa (Pashto; د خواجه ابو نصر پارسا جومات) is a mosque in the city of Balkh,[1] northern Afghanistan. It contains the Shrine of Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa.[2][3][4] The mosque's name is derived from the kashi tiles on the walls of the mosque, which are coloured turquoise, known locally as Turkish Green.[5]","title":"Green Mosque, Balkh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mir Mazid Arghun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mir_Mazid_Arghun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Khawaja Abu Nasr Parsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Abu_Nasr_Parsa"},{"link_name":"Naqshbandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqshbandi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Shaybanid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaybanids"},{"link_name":"Abdul-Mo'min bin Abdullah Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul-Mo%27min_bin_Abdullah_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Soviet-Afghan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War"}],"text":"The original building was constructed by the Timurid general Mir Mazid Arghun[6] over the grave of Khawaja Abu Nasr Parsa, a local religious teacher and mystic of the Naqshbandi order.[7] Later on, Arghun's father and brother were buried there.[8] Arghun also constructed a madrasah next to the mosque. The mosque, shrine and madrasah complex was then put under the management of the descendants of Abu Nasr Parsa.[9] The Shaybanid governor of Balkh, Abdul-Mo'min bin Abdullah Khan, later renovated the building in the late 16th century, inscribing his name on one of the walls as well.[10]The mosque suffered severe damage during the Soviet-Afghan War, and it fell into massive disrepair. In 2022, an explosion inside the mosque caused the destruction of some parts of the mosque as well.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timurid architectural style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_architectural_style"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"iwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The main building displays a typical Timurid architectural style. The mosque has a very large dome and two minarets. Eight openings allow light to enter the dome, but some of them have cracked, revealing the inner structure of the dome.[11] The dome has a base of muqarnas and the bottom part is covered with floral designs and ceramic tiles.[12]The bi-level porches flanking the portal are topped with two minarets. There are stairs in each corner of the porch which allow access to the top level, letting one go to the minarets and the roof.[13] The minarets are damaged and only the base and stumps of them remain. A small wooden door leads from the northeastern iwan into the dome chamber, crowned by a tall umbrella vault.[14] There are sixteen windows placed at the rim of the vault, which assist in illuminating the interior. The dome chamber has a small mihrab niche on the southwest wall as well.[15]There is a crypt located directly below the dome chamber. A tomb[16] was found in the crypt, and it is suggested that the tomb belongs to Abu Nasr Parsa. A column was added later to support the crown of the crypt vault. Outside the mosque, there is a stone platform with tombstones of other saints. This was a later addition and unlikely to have been part of the original structure.[17]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balkh_mosque_entrance_arch.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balkh_mosque_entrance.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balkh_mosque_entrance_2.jpg"}],"text":"One of the main entrances to the complex\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCloseup of the entrance to the building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA closeup shot of the exterior of the building","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
[{"title":"Balkh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirota_Shrine
Hirota Shrine
["1 Location","2 History","3 Events","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]
Coordinates: 34°45′10.7″N 135°20′23.9″E / 34.752972°N 135.339972°E / 34.752972; 135.339972Hirota Shrine廣田神社Main hallReligionAffiliationShintoDeityAmaterasuTypeGrand Shrine, one of the NijūnishaLocationLocation7-7 Taisha-chō, Nishinomiya, Hyōgo prefectureShown within JapanGeographic coordinates34°45′10.7″N 135°20′23.9″E / 34.752972°N 135.339972°E / 34.752972; 135.339972ArchitectureStyleShinmei-zukuriFounderEmpress JingūDate established3rd centuryWebsitewww.hirotahonsya.or.jp/english.html Glossary of Shinto Keidai-sha Hirota Shrine (廣田神社, Hirota-jinja) is a Shinto shrine in Nishinomiya City, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. The town's name, "Nishinomiya", means "shrine of the west", and the town is named for Hirota Shrine. Location Hirota Shrine is near the bus stop for Hankyu Bus Co., Ltd. and Hanshin Bus Co., Ltd. "Hirota-Jinja-mae". from Nishinomiya-kitaguchi Station (Hankyu Kobe Line) Hankyu Bus Route 12 (for Kotoen) from JR West Nishinomiya Station (JR Kobe Line) Hankyu Bus Route 11 (for Kotoen) from Hanshin Nishinomiya Station (Main Line) Hanshin Bus Yamate Loop (counterclockwise, via Nishinomiya-Shiyakusho-mae) History Haiden Hirota Shrine is one of three shrines which, according to Nihon Shoki, a historical epic chronicle, were established by the Empress Jingū in the 3rd century. According to legend, Amaterasu, Goddess of the Sun, and arguably the most important kami in Shinto, spoke to the Empress and declared that she and the other gods of Japan must be enshrined in Hirota, Nagata, Ikuta, and Sumiyoshi. The Empress Consort did as commanded, and then achieved her political ambitions. The shrine became the object of Imperial patronage during the early Heian period. In 965, Emperor Murakami ordered that Imperial messengers were sent to report important events to the guardian kami of Japan. These heihaku were initially presented to 16 shrines; and in 991, Emperor Ichijō added three more shrines to Murakami's list — including Hirota. In the 11th century, under Emperor Shirakawa, Hirota Shrine was designated as "one of the twenty-two honorable shrines in the nation" and given the title "Hirota Grand Shrine". Today it is the only grand shrine in Hyōgo. Others may use the term "taisha" (grand shrine), but they are without the Imperial distinction that sets Hirota Shrine apart. From 1871 through 1946, Hirota Shrine was officially designated one of the Kanpei-taisha (官幣大社), meaning that it stood in the first rank of government supported shrines. The shrine is famous for its kobanomitsuba tsutsuji, azaleas with three small leaves. Events Hirota Shinto shrine hosts these events: January 1: Sai-tan-sai January 3: Gen-shi-sai January 1–3: Kai-un-sai January 18–19: Yaku-yoke-sai February 11: Ki-gen-sai February 17: Ki-nen-sai (Taisai) March 16: Rei-sai (Taisai) April 16: Haru matsuri (Spring festival) Late May: Hirota Ohtaue (Rice planting festival) June 30: Nagoshi no oohara eshiki July 16: Natsu matsuri (Summer festival) Late September: Neki-ho-sai October 16: Aki matsuri (Autumn festival) November 3: Mei-ji-sai November 23: Nii-name-sai (Taisai) December 23: Ten-chou-sai First day of each month: Tsuki hajime sai, Hatsu hokou-sai Sixteenth day of each month: Tsuki-name-sai Every morning: Asa-mi-ke-sai, Yuu-mi-ke-sai See also List of Shinto shrines Twenty-Two Shrines Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines Notes ^ Breen, John et al. (2000). Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami, pp. 74-75. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines, pp. 116-117. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Shrines, p. 118. ^ a b "Hirota Shinto shrine (jinja)" brochure available at the shrine (undated). ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 124. References Breen, John and Mark Teeuwen. (2000). Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2363-4 Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887 _______________. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 399449 Some of this article's contents are derived from the Hirota Jinja article on the Japanese Wikipedia. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hirota Shrine. vteShinto shrinesShinto architectureBuildings chōzu or temizu Haiden Heiden hokora honden / shinden / shōden kagura-den setsumatsusha Architectonic elements Chinjusha chigi hidden roof kaerumata: see nakazonae kairō karahafu karamon katōmado katsuogi kitsune (fox) komainu mon nakazonae shinboku shōrō sōrin tamagaki tokyō torii tōrō Styles hirairi-zukuri tsumairi-zukuri hachiman-zukuri hiyoshi-zukuri irimoya-zukuri ishi-no-ma-zukuri kasuga-zukuri kibitsu-zukuri misedana-zukuri nagare-zukuri ōtori-zukuri owari-zukuri ryōnagare-zukuri shinmei-zukuri sumiyoshi-zukuri taisha-zukuri Decorations Sandō Saisen Tomoe Shimenawa OthersImplements An Chōzubachi Chōzuya Hakama Himorogi Jōe Kagura suzu O-miki Ō-nusa Gohei Sanbo Shide Shinsen Suzu Tamagushi Masakaki Washi Head shrines1 Fushimi Inari Taisha Inari Ōkami Inari shrine Usa Hachiman-gū Hachiman Hachiman Shrine Ise Grand Shrine Amaterasu Jingūkyō Jingu Taima Shinmei shrines Dazaifu Tenman-gū Tenjin Tenmangū Munakata Taisha daughters of Amaterasu Suwa Taisha Takeminakata Yasakatome Kotoshironushi Hiyoshi Taisha Ōkuninushi Oyamakui no Kami Sannō torii Sannō Ichijitsu Shintō Kumano Nachi Taisha Kumano Kodō Kumano Sanzan Tsushima Shrine Gion cult Yasaka Shrine Gion cult Tutelary deities Ujigami Chinjugami Garanshin Dōsojin Jinushigami Yama-no-Kami Oyagami Sorei Ubusunagami Kunitama Yorishiro and Shintai Mirrors Shinboku (trees) Chinju no Mori (forests) Iwakura (rocks) Meoto Iwa Kannabi (locations) Katashiro (dolls) Kadomatsu Bunrei and Kanjō (propagation) Ofuda Jingu Taima Omamori Senjafuda Arahitogami Mikoshi Matsuri float Shinko-shiki Staff Kannushi Miko Miscellaneous A-un Kanjo Nawa Junrei Misaki Miyamairi Shinshi Classification Twenty-Two Shrines Gokoku Shrines Beppyo Shrines Shinkai (divine rank) Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines Engishiki Jinmyocho Chinjusha Setsumatsusha Hokora Buddhist elements jingū-ji miyadera Whale mounds Kamidana Mitamaya Sōja shrine History Shrine Parishioner Registration Secular Shrine Theory Shrine Consolidation Policy Shrine Shinto Misc practices for visitors Ō-mikuji Shuin Ema Institutions Jinja Honchō Rites Futomani Harae Kagura Misogi Hakushu Two bows, two claps, one bow Jichinsai 1 (in order of the size of the shrine network they head) Authority control databases: National Japan vteShinmei shrinesGodsMain Deities Amaterasu Minor gods Toyouke-hime PlacesMain Shrine Ise Grand Shrine Tokyo Daijingu Second rank Jingu Katori Jingu Futsunushi Kashima Jingu Takemikazuchi Moto-Ise Shrines  Hibara Shrine Kono Shrine Hase-dera Hinokuma Shrine Kii no Kuni no Miyatsuko  Other Shrines Hirota Shrine Amanawa Shinmei Shrine Ching Nan Shrine Chōsen Shrine Daijingu Temple of Hawaii Futako Shrine Gaoshi Shrine Heijō Shrine Hinomisaki Shrine Kagi Shrine Kanhashira-gū  Kantō Shrine Keijō Shrine Nan'yō Shrine Nishina Shinmei Shrine Nitta Shrine (Satsumasendai City) Ryūtōsan Shrine San Marino Shrine Sannō Shrine Senkaku Shrine Shinmei Shrine (Fukui City)  Syonan Shrine Taiwan Grand Shrine Tokorozawa Shinmei Shrine Ubagami Daijingū Uramachi Shinmeigū misc Shinmei-zukuri Jingūkyō Jingū taima Saiō Amabe clan
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hirota-jinja_Nishinomiya09n4272.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinja_(Shinto)"},{"link_name":"Nishinomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishinomiya"},{"link_name":"Hyōgo Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"}],"text":"Keidai-shaHirota Shrine (廣田神社, Hirota-jinja) is a Shinto shrine in Nishinomiya City, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. The town's name, \"Nishinomiya\", means \"shrine of the west\", and the town is named for Hirota Shrine.","title":"Hirota Shrine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nishinomiya-kitaguchi Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishinomiya-kitaguchi_Station"},{"link_name":"Hankyu Kobe Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankyu_Kobe_Line"},{"link_name":"Nishinomiya Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishinomiya_Station_(JR_West)"},{"link_name":"JR Kobe Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_Kobe_Line"},{"link_name":"Nishinomiya Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishinomiya_Station_(Hanshin)"},{"link_name":"Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanshin_Main_Line"}],"text":"Hirota Shrine is near the bus stop for Hankyu Bus Co., Ltd. and Hanshin Bus Co., Ltd. \"Hirota-Jinja-mae\".from Nishinomiya-kitaguchi Station (Hankyu Kobe Line)Hankyu Bus Route 12 (for Kotoen)from JR West Nishinomiya Station (JR Kobe Line)Hankyu Bus Route 11 (for Kotoen)from Hanshin Nishinomiya Station (Main Line)Hanshin Bus Yamate Loop (counterclockwise, via Nishinomiya-Shiyakusho-mae)","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hirota-jinja_Nishinomiya07n3200.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nihon Shoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Shoki"},{"link_name":"Empress Jingū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Jing%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Amaterasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaterasu"},{"link_name":"kami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kami"},{"link_name":"Nagata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagata_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Ikuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikuta_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Sumiyoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumiyoshi_Taisha"},{"link_name":"Empress Consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Jing%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Emperor Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Murakami"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ichijō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ichij%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pf118-3"},{"link_name":"Emperor Shirakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Shirakawa"},{"link_name":"twenty-two honorable shrines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijunisha"},{"link_name":"Hyōgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgo_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brochure-4"},{"link_name":"Kanpei-taisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_system_of_ranked_Shinto_Shrines"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"azaleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azalea"}],"text":"HaidenHirota Shrine is one of three shrines which, according to Nihon Shoki, a historical epic chronicle, were established by the Empress Jingū in the 3rd century. According to legend, Amaterasu, Goddess of the Sun, and arguably the most important kami in Shinto, spoke to the Empress and declared that she and the other gods of Japan must be enshrined in Hirota, Nagata, Ikuta, and Sumiyoshi. The Empress Consort did as commanded, and then achieved her political ambitions.The shrine became the object of Imperial patronage during the early Heian period.[1] In 965, Emperor Murakami ordered that Imperial messengers were sent to report important events to the guardian kami of Japan. These heihaku were initially presented to 16 shrines;[2] and in 991, Emperor Ichijō added three more shrines to Murakami's list — including Hirota.[3]In the 11th century, under Emperor Shirakawa, Hirota Shrine was designated as \"one of the twenty-two honorable shrines in the nation\" and given the title \"Hirota Grand Shrine\". Today it is the only grand shrine in Hyōgo. Others may use the term \"taisha\" (grand shrine), but they are without the Imperial distinction that sets Hirota Shrine apart.[4]From 1871 through 1946, Hirota Shrine was officially designated one of the Kanpei-taisha (官幣大社), meaning that it stood in the first rank of government supported shrines.[5]The shrine is famous for its kobanomitsuba tsutsuji, azaleas with three small leaves.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brochure-4"},{"link_name":"Ki-nen-sai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinen-sai"}],"text":"Hirota Shinto shrine hosts these events:[4]January 1: Sai-tan-sai\nJanuary 3: Gen-shi-sai\nJanuary 1–3: Kai-un-sai\nJanuary 18–19: Yaku-yoke-sai\nFebruary 11: Ki-gen-sai\nFebruary 17: Ki-nen-sai (Taisai)\nMarch 16: Rei-sai (Taisai)\nApril 16: Haru matsuri (Spring festival)\nLate May: Hirota Ohtaue (Rice planting festival)\nJune 30: Nagoshi no oohara eshiki\nJuly 16: Natsu matsuri (Summer festival)\nLate September: Neki-ho-sai\nOctober 16: Aki matsuri (Autumn festival)\nNovember 3: Mei-ji-sai\nNovember 23: Nii-name-sai (Taisai)\nDecember 23: Ten-chou-sai\nFirst day of each month: Tsuki hajime sai, Hatsu hokou-sai\nSixteenth day of each month: Tsuki-name-sai\nEvery morning: Asa-mi-ke-sai, Yuu-mi-ke-sai","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami, pp. 74-75.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MADlfH002mAC&q=oharano"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pf118_3-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brochure_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-brochure_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ Breen, John et al. (2000). Shinto in History: Ways of the Kami, pp. 74-75.\n\n^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1962). Studies in Shinto and Shrines, pp. 116-117.\n\n^ Ponsonby-Fane, Shrines, p. 118.\n\n^ a b \"Hirota Shinto shrine (jinja)\" brochure available at the shrine (undated).\n\n^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 124.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Robinson_Jr.
Brian Robinson Jr.
["1 Early life","2 College career","2.1 College statistics","3 Professional career","4 NFL career statistics","5 References","6 External links"]
American football player (born 1999) American football player Brian Robinson Jr.Robinson with the Commanders in 2022No. 8 – Washington CommandersPosition:Running backPersonal informationBorn: (1999-03-22) March 22, 1999 (age 25)Tuscaloosa, Alabama, U.S.Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Weight:228 lb (103 kg)Career informationHigh school:Hillcrest(Tuscaloosa, Alabama)College:Alabama (2017–2021)NFL draft:2022 / Round: 3 / Pick: 98Career history Washington Commanders (2022–present) Roster status:ActiveCareer highlights and awards 2× CFP national champion (2017, 2020) First-team All-SEC (2021) 2021 Cotton Bowl Classic MVP Career NFL statistics as of Week 18, 2023Rushing yards:1,530Rushing average:4.0Rushing touchdowns:7Receptions:45Receiving yards:428Receiving touchdowns:5Player stats at PFR Brian Robinson Jr. (born March 22, 1999) is an American football running back for the Washington Commanders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide, where he was a two-time national champion before being selected by the Commanders in the third round of the 2022 NFL draft. During his rookie offseason, Robinson was shot in the knee during an armed robbery but was able to return to the team. Early life Robinson Jr. was born on March 22, 1999, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. He attended Hillcrest High School, where he rushed for 990 yards and 18 touchdowns as a senior and was named second team Class 6A All-State. Robinson was rated a four-star recruit and committed to play at the University of Alabama. College career In his collegiate debut against Vanderbilt, Robinson scored his first collegiate rushing touchdown in the 59–0 victory. As a freshman, Robinson rushed for 165 yards and two touchdowns as a reserve player behind Najee Harris and Josh Jacobs as Alabama went on to win the 2018 CFP National Championship Game. In the 2018 season, Robinson carved out a role as Alabama's fourth running back. Robinson gained 272 yards and two touchdowns on 63 carries in his sophomore season. In the 2019 season, Robinson became Alabama's second running back, only behind Najee Harris. As a junior, Robinson rushed 96 times for 441 yards and five rushing touchdowns while catching 11 passes for 124 receiving yards. In the 2020 season, Robinson continued to be the second running back to Harris. Alabama won their second national title during his time there. He totaled 91 carries for 483 rushing yards and six rushing touchdowns. Following Harris leaving for the NFL Draft, Robinson finally became Alabama's featured back as a fifth-year senior in 2021. Though hampered by injuries, Robinson roughly equaled his output of the previous four years, leading the Southeastern Conference in carries and touchdowns. He dominated the Alabama backfield in terms of production. On October 2, against Ole Miss, he had 36 carries for 171 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns in the 42–21 victory. In the following game against Texas A&M, he had 207 scrimmage yards in the 41–38 loss. In the next game against Mississippi State, he had 141 scrimmage yards and three total touchdowns in the 49–9 victory. In the next game, against Tennessee in the Third Saturday in October, he had 26 carries for 107 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns in the 52–24 victory. He was named the most valuable player of the 2021 Cotton Bowl Classic after rushing for 204 yards, a school record for a bowl game. He finished the 2021 season with 271 carries for 1,343 rushing yards, and 14 rushing touchdowns to go along with 35 receptions for 296 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns. College statistics Season GP Rushing Receiving Att Yds Avg TD Rec Yds Avg TD 2017 6 24 165 6.9 2 0 0 0 0 2018 9 63 272 4.3 2 0 0 0 0 2019 13 96 441 4.6 5 11 124 11.3 0 2020 13 91 483 5.3 6 6 26 4.3 0 2021 14 271 1,343 5 14 35 296 8.5 2 Career 55 545 2,704 5 29 52 446 8.6 2 Professional career Pre-draft measurables Height Weight Arm length Hand span 40-yard dash 10-yard split 20-yard split 20-yard shuttle Three-cone drill Vertical jump Broad jump 6 ft 1+5⁄8 in(1.87 m) 225 lb(102 kg) 31+7⁄8 in(0.81 m) 9+3⁄4 in(0.25 m) 4.53 s 1.57 s 2.63 s 4.59 s 7.33 s 30.0 in(0.76 m) 9 ft 11 in(3.02 m) Sources: Robinson was selected by the Washington Commanders in the third round (98th overall) of the 2022 NFL Draft, as one of three picks the New Orleans Saints had traded to acquire the pick they used to draft Chris Olave. He signed his four-year rookie contract on May 18, 2022. On August 28, 2022, Robinson was shot in the knee and glute during an armed robbery involving two men after leaving a restaurant in the Near Northeast neighborhood of Washington, D.C. shortly before 6 p.m. EDT. He suffered no life-threatening damage and was discharged from MedStar Washington Hospital Center the following day. Robinson missed the first four games of the season before making his NFL debut in Week 5 against the Tennessee Titans, where he rushed nine times for 22 yards. Robinson's first career touchdown came the following week against the Chicago Bears, a game-winner in the fourth quarter of a Commanders victory. He recorded his first career 100-yard rushing game in a Week 12 win over the Atlanta Falcons. As a rookie, he appeared in 12 games and started nine. He finished with 205 carries for 797 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns to go along with nine receptions for 60 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. He was named the 2022 Inspiration of the Year by Sports Illustrated and voted Washington's Ed Block Courage Award winner. NFL career statistics Year Team Games Rushing Receiving Fumbles GP GS Att Yds Avg Lng TD Rec Yds Avg Lng TD Fum Lost 2022 WAS 12 9 205 797 3.9 24 2 9 60 6.7 18 1 2 0 2023 WAS 15 15 178 733 4.1 29 5 36 368 10.2 51 4 4 2 Career 27 24 383 1,530 4.0 29 7 45 428 9.5 51 5 6 2 References ^ Suttles, Aaron (March 27, 2019). "For Najee Harris and Brian Robinson, patience is about to pay off". The Athletic. Retrieved January 11, 2021. ^ Morgan, Blake (October 11, 2019). "Brian Robinson Jr.: 3 facts on the Alabama football running back". Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved January 11, 2021. ^ Waldrep, Tyler (February 1, 2017). "Signing with Alabama a dream come true for Hillcrest's Brian Robinson". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved January 11, 2021. ^ Kirpalani, Sanjay (November 10, 2015). "4-Star Brian Robinson Commits to Alabama: Tide Continue to Make Case as RB U". Bleacher Report. Retrieved January 11, 2021. ^ Tsoukalas, Tony (February 1, 2017). "Four-star RB Brian Robinson not afraid of competition at Alabama". Ledger-Enquirer. Retrieved January 11, 2021. ^ "Alabama at Vanderbilt Box Score, September 23, 2017". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ Byington, Alex (April 11, 2018). "Alabama sophomore running back Brian Robinson has improved tremendously". Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved January 11, 2021. ^ Pineda, Caroline (July 21, 2022). "Brian Robinson Jr. was patient at Alabama. Next up: Commanders' backfield". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 26, 2022. ^ "2018 Alabama Crimson Tide Stats". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ Paschall, David (August 12, 2019). "Brian Robinson ready for enhanced role with Crimson Tide". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved January 11, 2021. ^ "2019 Alabama Crimson Tide Stats". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ Martin, Tyler (September 8, 2020). "RB Brian Robinson Jr. Says Alabama Has Its "Eyes On the Prize"". SI.com. Retrieved January 11, 2021. ^ Paschall, David (September 8, 2020). "Alabama's Brian Robinson Jr. eager to experience Steve Sarkisian's Offense". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved January 11, 2021. ^ "2020 Alabama Crimson Tide Stats". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ Casagrande, Michael (January 12, 2021). "A look at Alabama's dominant title game win over Ohio State". AL.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ "Brian Robinson 2020 Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ Litman, Laken (January 7, 2022). "Alabama's Brian Robinson waited his turn to become a star". FOX Sports. Retrieved November 28, 2022. ^ "2021 Alabama Crimson Tide Stats". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ "Ole Miss at Alabama Box Score, October 2, 2021". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ "Alabama at Texas A&M Box Score, October 9, 2021". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ "Alabama at Mississippi State Box Score, October 16, 2021". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ "Tennessee at Alabama Box Score, October 23, 2021". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ Francis, Katie (December 31, 2021). "Brian Robinson Jr sets insane Alabama record in Cotton Bowl vs. Cincinnati". ClutchPoints.com. Retrieved May 2, 2022. ^ "Brian Robinson 2021 Game Log". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ "Brian Robinson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved March 15, 2022. ^ "Brian Robinson, Alabama, RB, 2022 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football". draftscout.com. Retrieved March 15, 2022. ^ Jhabvala, Nicki (April 29, 2022). "Commanders select pair of Alabama products on Day 2 of NFL draft". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2022. ^ Williams, Charean (May 18, 2022). "Commanders sign third-rounder Brian Robinson Jr". ProFootballTalk. Retrieved December 1, 2022. ^ Jhabvala, Nicki; Davies, Emily (August 29, 2022). "Commanders' Brian Robinson Jr. 'able to wrestle a firearm away' in robbery". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 29, 2022. ^ Marrero, Nathaniel (August 30, 2022). "Commanders RB Brian Robinson Jr. Released From Hospital; When Will He Return?". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved August 30, 2022. ^ Rapoport, Ian (October 8, 2022). "Commanders rookie RB Brian Robinson to play on Sunday vs. Titans". NFL.com. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ Baer, Jack (October 13, 2022). "Commanders RB Brian Robinson Jr. scores 1st career TD, a game-winner, 46 days after being shot twice". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ Fortier, Sam (November 27, 2022). "Commanders RB Brian Robinson Jr. racks up big yards and wears a big hat". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 29, 2022. ^ "Brian Robinson 2022 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 11, 2023. ^ Andres, Patrick (December 8, 2022). "Brian Robinson Jr. Named Sports Illustrated's Inspiration of the Year". SI.com. Retrieved December 11, 2022. ^ "Commanders to honor Brian Robinson Jr. with 'Ed Block Courage Award'". WJLA-TV. December 29, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brian Robinson Jr.. Career statistics and player information from ESPN · Pro Football Reference Brian Robinson Jr. on X Washington Commanders bio Alabama Crimson Tide bio vteWashington Commanders rosterActive 0 Marcus Mariota 1 Jahan Dotson 2 Dyami Brown 2 Mike Sainristil 3 Ramiz Ahmed 4 Frankie Luvu 5 Jayden Daniels 6 Dante Fowler 6 Michael Wiley 8 Brian Robinson Jr. 10 Kazmeir Allen 11 Jeremy Chinn 11 Sam Hartman 12 Luke McCaffrey 13 Damiere Byrd 13 Emmanuel Forbes 14 Olamide Zaccheaus 15 Dax Milne 16 Jeff Driskel 17 Terry McLaurin 18 Mitchell Tinsley 19 Noah Igbinoghene 20 Quan Martin 22 Darrick Forrest 23 Chigozie Anusiem 23 Chris Rodriguez Jr. 24 Michael Davis 25 Benjamin St-Juste 26 Tariq Castro-Fields 29 James Pierre 30 Austin Ekeler 31 Jeremy McNichols 32 Mykal Walker 34 Christian Holmes 35 Percy Butler 36 Kyu Blu Kelly 37 Nick Whiteside 38 A. J. Woods 39 Jeremy Reaves 40 Tyler Owens 41 Colson Yankoff 45 Dominique Hampton 46 Austin Jones 47 Keandre Jones 48 Ben Nikkel 50 Andre Jones Jr. 51 Bo Bauer 52 Jamin Davis 53 Ricky Stromberg 54 Bobby Wagner 55 KJ Henry 56 Jalen Harris 57 Anthony Pittman 58 Jordan Magee 60 Michael Deiter 61 Julian Good-Jones 62 Alex Akingbulu 63 Tyler Biadasz 64 Mason Brooks 66 David Nwaogwugwu 67 Nick Allegretti 68 Haggai Chisom Ndubuisi (Int.) 69 Tyler Ott 71 Andrew Wylie 73 Trent Scott 74 Brandon Coleman 75 Chris Paul 76 Sam Cosmi 77 Braeden Daniels 78 Cornelius Lucas 79 Benning Potoa'e 80 Jamison Crowder 82 Ben Sinnott 83 Marcus Rosemy-Jacksaint 84 Davion Davis 85 Cole Turner 86 Zach Ertz 87 John Bates 88 Armani Rogers 89 Brycen Tremayne 90 Javontae Jean-Baptiste 91 John Ridgeway III 92 Dorance Armstrong 93 Jonathan Allen 94 Daron Payne 95 Jer'Zhan Newton 96 Norell Pollard 97 Efe Obada 98 Phidarian Mathis 99 Clelin Ferrell -- Tress Way AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LV LAC NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA vteWashington Commanders 2022 NFL draft selections Jahan Dotson Phidarian Mathis Brian Robinson Jr. Percy Butler Sam Howell Cole Turner Chris Paul Christian Holmes vte2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football—consensus national champions Christopher Allen Anthony Averett Bradley Bozeman Deonte Brown Tony Brown Isaiah Buggs Joseph Bulovas Shyheim Carter Lester Cotton Raekwon Davis Trevon Diggs Rashaan Evans Minkah Fitzpatrick Thomas Fletcher Miller Forristall Robert Foster Joshua Frazier Shaun Dion Hamilton Da'Shawn Hand Damien Harris Najee Harris Ronnie Harrison J. C. Hassenauer Hale Hentges Jalen Hurts Josh Jacobs Anfernee Jennings Jerry Jeudy Mac Jones Alex Leatherwood Terrell Lewis Phidarian Mathis Jared Mayden Xavier McKinney Christian Miller Dylan Moses Jamey Mosley Daron Payne Ross Pierschbacher LaBryan Ray Calvin Ridley Henry Ruggs Brian Robinson Jr. Bo Scarbrough J. K. Scott Cam Sims DeVonta Smith Irv Smith Jr. Tua Tagovailoa Deionte Thompson Levi Wallace Jonah Williams Quinnen Williams Jedrick Wills Mack Wilson Head coach Nick Saban Assistant coaches Derrick Ansley Burton Burns Scott Cochran Brian Daboll Karl Dunbar Rob Ezell Brent Key Mike Locksley Tosh Lupoi Mike Miller Alex Mortensen Brian Niedermeyer Joe Pannunzio Nick Perry Jeremy Pruitt Shea Tierney William Vlachos Chris Weinke Bobby Williams Jody Wright vte2020 Alabama Crimson Tide football—consensus national champions Christopher Allen Will Anderson Jr. Jalyn Armour-Davis Javon Baker Christian Barmore Jordan Battle Jahleel Billingsley Slade Bolden Brian Branch Chris Braswell Deonte Brown Joseph Bulovas Javion Cohen Darrian Dalcourt D. J. Dale Landon Dickerson Justin Eboigbe Emil Ekiyor Jr. Thomas Fletcher Miller Forristall Christian Harris Najee Harris DeMarcco Hellams Traeshon Holden Josh Jobe Mac Jones Cameron Latu Alex Leatherwood Shane Lee Phidarian Mathis Jase McClellan Seth McLaughlin John Metchie III Jaylen Moody Malachi Moore Dylan Moses Evan Neal LaBryan Ray Will Reichard Keilan Robinson Brian Robinson Jr. Drew Sanders DeVonta Smith Patrick Surtain II Jaylen Waddle Roydell Williams Bryce Young Byron Young Head coach Nick Saban Assistant coaches Major Applewhite Javier Arenas Jeff Banks Max Bullough Rob Ezell Kyle Flood Pete Golding Charles Huff Butch Jones Charles Kelly Shiloh Keo A. J. Milwee Alex Mortensen Nick Perry Freddie Roach Steve Sarkisian Karl Scott Mike Stoops Charlie Strong Sal Sunseri Tino Sunseri Holmon Wiggins
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"Washington Commanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Alabama Crimson Tide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football"},{"link_name":"national champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"2022 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"armed robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_robbery"}],"text":"American football playerBrian Robinson Jr. (born March 22, 1999) is an American football running back for the Washington Commanders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide, where he was a two-time national champion before being selected by the Commanders in the third round of the 2022 NFL draft. During his rookie offseason, Robinson was shot in the knee during an armed robbery but was able to return to the team.","title":"Brian Robinson Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuscaloosa, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscaloosa,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Hillcrest High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillcrest_High_School_(Tuscaloosa,_Alabama)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Robinson Jr. was born on March 22, 1999, in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. He attended Hillcrest High School, where he rushed for 990 yards and 18 touchdowns as a senior and was named second team Class 6A All-State.[1][2] Robinson was rated a four-star recruit and committed to play at the University of Alabama.[3][4][5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vanderbilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Vanderbilt_Commodores_football_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Najee Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najee_Harris"},{"link_name":"Josh Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Jacobs"},{"link_name":"2018 CFP National Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Najee Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najee_Harris"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Ole Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Ole_Miss_Rebels_football_team"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Texas_A%26M_Aggies_football_team"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Tennessee_Volunteers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Third Saturday in October","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Saturday_in_October"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"most valuable player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_valuable_player"},{"link_name":"2021 Cotton Bowl Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Cotton_Bowl_Classic"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In his collegiate debut against Vanderbilt, Robinson scored his first collegiate rushing touchdown in the 59–0 victory.[6] As a freshman, Robinson rushed for 165 yards and two touchdowns as a reserve player behind Najee Harris and Josh Jacobs as Alabama went on to win the 2018 CFP National Championship Game.[7][8]In the 2018 season, Robinson carved out a role as Alabama's fourth running back.[9] Robinson gained 272 yards and two touchdowns on 63 carries in his sophomore season.[10]In the 2019 season, Robinson became Alabama's second running back, only behind Najee Harris.[11] As a junior, Robinson rushed 96 times for 441 yards and five rushing touchdowns while catching 11 passes for 124 receiving yards.[12][13]In the 2020 season, Robinson continued to be the second running back to Harris.[14] Alabama won their second national title during his time there.[15] He totaled 91 carries for 483 rushing yards and six rushing touchdowns.[16]Following Harris leaving for the NFL Draft, Robinson finally became Alabama's featured back as a fifth-year senior in 2021. Though hampered by injuries, Robinson roughly equaled his output of the previous four years, leading the Southeastern Conference in carries and touchdowns.[17] He dominated the Alabama backfield in terms of production.[18] On October 2, against Ole Miss, he had 36 carries for 171 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns in the 42–21 victory.[19] In the following game against Texas A&M, he had 207 scrimmage yards in the 41–38 loss.[20] In the next game against Mississippi State, he had 141 scrimmage yards and three total touchdowns in the 49–9 victory.[21] In the next game, against Tennessee in the Third Saturday in October, he had 26 carries for 107 rushing yards and three rushing touchdowns in the 52–24 victory.[22] He was named the most valuable player of the 2021 Cotton Bowl Classic after rushing for 204 yards, a school record for a bowl game.[23] He finished the 2021 season with 271 carries for 1,343 rushing yards, and 14 rushing touchdowns to go along with 35 receptions for 296 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.[24]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"College statistics","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Commanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Commanders"},{"link_name":"2022 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"Chris Olave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Olave"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"armed robbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_robbery"},{"link_name":"Near Northeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_Northeast_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"EDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Daylight_Time"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"MedStar Washington Hospital Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MedStar_Washington_Hospital_Center"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Titans"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"Ed Block Courage Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Block_Courage_Award"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Robinson was selected by the Washington Commanders in the third round (98th overall) of the 2022 NFL Draft, as one of three picks the New Orleans Saints had traded to acquire the pick they used to draft Chris Olave.[27] He signed his four-year rookie contract on May 18, 2022.[28] On August 28, 2022, Robinson was shot in the knee and glute during an armed robbery involving two men after leaving a restaurant in the Near Northeast neighborhood of Washington, D.C. shortly before 6 p.m. EDT.[29] He suffered no life-threatening damage and was discharged from MedStar Washington Hospital Center the following day.[30] Robinson missed the first four games of the season before making his NFL debut in Week 5 against the Tennessee Titans, where he rushed nine times for 22 yards.[31]Robinson's first career touchdown came the following week against the Chicago Bears, a game-winner in the fourth quarter of a Commanders victory.[32] He recorded his first career 100-yard rushing game in a Week 12 win over the Atlanta Falcons.[33] As a rookie, he appeared in 12 games and started nine. He finished with 205 carries for 797 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns to go along with nine receptions for 60 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown.[34] He was named the 2022 Inspiration of the Year by Sports Illustrated and voted Washington's Ed Block Courage Award winner.[35][36]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NFL career statistics"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Suttles, Aaron (March 27, 2019). \"For Najee Harris and Brian Robinson, patience is about to pay off\". The Athletic. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://theathletic.com/889787/2019/03/27/alabama-running-backs-najee-harris-brian-robinson/","url_text":"\"For Najee Harris and Brian Robinson, patience is about to pay off\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Athletic","url_text":"The Athletic"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Blake (October 11, 2019). \"Brian Robinson Jr.: 3 facts on the Alabama football running back\". Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/sports/2019/10/11/brian-robinson-jr-alabama-football-running-back-stats-facts/3944180002/","url_text":"\"Brian Robinson Jr.: 3 facts on the Alabama football running back\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Advertiser","url_text":"Montgomery Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Waldrep, Tyler (February 1, 2017). \"Signing with Alabama a dream come true for Hillcrest's Brian Robinson\". The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/news/20170201/signing-with-alabama-dream-come-true-for-hillcrests-brian-robinson","url_text":"\"Signing with Alabama a dream come true for Hillcrest's Brian Robinson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tuscaloosa_News","url_text":"The Tuscaloosa News"}]},{"reference":"Kirpalani, Sanjay (November 10, 2015). \"4-Star Brian Robinson Commits to Alabama: Tide Continue to Make Case as RB U\". Bleacher Report. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2587922-4-star-brian-robinson-commits-to-alabama-tide-continue-to-make-case-as-rb-u","url_text":"\"4-Star Brian Robinson Commits to Alabama: Tide Continue to Make Case as RB U\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleacher_Report","url_text":"Bleacher Report"}]},{"reference":"Tsoukalas, Tony (February 1, 2017). \"Four-star RB Brian Robinson not afraid of competition at Alabama\". Ledger-Enquirer. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ledger-enquirer.com/sports/college/sec/university-of-alabama/article130087529.html","url_text":"\"Four-star RB Brian Robinson not afraid of competition at Alabama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledger-Enquirer","url_text":"Ledger-Enquirer"}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama at Vanderbilt Box Score, September 23, 2017\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2017-09-23-vanderbilt.html","url_text":"\"Alabama at Vanderbilt Box Score, September 23, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"Byington, Alex (April 11, 2018). \"Alabama sophomore running back Brian Robinson has improved tremendously\". Montgomery Advertiser. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/sports/college/alabama/2018/04/11/alabama-sophomore-running-back-brian-robinson-has-improved-tremendously/506650002/","url_text":"\"Alabama sophomore running back Brian Robinson has improved tremendously\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Advertiser","url_text":"Montgomery Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"Pineda, Caroline (July 21, 2022). \"Brian Robinson Jr. was patient at Alabama. Next up: Commanders' backfield\". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2022/07/21/brian-robinson-commanders-running-back/","url_text":"\"Brian Robinson Jr. was patient at Alabama. Next up: Commanders' backfield\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Alabama Crimson Tide Stats\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/alabama/2018.html","url_text":"\"2018 Alabama Crimson Tide Stats\""}]},{"reference":"Paschall, David (August 12, 2019). \"Brian Robinson ready for enhanced role with Crimson Tide\". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/sports/college/story/2019/aug/12/brirobinsready-enhanced-role-crimstide/501013/","url_text":"\"Brian Robinson ready for enhanced role with Crimson Tide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press","url_text":"Chattanooga Times Free Press"}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Alabama Crimson Tide Stats\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/alabama/2019.html","url_text":"\"2019 Alabama Crimson Tide Stats\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Tyler (September 8, 2020). \"RB Brian Robinson Jr. Says Alabama Has Its \"Eyes On the Prize\"\". SI.com. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/college/alabama/bamacentral/rb-brian-robinson-jr-says-alabama-has-its-eyes-on-the-prize-martin","url_text":"\"RB Brian Robinson Jr. Says Alabama Has Its \"Eyes On the Prize\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"SI.com"}]},{"reference":"Paschall, David (September 8, 2020). \"Alabama's Brian Robinson Jr. eager to experience Steve Sarkisian's Offense\". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved January 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/sports/college/story/2020/sep/08/alabamas-robinseager-experience-sarkisians-se/531831/","url_text":"\"Alabama's Brian Robinson Jr. eager to experience Steve Sarkisian's Offense\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattanooga_Times_Free_Press","url_text":"Chattanooga Times Free Press"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Alabama Crimson Tide Stats\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/alabama/2020.html","url_text":"\"2020 Alabama Crimson Tide Stats\""}]},{"reference":"Casagrande, Michael (January 12, 2021). \"A look at Alabama's dominant title game win over Ohio State\". AL.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.al.com/alabamafootball/2021/01/a-look-at-alabamas-dominant-title-game-win-over-ohio-state.html","url_text":"\"A look at Alabama's dominant title game win over Ohio State\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Robinson 2020 Game Log\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/brian-robinson-jr-1/gamelog/2020","url_text":"\"Brian Robinson 2020 Game Log\""}]},{"reference":"Litman, Laken (January 7, 2022). \"Alabama's Brian Robinson waited his turn to become a star\". FOX Sports. Retrieved November 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxsports.com/stories/college-football/alabamas-brian-robinson-waited-his-turn-to-become-star","url_text":"\"Alabama's Brian Robinson waited his turn to become a star\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Alabama Crimson Tide Stats\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/alabama/2021.html","url_text":"\"2021 Alabama Crimson Tide Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ole Miss at Alabama Box Score, October 2, 2021\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2021-10-02-alabama.html","url_text":"\"Ole Miss at Alabama Box Score, October 2, 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama at Texas A&M Box Score, October 9, 2021\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2021-10-09-texas-am.html","url_text":"\"Alabama at Texas A&M Box Score, October 9, 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alabama at Mississippi State Box Score, October 16, 2021\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2021-10-16-mississippi-state.html","url_text":"\"Alabama at Mississippi State Box Score, October 16, 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tennessee at Alabama Box Score, October 23, 2021\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2021-10-23-alabama.html","url_text":"\"Tennessee at Alabama Box Score, October 23, 2021\""}]},{"reference":"Francis, Katie (December 31, 2021). \"Brian Robinson Jr sets insane Alabama record in Cotton Bowl vs. Cincinnati\". ClutchPoints.com. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://clutchpoints.com/cotton-bowl-news-brian-robinson-jr-sets-insane-alabama-record-with-huge-game-vs-cincinnati/","url_text":"\"Brian Robinson Jr sets insane Alabama record in Cotton Bowl vs. Cincinnati\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Robinson 2021 Game Log\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/brian-robinson-jr-1/gamelog/2021/","url_text":"\"Brian Robinson 2021 Game Log\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Robinson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\". NFL.com. Retrieved March 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/brian-robinson/3200524f-4273-6177-6c0d-d79eb9d007d1","url_text":"\"Brian Robinson Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Robinson, Alabama, RB, 2022 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football\". draftscout.com. Retrieved March 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1021866&DraftYear=2022","url_text":"\"Brian Robinson, Alabama, RB, 2022 NFL Draft Scout, NCAA College Football\""}]},{"reference":"Jhabvala, Nicki (April 29, 2022). \"Commanders select pair of Alabama products on Day 2 of NFL draft\". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2022/04/29/commanders-nfl-draft-day-2/","url_text":"\"Commanders select pair of Alabama products on Day 2 of NFL draft\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Charean (May 18, 2022). \"Commanders sign third-rounder Brian Robinson Jr\". ProFootballTalk. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2022/05/18/commanders-sign-third-rounder-brian-robinson-jr/","url_text":"\"Commanders sign third-rounder Brian Robinson Jr\""}]},{"reference":"Jhabvala, Nicki; Davies, Emily (August 29, 2022). \"Commanders' Brian Robinson Jr. 'able to wrestle a firearm away' in robbery\". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2022/08/29/brian-robinson-commanders-robbery-shooting/","url_text":"\"Commanders' Brian Robinson Jr. 'able to wrestle a firearm away' in robbery\""}]},{"reference":"Marrero, Nathaniel (August 30, 2022). \"Commanders RB Brian Robinson Jr. Released From Hospital; When Will He Return?\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved August 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/nfl/commanders/news/washington-brain-robinson-jr-ron-rivera-preseason-return-roster","url_text":"\"Commanders RB Brian Robinson Jr. Released From Hospital; When Will He Return?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Rapoport, Ian (October 8, 2022). \"Commanders rookie RB Brian Robinson to play on Sunday vs. Titans\". NFL.com. Retrieved October 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Rapoport","url_text":"Rapoport, Ian"},{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/news/commanders-rookie-rb-brian-robinson-to-be-activated-play-on-sunday-vs-titans","url_text":"\"Commanders rookie RB Brian Robinson to play on Sunday vs. Titans\""}]},{"reference":"Baer, Jack (October 13, 2022). \"Commanders RB Brian Robinson Jr. scores 1st career TD, a game-winner, 46 days after being shot twice\". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sports.yahoo.com/commanders-rb-brian-robinson-scores-1st-career-td-46-days-after-getting-shot-025205261.html","url_text":"\"Commanders RB Brian Robinson Jr. scores 1st career TD, a game-winner, 46 days after being shot twice\""}]},{"reference":"Fortier, Sam (November 27, 2022). \"Commanders RB Brian Robinson Jr. racks up big yards and wears a big hat\". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2022/11/27/brian-robinson-commanders-hat/","url_text":"\"Commanders RB Brian Robinson Jr. racks up big yards and wears a big hat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Robinson 2022 Game Log\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved March 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RobiBr01/gamelog/2022/","url_text":"\"Brian Robinson 2022 Game Log\""}]},{"reference":"Andres, Patrick (December 8, 2022). \"Brian Robinson Jr. Named Sports Illustrated's Inspiration of the Year\". SI.com. Retrieved December 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/nfl/2022/12/09/brian-robinson-named-sports-illustrated-inspiration-of-the-year","url_text":"\"Brian Robinson Jr. Named Sports Illustrated's Inspiration of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commanders to honor Brian Robinson Jr. with 'Ed Block Courage Award'\". WJLA-TV. December 29, 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wjla.com/news/local/brian-robinson-jr-honored-washington-commanders-ed-block-courage-award-rookie-running-back-awarded-play-on-off-field-efforts-reduce-gun-violence-nfl-sports-attempted-robbery-shooting-shot-twice-teens-arrested-mpd-dc-crime","url_text":"\"Commanders to honor Brian Robinson Jr. with 'Ed Block Courage Award'\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_de_Ver%C3%A3o
Summer Samba
["1 Walter Wanderley Trio","2 Covers","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]
"Summer Samba" (also known as "So Nice" or its original Portuguese title, "Samba de Verão") is a 1964 bossa nova and jazz standard song by Brazilian composer Marcos Valle, with English-language lyrics by Norman Gimbel; the original Portuguese lyrics are by Paulo Sérgio Valle, the composer's brother. Walter Wanderley Trio One of side-A labels of the US single The song was first popularized by the Walter Wanderley Trio in 1966 — the album Rain Forest on which it was issued reached platinum status in 1970 — Allmusic has said of Wanderley's version, "His recording ... is regarded as perhaps a more definitive bossa tune than "Girl From Ipanema." In 1966, Wanderley's version was the biggest seller in the U.S., reaching #26 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #3 on the Easy Listening chart. The composition is still a favourite on Adult Standards radio stations. Covers On the U.S. "Easy Listening" chart, there were versions by Johnny Mathis, Vikki Carr, and Connie Francis during that same year. In fact, at least one source claims that three different versions were on the Billboard charts at the same time in 1966. Andy Williams released a version in 1966 on his album, In the Arms of Love. The Angels released a version of the song in 1967 entitled "So Nice" as the B-side to their "Merry Go Round". Other notable versions include those by Astrud Gilberto and by Bebel Gilberto, both of which have been used in several television programs and in widely broadcast TV advertisements. A slower version was put out by Brasil '65 with Wanda de Sah and Sergio Mendes. As of 2000, the song had been recorded by more than 180 different artists worldwide. The song was covered by Emma Bunton in 2004 and was released as a b-side on the commercial CD single to her single "Crickets Sing For Anamaria" (also written by Marcos Valle), taken from her critically acclaimed second album, Free Me. This song features the Hammond B-3 organ, a staple of the sixties in the recording studio. The song appears in the film Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me as well as Click. It also is a major theme in the game Destroy All Humans!, largely as an intentional music joke when the player idles for over five minutes, as the video game is set in 1959, five years before the song's release. A cover by Thai singer Nadia appears in the 2002 film Blissfully Yours. It is said that the music from the video game called StreetPass Mii Plaza for Nintendo 3DS strongly resembles "Summer Samba". Eliane Elias included the song in her 2004 album Dreamer. See also List of bossa nova standards Notes ^ Marcos Valle on AllBrazilianMusic.com ^ Walter Wanderley Pictorial Discography (retrieved 15 February 2007) ^ Chusid, Irwin. Walter Wanderley Samba Swing! liner notes ^ Thom Jurek, Boss of the Bossa Nova (album review), Allmusic (retrieved 28 March 2007) ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 252. ^ Marcos Valle, 1943 (in German) ^ Gollner, Adam."Two scoops of samba: A pair of Brazilian heavyweights import some tropical heat,", Montreal Mirror, 30 March 2000 ^ Nintendo 3DS Music - StreetPass Mii Plaza Theme 1 on YouTube.com External links Duet of Marcos Valle with Patricia Marx singing "Samba de Verão in the original Portuguese (retrieved 8 May 2008) vteConnie FrancisU.S. albumson MGM Records Who's Sorry Now? The Exciting Connie Francis My Thanks to You Connie Francis Sings Italian Favorites Christmas in My Heart Connie's Greatest Hits Rock 'n' Roll Million Sellers Country & Western – Golden Hits Connie Francis Sings Fun Songs for Children Connie Francis Sings "Second Hand Love" One for the Boys Connie Francis Sings Spanish and Latin American Favorites Connie Francis Sings Jewish Favorites More Italian Favorites Songs to a Swinging Band More Greatest Hits Connie Francis Sings "Never on Sunday" Connie Francis Sings Folk Song Favorites Connie Francis Sings Irish Favorites Do the Twist!/Dance Party Connie Francis Sings Modern Italian Hits Connie Francis Sings Award Winning Motion Picture Hits Greatest American Waltzes In the Summer of His Years Connie Francis Sings German Favorites Connie Francis and Hank Williams Jr. Sing Great Country Favorites Movie Greats of the 60s Live at The Sahara in Las Vegas Connie's Christmas Connie Francis and The Kids Next Door Love, Italian Style Happiness – Connie Francis On Broadway Today Grandes Éxitos del Cine de los Años 60 Connie & Clyde – Hit Songs of the 30s Connie Francis Sings Bacharach & David Connie Francis Sings the Songs of Les Reed International albums Connie Francis en El Patio Melodien, die die Welt erobern Somewhere, My Love U.S. singles "Who's Sorry Now?" "Stupid Cupid"/"Carolina Moon" "Fallin'"/"Happy Days and Lonely Nights" "I'll Get By (As Long as I Have You)" "My Happiness" "You Always Hurt the One You Love" "If I Didn't Care" "Lipstick on Your Collar"/"Frankie" "Among My Souvenirs"/"God Bless America" "Mama" "Jealous of You (Tango della Gelosia)"/"Everybody's Somebody's Fool" "My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own"/"Malagueña" "Many Tears Ago" "Where the Boys Are" "No One" "Breakin' in a Brand New Broken Heart"/"Someone Else's Boy" "Together" "(He's My) Dreamboat" "When the Boy in Your Arms (Is the Boy in Your Heart)" "Don't Break the Heart That Loves You" "Vacation" "I Was Such a Fool (To Fall in Love with You)"/"He Thinks I Still Care" "I'm Gonna Be Warm This Winter"/"Al di là" "If My Pillow Could Talk" "Your Other Love" "In the Summer of His Years" "Blue Winter" "Be Anything (but Be Mine)" "Whose Heart Are You Breaking Tonight?" "For Mama" "Wishing It Was You" "Forget Domani" "Roundabout" "Jealous Heart" "Love Is Me, Love Is You" "So Nice (Summer Samba)" "Spanish Nights and You" "Time Alone Will Tell" "My Heart Cries for You" "Lonely Again" "I Don't Wanna Play House" "The Wedding Cake" "I love you much too much" International singles "Robot Man" "Burning Bridges" "Lili Marleen" "Die Liebe ist ein seltsames Spiel" "Ich komm' nie mehr von dir los" "Wenn ich träume" "Schöner fremder Mann" "Einmal komm' ich wieder" "Eine Insel für zwei" "Jamais" "Tu' mir nicht weh" "Wenn du gehst" "Barcarole in der Nacht" "Ho bisogno di vederti" Notable songs "Volare" "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" "Young at Heart" "Mein Herz weiß genau, was es will" "Once a Day" "The Shadow of Your Smile" "Strangers in the Night" "Misty Blue" "Are You Satisfied?" "Games That Lovers Play" Filmography Where the Boys Are Follow the Boys Looking for Love When the Boys Meet the Girls Related topics Discography Bobby Darin Brenda Lee Patti Page Neil Sedaka Lesley Gore Carole King Ricky Nelson Authority control databases MusicBrainz work 2
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In fact, at least one source claims that three different versions were on the Billboard charts at the same time in 1966.[6]\nAndy Williams released a version in 1966 on his album, In the Arms of Love. The Angels released a version of the song in 1967 entitled \"So Nice\" as the B-side to their \"Merry Go Round\". Other notable versions include those by Astrud Gilberto and by Bebel Gilberto, both of which have been used in several television programs and in widely broadcast TV advertisements. A slower version was put out by Brasil '65 with Wanda de Sah and Sergio Mendes. As of 2000, the song had been recorded by more than 180 different artists worldwide.[7]\nThe song was covered by Emma Bunton in 2004 and was released as a b-side on the commercial CD single to her single \"Crickets Sing For Anamaria\" (also written by Marcos Valle), taken from her critically acclaimed second album, Free Me. This song features the Hammond B-3 organ, a staple of the sixties in the recording studio.[citation needed]\nThe song appears in the film Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me as well as Click. It also is a major theme in the game Destroy All Humans!, largely as an intentional music joke when the player idles for over five minutes, as the video game is set in 1959, five years before the song's release.\nA cover by Thai singer Nadia appears in the 2002 film Blissfully Yours.\nIt is said that the music from the video game called StreetPass Mii Plaza for Nintendo 3DS strongly resembles \"Summer Samba\".[8][dubious – discuss]\nEliane Elias included the song in her 2004 album Dreamer.","title":"Covers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-abmvalle_1-0"},{"link_name":"Marcos Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.allbrazilianmusic.com/en/Artists/Artists.asp?Status=ARTISTA&Nu_Artista=374"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wwdisco_2-0"},{"link_name":"Walter Wanderley Pictorial Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bjbear71.com/Wanderley/WW-LPVerve.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rainforest_3-0"},{"link_name":"Chusid, Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Chusid"},{"link_name":"Walter Wanderley Samba Swing! liner notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bjbear71.com/Wanderley/Liner-Notes.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-amgverve_4-0"},{"link_name":"Boss of the Bossa Nova (album review)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//shopping.yahoo.com/p:Boss%20of%20the%20Bossa%20Nova:1921387023"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Whitburn, Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Marcos Valle, 1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wdr5.de/service/service_musik/interpreten/marcos_valle.phtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mirror_7-0"},{"link_name":"\"Two scoops of samba: A pair of Brazilian heavyweights import some tropical heat,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/2000/033000/music1.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-miiplaza_8-0"},{"link_name":"Nintendo 3DS Music - StreetPass Mii Plaza Theme 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_KMghGlDY8"}],"text":"^ Marcos Valle on AllBrazilianMusic.com\n\n^ Walter Wanderley Pictorial Discography (retrieved 15 February 2007)\n\n^ Chusid, Irwin. Walter Wanderley Samba Swing! liner notes\n\n^ Thom Jurek, Boss of the Bossa Nova (album review), Allmusic (retrieved 28 March 2007)\n\n^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 252.\n\n^ Marcos Valle, 1943 (in German)\n\n^ Gollner, Adam.\"Two scoops of samba: A pair of Brazilian heavyweights import some tropical heat,\", Montreal Mirror, 30 March 2000\n\n^ Nintendo 3DS Music - StreetPass Mii Plaza Theme 1 on YouTube.com","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"title":"List of bossa nova standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bossa_nova_standards"}]
[{"reference":"Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 252.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Whitburn","url_text":"Whitburn, Joel"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.allbrazilianmusic.com/en/Artists/Artists.asp?Status=ARTISTA&Nu_Artista=374","external_links_name":"Marcos Valle"},{"Link":"http://bjbear71.com/Wanderley/WW-LPVerve.html","external_links_name":"Walter Wanderley Pictorial Discography"},{"Link":"http://bjbear71.com/Wanderley/Liner-Notes.html","external_links_name":"Walter Wanderley Samba Swing! liner notes"},{"Link":"https://shopping.yahoo.com/p:Boss%20of%20the%20Bossa%20Nova:1921387023","external_links_name":"Boss of the Bossa Nova (album review)"},{"Link":"http://www.wdr5.de/service/service_musik/interpreten/marcos_valle.phtml","external_links_name":"Marcos Valle, 1943"},{"Link":"http://www.montrealmirror.com/ARCHIVES/2000/033000/music1.html","external_links_name":"\"Two scoops of samba: A pair of Brazilian heavyweights import some tropical heat,\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_KMghGlDY8","external_links_name":"Nintendo 3DS Music - StreetPass Mii Plaza Theme 1"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trVKZ8s8fqQ","external_links_name":"Duet of Marcos Valle with Patricia Marx singing \"Samba de Verão in the original Portuguese"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/697306d9-591a-3fcc-824f-a0137ff90a82","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/6ee287e0-5008-3dab-b56c-2551f9566df5","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_eXtreme_Definition
Digital eXtreme Definition
["1 References","2 External links"]
High-definition digital audio format Digital eXtreme Definition (DXD) is a digital audio format that originally was developed by Philips and Merging Technologies for editing high-resolution recordings recorded in Direct Stream Digital (DSD), the audio standard used on Super Audio CD (SACD). As the 1-bit DSD format used on SACD is not suitable for editing, alternative formats such as DXD or DSD-Wide must be used during the mastering stage. In contrast with DSD-Wide or DSD Pure which offers level, EQ, and crossfade edits at the DSD sample rate (64fs, 2.822 MHz), DXD is a PCM signal with 24-bit resolution (8 bits more than the 16 bits used for Red Book CD) sampled at 352.8 kHz – eight times 44.1 kHz, the sampling frequency of Red Book CD. The data rate is 8.4672 Mbit/s per channel – three times that of DSD64. DXD also utilizes the vast array of plugins also available to PCM-based digital audio workstations, such as Cubase, Logic Studio, Digital Performer, etc. DXD was initially developed for the Merging Pyramix workstation and introduced together with their Sphynx 2, AD/DA converter in 2004. This combination meant that it was possible to record and edit directly in DXD, and that the sample only converts to DSD once before publishing to SACD. This offers a great advantage to the user as the noise created by converting DSD rises dramatically above 20 kHz, and more noise is added each time a signal is converted back to DSD during editing. Today, DXD is also used as a music distribution format in some HD web stores. References ^ Merging Technologies Sphynx 2 https://www.resolutionmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Merging-Technologies-Sphynx-2.pdf ^ Thorpe, Peter (2001), DSD-wide. A practical implementation for professional audio ^ "Sonoma" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-25. ^ DSD-Wide. A Practical Implementation for Professional Audio. (Audio Engineering Society E-Library) http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=9998 ^ Merging Technologies Sphynx 2 https://www.resolutionmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Merging-Technologies-Sphynx-2.pdf ^ "Getting started playing DSD and DXD files". help.nativedsd.com. Retrieved 2019-06-07. External links White paper: The advantages of DXD for SACD DSD, DXD & SACD - high resolution audio Digital HD Audio Formats at the Wayback Machine (archived 2015-06-21) Some DXD samples in flac at the Wayback Machine (archived 2019-06-09) This sound technology article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philips"},{"link_name":"Merging Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merging_Technologies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Direct Stream Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital"},{"link_name":"Super Audio CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Audio_CD"},{"link_name":"editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_editor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_mastering"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"PCM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCM"},{"link_name":"Red Book CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard)"},{"link_name":"Cubase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinberg_Cubase"},{"link_name":"Logic Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_Studio"},{"link_name":"Digital Performer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Performer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"DSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Digital eXtreme Definition (DXD) is a digital audio format that originally was developed by Philips and Merging Technologies[1] for editing high-resolution recordings recorded in Direct Stream Digital (DSD), the audio standard used on Super Audio CD (SACD). As the 1-bit DSD format used on SACD is not suitable for editing, alternative formats such as DXD or DSD-Wide[2] must be used during the mastering stage.In contrast with DSD-Wide or DSD Pure which offers level, EQ, and crossfade edits at the DSD sample rate (64fs,[clarification needed] 2.822 MHz),[3][4] DXD is a PCM signal with 24-bit resolution (8 bits more than the 16 bits used for Red Book CD) sampled at 352.8 kHz – eight times 44.1 kHz, the sampling frequency of Red Book CD. The data rate is 8.4672 Mbit/s per channel – three times that of DSD64. DXD also utilizes the vast array of plugins also available to PCM-based digital audio workstations, such as Cubase, Logic Studio, Digital Performer, etc.DXD was initially developed for the Merging Pyramix workstation and introduced together with their Sphynx 2,[5] AD/DA converter in 2004. This combination meant that it was possible to record and edit directly in DXD, and that the sample only converts to DSD once before publishing to SACD. This offers a great advantage to the user as the noise created by converting DSD rises dramatically above 20 kHz, and more noise is added each time a signal is converted back to DSD during editing.Today, DXD is also used as a music distribution format in some HD web stores.[6]","title":"Digital eXtreme Definition"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Thorpe, Peter (2001), DSD-wide. A practical implementation for professional audio","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=9998","url_text":"DSD-wide. A practical implementation for professional audio"}]},{"reference":"\"Sonoma\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191225210858/http://www.superaudiocenter.com/images/Sonoma32.pdf","url_text":"\"Sonoma\""},{"url":"http://www.superaudiocenter.com/images/Sonoma32.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Getting started playing DSD and DXD files\". help.nativedsd.com. Retrieved 2019-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://help.nativedsd.com/high-resolution-dsd-listening/new-listeners/getting-started-playing-dsd-and-dxd-files","url_text":"\"Getting started playing DSD and DXD files\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Budweiser
Miss Budweiser
["1 Notable drivers","2 References","3 External links"]
Racing boats This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Miss Budweiser" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Miss Budweiser were 22 hydroplanes sponsored by Budweiser beer that raced in the unlimited class under the U-12 banner. They were owned (some were leased backups) by Bernie Little. Anheuser-Busch sponsorship began in 1963, thanks to the friendship of Little and A-B president August Busch III. After Little's death in April 2003, his youngest son Joe ran the operation for the two final seasons. Following the 2004 season, changes in Anheuser-Busch leadership resulted in the end of their 42 successful years of sponsorship. Notable drivers Bob Schroeder 1963 Chuck Hickling 1964–1965 Bill Brow 1966–1967; 1 win Mike Thomas 1967; 1 win Bill Sterett 1968–1969; 5 wins Dean Chenoweth 1970–1972, 1973, 1979–1982; 23 wins Terry Sterett 1972 Howie Benns 1974; 3 wins Mickey Remund 1975–1977; 6 wins Ron Snyder 1978; 1 win Jim Kropfeld 1983–1989; 22 wins Tom D'Eath 1988–1991; 13 wins Scott Pierce 1991; 4 wins Chip Hanauer 1992–1995; 22 wins Mike Hanson 1994; 1 win N. Mark Evans 1994–1995 Mark Weber 1997; 1 win Dave Villwock 1997–2004; 30 wins References ^ a b Condotta, Bob (March 2, 2004). "Last call: Miss Bud out in '05". Seattle Times. Retrieved August 22, 2017. ^ Glick, Shav (September 17, 2004). "Is Miss Budweiser's exit the end of the unlimiteds?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 22, 2017. External links Bernie Little Companies – King of Boats
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Condotta, Bob (March 2, 2004). \"Last call: Miss Bud out in '05\". Seattle Times. Retrieved August 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://old.seattletimes.com/html/sports/2001869029_hydros02.html","url_text":"\"Last call: Miss Bud out in '05\""}]},{"reference":"Glick, Shav (September 17, 2004). \"Is Miss Budweiser's exit the end of the unlimiteds?\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2004/sep/17/sports/sp-motors17","url_text":"\"Is Miss Budweiser's exit the end of the unlimiteds?\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwingeloo_Radio_Observatory
Dwingeloo Radio Observatory
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°48′43″N 6°23′46″E / 52.8119°N 6.3961°E / 52.8119; 6.3961Dwingeloo Radio ObservatoryThe 25 meter Dwingeloo radio telescope in 2014Named afterDwingeloo Part ofTop 100 of Dutch monuments 1940-1958 Location(s)Dwingeloo, Drenthe, NetherlandsCoordinates52°48′43″N 6°23′46″E / 52.8119°N 6.3961°E / 52.8119; 6.3961 Telescope styleobservatoryradio telescope Diameter25 m (82 ft 0 in) Location of Dwingeloo Radio Observatory  Related media on Commons The Dwingeloo Radio Observatory is a single-dish radio telescope near the village of Dwingeloo (Dutch pronunciation: ) in the northeastern Netherlands. Construction started in 1954, and the telescope was completed in 1956. The radio telescope has a diameter of 25 m. At the time of completion it was the largest radio telescope in the world, but it was overtaken in 1957 by the 250 foot (76 m) Lovell Telescope. As of 2000, it was no longer in operation in an official capacity. Since August 2009, the radio telescope has been a national heritage site (rijksmonument). The telescope dish was removed for restoration in June 2012. The "C.A. Muller Radio Astronomy Station" foundation ("CAMRAS" for short) restored the telescope to working order. The dish was remounted in November 2012. Radio amateurs along with amateur and professional astronomers, use the telescope for projects, one being Earth–Moon–Earth communication, also known as moonbounce, which allows for people on different parts of Earth to communicate via the Moon. In this technique, radio wave signals are aimed at the Moon by one location, bounce off the Moon's surface, and are detected by an antenna at a different location on Earth. "Visual Moonbounce" is a technology to moonbounce images at amateur-radio frequencies. It is based on artistic research with the Dwingeloo Radiotelescoop by artist Daniela De Paulis as part of her project "OPTICKS" The radio telescope is owned by ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy. The site of the Dwingeloo Radio Observatory also houses most of the staff of ASTRON and a test site for the Low Frequency Array radio telescope, LOFAR. Two galaxies are named after this telescope: Dwingeloo 1 and Dwingeloo 2. References ^ a b Monumentnummer: 530829 - radiotelescoop, Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. Retrieved 20 January 2016. ^ Dish Dwingeloo Telescope temporarily dismantled Archived 2017-02-21 at the Wayback Machine, ASTRON, 2012. ^ Dish Dwingeloo radio telescope back on tower Archived 2016-12-18 at the Wayback Machine, ASTRON, 2012. ^ "OPTICKS and Visual Moonbounce in Live Performance". Leonardo. Retrieved 4 June 2020. ^ "opticks.info". Retrieved 4 June 2020. ^ "Visual Moonbounce". Archived from the original on 2023-03-24. Retrieved 2023-07-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) External links Dutch Rijksmonument 530829 Media related to Radiotelescoop Dwingeloo at Wikimedia Commons Westerhout, Gart (December 1958). "A survey of the continuous radiation from the Galactic System at a frequency of 1390 Mc/s". Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands. 14: 215. Bibcode:1958BAN....14..215W. vteRadio astronomyConcepts Units (watt and jansky) Radio telescope (Radio window) Astronomical interferometer (History) Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Astronomical radio source Radio telescopes(List)Individualtelescopes 500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST, China) Arecibo Telescope (Puerto Rico, US) Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO, US) Effelsberg Telescope (Germany) Galenki RT-70 (Russia) Green Bank Telescope (West Virginia, US) Large Millimeter Telescope (Mexico) Lovell Telescope (UK) Ooty Telescope (India) Qitai Radio Telescope (China) RATAN-600 Radio Telescope (Russia) Sardinia Radio Telescope (Italy) Suffa RT-70 (Uzbekistan) Usuda Telescope (Japan) UTR-2 decameter radio telescope (Ukraine) Yevpatoria RT-70 (Ukraine) Southern Hemisphere HartRAO (South Africa) Parkes Observatory (Australia) Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory (NZ) Interferometers Allen Telescope Array (ATA, California, US) Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA, Chile) Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA, Australia) Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP, Australia) Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME, Canada) Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy (CARMA, California, US) European VLBI Network (Europe) Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT, India) Green Bank Interferometer (GBI, West Virginia, US) Korean VLBI Network (KVN, South Korea) Large Latin American Millimeter Array (LLAMA, Argentina/Brazil) Long Wavelength Array (LWA, New Mexico, US) Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR, Netherlands) MeerKAT (South Africa) Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST, Australia) Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN, UK) Murchison Widefield Array (MWA, Australia) Northern Cross Radio Telescope (Italy) Northern Extended Millimeter Array (France) One-Mile Telescope (UK) Primeval Structure Telescope (PaST, China) Square Kilometre Array (SKA, Australia, South Africa) Submillimeter Array (SMA, US) Very Large Array (VLA, New Mexico, US) Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA, US) Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT, Netherlands) Space-based HALCA (Japan) Spektr-R (Russia) Observatories Algonquin Radio Observatory (Canada) Arecibo Observatory (Puerto Rico, US) Green Bank Observatory (US) Haystack Observatory (US) Jodrell Bank Observatory (UK) Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory (UK) National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US) Nançay Radio Observatory (France) Onsala Space Observatory (Sweden) Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory (PRAO ASC LPI, Russia) Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science (SAORAS, Russia) Vermilion River Observatory (US) Multi-use DRAO (Canada) ESA New Norcia (Australia) PARL (Canada) People Elizabeth Alexander John G. Bolton Edward George Bowen Ronald Bracewell Jocelyn Bell Burnell Arthur Covington Nan Dieter-Conklin Frank Drake Cyril Hazard Antony Hewish Sebastian von Hoerner Karl Guthe Jansky Kenneth Kellermann Frank J. Kerr John D. Kraus Bernard Lovell Christiaan Alexander Muller Jan Oort Joseph Lade Pawsey Ruby Payne-Scott Arno Penzias Grote Reber Martin Ryle Govind Swarup Gart Westerhout Paul Wild Robert Wilson Astronomy by EM methods Submillimetre astronomy Infrared astronomy Optical astronomy High-energy astronomy Gravitational-wave astronomy Related articles Aperture synthesis Cosmic microwave background radiation Interferometry Odd radio circle Pulsar timing array Radio propagation SETI Wow! signal HD 164595 signal Solar radio emission Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radio telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_telescope"},{"link_name":"Dwingeloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwingeloo"},{"link_name":"[ˈdʋɪŋəloː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rijksmonument-1"},{"link_name":"Lovell Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovell_Telescope"},{"link_name":"rijksmonument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmonument"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rijksmonument-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"C.A. Muller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Alexander_Muller"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Earth–Moon–Earth communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%E2%80%93Moon%E2%80%93Earth_communication"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"ASTRON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTRON"},{"link_name":"LOFAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR)"},{"link_name":"Dwingeloo 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwingeloo_1"},{"link_name":"Dwingeloo 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwingeloo_2"}],"text":"The Dwingeloo Radio Observatory is a single-dish radio telescope near the village of Dwingeloo (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈdʋɪŋəloː]) in the northeastern Netherlands. Construction started in 1954, and the telescope was completed in 1956. The radio telescope has a diameter of 25 m.[1] At the time of completion it was the largest radio telescope in the world, but it was overtaken in 1957 by the 250 foot (76 m) Lovell Telescope.As of 2000, it was no longer in operation in an official capacity. Since August 2009, the radio telescope has been a national heritage site (rijksmonument).[1] The telescope dish was removed for restoration in June 2012.[2] The \"C.A. Muller Radio Astronomy Station\" foundation (\"CAMRAS\" for short) restored the telescope to working order. The dish was remounted in November 2012.[3]Radio amateurs along with amateur and professional astronomers, use the telescope for projects, one being Earth–Moon–Earth communication, also known as moonbounce, which allows for people on different parts of Earth to communicate via the Moon. In this technique, radio wave signals are aimed at the Moon by one location, bounce off the Moon's surface, and are detected by an antenna at a different location on Earth. \"Visual Moonbounce\" is a technology to moonbounce images at amateur-radio frequencies. It is based on artistic research with the Dwingeloo Radiotelescoop by artist Daniela De Paulis as part of her project \"OPTICKS\" [4][5][6]The radio telescope is owned by ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy. The site of the Dwingeloo Radio Observatory also houses most of the staff of ASTRON and a test site for the Low Frequency Array radio telescope, LOFAR.Two galaxies are named after this telescope: Dwingeloo 1 and Dwingeloo 2.","title":"Dwingeloo Radio Observatory"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"OPTICKS and Visual Moonbounce in Live Performance\". Leonardo. Retrieved 4 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/LEON_a_01098","url_text":"\"OPTICKS and Visual Moonbounce in Live Performance\""}]},{"reference":"\"opticks.info\". Retrieved 4 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.opticks.info/","url_text":"\"opticks.info\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visual Moonbounce\". Archived from the original on 2023-03-24. Retrieved 2023-07-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230324033354/https://www.camras.nl/woordenlijst/visual-moonbounce","url_text":"\"Visual Moonbounce\""}]},{"reference":"Westerhout, Gart (December 1958). \"A survey of the continuous radiation from the Galactic System at a frequency of 1390 Mc/s\". Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands. 14: 215. Bibcode:1958BAN....14..215W.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958BAN....14..215W","url_text":"1958BAN....14..215W"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Infrastructure_and_Transport_(Australia)
Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government
["1 Scope","2 History","3 Agency and bodies","4 List of ministers for infrastructure and transport","5 List of ministers for regional development","6 List of ministers for local government","7 Former ministerial titles and portfolios","7.1 List of ministers for aviation","7.2 List of ministers for shipping","7.3 List of ministers for works","7.4 List of ministers for urban infrastructure","7.5 List of ministers for land transport","7.6 List of ministers for road safety","8 List of assistant ministers","9 References","10 External links"]
Australian cabinet position Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local GovernmentCommonwealth Coat of ArmsFlag of AustraliaIncumbentCatherine Kingsince 1 June 2022 (2022-06-01)Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the ArtsStyleThe HonourableAppointerGovernor-General on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of AustraliaInaugural holderThomas Paterson (as Minister for Markets and Transport)Formation10 December 1928 (1928-12-10)Websiteminister.infrastructure.gov.au/c-king The Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government in the Government of Australia is a position currently held by Catherine King following the swearing in of the full Albanese ministry on 1 June 2022. The Minister for Regional Development, Local Government and Territories is a position currently held by Kristy McBain. Scope In the Government of Australia, the minister for infrastructure has overall responsibility for all of the matters falling within the Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications portfolio, including regulation, safety and funding in relation to aviation, shipping, roads and railways and policy on regional development and local government. History Under the Constitution of Australia the federal government was not given any specific responsibilities for transport, except for "railway construction and extension in any State with the consent of that State" (section 51(xxxiv)). In 1916, Billy Hughes appointed Patrick Lynch as Minister for Works and Railways to administer Commonwealth Railways and the construction of the Trans-Australian Railway. In December 1928, Stanley Bruce appointed Thomas Paterson as Minister for Markets and Transport, which included responsibility for funding road construction via grants to the states. In January 1932, this portfolio was renamed Minister for Transport, but in April 1932 it was absorbed into the new portfolio of Minister for the Interior along with the position of Minister for Works and Railways. In December 1938, with the growth of significance of civil aviation and the commonwealth's assumption of responsibility for regulating it under international treaties, Joseph Lyons appointed Harold Thorby as the first Minister for Civil Aviation. In 1941 Robert Menzies re-established the transport portfolio with the appointment of Hubert Lawrence Anthony. The Curtin government was determined to establish a government shipping company, ultimately the Australian National Lines, and John Curtin appointed Jack Beasley as Minister for Supply and Development in 1941. This position was renamed Minister for Shipping, Fuel and Transport in 1950 under the Menzies government and Minister for Shipping and Transport in 1951. Gough Whitlam combined the transport and civil aviation portfolios in 1973, but it was re-divided with Malcolm Fraser's appointment of Wal Fife as Minister for Aviation in 1982. Bob Hawke abolished the aviation portfolio in 1987 with the creation of the "super" departments. Since 1987, there has been a single senior transport minister in Cabinet. Agency and bodies Other agencies and bodies the portfolio include: Australian Transport Safety Bureau Airservices Australia Australian Bicycle Council Australian Global Navigation Satellite System Coordination Committee (AGCC) Australian Local Government and Planning Ministers' Council Australian Maritime College Australian Maritime Safety Authority Australian Motor Vehicle Certification Board Australian Rail Operations Unit Australian Rail Track Corporation Australian Transport Advisory Council Christmas Island Administration Civil Aviation Safety Authority Cocos (Keeling) Islands Administration East Kimberley Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Indigenous Trial International Air Services Commission Jervis Bay Territory Administration Local Government and Planning Joint Committee National Capital Authority National Transport Commission Navigation Safety Advisory Committee Administrator of the Northern Territory Office of the Administrator Norfolk Island Regional Development Council Regional Women's Advisory Council Standing Committee on Regional Development Secretariat Stevedoring Industry Finance Committee Tasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme Review Authority List of ministers for infrastructure and transport The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development, or any precedent titles: Order Minister Party Prime Minister Title Term start Term end Term in office 1 Thomas Paterson Country Bruce Minister for Markets and Transport 10 December 1928 22 October 1929 316 days 2 Parker Moloney Labor Scullin 22 October 1929 21 April 1930 2 years, 76 days Minister for Transport 21 April 1930 6 January 1932 3 Archdale Parkhill United Australia Lyons 6 January 1932 12 April 1932 97 days 4 Larry Anthony Country Menzies Minister for Transport 26 June 1941 28 August 1941 316 days Fadden 28 August 1941 7 October 1941 5 George Lawson Labor Curtin 7 October 1941 21 September 1943 1 year, 349 days 6 Eddie Ward 21 September 1943 6 July 1945 6 years, 89 days Forde 6 July 1945 13 July 1945 Chifley 13 July 1945 19 December 1949 7 Howard Beale   Liberal Menzies 19 December 1949 17 March 1950 88 days 8 George McLeay Minister for Shipping, Fuel and Transport 17 March 1950 11 May 1951 5 years, 181 days Minister for Shipping and Transport 11 May 1951 14 September 1955 9 John Spicer 14 September 1955 27 September 1955 13 days 10 Shane Paltridge 27 September 1955 5 February 1960 4 years, 131 days 11 Hubert Opperman 5 February 1960 18 December 1963 3 years, 316 days 12 Gordon Freeth 18 December 1963 21 January 1966 4 years, 72 days Holt 26 January 1966 19 December 1967 McEwen 19 December 1967 10 January 1968 Gorton 10 January 1968 28 February 1968 13 Ian Sinclair Country 28 February 1968 5 February 1971 2 years, 342 days 14 Peter Nixon 5 February 1971 10 March 1971 1 year, 304 days McMahon 10 March 1971 5 December 1972 15 Gough Whitlam Labor Whitlam 5 December 1972 19 December 1972 14 days 16 Charles Jones Minister for Transport 19 December 1972 11 November 1975 2 years, 327 days (14) Peter Nixon National Country Fraser 11 November 1975 8 December 1979 4 years, 27 days 17 Ralph Hunt 8 December 1979 7 May 1982 3 years, 93 days Minister for Transport and Construction 7 May 1982 16 October 1982 National 16 October 1982 11 March 1983 18 Peter Morris Labor Hawke Minister for Transport 11 March 1983 24 July 1987 4 years, 135 days 19 Gareth Evans Minister for Transport and Communications 24 July 1987 (1987-07-24) 2 September 1988 (1988-09-02) 1 year, 40 days 20 Ralph Willis 2 September 1988 (1988-09-02) 4 April 1990 (1990-04-04) 1 year, 214 days 21 Kim Beazley 4 April 1990 (1990-04-04) 9 December 1991 (1991-12-09) 1 year, 249 days 22 John Kerin 9 December 1991 (1991-12-09) 20 December 1991 (1991-12-20) 18 days Keating 20 December 1991 (1991-12-20) 27 December 1991 (1991-12-27) 23 Graham Richardson 27 December 1991 (1991-12-27) 18 May 1992 (1992-05-18) 143 days 24 Bob Collins 18 May 1992 (1992-05-18) 24 December 1993 (1993-12-24) 1 year, 220 days 25 Laurie Brereton Minister for Transport 24 December 1993 11 March 1996 2 years, 78 days 26 John Sharp   Nationals Howard Minister for Transport and Regional Development 11 March 1996 (1996-03-11) 25 September 1997 (1997-09-25) 1 year, 198 days 27 Mark Vaile 25 September 1997 (1997-09-25) 21 October 1998 (1998-10-21) 1 year, 26 days 28 John Anderson Minister for Transport and Regional Services 21 October 1998 (1998-10-21) 6 July 2005 (2005-07-06) 6 years, 258 days 29 Warren Truss 6 July 2005 (2005-07-06) 29 September 2006 (2006-09-29) 1 year, 85 days (27) Mark Vaile 29 September 2006 (2006-09-29) 3 December 2007 (2007-12-03) 1 year, 65 days 30 Anthony Albanese   Labor Rudd Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government 3 December 2007 (2007-12-03) 24 June 2010 (2010-06-24) 5 years, 289 days Gillard 24 June 2010 (2010-06-24) 28 June 2010 (2010-06-28) Minister for Infrastructure and Transport 14 September 2010 27 June 2013 Rudd 27 June 2013 18 September 2013 (29) Warren Truss   Nationals Abbott Minister for Infrastructure and Regional Development 18 September 2013 (2013-09-18) 15 September 2015 2 years, 153 days Turnbull 15 September 2015 (2015-09-15) 18 February 2016 31 Darren Chester Minister for Infrastructure and Transport 18 February 2016 (2016-02-18) 20 December 2017 (2017-12-20) 1 year, 305 days 32 Barnaby Joyce 20 December 2017 (2017-12-20) 26 February 2018 (2018-02-26) 68 days 33 Michael McCormack 26 February 2018 (2018-02-26) 28 August 2018 (2018-08-28) 3 years, 116 days Morrison Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development 28 August 2018 (2018-08-28) 22 June 2021 (2021-06-22) (32) Barnaby Joyce 22 June 2021 (2021-06-22) 23 May 2022 (2022-05-23) 335 days 34 Catherine King Labor Albanese Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government 1 June 2022 (2022-06-01) Incumbent 2 years, 13 days List of ministers for regional development The following individuals have been appointed Minister for Regional Development, or any precedent titles: Order Minister Party Prime Minister Title Term start Term end Term in office 1 Tom Uren   Labor Whitlam Minister for Urban and Regional Development 19 December 1972 (1972-12-19) 11 November 1975 (1975-11-11) 2 years, 327 days 2 John Carrick   Liberal Fraser 11 November 1975 (1975-11-11) 22 December 1975 (1975-12-22) 41 days 3 Ivor Greenwood Minister for Environment, Housing and Community Development 22 December 1975 (1975-12-22) 8 July 1976 (1976-07-08) 199 days 4 Kevin Newman 8 July 1976 (1976-07-08) 20 December 1977 (1977-12-20) 1 year, 165 days 5 Ray Groom 20 December 1977 (1977-12-20) 5 December 1978 (1978-12-05) 350 days 6 Alan Griffiths   Labor Keating Minister for Industry, Technology and Regional Development 24 March 1993 (1993-03-24) 23 January 1994 (1994-01-23) 305 days 7 Peter Cook 30 January 1994 (1994-01-30) 25 March 1994 (1994-03-25) 54 days 8 Brian Howe Minister for Housing and Regional Development 25 March 1994 (1994-03-25) 11 March 1996 (1996-03-11) 1 year, 352 days 9 John Sharp   Nationals Howard Minister for Transport and Regional Development 11 March 1996 (1996-03-11) 25 September 1997 (1997-09-25) 1 year, 198 days 10 Mark Vaile 25 September 1997 (1997-09-25) 21 October 1998 (1998-10-21) 1 year, 26 days 11 John Anderson Minister for Transport and Regional Services 21 October 1998 (1998-10-21) 6 July 2005 (2005-07-06) 6 years, 258 days 12 Warren Truss 6 July 2005 (2005-07-06) 29 September 2006 (2006-09-29) 1 year, 85 days (10) Mark Vaile 29 September 2006 (2006-09-29) 3 December 2007 (2007-12-03) 1 year, 65 days 13 Anthony Albanese   Labor Rudd Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government 3 December 2007 (2007-12-03) 24 June 2010 (2010-06-24) 2 years, 207 days Gillard 24 June 2010 (2010-06-24) 28 June 2010 (2010-06-28) 14 Simon Crean Minister for Regional Australia, Regional Development and Local Government 28 June 2010 (2010-06-28) 25 March 2013 (2013-03-25) 2 years, 270 days (13) Anthony Albanese Minister for Regional Development and Local Government 25 March 2013 (2013-03-25) 1 July 2013 (2013-07-01) 98 days 15 Sharon Bird Rudd Minister for Regional Development 1 July 2013 (2013-07-01) 18 September 2013 (2013-09-18) 79 days (12) Warren Truss   Nationals Abbott Minister for Infrastructure and Regional Development 18 September 2013 (2013-09-18) 15 September 2015 2 years, 153 days Turnbull 15 September 2015 (2015-09-15) 18 February 2016 (2016-02-18) 16 Fiona Nash Minister for Regional Development 18 February 2016 (2016-02-18) 27 October 2017 (2017-10-27) 1 year, 251 days 17 Darren Chester 27 October 2017 (2017-10-27) 20 December 2017 54 days 18 John McVeigh Minister for Regional Development, Territories and Local Government 20 December 2017 (2017-12-20) 24 August 2018 (2018-08-24) 251 days Morrison 24 August 2018 (2018-08-24) 28 August 2018 (2018-08-28) 19 Michael McCormack Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development 28 August 2018 (2018-08-28) 22 June 2021 (2021-06-22) 2 years, 298 days 20 Barnaby Joyce 22 June 2021 (2021-06-22) 23 May 2022 (2022-05-23) 335 days 21 Catherine King Labor Albanese Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government 1 June 2022 (2022-06-01) Incumbent 2 years, 13 days Kristy McBain Minister for Regional Development, Local Government and Territories List of ministers for local government The following individuals have been appointed Minister for Local Government, or any precedent titles: Order Minister Party Prime Minister Title Term start Term end Term in office 1 Tom Uren Labor Hawke Minister for Territories and Local Government,Minister assisting the Prime Minister for Community Development and Regional Affairs 11 March 1983 (1983-03-11) 13 December 1984 (1984-12-13) 4 years, 135 days Minister for Local Government and Administrative Services 13 December 1984 (1984-12-13) 24 July 1987 (1987-07-24) 2 Margaret Reynolds Labor Hawke Minister for Local Government 18 September 1987 (1987-09-18) 4 April 1990 (1990-04-04) 2 years, 198 days 3 Wendy Fatin 4 April 1990 (1990-04-04) 20 December 1991 (1991-12-20) 1 year, 267 days Keating 20 December 1991 (1991-12-20) 27 December 1991 (1991-12-27) 4 David Simmons 27 December 1991 (1991-12-27) 24 March 1993 (1993-03-24) 1 year, 87 days 5 Brian Howe Minister for Housing, Local Government and Community Services 24 March 1993 (1993-03-24) 23 December 1993 (1993-12-23) 1 year, 1 day Minister for Housing, Local Government and Human Services 23 December 1993 (1993-12-23) 25 March 1994 (1994-03-25) 6 Warwick Smith Liberal Howard Minister for Sport, Territories and Local Government 11 March 1996 (1996-03-11) 9 October 1997 (1997-10-09) 1 year, 212 days 7 Alex Somlyay Minister for Regional Development, Territories and Local Government 9 October 1997 (1997-10-09) 21 October 1998 (1998-10-21) 1 year, 12 days 8 Ian Macdonald Minister for Regional Services, Territories and Local Government 21 October 1998 (1998-10-21) 26 November 2001 (2001-11-26) 3 years, 36 days 9 Wilson Tuckey Liberal Howard Minister for Regional Services, Territories and Local Government 25 January 2002 (2002-01-25) 7 October 2003 (2003-10-07) 1 year, 255 days 10 Ian Campbell Minister for Local Government, Territories and Roads 7 October 2003 (2003-10-07) 18 July 2004 (2004-07-18) 285 days 11 Jim Lloyd 18 July 2004 (2004-07-18) 3 December 2007 (2007-12-03) 3 years, 138 days 12 Anthony Albanese Labor Rudd Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government 3 December 2007 (2007-12-03) 24 June 2010 (2010-06-24) 2 years, 207 days Gillard 24 June 2010 (2010-06-24) 28 June 2010 (2010-06-28) 13 Simon Crean Minister for Regional Australia, Regional Development and Local Government 28 June 2010 (2010-06-28) 25 March 2013 (2013-03-25) 2 years, 270 days (12) Anthony Albanese Minister for Regional Development and Local Government 25 March 2013 (2013-03-25) 1 July 2013 (2013-07-01) 98 days 14 Catherine King Rudd Minister for Regional Australia, Local Government and Territories 1 July 2013 (2013-07-01) 18 September 2013 (2013-09-18) 79 days 15 Paul Fletcher Liberal Turnbull Minister for Territories, Local Government and Major Projects 21 September 2015 (2015-09-21) 19 July 2016 (2016-07-19) 302 days 16 Fiona Nash National Minister for Local Government and Territories 19 July 2016 (2016-07-19) 27 October 2017 1 year, 100 days 17 Darren Chester 27 October 2017 (2017-10-27) 20 December 2017 54 days 18 John McVeigh Minister for Regional Development, Territories and Local Government 20 December 2017 (2017-12-20) 24 August 2018 (2018-08-24) 251 days Morrison 24 August 2018 (2018-08-24) 28 August 2018 (2018-08-28) 19 Bridget McKenzie Minister for Regional Services, Sport, Local Government and Decentralisation 28 August 2018 (2018-08-28) 29 May 2019 (2019-05-29) 274 days 20 Mark Coulton Minister for Regional Services, Decentralisation and Local Government 29 May 2019 (2019-05-29) 6 February 2020 (2020-02-06) 2 years, 34 days Minister for Regional Health, Regional Communications and Local Government 6 February 2020 (2020-02-06) 2 July 2021 (2021-07-02) (19) Bridget McKenzie Minister for Regionalisation, Regional Communications and Regional Education 2 July 2021 (2021-07-02) 23 May 2022 (2022-05-23) 325 days (14) Catherine King Labor Albanese Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government 1 June 2022 (2022-06-01) Incumbent 2 years, 13 days 21 Kristy McBain Minister for Regional Development, Local Government and Territories Former ministerial titles and portfolios List of ministers for aviation The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Aviation, or any precedent titles: Order Minister Party Prime Minister Title Term start Term end Term in office 1 Harold Thorby Country Lyons Minister for Civil Aviation 24 November 1938 7 April 1939 153 days Page 7 April 1939 26 April 1939 2 James Fairbairn United Australia Menzies 26 April 1939 13 August 1940 1 year, 109 days 3 Arthur Fadden Country 14 August 1940 28 October 1940 75 days 4 John McEwen 28 October 1940 28 August 1941 344 days Fadden 28 August 1941 7 October 1941 5 Arthur Drakeford Labor Curtin 7 October 1941 6 July 1945 8 years, 73 days Forde 6 July 1945 13 July 1945 Chifley 13 July 1945 19 December 1949 6 Thomas White   Liberal Menzies 19 December 1949 11 May 1951 1 year, 143 days 7 Larry Anthony Country 11 May 1951 9 July 1954 3 years, 61 days 8 Athol Townley   Liberal 9 July 1954 24 October 1956 2 years, 107 days 9 Shane Paltridge 24 October 1956 10 June 1964 7 years, 230 days 10 Denham Henty 10 June 1964 26 January 1966 1 year, 230 days 11 Reginald Swartz Holt 26 January 1966 19 December 1967 3 years, 290 days McEwen 19 December 1967 10 January 1968 Gorton 10 January 1968 12 November 1969 12 Bob Cotton 12 November 1969 10 March 1971 3 years, 23 days McMahon 10 March 1971 5 December 1972 13 Gough Whitlam Labor Whitlam 5 December 1972 19 December 1972 14 days 14 Charles Jones 19 December 1972 30 November 1973 3 years, 23 days 15 Wal Fife   Liberal Fraser Minister for Aviation 7 May 1982 11 March 1983 280 days 16 Kim Beazley Labor Hawke 11 March 1983 13 December 1984 1 year, 277 days 17 Peter Morris 13 December 1984 24 July 1987 2 years, 223 days 18 Gary Punch Labor Hawke Minister for Telecommunications and Aviation Support 2 September 1988 28 March 1989 207 days 19 Ros Kelly 6 April 1989 4 April 1990 363 days 20 Bob Collins Labor Hawke Minister for Shipping and Aviation Support 7 May 1990 20 December 1991 2 years, 20 days Keating 20 December 1991 27 December 1991 Minister for Shipping and Aviation 27 December 1991 27 May 1992 21 Peter Cook Minister for Shipping and Aviation Support 27 May 1992 24 March 1993 301 days List of ministers for shipping The following individuals were appointed as Ministers for Shipping, or any precedent titles: Order Minister Party Prime Minister Title Term start Term end Term in office 1 Jack Beasley Labor Curtin Ministers for Shipping 17 October 1942 2 February 1945 2 years, 108 days 2 Bill Ashley 2 February 1945 6 July 1945 4 years, 320 days Chifley 13 July 1945 6 April 1948 Minister for Shipping and Fuel 6 April 1948 19 December 1949 3 George McLeay   Liberal Menzies 19 December 1949 17 March 1950 5 years, 269 days Minister for Fuel, Shipping and Transport 17 March 1950 11 May 1951 Minister for Shipping and Transport 11 May 1951 14 September 1955 4 John Spicer 14 September 1955 27 September 1955 13 days 5 Shane Paltridge 27 September 1955 5 February 1960 4 years, 131 days 6 Hubert Opperman 5 February 1960 18 December 1963 3 years, 316 days 7 Gordon Freeth 18 December 1963 21 January 1966 4 years, 72 days Holt 26 January 1966 19 December 1967 McEwen 19 December 1967 10 January 1968 Gorton 110 January 1968 28 February 1968 8 Ian Sinclair Country 28 February 1968 5 February 1971 2 years, 342 days 9 Peter Nixon 5 February 1971 10 March 1971 1 year, 304 days McMahon 10 March 1971 5 December 1972 10 Gough Whitlam Labor Whitlam 5 December 1972 19 December 1972 14 days 11 Bob Brown Labor Hawke Minister for Land Transport and Shipping Support 24 July 1987 4 April 1990 2 years, 254 days 12 Bob Collins Minister for Shipping 4 April 1990 7 May 1990 2 years, 53 days Minister for Shipping and Aviation Support 7 May 1990 20 December 1991 Keating 20 December 1991 27 December 1991 Minister for Shipping and Aviation 27 December 1991 27 May 1992 13 Peter Cook Minister for Shipping and Aviation Support 27 May 1992 24 March 1993 301 days List of ministers for works The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Works, or any precedent titles: Order Minister Party Prime Minister Title Term start Term end Term in office 1 Patrick Lynch National Labor Hughes Minister for Works and Railways 14 November 1916 17 February 1917 95 days 2 William Watt Nationalist 17 February 1917 27 March 1918 1 year, 38 days 3 Littleton Groom 27 March 1918 21 December 1921 3 years, 269 days 4 Richard Foster 21 December 1921 9 February 1923 1 year, 50 days 5 Percy Stewart Country Bruce 9 February 1923 8 August 1924 1 year, 181 days 6 William Hill 8 August 1924 29 November 1928 4 years, 113 days 7 William Gibson Country Bruce Minister for Works and Railways 10 December 1928 22 October 1929 316 days 8 Joseph Lyons Labor Scullin 22 October 1929 4 February 1931 1 year, 105 days 9 Albert Green 4 February 1931 6 January 1932 336 days 10 Charles Marr United Australia Lyons 6 January 1932 12 April 1932 97 days 11 Bert Lazzarini   Labor CurtinForde Minister for Works 2 February 1945 (1945-02-02) 13 July 1945 (1945-07-13) 161 days Chifley Minister for Works and Housing 13 July 1945 (1945-07-13) 1 November 1946 (1946-11-01) 1 year, 111 days 12 Nelson Lemmon 1 November 1946 (1946-11-01) 19 December 1949 (1949-12-19) 3 years, 48 days 13 Richard Casey Liberal Menzies 19 December 1949 (1949-12-19) 11 May 1951 (1951-05-11) 1 year, 143 days 14 Wilfrid Kent Hughes 11 May 1951 (1951-05-11) 4 June 1952 (1952-06-04) 4 years, 245 days Minister for Works 4 June 1952 (1952-06-04) 11 January 1956 (1956-01-11) 15 Allen Fairhall 11 January 1956 (1956-01-11) 10 December 1958 (1958-12-10) 2 years, 333 days 16 Gordon Freeth 10 December 1958 (1958-12-10) 18 December 1963 (1963-12-18) 5 years, 8 days 17 John Gorton 18 December 1963 (1963-12-18) 26 January 1966 (1966-01-26) 3 years, 72 days Holt 26 January 1966 (1966-01-26) 28 February 1967 (1967-02-28) 18 Bert Kelly 28 February 1967 (1967-02-28) 28 February 1968 (1968-02-28) 1 year, 0 days 19 Reg Wright Gorton 28 February 1968 (1968-02-28) 10 March 1971 (1971-03-10) 4 years, 281 days McMahon 10 March 1971 (1971-03-10) 5 December 1972 (1972-12-05) 20 Gough Whitlam1 Labor Whitlam 5 December 1972 (1972-12-05) 19 December 1972 (1972-12-19) 14 days 21 Jim Cavanagh 19 December 1972 (1972-12-19) 9 October 1973 (1973-10-09) 294 days 22 Les Johnson 9 October 1973 (1973-10-09) 30 November 1973 (1973-11-30) 1 year, 240 days Minister for Housing and Construction 30 November 1973 (1973-11-30) 6 June 1975 (1975-06-06) 23 Joe Riordan 6 June 1975 (1975-06-06) 11 November 1975 (1975-11-11) 158 days 24 John Carrick Liberal Fraser 11 November 1975 (1975-11-11) 22 December 1975 (1975-12-22) 41 days 25 John McLeay Minister for Construction 22 December 1975 (1975-12-22) 5 December 1978 (1978-12-05) 2 years, 348 days 26 Ray Groom 5 December 1978 (1978-12-05) 3 November 1980 (1980-11-03) 1 year, 334 days 27 Tom McVeigh National Country 3 November 1980 (1980-11-03) 7 May 1982 (1982-05-07) 3 years, 153 days 28 Ralph Hunt Minister for Transport and Construction 7 May 1982 (1982-05-07) 11 March 1983 (1983-03-11) 308 days 29 Chris Hurford Labor Hawke Minister for Housing and Construction 11 March 1983 (1983-03-11) 13 December 1984 (1984-12-13) 1 year, 277 days 30 Stewart West 13 December 1984 (1984-12-13) 24 July 1987 (1987-07-24) 2 years, 223 days 31 David Beddall Labor Keating Minister for Small Business, Construction and Customs 27 December 1991 (1991-12-27) 24 March 1993 (1993-03-24) 1 year, 87 days 32 Chris Schacht 24 March 1993 (1993-03-24) 11 March 1996 (1996-03-11) 2 years, 353 days 33 Paul Fletcher   Liberal Turnbull Minister for Major Projects, Territories, and Local Government 21 September 2015 (2015-09-21) 16 July 2016 (2016-07-16) 299 days Notes 1 Whitlam was one of a two-man ministry consisting of himself and Lance Barnard for two weeks until the full ministry was announced. List of ministers for urban infrastructure The following individuals have served as the Minister for Population, Cities and Urban Infrastructure, or any other precedent titles: Order Minister Party Prime Minister Title Term start Term end Term in office 1 Tom Uren   Labor Whitlam Minister for Urban and Regional Development 19 December 1972 (1972-12-19) 11 November 1975 (1975-11-11) 2 years, 327 days 2 John Carrick Liberal Fraser 11 November 1975 (1975-11-11) 22 December 1975 (1975-12-22) 41 days 3 Jamie Briggs   Liberal Turnbull Minister for Cities and the Built Environment 21 September 2015 (2015-09-21) 29 December 2015 99 days 4 Paul Fletcher Liberal Turnbull Minister for Urban Infrastructure 19 July 2016 (2016-07-19) 20 December 2017 (2017-12-20) 2 years, 39 days Minister for Urban Infrastructure and Cities 20 December 2017 (2017-12-20) 28 August 2018 (2018-08-28) 5 Alan Tudge Liberal Morrison Minister for Cities, Urban Infrastructure and Population 28 August 2018 (2018-08-28) 29 May 2019 (2019-05-29) 2 years, 116 days Minister for Population, Cities and Urban Infrastructure 29 May 2019 (2019-05-29) 22 December 2020 (2020-12-22) (4) Paul Fletcher Minister for Communications, Urban Infrastructure, Cities and the Arts 22 December 2020 (2020-12-22) 23 May 2022 (2022-05-23) 1 year, 152 days List of ministers for land transport Since the creation of the enlarged portfolios in the third Hawke ministry on 24 July 1987 there has usually been a minister or assistant outside cabinet supporting the Minister for Transport and Infrastructure, or any precedent title. Order Minister Party Prime Minister Title Term start Term end Term in office 1 Peter Duncan Labor Hawke Minister for Land Transport and Infrastructure Support 24 July 1987 19 January 1988 206 days Minister for Transport and Communications Support 19 January 1988 15 February 1988 2 Peter Morris 15 February 1988 2 September 1988 200 days 3 Bob Brown Minister for Land Transport and Shipping Support 2 September 1988 4 April 1990 4 years, 203 days Minister for Land Transport 4 April 1990 20 December 1991 Keating 20 December 1991 24 March 1993 List of ministers for road safety Order Minister Party Prime Minister Title Term start Term end Term in office 1 Catherine King Labor Gillard Minister for Road Safety 25 March 2013 1 July 2013 98 days 2 Sharon Bird Rudd 1 July 2013 18 September 2013 79 days List of assistant ministers Order Minister Party Prime Minister Title Term start Term end Term in office 1 Jamie Briggs Liberal Abbott Assistant Minister for Infrastructure and Regional Development 18 September 2013 (2013-09-18) 15 September 2015 2 years, 102 days Turnbull 15 September 2015 (2015-09-15) 21 September 2015 References ^ "Press Conference - Parliament House, Canberra | Prime Minister of Australia". www.pm.gov.au. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 27 May 2022. ^ a b c d "Ministries and Cabinets". 43rd Parliamentary Handbook: Historical information on the Australian Parliament. Parliament of Australia. 2010. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2013. ^ "Ministerial Swearing-in Ceremony". Events. Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. 18 February 2016. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016. External links Official website vte Ministerial portfolios of the Commonwealth of Australia Prime Minister Deputy Prime Minister Aged Care Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Arts Assistant Treasurer Attorney-General Cabinet Secretary Climate Change and Energy Communications Cyber Security Defence Defence Industry Defence Personnel Early Childhood Education Education Emergency Management Employment and Workplace Relations Environment and Water Finance Financial Services Foreign Affairs Government Services Health and Aged Care Home Affairs Homelessness Housing Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs Indigenous Australians Industry and Science Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government International Development and the Pacific National Disability Insurance Scheme Northern Australia Regional Development, Local Government and Territories Public Service Resources Skills and Training Small Business Social Services Special Minister of State Sport Trade and Tourism Treasurer Veterans' Affairs Vice-President of the Executive Council Women Youth Current Ministry
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Catherine King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_King_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Albanese ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanese_ministry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Minister for Regional Development, Local Government and Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Regional_Development,_Local_Government_and_Territories"},{"link_name":"Kristy McBain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristy_McBain"}],"text":"The Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government in the Government of Australia is a position currently held by Catherine King following the swearing in of the full Albanese ministry on 1 June 2022.[1]The Minister for Regional Development, Local Government and Territories is a position currently held by Kristy McBain.","title":"Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia"}],"text":"In the Government of Australia, the minister for infrastructure has overall responsibility for all of the matters falling within the Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Communications portfolio, including regulation, safety and funding in relation to aviation, shipping, roads and railways and policy on regional development and local government.","title":"Scope"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constitution of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Hughes_ministry"},{"link_name":"Billy Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Patrick Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Lynch_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Railways"},{"link_name":"Trans-Australian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Australian_Railway"},{"link_name":"December 1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Bruce_ministry"},{"link_name":"Stanley Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Bruce"},{"link_name":"Thomas Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paterson"},{"link_name":"December 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Lyons_ministry"},{"link_name":"Joseph Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Lyons"},{"link_name":"Harold Thorby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Thorby"},{"link_name":"Robert Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Menzies"},{"link_name":"Hubert Lawrence Anthony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Lawrence_Anthony"},{"link_name":"Curtin government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_government"},{"link_name":"Australian National Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Line"},{"link_name":"John Curtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curtin"},{"link_name":"Jack Beasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Beasley"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Curtin_ministry"},{"link_name":"Menzies government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Menzies_ministry"},{"link_name":"Gough Whitlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Whitlam"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Wal Fife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal_Fife"},{"link_name":"Bob Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hawke"},{"link_name":"1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Hawke_ministry"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia"}],"text":"Under the Constitution of Australia the federal government was not given any specific responsibilities for transport, except for \"railway construction and extension in any State with the consent of that State\" (section 51(xxxiv)). In 1916, Billy Hughes appointed Patrick Lynch as Minister for Works and Railways to administer Commonwealth Railways and the construction of the Trans-Australian Railway. In December 1928, Stanley Bruce appointed Thomas Paterson as Minister for Markets and Transport, which included responsibility for funding road construction via grants to the states. In January 1932, this portfolio was renamed Minister for Transport, but in April 1932 it was absorbed into the new portfolio of Minister for the Interior along with the position of Minister for Works and Railways.In December 1938, with the growth of significance of civil aviation and the commonwealth's assumption of responsibility for regulating it under international treaties, Joseph Lyons appointed Harold Thorby as the first Minister for Civil Aviation. In 1941 Robert Menzies re-established the transport portfolio with the appointment of Hubert Lawrence Anthony. The Curtin government was determined to establish a government shipping company, ultimately the Australian National Lines, and John Curtin appointed Jack Beasley as Minister for Supply and Development in 1941. This position was renamed Minister for Shipping, Fuel and Transport in 1950 under the Menzies government and Minister for Shipping and Transport in 1951. Gough Whitlam combined the transport and civil aviation portfolios in 1973, but it was re-divided with Malcolm Fraser's appointment of Wal Fife as Minister for Aviation in 1982. Bob Hawke abolished the aviation portfolio in 1987 with the creation of the \"super\" departments. Since 1987, there has been a single senior transport minister in Cabinet.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Transport Safety Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Transport_Safety_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Airservices Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airservices_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Maritime College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Maritime_College"},{"link_name":"Australian Maritime Safety Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Maritime_Safety_Authority"},{"link_name":"Australian Rail Track Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rail_Track_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Australian Transport Advisory Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australian_Transport_Advisory_Council&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christmas Island Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christmas_Island_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Civil Aviation Safety Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Safety_Authority"},{"link_name":"International Air Services Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Air_Services_Commission"},{"link_name":"National Capital Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Authority"},{"link_name":"National Transport Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transport_Commission"},{"link_name":"Administrator of the Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Office of the Administrator Norfolk Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Administrator_Norfolk_Island"}],"text":"Other agencies and bodies the portfolio include:Australian Transport Safety Bureau\nAirservices Australia\nAustralian Bicycle Council\nAustralian Global Navigation Satellite System Coordination Committee (AGCC)\nAustralian Local Government and Planning Ministers' Council\nAustralian Maritime College\nAustralian Maritime Safety Authority\nAustralian Motor Vehicle Certification Board\nAustralian Rail Operations Unit\nAustralian Rail Track Corporation\nAustralian Transport Advisory Council\nChristmas Island Administration\nCivil Aviation Safety Authority\nCocos (Keeling) Islands Administration\nEast Kimberley Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Indigenous Trial\nInternational Air Services Commission\nJervis Bay Territory Administration\nLocal Government and Planning Joint Committee\nNational Capital Authority\nNational Transport Commission\nNavigation Safety Advisory Committee\nAdministrator of the Northern Territory\nOffice of the Administrator Norfolk Island\nRegional Development Council\nRegional Women's Advisory Council\nStanding Committee on Regional Development Secretariat\nStevedoring Industry Finance Committee\nTasmanian Freight Equalisation Scheme Review Authority","title":"Agency and bodies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parl-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development, or any precedent titles:[2][3]","title":"List of ministers for infrastructure and transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parl-2"}],"text":"The following individuals have been appointed Minister for Regional Development, or any precedent titles:[2]","title":"List of ministers for regional development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parl-2"}],"text":"The following individuals have been appointed Minister for Local Government, or any precedent titles:[2]","title":"List of ministers for local government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former ministerial titles and portfolios"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of ministers for aviation","text":"The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Aviation, or any precedent titles:","title":"Former ministerial titles and portfolios"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of ministers for shipping","text":"The following individuals were appointed as Ministers for Shipping, or any precedent titles:","title":"Former ministerial titles and portfolios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#endnote_1"}],"sub_title":"List of ministers for works","text":"The following individuals have been appointed as Minister for Works, or any precedent titles:Notes1 Whitlam was one of a two-man ministry consisting of himself and Lance Barnard for two weeks until the full ministry was announced.","title":"Former ministerial titles and portfolios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parl-2"}],"sub_title":"List of ministers for urban infrastructure","text":"The following individuals have served as the Minister for Population, Cities and Urban Infrastructure, or any other precedent titles:[2]","title":"Former ministerial titles and portfolios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third Hawke ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Hawke_ministry"}],"sub_title":"List of ministers for land transport","text":"Since the creation of the enlarged portfolios in the third Hawke ministry on 24 July 1987 there has usually been a minister or assistant outside cabinet supporting the Minister for Transport and Infrastructure, or any precedent title.","title":"Former ministerial titles and portfolios"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of ministers for road safety","title":"Former ministerial titles and portfolios"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of assistant ministers"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Zawadzki_(publisher)
Józef Zawadzki (publisher)
["1 Biography","2 Further reading","3 References"]
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Józef ZawadzkiGrave of ZawadzkiBornMarch 15 or March 7, 1781Koźmin, Polish–Lithuanian CommonwealthDiedDecember 17, 1838Vilna, Russian EmpireResting placeSaulė CemeteryOccupation(s)Pressman, publisher, typographer, bibliophileKnown forFounder of the Zawadzki PressChildren3 Józef Zawadzki (1781–1838) was a Polish pressman, publisher, typographer and bibliophile, one of the most prominent Polish publishers in the 19th century. He was the founder of the Zawadzki Press and was the official publisher of the Imperial University of Vilnius. He published 851 books, mostly in Polish, but also in Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Lithuanian. Biography Zawadzki was born on March 15 or March 7, 1781, in Koźmin, now Koźmin Wielkopolski, Poland. In 1805, he took over the printing press of the Imperial University of Vilnius and established his own Zawadzki Press. Until 1828, he was the official printer of the university. In 1810, Zawadzki with J. Węcki opened a branch of his printing house in Warsaw. Zawadzki published works of fiction as well as scientific works. He published Historia literatury polskiej of Feliks Bentkowski (1814), Poezje vol. 1–2 of Adam Mickiewicz (1822–1823), works of Joachim Lelewel, Jan Śniadecki and Jędrzej Śniadecki, Słownik łacińsko-polski of Florjan Bobrowski (1822), calendars, music sheets, magazines, textbooks. He was the author of Organizacja księgarstwa polskiego (1818). Zawadzki's bookstore served as a meeting place of writers and intelligentsia. In 1818, he was a co-founder of Towarzystwo Typograficzne in Vilnius. He died on December 17, 1838, in Vilnius and was buried at the Saulė Cemetery. Further reading Cybulski, Radosław (1972). Józef Zawadzki — księgarz, drukarz, wydawca (in Polish). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. OCLC 5667676. References "Zawadzki Józef". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 2007-12-04. "Zawadzki Józef". WIEM Encyklopedia (in Polish). Retrieved 2007-12-04. "People of Koźmin Wielkopolski" (in Polish). Retrieved 2007-12-04. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Poland Other IdRef This article about a businessperson from Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biography of a publisher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bibliophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliophile"},{"link_name":"Zawadzki Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawadzki_Press"},{"link_name":"Imperial University of Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_University_of_Vilnius"}],"text":"Józef Zawadzki (1781–1838) was a Polish pressman, publisher, typographer and bibliophile, one of the most prominent Polish publishers in the 19th century. He was the founder of the Zawadzki Press and was the official publisher of the Imperial University of Vilnius. He published 851 books, mostly in Polish, but also in Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Lithuanian.","title":"Józef Zawadzki (publisher)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koźmin Wielkopolski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BAmin_Wielkopolski"},{"link_name":"Imperial University of Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_University_of_Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Zawadzki Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawadzki_Press"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Feliks Bentkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feliks_Bentkowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Adam Mickiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz"},{"link_name":"Joachim Lelewel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Lelewel"},{"link_name":"Jan Śniadecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_%C5%9Aniadecki"},{"link_name":"Jędrzej Śniadecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki"},{"link_name":"Florjan Bobrowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florjan_Bobrowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Towarzystwo Typograficzne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Towarzystwo_Typograficzne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saulė Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul%C4%97_Cemetery"}],"text":"Zawadzki was born on March 15 or March 7, 1781, in Koźmin, now Koźmin Wielkopolski, Poland. In 1805, he took over the printing press of the Imperial University of Vilnius and established his own Zawadzki Press. Until 1828, he was the official printer of the university. In 1810, Zawadzki with J. Węcki opened a branch of his printing house in Warsaw.Zawadzki published works of fiction as well as scientific works. He published Historia literatury polskiej of Feliks Bentkowski (1814), Poezje vol. 1–2 of Adam Mickiewicz (1822–1823), works of Joachim Lelewel, Jan Śniadecki and Jędrzej Śniadecki, Słownik łacińsko-polski of Florjan Bobrowski (1822), calendars, music sheets, magazines, textbooks. He was the author of Organizacja księgarstwa polskiego (1818). Zawadzki's bookstore served as a meeting place of writers and intelligentsia. In 1818, he was a co-founder of Towarzystwo Typograficzne in Vilnius.He died on December 17, 1838, in Vilnius and was buried at the Saulė Cemetery.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5667676","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/5667676"}],"text":"Cybulski, Radosław (1972). Józef Zawadzki — księgarz, drukarz, wydawca (in Polish). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. OCLC 5667676.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Cybulski, Radosław (1972). Józef Zawadzki — księgarz, drukarz, wydawca (in Polish). Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. OCLC 5667676.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5667676","url_text":"5667676"}]},{"reference":"\"Zawadzki Józef\". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. Retrieved 2007-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=4000648","url_text":"\"Zawadzki Józef\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN","url_text":"Internetowa encyklopedia PWN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN","url_text":"Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN"}]},{"reference":"\"Zawadzki Józef\". WIEM Encyklopedia (in Polish). Retrieved 2007-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/60791,,,,zawadzki_jozef,haslo.html","url_text":"\"Zawadzki Józef\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIEM_Encyklopedia","url_text":"WIEM Encyklopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"People of Koźmin Wielkopolski\" (in Polish). Retrieved 2007-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kozminwlkp.pl/index.php?site=pochodzili","url_text":"\"People of Koźmin Wielkopolski\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nao_Hibino
Nao Hibino
["1 Personal life and background","2 Junior career","3 Professional career","3.1 2012–14: Successful start on the ITF Circuit, WTA Tour debut","3.2 2015: Breakthrough and first WTA Tour title, top 100","3.3 2016–17: Continued progress, first WTA doubles title","3.4 2018–20: Inconsistency, first top-10 win","3.5 2021: Olympics debut, first WTA final in two years","3.6 2022: Back to WTA 1000 level","3.7 2023: Japanese No. 1, Third WTA singles & doubles titles in Prague, Back to top 80","3.8 2024","4 National representation","5 Playing style","6 Coach","7 Apparel and equipment","8 Performance timelines","8.1 Singles","8.2 Doubles","9 WTA career finals","9.1 Singles: 6 (3 titles, 3 runner-ups)","9.2 Doubles: 7 (3 titles, 4 runner-ups)","10 ITF Circuit finals","10.1 Singles: 14 (9 titles, 5 runner–ups)","10.2 Doubles: 16 (11 titles, 6 runner–ups)","11 Wins over top-10 players","12 Notes","13 References","14 External links"]
Japanese tennis player Nao Hibino 日比野 菜緒Hibino at the 2022 French OpenNative name日比野 菜緒Country (sports) JapanResidenceIchinomiya, Aichi, JapanBorn (1994-11-28) 28 November 1994 (age 29)Ichinomiya, AichiHeight1.63 m (5 ft 4 in)PlaysRight-handed (two-handed backhand)CoachEiji TakeuchiPrize moneyUS $3,022,375SinglesCareer record361–284 (56.0%)Career titles3Highest rankingNo. 56 (18 January 2016)Current rankingNo. 79 (8 April 2024)Grand Slam singles resultsAustralian Open2R (2020, 2021)French Open2R (2020, 2021)Wimbledon2R (2021)US Open2R (2017)Other tournamentsOlympic Games2R (2016)DoublesCareer record188–168 (52.8%)Career titles3Highest rankingNo. 43 (31 July 2017)Current rankingNo. 164 (8 April 2024)Grand Slam doubles resultsAustralian Open3R (2019)French Open3R (2017)Wimbledon2R (2021)US Open3R (2016, 2018)Team competitionsFed Cup6–5Last updated on: 23 January 2024. Nao Hibino (日比野 菜緒, Hibino Nao, born 28 November 1994) is a Japanese professional tennis player. She has been ranked as high as No. 56 in singles and No. 43 in doubles by the WTA. Hibino has won three singles and three doubles titles on the WTA Tour. She has also won eight singles and ten doubles tournaments on the ITF Women's World Tennis Tour. Hibino was the number-one-ranked Japanese player in the WTA rankings for five weeks starting on 11 January 2016, and reached this position again on 3 April 2023. Hibino made her breakthrough in 2015, when she won her first WTA Tour title in singles at the Tashkent Open. As a result, she debuted in the top 100. Since then she has spent several years in the top 100, and has been in the top 150 constantly except for a period between February 2022 and September 2022 after a layoff from October 2021 to late April 2022. She has represented Japan at national competitions, debuting in Fed Cup in 2016, and at the Summer Olympics in 2021. Personal life and background Hibino was born on November 28, 1994, in Ichinomiya, Japan. Coming from a tennis-loving family, she is named after former top-20 player Naoko Sawamatsu, while her brother is named after Shuzo Matsuoka. She also has one older sister. At the age of 10, she and her brother were introduced to tennis by their mother. In 2015, Hibino moved to Kobe, Japan for training. She enjoys spending time with her family because she rarely gets the chance to live with them. When she returns home, she often goes shopping with her sister and takes their dogs for a walk. She also likes reading and often reads in her spare time. Hibino enjoys eating local foods and sightseeing at famous places while travelling on tour. Since a young age, she has dreamt of playing on the Centre Court of Wimbledon. Junior career Hibino reached a career-high ranking of No. 54 as a junior. She began playing on the ITF Junior Circuit in January 2009 at the age of 14. The following March, she made her debut at the Grade 1 Japan Open in Nagoya, reaching the second round in both the singles and doubles events. Three weeks later, she won her first junior singles title at the Grade-4 Gallipoli Youth Tennis Cup in Queensland after defeating Ashleigh Barty in the final. There she also won her first doubles title. In October, she played her strongest tournament to date, the Grade A Osaka Mayor's Cup, where she advanced to the second round. She had a better result in doubles, reaching the quarterfinal alongside Mana Ayukawa. After starting the 2011 season with an early loss at the Grade-1 Loy Yang Traralgon International in Traralgon, she made her Grand Slam debut at the Australian Open. In singles, she reached the second round, while in doubles she lost in the first round alongside Emily Fanning. At her next tournament, the Grade-1 Chang LTAT ITF Junior Championships in Nonthaburi, Hibino achieved her most significant result to date in singles, getting to the semifinals. Two weeks later, she had her biggest result in doubles as well, winning her first Grade-1 title at the Mitsubishi-Lancer International Championships in Manila. In her two following tournaments, she won two Grade-4 events in Australia in both the singles and doubles, including the one in Queensland where she defended her titles. Her singles performance then started to decline, as she lost in the early rounds at tournaments such as the French Open, Wimbledon, the Canadian Open, the US Open, the Osaka Mayor's Cup, and the Japan Open. However, her doubles performance continued to lead to good results as she reached the semifinals of the Canadian Open and Osaka Mayor's Cup. She closed out the season with a singles quarterfinal and a doubles title at the Grade-B1 Seogwipo Asian/Oceania Closed International Championships in Jeju-do. The 2012 season was the final junior season for Hibino. She played once again at the Australian Open but again had little success with only a second round appearance in singles and a first-round appearance in doubles. Her last tournament was the Grade-1 Mitsubishi-Lancer International Juniors Championships in Manila, where she reached the semifinal in singles and quarterfinal in doubles. As a junior, she won four singles and five doubles titles in total on the ITF Junior Circuit. Professional career 2012–14: Successful start on the ITF Circuit, WTA Tour debut Hibino began playing on the ITF Women's Circuit in May 2012 at the age of 17. She played in the qualifying draw of the $25k tournament in Karuizawa in the singles event but failed to reach the main draw. Nonetheless, she made her debut in the doubles event. A month later, she was given a wildcard for the singles main draw of the $10k tournament in Tokyo. She took advantage of the wildcard and won the title in her debut appearance. The following week, she continued with success, winning another $10k title, this time in Mie. This performance put her on the WTA rankings for the first time, getting to No. 974 in singles. In September of the same year, she won her first ITF doubles title in Kyoto along with the title in singles as well. A week later, she debuted in the doubles rankings as well, getting to No. 1066. After not having such impressive results during the first four months of 2013, she reached her first bigger ITF final at the $50k Kangaroo Cup in Gifu, in the doubles event. Three weeks later, she won her first doubles title of the season at the $25k event in Goyang. Her results improved in singles during the second half of the year. In early September, she won the $25k tournament in Tsukuba defeating fellow Japanese player Erika Sema. Then, in late September, she got her first attempt at playing on the WTA Tour, after getting a wildcard for the qualifying draw of the WTA 1000 Pan Pacific Open. She faced 14th seed Ashleigh Barty but lost in straight sets. Not long after that, she got another chance for her WTA Tour debut at the Japan Women's Open in Tokyo. She made it through the first round of the qualifying draw, after beating her compatriot Miki Miyamura but then was beaten by Zarina Diyas. During the year, Hibino improved her ranking. In singles, she rose from world No. 576 in the opening week to No. 291 as her year-end ranking. In doubles, she advanced from No. 1069 to No. 327. During the season of 2014, Hibino advanced to a couple of quarterfinals and semifinals on the ITF Circuit and reached one final in both singles and doubles, at the $25k Fergana Challenger. In both events, she failed to win the trophy. However, she made some progress, making her WTA Tour main-draw debut at the Japan Women's Open in the doubles event where she partnered with Riko Sawayanagi. That year, she had her first chance for her Grand Slam main-draw debut but lost in the qualifying at the US Open. She made mild progress in the singles rankings, getting to No. 204 in July, her highest singles ranking at the time. 2015: Breakthrough and first WTA Tour title, top 100 Hibino in the Wimbledon qualifying for the first time Despite making progress in the previous seasons, Hibino was still limited to playing mainly at the ITF tournaments. However, she continued to excel there. Her first title of the year happened in early April at Bangkok in doubles. Then, the following week, she advanced to the final of the $25k Ahmedabad tournament, also in doubles. A month later, at the $50k Fukuoka International, she reached her first singles final after almost a year. She failed to win the title against Kristýna Plíšková but then the following week, she won the $50k Kurume Cup beating Eri Hozumi in the final. She then lost in Wimbledon qualifying, but followed this up with another ITF singles title at the $50k Stockton Challenger. In late July, she won both singles and doubles titles at the $50k Lexington Challenger. Hibino then was really close to making her Grand Slam main-draw debut, reaching the final stage of qualifying of the US Open but did not manage to qualify losing to Kateryna Bondarenko, while she won only two games. Two weeks later, she made her singles WTA Tour debut, playing at the Japan Women's Open. She entered the main draw as a wildcard player and also won her first WTA match, after defeating her compatriot Hiroko Kuwata. This helped her to enter qualifying of the Premier-level Pan Pacific Open but she was stopped again by Bondarenko in the final stage of qualification. Nonetheless, the following week she made big progress, winning her first WTA singles title at the Tashkent Open. In the final, she defeated Donna Vekić. The victory helped her debut inside the top 100 of the WTA singles rankings, rising up to No. 76. By the end of the year, she advanced to the semifinal of the WTA 125 Hua Hin Championships, followed up with the final of the $100k Tokyo Open that made her move to No. 66 in the singles rankings. 2016–17: Continued progress, first WTA doubles title Hibino at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships Having made it to relatively few WTA main draws in previous years, Hibino mostly played tour-level events in 2016 as a result of being in the top 100. She began the year with a quarterfinal at the Auckland Open, after defeating two top 100 players but then lost to top 50 player Julia Görges. The following week, she advanced to the second round of the Hobart International. Right after that, she reached her highest singles ranking and did not have to play in qualifying for the Australian Open. In her Grand Slam debut she lost to former world No. 1, Maria Sharapova, in the first round. Her improvement continued with her WTA 1000 debut at the Qatar Open, where she defeated Yaroslava Shvedova before losing to world No. 5, Garbiñe Muguruza. She then suffered first-round losses at the WTA 1000 Indian Wells and Miami Open. As a seed for the first time on a tour-level event, Hibino made it into the quarterfinals of the İstanbul Cup. She then did not perform well at either the French Open or Wimbledon, losing in the first round. However, it was her first main draw appearance at both. In early August, she advanced to another WTA quarterfinal, this time at the Brasil Tennis Cup in Florianópolis but lost to Irina-Camelia Begu. She followed this performance by playing for Japan at the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, where this time she was able to defeat Begu but then lost to Muguruza. With her debut at the US Open, she played the main draw at all four major tournaments, but again lost in the first round. She closed the season with a final at the Tashkent Open in singles and the title of the $100k Poitiers tournament in doubles. It was the first season for Hibino that she spent a whole year inside the top 100 in singles. In doubles, she debuted in the top 100 in September and spent the rest of the year there. Hibino began the year of 2017 ranked No. 93 in the world. But she was still forced to play some qualifying draws, and she had a disappointing start. After being knocked out in the first round at the Australian Open, she lost in qualifying at several WTA 1000 tournaments, including the Dubai Tennis Championships, the Indian Wells Open, and the Miami Open. Nonetheless, she rebounded at the following tournament, getting to a final at the Malaysian Open. After defeating Maryna Zanevska in the first round, she got a walkover victory due to withdrawal of Elina Svitolina. Subsequent victories over Lesley Kerkhove and Magda Linette sent her into the final. There she faced qualifier Ashleigh Barty but lost in straight sets. She rebounded at the Monterrey Open in April, winning her first doubles title. Alongside Alicja Rosolska, she defeated Dalila Jakupović and Nadiia Kichenok in the final. Her losing in qualifying at WTA 1000 tournaments continued in Madrid and Rome. After first-round losses at the French Open and Wimbledon, she managed to win three matches in a row in singles for the first time since March. She did so at the Jiangxi Open in Nanchang but lost to Peng Shuai in the final. At the US Open, she recorded her first singles Grand Slam win after defeating CiCi Bellis in a three-set match in the first round. Later, at the Tashkent Open, she reached the final in doubles but failed to win the title. In May, she debuted in the top 50 in doubles and later rose to No. 43 in July, her highest doubles ranking. She spent almost all year inside the top 100 in singles, being outside for only four weeks. 2018–20: Inconsistency, first top-10 win Hibino at the 2018 French Open Despite good progress in previous years, Hibino started to struggle with results. This was particularly reflected in results in singles. She fell outside the top 100 in late February and did not return for the rest of the year. In doubles, she fared better, reaching the final of the Taiwan Open in February. With a lower singles ranking, she dropped back to the ITF Circuit. Her first final came in July at the $60k Honolulu Championships in the singles event. She later won first doubles title of the year at the $100k Suzhou Ladies Open in October. In the meantime, she lost in the first round at the Australian Open and did not get past qualifying at the French Open or US Open. The following year, she continued to struggle with results for the next nine months. She lost in qualifying at all four Grand Slam tournaments and did not do well either in WTA 1000 tournaments such as the Indian Wells Open, the Miami Open, or the Canadian Open. Despite not reaching any at least a quarterfinal in any tour-level events since the beginning of the season, Hibino then made significant progress at the Japan Women's Open in Hiroshima. She won titles in both singles and doubles. To get the title in singles, she needed to defeat four out of five better-ranked players than her, including two top 100 players: Zarina Diyas and seed No. 1, Hsieh Su-wei. Winning in straight sets over her compatriot Misaki Doi, Hibino won the title. That was the first all-Japanese WTA tournament final in 22 years. In doubles, she partnered with Doi and they defeated Christina McHale and Valeria Savinykh in the final. That was the first time that she won both events in the same WTA tournament. With these results, she returned to the top 100. In her next three tournaments, she produced more great results in doubles. First, at the Premier-level Pan Pacific Open, she advanced to the semifinal, followed up by a final at the Tianjin Open. A month later, she won the title at the $100k Shenzhen Open. After losing in qualifying at the Auckland Open in the opening week of 2020, Hibino then reached the main draw of the Australian Open after three wins in qualifying. In the opening main-draw round, she defeated Peng Shuai in a three-set match. The victory over Peng was her second Grand Slam singles match win. This brought her back to the top 100. Next, she advanced to the semifinal of the Hua Hin Championships, after recording her first top-10 win over Svitolina. However, she could not build on this success in the following round, losing to qualifier Leonie Küng. After tennis resumed in August due to COVID-19, she suffered three consecutive losses at the Cincinnati Open, US Open, and Italian Open. However, she made it her second semifinal of the year at the Internationaux de Strasbourg. On her road to the semifinal, she defeated three top-100 players, including two former Grand Slam champions: Sloane Stephens and Jeļena Ostapenko. She then lost to Elena Rybakina to miss the final. Hibino closed out the year with her first win at the French Open, a victory over qualifier Marta Kostyuk in the first round. Ons Jabeur knocked her out in the following round. 2021: Olympics debut, first WTA final in two years Hibino started year with a Grand Slam match win over wildcard player Astra Sharma at the Australian Open. She then failed in reaching her first third round there, losing to Kristina Mladenovic in straight sets. She then had five consecutive first round losses, including one at the WTA 1000 Miami Open. Despite that, she advanced to her first quarterfinal of the 2021 season at the green clay event, the Charleston Open. In the quarterfinal, she lost to later finalist Ons Jabeur. She then continued with mostly first-round losses but managed to win one match at each of the French Open and Wimbledon. Her next step was playing at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in her home country, Japan. She lost in the opening round to Serbian player Nina Stojanović. During the year, she had success in reaching one WTA final in the doubles event at the İstanbul Cup. Together with her compatriot Makoto Ninomiya, she lost to the Russian–Belgian combination of Veronika Kudermetova and Elise Mertens in straight sets. This final was the first for Hibino since the end of 2019. At the Olympics, she also played in doubles alongside Ninomiya but the lost in the first round to the Australian team of Ashleigh Barty and Storm Sanders. 2022: Back to WTA 1000 level Ranked No. 148, Hibino entered the main draw of the new WTA 1000 2022 Guadalajara Open Akron as a lucky loser. 2023: Japanese No. 1, Third WTA singles & doubles titles in Prague, Back to top 80 Ranked No. 113, Hibino entered the main draw of the 2023 French Open as a lucky loser. Ranked No. 127, she also entered the main draw of the 2023 Wimbledon Championships. She returned to the top 80 on 21 August 2023. Ranked No. 92, she also qualified for the WTA 500 2023 Zhengzhou Open. She defeated top seed Beatriz Haddad Maia at the Jiangxi International Women's Tennis Open in Nanchang, China. She then reached the quarterfinals defeating Kimberly Birrell. 2024 At the 2024 BNP Paribas Open she qualified and won her first main draw match at this tournament defeating Venus Williams in three sets, recording a bagel in the third. National representation Hibino has played at the Fed Cup for Japan since 2016. She has played in ten ties, compiling an overall record of 6–5, playing only in singles. Her debut was when Japan was in Zone Group I along with India, Thailand, and Uzbekistan. Against all three teams, Hibino played one match but lost all of them. Her first match was against Nigina Abduraimova from Uzbekistan where she won the first set but was not able to finish the match in her favor. The following day, her team played against India. Given that her compatriot Eri Hozumi won the first match, a win from her would secure a team win over India. However, Hibino lost to Ankita Raina. Since her team lost to Uzbekistan and won over India, they faced Thailand to be promoted to the play-offs. Hibino had a disappointing start to her match against Luksika Kumkhum, losing the first set 6–0 but then managed to make a comeback. For the place in the World Group II play-offs the next year, Japan faced Chinese Taipei. Hibino won the first set against Hsieh Su-wei but then lost the next two sets. After one year of absence, she participated again at the Fed Cup. In Zone Group I, Hibino won all of her three matches. She started with a set loss against Thailand's Kumkhum but then won the following two. The same scenario then happened in the next match against South Korea's Han Na-Lae. The third one was against Hsu Chieh-yu from Chinese Taipei, which she won in straight sets. Japan then played against Kazakhstan for their spot in the World Group II play-offs. Even though they won, Hibino lost her match against Yulia Putintseva. The following year, Japan faced Spain in World Group II. Hibino played in the opening match against Sara Sorribes Tormo and won in straight sets. Following a win and loss for Japan, Hibino had her chance to secure her team a spot in the World Group play-offs. However, she lost to Georgina García Pérez in three sets. Japan's situation improved in the play-offs against the Netherlands, when Hibino defeated Bibiane Schoofs, letting her win only three games to help Japan win the tie. Playing style Hibino hitting the forehand. Hibino prefers an aggressive style of play. After defeating Hsieh Su-wei in the quarterfinal at the 2019 Japan Women's Open, she described the match as 70 percent defense and 30 percent offense but stated that she has to be more aggressive. After defeating compatriot Misaki Doi in the final of the same tournament, Doi stated: "She has strong backhand but she was also using her forehand to structure points well giving me very little chance to play my game." Hibino can also be effective at the net to fend off a powerful strike from the player and secure a volley winner. One of the signatures of her style of play is the use of drop shots. She prefers hardcourts, but her favorite tournament is Wimbledon that is played on grass. Coach Since 2012, she has been coached by Japanese former player Eiji Takeuchi. Apparel and equipment Hibino has been sponsored by Le Coq Sportif for clothing. She uses a Yonex VCore 100 racket. Performance timelines Key W  F  SF QF #R RR Q# P# DNQ A Z# PO G S B NMS NTI P NH (W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (NTI) not a Tier I tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record. To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended. Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup, and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records. Singles Current through the end of 2023 season Tournament 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 SR W–L Win % Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open A A 1R 1R 1R Q1 2R 2R 1R Q3 0 / 6 2–6 25% French Open A A 1R 1R Q1 Q3 2R 2R Q3 1R 0 / 5 2–5 29% Wimbledon A Q2 1R 1R A Q1 NH 2R A 1R 0 / 4 1–4 20% US Open Q2 Q3 1R 2R Q2 Q2 1R 1R Q3 Q1 0 / 4 1–4 20% Win–loss 0–0 0–0 0–4 1–4 0–1 0–0 2–3 3–4 0–1 0–2 0 / 19 6–19 24% National representation Summer Olympics NH 2R NH 1R NH 0 / 2 1–2 33% Billie Jean King Cup A A Z1 A Z1 PO PO A A PO 0 / 4 7–6 54% WTA 1000 Dubai / Qatar Open A A 2R Q1 A A A A A A 0 / 1 1–1 50% Indian Wells Open A A 1R Q2 A 1R NH 1R A Q2 0 / 3 0–3 0% Miami Open A A 1R Q1 A 1R NH 1R A 2R 0 / 4 1–4 20% Madrid Open A A A Q1 A A NH Q2 A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Italian Open A A A Q2 A A Q1 Q2 A 1R 0 / 1 0–1 0% Canadian Open A A 1R Q1 A Q2 NH A A A 0 / 1 0–1 0% Cincinnati Open A A Q1 A A A Q1 A A A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Guadalajara Open NH 1R A 0 / 1 0–1 0% Wuhan Open A A A A A A NH 0 / 0 0–0  –  China Open A A A A A A NH A 0 / 0 0–0  –  Career statistics Tournaments 0 3 21 17 10 6 6 17 6 13 Total: 96 Titles 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 Total: 3 Finals 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 Total: 6 Overall win–loss 0–0 5–2 16–21 10–17 5–9 8–6 9–6 5–17 4–6 10–13 3 / 96 72–96 43% Year-end ranking 207 78 84 92 119 102 72 126 137 90 $2,850,549 ^ a b c Hibino entered the 2022 Australian Open, the 2023 French Open, and the 2023 Wimbleon Championships, as a lucky loser from the qualifying competition. ^ Formerly known as Fed Cup until 2020. ^ The first Premier 5 event of the year has switched back and forth between the Dubai Tennis Championships and the Qatar Ladies Open since 2009. Dubai was classified as a Premier 5 event from 2009 to 2011 before being succeeded by Doha for the 2012–2014 period. In 2015, Dubai regained its Premier 5 status while Doha was demoted to Premier status. The Premier 5 tournaments were reclassified as WTA 1000 tournaments in 2021. ^ a b Hibino had a walkover at the 2015 Tashkent Open, and at the 2017 Malaysian Open. These are not counted as wins. ^ Hibino withdrew from the 2018 Washington Open. This is not counted as a loss. ^ WTA year-end ranking for 2012: 578, for 2013: 291 Doubles Current through the end of 2023 season. Tournament 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 SR W–L Win % Grand Slam tournaments Australian Open A A 1R 2R 1R 3R 2R 1R 2R A 0 / 7 5–7 42% French Open A A 2R 3R 2R 1R 1R 2R A A 0 / 6 5–6 45% Wimbledon A A 1R 1R A 1R NH 2R A A 0 / 4 1–4 20% US Open A A 3R 2R 3R 1R 1R 1R A A 0 / 6 5–6 45% Win–loss 0–0 0–0 3–4 4–4 3–3 2–4 1–3 2–4 1–1 0–0 0 / 23 16–23 41% National representation Summer Olympics NH A NH 1R NH 0 / 1 0–1 0% WTA 1000 Dubai / Qatar Open A A A 1R 2R A A A A A 0 / 2 1–2 33% Indian Wells Open A A A A A A NH 1R A A 0 / 1 0–1 0% Madrid Open A A A 2R A A NH 2R A A 0 / 2 2–2 50% Italian Open A A A 2R A A 2R A A A 0 / 2 2–2 50% Canadian Open A A 2R 1R A A NH A A A 0 / 2 1–2 33% Cincinnati Open A A A A A A 1R A A A 0 / 1 0–1 0% Career statistics Tournaments 1 2 17 22 13 10 9 14 4 7 Total: 99 Titles 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Total: 3 Finals 0 0 0 2 1 2 0 1 0 1 Total: 7 Overall win–loss 0–1 1–2 10–16 25–20 13–13 11–9 4–9 7–13 2–4 6–7 3 / 99 79–94 45% Year-end ranking 318 167 80 50 68 66 68 104 125 147 WTA career finals This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Nao Hibino" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Singles: 6 (3 titles, 3 runner-ups) Legend Grand Slam WTA 1000 WTA 500 WTA 250 (3–3) Finals by surface Hard (3–3) Clay (0–0) Grass (0–0) Carpet (0–0) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score Win 1–0 Oct 2015 Tashkent Open, Uzbekistan International Hard Donna Vekić 6–2, 6–2 Loss 1–1 Oct 2016 Tashkent Open, Uzbekistan International Hard Kristýna Plíšková 3–6, 6–2, 3–6 Loss 1–2 Mar 2017 Malaysian Open, Malaysia International Hard Ashleigh Barty 3–6, 2–6 Loss 1–3 Jul 2017 Jiangxi Open, China International Hard Peng Shuai 3–6, 2–6 Win 2–3 Sep 2019 Japan Women's Open, Japan International Hard Misaki Doi 6–3, 6–2 Win 3–3 Aug 2023 Prague Open, Czech Republic WTA 250 Hard Linda Nosková 6–4, 6–1 Doubles: 7 (3 titles, 4 runner-ups) Legend Grand Slam WTA 1000 WTA 500 WTA 250 (3–4) Finals by surface Hard (3–3) Clay (0–1) Grass (0–0) Carpet (0–0) Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Partner Opponents Score Win 1–0 Apr 2017 Monterrey Open, Mexico International Hard Alicja Rosolska Dalila Jakupovic Nadiia Kichenok 6–2, 7–6(7–4) Loss 1–1 Sep 2017 Tashkent Open, Uzbekistan International Hard Oksana Kalashnikova Tímea Babos Andrea Hlaváčková 5–7, 4–6 Loss 1–2 Feb 2018 Taiwan Open, Taiwan International Hard (i) Oksana Kalashnikova Duan Yingying Wang Yafan 6–7(4–7), 6–7(5–7) Win 2–2 Sep 2019 Japan Women's Open International Hard Misaki Doi Christina McHale Valeria Savinykh 3–6, 6–4, Loss 2–3 Oct 2019 Tianjin Open, China International Hard Miyu Kato Shuko Aoyama Ena Shibahara 3–6, 5–7 Loss 2–4 Apr 2021 İstanbul Cup, Turkey WTA 250 Clay Makoto Ninomiya Veronika Kudermetova Elise Mertens 1–6, 1–6 Win 3–4 Aug 2023 Prague Open, Czech Republic WTA 250 Hard Oksana Kalashnikova Quinn Gleason Elixane Lechemia 6–7(7–9), 7–5, ITF Circuit finals Singles: 14 (9 titles, 5 runner–ups) Legend $100,000 tournaments (0–1) $50/60,000 tournaments (4–3) $25,000 tournaments (2–1) $10,000 tournaments (3–0) Finals by surface Hard (6–4) Grass (2–1) Carpet (1–0) Result W–L    Date    Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score Win 1–0 Jun 2012 ITF Tokyo, Japan 10,000 Hard Mari Tanaka 6–0, 6–2 Win 2–0 Jun 2012 ITF Mie, Japan 10,000 Grass Yurina Koshino 6–2, 0–6, 6–3 Win 3–0 Sep 2012 ITF Kyoto, Japan 10,000 Carpet (i) Yuuki Tanaka 6–4, 2–6, 6–2 Win 4–0 Sep 2013 ITF Tsukuba, Japan 25,000 Hard Erika Sema 6–4, 7–6(2) Loss 4–1 Jun 2014 Fergana Challenger, Uzbekistan 25,000 Hard Nigina Abduraimova 3–6, 4–6 Loss 4–2 May 2015 Fukuoka International, Japan 50,000 Grass Kristýna Plíšková 5–7, 4–6 Win 5–2 May 2015 Kurume Cup, Japan 50,000 Grass Eri Hozumi 6–3, 6–1 Win 6–2 Jul 2015 Stockton Challenger, United States 50,000 Hard An-Sophie Mestach 6–1, 7–6(6) Win 7–2 Aug 2015 Lexington Challenger, United States 50,000 Hard Samantha Crawford 6–2, 6–1 Loss 7–3 Nov 2015 ITF Tokyo Open, Japan 100,000 Hard Zhang Shuai 4–6, 1–6 Loss 7–4 Oct 2017 Liuzhou International Challenger, China 60,000 Hard Wang Yafan 6–3, 4–6, 3–3 ret. Win 8–4 Jul 2018 Championships of Honolulu, United States 60,000 Hard Jessica Pegula 6–0, 6–2 Loss 8–5 Jun 2022 ITF Chiang Rai, Thailand 25,000 Hard Gao Xinyu 1–6, 6–1, 3–6 Win 9–5 Apr 2023 ITF Kashiwa, Japan 25,000 Hard Jang Su-jeong 6–4, 6–3 Doubles: 16 (11 titles, 6 runner–ups) Legend $100,000 tournaments (6–0) $50/60,000 tournaments (2–4) $25,000 tournaments (1–2) $10/15,000 tournaments (2–0) Finals by surface Hard (8–5) Clay (1–1) Grass (1–0) Carpet (1–0) Result W–L    Date    Tournament Tier Surface Partner Opponents Score Win 1–0 Sep 2012 ITF Kyoto, Japan 10,000 Carpet (i) Emi Mutaguchi Miyu Kato Misaki Mori 6–4, 6–3 Loss 1–1 May 2013 Kangaroo Cup Gifu, Japan 50,000 Hard Riko Sawayanagi Luksika Kumkhum Erika Sema 4–6, 3–6 Win 2–1 May 2013 ITF Goyang, South Korea 25,000 Hard Akiko Omae Yoo Mi Han Na-lae 6–4, 6–4 Loss 2–2 Jun 2014 Fergana Challenger, Uzbekistan 25,000 Hard Prarthana Thombare Hiroko Kuwata Mari Tanaka 1–6, 4–6 Win 3–2 Apr 2015 ITF Bangkok, Thailand 15,000 Hard Miyu Kato Miyabi Inoue Akiko Omae 6–4, 6–2 Loss 3–3 Apr 2015 ITF Ahmedabad, India 25,000 Hard Prarthana Thombare Peangtarn Plipuech Nungnadda Wannasuk 3–6, 6–2, Loss 3–4 Jul 2015 Sacramento Challenger, United States 50,000 Hard Rosie Johanson Ashley Weinhold Caitlin Whoriskey 4–6, 6–3, Win 4–4 Aug 2015 Lexington Challenger, United States 50,000 Hard Emily Webley-Smith Nicha Lertpitaksinchai Peangtarn Plipuech 6–2, 6–2 Win 5–4 Oct 2016 ITF Poitiers, France 100,000 Hard (i) Alicja Rosolska Alexandra Cadanțu Nicola Geuer 6–0, 6–0 Loss 5–5 Mar 2018 Zhuhai Open, China 60,000 Hard Danka Kovinić Anna Blinkova Lesley Kerkhove 5–7, 4–6 Win 6–5 Oct 2018 Suzhou Ladies Open, China 100,000 Hard Misaki Doi Luksika Kumkhum Peangtarn Plipuech 6–2, 6–3 Win 7–5 Aug 2019 Vancouver Open, Canada 100,000 Hard Miyu Kato Naomi Broady Erin Routliffe 6–2, 6–2 Win 8–5 Nov 2019 Shenzhen Longhua Open, China 100,000 Hard Makoto Ninomiya Sofia Shapatava Emily Webley-Smith 6–4, 6–0 Win 9–5 May 2022 ITF Bonita Springs, United States 100,000 Clay Tímea Babos Olga Govortsova Katarzyna Kawa 6–4, 3–6, Win 10–5 Oct 2022 ITF Templeton Pro, United States 60,000 Hard Sabrina Santamaria Sophie Chang Katarzyna Kawa 6–4, 7–6(4) Loss 10–6 Apr 2023 ITF Charlottesville, United States 60,000 Hard Fanny Stollár Sophie Chang Yuan Yue 3–6, 3–6 Win 11–6 Jun 2023 ITF Ilkley, United Kingdom 100,000 Hard Natalija Stevanović Maja Chwalińska Jesika Malečková 7–6(12–10), 7–6(7–5) Wins over top-10 players Season 2020 Total Wins 1 1 # Player Rank Event Surface Rd Score NHR 2020 1. Elina Svitolina No. 4 Hua Hin Championships, Thailand Hard QF 6–4, 6–2 No. 84 Notes ^ The first Premier 5 event of the year has switched back and forth between the Dubai Tennis Championships and the Qatar Ladies Open since 2009. Dubai was classified as a Premier 5 event from 2009 to 2011 before being succeeded by Doha for the 2012–2014 period. In 2015, Dubai regained its Premier 5 status while Doha was demoted to Premier status. The Premier 5 tournaments were reclassified as WTA 1000 tournaments in 2021. ^ The WTA International tournaments were reclassified as WTA 250 tournaments in 2021. References ^ "Hibino Nao rankings history". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 4 April 2023. ^ a b "Hibino Nao Bio". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ a b c d Stephanie Livaudais (November 12, 2015). "WTA: Getting To Know Nao Hibino". Stephanie Livaudais. Retrieved April 28, 2021. ^ "Nao Hibino ITF Junior Profile". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h "Nao Hibino Juniors Singles Activity". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ a b c d e f "Nao Hibino Juniors Doubles Activity". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ a b c "Nao Hibino Singles Titles". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ a b c d "Nao Hibino Doubles Titles". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ "Nao Hibino – ITF". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ a b c d e f "Nao Hibino Women's Singles Activity". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ a b c d "Nao Hibino Women's Doubles Activity". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ a b c d e "Nao Hibino Women's Singles Titles". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Nao Hibino Ranking History". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ a b c d e "Nao Hibino Women's Doubles Titles". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Hibino Nao career statistics". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ Federico Coppini (July 20, 2015). "Japan´S Nao Hibino wins USTA Stockton Challenger singles title over An-Sophie Mestach of Belgium". tennis world. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ Lorenzo Ciotti (October 2, 2015). "WTA Tashkent: Donna Vekic and Nao Hibino will meet in the Final!". tennis world. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ Chris Oddo (October 3, 2015). "Nao Hibino Wins Maiden Title in Tashkent". tennis now. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ Claus-Dieter Wotruba (7 January 2016). "Neues Görges-Team feiert Topstart (in German)" . mittelbayerische.de. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ Jim Caple (18 January 2016). "Maria Sharapova coasts past Nao Hibino at Australian Open". abc News. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ Brad Kallet (February 23, 2016). "Muguruza: 'I think the WTA Tour is getting a little bit crazy'". tennis.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ AA (22 April 2016). "Çağla Büyükakçay yarı finalde (in Turkish)" . cnnturk.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ AP (October 1, 2016). "Kristyna Pliskova beats Hibino in Tashkent for 1st title". apnews.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ Lorenzo Ciotti (5 March 2017). "WTA Kuala Lumpur: Ashleigh Barty wins her first title and enters for the first time in the top-100!". tennis world. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ Rafał Smoliński (June 11, 2017). "Polskie tenisistki bawiły się na ślubie Alicji Rosolskiej" . sportowefakty.wp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ "Day 3 roundup: The time is Nao". WTA Tennis. August 30, 2017. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ a b c d WTA Staff (September 15, 2019). "Hibino downs Doi to hoist Hiroshima trophy: 'Hard work has paid off for both of us'". WTA Tennis. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ a b WTA Staff (September 13, 2019). "Hibino dethrones Hsieh in Hiroshima QF: 'The crowd's cheering gives me power'". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ WTA Staff (September 14, 2019). "Doi, Hibino set up all-Japanese final in Hiroshima: 'I hope that both of us play well'". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ WTA Staff (February 3, 2020). "Ranking movers: Kenin makes Top 10 debut, Muguruza flies up to 16". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ WTA Staff (February 17, 2020). "Ranking movers: Rybakina into Top 20, Kung jumps 127 spots". WTA Tennis. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ "2020 Hua Hin highlights: Teenager Kung storms into final with Hibino victory (video)". WTA Tennis. February 15, 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ WTA Staff (September 21, 2020). "Hibino handles Stephens in Strasbourg opener". WTA Tennis. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ Robin Bairner (September 24, 2020). "Hibino edges Ostapenko to make Strasbourg semis". WTA Tennis. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ WTA Staff (September 25, 2020). "Svitolina surges to Strasbourg semifinal win over Sabalenka". WTA Tennis. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ Abbey Johnson (September 29, 2020). "2020 Roland Garros: Karolina Pliskova survives; Kristina Mladenovic denied". tennis world. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ Greg Garber (April 16, 2021). "Semifinals preview: Big opportunity on the line for final four in Charleston". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ Laurent Vergne (11 February 2021). "Open d'Australie 2021 – Kristina Mladenovic qualifiÉe aprÈs son succÈs sur Nao Hibino" . Eurosport (French). Retrieved 21 October 2021. ^ Greg Garber (April 16, 2021). "Semifinals preview: Big opportunity on the line for final four in Charleston". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 21 October 2021. ^ "Cirstea storms to first title in 13 years in Istanbul". WTA Tennis. April 25, 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021. ^ Chris Robinson, AAP (24 July 2021). "Tokyo Olympics: Ash Barty and Storm Sanders cruise to opening doubles win, but Sam Stosur goes down". The West Australian. Retrieved 21 October 2021. ^ https://twitter.com/BNPPARIBASOPEN/status/1765881882624114941 ^ "Nao Hibino at the Billie Jean King Cup". Billie Jean King Cup. ^ a b "Upsets the order of the day in Hua Hin". Billie Jean King Cup. 3 February 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ "HostsS keep rolling in Hua Hin". Billie Jean King Cup. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ a b "Japan at the Billie Jean King Cup". Billie Jean King Cup. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ "Japan clinches spot in the promotion Play-Off". Billie Jean King Cup. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ "Chinese Taipei reach World Group II Play-Offs". Billie Jean King Cup. 6 February 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ "Japan off to winning ways in New Delhi". Billie Jean King Cup. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ "Kazakhstan, China, P.R. to duel for Play-Off spot". Billie Jean King Cup. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ "Japan books place in World Group II Play-Offs". Billie Jean King Cup. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ David Hulmes (9 February 2019). "Spain strike back to level tie with Japan". Billie Jean King Cup. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ David Hulmes (10 February 2019). "Garcia-Perez stars in comeback victory for Spain". Billie Jean King Cup. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ David Hulmes (20 April 2019). "Japan lead 2-0 to leave Netherlands on brink". Billie Jean King Cup. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ David Hulmes (21 April 2019). "Tsuchihashi dreams big as Japan relegate Netherlands". Billie Jean King Cup. Retrieved 23 October 2021. ^ Robin Bairner (January 6, 2020). "Serena-Wozniacki power past Hibino-Ninomiya in Auckland doubles". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ Tor Chittinand (15 February 2020). "Hibino claims Svitolina's big scalp". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ "日比野菜緒選手 世界タイトルへの挑戦 (in Japanese)" . store.descente.co.jp. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ "Nao Hibino". yonex.com. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ "Nao Hibino | Australian Open". ausopen.com. External links Nao Hibino at the Women's Tennis Association Nao Hibino at the International Tennis Federation Nao Hibino at the Billie Jean King Cup vteWomen's Tennis Association: Top ten female singles tennis players of countries in the Asian Tennis Federationas of 20 May 2024 1. Elena Rybakina (4) 2. Zheng Qinwen (8) 3. Yuan Yue (36) 4. Yulia Putintseva (37) 5. Wang Xinyu (39) 6. Zhu Lin (58) 7. Wang Xiyu (62) 8. Wang Yafan (68) 9. Moyuka Uchijima (80) 10. Nao Hibino (96) vteWomen's Tennis Association: Top Japanese female singles tennis playersas of 20 May 2024 1. Moyuka Uchijima (80) 2. Nao Hibino (96) 3. Mai Hontama (114) 4. Naomi Osaka (134) 5. Sara Saito (251) 6. Himeno Sakatsume (265) 7. Aoi Ito (266) 8. Ena Shibahara (288) 9. Haruka Kaji (291) 10. Ayano Shimizu (309) vteWomen's Tennis Association: Top Japanese female doubles tennis playersas of 20 May 2024 1. Shuko Aoyama (21) 2. Ena Shibahara (26) 3. Miyu Kato (35) 4. Eri Hozumi (47) 5. Makoto Ninomiya (53) 6. Nao Hibino (144) 7. Mai Hontama (167) 8. Moyuka Uchijima (175) 9. Ayano Shimizu (180) 10. Momoko Kobori (192)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"ranked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_rankings"},{"link_name":"WTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association"},{"link_name":"WTA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tour"},{"link_name":"ITF Women's World Tennis Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITF_Women%27s_World_Tennis_Tour"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tashkent Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Tashkent_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"Fed Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King_Cup"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Japanese tennis playerNao Hibino (日比野 菜緒, Hibino Nao, born 28 November 1994) is a Japanese professional tennis player. She has been ranked as high as No. 56 in singles and No. 43 in doubles by the WTA. Hibino has won three singles and three doubles titles on the WTA Tour. She has also won eight singles and ten doubles tournaments on the ITF Women's World Tennis Tour.Hibino was the number-one-ranked Japanese player in the WTA rankings for five weeks starting on 11 January 2016, and reached this position again on 3 April 2023.[1]Hibino made her breakthrough in 2015, when she won her first WTA Tour title in singles at the Tashkent Open. As a result, she debuted in the top 100. Since then she has spent several years in the top 100, and has been in the top 150 constantly except for a period between February 2022 and September 2022 after a layoff from October 2021 to late April 2022.She has represented Japan at national competitions, debuting in Fed Cup in 2016, and at the Summer Olympics in 2021.","title":"Nao Hibino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ichinomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichinomiya,_Aichi"},{"link_name":"Naoko Sawamatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Sawamatsu"},{"link_name":"Shuzo Matsuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuzo_Matsuoka"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Kobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe"},{"link_name":"Centre Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Court"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon,_London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Hibino was born on November 28, 1994, in Ichinomiya, Japan. Coming from a tennis-loving family, she is named after former top-20 player Naoko Sawamatsu, while her brother is named after Shuzo Matsuoka.[2] She also has one older sister. At the age of 10, she and her brother were introduced to tennis by their mother.[3]In 2015, Hibino moved to Kobe, Japan for training. She enjoys spending time with her family because she rarely gets the chance to live with them. When she returns home, she often goes shopping with her sister and takes their dogs for a walk. She also likes reading and often reads in her spare time. Hibino enjoys eating local foods and sightseeing at famous places while travelling on tour. Since a young age, she has dreamt of playing on the Centre Court of Wimbledon.[3]","title":"Personal life and background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ITF Junior Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITF_Junior_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singles_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubles_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Ashleigh Barty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashleigh_Barty"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"Osaka Mayor's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Mayor%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"Traralgon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traralgon"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"Emily Fanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Fanning"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"Nonthaburi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonthaburi"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_French_Open"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"Jeju-do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeju-do"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Australian_Open"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-8"}],"text":"Hibino reached a career-high ranking of No. 54 as a junior.[4] She began playing on the ITF Junior Circuit in January 2009 at the age of 14.[5] The following March, she made her debut at the Grade 1 Japan Open in Nagoya, reaching the second round in both the singles and doubles events.[5][6] Three weeks later, she won her first junior singles title at the Grade-4 Gallipoli Youth Tennis Cup in Queensland after defeating Ashleigh Barty in the final.[7] There she also won her first doubles title.[8] In October, she played her strongest tournament to date, the Grade A Osaka Mayor's Cup, where she advanced to the second round.[5] She had a better result in doubles, reaching the quarterfinal alongside Mana Ayukawa.[6]After starting the 2011 season with an early loss at the Grade-1 Loy Yang Traralgon International in Traralgon, she made her Grand Slam debut at the Australian Open. In singles, she reached the second round, while in doubles she lost in the first round alongside Emily Fanning.[5][6] At her next tournament, the Grade-1 Chang LTAT ITF Junior Championships in Nonthaburi, Hibino achieved her most significant result to date in singles, getting to the semifinals.[5] Two weeks later, she had her biggest result in doubles as well, winning her first Grade-1 title at the Mitsubishi-Lancer International Championships in Manila.[6] In her two following tournaments, she won two Grade-4 events in Australia in both the singles and doubles, including the one in Queensland where she defended her titles.[7][8] Her singles performance then started to decline, as she lost in the early rounds at tournaments such as the French Open, Wimbledon, the Canadian Open, the US Open, the Osaka Mayor's Cup, and the Japan Open.[5] However, her doubles performance continued to lead to good results as she reached the semifinals of the Canadian Open and Osaka Mayor's Cup.[6] She closed out the season with a singles quarterfinal and a doubles title at the Grade-B1 Seogwipo Asian/Oceania Closed International Championships in Jeju-do.[5][8]The 2012 season was the final junior season for Hibino. She played once again at the Australian Open but again had little success with only a second round appearance in singles and a first-round appearance in doubles. Her last tournament was the Grade-1 Mitsubishi-Lancer International Juniors Championships in Manila, where she reached the semifinal in singles and quarterfinal in doubles.[5][6] As a junior, she won four singles and five doubles titles in total on the ITF Junior Circuit.[7][8]","title":"Junior career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ITF Women's Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITF_Women%27s_World_Tennis_Tour"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Karuizawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuizawa,_Nagano"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-11"},{"link_name":"wildcard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_card_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-10"},{"link_name":"Mie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mie_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Kangaroo_Cup_%E2%80%93_Doubles"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-14"},{"link_name":"Erika Sema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Sema"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-12"},{"link_name":"WTA Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Tour"},{"link_name":"WTA 1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Premier_tournaments"},{"link_name":"Pan Pacific Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Toray_Pan_Pacific_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"Ashleigh Barty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashleigh_Barty"},{"link_name":"Japan Women's Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_HP_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"Miki Miyamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miki_Miyamura"},{"link_name":"Zarina Diyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarina_Diyas"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"Fergana Challenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergana_Challenger"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-11"},{"link_name":"Japan Women's Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Japan_Women%27s_Open"},{"link_name":"Riko Sawayanagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riko_Sawayanagi"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles_qualifying"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"}],"sub_title":"2012–14: Successful start on the ITF Circuit, WTA Tour debut","text":"Hibino began playing on the ITF Women's Circuit in May 2012 at the age of 17.[9] She played in the qualifying draw of the $25k tournament in Karuizawa in the singles event but failed to reach the main draw.[10] Nonetheless, she made her debut in the doubles event.[11] A month later, she was given a wildcard for the singles main draw of the $10k tournament in Tokyo.[10] She took advantage of the wildcard and won the title in her debut appearance. The following week, she continued with success, winning another $10k title, this time in Mie.[12] This performance put her on the WTA rankings for the first time, getting to No. 974 in singles.[13] In September of the same year, she won her first ITF doubles title in Kyoto along with the title in singles as well.[14][12] A week later, she debuted in the doubles rankings as well, getting to No. 1066.[13]After not having such impressive results during the first four months of 2013, she reached her first bigger ITF final at the $50k Kangaroo Cup in Gifu, in the doubles event.[11] Three weeks later, she won her first doubles title of the season at the $25k event in Goyang.[14] Her results improved in singles during the second half of the year. In early September, she won the $25k tournament in Tsukuba defeating fellow Japanese player Erika Sema.[12] Then, in late September, she got her first attempt at playing on the WTA Tour, after getting a wildcard for the qualifying draw of the WTA 1000 Pan Pacific Open. She faced 14th seed Ashleigh Barty but lost in straight sets. Not long after that, she got another chance for her WTA Tour debut at the Japan Women's Open in Tokyo. She made it through the first round of the qualifying draw, after beating her compatriot Miki Miyamura but then was beaten by Zarina Diyas.[15] During the year, Hibino improved her ranking. In singles, she rose from world No. 576 in the opening week to No. 291 as her year-end ranking. In doubles, she advanced from No. 1069 to No. 327.[13]During the season of 2014, Hibino advanced to a couple of quarterfinals and semifinals on the ITF Circuit and reached one final in both singles and doubles, at the $25k Fergana Challenger. In both events, she failed to win the trophy.[10][11] However, she made some progress, making her WTA Tour main-draw debut at the Japan Women's Open in the doubles event where she partnered with Riko Sawayanagi.[15] That year, she had her first chance for her Grand Slam main-draw debut but lost in the qualifying at the US Open.[15] She made mild progress in the singles rankings, getting to No. 204 in July, her highest singles ranking at the time.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hibino_WMQ15_(7)_(19764191388).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-11"},{"link_name":"Fukuoka International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Fukuoka_International_Women%27s_Cup_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-10"},{"link_name":"Kristýna Plíšková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%BDna_Pl%C3%AD%C5%A1kov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Kurume Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Kurume_Best_Amenity_Cup_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"Eri Hozumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri_Hozumi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-12"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles_qualifying"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Stockton Challenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Stockton_Challenger_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Lexington Challenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Kentucky_Bank_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-14"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles_qualifying"},{"link_name":"Kateryna Bondarenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kateryna_Bondarenko"},{"link_name":"Japan Women's Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Japan_Women%27s_Open"},{"link_name":"Hiroko Kuwata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Kuwata"},{"link_name":"Pan Pacific Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Toray_Pan_Pacific_Open"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Tashkent Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Tashkent_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"Donna Vekić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Veki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"WTA 125 Hua Hin Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Hua_Hin_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Ando_Securities_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"}],"sub_title":"2015: Breakthrough and first WTA Tour title, top 100","text":"Hibino in the Wimbledon qualifying for the first timeDespite making progress in the previous seasons, Hibino was still limited to playing mainly at the ITF tournaments. However, she continued to excel there. Her first title of the year happened in early April at Bangkok in doubles.[14] Then, the following week, she advanced to the final of the $25k Ahmedabad tournament, also in doubles.[11] A month later, at the $50k Fukuoka International, she reached her first singles final after almost a year.[10] She failed to win the title against Kristýna Plíšková but then the following week, she won the $50k Kurume Cup beating Eri Hozumi in the final.[12] She then lost in Wimbledon qualifying,[15] but followed this up with another ITF singles title at the $50k Stockton Challenger.[16] In late July, she won both singles and doubles titles at the $50k Lexington Challenger.[12][14]Hibino then was really close to making her Grand Slam main-draw debut, reaching the final stage of qualifying of the US Open but did not manage to qualify losing to Kateryna Bondarenko, while she won only two games. Two weeks later, she made her singles WTA Tour debut, playing at the Japan Women's Open. She entered the main draw as a wildcard player and also won her first WTA match, after defeating her compatriot Hiroko Kuwata. This helped her to enter qualifying of the Premier-level Pan Pacific Open but she was stopped again by Bondarenko in the final stage of qualification.[15] Nonetheless, the following week she made big progress, winning her first WTA singles title at the Tashkent Open. In the final, she defeated Donna Vekić.[17] The victory helped her debut inside the top 100 of the WTA singles rankings, rising up to No. 76.[18] By the end of the year, she advanced to the semifinal of the WTA 125 Hua Hin Championships,[15] followed up with the final of the $100k Tokyo Open[10] that made her move to No. 66 in the singles rankings.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hibino_WM17_(23)_(35347413124).jpg"},{"link_name":"2017 Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"Auckland Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_ASB_Classic_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Julia Görges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_G%C3%B6rges"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hobart International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Hobart_International_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"Maria Sharapova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Sharapova"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Qatar Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Qatar_Total_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"Yaroslava Shvedova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslava_Shvedova"},{"link_name":"Garbiñe Muguruza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbi%C3%B1e_Muguruza"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Indian Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_BNP_Paribas_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Miami Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Miami_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"İstanbul Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_%C4%B0stanbul_Cup_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Brasil Tennis Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Brasil_Tennis_Cup_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"Irina-Camelia Begu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina-Camelia_Begu"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Tashkent Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Tashkent_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Poitiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Internationaux_F%C3%A9minins_de_la_Vienne_%E2%80%93_Doubles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Dubai Tennis Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Dubai_Tennis_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Indian Wells Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_BNP_Paribas_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Miami Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Miami_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Malaysian_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"Maryna Zanevska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryna_Zanevska"},{"link_name":"walkover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkover"},{"link_name":"Elina Svitolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Svitolina"},{"link_name":"Lesley Kerkhove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Pattinama_Kerkhove"},{"link_name":"Magda Linette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Linette"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Monterrey Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Monterrey_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles"},{"link_name":"Alicja Rosolska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicja_Rosolska"},{"link_name":"Dalila Jakupović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalila_Jakupovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nadiia Kichenok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadiia_Kichenok"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Mutua_Madrid_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Italian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Jiangxi Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Jiangxi_International_Women%27s_Tennis_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"Peng Shuai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peng_Shuai"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"CiCi Bellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiCi_Bellis"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"}],"sub_title":"2016–17: Continued progress, first WTA doubles title","text":"Hibino at the 2017 Wimbledon ChampionshipsHaving made it to relatively few WTA main draws in previous years, Hibino mostly played tour-level events in 2016 as a result of being in the top 100. She began the year with a quarterfinal at the Auckland Open,[15] after defeating two top 100 players but then lost to top 50 player Julia Görges.[19] The following week, she advanced to the second round of the Hobart International.[15] Right after that, she reached her highest singles ranking and did not have to play in qualifying for the Australian Open.[13] In her Grand Slam debut she lost to former world No. 1, Maria Sharapova, in the first round.[20] Her improvement continued with her WTA 1000 debut at the Qatar Open, where she defeated Yaroslava Shvedova before losing to world No. 5, Garbiñe Muguruza.[21] She then suffered first-round losses at the WTA 1000 Indian Wells and Miami Open.[15]As a seed for the first time on a tour-level event, Hibino made it into the quarterfinals of the İstanbul Cup.[22] She then did not perform well at either the French Open or Wimbledon, losing in the first round. However, it was her first main draw appearance at both. In early August, she advanced to another WTA quarterfinal, this time at the Brasil Tennis Cup in Florianópolis but lost to Irina-Camelia Begu. She followed this performance by playing for Japan at the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, where this time she was able to defeat Begu but then lost to Muguruza. With her debut at the US Open, she played the main draw at all four major tournaments, but again lost in the first round.[15] She closed the season with a final at the Tashkent Open in singles[23] and the title of the $100k Poitiers tournament in doubles.[15] It was the first season for Hibino that she spent a whole year inside the top 100 in singles. In doubles, she debuted in the top 100 in September and spent the rest of the year there.[13]Hibino began the year of 2017 ranked No. 93 in the world.[13] But she was still forced to play some qualifying draws, and she had a disappointing start. After being knocked out in the first round at the Australian Open, she lost in qualifying at several WTA 1000 tournaments, including the Dubai Tennis Championships, the Indian Wells Open, and the Miami Open. Nonetheless, she rebounded at the following tournament, getting to a final at the Malaysian Open. After defeating Maryna Zanevska in the first round, she got a walkover victory due to withdrawal of Elina Svitolina. Subsequent victories over Lesley Kerkhove and Magda Linette sent her into the final.[15] There she faced qualifier Ashleigh Barty but lost in straight sets.[24] She rebounded at the Monterrey Open in April, winning her first doubles title. Alongside Alicja Rosolska, she defeated Dalila Jakupović and Nadiia Kichenok in the final.[25] Her losing in qualifying at WTA 1000 tournaments continued in Madrid and Rome. After first-round losses at the French Open and Wimbledon, she managed to win three matches in a row in singles for the first time since March. She did so at the Jiangxi Open in Nanchang but lost to Peng Shuai in the final.[15] At the US Open, she recorded her first singles Grand Slam win after defeating CiCi Bellis in a three-set match in the first round.[26] Later, at the Tashkent Open, she reached the final in doubles but failed to win the title.[15] In May, she debuted in the top 50 in doubles and later rose to No. 43 in July, her highest doubles ranking. She spent almost all year inside the top 100 in singles, being outside for only four weeks.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hibino_RG18_(7)_(42929447432).jpg"},{"link_name":"2018 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_French_Open"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Taiwan_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Honolulu Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Tennis_Championships_of_Honolulu_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-10"},{"link_name":"Suzhou Ladies Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Suzhou_Ladies_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-14"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles_qualifying"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_US_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles_qualifying"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Indian Wells Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_BNP_Paribas_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Miami Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Miami_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Canadian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Rogers_Cup_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Japan Women's Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Japan_Women%27s_Open"},{"link_name":"Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-27"},{"link_name":"Hsieh Su-wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsieh_Su-wei"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-28"},{"link_name":"Misaki Doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misaki_Doi"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-27"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-29"},{"link_name":"Christina McHale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_McHale"},{"link_name":"Valeria Savinykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeria_Savinykh"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-27"},{"link_name":"Pan Pacific Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Toray_Pan_Pacific_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles"},{"link_name":"Tianjin Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Tianjin_Open_%E2%80%93_Doubles"},{"link_name":"$100k Shenzhen Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Shenzhen_Longhua_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_doubles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Auckland Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_ASB_Classic_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Hua Hin Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Thailand_Open_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Leonie Küng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonie_K%C3%BCng"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Western_%26_Southern_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Italian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Italian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Internationaux de Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Internationaux_de_Strasbourg_%E2%80%93_Singles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Sloane Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloane_Stephens"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Jeļena Ostapenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C4%BCena_Ostapenko"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Elena Rybakina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Rybakina"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Marta Kostyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Kostyuk"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ons Jabeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ons_Jabeur"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"2018–20: Inconsistency, first top-10 win","text":"Hibino at the 2018 French OpenDespite good progress in previous years, Hibino started to struggle with results. This was particularly reflected in results in singles. She fell outside the top 100 in late February and did not return for the rest of the year. In doubles, she fared better, reaching the final of the Taiwan Open in February.[15] With a lower singles ranking, she dropped back to the ITF Circuit. Her first final came in July at the $60k Honolulu Championships in the singles event.[10] She later won first doubles title of the year at the $100k Suzhou Ladies Open in October.[14] In the meantime, she lost in the first round at the Australian Open and did not get past qualifying at the French Open or US Open.[15]The following year, she continued to struggle with results for the next nine months. She lost in qualifying at all four Grand Slam tournaments and did not do well either in WTA 1000 tournaments such as the Indian Wells Open, the Miami Open, or the Canadian Open.[15] Despite not reaching any at least a quarterfinal in any tour-level events since the beginning of the season, Hibino then made significant progress at the Japan Women's Open in Hiroshima. She won titles in both singles and doubles.[27] To get the title in singles, she needed to defeat four out of five better-ranked players than her, including two top 100 players: Zarina Diyas and seed No. 1, Hsieh Su-wei.[28] Winning in straight sets over her compatriot Misaki Doi, Hibino won the title.[27] That was the first all-Japanese WTA tournament final in 22 years.[29] In doubles, she partnered with Doi and they defeated Christina McHale and Valeria Savinykh in the final.[27] That was the first time that she won both events in the same WTA tournament. With these results, she returned to the top 100. In her next three tournaments, she produced more great results in doubles. First, at the Premier-level Pan Pacific Open, she advanced to the semifinal, followed up by a final at the Tianjin Open. A month later, she won the title at the $100k Shenzhen Open.[15]After losing in qualifying at the Auckland Open in the opening week of 2020, Hibino then reached the main draw of the Australian Open after three wins in qualifying. In the opening main-draw round, she defeated Peng Shuai in a three-set match. The victory over Peng was her second Grand Slam singles match win.[15] This brought her back to the top 100.[30] Next, she advanced to the semifinal of the Hua Hin Championships, after recording her first top-10 win over Svitolina.[31] However, she could not build on this success in the following round, losing to qualifier Leonie Küng.[32] After tennis resumed in August due to COVID-19, she suffered three consecutive losses at the Cincinnati Open, US Open, and Italian Open. However, she made it her second semifinal of the year at the Internationaux de Strasbourg.[15] On her road to the semifinal, she defeated three top-100 players, including two former Grand Slam champions: Sloane Stephens[33] and Jeļena Ostapenko.[34] She then lost to Elena Rybakina to miss the final.[35] Hibino closed out the year with her first win at the French Open, a victory over qualifier Marta Kostyuk in the first round.[36] Ons Jabeur knocked her out in the following round.[37]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astra Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Australian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"Kristina Mladenovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristina_Mladenovic"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Miami Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Miami_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"green clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_court"},{"link_name":"Charleston Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_MUSC_Health_Women%27s_Open"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_French_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"2020 Tokyo Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Nina Stojanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Stojanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-15"},{"link_name":"İstanbul Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_%C4%B0stanbul_Cup_%E2%80%93_Doubles"},{"link_name":"Makoto Ninomiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makoto_Ninomiya"},{"link_name":"Veronika Kudermetova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronika_Kudermetova"},{"link_name":"Elise Mertens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elise_Mertens"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Storm Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"2021: Olympics debut, first WTA final in two years","text":"Hibino started year with a Grand Slam match win over wildcard player Astra Sharma at the Australian Open.[15] She then failed in reaching her first third round there, losing to Kristina Mladenovic in straight sets.[38] She then had five consecutive first round losses, including one at the WTA 1000 Miami Open. Despite that, she advanced to her first quarterfinal of the 2021 season at the green clay event, the Charleston Open.[15] In the quarterfinal, she lost to later finalist Ons Jabeur.[39] She then continued with mostly first-round losses but managed to win one match at each of the French Open and Wimbledon. Her next step was playing at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in her home country, Japan. She lost in the opening round to Serbian player Nina Stojanović.[15] During the year, she had success in reaching one WTA final in the doubles event at the İstanbul Cup. Together with her compatriot Makoto Ninomiya, she lost to the Russian–Belgian combination of Veronika Kudermetova and Elise Mertens in straight sets.[40] This final was the first for Hibino since the end of 2019. At the Olympics, she also played in doubles alongside Ninomiya but the lost in the first round to the Australian team of Ashleigh Barty and Storm Sanders.[41]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Guadalajara Open Akron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Guadalajara_Open_Akron"}],"sub_title":"2022: Back to WTA 1000 level","text":"Ranked No. 148, Hibino entered the main draw of the new WTA 1000 2022 Guadalajara Open Akron as a lucky loser.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 French Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_French_Open"},{"link_name":"2023 Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"2023 Zhengzhou Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Zhengzhou_Open"},{"link_name":"Beatriz Haddad Maia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatriz_Haddad_Maia"},{"link_name":"Jiangxi International Women's Tennis Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Jiangxi_Open"},{"link_name":"Kimberly Birrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_Birrell"}],"sub_title":"2023: Japanese No. 1, Third WTA singles & doubles titles in Prague, Back to top 80","text":"Ranked No. 113, Hibino entered the main draw of the 2023 French Open as a lucky loser.\nRanked No. 127, she also entered the main draw of the 2023 Wimbledon Championships.\nShe returned to the top 80 on 21 August 2023.Ranked No. 92, she also qualified for the WTA 500 2023 Zhengzhou Open.\nShe defeated top seed Beatriz Haddad Maia at the Jiangxi International Women's Tennis Open in Nanchang, China. She then reached the quarterfinals defeating Kimberly Birrell.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 BNP Paribas Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_BNP_Paribas_Open"},{"link_name":"Venus Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Williams"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"2024","text":"At the 2024 BNP Paribas Open she qualified and won her first main draw match at this tournament defeating Venus Williams in three sets, recording a bagel in the third.[42]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fed Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Jean_King_Cup"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Zone Group I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Fed_Cup_Asia/Oceania_Zone_Group_I_%E2%80%93_Pool_A"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Nigina Abduraimova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigina_Abduraimova"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-44"},{"link_name":"Eri Hozumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri_Hozumi"},{"link_name":"Ankita Raina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankita_Raina"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-44"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-46"},{"link_name":"play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Fed_Cup_Asia/Oceania_Zone_Group_I_%E2%80%93_Play-offs"},{"link_name":"Luksika Kumkhum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksika_Kumkhum"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Chinese Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Hsieh Su-wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsieh_Su-wei"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Zone Group I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Fed_Cup_Asia/Oceania_Zone_Group_I_%E2%80%93_Pool_B"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Han Na-Lae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Na-lae"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Hsu Chieh-yu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsu_Chieh-yu"},{"link_name":"Chinese Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-46"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Yulia Putintseva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulia_Putintseva"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"World Group II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Fed_Cup_World_Group_II"},{"link_name":"Sara Sorribes Tormo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Sorribes_Tormo"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Georgina García Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgina_Garc%C3%ADa_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Fed_Cup_World_Group_II_play-offs"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Billie_Jean_King_Cup_team"},{"link_name":"Bibiane Schoofs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibiane_Schoofs"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Hibino has played at the Fed Cup for Japan since 2016. She has played in ten ties, compiling an overall record of 6–5, playing only in singles. Her debut was when Japan was in Zone Group I along with India, Thailand, and Uzbekistan.[43] Against all three teams, Hibino played one match but lost all of them. Her first match was against Nigina Abduraimova from Uzbekistan where she won the first set but was not able to finish the match in her favor.[44] The following day, her team played against India. Given that her compatriot Eri Hozumi won the first match, a win from her would secure a team win over India. However, Hibino lost to Ankita Raina.[45] Since her team lost to Uzbekistan[44] and won over India,[46] they faced Thailand to be promoted to the play-offs. Hibino had a disappointing start to her match against Luksika Kumkhum, losing the first set 6–0 but then managed to make a comeback.[47] For the place in the World Group II play-offs the next year, Japan faced Chinese Taipei. Hibino won the first set against Hsieh Su-wei but then lost the next two sets.[48]After one year of absence, she participated again at the Fed Cup. In Zone Group I, Hibino won all of her three matches. She started with a set loss against Thailand's Kumkhum but then won the following two.[49] The same scenario then happened in the next match against South Korea's Han Na-Lae.[50] The third one was against Hsu Chieh-yu from Chinese Taipei, which she won in straight sets.[46] Japan then played against Kazakhstan for their spot in the World Group II play-offs. Even though they won, Hibino lost her match against Yulia Putintseva.[51] The following year, Japan faced Spain in World Group II. Hibino played in the opening match against Sara Sorribes Tormo and won in straight sets.[52] Following a win and loss for Japan, Hibino had her chance to secure her team a spot in the World Group play-offs. However, she lost to Georgina García Pérez in three sets.[53] Japan's situation improved in the play-offs against the Netherlands, when Hibino defeated Bibiane Schoofs, letting her win only three games to help Japan win the tie.[54][55]","title":"National representation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nao_Hibino_(43773741701)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-28"},{"link_name":"backhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backhand"},{"link_name":"forehand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forehand"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-27"},{"link_name":"net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winner_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"drop shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_shot"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"hardcourts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcourt"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_court"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Hibino hitting the forehand.Hibino prefers an aggressive style of play. After defeating Hsieh Su-wei in the quarterfinal at the 2019 Japan Women's Open, she described the match as 70 percent defense and 30 percent offense but stated that she has to be more aggressive.[28] After defeating compatriot Misaki Doi in the final of the same tournament, Doi stated: \"She has strong backhand but she was also using her forehand to structure points well giving me very little chance to play my game.\"[27] Hibino can also be effective at the net to fend off a powerful strike from the player and secure a volley winner.[56] One of the signatures of her style of play is the use of drop shots.[57] She prefers hardcourts, but her favorite tournament is Wimbledon that is played on grass.[3]","title":"Playing style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eiji Takeuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiji_Takeuchi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"}],"text":"Since 2012, she has been coached by Japanese former player Eiji Takeuchi.[2][3]","title":"Coach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Coq Sportif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Coq_Sportif"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Yonex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonex"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Hibino has been sponsored by Le Coq Sportif for clothing.[58] She uses a Yonex VCore 100 racket.[59]","title":"Apparel and equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (NTI) not a Tier I tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended.Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup, and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.[60]","title":"Performance timelines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-QLL_61-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-QLL_61-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-QLL_61-2"},{"link_name":"lucky loser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Lucky_loser"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-BJKC_62-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DubaiDoha_63-0"},{"link_name":"Premier 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Premier_tournaments"},{"link_name":"Dubai Tennis Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"Qatar Ladies Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Ladies_Open"},{"link_name":"WTA 1000 tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_1000_tournaments"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walkover_64-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walkover_64-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Withdrew_65-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ranking_66-0"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Current through the end of 2023 season^ a b c Hibino entered the 2022 Australian Open, the 2023 French Open, and the 2023 Wimbleon Championships, as a lucky loser from the qualifying competition.\n\n^ Formerly known as Fed Cup until 2020.\n\n^ The first Premier 5 event of the year has switched back and forth between the Dubai Tennis Championships and the Qatar Ladies Open since 2009. Dubai was classified as a Premier 5 event from 2009 to 2011 before being succeeded by Doha for the 2012–2014 period. In 2015, Dubai regained its Premier 5 status while Doha was demoted to Premier status. The Premier 5 tournaments were reclassified as WTA 1000 tournaments in 2021.\n\n^ a b Hibino had a walkover at the 2015 Tashkent Open, and at the 2017 Malaysian Open. These are not counted as wins.\n\n^ Hibino withdrew from the 2018 Washington Open. This is not counted as a loss.\n\n^ WTA year-end ranking for 2012: 578, for 2013: 291","title":"Performance timelines"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles","text":"Current through the end of 2023 season.","title":"Performance timelines"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"WTA career finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles: 6 (3 titles, 3 runner-ups)","title":"WTA career finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles: 7 (3 titles, 4 runner-ups)","title":"WTA career finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ITF Circuit finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles: 14 (9 titles, 5 runner–ups)","title":"ITF Circuit finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles: 16 (11 titles, 6 runner–ups)","title":"ITF Circuit finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wins over top-10 players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DubaiDoha_67-0"},{"link_name":"Premier 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_Premier_tournaments"},{"link_name":"Dubai Tennis Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Tennis_Championships"},{"link_name":"Qatar Ladies Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Ladies_Open"},{"link_name":"WTA 1000 tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_1000_tournaments"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WTA250_68-0"},{"link_name":"WTA International tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_International_tournaments"},{"link_name":"WTA 250 tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTA_250_tournaments"}],"text":"^ The first Premier 5 event of the year has switched back and forth between the Dubai Tennis Championships and the Qatar Ladies Open since 2009. Dubai was classified as a Premier 5 event from 2009 to 2011 before being succeeded by Doha for the 2012–2014 period. In 2015, Dubai regained its Premier 5 status while Doha was demoted to Premier status. The Premier 5 tournaments were reclassified as WTA 1000 tournaments in 2021.\n\n^ The WTA International tournaments were reclassified as WTA 250 tournaments in 2021.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Hibino in the Wimbledon qualifying for the first time","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hibino_WMQ15_%287%29_%2819764191388%29.jpg/180px-Hibino_WMQ15_%287%29_%2819764191388%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hibino at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Hibino_WM17_%2823%29_%2835347413124%29.jpg/180px-Hibino_WM17_%2823%29_%2835347413124%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hibino at the 2018 French Open","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hibino_RG18_%287%29_%2842929447432%29.jpg/180px-Hibino_RG18_%287%29_%2842929447432%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hibino hitting the forehand.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Nao_Hibino_%2843773741701%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Nao_Hibino_%2843773741701%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Hibino Nao rankings history\". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 4 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtatennis.com/players/320238/nao-hibino#rankingshistory","url_text":"\"Hibino Nao rankings history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hibino Nao Bio\". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtatennis.com/players/320238/nao-hibino/bio","url_text":"\"Hibino Nao Bio\""}]},{"reference":"Stephanie Livaudais (November 12, 2015). \"WTA: Getting To Know Nao Hibino\". Stephanie Livaudais. Retrieved April 28, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://stephanielivaudais.com/2015/11/12/wta-getting-to-know-nao-hibino/","url_text":"\"WTA: Getting To Know Nao Hibino\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nao Hibino ITF Junior Profile\". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/nao-hibino/800158493/jpn/jt/s/overview/#pprofile-info-tabs","url_text":"\"Nao Hibino ITF Junior Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nao Hibino Juniors Singles Activity\". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/nao-hibino/800158493/jpn/jt/s/activity/","url_text":"\"Nao Hibino Juniors Singles Activity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nao Hibino Juniors Doubles Activity\". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/nao-hibino/800158493/jpn/jt/d/activity/","url_text":"\"Nao Hibino Juniors Doubles Activity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nao Hibino Singles Titles\". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/nao-hibino/800158493/jpn/jt/s/titles/#pprofile-info-tabs","url_text":"\"Nao Hibino Singles Titles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nao Hibino Doubles Titles\". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/nao-hibino/800158493/jpn/jt/d/titles/#pprofile-info-tabs","url_text":"\"Nao Hibino Doubles Titles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nao Hibino – ITF\". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 29 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/nao-hibino/800158493/jpn/wt/s/overview/","url_text":"\"Nao Hibino – ITF\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nao Hibino Women's Singles Activity\". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 29 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/nao-hibino/800158493/jpn/wt/s/activity/#pprofile-info-tabs","url_text":"\"Nao Hibino Women's Singles Activity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nao Hibino Women's Doubles Activity\". ITF World Tennis Tour. Retrieved 29 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/nao-hibino/800158493/jpn/wt/d/activity/","url_text":"\"Nao Hibino Women's Doubles Activity\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nao Hibino Women's Singles Titles\". ITF World Tennis Tour. 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Billie Jean King Cup. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/news/280276.aspx","url_text":"\"Japan off to winning ways in New Delhi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kazakhstan, China, P.R. to duel for Play-Off spot\". Billie Jean King Cup. 8 February 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/news/280341.aspx","url_text":"\"Kazakhstan, China, P.R. to duel for Play-Off spot\""}]},{"reference":"\"Japan books place in World Group II Play-Offs\". Billie Jean King Cup. 10 February 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/news/280901.aspx","url_text":"\"Japan books place in World Group II Play-Offs\""}]},{"reference":"David Hulmes (9 February 2019). \"Spain strike back to level tie with Japan\". Billie Jean King Cup. 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Retrieved 23 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/news/303991.aspx","url_text":"\"Tsuchihashi dreams big as Japan relegate Netherlands\""}]},{"reference":"Robin Bairner (January 6, 2020). \"Serena-Wozniacki power past Hibino-Ninomiya in Auckland doubles\". WTA Tennis. Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/1562370/serena-wozniacki-power-past-hibino-ninomiya-in-auckland-doubles","url_text":"\"Serena-Wozniacki power past Hibino-Ninomiya in Auckland doubles\""}]},{"reference":"Tor Chittinand (15 February 2020). \"Hibino claims Svitolina's big scalp\". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bangkokpost.com/sports/1857864/hibino-claims-svitolinas-big-scalp","url_text":"\"Hibino claims Svitolina's big scalp\""}]},{"reference":"\"日比野菜緒選手 世界タイトルへの挑戦 (in Japanese)\" [Nao Hibino Challenge to the world title]. store.descente.co.jp. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://store.descente.co.jp/lecoqsportif/news/lecoq_s-202008-003","url_text":"\"日比野菜緒選手 世界タイトルへの挑戦 (in Japanese)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nao Hibino\". yonex.com. Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yonex.com/athletes/details/?athlete_id=52","url_text":"\"Nao Hibino\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nao Hibino [JPN] | Australian Open\". ausopen.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://ausopen.com/players/japan/nao-hibino","url_text":"\"Nao Hibino [JPN] | Australian Open\""}]}]
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Karolina Pliskova survives; Kristina Mladenovic denied\""},{"Link":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2107541/semifinals-preview-big-opportunity-on-the-line-for-final-four-in-charleston","external_links_name":"\"Semifinals preview: Big opportunity on the line for final four in Charleston\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurosport.fr/tennis/open-d-australie/2021/open-d-australie-2021-kristina-mladenovic-qualifiee-apres-son-succes-sur-nao-hibino_sto8116268/story.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Open d'Australie 2021 – Kristina Mladenovic qualifiÉe aprÈs son succÈs sur Nao Hibino\""},{"Link":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2107541/semifinals-preview-big-opportunity-on-the-line-for-final-four-in-charleston","external_links_name":"\"Semifinals preview: Big opportunity on the line for final four in Charleston\""},{"Link":"https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2118774/cirstea-storms-to-first-title-in-13-years-in-istanbul","external_links_name":"\"Cirstea storms to first title in 13 years in 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerotricha_apicina
Xerotricha apicina
["1 References","2 External links"]
Species of gastropod Xerotricha apicina Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Heterobranchia Order: Stylommatophora Family: Geomitridae Genus: Xerotricha Species: X. apicina Binomial name Xerotricha apicina(Lamarck, 1822) Synonyms Helicella (Xerotricha) apicina (Lamarck, 1822) (superseded generic combination) Helix apicina Lamarck, 1822 (original name) Helix bucheti Mabille, 1898 Helix horridula Westerlund, 1892 (junior synonym) Helix hypaeana Bourguignat in Locard, 1882 (junior synonym) Xerotricha apicina is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Geomitridae. Distribution References ^ MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Xerotricha apicina (Lamarck, 1822). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1002558 on 2022-07-30 Gittenberger, E. (1991). On Cyprian Helicellinae (Mollusca: Gastropoda Pulmonata: Helicidae), making a new start. Zoologische Mededelingen, 65 (7): 99–128. Leiden Bank, R. A.; Neubert, E. (2017). Checklist of the land and freshwater Gastropoda of Europe. Last update: July 16, 2017 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Xerotricha apicina. AnimalBase info Lamarck, de. (1822). Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Tome sixième, 2me partie. Paris: published by the Author, 232 pp Mabille, J. (1898). Notitiae malacologicae. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris. (8) 9 (2) Sparacio, I., Surdo, S., Viviano, R., Liberto, F. & Reitano, A. (2021). Land molluscs from the Isola delle Femmine Nature Reserve (north-western Sicily, Italy) (Gastropoda Architaenioglossa Pulmonata). Biodiversity Journal. 12 (3): 589–624 Groh, K. (2012). Bibliography of the land and freshwater molluscs of the Cape Verde Islands, with a historical synopsis of malacological exploration in the archipelago and an annotated check-list. Zoologia Caboverdiana. 3 (1): 37-51 Taxon identifiersXerotricha apicina Wikidata: Q8043898 EUNIS: 290973 Fauna Europaea: 428211 Fauna Europaea (new): 8a937e56-64c3-4c7d-8324-cf62952056d8 GBIF: 4564720 iNaturalist: 361280 NCBI: 293461 Open Tree of Life: 634314 WoRMS: 1002558 Helix apicina Wikidata: Q40467466 CoL: 86B3P GBIF: 8759868 This Geomitridae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Literary_Society
Harlan Literary Society
["1 References"]
Harlan Literary SocietyPredecessorCentral Collegiate Institute Literary SocietySuccessorDissolved in 1932Formation1889TypeLiterary societyPurposePromoting campus life and higher educationLocationAltus, Arkansas (1889), Conway, Arkansas (1890)PublicationHendrix College Mirror The Harlan Literary Society was founded in 1889 at the Central Collegiate Institute in Altus, Arkansas. The school was renamed Hendrix College on June 10, 1889, and it relocated in 1890 to Conway, Arkansas. George C. Millar, a professor at the school, and George H. Burr created this college literary society. Similar to college literary societies elsewhere, the Harlan Literary Society was a social organization aimed at developing a distinct identity in campus life and promoting the tenets of higher education. The Harlan Literary Society used the motto: 'Let us so live, that the world will mourn us dead.' The Harlan Literary Society rivaled the Franklin Literary Society, previously established at the Central Institute. The rivalry meant that male students identified as either a Harlan or a Franklin, reflecting a larger trend of competition among college literary societies during this period. These two societies engaged in literary and oratory competitions with each other, but together, they published the Hendrix College Mirror, a monthly newspaper that started circulation in 1890. Women at Hendrix College could join a third literary society, the Hypatians. The Harlan Literary Society disbanded in 1932. References ^ Hendrix College Mirror, December 1, 1898. ^ James E. Lester, Jr., Hendrix College: A Centennial History (Conway, Ark.: Hendrix College Centennial Committee, 1984), 50. ^ Fred W. Allsopp, History of the Arkansas Press for a Hundred Years and More (Little Rock, Ark.: Parke-Harper Publishing Company, 1922), 143. ^ Lester, Hendrix College, 1984, Ch. 1, Section VI. ^ Lester, Hendrix College, 1984, Ch. 4, Section VI.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Altus, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altus,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"Hendrix College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrix_College"},{"link_name":"Conway, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"college literary society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_literary_societies"},{"link_name":"social organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organization"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hypatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypatia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Harlan Literary Society was founded in 1889 at the Central Collegiate Institute in Altus, Arkansas. The school was renamed Hendrix College on June 10, 1889, and it relocated in 1890 to Conway, Arkansas.[1] George C. Millar, a professor at the school, and George H. Burr created this college literary society. Similar to college literary societies elsewhere, the Harlan Literary Society was a social organization aimed at developing a distinct identity in campus life and promoting the tenets of higher education. The Harlan Literary Society used the motto: 'Let us so live, that the world will mourn us dead.'The Harlan Literary Society rivaled the Franklin Literary Society, previously established at the Central Institute.[2] The rivalry meant that male students identified as either a Harlan or a Franklin, reflecting a larger trend of competition among college literary societies during this period. These two societies engaged in literary and oratory competitions with each other, but together, they published the Hendrix College Mirror, a monthly newspaper that started circulation in 1890.[3] Women at Hendrix College could join a third literary society, the Hypatians.[4]The Harlan Literary Society disbanded in 1932.[5]","title":"Harlan Literary Society"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Vasquez
Christian Vasquez
["1 Personal life","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","3 References","4 External links"]
Filipino actor and model (born 1977) For other people with similar names, see Christian Vázquez (disambiguation). In this Philippine name, the family name is Vazquez. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Christian VazquezBornChristian Oliver B. Vazquez (1977-02-08) February 8, 1977 (age 47)Bacolod, PhilippinesOccupation(s)Model, television/film actorYears active2001–presentHeight1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)Children3 Christian Oliver B. Vazquez (born February 8, 1977) is a Filipino actor, model and a former housemate of ABS-CBN's Pinoy Big Brother: Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Edition. During his stint at Pinoy Big Brother, he was one of the comedian housemates. He graduated from high school at the University of St. La Salle-Integrated School Batch 1994 in Bacolod City. An Ilonggo, Vazquez gained popularity for his PLDT and Trosyd Lotion commercial in which a father who lives in Iloilo forced his son who studies in Manila to take up medicine instead of fine arts. Against his father's will, he took up fine arts instead and finally his father accepted his son's decision. The line of the commercial which is mixed of Ilonggo and Tagalog "Kung saan ka masaya te suportahan ta ka" ("I will support you, wherever you are gonna be happy with") made him popular. On March 4, 2006, Vazquez became the second housemate to be officially evicted from the Pinoy Big Brother house and the fourth housemate to leave the house. He received 13.5% of the people's vote, so far the lowest among that edition's evictees. Personal life Vasquez has two children from a previous marriage and a daughter named Christienne Aubrielle. Filmography Film Year Title Role Production company 2001 Pagdating ng Panahon Joaquin Viva Films 2002 Jologs Joan's boyfriend Star Cinema 9 Mornings Leo 2003 Sukdulan Miguel's buddy Viva Films Liberated Tony Seiko Films Bridal Shower Mickey 2004 Liberated 2 Washington Minsan Pa Alex MLR Films 2006 I Wanna Be Happy George Seiko Films Manay Po Gerry Regal Films ZsaZsa Zaturnnah Ze Moveeh Mang Justin 2007 Pain Things Filipino Pictures Apat Dapat, Dapat Apat: Friends 4 Lyf and Death Braulio Viva Films 2008 Manay Po 2: Overload Gerry Regal Films Sisa Juanito OnCAM Productions Namets! Jacko Teves 7th FilmsCinemalaya Desperadas 2 Congressman Fely Regal Films 2010 Si Techie, si Teknoboy, at Si Juana B 2011 Paglipad ng Anghel 2012 Sisterakas The policeman Star CinemaViva Films 2013 Momzillas Love of Clara and Minerva Pedro Calungsod: Batang Martir Diego Luis de San Vitores Wings EntertainmentHubo Productions 2014 Sa Ngalan ng Ama, Ina at mga Anak Ongkoy's Assassin 2 Star CinemaRCP Productions 2015 Felix Manalo Avelina's husband Viva Films 2016 My Virtual Hero Jones Entertainment Productions 2018 The Trigonal: Fight for Justice Allen Cinefenio FilmsIndieGo Pictures 2019 Between Maybes Jerry (Hazel's father) Black Sheep The Fate Daddy Allan 2020 Suarez: The Healing Priest Ilin Priest Saranggola Media Productions 2022 The Buy Bust Queen Fernando Baltazar Pinoyflix FilmsPhilippine Drug Enforcement Agency 2024 Road Trip Viva Films TBA Kuya: The Governor Edwin Jubahib Story Manny Villar Television Year Title Role Notes Source 2001 – 2003 Sa Dulo ng Walang Hanggan Matthew Monteclaro 2002 OK Fine, 'To Ang Gusto Nyo! Rocky 2002 – 2003 Kahit Kailan Carlo 2004 – 2005 Hiram Louie Diaz 2005 – 2006 Sugo Karuma 2006 Pinoy Big Brother: Celebrity Edition Himself - Housemate Cast Member Komiks Presents: Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko Haring Bagul 2007 Ysabella Young Norman 2007 – 2009 Camera Café Sylvio 2008 Palos Young General Vittorio Canavarro Lobo Young General Leon Cristobal I Love Betty La Fea Young Roberto Solis 2008 – 2009 Luna Mystika Milawon 2008 – 2010 Everybody Hapi Michael 2009 – 2010 Dahil May Isang Ikaw Ed Aragon 2010 Habang May Buhay Attorney Rodrigo Magkaribal Paul Precious Hearts Romances Presents: Martha Cecilia's Kristine Romano Fortalejo Imortal Badong / Luis Cristobal Kung Tayo'y Magkakalayo Young Rustico Crisanto / Supremo Kokey @ Ako Roland Reyes 2011 Babaeng Hampaslupa William Wong 2011 – 2012 Maria la del Barrio Manuel Hernandez Budoy Dr. Isaac Maniego 2012 Princess and I Dasho Kencho Rinpoche Lorenzo's Time Mike 2012 – 2013 Ina, Kapatid, Anak Antonio Lagdameo, Sr. 2013 Apoy sa Dagat Young Manolo Lamayre Carlo J. Caparas' Dugong Buhay Enrique de Lara 2014 Beki Boxer Max Sana Bukas pa ang Kahapon Young Henry Buenavista Ipaglaban Mo! Romy Castro Episode: "Love Ko si Sir" 2015 Ricky Lee's Nasaan Ka Nang Kailangan Kita Leandro Natividad Ipaglaban Mo! Atty. Roger Tuazon Episode: "Mapagsamantalang Amo" 2015 – 2016 Princess in the Palace Colonel Oliver Gonzaga 2016 Ipaglaban Mo! Principal Manrique Episode: "Mapusok" The Ryzza Mae Show's Calle Siete Mark Sebastian FPJ's Ang Probinsyano (season 2) Benedicto Vergel 2017 Ipaglaban Mo! Julio Episode: "Buy-bust" 2017 – 2018 Wildflower Atty. Dante Cruz Damian "Jaguar" Cruz 2017 Ipaglaban Mo! Jake's father Episode: "Dukot" 2018 Asintado Eric Salazar Bagani Dakim 2018 – 2019 Ngayon at Kailanman Hernan Cortes 2019 Magpakailanman Manny Villar Episode: "Tatlong Henerasyon ng Sipag at Tiyaga" Ipaglaban Mo! Ruben Episode: "Sabik" 2019 – 2020 The Gift Javier Marcelino 2020 – 2022 La Vida Lena Conrad Suarez 2021 FPJ's Ang Probinsyano (season 8) Atty. Fernando Mante 2022 Widows' Web Boris Tayuman 2023 Underage Dominic Gatchalian Voltes V: Legacy Emperor Zu Zambojil The Iron Heart Orcus Silverio Tadhana Roman Episode: Pagtakas sa Kahapon 2023 – 2024 Lovers & Liars Victor Tamayo 2024 Walang Matigas na Pulis sa Matinik na Misis Estong Season 2 guest References ^ Jimenez, Jocelyn (June 4, 2011). "In Photos: Christian Vasquez Still Waiting on his Five-year old Divorce". Philippine Entertainment Portal. Retrieved November 27, 2018. ^ a b c d Raymundo, Isabel Francez (October 16, 2018). "In Photos: Christian Vasquez with his Little Inday". ABS-CBN Corporation. Retrieved November 27, 2018. ^ Gonzales, Rommel (July 16, 2023). "Christian Vazquez grateful for being part of 2 shows that are presently airing on ABS-CBN, GMA-7". PEP.ph (in English and Filipino). Philippine Entertainment Portal Inc. Retrieved August 3, 2023. Ang Kuya: The Governor Edwin Jubahib Story as isang biopic movie na pagbibidahan ng award-winning actor na si Richard Quan, sa direksiyon ni Francis 'Jun' Posadas. ^ Villano, Alexa (August 19, 2018). "6 Things You Should Know About JoshLia's Teleserye 'Ngayon at Kailanman'". Rappler. Retrieved November 27, 2018. ^ "Lexi Gonzales, Elijah Alejo, Hailey Mendes bida sa Kapuso remake ng Underage". PEP.ph. Retrieved December 28, 2022. External links Christian Vazquez at IMDb vtePinoy Big Brother Housemates Controversies Seasons 1 Celebrity 1 Teen 1 2 Celebrity 2 Teen Plus Double Up Teen Clash 2010 Unlimited Teen 4 All In 737 1 2 Lucky 7 Otso Connect Kumunity 10 episodes Celebrity Edition Adult Edition Teen Edition Gen 11 Winners Nene Tamayo Keanna Reeves Kim Chiu Beatriz Saw Ruben Gonzaga Ejay Falcon Melai Cantiveros James Reid Slater Young Myrtle Sarrosa Daniel Matsunaga Jimboy Martin Miho Nishida Maymay Entrata Yamyam Gucong Liofer Pinatacan Anji Salvacion Runners-up Jason Gainza John Prats Mikee Lee Mickey Perz Riza Santos Robi Domingo Paul Jake Castillo Ryan Bang Pamu Pamorada Karen Reyes Maris Racal Ylona Garcia Tommy Esguerra Kisses Delavin Kiara Takahashi Andi Abaya Isabel Laohoo Other contestants Cassandra Ponti Franzen Fajardo Sam Milby Bob dela Cruz JB Magsaysay Rico Barrera Bianca Gonzalez Zanjoe Marudo Budoy Marabiles Rustom Padilla Rico Robles Roxanne Barcelo Gretchen Malalad Aleck Bovick Christian Vasquez Rudy Fernandez Mich Dulce Angela Calina Gerald Anderson Matt Evans Fred Payawan Niña Jose Wendy Valdez Gee-Ann Abrahan Kian Kazemi Dionne Monsanto Gaby Dela Merced Will Devaughn Jon Avila Baron Geisler Yayo Aguila Gladys Guevarra Donald Geisler Victor Basa Ethel Booba Megan Young Jen Da Silva Nicole Uysiuseng Beauty Gonzalez Valerie Weigmann Josef Elizalde Jason Francisco Johan Santos Hermes Bautista Sam Pinto Tom Rodriguez Fretzie Bercede Devon Seron Ivan Dorschner Ann Li Tricia Santos Yen Santos Marrion Gopez Tin Patrimonio Mark Luz RJ Padilla Yves Flores Kit Thompson Jane Oineza Vickie Rushton Loisa Andalio Joshua Garcia Michele Gumabao Jacob Benedicto Bailey May Richard Juan Jameson Blake Jessica Marasigan Barbie Imperial McCoy de Leon Nikko Natividad Yassi Pressman Juan Karlos Labajo Elisse Joson Jinri Park Nonong Ballinan Edward Barber Yong Muhajil Marco Gallo Heaven Peralejo Vivoree Esclito Cora Waddell Wil Dasovich Lou Yanong Fumiya Sankai Seth Fedelin Kaori Oinuma Ralph Malibunas Ella Cayabyab Zach Guerrero Samantha Bernardo KD Estrada Alexa Ilacad Shanaia Gomez Kyle Echarri Albie Casino Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This article about an actor in the Philippines is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Cookie
LG Cookie (KP500)
["1 Features","2 Model differences","3 Sales and reception","4 Later LG Cookie models","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Touchscreen mobile phone LG Cookie / CYON CookyManufacturerLG ElectronicsModel KP500 KP501 KP502 SU910 (SK Telecom) KU9100 (KT) LU9100 (LG Telecom) Compatible networksGSM 850/900/1800/1900, GPRS, EDGE, CDMA2000-1x, HSDPA & EV-DO (South Korean Cooky)First releasedNovember 2008March 9, 2009 (Cooky)Dimensions106.5 x 55.4 x 11.9 mm107.0 x 55.4 x 10.9 mm (South Korean Cooky)Mass89 grams108 grams (South Korean Cooky)CPUInfineon M8877 V2.1 (ARM9E) (32-bit) 175 MHzMemory47MBRemovable storagemicroSD, up to 16GBBatteryLi-ion, 900 mAhDisplay3", 240x400 pixels (~155 ppi pixel density) Resistive TouchscreenRear camera3.0 Mega Pixel Fixed-Focus Videos QVGA@12fpsConnectivityUSB 2.0/Bluetooth 2.1+EDRData inputsResistive Touchscreen The LG Cookie, model no. KP500, or Cyon Cooky (쿠키) in South Korea, is a discontinued touchscreen mobile phone announced on 30 September 2008. LG targeted the entry-level touchscreen market keeping the cost of the Cookie as low as possible by omitting some of the features found on higher-end products, such as 3G. The LG Cookie was highly popular, and is credited for starting the "cheap touchscreen craze". Features Its main feature is a 3-inch, 240 x 400 pixel touchscreen, powered by an ARM9E CPU with a clock rate of 175 MHz. It has a 3.15 MP camera capable of capturing still images and MPEG-4 video capture at 12 frame/s, but has no flash module. The LG KP500 Cookie also has an FM radio receiver with RDS and an accelerometer motion sensor with support for auto-rotating display. Software installed on the handset included a document viewer for DOC, XLS, and PDF formats, and a Java MIDP 2.0 games player. The battery is capable of standby time of up to 350 hours and talk time of up to 3 hours 30 minutes. LG Cookie in the hand The phone was originally released in four colors: Black, Vandyke Brown, Anodizing Silver, and Elegant Gold. This was later increased to ten colors including white, pink and purple. Model differences The LG KP501 is a variant of the KP500 with slightly different shaped front buttons and some minor software changes. The South Korean Cooky model has a slightly different weight and dimension compared to the Cookie. Sales and reception South Korean pop girl group Girls' Generation in an advertisement; the group had performed a commercial film (CF) for the SU920/KU9200 Cooky phone in April 2010 With the Cookie, LG brought a basic and affordable mobile phone but one that included a touchscreen. The Register reviewed it and gave it a score of 70%. GSM Arena in its review wrote that the LG Cookie "simply makes sense", adding that "it doesn't seek to impress but is straightforward, credible and convincing." Softpedia in its review said its best features are its "cheap price and the exceptional look and finishes", with the biggest drawback being difficulty to use in sunlight. LG Cookie recorded over two million unit sales worldwide in the first five months after its launch in December 2008. It sold 1.2 million units in Europe, 600,000 in Asia and emerging markets, and 100,000 in Korea, where LG claimed that it was the most popular handset as of March 2009. LG planned to expand the Cookie’s availability from 40 to 60 countries as part of its push to hit 13 million in sales worldwide. In July 2009, LG reported sales of 5 million for the Cookie, making it the company's fastest selling touchscreen phone yet. At the end of the year, LG reported that it had shipped over 10 million units, including over five million in Europe, two million in Latin America and two million in Asia. At launch, the Cookie was virtually the first basic touchscreen phone on the market. Its popularity led to a swathe of rivals in 2009 offering similar touch phones at low prices, such as Samsung's S5230 Star/Tocco Lite. The LG Cookie's successor, LG Pop, was introduced in late 2009. Later LG Cookie models Cookie Plus After the original LG KP500, the Cookie brand was extended by LG with many more budget phones released in the series, for various different markets. Model Name Year GD510 Pop (Cookie Pep in India) 2009 GW520 Cookie 3G (also known as Calisto; InTouch Plus) 2009 KM555e Cookie Wi-Fi (also known as Clubby) 2009 SU920 KU9200 Sosi's Cooky (소시의 쿠키) 2010 GS500 Cookie Plus (also known as Sentio) 2010 GD580 Lollipop (Cookie Flip in India) 2010 GS290 Cookie Fresh 2010 GT350i Cookie Fresh Wi-Fi (also known as Wink Plus) 2010 KM570 Cookie Gig (also known as Arena II; Cookie Music; Surf) 2010 T300 Cookie Lite (also known as Wink) 2010 T310 Cookie Style (also known as Plum; Wink Style) 2010 T310i Cookie Wi-Fi 2010 T320 Cookie 3G 2010 C310 Cookie Duet 2010 C375 Cookie Tweet 2011 T515 Cookie Duo (also known as Cookie) 2011 P525 Cookie Dual 2011 T370 Cookie Smart 2012 See also LG Chocolate Touch (VX8575) LG New Chocolate (BL40) LG Crystal (GD900) LG Renoir (KC910) References ^ "Enter LG KP500 - pitched as the most affordable touch phone". ^ "LG Cookie budget touchscreen phone". The Register. ^ GSMArena: Enter LG KP500 - pitched as the most affordable touch phone ^ "LG Pop GD510 review". 15 January 2010. ^ a b "Samsung C3300K Champ review: Having fun". GSMArena.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26. ^ Stuff: Full LG KP500 specs and details officially outed ^ "Pocket-Lint: LG announces KP500 "most affordable" touchscreen phone". Archived from the original on 2009-04-21. Retrieved 2009-04-11. ^ "SNSD's 30 second LG Cyon Cooky Preview". allkpop. Retrieved 2023-07-16. ^ Hedges, Lucy (2009-02-24). "Samsung preps an LG Cookie rival". ShinyShiny. Retrieved 2023-06-26. ^ Lattimore, Phil. "LG Cookie budget touchscreen phone". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26. ^ "LG KP500 Cookie review: Grab a bite". GSMArena.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26. ^ https://news.softpedia.com/news/LG-KP501-Cookie-Review-110600.shtml. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ LG press release: LG Cookie Serves Up the Sweet Taste of Touch Technology ^ lg click ^ pinoytechblog click Archived 2022-09-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ cyberindian click ^ silicon (2009-07-20). "LG Cookie hits five million in global sales - Gear | siliconrepublic.com - Ireland's Technology News Service". Silicon Republic. Retrieved 2023-07-16. ^ "LG sells over 10m Cookie phones". www.tradearabia.com. Retrieved 2023-07-16. ^ "LG GD510 Pop review: Mobile pop culture". GSMArena.com. Retrieved 2023-07-16. ^ "Samsung Tocco Lite budget touchscreen phone • The Register". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26. ^ LTD, Phones. "Samsung's Answer to the LG Cookie - Samsung Tocco Lite". PRLog. Retrieved 2023-06-26. ^ "LG's Cookie Pep Comes to India-Tech News". Firstpost. 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2023-06-26. External links Official LG KP500 website Stress test of a cell phone LG KP500 Unofficial LG KP500 Support Forum LG KP500 Wallpapers Download Link Sample photos of the LG KP500 with detailed Exif-data vteLG phones by seriesSeries Black Label Rumor Optimus G K Q V Velvet Vu USA GSM (CB/CE/CG/CU) CU500 CU500v CU575 (Trax) CU720 (Shine) CU915/CU920 (Vu) GR500 (Xenon) GT365 (Neon) LX260 (Rumor) LX265 (Rumor 2) LN510 (Rumor Touch) LN272 (Rumor Reflex) LX600 (Lotus) LX610 (Lotus Elite) Europe GSM(GD/GT/GW/KC/KE/KF/KG/KM/KP/KS/KU) GD510 (Pop/Pep) GD900 (Crystal) GW525 GW620 (Eve) KC910 (Renoir) KE800 (Chocolate Platinum) KE850 (Prada) KE970 (Shine) KF600 (Venus) KF750 (Secret) KG800 (Chocolate) KM900 (Arena) KP500 (Cookie) KS20 KU990 (Viewty) Optimus P350 (Optimus Me) GT540 (Optimus) P500 (Optimus One) E720 (Optimus Chic) E900 (Optimus 7) P970 (Optimus Black) P990 (Optimus 2X) P920 (Optimus 3D) P880 (Optimus 4X) Latin America (MG/ME/PM) MG320 (Aegis) MG810 (Black Zafiro) UMTS/WCDMA (U) U830 (Chocolate) U970 (Shine) UX260 (Rumor/Scoop) Verizon CDMA models(VN/VS/VX) VN250 (Cosmos) VN251 (Cosmos 2) VN270 (Cosmos Touch) VN271 (Extravert) VN530 (Octane) VS660 (Vortex) VS700 (Optimus Zip) VS740 (Ally) VS750 (Fathom) VS910 (Revolution) VS920 (Spectrum) VS930 (Spectrum 2) VS950 (Intuition) VX8100 VX8300 VX8350 VX8360 VX8370 (Clout) VX8500 (Chocolate) VX8550 (Chocolate Spin) VX8560 (Chocolate 3) VX8575 (Chocolate Touch) VX8700 VX8800 (Venus) VX9100 (enV2) VX9200 (enV3) VX9400 VX9600 (Versa) VX9700 (Dare) VX9800 (The V) VX9900 (enV) VX10000 (Voyager) VX11000 (enV Touch) Japan au models isai LGL22 G Flex LGL23 isai FL LGL24 isai VL LGV31 isai vivid LGV32 Telephones portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Cyon"},{"link_name":"touchscreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchscreen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"3G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-champ-5"}],"text":"The LG Cookie, model no. KP500, or Cyon Cooky (쿠키) in South Korea, is a discontinued touchscreen mobile phone announced on 30 September 2008.[1][2] LG targeted the entry-level touchscreen market keeping the cost of the Cookie as low as possible by omitting some of the features found on higher-end products, such as 3G.[3] The LG Cookie was highly popular,[4] and is credited for starting the \"cheap touchscreen craze\".[5]","title":"LG Cookie (KP500)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARM9E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM9E"},{"link_name":"clock rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_rate"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapixel"},{"link_name":"MPEG-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG-4"},{"link_name":"frame/s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"FM radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"RDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Data_System"},{"link_name":"accelerometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer"},{"link_name":"motion sensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_sensor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"DOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOC_(computing)"},{"link_name":"XLS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel_file_format"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"MIDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDP"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LG_Cookie_candybar-shaped_telephone_2012.jpg"}],"text":"Its main feature is a 3-inch, 240 x 400 pixel touchscreen, powered by an ARM9E CPU with a clock rate of 175 MHz. It has a 3.15 MP camera capable of capturing still images and MPEG-4 video capture at 12 frame/s, but has no flash module.[6] The LG KP500 Cookie also has an FM radio receiver with RDS and an accelerometer motion sensor with support for auto-rotating display.[7] Software installed on the handset included a document viewer for DOC, XLS, and PDF formats, and a Java MIDP 2.0 games player. The battery is capable of standby time of up to 350 hours and talk time of up to 3 hours 30 minutes.LG Cookie in the handThe phone was originally released in four colors: Black, Vandyke Brown, Anodizing Silver, and Elegant Gold. This was later increased to ten colors including white, pink and purple.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The LG KP501 is a variant of the KP500 with slightly different shaped front buttons and some minor software changes.The South Korean Cooky model has a slightly different weight and dimension compared to the Cookie.","title":"Model differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SNSD_Cooky_Phone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Girls' Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls%27_Generation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-champ-5"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Electronics"},{"link_name":"S5230 Star/Tocco Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_GT-S5230"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"LG Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Pop"}],"text":"South Korean pop girl group Girls' Generation in an advertisement; the group had performed a commercial film (CF) for the SU920/KU9200 Cooky phone in April 2010[8]With the Cookie, LG brought a basic and affordable mobile phone but one that included a touchscreen.[9] The Register reviewed it and gave it a score of 70%.[10] GSM Arena in its review wrote that the LG Cookie \"simply makes sense\", adding that \"it doesn't seek to impress but is straightforward, credible and convincing.\"[11] Softpedia in its review said its best features are its \"cheap price and the exceptional look and finishes\", with the biggest drawback being difficulty to use in sunlight.[12]LG Cookie recorded over two million unit sales worldwide in the first five months after its launch in December 2008. It sold 1.2 million units in Europe, 600,000 in Asia and emerging markets, and 100,000 in Korea, where LG claimed that it was the most popular handset as of March 2009.[13] LG planned to expand the Cookie’s availability from 40 to 60 countries as part of its push to hit 13 million in sales worldwide.[14][15][16]In July 2009, LG reported sales of 5 million for the Cookie, making it the company's fastest selling touchscreen phone yet.[17] At the end of the year, LG reported that it had shipped over 10 million units, including over five million in Europe, two million in Latin America and two million in Asia.[18]At launch, the Cookie was virtually the first basic touchscreen phone on the market.[19] Its popularity led to a swathe of rivals in 2009 offering similar touch phones at low prices,[5] such as Samsung's S5230 Star/Tocco Lite.[20][21] The LG Cookie's successor, LG Pop, was introduced in late 2009.","title":"Sales and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LG_Cookie_Plus_(LG_GS500).jpg"}],"text":"Cookie PlusAfter the original LG KP500, the Cookie brand was extended by LG with many more budget phones released in the series, for various different markets.","title":"Later LG Cookie models"}]
[{"image_text":"LG Cookie in the hand","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/LG_Cookie_candybar-shaped_telephone_2012.jpg/200px-LG_Cookie_candybar-shaped_telephone_2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"South Korean pop girl group Girls' Generation in an advertisement; the group had performed a commercial film (CF) for the SU920/KU9200 Cooky phone in April 2010[8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/SNSD_Cooky_Phone.jpg/220px-SNSD_Cooky_Phone.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cookie Plus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/LG_Cookie_Plus_%28LG_GS500%29.jpg/220px-LG_Cookie_Plus_%28LG_GS500%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"LG Chocolate Touch (VX8575)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Chocolate_Touch_(VX8575)"},{"title":"LG New Chocolate (BL40)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_New_Chocolate_(BL40)"},{"title":"LG Crystal (GD900)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Crystal_(GD900)"},{"title":"LG Renoir (KC910)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Renoir_(KC910)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Enter LG KP500 - pitched as the most affordable touch phone\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/enter_lg_kp500__pitched_as_the_most_affordable_touch_phone-news-611.php","url_text":"\"Enter LG KP500 - pitched as the most affordable touch phone\""}]},{"reference":"\"LG Cookie budget touchscreen phone\". The Register.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/23/review_mobile_phone_lg_kp500_cookie/","url_text":"\"LG Cookie budget touchscreen phone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Register","url_text":"The Register"}]},{"reference":"\"LG Pop GD510 review\". 15 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techradar.com/uk/reviews/phones/mobile-phones/lg-pop-gd510-663086/review","url_text":"\"LG Pop GD510 review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samsung C3300K Champ review: Having fun\". GSMArena.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_c3300k_champ-review-510.php","url_text":"\"Samsung C3300K Champ review: Having fun\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pocket-Lint: LG announces KP500 \"most affordable\" touchscreen phone\". Archived from the original on 2009-04-21. Retrieved 2009-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090421071011/http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/news.phtml/18028/19052/lg-kp500-affordable-touschscreen-phone.phtml","url_text":"\"Pocket-Lint: LG announces KP500 \"most affordable\" touchscreen phone\""},{"url":"https://www.pocket-lint.com/news/news.phtml/18028/19052/lg-kp500-affordable-touschscreen-phone.phtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SNSD's 30 second LG Cyon Cooky Preview\". allkpop. Retrieved 2023-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allkpop.com/article/2010/04/snsds-30-second-lg-cyon-cooky-preview","url_text":"\"SNSD's 30 second LG Cyon Cooky Preview\""}]},{"reference":"Hedges, Lucy (2009-02-24). \"Samsung preps an LG Cookie rival\". ShinyShiny. Retrieved 2023-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shinyshiny.tv/2009/02/samsung_preps_a.html","url_text":"\"Samsung preps an LG Cookie rival\""}]},{"reference":"Lattimore, Phil. \"LG Cookie budget touchscreen phone\". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.com/2008/12/23/review_mobile_phone_lg_kp500_cookie/","url_text":"\"LG Cookie budget touchscreen phone\""}]},{"reference":"\"LG KP500 Cookie review: Grab a bite\". GSMArena.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/lg_kp500_cookie-review-312.php","url_text":"\"LG KP500 Cookie review: Grab a bite\""}]},{"reference":"https://news.softpedia.com/news/LG-KP501-Cookie-Review-110600.shtml.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.softpedia.com/news/LG-KP501-Cookie-Review-110600.shtml","url_text":"https://news.softpedia.com/news/LG-KP501-Cookie-Review-110600.shtml"}]},{"reference":"silicon (2009-07-20). \"LG Cookie hits five million in global sales - Gear | siliconrepublic.com - Ireland's Technology News Service\". Silicon Republic. Retrieved 2023-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.siliconrepublic.com/gear/lg-cookie-hits-five-million-in-global-sales","url_text":"\"LG Cookie hits five million in global sales - Gear | siliconrepublic.com - Ireland's Technology News Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"LG sells over 10m Cookie phones\". www.tradearabia.com. Retrieved 2023-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tradearabia.com/news/RET_172352.html","url_text":"\"LG sells over 10m Cookie phones\""}]},{"reference":"\"LG GD510 Pop review: Mobile pop culture\". GSMArena.com. Retrieved 2023-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/lg_gd510_pop-review-407.php","url_text":"\"LG GD510 Pop review: Mobile pop culture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samsung Tocco Lite budget touchscreen phone • The Register\". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.com/Print/2009/10/20/review_phone_samsung_gt_s5230_budget_touchscreen/","url_text":"\"Samsung Tocco Lite budget touchscreen phone • The Register\""}]},{"reference":"LTD, Phones. \"Samsung's Answer to the LG Cookie - Samsung Tocco Lite\". PRLog. Retrieved 2023-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prlog.org/10235661-samsungs-answer-to-the-lg-cookie-samsung-tocco-lite.html","url_text":"\"Samsung's Answer to the LG Cookie - Samsung Tocco Lite\""}]},{"reference":"\"LG's Cookie Pep Comes to India-Tech News\". Firstpost. 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2023-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/lgs-cookie-pep-comes-to-india-3571615.html","url_text":"\"LG's Cookie Pep Comes to India-Tech News\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Designated_Third_Country_Nationals
List of Designated Third Country Nationals
["1 List as of 2011","2 Inclusion of France","3 Differences between 2009 and 2011 lists","4 References"]
This is a list of designated third country nationals that require advance authorization to access US military bases in Japan. It should be considered by prospective attendees of the various friendship festivals held at US bases around Japan. List as of 2011 Afghanistan Algeria Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Burma (Myanmar) China Cuba Djibouti Egypt Georgia Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Libya Macau Malaysia Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Palestinian Authority Qatar Russian Federation Rwanda Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia South Africa Sudan Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tunisia Ukraine United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Inclusion of France While most countries on the list are those with a history of instability or tension with the US, the inclusion of France in 2009 did attract some media attention in Japan when a French citizen was blocked from visiting a "Friendship Day" at Negishi Heights in Yokohama in 2010. As of 2011 France had been removed from the list. Differences between 2009 and 2011 lists In the 2009 list Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bolivia, Colombia, Croatia, France, Macedonia, Mali, Morocco, Nicaragua, Oman, Peru, Serbia and Montenegro, Turkmenistan and Vietnam were included. In the 2011 list they were removed. In the 2011 list Rwanda and South Africa were added. References ^ a b Restrictions on Designated Third Country Nationals April 1, 2009 Retrieved April 29, 2017 ^ a b c d RESTRICTIONS ON DESIGNATED THIRD COUNTRY NATIONALS TO USFJ INSTAllATIONS AND AREAS April 1, 2011 Retrieved April 29, 2017 ^ U.S. Navy ‘Friendship Festival’ draws line at the French September 7, 2010 Japan Times Retrieved April 29, 2017
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Nationals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Burma (Myanmar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macau"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"}],"text":"Afghanistan\nAlgeria\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBelarus\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBurma (Myanmar)\nChina\nCuba\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nGeorgia\nHong Kong\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nLibya\nMacau\nMalaysia\nNigeria\nNorth Korea\nPakistan\nPalestinian Authority\nQatar\nRussian Federation\nRwanda\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSomalia\nSouth Africa\nSudan\nSyria\nTaiwan\nTajikistan\nTunisia\nUkraine\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVenezuela\nVietnam\nYemen","title":"List as of 2011"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Negishi Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Housing_Annex_Negishi"},{"link_name":"Yokohama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokohama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-list2011-2"}],"text":"While most countries on the list are those with a history of instability or tension with the US, the inclusion of France in 2009 did attract some media attention in Japan when a French citizen was blocked from visiting a \"Friendship Day\" at Negishi Heights in Yokohama in 2010.[3] As of 2011 France had been removed from the list.[2]","title":"Inclusion of France"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-list2009-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-list2011-2"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-list2011-2"}],"text":"In the 2009 list Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bolivia, Colombia, Croatia, France, Macedonia, Mali, Morocco, Nicaragua, Oman, Peru, Serbia and Montenegro, Turkmenistan and Vietnam were included.[1] In the 2011 list they were removed.[2]In the 2011 list Rwanda and South Africa were added.[2]","title":"Differences between 2009 and 2011 lists"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://publicintelligence.net/restrictions-on-designated-third-country-nationals-to-usfj-installations-and-areas/","external_links_name":"Restrictions on Designated Third Country Nationals April 1, 2009"},{"Link":"https://cnic.navy.mil/content/dam/cnic/cnrj/cfa_yokosuka/Instructions%2C%20Notices%2C%20Policies/USFJ%20INSTRUCTION%2031-204.pdf","external_links_name":"RESTRICTIONS ON DESIGNATED THIRD COUNTRY NATIONALS TO USFJ INSTAllATIONS AND AREAS April 1, 2011"},{"Link":"http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2010/09/07/issues/u-s-navy-friendship-festival-draws-line-at-the-french/","external_links_name":"U.S. Navy ‘Friendship Festival’ draws line at the French September 7, 2010"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptocitta
Streptocitta
["1 Species","2 References"]
Genus of birds Streptocitta White-necked myna (Streptocitta albicollis) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae Genus: StreptocittaBonaparte, 1850 Type species Corvus caledonicusLatham, 1801 Species Streptocitta albertinae Streptocitta albicollis Streptocitta is a genus of large starlings in the family Sturnidae. Both species have a pied plumage and a long tail, giving them a superficial resemblance to a magpie. Although not closely related to the true magpies, they have therefore been referred to as magpies in the past. The two species are restricted to forests in Wallacea in Asia. Species Image Scientific name Common Name Distribution Streptocitta albertinae Bare-eyed myna Indonesian islands of Taliabu and Mangole in the Sula Islands Streptocitta albicollis White-necked myna Sulawesi and adjacent smaller islands in Indonesia References ^ "Sturnidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-15. Coates, B., & Bishop, K. (1997). A Guide to the Birds of Wallacea. Dove Publishing, Alderley, Queensland. ISBN 0-9590257-3-1 vteGenera of passerides and their extinct allies Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Suborder: Passeri Infraorder: Passerida PasseridaChaetopidae? Chaetops Chloropseidae? Chloropsis Hyliotidae? Hyliota Irenidae Irena Paridae Baeolophus Cyanistes Cephalopyrus Lophophanes Machlolophus Melaniparus Melanochlora Pardaliparus Parus Periparus Poecile Pseudopodoces Sittiparus Sylviparus Picathartidae? Picathartes Promeropidae? Promerops Remizidae Anthoscopus Auriparus Remiz Stenostiridae Chelidorhynx Culicicapa Elminia Stenostira Muscicapida See below ↓ Sylvioidea See below ↓ Passeroidea See Passeroidea MuscicapidaRegulidae Corthylio Regulus BombycilloideaBombycillidae Bombycilla Dulidae Dulus Hylocitreidae Hylocitrea Hypocoliidae Hypocolius †Mohoidae Chaetoptila Moho Ptiliogonatidae Phainopepla Phainoptila Ptiliogonys Certhioideaincertae sedis †Certhiops †Kischinskinia Certhiidae Certhia Salpornis Polioptilidae Microbates Polioptila Ramphocaenus Sittidae Sitta Tichodromidae Tichodroma Troglodytidae Campylorhynchus Cantorchilus Catherpes Cinnycerthia Cistothorus Cyphorhinus Ferminia Henicorhina Hylorchilus Microcerculus Odontorchilus Pheugopedius Salpinctes Thryomanes Thryophilus Thryorchilus Thryothorus Troglodytes Uropsila MuscicapoideaBuphagidae Buphagus Cinclidae Cinclus Elachuridae Elachura Mimidae Allenia Cinclocerthia Dumetella Margarops Melanotis Mimus Oreoscoptes Ramphocinclus Toxostoma MuscicapidaeErithacinae Chamaetylas Cichladusa Cossypha Cossyphicula Dessonornis Erithacus Pogonocichla Sheppardia Stiphrornis Swynnertonia Xenocopsychus MuscicapinaeCopsychini Alethe Cercotrichas Copsychus Muscicapini Agricola Bradornis Empidornis Fraseria Humblotia Melaenornis Muscicapa Namibornis Sigelus Niltavinae Anthipes Cyanoptila Cyornis Eumyias Leucoptilon Niltava Sholicola Saxicolinae Brachypteryx Calliope Campicoloides Cinclidium Emarginata Enicurus Ficedula Heinrichia Heteroxenicus Irania Larvivora Leonardina Luscinia Monticola Myiomela Myophonus Myrmecocichla Oenanthe Phoenicurus Pinarochroa Saxicola Tarsiger Thamnolaea Vauriella Sturnidae Acridotheres Agropsar Ampeliceps Aplonis Arizelopsar Basilornis Cinnyricinclus Creatophora †Cryptopsar Enodes †Fregilupus Goodfellowia Gracula Gracupica Grafisia Hartlaubius Hylopsar Lamprotornis Leucopsar Mino (bird) †Necropsar Neocichla Notopholia Onychognathus Pastor Pholia Poeoptera Rhabdornis Sarcops Saroglossa Scissirostrum Speculipastor Spodiopsar Streptocitta Sturnia Sturnornis Sturnus Turdidae †Meridiocichla Pinarornis Myadestinae Grandala Myadestes Neocossyphus Sialia Stizorhina Turdinae Catharus Chlamydochaera Cichlopsis Cochoa Entomodestes Geokichla Hylocichla Ridgwayia Ixoreus Turdus Zoothera SylvioideaAcrocephalidae Acrocephalus Calamonastides Chloropeta Hippolais Iduna Nesillas Aegithalidae Aegithalos Leptopoecile Psaltriparus AlaudidaeAlaudinae Alauda Alaudala Calandrella Chersophilus Eremalauda Eremophila Galerida Lullula Melanocorypha Spizocorys Certhilaudinae Alaemon Ammomanes Ammomanopsis Certhilauda Chersomanes Eremopterix Pinarocorys Ramphocoris Mirafrinae Calendulauda Heteromirafra Mirafra Alcippeidae Alcippe Bernieridae Bernieria Crossleyia Cryptosylvicola Hartertula Oxylabes Randia Thamnornis Xanthomixis Cettiidae Abroscopus Cettia Hemitesia Horornis Phyllergates Tesia Tickellia Urosphena Cisticolidae Apalis Artisornis Bathmocercus Calamonastes Camaroptera Cisticola Drymocichla Eminia Eremomela Euryptila Hypergerus Incana Malcorus Micromacronus Neomixis Oreolais Oreophilais Orthotomus Phragmacia Phyllolais Poliolais Prinia Scepomycter Schistolais Spiloptila Urolais Donacobiidae Donacobius Erythrocercidae Erythrocercus Hirundinidae Alopochelidon Atronanus Atticora Cecropis Cheramoeca Delichon Hirundo Neophedina Orochelidon Petrochelidon Phedina Phedinopsis Progne Psalidoprocne Pseudhirundo Pseudochelidon Ptyonoprogne Pygochelidon Riparia Stelgidopteryx Tachycineta Hyliidae Hylia Pholidornis Leiothrichidae Actinodura Argya Cutia Garrulax Grammatoptila Heterophasia Ianthocincla Laniellus Leioptila Leiothrix Liocichla Minla Montecincla Pterorhinus Trochalopteron Turdoides Locustellidae Bradypterus Catriscus Cincloramphus Elaphrornis Helopsaltes Locustella Malia Megalurus Poodytes Robsonius Schoenicola Macrosphenidae Achaetops Cryptillas Macrosphenus Melocichla Sphenoeacus Sylvietta Nicatoridae Nicator Panuridae Panurus Paradoxornithidae Chamaea Chrysomma Fulvetta Lioparus Moupinia Myzornis Paradoxornis Rhopophilus Suthora Pellorneidae Gampsorhynchus Graminicola Gypsophila Illadopsis Kenopia Laticilla Malacocincla Malacopteron Napothera Pellorneum Ptilocichla Schoeniparus Turdinus Phylloscopidae Phylloscopus Pnoepygidae Pnoepyga Pycnonotidae Acritillas Alcurus Alophoixus Altimastillas Andropadus Arizelocichla Baeopogon Bleda Brachypodius Calyptocichla Chlorocichla Criniger Euptilotus Eurillas Hemixos Hypsipetes Iole Ixodia Ixonotus Ixos Microtarsus Neolestes Nok Phyllastrephus Poliolophus Pycnonotus Rubigula Setornis Spizixos Stelgidillas Thescelocichla Tricholestes Scotocercidae Scotocerca Sylviidae Curruca Sylvia Timaliidae Cyanoderma Dumetia Erythrogenys Macronus Melanocichla Mixornis Pomatorhinus Spelaeornis Stachyris Timalia Zosteropidae Apalopteron Cleptornis Dasycrotapha Heleia Megazosterops Parayuhina Rukia Staphida Sterrhoptilus Tephrozosterops Yuhina Zosterops Zosterornis Taxon identifiersStreptocitta Wikidata: Q1868990 Wikispecies: Streptocitta ADW: Streptocitta BioLib: 27644 BOLD: 119761 CoL: 7P6S GBIF: 2489096 iNaturalist: 14985 IRMNG: 1326722 ITIS: 558260 NCBI: 451436 Open Tree of Life: 506268 This Sturnidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"starlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starling"},{"link_name":"Sturnidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturnidae"},{"link_name":"pied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piebald"},{"link_name":"plumage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumage"},{"link_name":"magpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pica_(genus)"},{"link_name":"Wallacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallacea"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"}],"text":"Streptocitta is a genus of large starlings in the family Sturnidae. Both species have a pied plumage and a long tail, giving them a superficial resemblance to a magpie. Although not closely related to the true magpies, they have therefore been referred to as magpies in the past. The two species are restricted to forests in Wallacea in Asia.","title":"Streptocitta"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Species"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Sturnidae\". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aviansystematics.org/4th-edition-checklist?viewfamilies=181","url_text":"\"Sturnidae\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchi_Kaul
Kanchi Kaul
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Filmography","3.1 Television","3.2 Films","4 References","5 External links"]
Indian television actress (born 1982) Kanchi KaulKaul at her Sangeet (pre-wedding ceremony), 2012Born (1982-05-24) 24 May 1982 (age 42) Bombay, Maharashtra, IndiaNationality IndianOccupationActorYears active2001–2014Known for Ek Ladki Anjaani Si BhabhiMaaykaEk Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi – Meri BhabhiSpouse Shabbir Ahluwalia ​ ​(m. 2011)​ChildrenAzai Ahluwalia (son)Ivarr Ahluwalia (son)ParentsUttam Kaul (father)Hansa Shetty Kaul (mother) Kanchi Kaul (born 24 May 1982) is an Indian actress who predominantly appeared in Telugu films and Hindi television shows. She is best known for playing Ananya "Anu" Sachdev Samarth in Ek Ladki Anjaani Si , Suhana Seth Thakral in Bhabhi, Soni Khurana in Maayka and Shraddha Shergill Srivastav in Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi – Meri Bhabhi. Career In 2001, Kanchi Kaul made her debut with the successful Telugu film Sampangi. In 2002, she began work on two Tamil language films, Columbus co-starring Raju Sundaram, and Kasthuri Raja's Paattuchaththam Kedkuthamma. Neither film eventually completed production. Another Tamil film titled Viyugam shot in 2004 under the stage name of Spandana, co-starring Hari Bhaskar, was also not released. Personal life Kanchi Kaul is married to actor Shabbir Ahluwalia since 27 November 2011 and they have two sons named Azai Ahluwalia and Ivarr Ahluwalia, who were born on 23 July 2014 and 18 February 2016 respectively. Kaul took a break from television and made her comeback in 2013 with the serial Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi – Meri Bhabhi. After the above show ended in 2014, she is still now on another break from television. Filmography Television Year Serial Role Notes References 2005–2006 Ek Ladki Anjaani Si Ananya "Anu" Sachdev Samarth Lead Role 2007–2008 Bhabhi Suhana Seth Thakral 2009 Maayka Soni Malhotra Khurana 2013–2014 Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi – Meri Bhabhi Shraddha Shergill Srivastav Films Year Film Role Language Notes 2001 Sampangi Salwar Rizwana Telugu Debut Film 2001 Cheppalani Vundhi Telugu 2001 Family Circus Sujatha Telugu 2002 Idi Maa Ashokgadi Love Story Mahalakshmi Telugu 2002 Siva Rama Raju Rani Telugu 2004 Woh Tera Naam Tha Hindi References ^ "TV actor Shabbir Ahluwalia's wife Kanchi Kaul introduces younger son Ivarr, see pic | The Indian Express". The Indian Express. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2017. ^ "Ek Ladki Anjaani Si cast to grace Deal Ya No Deal". Hindustan Times. 14 February 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ^ Unnikrishnan, Chaya (6 March 2014). "Who will replace Kanchi Kaul in 'Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chabi Meri Bhabhi'?". dnaindia.com. Retrieved 8 April 2014. ^ Jafri, Syed Amin. "Telugu film taken off following Muslim protests". Rediff.com. ^ "09-02-02". Archived from the original on 6 March 2005. ^ "Viyugam Photos - Tamil Movies photos, images, gallery, stills, clips". IndiaGlitz.com. ^ "Archived copy". www.chennaionline.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Shabbir and Kanchi's sangeet ceremony". intoday.in. Retrieved 8 April 2014. ^ "I have the most awesome in-laws: Kanchi Kaul - Times of India". The Times of India. 4 August 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ^ Lalwani, Vickey (25 February 2014). "Shabbir to become a dad". indiatimes.com. Retrieved 8 April 2014. ^ "TV couple Shabbir Ahluwalia and Kanchi Kaul expecting second child". India Today. Ist. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ^ "It's good to be away for a while: Kanchi Kaul". Hindustan Times. 4 June 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ^ "rediff.com: From Ek Ladki Anjaani Si to Bhabhi". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ^ Thomas, Usha (2 November 2006). "Kanchi was a bully". DNA India. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ^ Mazumder, Ranjib (27 November 2006). "A new chapter". Mumbai Mirror. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ^ "Kanchi Kaul steps into Maayka". Hindustan Times. 8 January 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ^ Tiwari, Vijaya (3 March 2014). "Pregnant Kanchi Kaul to quit Meri Bhabhi?". indiatimes.com. Retrieved 8 April 2014. ^ "Kanchi Kaul makes a comeback - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com. Retrieved 12 August 2019. External links Kanchi Kaul at IMDb
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_cinema"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Ek Ladki Anjaani Si","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Ladki_Anjaani_Si_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bhabhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabhi_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Maayka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maayka"},{"link_name":"Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi – Meri Bhabhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Nanad_Ki_Khushiyon_Ki_Chaabi_%E2%80%93_Meri_Bhabhi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kanchi Kaul (born 24 May 1982) is an Indian actress who predominantly appeared in Telugu films and Hindi television shows.She is best known for playing Ananya \"Anu\" Sachdev Samarth in Ek Ladki Anjaani Si [2], Suhana Seth Thakral in Bhabhi, Soni Khurana in Maayka and Shraddha Shergill Srivastav in Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi – Meri Bhabhi.[3]","title":"Kanchi Kaul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sampangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampangi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tamil language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Raju Sundaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raju_Sundaram"},{"link_name":"Kasthuri Raja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasthuri_Raja"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 2001, Kanchi Kaul made her debut with the successful Telugu film Sampangi.[4] In 2002, she began work on two Tamil language films, Columbus co-starring Raju Sundaram, and Kasthuri Raja's Paattuchaththam Kedkuthamma. Neither film eventually completed production.[5] Another Tamil film titled Viyugam shot in 2004 under the stage name of Spandana, co-starring Hari Bhaskar, was also not released.[6][7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shabbir Ahluwalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Ahluwalia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi – Meri Bhabhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Nanad_Ki_Khushiyon_Ki_Chaabi_%E2%80%93_Meri_Bhabhi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Kanchi Kaul is married to actor Shabbir Ahluwalia[8][9] since 27 November 2011 and they have two sons named Azai Ahluwalia and Ivarr Ahluwalia, who were born on 23 July 2014 and 18 February 2016 respectively.[10][11]Kaul took a break from television and made her comeback in 2013 with the serial Ek Nanad Ki Khushiyon Ki Chaabi – Meri Bhabhi.[12] After the above show ended in 2014, she is still now on another break from television.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 12 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/I-have-the-most-awesome-in-laws-Kanchi-Kaul/articleshow/21594933.cms","url_text":"\"I have the most awesome in-laws: Kanchi Kaul - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"Lalwani, Vickey (25 February 2014). \"Shabbir to become a dad\". indiatimes.com. Retrieved 8 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Shabbir-to-become-a-dad/articleshow/30984259.cms","url_text":"\"Shabbir to become a dad\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV couple Shabbir Ahluwalia and Kanchi Kaul expecting second child\". India Today. Ist. Retrieved 12 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/television/story/kumkum-bhagya-star-shabbir-ahluwalia-and-wife-kanchi-kaul-expecting-second-baby-273302-2015-11-18","url_text":"\"TV couple Shabbir Ahluwalia and Kanchi Kaul expecting second child\""}]},{"reference":"\"It's good to be away for a while: Kanchi Kaul\". 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Retrieved 12 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kanchi-kaul-makes-a-comeback/1128135/","url_text":"\"Kanchi Kaul makes a comeback - Indian Express\""}]}]
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